jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
What Do We Know When? Modeling Predictability of Transit Operations

Predictions of transit delays are crucial to passengers and operators. Passengers utilize the predictions to decide on departure time, route choice, and mode choice, whereas operators decide on schedules, timetables, rolling stock allocation, and control actions. We introduce the concept of predictability of transit travel times as the study of the reduction of the predicted variability with the temporal approaching of a predicted event. We evaluate predictability on a real-life test case in Zurich, Switzerland, spanning multiple transit lines over one year of operations. The concept is shown based on predictions obtained by a state-of-the-art Bayesian network approach, where we show how predictability (in general) can be modeled as an exponential decay phenomenon. The study of predictability of transit operations leads to additional insights for control actions and system analysis compared to other complementary concepts such as punctuality or regularity, for instance, concerning bunching, identification of bottlenecks, and passenger routing.

Topic: Transportation Planning and Optimization
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Effect of Planting Date on Seed Yield, Oil Content, and Water Requirement of Safflower<sup>1</sup>

Synopsis Yields of irrigated safflower decreased between 150 and 300 pounds per acre for each 4‐ to 6‐week delay in planting from January 16 to April 23. Seed weight, hull content, linoleic acid content, and iodine values of the oil decreased in the later plantings, while oil content of seed increased. Total irrigation requirements for January, February, and March plantings were similar. Average consumptive moisture use was 34.4 inches, and the peak average daily moisture use was 0.39 inch.

Topic: Sunflower and Safflower Cultivation
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Studies on Amino Acid Contents in Food Crops (Part 4)

1) 芋類 (甘藷および馬鈴薯) につき, 18種アミノ酸を定量した。2) 芋類は, 麦類および雑穀類 (蕎麦を除く) に比較してasparticacid含量が多く, leucine, glutamic acid, proline, methionineおよびcystine含量が少ない傾向を示した。終りに臨み懇篤なる指導を与えられた東京大学教授桜井芳人博士, 終始支援いただいた農林省食糧研究所杉村敬一郎博士に深甚の謝意を表すると共に, 試料の分与を賜った千葉県立農業試験場, 研究に協力下さった農林省食糧研究所星野直司博士に厚く感謝の意を表します。

Topic: GABA and Rice Research
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Record of predation on the bat Rhinopoma microphyllum (Chiroptera: Rhinopomatidae) by the Spalerosophis microlepis (Reptilia: Colubridae), in western Iran

of the Zagros Range in vicinity of the northern Mesopotamian plain at the border of Iran and Iraq. This cave is a part of several large cavities created as a result of collapse in a karst formation. This collapse has exposed a large karst aquifer and two adjacent deep caves. The caves are about 100 meters away from a small village with the same name. The area around the caves is extensively altered for agriculture purposes and almost nothing is left from the natural vegetation cover except in the depth of high valleys. The weather condition in this area is characterized by a hot and dry summer and a winter with no freezing period. Although average annual precipitation in this area is around 300 mm most of this comes as winter or early spring rains. As a result, very few permanent streams and rivers are present in this area. In lowlands of the Mesopotamian plain summer is hot and average maximum temperature in July may approach to 50oC. However, in some areas where the Mesopotamian plain meets the Zagros range too abruptly a rapid environmental gradient appears as a result of interaction of the cold and wet climatic system from the highlands of the Iranian plateau and the hot and dry climate regime from the northern Mesopotamian plain.

Topic: Bat Biology and Ecology Studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Preparation and Application of Weak Cation Exchange Resin Based on Thiol Click Reaction

ABSTRACT Using poly(styrene‐divinylbenzene) microspheres as stationary phase matrix and mercaptosuccinic acid as a modifier, a new weak cation exchange resin was synthesized by thiol click reaction. The conditions for thiol‐chlorine click reaction and thiol‐alkene click reaction were optimized. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the modified microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and an elemental analyzer. The stationary phase can achieve the separation of six common cations within 25 min. A homemade weak cation chromatographic column was used to determine the impurities of Na + and K + and the content of tetramethylammonium ions in tetramethylammonium hydroxide samples. The method showed a good linear correlation in the range of 0.1–500.0 mg/L with correlation coefficients of 0.9998–0.9999, and the limits of detection (signal‐to‐noise ratio ≥ 3) were 0.01–0.20 mg/L. The intra‐day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 1.1%–4.4%, and the inter‐day RSDs were in the range of 0.8%–14.8%. The spiked recoveries were in the range of 91.92%–119.86%. The results showed that the prepared stationary phase exhibited effective separation ability and good reproducibility, which was suitable for the analysis of the impurities of Na + , K + , and the content of tetramethylammonium in the tetramethylammonium reagents.

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
REHABILITATING DEMOCRACY: RESTORING CIVIL RIGHTS AND LEADING THE NEXT HUMAN RIGHTS REVOLUTION

Abstract This article describes the culture of activist black Christian congregations that propelled campaigns to dismantle legalized racial segregation and advocate for equal justice. Historically, as the imperfections of American democracy were exposed, the most marginal people in the society acted persistently and repeatedly to extend the benefits of democracy to all citizens. The article highlights the distinctive social and intellectual contributions of the secular activist W. E. B. Du Bois and social gospel minister Martin Luther King. The author sees the contemporary discussion and faith-based mobilization around reversing mass incarceration as an outgrowth of the civil rights movement. Finally, the article suggests that leadership for the next global human rights revolution is likely to emerge from students and young leaders who are committed to radically inclusive conceptions of democracy, equality, and social justice.

Topic: American Constitutional Law and Politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
OVERCOMING FINANCIAL FRICTIONS WITH THE FRIEDMAN RULE

A general equilibrium model with financial frictions in which individuals may encounter unobservable investment opportunities is developed along the lines of Kiyotaki and Moore (2012). I study efficiency properties induced by money and monetary policy when financial frictions prevent optimal equilibrium allocations. By providing closed-form solutions to all prices, allocations, welfare, and, especially, the distribution of individuals with respect to assets, I show that the Friedman rule achieves maximal social welfare, independent of how tight the financial constraints may be. The same level of welfare would be induced by an omniscient central planner able to verify who has an investment opportunity.

Topic: Economic theories and models
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Efficient Feature Extraction for Shape Analysis, Object Detection and Tracking

During the course of this thesis, two scenarios are considered. In the first one, we contribute to feature extraction algorithms. In the second one, we use features to improve object detection solutions and localization. The two scenarios give rise to into four thesis sub-goals. First, we present a new shape skeleton pruning algorithm based on contour approximation and the integer medial axis. The algorithm effectively removes unwanted branches, conserves the connectivity of the skeleton and respects the topological properties of the shape. The algorithm is robust to significant boundary noise and to rigid shape transformations. It is fast and easy to implement. While shape-based solutions via boundary and skeleton analysis are viable solutions to object detection, keypoint features are important for textured object detection. Therefore, we present a keypoint featurebased planar object detection framework for vision-based localization. We demonstrate that our framework is robust against illumination changes, perspective distortion, motion blur, and occlusions. We increase robustness of the localization scheme in cluttered environments and decrease false detection of targets. We present an off-line target evaluation strategy and a scheme to improve pose. Third, we extend planar object detection to a real-time approach for 3D object detection using a mobile and uncalibrated camera. We develop our algorithm based on two novel naive Bayes classifiers for viewpoint and feature matching that improve performance and decrease memory usage. Our algorithm exploits the specific structure of various binary descriptors in order to boost feature matching by conserving descriptor properties. Our novel naive classifiers require a database with a small memory footprint because we only store efficiently encoded features. We improve the feature-indexing scheme to speed up the matching process creating a highly efficient database for objects. Finally, we present a model-free long-term tracking algorithm based on the Kernelized Correlation Filter. The proposed solution improves the correlation tracker based on precision, success, accuracy and robustness while increasing frame rates. We integrate adjustable Gaussian window and sparse features for robust scale estimation creating a better separation of the target and the background. Furthermore, we include fast descriptors and Fourier spectrum packed format to boost performance while decreasing the memory footprint. We compare our algorithm with state-of-the-art techniques to validate the results.

Topic: Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Personalized Biometrics of Physical Pain Agree with Its Psychological Perception by Participants with Sensory Over Responsivity

The study of pain requires a balance between subjective methods that rely on self-reports and complementary objective biometrics that ascertain physical signals associated with subjective accounts. There are at present no objective scales that enable the personalized assessment of pain, as most work involving electrophysiology rely on summary statistics from a priori theoretical population assumptions. Along these lines, recent work has provided evidence of differences in pain sensations between participants with Sensory Over Responsivity (SOR) and controls. While these analyses are useful to understand pain across groups, there remains a need to quantify individual differences more precisely in a personalized manner. Here we offer new methods to characterize pain using the moment-by-moment standardized fluctuations in EEG brain activity centrally reflecting the person&amp;rsquo;s experiencing temperature-based stimulation at the periphery. This type of gross data is often disregarded as noise, yet here we show its utility to characterize the lingering sensation of discomfort raising to the level of pain, individually, for each participant. We show fundamental differences between the SOR group in relation to controls and provide an objective account of pain congruent with the subjective self-reported data. This offers the potential to build a standardized scale useful to profile pain levels in a personalized manner across the general population.

Topic: Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Re-Fracturing in Eagle Ford and Bakken to Increase Reserves and Generate Incremental NPV - Field Study

Abstract Due to the tight nature of the matrix in shale plays, the drainage area does not extend far into the reservoir and is defined by the shape and size of the hydraulic fractures. As a consequence of this, wells typically exhibit steep decline rates and one of the prevalent ways to arrest the decline of a field is to drill and complete more wells. However, re-fracturing is slowly gaining a foothold in the industry, and our study has shown tremendous re-frac potential in the Bakken and Eagle Ford. In this study, we analyzed horizontal wells from the Bakken and Eagle Ford to identify existing re-fractured wells and estimated incremental recovery, followed by an economic analysis, to show re-fracturing as a viable alternative to drilling new wells. Production and completions data was retrieved from public sources for all horizontal wells in the Bakken and the Eagle Ford formations, and a proprietary algorithm was applied to identify wells with a production signature that is consistent with a recompletion event. These wells were individually screened and confirmed as being re-fractured or not. Production metrics were defined to understand the performance of the wells before and after re-fracturing. Cross plots were made between these parameters to understand trends between the ratios of production decline rates and b-factors before and after re-fracturing, taking into account the time of re-completion. Decline curves were fit to the production of these wells to estimate the incremental estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) upon re-fracturing, and a net present value (NPV) analysis was done to determine commercial viability. A majority of the identified potentially re-fractured wells had positive incremental NPV based on the EUR increase, which was 53% and 69%, on an average, for the Eagle Ford and Bakken respectively. From the existing re-fractured wells that were analyzed, it was found that there was no discernible correlation between the time an operator produces a well before being refractured and the various performance metrics that were analyzed. Also, good decline curve fits were found without changing the b-factors post-refrac and secant decline rates were typically lower after re-fracturing. The results show the potential of re-completing wells and increasing reserves without drilling new wells based on actual field examples, showing an alternative field development strategy to the current practice of replacing older wells with newly drilled ones. Also, if re-fracturing is to be implemented on a larger scale, wells must be completed so as to make subsequent recompletions much easier, thereby encouraging use of novel casing and diverting agent technologies. Positive economics shows the huge potential of cost savings with re-stimulation and makes a ‘second wave’ of Eagle Ford/Bakken production possible.

Topic: Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Analysis
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: Current findings and their legal implications

Recent research on recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse has shown that there are at least two types of recovered memory experiences: those that are gradually recovered within the context of suggestive therapy and those that are spontaneously recovered, without extensive prompting or explicit attempts to reconstruct the past. By focusing on well‐known imperfections of human memory, we were able to find differing origins for these recovered memory experiences, with people recovering memories through suggestive therapy being more prone to forming false memories, and with people reporting spontaneously recovered memories being more prone to forgetting prior incidences of remembering. Moreover, the two types of recovered memory reports are associated with differences in corroborative evidence, suggesting that memories recovered spontaneously, outside of suggestive therapy, are more likely to correspond to genuine abuse events. In this paper, we summarize recent research on recovered memories and we argue that these scientific findings should be applied in the justice system, but also in clinical practice.

Topic: Memory Processes and Influences
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
CCDC 1845083: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Rare and Disabling Movement Disorders: An Indian Experience

Recent decades have seen exciting developments in the field of movement disorders. These include identification of rare clinical syndromes and use of technological advances to understand their pathogenesis. Three such disorders are discussed here. The description of the Uner Tan syndrome from Turkey and surrounding regions provoked research into the controversial field of genetically induced devolution. Such cases with few additional findings have now been described from India. Sepiapterin reductase deficiency is a rare treatable autosomal recessive form of dopa responsive dystonia. Indian literature has recently added five confirmed cases to the international database. Such cases are eminently treatable. Successful application of modern technology in understanding the pathogenesis of progressive neurodegenerative disorder has been highlighted in the section on hereditary spastic paraplegias. Hitherto undescribed subcellular organelle transport defects and their potential rectification with known drugs have been demonstrated raising hopes for their cure.

Topic: Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Property Investment Appraisal

ABSTRACT This paper considers the application of discounted cash flow (DCF) techniques to the analysis of the property investment market. The traditional method of property valuation is briefly outlined and its shortcomings highlighted. An alternative DCF procedure is derived to calculate the present value of a property investment. This method will be familiar to actuaries, but is not always used in property disciplines. The sensitivities of this formulation to changes in the force of real interest, force of real rental growth and force of inflation are derived. It is suggested how these formulae may be used for property investment appraisal and risk analysis. We conclude that DCF offers a more flexible and accurate means of estimating the value of a property, and that property valuers, financial economists and actuaries should work jointly to develop practical DCF methods. However, so long as traditional methods of valuation prevail, a rational investor must use both methods to identify mispriced property assets. There have been few property contributions to the actuarial literature in the United Kingdom; this paper is intended to build on the few previous papers and suggests directions for future work.

Topic: Housing Market and Economics
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
LHD LHDGAUSS_RAY_MWRM3 #156489.1 (analyzed)

Ray trajectories for microwave reflectometry (mwrm) at set3 point obtained using ray-tracing code LHDGauss.

Topic: Hospitality and Tourism Education
Subfield: Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Functional characterization of N6- threonylcarbamoyladenosine biosynthesis by the universally conserved Sua5/YrdC and Kae1/Qri7/YgjD protein families

N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6A) is a universally conserved tRNA modification found on nearly all tRNA molecules that recognize ANN codons on messenger RNAs. The presence of t6A in the anticodon stem loop of tRNAs ensures proper codon recognition and high fidelity during protein translation. Cells deficient in t6A-modified tRNAs exhibit defects in starting AUG codon recognition and also an increase rate of frameshift errors during translation elongation. Although the function of t6A is critical for protein translation and cellular physiology, it was only recent that the Sua5/YrdC and the Kae1/Qri7/YgjD protein families were discovered to catalyze the formation of t6A. Archaea and eukaryotic Kae1 operate as part of the KEOPS complex with Bud32, Cgi121, Pcc1 and Gon7 proteins. Eukaryotic mitochondrial Qri7 operates in isolation. Bacterial YgjD operates as part of the YgjD-YeaZ-YjeE ternary complex. How the Sua5/YrdC family, the Kae1/Qri7/YgjD family and the additional subunits in the KEOPS and YgjD-YeaZYjeE complexes contribute to t6A biosynthesis were open questions at the beginning of my thesis work. Towards understanding the mechanisms of t6A biosynthesis, I reconstituted and\ncharacterized a minimal in vitro t6A biosynthesis reaction using Sua5 and Qri7 proteins. I established that the Sua5/YrdC and Kae1/Qri7/YgjD protein families are the core catalytic enzymes required for t6A biosynthesis and that the additional protein factors in the KEOPS and YgjD-YeaZ-YjeE complexes must serve augmenting regulatory roles. Qri7, the most primitive member of the Kae1/Qri7/YgjD family, by virtue of its ability to function on its own, operates independent of additional regulating protein factors. I then characterized the functions of the KEOPS accessory subunit Pcc1 and demonstrated that Pcc1-mediated KEOPS dimerization is not important for t6A biosynthesis by archaea KEOPS in vitro but is important for yeast KEOPS function in vivo. Lastly, I discovered and proved that human C14ORF142 is the human ortholog of yeast Gon7. This analysis showed that C14ORF142 disrupts KEOPS dimerization and potentiates the t6A biosynthesis activity of KEOPS in vitro.

Topic: RNA modifications and cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences