jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Afterthoughts on the Nature of Terrorism

In one sense, every book on the causes of terrorism written since 9/11 is an afterthought, a theoretical bolting of stable doors long after the riders of a fantasy apocalypse have galloped down their path to God. What this book has set out to do is to provide another bolt to that door by applying to the phenomenon of terrorism the understanding of the dynamics of Fascism and Nazism as a response to modernity which I explored in an earlier book.1 The result has been a causalmodel of the psychodynamic roots of fanaticism in the human need for a sacred canopy, a classification scheme of two distinct rationales for terrorism which are prone to forming hybrids in the modern world, and an intentionally schematic radicalization syndrome expounded in the earlier chapters. Taken together, these are intended to provide a conceptual framework for investigating terrorism, which, as the etymology of the term ‘concept’ implies,2 hopefully allows those working within themost humanistic sectors of academia, journalism, and policy-making to get a firmer theoretical grip on its non-instrumental dimension. As this book is an overarching theory formulated in a heuristic spirit, I would welcome corrections to the empirical gaffes I may have made, constructive criticism of my theory, or a suggestion for fruitful areas for further research which may help to corroborate or refine it.

Topic: Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Well-Worn Tallis for a New Ceremony: Trends in Israeli Haredi Culture

A Well-Worn Tallis for a New Ceremony is a study of contemporary ultra-Orthodox religiosity in Israel. This book analyzes the ongoing reconstruction of Haredi culture in Israel, a process which has been spurred on by the challenges of modernity, the worldwide resurgence of religion, and the strong sway of Israeliness. Despite its founders’ and the present leadership’s long-standing eff orts to establish and buttress a community enclave, various modern trends and state institutions, such as secularization, consumerism, feminism, and the military, are having a profound impact on the yeshiva world. In other words, modernity is making inroads into the Jewish state’s Haredi "ghetto" and transforming many aspects of everyday life. Over the course of her extended research on this community, Stadler has discerned changes in several key areas, including religious life; the family structure; and the community’s interface with government authorities and the rest of the populace. Her book sheds light on all of these developments

Topic: Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Multivalent immune complexes divert FcRn to lysosomes by exclusion from recycling sorting tubules

The neonatal receptor for immunoglobulin G (IgG; FcRn) prevents IgG degradation by efficiently sorting IgG into recycling endosomes and away from lysosomes. When bound to IgG-opsonized antigen complexes, however, FcRn traffics cargo into lysosomes, where antigen processing can occur. Here we address the mechanism of sorting when FcRn is bound to multivalent IgG-opsonized antigens. We find that only the unbound receptor or FcRn bound to monomeric IgG is sorted into recycling tubules emerging from early endosomes. Cross-linked FcRn is never visualized in tubules containing the unbound receptor. Similar results are found for transferrin receptor, suggesting a general mechanism of action. Deletion or replacement of the FcRn cytoplasmic tail does not prevent diversion of trafficking to lysosomes upon cross-linking. Thus physical properties of the lumenal ligand–receptor complex appear to act as key determinants for sorting between the recycling and lysosomal pathways by regulating FcRn entry into recycling tubules.

Topic: Cellular transport and secretion
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Co-deposition and microstructure of Ni-nano SiC coating on metal

The study on co-deposition of Ni-nano SiC in sulphamate bath was conducted with different nano SiC concentrations from 1 to 20 g/l. The deposition of light inert SiC nanoparticles in Ni plating was investigated by scanning electron microscopy SEM and X-ray dispersive spectrometer EDX measurements. The microhardness and corrosion resistance were also measured to evaluate mechanical and corrosion properties of Ni-nano SiC coating on metal.

Topic: Electrodeposition and Electroless Coatings
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The prevention of human rights violations : contribution on the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the Marangopoulos Foundation for Human Rights (MFHR)

Message of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights M. Robinson. Part I: Conventional Regimes. 1. The CPT Model: An Examination R. Morgan. 2. The Preventive Mandate of the Control System Created by the Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities R. Hofmann. 3. The Preventive Dimension of the Activities of United Nations Treaty Bodies E. Kastanas. 4. Issues of Prevention and the Development of International Humanitarian Law: From the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda to the International Criminal Court S. Perrakis. 5. Some Reflections on the Statute of the International Criminal Court P. Dascalopoulou-Livada. Part II: Non-Conventional Monitoring Mechanisms. 1. The UN Special Rapporteurs L. Joinet. 2. Preventing Human Rights Violations on the Field: The Role of the OSCE Missions D. Christopoulos. 3. The Contribution of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) G. Malinverni. 4. The Prevention of Human Rights Violations: Monitoring Mechanisms of the Council of Europe A. Drzemczewski. Part III: International Commissioners and Ombudsmen. 1. Integrating Human Rights into the Preventive Action of the United Nations E. Stamatopoulou. 2. UNHCR's Role in the Prevention of Human Rights Violations M. Stavropoulou. 3. The Preventive Role of the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe J. Schokkenbroek. 4. The Preventive Activities of the European Ombudsman J. Soderman. Part IV: National Ombudsmen and Human Rights Institutions. 1. Evolution and Perspectives of the Institution of the Ombudsman F. Orton. 2. Evolution and Perspectives for National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights: Their Contribution to the Prevention of Human Rights Violations E. Decaux. 3. Vigilance and Proposal: The Preventive Role of the French National Advisory Commission for Human Rights G. Fellous. 4. The Greek National Commission for the Protection of Human Rights G. Papadimitriou. Part V: Towards a Human Rights Culture. 1. The Contribution of NGOs to the Prevention of Human Rights Violations A. Dieng. 2. Human Rights Education, a Fundamental Resource in the Prevention of Violations J.-B. Marie. Part VI: General Conclusions. The Prevention of Human Rights Violations: Utopia or Challenge? L.-A. Sicilianos. Index.

Topic: Ombudsman and Human Rights
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Influence of various elements of cultivation technology on the chlorophyll content in winter wheat plants and its yield

Abstract. The chlorophyll content is the most important factor that determines the intensity of photosynthesis and the overall biological productivity of plants. Therefore, the search for mechanisms that allow you to manage the production process is an important task, the solution of which will allow you to improve the technological methods of growing crops to obtain high yields. The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of various elements of cultivation technology on the chlorophyll content in plants and the yield of winter wheat. Methods. The objects of research were winter wheat crops of various varieties. The chlorophyll content was determined by the method of Ya. I. Milaeva and N. P. Primak. Crop accounting was performed using the combine method. Results. The relative chlorophyll content in winter wheat plants: lea predecessor on average 9,4 % higher than for cereals; the use of mineral fertilizers in a few increased this figure by 38,0 %, wheat ‒ 14,0 %; in the later sowing time the amount of green pigments in plants on average more than early and optimum of 10,5 and 4,0 %, respectively; in more thickened crops, the chlorophyll content in plants is lower than in sparse ones (by 13,0 %). The absolute chlorophyll content (g/m2) in winter wheat plants: in a few in an average of 45,0 % higher than for cereals; the use of mineral fertilizers in a few increased this figure at 73,4 %, for winter wheat ‒ 76,8 %; number of green pigments in plants at the optimum sowing time is on average higher than in the early (29,6 %) and late (15,2 %); at the optimal seeding rate accumulates more chlorophyll than the minimum (by 33,4 %) and the maximum (24,2 %). On average, for all cultivation technologies, the variety Stat' contains the largest amount of chlorophyll in plants, and Zustrich – the smallest. The yield of winter wheat for the lea precursor was 4,9 t/ha, for winter wheat – 3,3 t/ha. Use of mineral fertilizers on couple increased this indicator on average by 44,1 %, and on the cereal predecessor ‒ by 55,3 %. At the optimal time of sowing, the highest yield was formed, and on average it was 5,1 t/ha for varieties. seeding Rates did not have provable differences on the yield of winter wheat. The highest yield was obtained in the Rate variety on the predecessor of pairs on a fertilized background – 7,5 t/ha. Scientific novelty. The features of the influence of various precursors, the level of mineral nutrition, timing and seeding rates on the content of chlorophyll in plants and the yield of winter wheat crops of new varieties of selection of the North Caucasian FSAC were revealed. The correlation between the relative and absolute content of chlorophyll in winter wheat plants and its yield for these varieties in the zone of unstable moisture in the Stavropol territory was determined.

Topic: Agriculture and Biological Studies
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Effects of Tenascin-C on Dental Pulp Tissue in Mice In Vivo And on The Proliferation and Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells into Odontoblasts and Calcification In Vitro

This study aimed to investigate the effects of tenascin-C (TN-C) on dental pulp tissue and on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). In in vivo studies, A collagen sponge with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for the control group or with TN-C for the experimental group was placed over the dental pulp of mice. The root pulp was excised at 7 and 21 days postoperatively and was observed microscopically using HE staining and immunohistochemistry. Inflammatory cells were found in the entire pulp tissue in the control group but no inflammatory cells were identified in the pulp tissue in the TN-C-treated experimental group. Further, nesting-positive cells at 7 days and dentin sialo phosphoprotein (DSPP)-positive cells at 21 days were seen in the experimental group. In in vitro studies, DPSCs were cultured in a medium with or without TN-C, after which the proliferation rate of DPSCs was measured mRNA expression levels were examined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and the formation of calcified nodules was investigated using alizarin red staining. There was no significant difference in the cell proliferation rate of DPSCs between the experimental and control groups during day 3 or 5, using the proliferation rate on day 1 as the baseline value. The expression of nesting mRNA on day 7 was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (P&lt;0.05), but the expression of osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA was significantly higher in the control group than in the experimental group (P&lt;0.05). More calcified nodules formed and the area of calcified nodules in the control group was significantly greater than in the TN-C-treated experimental group on day 14 and day 21 (P &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that TN-C regulates inflammation during the healing process in the dental pulp and induces the differentiation of dental pulp into odontoblast-like cells. Further, TN-C promotes the early differentiation of DPSCs into odontoblast-like cells, which suggests that TN-C may further contribute to the inhibition of excessive dentin formation. From the above, TN-C is involved in differentiating dental pulp into mineralized tissue-forming cells and may have a beneficial effect in treatments that utilize this function

Topic: Cell Adhesion Molecules Research
Subfield: Immunology and Allergy
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Meta-Analysis of Relations Between Achievement and Self-Concept

According to the internal/external frame of reference model, academic achievement has a strong impact on people’s self-concept, both within and between subjects. We conducted a series of meta-analyses of k = 505 data sets containing the six bivariate correlations between achievement and self-concept in two subjects. Negative paths from achievement to noncorresponding self-concept, indicating dimensional comparison effects, were strongest when the subjects were dissimilar with regard to the math-verbal continuum, reduced but still significantly negative when both subjects belonged to the verbal domain, and near-zero when both subjects belonged to the math/science domain. Additionally, we found stronger positive paths from achievements to corresponding self-concepts, indicating social comparison effects, and stronger dimensional comparison effects for grades than for standardized test scores, and for older rather than younger students. We extend dimensional comparison theory by discussing these results with particular regard to the nonexistence of assimilation effects, the effects of subject similarity on dimensional comparison effects, and other moderators of dimensional comparison effects.

Topic: Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The role of α-tubulin acetylation in the regulation of murine sperm motility

Sperm motility is a vital function required for fertility and is a consequence of interactions between components of the axoneme in the sperm flagellum. Microtubules, made up of α and β-tubulin, are a central component of the axoneme and undergo various post translational modifications. One such modification is the acetylation of the lysine 40 residue of α-tubulin which is carried out by α-tubulin acetyltransferase (α-TAT1), and is deacetylated by the activities of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and SIRT2. Recently, research has implicated α-tubulin acetylation in the regulation of sperm motility. The work presented in this thesis therefore aimed to study the influence that the state of α-tubulin acetylation has on sperm function by assessing the role of α-tubulin deacetylation in sperm motility modulation. To do this, murine sperm were treated with the HDAC6-specific inhibitor, tubacin; the general Class I and II HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA); and the general Class III HDAC inhibitor, nicotinamide. Exposure to the inhibitors did not significantly affect sperm motility or levels of acetylated α-tubulin. Furthermore, high baseline levels of acetylated α-tubulin were found in sperm. Subsequent examination of HDAC activity demonstrated that HDAC6 was active and could be inhibited in live murine sperm. Taken together, the results indicated that HDAC6 activity in sperm was low, suggesting that highly acetylated α-tubulin may be important for sperm function. As acetylation is indicative of microtubule stability, the effect of microtubule destabilisation using the drug, nocodazole, was assessed. Both α-tubulin organisation and acetylation remained intact in sperm following treatment, though nocodazole was found to significantly enhance certain motility parameters. This thesis therefore reports the novel finding that treatment with a microtubule depolymerising drug can alter sperm motility, indicating that subtle changes in microtubule conformation may influence flagellar motion which could have important implications for infertility caused by impaired sperm motility.

Topic: Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A spinning-stage, total electron-yield detector for the elimination of diffraction peaks in x-ray absorption spectra

A primary problem in collecting and analyzing x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) from crystalline samples, including thin films grown on crystalline substrates, is the contamination of the x-ray absorption spectrum by diffraction events. To address this limitation, a total electron-yield detector equipped with a spinning stage was developed. Samples of (MnZn)Fe2O4, grown on single crystal (100) MgO substrates, were used to illustrate its effectiveness as an electron-yield detector and in eliminating diffraction-related contamination from the XAFS. The design and performance characteristics of this detector are presented and discussed.

Topic: Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques
Subfield: Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Micro-optics assembly for fast axis collimation by means of convolutional neural network

The manufacture of high-power diode laser systems highly depends on the quality of the collimation of semiconductor laser diodes. The collimation process is conducted by precise alignment of micro-optics, where the first and the most critical step is the placement of the fast axis collimator (FAC) lens. The sub-micron positioning of the FAC lens is conventionally conducted with an active alignment strategy by monitoring changes in the laser beam profile with an external sensitive camera. The optimization of the beam profile characteristics is controlled by a specifically programmed motorized robotic aligner. However, active alignment, a very accurate method, often results in a higher cycle time than the passive approach, where the lens is placed in a pre-measured position. Here, we developed a new active approach, without closed loop control to position the micro-optics, that relies on the use of a pretrained convolutional network (CNN). We trained and evaluated three CNNs that can predict the optimal lens position using the single camera image of the laser beam. We predict that implementation of the best performing CNN-based model would lead to a decrease in alignment time from tens of seconds to hundreds of milliseconds and will be broadly applied in a high-volume manufacturing environment.

Topic: Optical Coherence Tomography Applications
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Efficiency of Receivers Used in Hearing Aid Devices

Current drain is one of the most important considerations in the hearing aid design. It is determined mainly by the receiver impedance. Recently, many additional features and technologies such as wireless are used in the hearing aid devices. These capabilities increase the current drain further. Efficiency evaluation becomes an important step in the receiver selection for hearing aid devices. Balanced armature receivers are widely used in hearing aids. In comparison with the moving-coil loudspeakers, these receivers are designed for better efficiency in closed acoustical loads found in different hearing aid styles. However, the receiver efficiency for hearing aid applications is not well defined, evaluated, or reported. In this paper, the receiver efficiency including the effect of the receiver size, impedance, and acoustical load is discussed. The evaluation of the receiver efficiency is revisited and a new approach is suggested. The simulation and the measurement results are presented.

Topic: Acoustic Wave Phenomena Research
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Anti-microbial mechanism of ZnO nanoparticles in the presence of cationic surfactant against pathogenic bacteria for pharmaceutical applications

Metal oxide nanoparticles with quite prodigious enactment in the field of research. ZnO is considered to be an exact candidate for an antimicrobial agent. ZnO in the form of fine nanoparticles possess enhanced antibacterial action than when it is in the bulk form. It is obvious that ZnO, which have the average crystallite size in the range between 15nm to 20nm exhibits enhanced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacterias, so the present investigation is carried out to explains the role of cationic surfactant in the antimicrobial execution of ZnO nanoparticles enzymatic about precipitation method annealed at the temperature of 600oC. The outcomes are cogitated by XRD spectra, SEM, and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectra. The crucial antimicrobic activity of the complex ZnO NP's antagonistic pathogenic bacterias were studied quantity-wise. ZnO nanoparticles have the capability to interfere with NorA protein, which is developed for conferring resistance in bacteria and has pumping activity that mediates the effluxing bacterias from a cell. Thus, antimicrobial effect Zinc oxide is widely used in nursing a variety of skin conditions, including dermatitis, itching due to eczema, diaper rash and acne.

Topic: Medicinal Plant Research
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Inhibitory effects of green tea extract on fatty acid synthase

The inhibition of fatty acid synthase by green tea extract included reversible and irreversible inhibition. The optimal extraction solvents for the fatty acid synthase inhibitors existing in green tea were about 50% ethanol, and they could extract most fatty acid synthase inhibitory components had been extracted by 50% ethanol during 100 min at room temperature. The boiling water only extracted 13% ~26% effective fatty acid synthase inhibtors. The different kinds of green teas showed different inhibitory effects on fatty acid synthase. The reversible inhibitory ability of the most potent green tea was stronger about 4 - fold that of the weakest green tea,and the inhibitory patterns of the two green tea were also different, but the irreversible i-hibitory ability did not show obvious distinction. Moreover, green tea extract can inhibit the ketoacyl reduction of fatty acid synthase, which indicated that ketoacyl reductive domain was one of the reacted site that green tea extract attacked. The tea polyphenol content of Xihu Longjing green tea, which can potent inhibit fatty acid synthase, was only a litter higher than that of Liuan Guapian green tea, which is a weak fatty acid synthase inhibitor. The result indicate that the tea polyphenols did not account for the difference of fatty acid synthase inhibitory activity of green tea.Meanwhile, animal experimental results showed that the effect of reducing body weight and food intake caused by Jingshan Maofeng green tea were relatively superior to that of Liuan Guapian green tea, which suggested that the antiobesity effects of the green tea was related to their fatty acid synthase inhibitory activity.

Topic: Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences