jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF THE ANALGESIC EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF INTRAVENOUS PARACETAMOL IN COMPARISION TO INTRAVENOUS TRAMADOL FOR POST - OPERATIVE ANALGEISA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING LOWER ABDOMINAL SURGERY

Aims: To compare the efficacy of IV Paracetamol versus IV Tramadol for post-operative pain relief in cases undergoing lower abdominal surgery.METHODS AND MATERIAL: The study included 150 patients aged between 18-50 years of ASA I and ASA II physical status who underwent elective lower abdominal surgery.The patients were divided into two groups of seventy five patients each.Group P received IV Paracetamol 15mg/kg and Group T received IV Tramadol 2mg/Kg.Parameters recorded in our study were pain score, sedation score, pulse rate, mean arterial pressure, SpO2 duration of analgesia, total number of rescue analgesics, and complications like Nausea and vomiting, hypotension, bradycardia and respiratory depression.The magnitude of change occurring in the different groups at each interval was also compared.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Student T test, Mann whitney test, Chi square test, analysis of variance.RESULTS: The demographic profiles were comparable among the two groups.The mean duration of post-operative analgesia was 372.40 ±60.46 minutes in Group P and 369.86 ±64.39 minutes in Group T(P>0.05).The visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were comparable in both the groups.The number of doses of rescue analgesia required in postoperative period was similar.Sedation score was assessed in both group and it was found that tramadol group subjects were more sedated compared to the paracetamol group.Complications like nausea and vomiting were found more in tramadol group than paracetamol group.CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous paracetamol is a safer and effective non-opioid analgesic for the treatment of postoperative pain in patient undergoing lower abdominal surgery.

Topic: Anesthesia and Pain Management
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Pediatric Urology

No AccessJournal of UrologyPediatric Urology1 Oct 2008Pediatric Urology Douglas A. CanningM.D. Douglas A. CanningDouglas A. Canning More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2008.06.088AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 2008 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 180Issue 4October 2008Page: 1502-1505 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2008 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Douglas A. Canning More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Topic: Urological Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Influence of Timing of Coronary Angiography on Acute Kidney Injury in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Abstract Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication in cardiac arrest survivors and associated with adverse outcome. It remains unclear whether the incidence of AKI increases after the post-cardiac arrest administration of contrast for coronary angiography and whether this depends on timing of contrast administration. Aim of this study was to investigate whether early angiography is associated with increased development of AKI compared to deferred angiography in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survivors. Methods : In this retrospective multicenter cohort study we investigated whether early angiography (within 2 h) after OHCA was non-inferior to delayed/no angiography regarding the development of AKI. We used an absolute difference of 5% as the non-inferiority margin. Primary non-inferiority analysis was done by calculating the risk difference with its 90% confidence interval (CI) using a generalized linear model for a binary outcome and the identity link-function. As a sensitivity analysis we repeated the primary analysis using propensity score matching. Results : A total of 2151 patients were included in the study from 2009 until 2018, of which 1062 patients were treated with early coronary angiography and 1089 patients with delayed or no angiography. The proportion that developed AKI after OHCA was 17.8% in the early angiography group and 21.5% in the deferred angiography group. Risk difference was -3.7% with 90% CI ranging from -6.7% to -0.7%, indicating non-inferiority of early angiography at the prespecified margin of 5%. As sensitivity analysis we repeated the primary analysis using propensity score matching, which accordingly showed non-inferiority of early angiography. A multivariable model was built to identify predictors of acute kidney injury. The factors time to return of spontaneous circulation (odds ratio [OR] 1.10, 95% CI 1.05–1.15, p&lt;0.001) and baseline creatinine (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03–1.07, p&lt;0.001) were found to be independently associated with the development of AKI. Conclusions : Although AKI occurred in approximately 20% of OHCA patients, we found that early angiography had an equal AKI incidence as a delayed or no angiography strategy. The present results implicate that it is safe to perform early coronary angiography with respect to the risk of developing AKI after OHCA.

Topic: Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Stimulation by nitric oxide of an NAD linkage to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Nitric oxide-stimulated modification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) by [adenylate-32P]NAD has been interpreted in recent reports as ADP-ribosylation. Incubations of GAPDH with the NO-releasing agent sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and NAD resulted, however, in essentially equal incorporation of radiolabel from the adenine, phosphate, and nicotinamide moieties to the extent of approximately 0.02 mol of NAD.mol of GAPDH-1. Modification of GAPDH by free adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose (ADP-ribose) was only 10% of that by NAD. Exposure of GAPDH modified by NAD in the presence of SNP to HgCl2, which acts at thiol linkages, released two products. Both contained nicotinamide and adenylate but did not cochromatograph with NAD. GAPDH activity was inhibited by SNP in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of NAD. When inhibition was 80%, with 1 mM SNP and 1 mM dithiothreitol, covalent modification with NAD was &lt; 2%. This result is consistent with the conclusion that inhibition of GAPDH activity by SNP in the presence of NAD is due primarily to active-site nitrosylation, as reported by other workers, and is not due to the minor modification with NAD. These results demonstrate that NO-stimulated modification of GAPDH with NAD is not ADP-ribosylation as previously reported but rather is covalent binding of NAD through a NO-dependent thiol intermediate, possibly providing an example of an unexpected, altered reactivity of a nitrosylated protein.

Topic: Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Calvo's Grandchildren: The Return of Local Remedies in Investment Arbitration

One of the purposes of investor/State arbitration is to avoid the use of local courts. Litigation in the host State’s domestic courts is often seen as lacking the objectivity that the investor desires. In addition, domestic courts are often bound to apply domestic law even if that law falls short of the standards provided by international law. The traditional international remedy in investor/State disputes is diplomatic protection. But diplomatic protection is contingent upon the exhaustion of local remedies. It does not free the investor from going to the host State’s courts. First going to the local courts of the host State meant delay and additional expense to the investor. But it also carried disadvantages for the host State. Public proceedings in the domestic courts are likely to exacerbate the dispute and may affect the host State’s investment climate. Once the host State’s highest court has made a decision, it may be more difficult for the government to accept compromise or a contrary international judicial decision. The Preamble to the ICSID Convention states that “while such [investment] disputes would usually be subject to national legal processes, international methods of settlement may be appropriate in certain cases.” It is for these and other related reasons that international investment arbitration dispenses with the requirement to exhaust local remedies, at least in principle. Article 26 of the ICSID Convention specifically does away with this traditional requirement “unless otherwise stated”.

Topic: International Arbitration and Investment Law
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ESTROGEN LEVELS WITH INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA PATIENT

Introduction &amp; ObjectivesThere are studies that state that estrogen deficiency can exacerbate visual disturbances in glaucomapatients. To determine the relationship between estrogen levels and intraocular pressure (IOP) inpatients with POAG.&#x0D; MethodsThis study used a case-control design in 30 POAG patients who came to the OphthalmologyPolyclinic at the University of North Sumatra Hospital and Network Hospital. The data collectionmethod in this study used a consecutive sampling technique starting from February 2022 until thesample was filled. The inclusion criteria in this study were all women with POAG who were ?40years old and willing to be the research sample. The exclusion criteria for this study were patientswith a history of secondary glaucoma or a history of optic nerve disease, a history of ocular surgery(except cataracts), a history of orbital trauma, menstrual disorders, or currently on hormonaltherapy, a history of systemic or autoimmune disease. Data is then collected and analyzed.&#x0D; ResultsOf the 30 patients with POAG, the majority were aged 45-65 years (46.7%) with an average age of55.87(±12.91) years and had suffered from POAG for an average of 1.62(±2.08) years. The averagepatient had an intraocular pressure of 25.07(±6.12) mmHg, MD -12.99(±8.28) dB, VCDR0.78(±0.13) mm, and estrogen levels 2.47(±2.11) pg/dL. There was no significant relationshipbetween estrogen levels and intraocular pressure (p=0.851).&#x0D; ConclusionThere was no significant association between estrogen levels and intraocular pressure in patientswith POAG.

Topic: Glaucoma and retinal disorders
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The major androgen-regulated secretory proteins of the rat epididymis bear sequence homology with members of the alpha 2u-globulin superfamily.

The primary amino acid sequence of 18.5 kDa androgen-dependent secretory proteins of the rat epididymis has been compared with protein data-base sequences. The comparison has revealed that the epididymal proteins belong to the alpha 2u-globulin superfamily which includes human, rat and mouse urinary proteins, ungulate beta-lactoglobulins, and serum retinol-binding proteins. The homology suggests that the epididymal proteins may function to transport retinoids within the male reproductive tract. The androgen-dependent characteristics of the proteins and their tissue-specific nature have been ascertained by use of the protein's cDNA as a probe. The mRNA for the proteins was found in the epididymis of the rat and mouse, but not the epididymis of guinea-pig, rabbit, bull, boar, or ram.

Topic: Biochemical effects in animals
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
‘Because it matters’

Abstract Basic economic logic, which often simplifies assessments and explanations of agricultural policy issues, is vitally important in communicating with policy‐makers. Resources are limited, and there is a premium on getting decisions at least approximately right first time. Examples from southern Africa illustrate the importance of parity pricing, and its links to household food security (Lesotho), price risk, the emergence of an agricultural futures market, and its central role in allocating scarce agricultural resources (South Africa). Insights derived from an appreciation of parity pricing are relevant in other national contexts and also help explain how international grain markets operate. The parity pricing concept provides a framework for sense‐checking complicated debates relating to two issues that have been prominent in recent years; first, whether and to what extent speculation in futures markets has been a driver of agricultural price spikes, and second, how far indirect land use change (ILUC), triggered by the use of agricultural feedstocks to produce renewable energy, is a material issue. These issues are likely to be of heightened importance in the face of climate change. Each emphasises that agricultural economics matters, and that it matters that we get the economics right.

Topic: Agricultural Economics and Policy
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Two Sequences Variations of the E768D Mutation Found in Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinomas

Medullary thyroid cancer or MTC is present in sporadic form (75% of cases) and in familial form (25% of cases), in this latter situation, the MTC is a part of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2). The MEN2 is divided into MEN2A, MEN2B and FMTC or isolated familial MTC. The MEN2 are rare hereditary disease, transmitted as an autosomal dominant mode, linked to mutations of the RET gene. The discovery of a mutation in the RET proto-oncogene by molecular biology techniques in a index case of MTC confirms the diagnosis of familial and allows the genetic testing of healthy clinically related index case: those who carry the genetic mutation, will be offered prophylactic thyroidectomy before any biological or clinical manifestation. The genetic analysis of the RET gene was performed by PCR / sequencing. The E768D mutation was found in the exon 13 of the RET gene in 2 differences sequences forms (GAG/GAC et GAG/GAT). This mutation, already described, found in the FMTC.

Topic: Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Sexually Abused Youngsters' Reactions Toward Abusive and Nonabusive Parent Figures and Kin

At intake, counselors judged 343 sexually abused juveniles' reactions toward the abusive and nonabusive parent figures, and toward other kin collectively. Generally, at all ages, reactions were predominantly negative toward the abuser but were far more positive toward the nonabusive parent and relatives. This pattern held for the entire victim sample and for the subset (n = 212) codable for all three target persons (all ps < .0001). There were no tendencies for victims to “identify with the aggressor” via positive reactions. However, victims more often liked an abuser if a member of the nuclear family than if more remote from the victim (p < .002). Thus, closeness of victim to abuser on a five-step social distance scale (from nuclear family member to nonkin living outside the victim's home) correlated with degree of positive reaction to abusers (ρ = 0.32, r = 0.36; all ps < .0001).

Topic: Child Abuse and Trauma
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Electrophysiological and Psychophysical Measures of Auditory Temporal Processing

Older adults experience greater difficulty than younger adults understanding speech in noisy, complex backgrounds. This deficit remains even when the older adults have nearly normal hearing on standard audiometric testing. Independent of hearing loss, there is evidence of age-related declines in auditory temporal processing. These suprathreshold processing deficits have been implicated as contributing factors to reduced speech perception in noise. This project uses a combination of electrophysiology, psychophysics, and speech-in-noise measures to consider temporal processing in terms of sensory and perceptual coding of complex, periodic sounds. The use of combined methods is an important approach for parsing auditory and non-auditory factors underlying speech perception abilities in older adult listeners. The hypotheses are that (1) older adults exhibit reduced amplitudes for encoding sustained stimulus components on a speech-evoked auditory brainstem measure (sABR), (2) older adults have higher thresholds for the detection of a change in the periodicity of a complex tone, and (3) these measures show within-subject correlations such that individuals with robust sABR components demonstrate more sensitive perception of temporal periodicity cues. If the hypotheses are supported, these results will improve our understanding of auditory processing deficits underlying speech perception challenges for older adults. To test these hypotheses, two experiments were undertaken. In experiment 1, younger and older adults participated in a sABR measure, a harmonic mistuning task, and a masked speech perception task. These measures focused on temporal envelope encoding with the intention of relating the electrophysiological and psychophysical responses to an individual's ability to benefit from temporal modulations in background noise when listening to speech. In experiment 2, the younger and older adults were compared for their encoding of both temporal envelope and fine structure on a sABR measure. In addition, a model of neural temporal jitter was tested within a sABR paradigm with the goal of simulating in younger adults the response characteristics of the older adults. Specifically, the synthetic speech token used to elicit the sABR was submitted to a jitter algorithm that disrupted the periodicity cues of the stimulus. Taken together, results from these experiments support the notion of reduced neural synchrony for older adults with normal hearing. Future directions should focus on determining the temporal measures most predictive of speech perception abilities in noisy, complex backgrounds.

Topic: Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Reforming Indonesian Rape Law: Adopting U.S. Rape Shield Law in Excluding Prejudicial Evidence

Rape is a complicated crime in term of law enforcement. It is usually occurred by someone who has close relationship or connection to the victim. The availability of evidence is also limited. Unfortunately, sexual violence victim often does not receive proper handling from law enforcement. In several cases, the judge undermined victim’s testimony because of past sexual history and lack of resistance that led to more lenient punishment or acquit the defendant. Therefore, I assert that rape law itself should be revised to minimize judge’s prejudice or bias to several shreds of evidence. I suggest that Indonesia could learn from U.S. rape shield law that gives more protection to sexual violence victim. This law encourages the victim to report and increases the probability of conviction because it excludes victim’s previous sexual history and lack of resistance.

Topic: Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Preoperative chemoradiation directed by primary site rebiopsy in stage III/IV squamous head and neck cancer is associated with high rate of local regional control, but is still plagued by long-term distant failure

5549 Background:Long term outcome was reviewed of two concurrent preoperative chemoradiation protocol studies for high staged (III/IV) head and neck (H&N) squamous cancer conducted by Brown University Oncology Group (BrUOG). Methods: Two consecutive chemo radiation protocols were done with Paclitaxel (P) (high dose 60mg/M2 in 38 H&N 53 pts or low dose P 40mg/M2 in 25 pts-H&N 67) combined with carboplatin 1 AUC and radiation with mandatory biopsy of primary site at 45Gy. If the biopsy was pathologically negative, completion chemoradiation 67–70 Gy was given to the primary site with subsequent neck dissection if indicated, otherwise surgical resection was done of the primary and neck. Results: In the total group of 67 patients from head and neck protocol H&N 53 (Stg III/ IV, 12/26) and H&N 67 ( Stg. III/IV, 9/15) complete pathologic response at the primary site was 66% and 77% respectively (75% overall). Residual disease in neck was 32%. The overall survival of 63 evaluable pts (>60 mo. follow-up) was 54%. There was no survival difference in pts requiring primary sitel resection vs. pts treated by chemoradiation alone. The long-term failure was 15% local, 5% regional and 22% at distant site. (shortest observation 6 yrs H&N 53 and 4.5 yr H&N 67). Of 22 recurrences, 14 (64%) were distant, 22% local and 15% were regional. New primarys developed in 4 pts (lung 2, esophagus 2). Results: See table. Conclusions: Preoperative chemoradiation with Stage III/IV H&N cancer directed by staged primary site biopsy is associated with high rate of tumor control of primary site by chemoradiation alone in >75% of patients and salvage surgery in the remaining pts with equivalent long term survival (>54%). Distant failure continues to be the major challenge. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Topic: Head and Neck Cancer Studies
Subfield: Otorhinolaryngology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A teenager with combined methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria (CblC type) presenting with neurological symptoms and congenital heart diseases: a case report

Combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder due to defective intracellular cobalamin metabolism. We report an 18-year-old Chinese male who presented with hypermyotonia, seizures, and congenital heart diseases. Mutation analysis revealed c.365A>T and c.482 G>A mutations in the <i>MMACHC</i> gene, diagnosed with methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria (CblC type). After treatment with vitamin B<sub>12</sub>, L-carnitine, betaine, and folate, which resulted in an improvement in his clinical symptoms and laboratory values. This case emphasizes that inborn errors of metabolism should be considered for a teenager presenting with challenging or neurologic symptoms, especially when combined with unexplained heart diseases.

Topic: Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Pathomorphological changes and immunolocalization of matrix metalloproteinases in the placenta of cows during afterbirth retention

For the first time, using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods, epithelialized defects with signs of dystrophy in the crypts of caruncles in cows with afterbirth retention were established. The number of diplocaryocytes per unit area in the placenta of a cow during normal delivery was three times higher than the number of cells in cows with afterbirth retention. In the stroma of the villi of the allantochorion of the cotyledons, an increase in the number of collagen fibers and an increase in the number of fibroblasts, which are larger than in normal childbirth, have been established. In samples obtained from cows with afterbirth retention in the stroma of defragmented maternal crypts, the distribution of MMP was established, and immunopositive cells were fixed around the vessels, with active production of MMP-1 and MMP-3. Decreases in MMP-2 and MMP-9 in placentomas were observed in the allantochorion villi of the fetal part of the placenta. Thus, MMP-2 and МMP-9 are localized in the cotyledon and can affect the timely release of allantochorion villi from the crypts of the caruncles, ensuring the separation of fetal membranes from the maternal placenta in cattle.

Topic: Reproductive Physiology in Livestock
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences