jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pharmacognostic standardization of Homoeopathic drug: Juniperus virginiana L.

Background: Juniperus virginiana L., commonly known as 'red cedar' in English is a well-known evergreen tree belonging to the family Cupressaceae. The leaves and young aerial shoots are used for preparation of medicine in Homoeopathy. Objective: Standardization is the quintessential aspect which ensures purity and quality of drugs. Hence, the pharmacognostic and physico-chemical studies are carried out to facilitate the use of authentic and correct species of raw drug plant material with established parametric standards for manufacturing the drug. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostic studies on leaves and young aerial parts of authentic samples of J. virginiana L. have been carried out; physico-chemical parameters of raw drug viz., extractive values, ash values, formulation, besides weight per mL, total solids, alcohol content along with High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and ultraviolet visible studies have been worked out for mother tincture. Results: The leaves are needles, narrow and sharp at tips; stems are round with greyish white to brown bark possessing small lenticels and covered by imbricate leaves. Epidermal cells in the surface have polygonal linear sides with pitted walls containing crystals and starch. Stomata exclusively occur on the adaxial surface in linear rows. Hypodermis of leaf in T.S. is marked with 1-2 layered lignified sclerenchyma. 2-4 secretory canals are present with one conspicuously beneath midvein bundle. The young terminal axis is sheathed by two closely surrounding leaves while the mature stem possess four leaf bases attached. Vascular tissue of stem possesses predominant xylem surrounded by phloem containing sphaeraphides, prismatic crystals and starch grains. Uniseriate rays occur in the xylem. Mature stem possess shrivelled cork, followed by the cortex. Physicochemical properties and HPTLC values of the drug are standardized and presented. Conclusion: The powder microscopic features and organoleptic characters along with anatomical and physicochemical studies are diagnostic to establish the standards for the drug.

Topic: Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Flow decomposition and aerodynamic sound generation

An approximate decomposition of fluid-flow variables satisfying unbounded compressible Navier–Stokes equations into acoustically radiating and non-radiating components leads to well-defined source terms that can be identified as the physical sources of aerodynamic noise. We show that, by filtering the flow field by means of a linear convolution filter, it is possible to decompose the flow into non-radiating and radiating components. This is demonstrated on two different flows: one satisfying the linearised Euler equations and the other the Navier–Stokes equations. In the latter case, the corresponding sound sources are computed. They are found to be more physical than those computed through classical acoustic analogies in which the flow field is decomposed into a steady mean and fluctuating component.

Topic: Aerodynamics and Acoustics in Jet Flows
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
After D-Day

In Operation Cobra, six US divisions during six dramatic days in Normandy ended the stalemate on the western front, breaking through German defenses after seven weeks of grueling attrition warfare. After D-Day examines the experiences of U.S. soldiers in the July 25-30, 1944, Normandy campaign: their mistakes, hardships, and fears, as well as their leadership, courage, and determination. Drawing on original archival sources, Carafano argues that previous accounts of Operation Cobra are flawed. Standard explanations of its success—the force of air power, innovative tactics, superior logistics, the inestimable value of "citizen soldiers," hedgerow busting "rhino" tanks—are in fact myths. And serious mistakes were made: one of the most famous US generals, Omar Bradley, ordered strategic bombing close to US lines, a decision that led to the killing and maiming of hundreds of US soldiers by "friendly fire." Nonetheless, Carafano demonstrates, operational flexibility—the ability of commanders to exercise effective combat leadership and take advantage of troop strengths and material advantages—resulted in Allied victory.

Topic: Military History and Strategy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A generalized spectral correspondence

We explore a strong categorical correspondence between isomorphism classes of sheaves of arbitrary rank on a given algebraic curve and twisted pairs on another algebraic curve, mostly from a linear-algebraic standpoint. In a particular application, we realize a generic elliptic curve as a spectral cover of the complex projective line $\mathbb{P}^1$ and then construct examples of cyclic pairs and co-Higgs bundles over $\mathbb{P}^1$. By appealing to a composite push-pull projection formula, we conjecture an iterated version of spectral correspondence. We prove this conjecture for a particular class of spectral covers of $\mathbb {P}^1$ through Galois-theoretic arguments. The proof relies upon a classification of Galois groups into primitive and imprimitive types. In this context, we revisit a classical theorem of Ritt.

Topic: Algebraic Geometry and Number Theory
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Exquisite sensitivity of adrenocortical carcinomas to induction of ferroptosis

Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs) are rare and highly malignant cancers associated with poor survival of patients. Currently, mitotane, a nonspecific derivative of the pesticide DDT (1,1-(dichlorobiphenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane), is used as the standard treatment, but its mechanism of action in ACCs remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that the human ACC NCI-H295R cell line is remarkably sensitive to induction of ferroptosis, while mitotane does not induce this iron-dependent mode of regulated necrosis. Supplementation with insulin, transferrin, and selenium (ITS) is commonly used to keep NCI-H295R cells in cell culture. We show that this supplementation prevents spontaneous ferroptosis, especially when it contains polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as linoleic acid. Inhibitors of apoptosis (zVAD, emricasan) do not prevent the mitotane-induced cell death but morphologically prevent membrane blebbing. The expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in H295R cells, however, is significantly higher when compared to HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells, suggesting a role for ferroptosis. Direct inhibition of GPX4 in H295R cells led to high necrotic populations compared to control, while cotreatment with ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) completely reverted ferroptosis. Interestingly, the analysis of public databases revealed that several key players of the ferroptosis pathway are hypermethylated and/or mutated in human ACCs. Finally, we also detected that growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonists, such as MIA602, kill H295R cells in a nonapoptotic manner. In summary, we found elevated expression of GPX4 and higher sensitivity to ferroptosis in ACCs. We hypothesize that instead of treatment with mitotane, human adrenocortical carcinomas may be much more sensitive to induction of ferroptosis.

Topic: Ferroptosis and cancer prognosis
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Soviet Challenge in Indonesia

THE course of Indonesian policy today must cause doubt and deep concern regarding the future of the world's fifth largest nation. Since Premier Khrushchev's ten-day visit in February i960, Indonesia has become a major target of Soviet aid and influence, and only massive Western efforts can now prevent its gradual incorporation into the Communist bloc. All the instru mentalities available to the Kremlin?overt and covert, domestic and international?are concentrated on the elimination of West ern influences from Indonesia, its isolation from the new nations of Asia and Africa, erosion of the will of domestic anti-Commu nist political forces to resist capture of the government by the Communist Party, and eventual alignment with the Soviet Union. What the West faces in Indonesia is not simply harassment from a group of conspirators, in usual cold-war fashion, but an all-out challenge from a great power. Indonesia has become a testing ground for the new techniques of power politics, with the local Communist Party only one of various instruments used by the Soviet state to supplant Western influence. Soviet advances in Indonesia are truly amazing. In the hectic years of Indonesia's struggle for independence, from 1945 to 1949, Moscow attacked nationalist leaders such as President Sukarno as bourgeois lackeys of imperialism, even though the Soviet delega tion in the United Nations supported Indonesia as a matter of anti-imperialist principle. In June of 1961 Sukarno chose to cele brate his birthday in Moscow, where the top civilian and military leaders of the Soviet Union presented their felicitations to him. In September 1948, the Indonesian Communist Party engaged in armed rebellion against Sukarno's nationalist government and in a historic radio address he was forced to ask the people to choose between himself and Musso, the Communist leader who had just returned from long years of exile in Moscow. Today President Sukarno's most powerful political support comes from the Com munist Party, which he protects against an anti-Communist but submissive officer corps. Until 1954 the Soviet Union was unable to establish diplomatic representation in Djakarta, although it had offered recognition to the nationalist government before in dependence was secured in 1949. Today the Soviet presence in Indonesia is a force tobe reckoned

Topic: Asian Studies and History
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Implementation of Local Wisdom-Based Storybooks in Improving Creative Character and Love for the Country of Elementary School Students

This study was motivated by the lack of age-appropriate reading materials at the school, as well as the teacher's desire to invite students to preserve local culture through local languages. This study aims to describe the implementation of the P5 storybook program with the theme of local wisdom in fostering the creative character and love for the country of grade IV students of SDN 3 Beleka. Using a descriptive case study approach, the subject of this research is the fourth grade teacher of SDN 3 Beleka. Data were collected through interviews and documentation. The results of the research on the implementation of the Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project (P5) through the Storybook program show that this initiative increases the creativity and sense of patriotism of grade IV students of SDN 3 Beleka. The implementation of the P5 program through Storybooks includes three main stages: planning, implementation, and evaluation. The impact of the P5 storybook program is proven to increase students' creativity which can be seen from two aspects, namely creativity in ideas and presentation, as well as the development of writing and speaking skills. Meanwhile, the impact of the Storybook P5 program on the character of patriotism is reflected in two main results, namely fostering a love for local culture and deepening students' understanding of local identity.

Topic: Educational Curriculum and Learning Methods
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Long‐term outcomes following fractional flow reserve‐guided treatment of angiographically ambiguous left main coronary artery disease: A meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies

Objective To define the long term outcomes of Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) guided revascularization of ambiguous left main coronary artery (LMCA) lesions by performing a pooled meta‐analysis of all available studies. Background Prospective studies evaluating the use of fractional flow reserve (FFR) for clinical decision‐making in ambiguous unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis suggest the relative safety of that approach, but any final conclusions are limited by small sample size. We performed a pooled meta‐analysis of studies to define the long‐term outcomes in these patients. Methods Six prospective cohort studies involving 525 patients met the inclusion criteria. Patients underwent revascularization (revascularization group) or medical therapy (deferred group) based on FFR. The primary outcome was defined as rate of major cardiovascular events (a composite of death from all causes, nonfatal myocardial infarctions and subsequent revascularizations). The secondary outcomes included individual components of the primary end point. Pooled effect sizes were calculated using a fixed effects model. Results Based on the FFR results, 217 patients (41%) underwent revascularization. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the rates of primary end point ( P = 0.15), all‐cause mortality ( P = 0.06) or nonfatal myocardial infarctions ( P = 0.76). However, there was a significant increase in the rate of subsequent revascularizations in the deferred patients ( P = 0.002). Conclusion The long term clinical outcomes in patients with ambiguous LMCA stenosis for whom revascularization is deferred based on FFR are favorable and similar to the revascularized group in terms of overall mortality and subsequent myocardial infarctions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Topic: Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF OTOSCLEROSIS: A Preliminary Report on an Improved Fenestration Technic

A PRACTICAL one stage operative technic for the improvement of hearing in otosclerosis first became available in 1938 when Lempert<sup>1</sup>introduced the fenestration operation. From a small beginning, beset with many failures, the operation has developed to a highly refined procedure which has been carried out on several thousands of patients suffering from otosclerosis, with varying but with generally increasing success. The evolutionary development of the fenestration operation has taken several directions. In one of these directions, pursued at the Wesley Memorial Hospital and Northwestern University Medical School as a result of research studies carried out during the last four years on the monkey, a new fenestration technic has developed which will be described in the present communication, with the results thus far observed. Whether or not the new fenestration technic represents an improvement over other technics will be determined by a comparison of the hearing results in a sufficiently

Topic: Ear Surgery and Otitis Media
Subfield: Otorhinolaryngology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Dry Weight Prediction of Wedelia trilobata and Wedelia chinensis by Using Artificial Neural Network and MultipleLinear Regression Models

In China, Wedelia trilobata (WT) is among the top most invasive plant species. The prediction of its growth, using different efficient methods under different environmental conditions, is the optimal objective of ecological research. For this purpose, Wedelia trilobata and its native plant species Wedelia chinensis (WC) were grown in mixed cultures under different levels of submergence and eutrophication. The multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were constructed, with different morphological traits as the input in order to predict dry weight as the output for both plant species. Correlation and stepwise regression analysis (SWR) were used to find the best input variables for the ANN and MLR models. Plant height, number of nodes, chlorophyll content, leaf nitrogen, number of leaves, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance were the input variables for WC. The same variables were used for WT, with the addition of root length. A network with the Levenberg–Marquart learning algorithm, back propagation training algorithm, Sigmoid Axon transfer function, and one hidden layer, with four and six neurons for WC and WT, respectively, was created. The best ANN model for WC (7-4-1) has a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.98, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.003, and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.001. On the other hand, the ANN model for WT (8-6-1) has R2 0.98, RMSE 0.018, and MAE 0.004. According to errors and coefficient of determination values, the ANN model was more accurate than the MLR one. According to the sensitivity analysis, plant height and number of nodes are the most important variables that support WT and WC growth under submergence and eutrophication conditions. This study provides us with a new method to control invasive plant species’ spread in different habitats.

Topic: Plant responses to water stress
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
LHD firdac #171308.1

Line integrated electron density (neL) and its profile calculated from raw data of FIR laser interferometers, FIR1, FIR2, and FIR3. Time resolution is basically 10 milli-second, and the time axis array is stored in the last, i.e. 14th channel.

Topic: Inorganic Chemistry and Materials
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Postoperative Serum Cortisol and Cushing Disease Recurrence in Patients With Corticotroph Adenomas

Abstract Context In Cushing disease, the association between the rate of serum cortisol decline and recurrent disease after corticotroph adenoma removal has not been adequately characterized. Objective To analyze postoperative serum cortisol and recurrence rates in Cushing disease. Methods Patients with Cushing disease and pathology-confirmed corticotroph adenoma were retrospectively studied. Cortisol halving time was estimated using exponential decay modeling. Halving time, first postoperative cortisol, and nadir cortisol values were collected using immediate postoperative inpatient laboratory data. Recurrence and time-to-recurrence were estimated and compared among cortisol variables. Results A total of 320 patients met inclusion/exclusion criteria for final analysis, and 26 of those patients developed recurrent disease. Median follow-up time was 25 months (95% CI, 19-28 months), and 62 patients had ≥ 5 years follow-up time. Higher first postoperative cortisol and higher nadir were associated with increased risk of recurrence. Patients who had a first postoperative cortisol ≥ 50 µg/dL were 4.1 times more likely to recur than those with a first postoperative cortisol &amp;lt; 50 µg/dL (HR 4.1, 1.8-9.2; P = .0003). Halving time was not associated with recurrence (HR 1.7, 0.8-3.8, P = .18). Patients with a nadir cortisol ≥2 µg/dL were 6.6 times more likely to recur than those with a nadir cortisol of &amp;lt; 2 µg/dL (HR 6.6, 2.6-16.6, P &amp;lt; .0001). Conclusion Postoperative nadir serum cortisol is the most important cortisol variable associated with recurrence and time-to-recurrence. Compared to first postoperative cortisol and cortisol halving time, a nadir &amp;lt; 2 µg/dL showed the strongest association with long-term remission and typically occurs within the first 24 to 48 hours after surgery.

Topic: Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Glaucoma in Childhood

Glaucoma in childhood is a potentially blinding condition, yet, there is a lack of epidemiologic and clinical data regarding this pathology. Unlike glaucoma in adults, which is notoriously difficult to detect since there are no symptoms, glaucoma in children does present with signs and symptoms which can be detected by pediatricians and even parents, who are usually the first contacts of these children. Due to the difficulty faced in examining children, glaucoma in the pediatric population is at risk of being misdiagnosed or sub optimally treated, allowing irreversible corneal and optic nerve damage to occur. The childhood glaucoma research network (CGRN) has provided a new classification system of pediatric glaucomas. Careful diagnosis and timely intervention leads to the most promising outcome and gives these children a long morbidity free life.

Topic: Glaucoma and retinal disorders
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Circulating tumour cell enumeration does not correlate with Miller-Payne grade in a cohort of breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy

<title>Abstract</title> Background: Detection and enumeration of Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) has been evaluated in many cancers such as breast cancer. However, the full prognostic and predictive power of CTCs for cancer cannot currently be harnessed, and the association between pathological complete response in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer and CTCs is still not clear. The aim of this study was to assess if CTCs could be used to predict pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Methods: 26 patients were recruited, and blood samples taken pre- and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy. CTCs were isolated using the ScreenCell device and stained using a modified Giemsa stain. CTCs were enumerated by 2 pathologists and classified as single CTCs, doublets clusters/microemboli. Counts were then correlated to the pathological response as measured by the Miller-Payne grading system. The associations between CTCs and clusters and pathological variables were evaluated with χ2 or ANOVA tests performed in the SPSS 24.0 statistics software. Results: 89% of the patients had invasive ductal carcinoma and 11% invasive lobular carcinoma. At baseline 85% of patients had CTCs present and only 4 patients were CTC negative. Median baseline CTC count was 7 (0-161) CTCs per 3mls of whole blood. Post chemotherapy, 58% of the patients had an increase in CTCs. This change in CTC count did not correlate with the Miller Payne grade of response to chemotherapy. No significant association was identified between the number of CTCs and clinical characteristics, including patient age, receptor status, tumour grade, disease type, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular space invasion, radiological response or clinical or pathological stage. However, we did observe a correlation between pre-treatment CTC counts and body mass index, p&lt;0.05. Conclusions: There was no correlation between the pre- and post-chemotherapy total number of CTCs/clusters and the Miller Payne grade. It is not enough to evaluate pathological response for neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer patients utilising CTCs identified by Giemsa staining alone. Additional characterisation is needed to further characterise CTCs isolated pre- and post-chemotherapy. Long-term follow-up of these patients will determine the significance of CTCs in breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Topic: Cancer Cells and Metastasis
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences