jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Arundinol, A New Triterpene from the Orchid Arundina bambusifolia

Department of Chemistry, University College of Science. 92 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Calcutta-700 009<br> <em>Manuscript received 21 November 1990, accepted 15 February 1991</em> Arundinol, a new triterpene, isolated from the orchid <em>Arundinα bαmbusifoliα </em>was shown to be cycloartenyl 3β-\(\rho\)-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate (1a) from spectral and chemical evidence

Topic: Biological and pharmacological studies of plants
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
GLP-2 Dysregulates Hepatic Lipoprotein Metabolism, Inducing Fatty Liver and VLDL Overproduction in Male Hamsters and Mice

Fundamental complications of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes include the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and an atherogenic fasting dyslipidemic profile, primarily due to increases in hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) production. Recently, central glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor (GLP2R) signaling has been implicated in regulating hepatic insulin sensitivity; however, its role in hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is unknown. We investigated the role of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) in regulating hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in Syrian golden hamsters, C57BL/6J mice, and Glp2r-/- mice consuming either a normal chow or high-fat diet (HFD). In the chow-fed hamsters, IP GLP-2 administration significantly increased fasting dyslipidemia, hepatic VLDL production, and the expression of key genes involved in hepatic de novo lipogenesis. In HFD-fed hamsters and chow-fed mice, GLP-2 administration exacerbated or induced hepatic lipid accumulation. HFD-fed Glp2r-/- mice displayed reduced glucose tolerance, VLDL secretion, and microsomal transfer protein lipid transfer activity, as well as exacerbated fatty liver. Thus, we conclude that GLP-2 plays a lipogenic role in the liver by increasing lipogenic gene expression and inducing hepatic steatosis, fasting dyslipidemia, and VLDL overproduction. In contrast, the lack of Glp2r appears to interfere with VLDL secretion, resulting in enhanced hepatic lipid accumulation. These studies have uncovered a role for GLP-2 in maintaining hepatic lipid and lipoprotein homeostasis.

Topic: Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Microsatellite loci transferability from <i>Theobroma cacao</i> to <i>Theobroma grandiflorum</i>

Abstract Theobroma grandiflorum (cupuassu) is an important fruit tree native to the Brazilian Amazon. Forty‐eight microsatellite loci developed for the congener Theobroma cacao were tested in cupuassu , and 29 (60.4%) produced robust alleles. The analyses of 216 cupuassu accessions using the 21 polymorphic microsatellite loci revealed a total of 113 alleles. The number of alleles per polymorphic locus ranged from two to 11, with an average of 5.38 alleles per locus. The average observed heterozygosity was 0.343, while the mean expected heterozygosity was 0.614. The successful transferability of T. cacao microsatellite primers to cupuassu was consistent with currently accepted phylogeny.

Topic: Cocoa and Sweet Potato Agronomy
Subfield: Horticulture
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Blood Pool Agents for MRA

This chapter reviews new blood pool agents and studies performed to evaluate them. The major differences between a variety of blood pool agents are identified. These agents include large gadolinium (Gd)-labeled polymers, ultrasmall superpapramagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO), and MS-325, a small Gd chelate that binds to serum albumin (HAS). The chapter also outlines some early phase I trials on normal human subjects.

Topic: MRI in cancer diagnosis
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus normalises Parkinson's disease related abnormalities of auditory evoked potentials and quantitative EEG

Objective: Some of the cardinal symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) share a pathological rhythmic dysregulation as common feature, indicating a disturbing rhythmicity within cortical and subcortical networks involving the basal ganglia (BG) as well. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL]

Topic: Neurological disorders and treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Activates STRA6 Provoking Pancreatic β Cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes

Pancreatic β cell dysfunction plays a decisive role in progression of type 2 diabetes. Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a prominent adipokine in type 2 diabetes while its effect on β cell function remains elusive and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we found that elevated circulating RBP4 levels were inversely correlated with pancreatic β cell function in db/db mice across different glycemic stages. RBP4 directly suppressed glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in primary isolated islets and INS-1E cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. RBP4-transgenic overexpressing mice (RBP4-Tg) showed a dynamic decrease of GSIS which appeared as early as 8-week-old preceding the impairment of insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Islets isolated from RBP4-Tg mice showed a significant decrease of GSIS. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the stimulated by retinoic acid 6(STRA6), RBP4’s only known specific membrane receptor, is expressed in β cells and mediates the inhibitory effect of RBP4 on insulin synthesis via JAK2/STAT1/ISL-1 pathway. Moreover, decreasing circulating RBP4 level could effectively restore β cell dysfunction and ameliorate hyperglycemia in db/db mice. These observations revealed a role of RBP4 in pancreatic β cell dysfunction which provided new insight into the diabetogenic effect of RBP4.

Topic: Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Modeling of the Kinetics of Confined Nonwetting Flow in a Mesoporous Particle

In this paper a quantitative model of the confined flow in a mesoporous particle has been developed. The particle is initially surrounded by a nonwetting liquid. As the external pressure increases to the critical value such that the capillary effect is overcome, the liquid is forced into the mesopores. The confined inflow in the three-dimensional mesoporous environment is modeled as the effective phase transformation involving nucleation, growth, and coalescence of filled mesopore clusters. The influences of the pore size distribution and the external pressure are analyzed.

Topic: Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Technology Focus: Formation Evaluation (August 2015)

Technology Focus Comprehensive formation evaluation is performed by integrating logs, cores, well tests, and other geoscience and engineering information. It plays a critical role in resources assessment and is equally important in well-placement development and reservoir surveillance. It is one of the technical focus areas that is fundamental across almost all upstream businesses, from initial exploration through final field abandonment. So how well are we doing in modern formation evaluation? In resources exploration, we have come a long way from the historical wireline (WL) triple combination of logging of bulk density, neutron porosity, and resistivity for reservoir lithology, porosity, and saturation, respectively. With continuing development in technologies such as acoustic, mud logging, nuclear magnetic resonance, imaging, and formation testing and sampling, we can identify fluid types and contacts; quantify viscosity, free fluid, and mobility; and characterize pore structure and rock mechanical properties. In addition, elemental mineralogy logs have significantly improved multimineral formation evaluation in complex reservoirs, especially unconventional shale formations. In field development, a paradigm shift has occurred in the last decade in terms of wells drilled (i.e., we are drilling more and more horizontal, multilateral wells for maximum/extreme reservoir contact). Consequently, logging-while-drilling technologies have advanced so much that they can provide almost WL-log quality and capability. To achieve the ultimate goal of maximizing reservoir performance, looking-around and -ahead technologies are also evolving quickly. In reservoir surveillance, game-changing technologies are emerging that enable us to illuminate the reservoir in four dimensions through measurements across wells, from wellbore to surface, and monitor smart-nanoparticle movement in situ. Development of these reservoir-scale technologies is actually in line with the grand challenges facing the exploration-and-production industry identified by SPE (i.e., developing higher-resolution subsurface imaging and increasing hydrocarbon recovery factor) because they are critical for improvements in identifying bypassed oil and assessing remaining oil. Core analysis has historically been considered as a reference for log interpretation. Major developments in core analysis in the last decade are digital rock physics and unconventional-resources evaluation. These developments continue to push the envelope of our understanding of rock and of rock/fluid interactions. In summary, significant progress has been made recently in formation evaluation, and we are in the process of a great journey to help resolve the grand challenges with fit-for-purpose and cost-effective solutions, as demonstrated in the selected papers and recommended additional reading. JPT

Topic: Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Improving allergy alerting in a computerized physician order entry system.

Computerized physician order entry has been shown to reduce the frequency of serious medication errors. Decision support tools such as alerting functions for patient medication allergy are a key part of these applications. However, optimal performance requires iterative refinement. As systems become increasingly complex, mechanisms to monitor their performance become increasingly critical. We analyzed trend data obtained over a five-year period that showed decreasing compliance to allergy alert functions within computerized order entry. Many medication-allergy pairs were being consistently overridden. Renewal policies affecting reordering narcotics also contributed heavily to this trend. Each factor revealed a system-wide trend that could result in suggestions for policy or software change. Monitoring trends such as these is very important to maintain software correctness and ensure user trust in alerting systems, so users remain responsive to computerized alerts.

Topic: Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Interaction of antigen load and antibody response in determining heterologous protein nephritogenicity in inbred mice.

Genetically disparate inbred mouse strains mounting quantitatively different immune responses to a potentially nephritogenic heterologous protein had varied development of glomerulonephritis (GN) dependent upon the interaction between level of antibody response and antigen dose. High responder BALB/c mice given high doses of horse apoferritin developed a severe necrotizing GN. BALB/c mice given low dose horse apoferritin developed less severe GN, or when antibodies were in extreme excess, no GN. Low responder C3H mice given high dose horse apoferritin were in extreme antigen excess and developed no GN. C3H mice given low dose horse apoferritin developed a glomerulopathy characterized by capillary loop immune deposits. Interstrain differences in immune clearance and avidity did not account for this varied nephritogenicity, although avidity did relate to glomerular site of immune deposits in the BALB/c model. In the models under consideration susceptibility to heterologous antigen-induced glomerular injury was a function of the magnitudes of both the antibody response and the antigenic challenge.

Topic: Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Unusual Morphotypes of the Giant Barrel Sponge off the Coast of Barbados

Giant barrel sponges (GBSs) belong to a cryptic species complex (Xestospongia spp.) and are found on tropical reefs worldwide. Over their range, including most of the Caribbean, GBSs have a cylindrical shape, with variation in height, diameter and surface complexity. However, off the southwest coast of Barbados, GBSs mostly exhibit a clam shape or a tub shape, interspersed with a few that have the normal barrel morphotype, suggesting that this variation is not due to environmental factors. Haplotype identification (mtDNA-COI) of six clam and six normal sponges indicated no clear genetic differentiation based on morphotype; hence, this morphological variation remains unexplained.

Topic: Marine Sponges and Natural Products
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
ICT AND E-LEARNING LITERACY AS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENTFOR THE NEW COMPETENCY- BASED CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK IN KOSOVO

This research paper is focused on the role of ICT and e-learning education/literacy as a key component on the Education System of the transition countries. It investigates the importance of ICT and e-learning literacy and their impact on: curriculum development and implementation, Student/Learner-centered teaching/learning, Competency-based approaches, Integrated teaching and learning, Flexibility and mobility, Transparency and accountability. The research explores whether e-learning and ICT can enhance the competency-based curriculum in Kosovo within the new revised Curriculum Framework. The primary research is based on experiences and the level of inclusion of ICT education within the actual 2001 Curriculum Framework (White Discussion Paper), and on the result of intensive and dedicated 12 months work of Kosovo State Curriculum Council (KSCC) that is closely involved in the development of the new 2010 version of the Kosovo Curriculum Framework. The paper also looks at the effects of ICT literacy in all main features of the curriculum stages and their result with Student Personal development of key competencies such as: communication and expression, thinking and learning, Life, work-, and environment-related competencies etc. Finally, the research shows that the ICT and e-learning literacy of teachers needs to change and academics need to embrace new technology since Kosovo society is now reconnected to the most recent developments in science, technology and culture.

Topic: Global Education Systems and Policies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The effect of cutting and fish‐orientation systems on the deheading yield of carp

Summary Applied research into carp‐deheading yield indicated that the V‐cut with two circular knives averaged 77.9%; the V‐cut with one cup‐type knife – 75.6%, and the straight cut at a 79° angle to the fish backbone – 77.4%. The yield averages for deheaded and gutted carp were 63.6%, 62.4% and 62.9%, respectively. Standard analysis of variance demonstrated that there were no statistically significant differences between the mean yields of these three deheading systems. Furthermore, the potential influence of the fish‐orientation system in close connection with the cutting systems on the deheading yield was analysed. This indicated that, with the same yields, the straight‐cutting system simplifies the precise orientation of the fish in relation to the cutting knives.

Topic: Meat and Animal Product Quality
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
An efficient kinetic approach to the modeling of the electron distribution function in low-pressure high-density plasma tools

Summary form only given. Plasma tool models are gaining increasing importance in the design of new plasma processing discharges. A major requirement for a plasma model to be suitable for engineering design studies is the computational efficiency of the model. In this paper we focus on one aspect of the problem, namely the efficient modeling of the electron component of low pressure plasmas. The typically non-Maxwellian character of the electron distribution function (EDF) and the kinetic character of the different heating mechanisms requires a kinetic treatment which adds an additional "energy" dimension to the number of spatial dimensions considered in other modules of the model.

Topic: Plasma Diagnostics and Applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Papillary Fibroelastoma of the Papillary Muscle of the Tricuspid Valve: Reconstruction of the Papillary Muscle*

Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma is the third most frequent primary cardiac tumor, after myxoma and fibroma. A papillary fibroelastoma that arises from the papillary muscle is rare. We removed a papillary fibroelastoma located at the anterior papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve. The papillary muscle needed reconstruction. We used the loop technique to adjust the length of the papillary muscle and performed annuloplasty by using an artificial ring.

Topic: Cardiac tumors and thrombi
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Investigating the Role of Proteases in Aggressiveness of Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most lethal form of breast cancer with a three‐year survival rate of 42% versus 85% for other breast cancers. IBC is an aggressive, metastatic and highly angiogenic form of locally advanced breast cancer that invades into lymphatics where it forms large cellular aggregates. Here we performed live‐cell imaging using a SUM149 model of human inflammatory breast cancer. We hypothesize that the invasion of IBC is dependent on proteolytic activity at the tumor cell surface and that proteases contribute to the formation of tumor cell aggregates within the lymphatics. We assessed proteolytic activity using our functional assay for proteolysis. Quantification on a per cell basis throughout the volume of IBC structures was performed. Briefly, cells were grown in 3D reconstituted basement membrane (rBM) overlay cultures in which the lower layer of rBM is mixed with DQ‐collagen IV. Fluorescent cleavage products arising from the degradation of the collagen IV substrate were imaged on a Leica TCS SP5 laser scanning confocal microscope. Fluorescence intensities from 3D reconstructions of optical sections were quantified using Metamorph and Volocity software. Incubating the 3D rBM overlay cultures of SUM149 with inhibitors that target different classes of protease indicated that matrix metalloproteases and perhaps the cysteine protease cathepsin B play roles in the invasiveness of IBC.

Topic: Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Further considerations on the function of the skin in early object relations

In 1968, the author presented a paper built around clinical experiences and infant observations "concerned with the primal function of the skin of the baby and of its primal objects in relation to the most primitive binding together of parts of the personality not as yet differentiated from parts of the body". The catastrophic anxiety of falling-into-space, the dead-end, haunts every demand for change and engenders a deep conservatism and demand for sameness, stability and support from the outside world. This may be masked where a second-skin formation is a prominent feature of character, but sudden collapse under stress reveals the flawed personality, well-adjusted as it may appear to be. In author's experience, such patients in analysis require a slow firmly contained process with prolonged working through of each step forward in their development.

Topic: Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Near-field Imaging of Optical Resonances in Silicon Metasurfaces Using Photoelectron Microscopy

Precise control of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale lies at the heart of nanophotonics. Experimental examination at this length scale is challenging, however, since the corresponding electromagnetic near-field is often confined within volumes below the resolution of conventional optical microscopy. In semiconductor nanophotonics electromagnetic fields are further restricted within the confines of individual subwavelength resonators, limiting access to critical light-matter interactions in these structures. In this work, we demonstrate that photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM) can be used for polarization resolved near-field spectroscopy and imaging of electromagnetic resonances supported by broken-symmetry silicon metasurfaces. We find that the photoemission results, enabled through an in-situ potassium surface layer, are consistent with full-wave simulations and far-field reflectance measurements across visible and near-infrared wavelengths. In addition, we uncover a polarization dependent evolution of collective resonances near the metasurface array edge taking advantage of the far-field excitation and full-field imaging of PEEM. Here, we deduce that coupling between eight resonators or more establishes the collective excitations of this metasurface. All told, we demonstrate that the high-spatial resolution hyperspectral imaging and far-field illumination of PEEM can be leveraged for the metrology of collective, non-local, optical resonances in semiconductor nanophotonic structures.

Topic: Plasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Monitoring and analysis of PAN and PPN in the air of Beijing during the summer of 2005].

PAN and PPN in the urban air of Beijing were monitored by using a online instrument from Aug. 15th to Aug. 28th, 2005. The results show that the concentrations of PAN and PPN are extremely high in the air of the city area of Beijing, and the highest concentrations of PAN and PPN during the daytime are 2 493.2 x 10(-12) and 509.2 x 10(-12) respectively. A strong correlation is found between PAN and PPN, R2 = 0.9495, and the average ratio of [PPN]/[PAN] is about 20.2%, which suggests anthropogenic VOCs are dominant when compared to biogenic ones in the urban air. The precipitation has strong negative effects on the formation and accumulation of PAN and PPN. High concentrations of PAN and PPN occur every midnight. During day time, high concentrations of PAN and PPN occurred with high concentrations of NO2 when NO concentrations are fairly low. Diurnal variations of O3 and PAN are very similar to each other, and a moderate correlation has been indicated between PAN and O3.

Topic: Vehicle emissions and performance
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Molecular phylogeny reveals the presence of cryptic speciation within Erysiphe japonica (≡Typhulochaeta japonica), a powdery mildew on Quercus spp.

Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 28S, ITS and IGS rDNA sequences indicate that Erysiphe japonica (≡ Typhulochaeta japonica) consists of two different genetic groups, one group on Quercus aliena, Q. robur and Q. serrata, and another group on Q. crispula var. crispula and Q. crispula var. horikawae. As morphological difference between the two groups are not yet marked distinctly, we suppose that the process of speciation has not yet been finished and propose a new variety, E. japonica var. crispulae, for the latter group based on the difference in host range and the distinct genetic segregation. Quercus robur (pedunculate oak) is a new host of E. japonica.

Topic: Powdery Mildew Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences