jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The visual language of cartoon eyes

Visual characters are everywhere in media, and animated characters in particular are used for entertainment, advertising, interactive experiences, gaming, and user interfaces for children and adults alike. It is intuitively understood that character designs will tend to have some similar design qualities when used for similar purposes such as the target audience of the media, but this has not been studied from the perspective and methods detailed here. The objective in this study was to confirm whether there are types of character designs predominantly used for specific purposes like target audience, and to explore further synthesis of the information gathered to increase understanding of the possible reasons for this phenomenon. The methods were to analyze an example character from most of the animated series produced in the last five years in the US market, 425 in total, using the design of the character's eyes specifically as the factor examined. First, a literature review was completed to establish psychological importance of the eye as the vector of emotion, empathy, and social connection among humans, and extend this thinking to the iconography of cartoons, connecting the eyes and cartooning both as powerful ways to engage human attention with characters. Second, the example characters' eye designs were categorized according to their shape, relative size to head, relative placement from each other, level of detail, and relative size of pupil/iris to eye as well as their intended target audience age (Preschool, Jr./ All Ages/ Adult). Third, example images of the characters were visually charted into clusters of similar qualities to explore additional ways to see the data. Fourth, professional animation designers and producers were interviewed on the subject for further insight. Fifth, critical making methods were used to create new personal work reflecting on elements of this study. The results of charting and analyzing the data did support the common understanding that certain designs tend to be associated with certain target audiences while the background on eyes added a way to discuss the resulting clusters of association with added nuance. In conclusion, the larger study including background, interviews, and critical making, supported the idea that similar eye shapes and design factors are used repeatedly for similar purposes not solely for economic or uncreative reasons, but because visual language is a collectively learned and understood language that is larger than any individual production or person.

Topic: Color perception and design
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The changing face of science education : preparing scientifically literate citizens of tomorrow

Science has social implications. Educating students in science involves more than the&#13;\nacquisition of ‘facts’ or the development of investigative skills. If students are to&#13;\nbecome independent and responsible citizens, they need to be capable of&#13;\nunderstanding scientific issues and their impact on society. An argument will be put&#13;\nforward in favour of a science education that considers the social implications of&#13;\nscientific activity on both a local and global scale. Teachers need to change&#13;\ntraditional teaching methods to more innovative activities that are more child-centred&#13;\nand take into consideration the social and ethical aspects of the scientific enterprise.

Topic: Attention Economy in Education and Business
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
GILES FLETCHER, THE ELDER: A BIBLIOGRAPHY

canon of Fletcher's works has never been investigated except by С H. Cooper in his life of Fletcher in Athenae Cantabrigienses,1 and I have been able to add a number of items to his list. The following bibliography is the result of a study of all Fletcher's works. A word about my method of description will not be amiss. Fletcher contributed commendatory poems to several volumes and also poems to anthologies. It would be of little significance to give a full bibliographical description of these volumes, and I have in each case limited the description to the following points: (i) a short title-page description, (2) the collation,2 (3) a brief description of the poems and the signatures on which the poems occur, (4) the S.T.C. or Wing entry number, (5) notes on the poems or other points of interest. I have given complete bibliographical descriptions for each of Fletcher's separate works (Of the Russe Common Wealth and Lida) and for the two works published posthumously (De Literis Antiquce Britannice and The Tartars or Ten Tribes). The bibliography has been divided into three parts: manuscripts, printed editions, and letters.

Topic: Classical Antiquity Studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[Form, size and function of the sports heart--differentiation from pathological findings].

Dependent on the nature, intensity and scope of muscular exercise, regular athletic training can result in changes in the size and form of the heart, which can be recorded by radiologic and echocardiographic techniques. Brief anaerobic exercise and purely static forms of training (sprint, strength sports) do not produce substantial increases in the size of the heart, but a rotund heart shape with rounding of the cardiac tip and in some cases a discrete increase in the wall thickness of the ventricular myocardium is frequently observed. Dependent on the scope of the training and the intensity, aerobic, endurance-oriented training (endurance sports) can induce considerable enlargement of all cardiac chambers with a change in the cardiac configuration, which is most nearly comparable to combination mitral vitium. Comparison of physiological hypertrophy of the athletic heart with pathological forms of cardiac hypertrophy (such as cardiomyopathies) is in many cases not unequivocally possible with plain X-ray films, but it is usually successful with echocardiographic examination methods.

Topic: Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Conceptual Approach to the Instruction of Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs present numerous challenges to second language learners of English, who often view verb + particle combinations as random ( Side, 1990 ). This article proposes a pedagogical approach that focuses on particles as a means of spotlighting systematicity within this traditionally problematic area of English vocabulary. Informed by cognitive linguistics and sociocultural theory, the approach encourages students to tap their own creativity in order to conceptually motivate ( Kövecses &amp; Szabó, 1996 ) student‐collected examples of phrasal verbs. The article (a) presents the theoretical rationale for the approach, (b) reports an experiment in which the approach was implemented in two sections of an English as a Second Language course at the university level, and (c) discusses results of the experiment as well as potential pedagogical adaptations.

Topic: Language, Metaphor, and Cognition
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Emerging solutions from the battle of defensive alliances

Competing strategies in an evolutionary game model, or species in a biosystem, can easily form a larger unit which protects them from the invasion of an external actor. Such a defensive alliance may have two, three, four or even more members. But how effective can be such formation against an alternative group composed by other competitors? To address this question we study a minimal model where a two-member and a four-member alliances fight in a symmetric and balanced way. By presenting representative phase diagrams, we systematically explore the whole parameter range which characterizes the inner dynamics of the alliances and the intensity of their interactions. The group formed by a pair, who can exchange their neighboring positions, prevail in the majority of the parameter region. The rival quartet can only win if their inner cyclic invasion rate is significant while the mixing rate of the pair is extremely low. At specific parameter values, when neither of the alliances is strong enough, new four-member solutions emerge where a rock-paper-scissors-like trio is extended by the other member of the pair. These new solutions coexist hence all six competitors can survive. The evolutionary process is accompanied by serious finite-size effects which can be mitigated by appropriately chosen prepared initial states.

Topic: Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Lordship and Law in Medieval England - The Lordship of England: Royal Wardships and Marriages in English Society and Politics, 1217–1327. By Scott L. Waugh. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988. Pp. xv + 327. $44.50. - From Lord to Patron: Lordship in Late Medieval England. By J. M. W. Bean. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989. Pp. xii + 279. $35.95. - Bastard Feudalism and the Law. By J. G. Bellamy. Portland, Ore.: Areopagitica Press, 1989. Pp. iii + 208. $39.95. - Kingship, Law, and Society: Criminal Justice in the Reign of Henry V. By Edward Powell. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Pp. xi + 319. $65.00. - Lordship and the Urban Community: Durham and Its Overlords, 1250–1450. By Margaret Bonney. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pp. xiv + 307. $45.50.

Lordship and Law in Medieval England - The Lordship of England: Royal Wardships and Marriages in English Society and Politics, 1217–1327. By Scott L. Waugh. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988. Pp. xv + 327. $45.50. - Volume 30 Issue 4

Topic: Medieval Literature and History
Subfield: Classics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Disability hostility, harassment and violence in the UK

The 2012 London Paralympic Games were the subject of widespread media coverage and intense speculation about how sport might act as a catalyst for engendering positive perceptions of disability in the UK. The 2012 London Paralympics were notable for a rarely seen positive portrayal of disability in the British media. The hope was that this would lead to positive progressive societal attitudes towards disability and an erosion of often endemic social exclusion. Regrettably, evidence from disability-support groups post-September 2012, indicate that this optimism has yet to translate into tangible attitudinal or 'quality of life' improvements on the ground. Speculating, the offending behaviours of some Disability Hate Crime perpetrators may be driven by a response to psychological discomfort towards disability; for others it may be that disability is a stark reminder of the mortality of all human beings.

Topic: Disability Rights and Representation
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Learn WebGL by Building a 3D Molecule Viewer

Are you curious about WebGL and want to learn more? The Signals Blog, is running a series of tutorials on WebGL for Chemistry. The goal: build a 3D molecular viewer for the Web browser using WebGL and no plugins. Each lesson builds on the last one, leading - hopefully - to an MIT-licensed component suitable for further open- or closed-source development.

Topic: Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Aerobic or Muscle-Strengthening Physical Activity: Which Is Better for Health?

Abstract The Physical Activity Guidelines recommend performing 150 min of moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity (MVPA) per week. These guidelines also recommend muscle-strengthening physical activity (MSPA) on ≥2 d·wk −1 for additional benefits including muscular fitness and bone health. The majority of the scientific evidence supporting the PA recommendations for health comes from studies of MVPA while the possible contributions of MSPA in these findings have been overlooked historically. Emerging evidence suggests that MSPA can independently protect against major cardiometabolic risk factors, chronic diseases, and mortality. Additional data from clinical trials indicate that many of the well-known health benefits of exercise, like improvements in cardiovascular disease risk factors, are more robust with combined MVPA and MSPA. This review will clarify the relative benefits of MSPA versus MVPA on health-related outcomes to determine the best type of PA for health.

Topic: Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Childhood maltreatment experiences and adult attachment style in male offenders

John Bowlby began to study childhood maltreatment, attachment and offending behavior many years before he conceived of attachment theory; through work with maladjusted children he came to believe that actual family experiences were key factors in the etiology of emotional disturbances. The present study examined the childhood maltreatment experiences and adult attachment representations, as defined by Bartholomew (1990) of 40 adult male offenders incarcerated at a medium security federal institution in the Fraser Valley. A control group, of 23 University of British Columbia male undergraduates, was also examined. Childhood maltreatment and other familial experiences were gathered using a modified version of the Family Attachment Interview (Bartholomew &amp; Horowitz, 1991); adult attachment representations were assessed using the Peer Attachment Interview (Bartholomew &amp; Horowitz, 1991), and coded using the four-category attachment framework developed by Bartholomew (1990). Participants also completed a questionnaire package that will not be analyzed for purposes of this thesis. It was found that the offender sample did experience significantly more childhood maltreatment on 5 of the 6 maltreatment variables than did the undergraduate sample; however no significant difference was found on the emotional neglect variable. In terms of attachment representations, results indicate that the inmate population is significantly more insecure in their attachment representations than are the university undergraduates; however, when compared to similar samples in the literature, both groups were significantly different in their attachment representations. Significant differences in childhood maltreatment, and attachment representation were not found. Discussion focuses on the limitations of the present samples, the need for future research on this issue with larger samples, and the usefulness of the attachment paradigm in understanding the impact of childhood maltreatment and family of origin variables on offenders; from both treatment and risk management perspectives.

Topic: Child Abuse and Trauma
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
2024 Update to the 2020 ACC/AHA Clinical Performance and Quality Measures for Adults With Heart Failure

This document describes performance measures for heart failure that are appropriate for public reporting or pay-for-performance programs and is meant to serve as a focused update of the "2020 ACC/AHA Clinical Performance and Quality Measures for Adults With Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures." The new performance measures are taken from the "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines" and are selected from the strongest recommendations (Class 1 or Class 3). In contrast, quality measures may not have as much evidence base and generally comprise metrics that might be useful for clinicians and health care organizations for quality improvement but are not yet appropriate for public reporting or pay-for-performance programs. New performance measures include optimal blood pressure control in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and the use of guideline-directed medical therapy in hospitalized patients. New quality measures include the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with mildly reduced and preserved ejection fraction, the optimization of guideline-directed medical therapy prior to intervention for chronic secondary severe mitral regurgitation, continuation of guideline-directed medical therapy for patients with heart failure with improved ejection fraction, identifying both known risks for cardiovascular disease and social determinants of health, patient-centered counseling regarding contraception and pregnancy risks for individuals with cardiomyopathy, and the need for a monoclonal protein screen to exclude light chain amyloidosis when interpreting a bone scintigraphy scan assessing for transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis.

Topic: Heart Failure Treatment and Management
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Clinical application of therapeutic lung lavage].

许多肺部疾病时支气管和肺泡内存在过多的分泌物或异常物质潴留,是因为感染或长期从环境中吸入有害物质或是异常代谢性物质沉积所致,表现为以痰栓阻塞为主的感染性支气管肺炎、黏液黏稠症、吸入性肺炎、多种无机粉尘所致的尘肺(pneumoconiosis)及肺内粉末沉着症、肺泡蛋白沉积症( pulmonary alveolar proteinosis,PAP)等.肺灌洗术是通过纤维支气管镜或双腔支气管导管洗出肺内的特异性物质(分泌物、粉尘等)治疗肺部疾病的一种方法.根据灌洗范围、灌洗量和方法的不同,可分为小容量支气管肺泡灌洗术( bronchoalveolar lavage,BAL)和大容量全肺灌洗术(whole lung lavage,WLL).我们就治疗性肺灌洗术的历史、技术方法、安全性及其临床应用进行综述。

Topic: Pleural and Pulmonary Diseases
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Temporomandibular joint ankylosis and salivary mucocele in a cat: case report

An approximately 1.5-year-old, not neutered mixed breed cat was referred for evaluation of inability to open its mouth, and soft tissue swelling around the intermandibular region. Both signs were present since the cat was adopted, 1 year before presentation. The cause of the signs was not determined prior to referral. Based on the physical and radiographic examinations, left temporomandibular joint ankylosis and salivary mucocele were diagnosed. The lateral aspect of the condyloid process of the left mandible was removed and the salivary mucocele was treated by right mandibular and sublingual gland resection and drainage of the mucocele. After surgery, the cat showed good functional use of the mandible without discomfort.

Topic: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Both endurance training and strength training reduced disability and pain in chronic nonspecific neck pain in women

TherapeuticsNovember 1, 2003Both endurance training and strength training reduced disability and pain in chronic nonspecific neck pain in womenMichael Yelland, MBBS, FRACGPMichael Yelland, MBBS, FRACGPUniversity of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia (M.Y.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/ACPJC-2003-139-3-075 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationYlinen J, Takala EP, Nykänen M, et al. Active neck muscle training in the treatment of chronic neck pain in women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2509-16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12759322Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Geriatrics: Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia (M.Y.) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails November 1, 2003Volume 139, Issue 3Page: 75KeywordsAerobic exerciseExerciseFearFibromyalgiaGeriatricsHealth careMigraineMotivationMusclesMyalgiaNervesPrevention, policy, and public healthShouldersSpineStrength training ePublished: 9 March 2020 Issue Published: November 1, 2003 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2003 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...

Topic: Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Manipulators of Vichy Propaganda

The Vichy regime did have an ideology, however contradictory it was to prove, and, for various reasons, it was able to motivate a significant number of educated people to manipulate the vast bureaucratic machine it created to effect the restoration of France. This chapter provides an attempt to do just that in a very small way since the two manipulators of Vichy propaganda chosen are, in no statistical way, representative. Weber has already penetrated Vichy incontestably, with his assertion that 'Many Frenchmen were Maurrasian without knowing it'. Matters of 'information', 'propaganda' and 'censorship' were not the creation of the Vichy regime. The 'professional' Vichyssois may have been able to leave Limoges for an obscurity which, in the climate of the summer of 1944, was no doubt welcome. Farmer's regionalism provided an ideological bridge for his subsequent rehabilitation after Vichy, symbolised in a modern, private housing estate to the north of Limoges by the Rue Rene Farnier.

Topic: French Historical and Cultural Studies
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy, sclerosing cholangitis, bronchiectasis and disseminated warts in a patient with primary combined immune deficiency.

A 24 year old man presented with an unusual primary combined immune deficiency syndrome characterised by a profound lymphopenia of CD4 cells, selective serum IgG2 subclass deficiency, poor polysaccharide antibody responses, disseminated warts, recurrent sinopulmonary infection and bronchiectasis. The developed progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) in association with sclerosing cholangitis. Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) usually occurs as an opportunistic infection in patients with secondary defects in cellular immunity.

Topic: Polyomavirus and related diseases
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Specimen Passage and Commentary

No single extract could be fully representative of Dickens's art in Hard Times; but the following analysis is offered as an example that may be helpful to the student called upon to undertake a similar exercise. It forms the opening of Book I, Chapter 5 ('The Keynote'), and the lines are numbered here for ease of reference.

Topic: Migration, Policy, and Dickens Studies
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Price of Land and the Cost Paid for Land in a Socialist Economy

The price of land and the cost paid for the use of land are important issues confronting China's economic reform at present. Does land have a price in a socialist economy? Should the land user compensate for the use of the land? In other words, should he pay regularly to the landowner the cost for the use of the land? This is one of the main aspects of the relations of production to be studied by socialist political economy. It is of great theoretical and practical significance.

Topic: China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences