jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Echogenicity of Brain Structures in Huntington’s Disease Patients Evaluated by Transcranial Sonography – Magnetic Resonance Fusion Imaging using Virtual Navigator and Digital Image Analysis

Abstract Purpose Transcranial sonography (TCS) magnetic resonance (MR) fusion imaging and digital image analysis are useful tools for the evaluation of various brain pathologies. This study aimed to compare the echogenicity of predefined brain structures in Huntington’s disease (HD) patients and healthy controls by TCS-MR fusion imaging using Virtual Navigator and digitized image analysis. Materials and Methods The echogenicity of the caudate nucleus (CN), substantia nigra (SN), lentiform nucleus (LN), insula, and brainstem raphe (BR) evaluated by TCS-MR fusion imaging using digitized image analysis was compared between 21 HD patients and 23 healthy controls. The cutoff values of echogenicity indices for the CN, LN, insula, and BR with optimal sensitivity and specificity were calculated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results The mean echogenicity indices for the CN (67.0±22.6 vs. 37.9±7.6, p&lt;0.0001), LN (110.7±23.6 vs. 59.7±11.1, p&lt;0.0001), and insula (121.7±39.1 vs. 70.8±23.0, p&lt;0.0001) were significantly higher in HD patients than in healthy controls. In contrast, BR echogenicity (24.8±5.3 vs. 30.1±5.3, p&lt;0.001) was lower in HD patients than in healthy controls. The area under the curve was 90.9%, 95.5%, 84.1%, and 81.8% for the CN, LN, insula, and BR, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were 86% and 96%, respectively, for the CN and 90% and 100%, respectively, for the LN. Conclusion Increased CN, LN, and insula echogenicity and decreased BR echogenicity are typical findings in HD patients. The high sensitivity and specificity of the CN and LN hyperechogenicity in TCS-MR fusion imaging make them promising diagnostic markers for HD.

Topic: Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Saturation of repeated quantum measurements

We study sequential measurement scenarios where the system is repeatedly subjected to the same measurement process. We first provide examples of such repeated measurements where further repetitions of the measurement do not increase our knowledge on the system after some finite number of measurement steps. We also prove, however, that repeating the Lüders measurement of an unsharp two-outcome observable never saturates in this sense, and we characterize the observable measured in the limit of infinitely many repetitions. Our result implies that a repeated measurement can be used to correct the inherent noise of an unsharp observable.

Topic: Quantum Mechanics and Applications
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Knee Arthrodesis in the Treatment of Failed Total Knee Replacement

Twenty-six primary arthrodeses and 6 repeat arthrodeses were done for a total of 32 arthrodesis procedures in 26 patients, with followup from 2 to 10 years (mean, 4 years). The indications for arthrodesis were septic failure in 18 patients and aseptic loosening in 8 patients. Thirteen arthrodeses were done using external fixators, and 12 arthrodeses were done using a closed fluted intramedullary nail for fixation (1 arthrodesis was done with a custom proximal and distal interlocked nail). In addition, 6 repeat arthrodeses with intramedullary nail fixation were done for treatment of nonunions after external fixation. Five (38%) of the 13 patients who underwent arthrodesis with an external fixator had clinical and radiographic union at a mean of 5 months. All 13 patients with primary intramedullary nail arthrodesis achieved union. The knees of the 6 patients with nonunions after external fixation that were treated with repeat intramedullary nail arthrodesis achieved union. Patients with septic failure had staged debridements before intramedullary nail arthrodesis. Intramedullary nail arthrodesis can be done safely in patients with sepsis as a staged procedure. Knee arthrodesis using intramedullary nail fixation gives a much higher union rate than does external fixation and is associated with fewer complications.

Topic: Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Hexylammonium Iodide Derived Two-Dimensional Perovskite as Interfacial Passivation Layer in Efficient Two-Dimensional/Three-Dimensional Perovskite Solar Cells

Defects locating within grain boundaries or on the film surface, especially organic cation vacancies and iodine vacancies, make the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with superior performance a challenge. Organic ammonium iodide is a promising candidate and has been frequently used to passivate these defects by forming two-dimensional (2D) perovskite. In this work, it is found that the chain length of organic ammonium iodide is a crucial factor on the defect passivation effect. Compared to butylammonium iodide, the hexylammonium iodide (HAI)-derived 2D perovskite is more efficient in decreasing interfacial defects, resulting in a notably enhanced photoluminescence lifetime and a more suppressed interfacial charge recombination process. As a consequence, the ultimate power conversion efficiency (PCE) has reached 20.62% (3D + HAI) as compared to 18.83% (3D). Moreover, the long-term durability of the corresponding PSCs against humidity and heat is simultaneously improved. This work once again demonstrates that the 2D/3D structure is promising for further improving the PCE and stability of PSCs.

Topic: Perovskite Materials and Applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Influence of Transformational Leadership on Change Management of the NTB Mall Virtual Team Mediated by Organizational Culture

Considering the importance of responding to developments in globalization and virtual business trends, this research looks at transformational leadership in its influence on the change management of the NTB Mall virtual team which is mediated by organizational culture. This research is quantitative with a sample of 51 respondents through the distribution of questionnaires. The data was analyzed using SmartPLS software and descriptive analysis was carried out on the test result data. The research results show that transformational leadership does not significantly influence virtual team change management, transformational leadership has a positive and significant influence on organizational culture. Organizational culture has a positive and significant effect on virtual team change management, and organizational culture significantly mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and virtual team change management. Research on transformational leadership and its influence on virtual team change management through organizational culture has never been conducted in NTB, further research using organizational culture as a mediation of transformational leadership on virtual team change management has not been conducted in Indonesia, it is hoped that the research findings can be developed by further researchers by testing variables other than transformational leadership in examining its influence on organizational culture, and NTB Mall is expected to review transformational leadership in its influence on virtual team management.

Topic: Collaboration in agile enterprises
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Going from a trickle to a flood?

Structural Biology
Scientists often use x-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the three-dimensional structures of proteins, but these methods do not always work well for large protein complexes. In a Perspective, Smith and Rubinstein explain that electron microscopy, when performed at very low temperatures, can now yield very detailed structures of such protein complexes. Many structural biologists used to deride the method, called electron cryo-micoscopy, as “blobology” because it provided limited detail. Now, advances in detector technology and computer processing have lifted blobology into the realm of high-resolution techniques. The recent trickle of high-resolution structures from this method may soon become a flood.

Science , this issue p. [617][1]

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1256358

Topic: Advanced Electron Microscopy Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Structural Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
From Pathology to Physiology of Calcineurin Signalling in Astrocytes

Astrocytes perform fundamental housekeeping functions in the central nervous system and through bidirectional communication with neurons are thought to coordinate synaptic transmission and plasticity. They are also renowned actors in brain pathology. Reactive gliosis and neuroinflammation are featured by many (if not all) acute and chronic neurodegenerative pathologies including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The Ca2+/calmodulin-activated phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) plays a central role in the pathology-related changes of astroglial cells mainly through activation of the inflammation-related transcription factors Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells (NFAT) and Nuclear Factor kB (NF-kB). In this contribution we focus on the mechanistic aspects of CaN signalling in astrocytes. We analyze the astroglial Ca2+ signalling toolkit in the context of Ca2+ signals necessary for CaN activation and focus on the astroglial CaN signalling through its direct target, NFAT, as well as the intricate relationships between CaN and NF-kB activation pathways. The majority of data about CaN-mediated signalling in astrocytes point to the role for CaN in pathology-related conditions while very little is currently known about signalling and function of astroglial CaN in physiology.

Topic: Signaling Pathways in Disease
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Surviving the Perfect Storm of Diabetes in the World of the Schitsu'umsh

Diabetes is a significant health problem in the United States which disproportionately affects Native Americans. Despite many new prevention and intervention programs, there has been a prolific increase in the incidence of diabetes among Native Americans. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experience of Coeur d’Alene tribal members living with type 2 diabetes using a Heideggerian hermeneutic framework. Participants were recruited through the local diabetes educator at the tribal clinic using purposive and snowball sampling. Individual interviews were conducted with ten Coeur d’Alene tribal members whom had type 2 diabetes and were willing to share their stories of about living with diabetes. Participants ranged in age from 26-86. Interviews lasted from 25-90 minutes and focused on gathering stories about their daily life with their diabetes, and barriers and supports to their diabetes self-management. These became the data for hermeneutic interpretations. Individual transcripts were read and reread for initial themes. Next, comparisons between and across transcripts were done through interpretive emersion into the texts. Emerging themes and patterns were brought before a group of qualitative nurse researchers and doctoral students as a means of cross-checking and validating interpretations. Perseverance was the overarching pattern in the stories of living with diabetes in the world of Schitsu’umsh. The four themes that emerged under the umbrella of perseverance were valuing tribal traditions, being inattentively caring, struggling with disease burdens, and experiencing tensions in patient-provider relations. Living with diabetes in the world of the Schitsu’umsh was always a tenuous balancing act. There was an ever present dialectic tension between strengths and barriers underlying their daily struggles for balance. By increasing our understanding of Native American experiences of living with diabetes, collaborative partnerships can be developed with the tribes to address these barriers to diabetes self-management and to develop culturally relevant diabetes education programs. There is also a need to address cultural competence by the health care community and to work at eliminating biases and prejudice in our healthcare system. This work brings new cultural understandings of what it means to live with diabetes in one Native American group.

Topic: Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
Subfield: Health
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The delivery of hepatitis B vaccine.

Hepatitis B is a serious preventable infection that is common in men who have sex with men. Historically, uptake of the vaccine has been poor in this group. Leigh Chislett describes how the introduction of a nurse-led service significantly increased uptake of the vaccine at a London clinic.

Topic: Hepatitis B Virus Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Apoptotic Inducement of Neuronal Cells by Aluminium Chloride and the Neuroprotective Effect of Eugenol inWistarRats

Aluminium is known to accelerate oxidative stress, amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, and plaque formation in the brain of rats. Objective. The present study is aimed at studying the neuroprotective effects of eugenol following aluminium-induced neurotoxicity on caspase-3, apoptotic proteins(Bcl-2 and Bax), and oxidative stress markersinWistar ratssuch assuperoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), nitric oxide (NO), and assay oxidative stress to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) by measuring the levels of 8-hydroxy-2- deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Materials and methods. Twenty (20) adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four (4) groups with five animals in each group. Route of administration was oral throughout the duration of this study and this study lasted for 21 days. Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after administration of the last dose (i.e., day 22) with 0.8mg/kg ketamine as an anaesthetic agent. Results. Exposure to AlCl3 resulted in a significant () elevation in the levels of nitric oxide and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), enhanced the activity of caspase-3, increased the level of proapoptotic protein Bax and reduced the levels of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, and significantly (p<0.01) reduced the levels of SOD and GPx. However, treatment with eugenol resulted in a significant reduction (p<0.01) in the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, inhibited the activity of caspase-3, increased levels of Bcl-2 and significantly () reduced levels of Bax protein, respectively, and also significantly (p<0.05) increased the levels of SOD and GPx. Our results would hereby suggest that eugenol would provide a therapeutic value against aluminium-induced oxidative stress as related to antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities.

Topic: Aluminum toxicity and tolerance in plants and animals
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Does a critical speed for railroad vehicles exist?

The author discusses the definition and existence of a critical speed for the onset of hunting of railroad vehicles. First the field test situation is described. It is argued that the important problem is the determination of the forces and accelerations in the vehicle and the rails, which may be large even when the vehicle does not hunt. Next the author discusses the relevance of the critical speed in railway engineering. It is desirable to know the speed below which a vehicle will not hunt, since hunting is always connected with large wheel-rail forces. Next the modelling of railroad vehicles is discussed and the nonlinear aspects are emphasized. The author explains why it is necessary to reformulate the mathematical problem for calculation of the critical speed due to the nonlinear character of the modelling. It is suggested that another critical speed be defined for a railroad vehicle. It can be calculated without great effort using a well functioning simulation program. It yields a "global" criterion for the onset of hunting, in contrast to the linear stability criterion, which is still commonly used. The linear eigenvalue problem yields a bifurcation point, which in general will not be the lowest parameter value for existence of oscillating solutions in a nonlinear dynamical system. The author suggests the use of a "nonlinear critical speed" as an acceptance criterion for railroad vehicles.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Dynamics and Control of Mechanical Systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
SRC research studentships

I wonder how many other physicists are as concerned as I am about the changes in the SRC Physics Committee's policies for deciding on the award of research studentships? It seems to me that the Committee is no longer acting as an awarding agency but is dictating how departments shall be run.

Topic: Advances in Oncology and Radiotherapy
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Influenced by Electromagnetically Resonance Mediated Clotrimazole

Qing Li, Jie Teng, Miao Tian, Peng Gao, Tongju Li, Hong Wu* and B Qing Tang* Author Affiliations Institute of Life Science & Technology, ENN Group, Hebei, China Received: April 30, 2019 | Published: May 06, 2019 Corresponding author: B Qing Tang, Institute of Life Science & Technology, ENN Group, Hebei, China Hong Wu, Institute of Life Science & Technology, ENN Group, Hebei, China DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.17.003050

Topic: Light effects on plants
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Faculty Opinions recommendation of The intracellular Ca2+ release channel TRPML1 regulates lower urinary tract smooth muscle contractility.

TRPML1 (transient receptor potential mucolipin 1) is a Ca2+-permeable, nonselective cation channel that is predominantly localized to the membranes of late endosomes and lysosomes (LELs). Intracellular release of Ca2+ through TRPML1 is thought to be pivotal for maintenance of intravesicular acidic pH as well as the maturation, fusion, and trafficking of LELs. Interestingly, genetic ablation of TRPML1 in mice (Mcoln1-/- ) induces a hyperdistended/hypertrophic bladder phenotype. Here, we investigated this phenomenon further by exploring an unconventional role for TRPML1 channels in the regulation of Ca2+-signaling activity and contractility in bladder and urethral smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Four-dimensional (4D) lattice light-sheet live-cell imaging showed that the majority of LELs in freshly isolated bladder SMCs were essentially immobile. Superresolution microscopy revealed distinct nanoscale colocalization of LEL-expressing TRPML1 channels with ryanodine type 2 receptors (RyR2) in bladder SMCs. Spontaneous intracellular release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) through RyR2 generates localized elevations of Ca2+ ("Ca2+ sparks") that activate plasmalemmal large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels, a critical negative feedback mechanism that regulates smooth muscle contractility. This mechanism was impaired in Mcoln1-/- mice, which showed diminished spontaneous Ca2+ sparks and BK channel activity in bladder and urethra SMCs. Additionally, ex vivo contractility experiments showed that loss of Ca2+ spark-BK channel signaling in Mcoln1-/- mice rendered both bladder and urethra smooth muscle hypercontractile. Voiding activity analyses revealed bladder overactivity in Mcoln1-/- mice. We conclude that TRPML1 is critically important for Ca2+ spark signaling, and thus regulation of contractility and function, in lower urinary tract SMCs.Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. PMID: 33199609 Funding information This work was supported by: NHLBI NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 HL146054

Topic: Calcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
research article R-Baclofen Reverses a Social Behavior Deficit and Elevated Protein Synthesis in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome

Background: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common known inherited form of intellectual disability and the single genomic cause of autism spectrum disorders. It is caused by the absence of a fragile X mental retardation gene (Fmr1) product, FMRP, an RNA-binding translation suppressor. Elevated rates of protein synthesis in the brain and an imbalance between synaptic signaling via glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are both considered important in the pathogenesis of FXS. In a mouse model of FXS (Fmr1 knockout [KO]), treatment with R-baclofen reversed some behavioral and biochemical phenotypes. A remaining crucial question is whether R-baclofen is also able to reverse increased brain protein synthesis rates. Methods: To answer this question, we measured regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis in vivo with the L-[1-14C]leucine method in vehicle- and R-baclofen–treated wildtype and Fmr1 KO mice. We further probed signaling pathways involved in the regulation of protein synthesis. Results: Acute R-baclofen administration corrected elevated protein synthesis and reduced deficits on a test of social behavior in adult Fmr1 KO mice. It also suppressed activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, particularly in synaptosome-

Topic: Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of free electron laser induced stress waves onto cultured fibroblast

Cultured NIH3T3 cells are exposed to high-intensity short pulse Free Electron Laser (FEL). The FEL is tuned to an absorption maximum wavelength, 6.1μm, which was measured by microscopic FTIR. A fluorescence dye in the cell suspension is more absorbed into the cell with the FEL exposure due to the FEL-induced mechanical stress to the cell membrane. A quantitative fluorescence microscopy is used to determine the efficiency of delivery.

Topic: Laser Applications in Dentistry and Medicine
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Superfoods: Recent Data on their Role in the Prevention of Diseases

By the term functional food we mean food, processed or not, which on the basis of scientific studies can contribute to the achievement of specific operational objectives within the human body and play an important role in the direction of prevention degenerative diseases and health promotion. The possible beneficial properties of functional foods are due to their content in bioactive ingredients, with specific biological properties and effects within the human body. Some examples of processed functional foods are calcium - enriched milk, enriched juices with ω-3 fatty acids, yoghurt with probiotic organisms and phytosterol-enriched margarines. At the same time, constantly new scientific findings confirm the potential beneficial properties of different conventional food, such as tea, blueberries, pomegranate,berries, hippophaes and many others, which are known by the term "superfoods". Recently, the appearance of a multitude of chronic degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and cancer, has led to ways of defending human health through the adoption of appropriate dietary patterns. Hence, functional foods, provided that they fit inside hygiene and balanced nutrition, are suggested as a potential solution tore inforcing the prevention strategy, avoiding the need for therapy, with the aim of promoting the health of the population. This is the reason why there is an ever-increasing trend particularly in Europe and USA. Also, improved accessibility knowledge and information from consumers, promotes an increased search for information about their beneficial properties.

Topic: Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences