jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Diffusion barriers imposed by tissue topology shape Hedgehog morphogen gradients

Animals use a small number of morphogens to pattern tissues, but it is unclear how evolution modulates morphogen signaling range to match tissues of varying sizes. Here, we used single-molecule imaging in reconstituted morphogen gradients and in tissue explants to determine that Hedgehog diffused extracellularly as a monomer, and rapidly transitioned between membrane-confined and -unconfined states. Unexpectedly, the vertebrate-specific protein SCUBE1 expanded Hedgehog gradients by accelerating the transition rates between states without affecting the relative abundance of molecules in each state. This observation could not be explained under existing models of morphogen diffusion. Instead, we developed a topology-limited diffusion model in which cell–cell gaps create diffusion barriers, which morphogens can only overcome by passing through a membrane-unconfined state. Under this model, SCUBE1 promoted Hedgehog secretion and diffusion by allowing it to transiently overcome diffusion barriers. This multiscale understanding of morphogen gradient formation unified prior models and identified knobs that nature can use to tune morphogen gradient sizes across tissues and organisms.

Topic: Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
CCDC 242104: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Linear Multiepitope (Glyco)peptides for Type-Specific\nSerology of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections

Detection\nof type-specific antibodies is an important and essential part of\naccurate diagnosis, even in silent carriers of herpes simplex virus\n(HSV)-1 (oral) and HSV-2 (genital) infections. Serologic assays that\nidentify HSV-1 and HSV-2 type-specific antibodies have been commercially\navailable for more than a decade but often face problems related to\ncross-reactivity and similar issues. Attempts to identify type-specific\npeptide epitopes for use in serology for both HSV-1 and HSV-2 have\nbeen limited. We recently demonstrated epitope mapping of envelope\nglycoprotein G2 and identified a type-specific glycopeptide epitope\nthat broadly recognized HSV-2 infected individuals. In the present\nwork we have performed a comprehensive glycopeptide synthesis and\nmicroarray epitope mapping of 14 envelope proteins from HSV-1 and\nHSV-2, namely, gB, gC, gD, gE, gG, gH, and gI, using sera from HSV-1-\nand HSV-2-infected individuals and control sera. Several unique type-specific\npeptide epitopes with high sensitivity were identified and synthesized\nas one large linear multiepitope sequence using microwave-assisted\nsolid-phase (glyco)­peptide synthesis. Microarray validation with clinically\ndefined HSV and Varicella Zoster (VZV) sera confirmed excellent cumulative\nspecificities and sensitivities.

Topic: Herpesvirus Infections and Treatments
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Symbol based Convergence Analysis in Block Multigrid Methods with Applications for Stokes Problems

The main focus of this paper is the study of efficient multigrid methods for large linear systems with a particular saddle-point structure. Indeed, when the system matrix is symmetric, but indefinite, the variational convergence theory that is usually used to prove multigrid convergence cannot be directly applied. However, different algebraic approaches analyze properly preconditioned saddle-point problems, proving convergence of the Two-Grid method. In particular, this is efficient when the blocks of the coefficient matrix possess a Toeplitz or circulant structure. Indeed, it is possible to derive sufficient conditions for convergence and provide optimal parameters for the preconditioning of the saddle-point problem in terms of the associated generating symbols. In this paper, we propose a symbol-based convergence analysis for problems that have a hidden block Toeplitz structure. Then, they can be investigated focusing on the properties of the associated generating function f, which consequently is a matrix-valued function with dimension depending on the block size of the problem. As numerical tests we focus on the matrix sequence stemming from the finite element approximation of the Stokes problem. We show the efficiency of the methods studying the hidden 9-by-9 block multilevel structure of the obtained matrix sequence. Moreover, we propose an efficient algebraic multigrid method with convergence rate independent of the matrix size. Finally, we present several numerical tests comparing the results with state-of-the-art strategies.

Topic: Matrix Theory and Algorithms
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Study of the Evolution of Online User Interest Behavior

The click behavior of online users can be regarded as a kind of movement in virtual space, which is usually driven by human interests. Though many breakthroughs have been made in exploring the dynamics of human behavior, little is known about the dynamic evolution of human interest in virtual space, partly due to the extreme difficulty in getting enough behavioral data and accessing the human mind from observations. Based on the large-scale online user behavior data obtained by China Internet Network Information Center, this paper quantifies the browsing behavior of online users from the aspects of moving step length, dwell time and return step length. By constructing the maximum entropy model, combined with the memory effect of interest, the reasons for the long-tailed distribution are explained respectively. Based on the analysis results, we propose an interest stickiness measurement algorithm for efficiently evaluating the attractiveness of web interest points to users. The regularity and predictability of group users' browsing interest points play a significant role in science, engineering, business promotion, development of the economy of attention and other specific fields.

Topic: Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
III-V Material systems for heterostructure barrier varactors

This paper presents the lattice matched and pseudomorphic Al(0.7)Ga(0.3)As/GaAs and In(0.52)Al(0.48)As/ In(0.53)Ga(0.47)As/InP material systems for HBVs. HBVs with different mesa diameters have been fabricated and their DC characteristics have been measured. A comparison of the DC characteristics are presented for the two material systems.

Topic: Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Tracking urban heartbeat and policy compliance through vision and language-based sensing

Sensing activities at the city scale using big data can enable applications to improve the quality of citizen life. While there are approaches to sense the urban heartbeat using sound, vision, radio frequency (RF), and other sensors, capturing changes at urban scale using such sensing modalities is challenging. Due to the enormous amount of data they produce and the associated annotation and processing requirement, such data can be of limited use. In this paper, we present a vision-to-language modeling approach to capture patterns and transitions that occur in New York City from March 2020 to August 2020. We use the model on ~1 million street images captured by dashcams over 6 months. We then use the captions to train a language model based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation [4] and compare models from different periods using probabilistic distance measures. We observe distribution shifts in the model that correlate well with social distancing policies and are corroborated by different data sources, such as mobility traces. This language-based sensing introduces a new sensing modality to capture dynamics in the city with lower storage requirements and privacy concerns.

Topic: Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
BIOSYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ASSESSMENT OF METAL NANOPARTICLES FROM DRYOPTERIS MANNIANA (HOOK.) C. CHR LEAF EXTRACT

Background: An integral part of nature is medicinal plants containing natural constituents which are vital to health.Dryopteris manniana (Hook.)C. Chr.leaves contain phytochemicals such as polyphenols and flavonoids which serve as an effective reducing agent.Methods: Metallic nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing salts of silver, nickel, manganese, and copper using Dryopteris manniana leaf extracts to form metal nanoparticles represented as AgNPs, NiNPs, MnNPs, and CuNPs respectively.The obtained nanoparticles were then characterized using UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).The antimicrobial activities of the nanoparticles were investigated against six microbial strains using the disk diffusion method.Results: The EDX result identified the metal atoms present in the metal nanoparticles formed.The SEM revealed that AgNPs have a diamond-like crystalline, CuNPs have a triangular-like structure, NiNPs have a teardrop-like structure, and MnNPs have a spherical crystalline structure.The results of the antimicrobial experiments showed that the nanoparticles have activity against all the tested bacteria but are less active against some isolated fungi.AgNPs showed zone of inhibitions: S. aureus (10 mm), α-H.streptococcus (8 mm), and E. coli (12 mm), while CuNPs exhibited 9 mm, 11 mm, and 11 mm against S. aureus, E. coli, and α-H.streptococcus respectively.Conclusion: This method for green metal nanoparticle synthesis may useful in nanomedicine, environmental, and industrial applications as they possess greater effectiveness and reduced toxicity, however, further investigation will be implemented.

Topic: Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Plant Defensins from a Structural Perspective

Plant defensins form a family of proteins with a broad spectrum of protective activities against fungi, bacteria, and insects. Furthermore, some plant defensins have revealed anticancer activity. In general, plant defensins are non-toxic to plant and mammalian cells, and interest in using them for biotechnological and medicinal purposes is growing. Recent studies provided significant insights into the mechanisms of action of plant defensins. In this review, we focus on structural and dynamics aspects and discuss structure-dynamics-function relations of plant defensins.

Topic: Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Brief Analysis on the Views of Life and Death in Shibi(the most authoritative and knowledgeable man) Classics of the Qiang Nationality

Views of life and death in Shibi's classics of the Qiang nationality are tainted with a strong religious colour,which is manifested in an open view of life and death by observing people,the exploration of the causes of life and death,and the pursuit of longevity and struggle against death.The views are the embodiment of the unique cultural characteristics of national funeral of the Qiang nationality.

Topic: Chinese history and philosophy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Will personal values predict the development of smoking and drinking behaviors? A prospective cohort study of children and adolescents in Taiwan

This study examined how personal values predict the development of smoking and drinking behaviors in adolescence. The longitudinal data of 1545 adolescents over a 6-year period were analyzed. The results showed that adolescents who valued health and academics had similarly lower odds of reporting cigarette and alcohol use and those who valued friends had significantly higher odds. While the odds increased over time, the trend on alcohol use lessened for adolescents who valued academics, while the trend accelerated for those who valued friends. The finding suggests the important role that personal values play in adolescent risk behavioral development.

Topic: Cultural Differences and Values
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Under Siege: Vic Feather and the Battle for TUC Autonomy, 1969–1973

Victor Grayson Hardie Feather was TUC general secretary for only a relatively short time — from March 1969 until September 1973. But his brief tenure in office coincided with some of the most turbulent years in the organisation's history. Feather was outwardly a jolly Yorkshireman from Bradford with a love for compromise and conciliation as well as a zest for backstairs intrigue with government ministers, union leaders and employers. Unlike Woodcock, he was hyperactive, gregarious and had an uninhibited zest for the good things of life. It is all the more ironic that a man who thrived as an arch-fixer in a public policy world of endless negotiation should preside over the TUC during a period that was characterised by the most serious outbreak of industrial conflict in Britain since the early 1920s.

Topic: Political and Economic history of UK and US
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Re: COVID-19 Vaccine–Induced Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome With Polyserositis Detected by FDG PET/CT

∗Private Academic Consultant Bangkok, Thailand [email protected] †Department of Community Medicine DY Patil University Pune, India Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: none declared.

Topic: Inflammasome and immune disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The<i>jidaigeki</i>television series: myth, iteration and the domestication of the samurai hero

Abstract 2011, forty-two years since the popular jidaigeki (period drama) television series Mito Kōmon was first broadcast on Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS), would seem an appropriate historical juncture to reassess the cultural significance of the jidaigeki television series in post-war Japan. Many factors influence and determine the production and reception of cultural texts. This article, therefore, focuses on the two aspects of structure and ‘place’, and their relationship to content in the Japanese jidaigeki television series: at the structural level in terms of ‘iteration’ as a defining narrative pattern, and ‘place’ on two levels – first, the consideration of Edo as a time-space configuration of social relations and, second, the location of the television set in the home. Therefore, in this article, the Japanese jidaigeki television genre is being utilized as a methodological tool, to begin an introductory exploration into television's political role in reaffirming and perpetuating basic cultural beliefs and a sense of shared experience through pleasure. This article is also concerned with television's role in the domestic as a medium that reflects an expression of domesticity. Furthermore, through an analysis of the dominant ‘gendered reading formations’ of examples from the genre, I shall demonstrate how social problems related to patriarchal institutions raised by feminism and the changing expectations of women in Japanese society are ritualized in the formulaic structure of the jidaigeki television series.

Topic: Japanese History and Culture
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Perinephric Abscess Producing a Pneumonephrogram

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Feb 1956Perinephric Abscess Producing a Pneumonephrogram Robert Braman and Roland R. Cross Robert BramanRobert Braman More articles by this author and Roland R. CrossRoland R. Cross More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)66795-8AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1956 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited bySharma S, Kumar A, Sharma B, Malik N and Fadnis P (2018) Intrarenal Gas AbscessJournal of Urology, VOL. 136, NO. 5, (1059-1060), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1986.Michaeli J, Mogle P, Perlberg S, Heiman S and Caine M (2018) Emphysematous PyelonephritisJournal of Urology, VOL. 131, NO. 2, (203-208), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1984.Bontemps S and Bryk D (2018) Pyonephrosis with PneumoureteropyelogramJournal of Urology, VOL. 109, NO. 2, (160-162), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1973.Ireland G, Javadpour N and Cass A (2018) Renal Emphysema and Retention of Renal FunctionJournal of Urology, VOL. 106, NO. 4, (463-466), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1971.Turman A and Rutherford C (2018) Emphysematous Pyelonephritis with Perinephric GasJournal of Urology, VOL. 105, NO. 2, (165-170), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1971.Plevin S, Balodimos M and Bradley R (2018) Perinephric Abscess in Diabetic PatientsJournal of Urology, VOL. 103, NO. 5, (539-543), Online publication date: 1-May-1970.Banks D, Persky L and Mahoney S (2018) Renal EmphysemaJournal of Urology, VOL. 102, NO. 4, (390-392), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1969.Klein D, Mahoney S, Youngen R and Schneider D (2018) Renal EmphysemaJournal of Urology, VOL. 95, NO. 5, (625-629), Online publication date: 1-May-1966. Volume 75Issue 2February 1956Page: 194-197 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1956 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Robert Braman More articles by this author Roland R. Cross More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Topic: Infectious Disease Case Reports and Treatments
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
3‐Benzyl‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2,4(3H)‐diones, a New Group of Antimycobacterial Compounds Against Potentially Pathogenic Strains

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Topic: Phenothiazines and Benzothiazines Synthesis and Activities
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Attenuation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response by Chronic Cannabidiol Administration Is Associated with Improved n-6/n-3 PUFA Ratio in the White and Red Skeletal Muscle in a Rat Model of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity

The consumption of fatty acids has increased drastically, exceeding the nutritional requirements of an individual and leading to numerous metabolic disorders. Recent data indicate a growing interest in using cannabidiol (CBD) as an agent with beneficial effects in the treatment of obesity. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the influence of chronic CBD administration on the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratio in different lipid fractions, inflammatory pathway and oxidative stress parameters in the white and red gastrocnemius muscle. All the designed experiments were performed on Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or a standard rodent diet for seven weeks and subsequently injected with CBD (10 mg/kg once daily for two weeks) or its vehicle. Lipid content and oxidative stress parameters were assessed using gas–liquid chromatography (GLC), colorimetric and/or immunoenzymatic methods, respectively. The total expression of proteins of an inflammatory pathway was measured by Western blotting. Our results revealed that fatty acids (FAs) oversupply is associated with an increasing oxidative stress and inflammatory response, which results in an excessive accumulation of FAs, especially of n-6 PUFAs, in skeletal muscles. We showed that CBD significantly improved the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio and shifted the equilibrium towards anti-inflammatory n-3 PUFAs, particularly in the red gastrocnemius muscle. Additionally, CBD prevented generation of lipid peroxidation products and attenuated inflammatory response in both types of skeletal muscle. In summary, the results mentioned above indicate that CBD presents potential therapeutic properties with respect to the treatment of obesity and related disturbances.

Topic: Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Studies of the histidine residues of carbonic anhydrases using high-field proton magnetic resonance

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies of the histidine residues of carbonic anhydrases using high-field proton magnetic resonanceJack S. Cohen, Chung T. Yim, Marianne Kandel, Allan G. Gornall, Stephen I. Kandel, and Murray H. FreedmanCite this: Biochemistry 1972, 11, 3, 327–334Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1972https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00753a003RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views28Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (854 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Topic: Enzyme function and inhibition
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures: Is There a Standard of Care?

Many factors must be considered in treating displaced femoral neck fractures. For younger patients, ORIF is preferred, whereas arthroplasty is the better option for elderly patients. For institutionalized elderly patients with a low activity level or impaired mental status, the choice should be hemiarthroplasty (either unipolar or bipolar). For high-demand, active patients, evidence continues to mount toward THA as the favored treatment option. However, there is a need for larger clinical trials to demonstrate the most cost-effective way to treat sub-populations of an ever-growing number of patients with displaced femoral neck fractures.

Topic: Hip and Femur Fractures
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences