jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Persian/Arabic document Segmentation Based on Pyramidal Image Structure

Automatic transformation of paper documents into electronic documents requires document segmentation at the first stage. However, some parameters restrictions such as variations in character font sizes, different text line spacing, and also not uniform document layout structures altogether have made it difficult to design a general-purpose document layout analysis algorithm for many years. Thus in most previously reported methods it is inevitable to include these parameters. This problem becomes excessively acute and severe, especially in Persian/Arabic documents. Since the Persian/Arabic scripts differ considerably from the English scripts, most of the proposed methods for the English scripts do not render good results for the Persian scripts. In this paper, we present a novel parameter-free method for segmenting the Persian/Arabic document images which also works well for English scripts. This method segments the document image into maximal homogeneous regions and identifies them as texts and non-texts based on a pyramidal image structure. In other words the proposed method is capable of document segmentation without considering the character font sizes, text line spacing, and document layout structures. This algorithm is examined for 150 Arabic/Persian and English documents and document segmentation process are done successfully for 96 percent of documents.

Topic: Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Analysis of the Behaviour of Particles in a Particle Accelerator: A Particle Physics and High-Energy Collision Study

This study investigates the behaviour of particles in high-energy proton-proton collisions within the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at energy levels of 13 TeV, focusing on the emergence of new particles and energy distribution following these collisions. Using a dataset of 1.6 billion collision events, the study employed the ROOT software framework for data pre-processing, filtering, and statistical analysis. Key objectives included identifying patterns in particle production, energy transfer, and decay processes. The results revealed that protons dominated the particle types detected (59.82%), followed by muons (19.79%), hadrons (10.25%), and smaller fractions of leptons and photons. Statistical significance was observed in particle suppression (p = 0.043), and the presence of dark matter candidates was confirmed with a p-value of 0.034, marking a significant contribution to the search for beyond-Standard Model physics. While no statistically significant evidence was found for supersymmetric particles, muon decay patterns suggested complex interactions that may indicate the presence of new physics. This research contributes to the understanding of particle behavior in high-energy environments and offers critical insights into potential dark matter interactions, with broad implications for both experimental and theoretical physics. The study underscores the importance of particle accelerators like the LHC in pushing the boundaries of modern physics and exploring the fundamental forces that govern the universe.

Topic: Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Placing Children in Special Education: Some Comments

grams for the Mentally Retarded (Heller, Holtzman, & Messick, 1982), and the papers by Messick (1983) and by Resnick and Finn (1983) summarizing its conclusions, deserve the careful consideration of many audiences. Educational researchers and practitioners in general as well as in special education, the agencies that fund (or should fund) research in this field, the test publishing organizations, and many groups of public officials, administrators, and concerned citizens, most certainly will benefit from the wise, thought-provoking, and thorough review of the issues addressed.

Topic: Disability Education and Employment
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Rapidly progressive fatal cutaneous T cell lymphoma with a trauma-related presentation.

A case of rapidly progressive cutaneous T cell lymphoma with a trauma-related presentation in a 73-year-old man is reported. Clinically, the patient presented with an ulcerated cutaneous mass at the site of trauma-related hematoma of the leg. The histopathology was that of tumor phase cutaneous T cell lymphoma with involvement of the skin and subcutis. The diagnostic challenge of this clinical presentation and the rapidly progressive course are highlighted.

Topic: Cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders research
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Gakja Seong-seok (刻字城石) relics excavated from the Pyeong’yang area’s Jang’an-seong vestige of Goguryeo - Examining information concerning the details of fortress construction

From the Pyeong’yang-seong area, total of five Gakja Seong-seok relics have been found so far. Information extracted from these relics include the Ganji designation of the year the construction of the fortress began, name of the project’s supervisor, the length of fortress sections that were constructed. These are undoubtedly vital information in determining in what feature and how the Goguryeo dynasty built the Jang’an-seong fortress in Pyeong’yang. <BR> Most of the fortress walls are now gone, but there is a detailed map of the area created during the Japanese occupation period. In this study, the map is cross-referenced with Google Earth, and verification of the information on the Gakja Seong-seok relics is attempted, using data such as circumference or gross area.<BR> In case of relic No.1, which is generally understood to have been found near Otan, a description on that says “11 Ri(里) to the West” seems to be indicating that relic belonged to the South wall of the Middle (“Jungseong”) fortress. In case of relic No.2, which was found at the Hansa-jeong pavilion at the South side of the Jang’an-seong fortress, there is a line saying “12 Ri to the East.” Considering the length of the actual vestige, it seems like the Goguryeo people used a Cheok scale in which one Cheok was the equivalent of 35.6cm, and one ‘Ri’ equaled 1,000 Cheok units and not 1,800 Cheok units as has usually been considered to be the norm in East Asia. And that is because the latter equation, which would identify one Ri as 1,800 Cheok, would not fit the actual feature of the vestige, as either the Chinese Han-cheok(漢尺, =23cm) or the Goguryeo-cheok(=35.6cm) would not match what we have today if they were multiplied 1,800 times. Only the Goguryeo-cheok system, and when multiplied 1,000 times, would do.<BR> In the Inner (“Naeseong”) fortress, where relics No.4 and No.5 were found, it seems there were three separate construction segments, each of being 6 Ri and 400 cheok units in length. This finding enables us to make a more reasonable assessment of the contents of relic No.5, over which various opinions have been colliding with each other. Only five relics have been found so far, but it seems highly probable that there could have been one more in the Western segment of the Inner fortress, and another in the Southern segment of the Middle fortress. And considering the existence of the Northern (“Bukseong”) fortress, it seems like there would have been total of seven or eight Gakja Seong-seok markers when the Pyeong’yang area’s Jang’an-seong fortress was being constructed.

Topic: Korean Peninsula Historical and Political Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Studies of phosphate dynamics during hemodialysis

Regulation of phosphate (PO 4 ) in hemodialysis patients is very difficult and ideal levels are rarely maintained. A high removal and a normal phosphate level is important, as high and low levels are both associated with morbidity and a very high mortality. We studied phosphate dynamics and its relation to other small “uremic” molecules in 48 patients by measuring pre‐ and postdialysis levels and all removed phosphate, urea and creatinine (creat) in all dialysate during 455 dialyses done at different frequencies (freq): 3.7 ± 1.2, range 3–6 treatments per week and durations of dialysis (t): mean: 196 ± 95, range 80–560 min and with high (HF) and low flux membranes. Kt/V‐PO 4 , Kt/V‐urea and Kt/V‐creat, volumes (Vr) for all solutes and their relationships to frequency and duration of dialysis, urea clearance and predialysis phosphate were calculated. Factor/solute: PO 4 Urea‐N Creatinine Predialysis mg/dl 5.7 ± 1.9 73 ± 24 12 ± 3 Postdialysis mg/dl 3.0 ± 1.0 33 ± 15 6 ± 2 100 × Vr/BW 63 ± 78 58 ± 24 41 ± 15 Kt/V 1.01 ± 0.66 1.04 ± 0.32 0.97 ± 0.26 Weekly stdKt/V 1.75 ± 0.81 2.12 ± 0.68 1.96 ± 0.71 Removed gm/week 3.1 ± 1.3 56 ± 23 6.2 ± 2.5 Vr = removed solute ÷ (predialysis minus postdialysis concentration.); BW = body weight. Uf = ultrafiltration. Results: Vr as a percentage of BW for PO 4 was dependent on predialysis PO 4 and rose steeply as predialysis PO 4 decreased: Vr% BW = 212 − 88 × ln (predialysis PO 4 ), (r = 0.39, p &lt; 0.0001). There was no such relationship for Vr for urea or creatinine and no relation between urea and PO 4 Vr, (r = 0.07, p = 0.141). In stepwise multiple regression analysis: Mg PO 4 removed per week = t × 6.5 + freq × 387 + Uf × 140 + pre‐PO4 × 273 + PO4 stdKt/V × 343 − HF × 375 − 1824, (r = 0.73, p &lt; 0.0001). Blood flow(QB) and dialysate flow (QD), urea weekly stdKt/V were not significant variables in the model. Pre‐dialysis PO4 = 6.8 − Hrs/week × 0.07 − QB × 0.003 + Uf × 0.26. QD, membrane type or dialyses/week did not enter the model. Only patients dialyzing&gt;28 hrs/week could stop phosphate binders within 3 weeks. Conclusions: Phosphate shows a highly variable dynamic during dialysis. Apparently, the body maintains extracellular PO 4 concentration by releasing PO 4 from unknown compartments when the blood concentration of PO 4 decreases. Vr for phosphate thus varies not only from patient to patient but also in a patient, depending on blood concentration of PO 4 . Kt/V for urea and creatinine are inaccurate in describing PO 4 removal. To remove PO 4 efficiently it is most important to use long and daily dialysis. QB, QD and membrane type are relatively unimportant in phosphate removal.

Topic: Dialysis and Renal Disease Management
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Darwinian agriculture: how understanding evolution can improve agriculture

List of Illustrations vii Chapter 1 Repaying Darwin's Debt to Agriculture 1 Chapter 2 What Do We Need from Agriculture? 9 Chapter 3 Evolution 101 28 The Power of Natural Selection Chapter 4 Darwinian Agriculture's Three Core Principles 43 Chapter 5 What Won't Work 54 Tradeoff-blind Biotechnology Chapter 6 Selfish Genes, Sophisticated Plants, and Haphazard Ecosystems 76 Chapter 7 What Won't Work 95 Misguided Mimicry of Natural Ecosystems Chapter 8 What Has Worked 120 Improving Cooperation within Species Chapter 9 What Could Work Better 145 Cooperation between Two Species Chapter 10 Stop Evolution Now! 164 Chapter 11 Learning from Plants, Ants, and Ecosystems 177 Chapter 12 Diversity, Bet-hedging, and Selection among Ideas 190 Acknowledgments 217 Glossary 219 References 227 Index 249

Topic: Plant Parasitism and Resistance
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Reducing Patient Supply Waste Through Nurse Education to Improve Quality of Patient Care in the Clinical Microsystem

CNL Final Project Abstract\nWith my CNL project, I sought to reduce patient supply waste in the clinical microsystem by 50% by the end of the second quarter of 2017. The project was conducted in a 19-single-room adult surgical/orthopedic unit in a community hospital. I completed a through microsystem analysis with 5 P’s, SWOT analysis, and hospital HCAHPS scores as well as staff interviews. I then continued doing observational audits for supply use, barcode scanning, supplies in patient rooms, staff efficiency, and challenges facing nurses and their time constraints (Godfrey, Nelson, &amp; Batalden, 2004). \nDuring this process, I also completed a staff survey and examined the unit Par Level Sheet and the Hospital Chargemaster for a rundown on supplies in order to get an overall understanding of our unit and organization. After I analyzed my findings, I shared them with my preceptor and the unit nurse manager regarding the need for an improvement project. Furthermore, I continued the staff education in huddles and in services to bring awareness of supply waste and unscanned supplies in the unit.\nLewin’s three stage change theory was utilized to help implement the CNL project.To evaluate the project’s effectiveness, I completed a final observational audit in the unit and estimated once again the supply waste in patient rooms. This time the average estimate was $35 per patient room, which results in $7,000 in savings already (from $50 per patient supply waste)\nEven though I did not reach my goal of a 50% improvement, this was still a great start to help improve not only the quality of patient care, but also patient and staff satisfaction.\nI learned that gathering the baseline data can be as challenging as implementing an improvement project in a patient unit. Also, it is my hope to sustain this project in the unit with the help of staff volunteers on each shift and embed this project into the unit culture.\nWith the help of the CNL competencies and collaboration with the healthcare team, I helped reduced patient supply waste in the clinical microsystem to increase not only the quality of patient care but also staff efficiency and satisfaction (Competencies and Curricular Expectations for Clinical Nurse Leader Education and Practice, 2013).\nReference\nCompetencies and Curricular Expectations for Clinical Nurse Leader Education and Practice, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/publications/white-papers/cnl

Topic: Healthcare and Environmental Waste Management
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
LHD 6O-AL06-NF #165301.1

The plasma monitor cameras are installed in 6-T, 6-O and 10-O ports for monitoring LHD plasmas. Five cameras are set in 3-O port for observing the lower divertor structure near 2.5-L port and the plasma-wall interactions on the divertor plates.

Topic: Marine and coastal ecosystems
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Multi‐Year Tracing of Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Post‐Fire Aeolian Sediment Transport Using Rare Earth Elements Provide Insights Into Grassland Management

Abstract Aeolian sediment transport occurs as a function of, and with feedback to ecosystem changes and disturbances. Many desert grasslands are undergoing rapid changes in vegetation, including the encroachment of woody plants, which alters fire regimes and in turn can change the spatial and temporal patterns of aeolian sediment transport. We investigated aeolian sediment transport and spatial distribution of sediment in the surface soil for 7 years following a prescribed fire using a multiple rare earth element (REE) tracer‐based approach in a shrub‐encroached desert grassland in the northern Chihuahuan desert. Results indicate that even though the aeolian horizontal sediment mass flux increased approximately three‐fold in the first windy season in the burned areas compared to control areas, there were no significant differences after three windy seasons. The soil surface of bare microsites was the major contributor of aeolian sediments in unburned areas (87%), while the shrub microsites contributed the least (&lt;2%) during the observation period. However, after the prescribed fire, the contribution of aeolian sediments from shrub microsites increased considerably (∼40%), indicating post‐fire microsite‐scale sediment redistribution. The findings of this study, which is the first to use multiple REE tracers for multi‐year analysis of the spatial and temporal dynamics of aeolian sediment transport, illustrate how disturbance by prescribed fire can influence aeolian processes and alters dryland soil geomorphology in which distinct soils develop over time at very fine spatial scales of individual plants.

Topic: Aeolian processes and effects
Subfield: Earth-Surface Processes
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Quantum Optical Aspects of Topological Phases, Such as Berry's Phase

The contract was for performing experiments on a recently discovered topological phase factor known as 'Berry's phase.' We proposed to examine this phase at both the quantum and classical levels, in its various manifestations. The goals of this contract were successfully accomplished; in particular, we succeeded in demonstrating this phase at the single photon level, thereby demonstrating that this phase did not originate at the classical level. Possible applications of this phase were explored. A two-photon light source, in the form a parametric down-converter of uv laser photons into highly correlated red photons was successfully constructed, and coincidence counting techniques were successfully applied to the detection of the conjugate signal and idler red photons. This formed the experimental basis for the examination of not only Berry's phase, but of the energy-time uncertainty relations, the Franson experiment, the measurement of the tunneling time of the photon, the quantum eraser, and other optical phenomena closely related to the Einstein-Podolsky- Rosen 'paradox.'

Topic: Quantum Mechanics and Applications
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Effect of Education and Training on Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in Airline Industry

This study examines on the education and training of an airlines’ ground staff. Also it studies on employees’perceived service quality that can make an influence on customer satisfaction and loyalty. After searching the education and training and service quality through the literature reviews related to the subject, established is a framework of an empirical study about the subject of study. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, the survey method is conducted to the airlines’ground staff members and the time frame and the target subjects are set. Collected data is used for frequency analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, regression analysis and with the SPSS 21.0 for a statistical package program. The study results are shown as follows: first, education and training have a positive influence on the five factors of the service quality. Second, employees’perceived service quality show positive impacts on customer satisfaction and loyalty. The majority of studies on airline employee training have focused on the cabin crew. As a result, the number of studies involving ground staff is lacking. This study therefore aims to empirically verify the relationship between training of ground staff, service quality, and customer satisfaction. Given the difficulties in accessing customers for their feedback, few studies have been conducted on the effects of employee training on customer satisfaction. This empirical study used questionnaires, which are administered to airline employees and customers via one-to-one interviews, to provide theoretical and practical implications of the findings.

Topic: Customer Service Quality and Loyalty
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Select Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in Colon Tumor Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy

Exisulind, and later generation drugs including CP461, are members of a group of new anticancer compounds known as Selective Apoptotic Antineoplastic Drugs (SAANDs). These drugs act by selectively inducing apoptosis in precancerous and cancerous tissues. Exisulind is a metabolite of sulindac, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID). Although initially developed to prevent colon cancer, exisulind and CP461 are currently being tested in clinical trials as chemotherapeutics against many types of cancer, including breast, colon, lung, prostate, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and renal cell carcinoma. SAANDs were screened as cyclic 5′ guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors with a preference for the PDE5 gene family. Published data have shown that in a colon cancer model, these drugs increase cGMP levels, activate cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG) to stimulate the Jun kinase (JNK) regulatory cascade, and cause a decrease in accumulated nuclear and cytosolic β-catenin followed by reduced cyclin D1 transcription.

Topic: Phosphodiesterase function and regulation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Impaired Glucose Regulation Predicted 1-Year Mortality of Chinese Patients With Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose— It remains uncertain if impaired glucose regulation (IGR) as a predictor for stroke outcomes. This study aimed at observing the effect of IGR on the 1-year outcomes in Chinese patients with ischemic stroke. Methods— Patients with acute ischemic stroke were recruited consecutively in multihospitals across China. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed to identify IGR. Cox proportion hazard model was performed to investigate the effect of IGR on 1-year mortality or stroke recurrence in patients with ischemic stroke. Results— The study recruited 2639 patients with ischemic stroke. IGR was shown as an independent risk factor for the mortality of patients with ischemic stroke (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 3.088 [1.386–6.884]; P =0.006). However, IGR showed no significant effects on the dependency or stroke recurrence of patients ( P =0.540 and 0.618, respectively). Conclusions— IGR was an independent predictor for the mortality of patients with ischemic stroke. IGR should be highlighted and intervened actively in the patients with ischemic stroke.

Topic: Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences