jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Applications of Concentrating Photothermal Reactor in Coal Combustion Research

Abstract High temperature, rapid heating rate and application potential of special reaction conditions (high pressure, high humidity, corrosive atmosphere) made the concentrating photothermal reactor (CPR) become a hot spot in the thermal experimental research. By the 1930s, the concepts of radical reactions and thermal equilibrium concepts had contributed to the formation of theoretical basis of coal combustion. The application of concentrating photothermal reactor in coal combustion research had provided a new perspective for this traditional subject. This paper introduced the structure and characteristics of concentrating photothermal reactor, and summarized the latest research results on the influence of heating rate, oxygen concentration and biomass addition on coal combustion. A potential frontier research direction - pressurized combustion based on concentrating photothermal reactor was also proposed.

Topic: Industrial Gas Emission Control
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Real-time measurement of the average temperature profiles in liquid cooling using digital holographic interferometry

We present an alternative optical method to estimate the temperature during the cooling process of a liquid using digital holographic interferometry (DHI). We make use of phase variations that are linked to variations in the refractive index and the temperature property of a liquid. In DHI, a hologram is first recorded using an object beam scattered from a rectangular container with a liquid at a certain reference temperature. A second hologram is then recorded when the temperature is decreased slightly. A phase difference between the two holograms indicates a temperature variation, and it is possible to obtain the temperature value at each small point of the sensed optical field. The relative phase map between the two object states is obtained simply and quickly through Fourier-transform method. Our experimental results reveal that the temperature values measured using this method and those obtained with a thermometer are consistent. We additionally show that it is possible to analyze the heat-loss process of a liquid sample in dynamic events using DHI.

Topic: Digital Holography and Microscopy
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Transient Growth Theory Prediction of Optimal Placing of Passive and Active Flow Control Devices for Separation Delay in LPT Airfoils

Abstract An analysis of the non-modal growth of perturbations in a boundary layer in the presence of a streamwise pressure gradient is presented. The analysis is based on PSE equations for an incompressible fluid. Examples with Falkner-Skan profiles indicate that a favorable pressure gradient decreases the non-modal growth while an unfavorable pressure gradient leads to an increase of the amplification. It is suggested that the transient growth mechanism be utilized to choose optimal parameters of tripping elements on a low-pressure turbine (LPT) airfoil. As an example, a boundary-layer flow with a streamwise pressure gradient corresponding to the pressure distribution over a LPT airfoil is considered. It is shown that there is an optimal spacing of the tripping elements and that the transient growth effect depends on the starting point. At very low Reynolds numbers, there is a possibility to enhance the transient energy growth by means of wall cooling. Nomenclature E = energy norm G =

Topic: Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Method of Calculating the Distribution of Temperature in Flowing Gas Wells

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 169–176. Introduction Although one of the primary variables in the calculation of the flowing bottom-hole pressure in gas wells from surface measurements is the temperature at any point and its distribution in the flow-string, only few experimental data are available in the literature and little attention has been given to analysis of the problem. Virtually all of the recently published methods of calculating flowing bottom-hole pressures depend on the assumption that either the temperature is constant at some average value or that the variation is linear with depth. The purposes of this work are to analyze the problem theoretically and to verify the analysis by comparison with experimental data so that practical problems in the analysis of the behavior of gas wells can be solved with greater accuracy, reliability, and ease. Mathematical Outline of Problem Assuming that:The mass velocity and chemical composition of the gas stream are constant and in normal gas well operations, the change in linear velocity in the entire flow-string is trivial,The product of the density and heat capacity of the gas is constant,No horizontal temperature gradient exists in the gas stream,Net flow of heat by conduction within the formation and in the gas stream in the vertical direction is trivial in magnitude and can be neglected,The regional vertical geothermal gradient is constant, andThe temperature of the gas entering the borehole is constant, and equal to that of the reservoir, a set of two simultaneous, linear partial differential equations with appropriate boundary conditions was derived to describe the temperature distribution in the gas stream and the surrounding formation. These equations were solved by operational techniques for the distribution of temperature in the gas stream. The resulting integrals were evaluated numerically on an IBM 604 at the Machine Accounting Div. of the Railroad Commission of Texas.

Topic: Reservoir Engineering and Simulation Methods
Subfield: Ocean Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Learning to Set the Reserve Price Optimally in Laboratory First Price Auctions

We analyze choices of sellers, each setting a reserve price in a laboratory first price auction with automated equilibrium bidding. Subjects are allowed to gain experience for a fixed period of time prior to making a single payoff-relevant choice. Behavior of more experienced sellers was consistent with benchmark theory: average reserve price for these sellers was independent of the number of bidders and equaled the predicted level. Less experienced sellers however deviated from the theoretical benchmark: on average, they tended to shade reserve price below the predicted level and positively relate it to the number of bidders.

Topic: Auction Theory and Applications
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A case report of chronic subdural haematomas in two elderly patients.

The authors present two elderly patients with chronic subdural haematomas following minor trauma. The difficulty associated with making the diagnosis is discussed. A high index of suspicion and routine follow-up of such patients is recommended in order to promote early diagnosis and prompt treatment of this reversible cause of dementia.

Topic: Neurosurgical Procedures and Complications
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Rise of intercultural Biblical exegesis in Africa

This article traces the rise and development of intercultural Biblical exegesis in Africa, especially with regard to New Testament interpretations. Different trends of Biblical exegesis practiced in Africa are explored, whereafter the different phases of intercultural exegesis are discussed. The focus falls on inculturation hermeneutic as an important method of interpreting the Bible in an African context. The different proponents of this method are discussed and differences in approach are noted and appraised as a healthy tension.

Topic: Christian Theology and Mission
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Supplementary Material for: Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO<sub>2</sub>R) was used to prevent invasive mechanical ventilation and associated mechanical damage in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of ECCO<sub>2</sub>R treatment in patients with ARDS or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for relevant studies that reported patient prognosis, blood gas parameters, and ECCO<sub>2</sub>R-related adverse events (AEs) published as of September 2020. Odds ratios (ORs), weighted mean differences (WMDs), and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to compare the outcomes. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Fifteen studies involving 532 ARDS or COPD patients were included. Compared with controls, ECCO<sub>2</sub>R did not influence the 28-day mortality (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.28–1.87, <i>p</i> = 0.51), the length of hospital stay (WMD = 3.34, 95% CI: −5.22 to 11.90, <i>p</i> = 0.444), and the length of intensive care unit stay (WMD = −0.39, 95% CI: −8.76 to 7.99, <i>p</i> = 0.928). Compared with baseline values, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO<sub>2</sub>) in the ECCO<sub>2</sub>R group was significantly reduced, while the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub>) and pH increased. The overall rate of ECCO<sub>2</sub>R-related AEs was 35% (95% CI: 17–53%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), and bleeding was the most common AE with a rate of 22% (95% CI: 13–31%, <i>p</i> = 0.002). The rate of ECCO<sub>2</sub>R-related deaths was low. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> In conclusion, there was no statistically significant difference in the prognosis of patients with and without ECCO<sub>2</sub>R treatment. ECCO<sub>2</sub>R significantly reduced PaCO<sub>2</sub> and improved PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> and pH values in patients with ARDS or COPD. Bleeding was the most common ECCO<sub>2</sub>R-related AE.

Topic: Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Fourth year medical students' reflective writing on "death of Ivan Ilych: a qualitative study.

This project suggests that literature can be used as an example to introduce new ethical concepts to less experienced medical trainees. The students acquired the concept of the story and reflected the major aspects of the suffering of a human being in their essays. Having used and evaluated the effect of literature on facilitating ethical insight in the teaching end of life care, we strongly recommend this method and specially the novella, <i>Death of Ivan Ilych</i>.

Topic: Innovations in Medical Education
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Auto‐ID based weedicide manufacturing process

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a new way of manufacturing process in the plant of the leading weedicide manufacturing company in Korea, Dongbu. Design/methodology/approach This paper explains a design of Auto‐ID based weedicide manufacturing process, introduces new mechanism for assembly machine and presents simulation approach to understand potential benefit. Findings In Dongbu, there was no information matching among bottle, box and pallet levels. Another issue was error propagation. Because, the allowance range for weight difference is different depending on the level of unit, the small weight difference (i.e. deviation) within allowance range in bottle level can create errors when accumulated for boxing. The proposed method improved performance measures such as cycle time and cost of raw materials by introducing Auto‐ID technology. As in the simulation results, it is considered that adoption of radio frequency identification together with this automatic module will improve manufacturing performance drastically. Originality/value The research was based on the real world implementation of Auto‐ID based manufacturing in weedicide manufacturing company and discussed a new approach which addresses the current issues of industry.

Topic: Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Prevention of Microsphere Blockage in Catheter Tubes Using Convex Air Bubbles

This paper presents a novel method to prevent blockages by embolic microspheres in catheter channels by using convex air bubbles attached to the channels’ inner wall surface. The clogging by microspheres can occur by the arching of the microspheres in the catheter. A few studies have been done on reducing the blockage, but their methods are not suitable for use with embolic catheters. In this study, straight catheter channels were fabricated. They had cavities to form convex air bubbles; additionally, a straight channel without the cavities was designed for comparison. Blockage was observed in the straight channel without the cavities, and the blockage arching angle was measured to be 70°, while no blockage occurred in the cavity channel with air bubbles, even at a geometrical arching angle of 85°. The convex air bubbles have an important role in preventing blockages by microspheres. The slip effect on the air bubble surface and the centrifugal effect make the microspheres drift away from the channel wall. It was observed that as the size of the cavity was increased, the drift distance became larger. Additionally, as more convex air bubbles were formed, the amount of early drift to the center increased. It will be advantageous to design a catheter with large cavities that have a small interval between them.

Topic: Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Rape Tax

This study examines the justice system's decision that sexual violence, particularly rape, is not an economic crime. The authors estimate the tangible and intangible financial costs of sexual violence in Michigan. In 1996, rape and sexual assault cost Michigan more than $6.5 billion, most of which came in the form of intangible costs. Sex-offense homicide cost more than $18 million, two thirds of which was intangible costs. If divided equallyas a “rape tax,” each resident of Michigan would have paid nearly $700 in 1996 to cover the cost of sexual violence. The implication is that prevention is the best way to reduce the high cost of sexual violence. Furthermore, rape and sexual assault need to be identified as a public health issue to raise awareness about sexual violence. Finally, courts and prosecutors need to think about sexual violence as an economic crime to better protect victims and survivors of sexual violence.

Topic: Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Output-based aid in water

Paraguay's aguateros-small private water companies-form an important part of the water sector, serving about 9 percent of the total population (or about 17 percent of those with piped water supply). But until recently they operated only in urban areas, where water resources are abundant and they could choose customers based on their ability to pay the full costs of providing service. A new World Bank-funded initiative seeks to attract aguateros and construction firms active in the water sector to unserved rural areas and small towns by providing an outputbased aid subsidy, awarded through competitive bidding. The initiative is the first attempt anywhere to apply this approach to rural and smalltown water sector investment. This Note reviews the early lessons.

Topic: Child Nutrition and Water Access
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Large Sequence Polymorphisms Unveil the Phylogenetic Relationship of Environmental and Pathogenic Mycobacteria Related to <i>Mycobacterium ulcerans</i>

ABSTRACT Mycolactone is an immunosuppressive cytotoxin responsible for the clinical manifestation of Buruli ulcer in humans. It was believed to be confined to its etiologic agent, Mycobacterium ulcerans . However, the identification of other mycolactone-producing mycobacteria (MPMs) in other species, including Mycobacterium marinum , indicated a more complex taxonomic relationship. This highlighted the need for research on the biology, evolution, and distribution of such emerging and potentially infectious strains. The reliable genetic fingerprinting analyses presented here aim at both the unraveling of phylogenetic relatedness and of dispersal between environmental and pathogenic mycolactone producers and the identification of genetic prerequisites that enable lateral gene transfer of such plasmids. This will allow for the identification of environmental reservoirs of virulence plasmids that encode enzymes required for the synthesis of mycolactone. Based on dynamic chromosomal loci identified earlier in M. ulcerans , we characterized large sequence polymorphisms for the phylogenetic analysis of MPMs. Here, we identify new insertional-deletional events and single-nucleotide polymorphisms that confirm and redefine earlier strain differentiation markers. These results support other data showing that all MPMs share a common ancestry. In addition, we found unique genetic features specific for M. marinum strain M, the genome sequence strain which is used widely in research.

Topic: Mycobacterium research and diagnosis
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Framework for Space-Inspired Informal Education Exhibits

Since its inception, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been dedicated to education. NASA’s challenge is to design a coherent education program that can capitalize on the Agency’s diverse set of projects, skill, and missions. This paper reviews the NASA education framework and recommends how to improve guidance to principal investigators to achieve NASA’s education goals. This study demonstrates how a new proposed framework is being implemented as part of the Montana’s Big Sky Space Education: The NASA ExplorationSpace at ExplorationWorks informal education project. This work contributes to the informal education literature by demonstrating how a portfolio approach can be used to effectively define informal education efforts. It also demonstrates how education projects can maximize effectiveness by defining goals and evaluation techniques early in the design phase.

Topic: Museums and Cultural Heritage
Subfield: Museology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Measurement and correlation of vapor-liquid equilibrium of methanol, dimethyl carbonate and dimethyl oxalate

Vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE) data of methanol-dimethyl carbonate,methanol-dimethyl oxalate and dimethyl carbonate-dimethyl oxalate in dimethyl carbonate synthesis system were determined at different temperatures by headspace gas chromatography.Three activity coefficient models,Wilson,NRTL,UNIQUAC,were used to correlate the VLE data of these binary systems to obtain the binary parameters.With these parameters,vapor compositions were calculated and compared with these corresponding experimental data.The results are in good agreement.

Topic: Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A new anthracycline antibiotic, cosmocarcin A.

During the screening for new antitumor antibiotics,1' 2)we found that a new strain, Streptomyces cosmosus TMF518, produced some anthracyclines.We isolated three compounds from its culture broth, two of which were identical with ditrisarubicins A and B,3) and the remaining one which we namedcosmocarcin A turned out to be a new antibiotic.

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Ongoing Evolution of US Retail: A Format Tug-of-War

The past 15–20 years have seen substantial and visible changes in the way US retail business is conducted. Explanations about what is happening in the retail sector have been dominated by two powerful and not fully consistent narratives: a prediction that retail sales will migrate online and physical retail will be virtually extinguished, and a prediction that future shoppers will almost all be heading to giant physical stores like warehouse clubs and supercenters. Although online retail will surely continue to be a force shaping the sector going forward and may yet emerge as the dominant mode of commerce in the retail sector in the United States, its time for supremacy has not yet arrived. We discuss evidence indicating that the warehouse clubs/supercenter format has had a greater effect on the shape of retail over the past 15–20 years We begin with an overview of the retail sector as a whole, which over the long term has been shrinking as a share of total US economic activity and in terms of relative employment share. The retail sector has experienced stronger-than average productivity growth, but this has not been accompanied by commensurate wage growth. After discussing the important e-commerce and warehouse clubs/supercenters segments, we look more broadly at changes across the structure of the retail sector, including scale, concentration, dynamism, and degree of urbanization. Finally, we consider the likely future course of the retail sector.

Topic: Consumer Retail Behavior Studies
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
The role of the interaction of osteoblasts and osteocytes in vivo and during the process of osteodifferentiation in vitro in the key of further prospects of application for the purposes of regenerative medicine

Pathologies associated with impaired bone homeostasis, including osteoporosis, are among the leading diseases in terms of mortality. The development and implementation of tissue engineering approaches based on the use of human mesenchymal stem cells promises to become a highly effective method for their therapy. However, the fundamental cellular mechanism, which is associated with the development of bone diseases, require an additional study. Interactions between osteoblasts and osteocytes of bone tissue undoubtedly plays an important role in maintaining a balance between the processes of bone formation and resorption and involved in the pathogenesis of certain diseases. For more in-depth understanding of the various aspects of these interactions, a representative model is needed. In contrast to cell cultures obtained from the tissues of animal models, the employment of human mesenchymal stem cell cultures reflects more accurately the physiological and phenotypical nuances in human bone. The possibility of creating systems for the co-cultivation of osteoblasts and osteocytes derived from human mesenchymal stem cells and their application in the context of translational medicine is in the focus of this review.

Topic: Bone Metabolism and Diseases
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences