jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Editor response for version 1

The spread of Citrus black spot (CBS) is a major concern in the citrus industry because the disease threatens fruit marketability and citrus tree health. Furthermore, there is a public concern about the safety and side effects of synthetic fungicides currently being used to control citrus black spot. Synthetic fungicides are reported to have carcinogenic effects on humans and are also toxic to the environment, however this depends on the structure of the active ingredient and the dose present. Furthermore, microorganisms tend to develop resistance to most synthetic fungicides. This problem has prompted research into the identification of new ways with broad activity in treatment of microbial disease in plants such as the use of essential oils.The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris) as an alternative antifungal against Citrus Black Spot (CBS). Thyme oil was characterised using GC/MS. Thymol (32.1%) and ρ-Cymene (20.4%), were identified, as major compounds. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oils against the test organism was 25 (µg/ml). The antifungal activity of Thyme oil, Thyme hydrosol and antifungal anti-mitochondrials was tested in vitro against Phyllosticta citricarpa using the agar diffusion bioassay. Comparative antifungal activity was observed between antifungal anti-mitochondrial, Thyme oil and hydrosol as indicated by an inhibition zone, minimal growth and maximum growth zone towards the edge of the plate. We propose that Thyme oil, like antifungal anti-mitochondrials, inhibits fungal growth by targeting structures with increased mitochondrial activity. This was further confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and XTT colorimetric assay. This indicates that Thyme oil and hydrosol can be used as potential alternative antifungal agents against Citrus Black Spot (CBS).

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Deductibility of Questionable Foreign Payments

United States businesses have made a wide variety of questionable foreign payments.'The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 2 makes certain bribery of foreign officials a criminal offense, but many questionable payments are not covered by the new statutea and thus are not t Member, California Bar.t Member, California Bar. 1. "Questionable foreign payments" are payments in connection with foreign transactions that may have been made to an official, employee, agency, or instrumentality of a foreign government and thus may be nondeductible under § 162(c) of the Internal Revenue Code.For recent discussions of the nature and extent of questionable foreign payments, see

Topic: Taxation and Legal Issues
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Spin-entangled squeezed state on a Bloch four-hyperboloid

The Bloch hyperboloid $H^2$ underlies the quantum geometry of the original\n$SO(2,1)$ squeezed states. In \\cite{Hasebe-2019}, the author utilized a\nnon-compact 2nd Hopf map and a Bloch four-hyperboloid $H^{2,2}$ to explore an\n$SO(2,3)$ extension of the squeezed states. In the present paper, we further\npursue the idea to derive an $SO(4,1)$ version of squeezed vacuum based on the\nother Bloch four-hyperboloid $H^4$. We show that the obtained $SO(4,1)$\nsqueezed vacuum is a particular four-mode squeezed state not quite similar to\nthe previous $SO(2,3)$ squeezed vacuum. In view of the Schwinger's formulation\nof angular momentum, the $SO(4,1)$ squeezed vacuum is interpreted as a\nsuperposition of an infinite number of maximally entangled spin-pairs of all\ninteger spins. We clarify basic properties of the $SO(4,1)$ squeezed vacuum,\nsuch as von Neumann entropy of spin entanglement, spin correlations and\nuncertainty relations with emphasis on their distinctions to the original\n$SO(2,1)$ case.\n

Topic: Quantum Information and Cryptography
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Multinucleated Giant Cells in Adipose Tissue Are Specialized in Adipocyte Degradation

Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation of visceral adipose tissue (AT) characterized by an increasing number of AT macrophages (ATMs) and linked to type 2 diabetes. AT inflammation is histologically indicated by the formation of so-called crown-like structures, as ATMs accumulate around dying adipocytes, and the occurrence of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs). However, to date, the function of MGCs in obesity is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize MGCs in AT and unravel the function of these cells. We demonstrated that MGCs occurred in obese patients and after 24 weeks of a high-fat diet in mice, accompanying signs of AT inflammation and then representing ∼3% of ATMs in mice. Mechanistically, we found evidence that adipocyte death triggered MGC formation. Most importantly, MGCs in obese AT had a higher capacity to phagocytize oversized particles, such as adipocytes, as shown by live imaging of AT, 45-µm bead uptake ex vivo, and higher lipid content in vivo. Finally, we showed that interleukin-4 treatment was sufficient to increase the number of MGCs in AT, whereas other factors may be more important for endogenous MGC formation in vivo. Most importantly, our data suggest that MGCs are specialized for clearance of dead adipocytes in obesity.

Topic: Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Composition of Coding Joints Formed in V(D)J Recombination Is Strongly Affected by the Nucleotide Sequence of the Coding Ends and Their Relationship to the Recombination Signal Sequences

V(D)J recombination proceeds in two stages. Precise cleavage at the border of the conserved recombination signal sequences (RSSs) and the coding ends results in flush double-stranded signal ends and coding ends terminating in hairpins. In the second stage, the signal and coding ends are processed into signal and coding joints. Coding ends containing certain nucleotide homopolymers affect the efficiency of V(D)J recombination. In this study, we have tested the effect of small changes in coding-end nucleotide composition on the frequency of coding- and signal joint formation. Furthermore, we have determined the sequences of coding joints resulting from recombination of coding ends with different compositions. We found that the presence of two T nucleotides 5' of both RSSs, but not a single T, reduces the frequency of signal joint formation, i.e., interferes with the cleavage stage of V(D)J recombination. However, coding-joint processing is sensitive even to a single T. Both the sequence of the coding ends and the particular RSS (12-mer or 23-mer) with which the coding end is associated affect the final composition of the coding joints. Thus, the presence of P nucleotides, the conservation of one undeleted coding end, the formation of joints without any deletions, and the template-dependent insertion of nucleotides are strongly influenced by the coding-end nucleotide composition and/or RSS association. The implications of these results with respect to the processing of coding ends are discussed.

Topic: T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Ethylation of Aldehydes with 1,3‐N‐Donor Ligands Derived from (+)‐Camphoric Acid.

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Topic: Asymmetric Synthesis and Catalysis
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
A CIRCULATION-FIRST APPROACH FOR RESUSCITATION OF TRAUMA PATIENTS WITH HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK

ABSTRACT The original guidelines of cardiopulmonary resuscitation focused on the establishment of an airway and rescue breathing before restoration of circulation through cardiopulmonary resuscitation. As a result, the airway-breathing-circulation approach became the central guiding principle of resuscitation. Despite new guidelines by the American Heart Association for a circulation-first approach, Advanced Trauma Life Support guidelines continue to advocate for the airway-breathing-circulation sequence. Although definitive airway management is often necessary for severely injured patients, endotracheal intubation (ETI) before resuscitation in patients with hemorrhagic shock may worsen hypotension and precipitate cardiac arrest. In severely injured patients, a paradigm shift should be considered, which prioritizes restoration of circulation before ETI and positive pressure ventilation while maintaining a focus on basic airway assessment and noninvasive airway interventions. For this patient population, the most reasonable current strategy may be to target a simultaneous resuscitation approach, with immediate efforts to control hemorrhage and provide basic airway interventions while prioritizing volume resuscitation with blood products and deferring ETI until adequate systemic perfusion has been attained. We believe that a circulation-first sequence will improve both survival and neurologic outcomes for a traumatically injured patient and will continue to advocate this approach, as additional clinical evidence is generated to inform how to best tailor circulation-first resuscitation for varied injury patterns and patient populations.

Topic: Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The sensitizing capacity of multifunctional acrylates in the guinea pig

The multifunctional acrylates used in ultraviolet (UV) curable resins act as cross‐linkers and “diluents”. They are usually based on di(meth)acrylate esters of dialcohols or tri‐and tetra‐acrylate esters of polyalcohols. In UV‐curable coatings, the most commonly used are pentaerythritol triacrylate(PETA), trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA). In other uses, such as dental composite resin materials, the di metha crylic monomers based on n‐ethylene glycol are the most useful. The sensitizing capacity of various multifunctional acrylates and their cross‐reactivity pattern have been investigated with the guinea pig maximization test. The tests show that BUDA (1,4‐butanediol diacrylate) and HDDA are moderate to strong sensitizers and that they probably cross‐react with each other. The n‐ethylene glycol diacrylates and methacrylates tested are weak or non‐sensitizers. Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) is a moderate and neopentyl glycol diacrylate (NPGDA) a strong sensitizer, whereas neopentyl glycal dimetha crylate is a non‐sensitizer. The commercial PET A is a mixture of pentaerythritol tri‐and tetra‐acrylate (PETA‐3 and PETA‐4). PETA‐3 is a much stronger sensitizer than PETA‐4, Simultaneous reactions were seen between PETA‐3, PETA‐4 and TM PT A. The oligotriacrylate OTA 480 is a moderate sensitizer, but no concomitant reactions were seen with PETA‐3, PETA‐4 or TMPTA. Of the multifunctional acrylates tested, the di‐and triacrylic compounds should be regarded as potent sensitizers. The metha crylated multifunctional acrylic compounds are weak or non‐sensitizers.

Topic: Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Clinical management of a traumatized maxillary central incisor restored with the original fragment using fiber-reinforced post system

This case report describes the management of a supragingivally complicated crown fracture of a maxillary central incisor. A 19-year-old male patient was referred to the Department of Endodontics for the management of his traumatized maxillary incisors. He had no medical disorders and there was no evidence of a periapical pathology in the initial radiograph. The maxillary left central and right lateral incisors had an enamel fracture but were asymptomatic to palpation and percussion tests so it was decided to be treated with a direct composite restoration. Whereas, the right central one was symptomatic and had a supragingivally complicated crown fracture. Therefore, it was medicated with calcium hydroxide dressing for one week. After the root canal treatment was completed, the tooth was restored using a light-transmitting fiber-reinforced post system with the original fragment. There was an excellent satisfaction with using original fractured fragment even after 12 months.

Topic: Dental Trauma and Treatments
Subfield: Emergency Medical Services
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Curbing populism: remove barriers and make actual benefits visible

Trump’s election victory and Brexit reflected a growing scepticism towards globalisation. The populist waves have swept across the globe because not everyone has benefited from the overall economic gains as a result of trade liberalisation. Over the years, the wealth gap has widened alongside the expansion of the global economic pie says Chloe Lok Yi Lam. For instance, the United Kingdom’s gini coefficient has shown more than 35% growth from the mid-70s to the late 2000s. This shows that parts of the population might not have been rewarded proportionally for their hard work. In fact, the less privileged groups who feel left behind have been rising in number, which is well evidenced by a surging number of “nationalism supporters”.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
LHD 2p5U-AH02-02-NF #165399.3

The plasma monitor cameras are installed in 6-T, 6-O and 10-O ports for monitoring LHD plasmas. Five cameras are set in 3-O port for observing the lower divertor structure near 2.5-L port and the plasma-wall interactions on the divertor plates.

Topic: Peatlands and Wetlands Ecology
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The “Panarionr” of St. Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis: Selected Passages. Translated and edited by Philip R. Amidon. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. viii + 378 pp.

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Topic: Archaeology and Historical Studies
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Does scientific publication need a peer consensus? Commentary on Stodolsky on consensus-journals

We would like to discuss Stodolsky's ``consensus journals'' model (Stodolsky, 1990; 1992). We will quickly show that the context in which such a model can be applied has to be precisely defined. Examples will then be given to illustrate our views and show both the scientific and pragmatic limits of this proposal. For us, Stodolsky's attempt to automatize electronic publication could be considered as an additional approach for article submission rather than one which will replace those existing ones.

Topic: scientometrics and bibliometrics research
Subfield: Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Prisoners’ wives’ interpretations of male criminality and subsequent arrest

Abstract This paper looks at the kinds of Interpretations reconstructed by prisoners' wives to explain male criminality and arrest. A combination of methods ‐ In‐depth Interviews with wives, examination of prison records, summaries of women's "rap sessions," and a variety of other sources of data — were used to construct an account of the experiences of thirty women married to men Incarcerated In two prisons. Wives' accounts are quite consistent with other data sources. The findings Indicate that wives display considerable Ingenuity In devising explanations and Interpretations of their husbands' criminal behavior and arrest which allow their marriages to continue. Few of these Interpretations are, however, permanent; they are usually modified In the course of wives' ongoing Interactions with their husbands. The effect of these definitions Is to "normalize" this behavior and to buffer the wives from external definitions of the situations In which they find themselves.

Topic: Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Asymptotic theory for partly linear models

Consider the model , 1≤i≤n. Here x i = (x il ,…,x ip ) and t i are known and nonrandom design points, β=(β 1,…,β p ) is an unknown parameter, g(·) is an unknown function over R l, and V i is a class of linear processes. Based on g(·) estimated by nonparametric kernel estimation or approximated by a finite series expansion, the asymptotic normalities and the strong consistencies of the LS estimator of β and an estimator of are investigated.

Topic: Mathematical Inequalities and Applications
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Phenomenology of the current-constituent quark transformation for the vector-gluon model

The transformation relating the expansion of hadronic states in the current- and constituent-quark bases is studied in the context of the vector-gluon model. A phenomenological approach is used to estimate the effects of interaction on the algebraic structure of matrix elements describing pionic, electromagnetic, and weak transitions of hadrons. Contributions of terms with exotic transformation properties are found to be negligible in most instances, but are important for higher moments of deep-inelastic structure functions. The magnitude of such terms is related to that of the mass splitting of SU(6) multiplets.

Topic: Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ocular complications of atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease associated with other allergic diatheses. Ocular complications were seen in 85 (42.5%) of 200 patients. Blepharoconjunctivitis, cataracts, corneal disease and ocular herpes simplex were frequent. Cataract surgery was usually successful, but there were complications of such surgery. The rate of success in attempts to wear contact lenses was surprisingly high for both phakic and aphakic patients.

Topic: Dermatology and Skin Diseases
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Pharmacological Characterization of novel pyridazines Part 3: Testing on the cardiovascular system and the isolated smooth-muscle organ (author's transl)].

17 newly synthetized pyridazines were tested for activity on the cardiovascular system. Two of them caused a dose dependent fall in blood when applied intravenously. Intravascular administration of one of these two compounds, the hypotensively active hydrazinopyridazine, to the "perfused hind extremities of the rat" gave rise to an increase in flow. All the 17 compounds under investigation were inactive on the isolated ileum preparation. From these results it is concluded that the hypotensive effect of the active pyridazines is attributable to a prominent action on the peripheral vascular system. As all these compounds are regarded as relatively weak, closer examination of their mechanism of action is not planned.

Topic: Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Sensitization of human renal cell carcinoma cells to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) by anti-interleukin 6 monoclonal antibody or anti-interleukin 6 receptor monoclonal antibody.

Cytotoxic chemotherapy has shown little antitumor activity against renal cell carcinoma (RCC). It has been demonstrated that RCC cells secrete interleukin 6 (IL-6) and express IL-6 receptors (IL-6Rs). IL-6 inhibits apoptosis and enhances manganese superoxide dismutase expression. Several anticancer chemotherapeutic agents exert their cytotoxic activity in part through the induction of apoptosis and the production of free radicals. Thus, the resistance of RCC cells to the anticancer agents might correlate with IL-6 expression. The present study tested this hypothesis by examining the effect of anti-IL-6 mAb and anti-IL-6R mAb on the sensitivity of human RCC cells to anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. Treatment of Caki-1 cells with anti-IL-6 mAb or anti-IL-6R mAb in combination with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP) or mitomycin C overcame their resistance to CDDP or mitomycin C. However, treatment of Caki-1 cells with anti-IL-6 mAb or anti-IL-6R mAb in combination with Adriamycin, vinblastine or 5-fluorouracil did not overcome their resistance to these anticancer agents. Treatment of CDDP-resistant Caki-1 cells (Caki-1/DDP), two other RCC cell lines (ACHN and A704), and three freshly derived RCC cells with CDDP in combination with anti-IL-6 mAb or anti-IL-6R mAb reversed the resistance to CDDP in all these tumors. We then studied the effectiveness of other platinum derivatives. Treatment of Caki-1 cells with anti-IL-6 mAb or anti-IL-6R mAb enhanced their sensitivity to carboplatin, but not to trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). Several experiments investigated the mechanism of the antibody-mediated sensitization of RCC cells to CDDP. Incubation of Caki-1 cells with anti-IL-6 mAb or anti-IL-6R mAb did not change the intracellular accumulation of CDDP. The expressions of the multidrug resistant phenotype (gp170) and c-myc oncogene were not affected by the antibody-mediated sensitization. Treatment of Caki-1 cells with the anti-IL-6 mAb or anti-IL-6R mAb down-regulated the expression of glutathione S-transferase pi mRNA. This study demonstrates that treatment of RCC cells with CDDP in combination with anti-IL-6 mAb or anti-IL-6R mAb can overcome their CDDP-resistance and that the down-regulation of glutathione S-transferase pi expression by anti-IL-6 mAb or anti-IL-6R mAb might play a role in the enhanced cytotoxicity obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Topic: Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
First Report of Phytophthora nicotianae on Salvia fruticosa and Reactions of Some Varieties

Wilting and dieback symptoms were observed in Salvia fruticosa Mill (Anatolian sage) in commercial production fields in Antalya province in Türkiye in 2021. When the infected areas were examined, symptoms of root and crown root rot, yellowing, wilting, curling of the leaves, besides complete wilting and dieback of plants in severe infections were observed. Isolations were performed from root and crown root of infected plants using selective mediums, and were identified based on cultural and morphological features and rDNA sequences of ITS region. As a result of isolations and identification studies, it was determined that the causative agent of the disease was Phytophthora nicotianae. Pathogenicity of P. nicotianae was tested by soil inoculation on Salvia fruticosa seedlings. Two months after inoculation, yellowing of leaves, general wilting, shortening of hairy roots, serious reductions in root density and death of some plants were detected in plants in this study. As a result of variety reaction studies, significant root density and weight loss were observed in Turgut and Karik varieties. Root density and weight loss were less in Uysal than in the other varieties. This study is the first record that P. nicotianae causes disease in Salvia fruticosa.

Topic: Plant Ecology and Taxonomy Studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences