jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Boulesic-Doxastic Logic

In this paper, I will develop a set of boulesic-doxastic tableau systems and prove that they are sound and complete. Boulesic-doxastic logic consists of two main parts: a boulesic part and a doxastic part. By ‘boulesic logic’ I mean ‘the logic of the will’, and by ‘doxastic logic’ I mean ‘the logic of belief’. The first part deals with ‘boulesic’ concepts, expressions, sentences, arguments and theorems. I will concentrate on two types of boulesic expression: ‘individual x wants it to be the case that’ and ‘individual x accepts that it is the case that’. The second part deals with ‘doxastic’ concepts, expressions, sentences, arguments and theorems. I will concentrate on two types of doxastic expression: ‘individual x believes that’ and ‘it is imaginable to individual x that’. Boulesic-doxastic logic investigates how these concepts are related to each other. Boulesic logic is a new kind of logic. Doxastic logic has been around for a while, but the approach to this branch of logic in this paper is new. Each system is combined with modal logic with two kinds of modal operators for historical and absolute necessity and predicate logic with necessary identity and ‘possibilist’ quantifiers. I use a kind of possible world semantics to describe the systems semantically. I also sketch out how our basic language can be extended with propositional quantifiers. All the systems developed in this paper are new.&#x0D;

Topic: Advanced Algebra and Logic
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
FISCAL POLICY AND SOCIAL WELFARE: ZELLNERS MULTIVARAITE REGRESSION APPROACH

This paper examines empirically how the different fiscal (tax-spending) policy instrument affect social welfare in Nigeria. The paper uses a multivariate econometric regression modeling techniques to estimate the relationship between the real per-capita, GDP, and fiscal policy variables categorized into capital and recurrent heads and disaggregated across productive and unproductive heads of government expenditure in Nigeria. Variables like Government expenditure which comprises of both capital and recurrent expenditure, also government total revenue and other basic macroeconomic rate variables are considered in this study. Empirical study has shown that there exist a positive relationship between the roles of physical policy and the welfare given the fact employment, price stability, infrastructural development, etc are as a result of government spending. It was also found out that the productive government expenditure has positive effect on economic growth i.e. productive government expenditure is growth-enhancing. Thus, the study concluded that the component of government expenditure and tax revenue matter in determining welfare and recommends that fiscal policy/government expenditure should be focused and directed towards productive uses like education, helath and infrastructure, so as to enhance welfare growth, thereby making Nigeria a better nation to live in.

Topic: Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Using word probabilities as confidence measures

Estimates of confidence for the output of a speech recognition system can be used in many practical applications of speech recognition technology. They can be employed for detecting possible errors and can help to avoid undesirable verification turns in automatic inquiry systems. We propose to estimate the confidence in a hypothesized word as its posterior probability, given all acoustic feature vectors of the speaker utterance. The basic idea of our approach is to estimate the posterior word probabilities as the sum of all word hypothesis probabilities which represent the occurrence of the same word in more or less the same segment of time. The word hypothesis probabilities are approximated by paths in a wordgraph and are computed using a simplified forward-backward algorithm. We present experimental results on the North American Business (NAB'94) and the German Verbmobil recognition task.

Topic: Speech Recognition and Synthesis
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Targeting Cell Membrane Lipid Rafts by Stoichiometric Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles with a Sphingolipid‐Binding Domain Peptide

A non‐membrane protein‐based nanoparticle agent for the tracking of lipid rafts on live cells is produced by stoichiometric functionalization of gold nanoparticles with a previously characterized sphingolipid‐ and cell membrane microdomain‐binding domain peptide (SBD). The SBD peptide is inserted in a self‐assembled monolayer of peptidol and alkane thiol ethylene glycol, on gold nanoparticles surface. The stoichiometric functionalization of nanoparticles with the SBD peptide, essential for single molecule tracking, is achieved by means of non‐affinity nanoparticle purification. The SBD‐nanoparticles have remarkable long‐term resistance to electrolyte‐induced aggregation and ligand‐exchange and have no detectable non‐specific binding to live cells. Binding and diffusion of SBD‐nanoparticles bound to the membrane of live cells is measured by real‐time photothermal microscopy and shows the dynamics of sphingolipid‐enriched microdomains on cells membrane, with evidence for clustering, splitting, and diffusion over time of the SBD‐nanoparticle labeled membrane domains. The monofunctionalized SBD‐nanoparticle is a promising targeting agent for the tracking of lipid rafts independently of their protein composition and the labelling requires no prior modification of the cells. This approach has potential for further functionalization of the particles to manipulate the organization of, or targeting to microdomains that control signaling events and thereby lead to novel diagnostics and therapeutics.

Topic: Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Welfare Economics

In 1776, the same year as the American Declaration of Independence, Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations. Smith laid out an argument that is now familiar to all economics students: (1) The principal human motive is self-interest. (2) The invisible hand of competition automatically transforms the self-interest of many into the common good. (3) Therefore, the best government policy for the growth of a nation's wealth is that policy which governs least.

Topic: Game Theory and Voting Systems
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Design of insulated gate bipolar transistor using novel structure

In this work, Lateral Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (LIGBT) based on a novel structure of partial Silicon On Insulator (partial SOI) has been designed. The position of the silicon window has been determined by comparing the simulation results of full SOI and partial SOI, which has the silicon window etched underneath anode or cathode.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The Pageant of Mutabilitie: Virginia Woolf’s<i>Between the Acts</i>and<i>The Faerie Queene</i>

By drawing a parallel between Miss La Trobe’s pageant in Woolf’s Between the Acts, and Mutabilitie’s pageant in the Mutabilitie Cantos of Spenser’s The Faerie Queene, this article elucidates the role played by the aevum—an order of duration that lies between time and eternity—in Woolf’s last novel. While the fantasy of an aeviternally permanent nature is a comforting one for Lucy Swithin, this inherently conservative temporal fiction carries a troubling politics, and is deeply problematic from various perspectives. It threatens to petrify exploitative gender, colonial and class relations in a changeless nature, with no prospect of emancipatory historical change. Recognizing Woolf’s use of the aevum serves to challenge Brechtian readings of the pageant, and to qualify recent interpretations of Woolf that depict her as holding a revolutionary materialist conception of history, similar to that of Walter Benjamin.

Topic: Modernist Literature and Criticism
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
An overview of COVID-19 vaccine candidates

For the past two years, people worldwide were experiencing one of the most massive pandemics, the COVID-19. It is caused by a virus that is called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which mainly attacks the respiratory system. Since there is no previous experience treating the disease, the drug development process is extremely difficult. People in dire need of vaccines were urgently needed to restore their lives to normal. As time went by, medical staff and experts spent numerous amounts of time and effort studying this virus. Nowadays, as the vaccine technology of various countries was very mature, vaccines with various technological paths have entered the experimental stage one after another. Eventually, effective vaccines are finally ready for wild inoculation for everyone by collaborating with all medical researchers. Currently, there are four kinds of COVID-19 vaccines available in different countries. They are inactivated vaccines, mRNA-based vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and recombinant vaccines. Most of these COVID-19 vaccines are in Phase 3 and provided in different countries. Those vaccines were manufactured in different countries, and their general production and technical characteristics will be discussed in the following paragraphs. The main purpose is trying to provide some fundamental and comprehensive background knowledge about currently available COVID-19 vaccines. It could be a reference list for those audiences who have not decided to take which vaccine.

Topic: SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Synthesis and crystal structure of the first stable diarylgermanethione

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and crystal structure of the first stable diarylgermanethioneNorihiro Tokitoh, Tsuyoshi Matsumoto, Kyoko Manmaru, and Renji OkazakiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 19, 8855–8856Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00072a055https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00072a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views538Altmetric-Citations156LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

Topic: Molecular spectroscopy and chirality
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Additional file 3 of Toward a base-resolution panorama of the in vivo impact of cytosine methylation on transcription factor binding

Additional file 3: Table S2. GEO and ENCODE FASTQ identification numbers per cell line for the WGBS and DNase-seq data that were used to train JAMS models.

Topic: Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Fructosebisphosphatase isoenzymes of the chemoautotroph Xanthobacter flavus

Xanthobacter flavus employs two fructosebisphosphatase (FBPase)-sedoheptulosebisphosphatase (SBPase) enzymes. One of these is constitutively expressed and has a high FBPase-to-SBPase ratio. The alternative enzyme, which is encoded by cbbF, is induced during autotrophic growth. The cbbF gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the FBPase was purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme has a specific FBPase activity of 114 mumol/min/mg of protein, a Michaelis constant for fructosebisphosphate of 3 microM, and a low FBPase-to-SBPase ratio. CbbF was activated by ATP and inhibited by Ca2+.

Topic: Biochemical and Molecular Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Impact of Intervention on the Reproductive Health Knowledge of Adolescent Girls from Agrarian families

Present study was taken up to find out the Knowledge levels of the Rural Adolescent girls in the adopted villages (4) of Maheshwarammandal, RR district, Hyderabad with regard to Reproductive health issues. 50Rural Adolescent girls formed the sample for the present study. Based on the pre-assessment results, Knowledge based Intervention programmes were organized. Impact assessment showed significant improvement in the Knowledge levels of the sample, reflecting the effectiveness of the Intervention programme.

Topic: Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
[Isolation of the Isfahan virus in Turkmenia].

This is a first report on the isolation in the USSR of Isfahan virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family. Two strains, T-200 and T-227, were isolated from a pool of 100 and 95 engorged Phlebotomus papatasi females collected in colonies of great gerbils in June and August, 1979, in the Kirov district, Turkmenia. According to the results of previous investigations, the human population and great gerbils in this areas were frequently found to have antibody to Isfahan virus. The strains were identified by complement fixation, indirect immunofluorescence, indirect hemagglutination tests and neutralization by the plaque reduction technique. The viruses are held by filters with pore diameter less than 100 nm, are destroyed by sodium deoxycholate, at the state of reproduction are not sensitive to 5-brom-2-deoxyuridine.

Topic: Viral Infections and Vectors
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Further delineation of 7p trisomy. Case report and review of literature.

The authors report on the 7th case of "de novo" 7p trisomy [46,XY,dup (7) (p15-pter)], followed during 6-and-a-half years. Through literature review, examination of pictures and dermatoglyphics, they try to contribute to the further definition of this multiple congenital anomaly syndrome. This entity, although several lengths of duplicated fragment or mosaicism, is characterized by high and large forehead flattened at the centre due to the abnormally large and persistent gaping anterior fontanel and sagittal (metopic sutures, consequent hypertelorism and broad nasal bridge, cutis laxa, often denounced by folded neck, joint and cardiovascular anomalies, psychomotor delay and a possible typical dermatoglyphic pattern. The phenotypic pattern seems to be similar in all the patients, although the association of anomalies appears to be correlated to the extension of the duplicated fragments.

Topic: Dermatoglyphics and Human Traits
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
RESEARCH OF LIFE RESILIENCE WAYS OF MODERN TEENAGERS

The theoretical analysis of the actual problem of life resilience as an integral personality trait that is responsible for the success of overcoming life difficulties is provided in the article. Three autonomous components of it (inclusiveness, control, acceptance of risk), life resilience orientation, life resilience relationships and features of life resilience of person’s behavior are characterized. The possible consequences of insufficient development of life resilience are noted. The results of the empirical research of life resilience ways in the completion period of its forming — in adolescence are examined. The relationship between life resilience of modern teenagers and their motivation, interpersonal relations and coping strategies, namely fields of life in which life resilience is most clearly observed is shown. According to the results of the research, it is found that teenagers with the high level of life resilience (it is 56 % by our data) in stressful situations choose strategies aimed at solving problems, they are motivated by the desire to achieve success, ready to take risks, are close to their social environment, and on the contrary want to maintain contacts with others and take responsibility for their own actions. Teenagers with the low level of life resilience (it is 26 % by our data) in stressful situations want to avoid solving problems individually, and more often they devalue its significance. They are motivated to avoid failures and focus more on themselves, limiting the circle of close people. In life such teenagers take a passive position without trying to change something. Materials of the research can be used by practical psychologists for the organization of corrective work with teenagers.

Topic: Psychology of Development and Education
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The effect of feeding the feed additive "Prinarovskaya" on the body of laying hens

The aim of the conducted studies was a comprehensive assessment of the clinical and physiological state of laying hens, which included a fish feed additive (DCR) in the main diet. The composition of the new Prinarovskaya DKR includes chilled river fish, its processed products and grain products (wheat bran). The additive preparation process goes through several stages: grinding, cavitation heating and subsequent drying of the resulting mixture. The investigated additive is a homogeneous dry mass and contains a number of amino acids, vitamins and minerals in its composition. DKR "Prinarovskaya" was fed to laying hens of the Lohmann Lsn-Classic breed of 130 days of age. All chickens participating in the experiment were divided into 4 groups. Chickens of the 1st experimental group included 8 g of "Prinarovskaya" additives per 100 g of the main diet; chickens of the 2nd experimental group - 6 g of additives to OR; chickens of the 3rd experimental group – 4 g of additives to OR; 4-control group of chickens were fed only OR – compound feed PK1-1G-1227, prepared in accordance with GOST R 51851-2001. The usefulness of poultry feeding is reflected in the morphological and biochemical parameters of blood, which served as the basis for using them in an experiment to characterize metabolic processes and assess the state of the body of laying hens. An important indicator of the effect of the new feed additive "Prinarovskaya" on metabolic processes was the determination of the concentration of total protein and the main protein fractions (albumins, globulins). The state of lipid metabolism in terms of cholesterol and triglycerides was analyzed. Indicators of carbohydrate metabolism and the functional state of the liver were also studied. To characterize the mineral metabolism, the level of calcium and phosphorus in the blood serum was determined. The conducted study with a comprehensive assessment of morphological and biochemical parameters of blood confirmed the expediency of including Prinarovskaya DCR in the diet of laying hens, which generally has a positive effect on the state of their body.

Topic: Agriculture and Biological Studies
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of Feed Restriction on Compensatory Growth and Broiler Chicks Performance

128 Unsexed broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used to assess the effect of restricted feeding on compensatory growth and performance of broiler chicks. Four experimental treatments (32 chicks/treatment), consisting of 4 levels of feed restriction were applied using standard broiler starter diet formulated according to the recommended nutrient composition of starter diets. All the experimental chicks were fed starter diet ad-libitum for an adaptation period from three weeks of age. The control group was fed Ad-libitum throughout the experimental period, while the other groups were restricted to 80, 70, or 60% of the Ad-libitum consumption of the control group of birds in the previous day. Feed restriction of the respective groups of birds continued for two weeks followed by Ad-libitum refeeding for two weeks again. The results indicated a significant (P 0.05) in the fat pad weight and viscera weight among the feed restricted birds and the birds that fed ad-libitum.

Topic: Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Corrosion Resistance of Light Gauge Steels for Steel Framed House

Atmospheric corrosion on the inhabited steel framed house was investigated with Fe-Ag galvanic type atmospheric corrosion monitoring (ACM) sensors. As the environmental conditions, temperature, humidity and currents of the ACM sensors were continuously measured in several parts of the house for five years. Corrosion rates of hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, Zn-5%Al coated steel and 55%Al-Zn coated steel for the light gauge steels were also determined on the basis of exposure tests. Service life of the galvanized steels and dew condensation in the house were discussed.Amount of deposited sea salt influences the corrosion resistance of the coated steels. Under the indoor conditions of the inhabited house, the amount of deposited sea salt was negligibly small. It is difficult to evaluate the corrosion resistance of coated steel sheets using convenient corrosion tests because of too much sea salt.

Topic: Concrete Corrosion and Durability
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Labor force participation of rural women and the household’s nutrition: Panel data evidence from SAT India

This paper investigates the role of women's labor force participation in the household's dietary diversity and the value of home-production. Using unique household panel data from Semi-Arid tropics of India, empirical estimations from a household fixed effects model reveal a positive significant effect of workdays of women on dietary diversity (overall and home-produced) and home-production. Our findings highlight a significant heterogeneity in the effect by type of work—paid and unpaid. The results for paid work are driven by a greater decision-making power emanating from labor force participation of women. Unpaid work, on the other hand, operates through the self-consumption of home-produced goods. We show that correcting for endogenous labor force participation of women leaves our conclusions unchanged. The results suggest that interventions boosting female labor force participation in paid activities are nutrition enhancing for the household and work towards improving women's bargaining power within the household. Moreover, we rule out deleterious effects on health indicators of women despite increased time burden.

Topic: Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences