jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Morphological variation in brain through domestication of fowl

Abstract Great variations in the size, shape, color, feather structure and behavior are observed among fowl breeds. Because many types of domestic fowls have been bred for various purposes, they are ideal to assess the relationship between brain morphology and avian biology. However, little is known about changes in brain shape that may have occurred during fowl domestication. We analyzed the brains of red jungle fowl and domestic fowl to clarify differences in the brain shape between these breeds, as well as the shape changes associated with size enlargement using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics. Principal component and multivariate regression analyses showed that ventrodorsal bending, anteroposterior elongation and width reduction were significantly correlated with brain size. According to the size‐dependent analysis, the red jungle fowl brain has an intermediate shape between the brain of young broilers and that of large domestic fowl and adult broilers. After the size effect is removed, geometric morphometric analyses show that the brain of red jungle fowl is different from that of domestic fowl, with large round cerebral hemispheres. Significant correlations exist between the skull length and brain volume among fowl, while the brain volume relative to the skull length is distinctly larger in red jungle fowl compared with domestic fowl. The distinct brain shape and increased relative brain size of red jungle fowl may be driven by the presence of large, rounded cerebral hemispheres.

Topic: Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Ruminal Degradability and Summative Models Evaluation for Total Digestible Nutrients Prediction of Some Forages and Byproducts in Goats

In in vitro true dry matter degradability (IVTDMD), in situ dry matter degradability, and neutral detergent fiber degradability, both in vitro (IVNDFD) and in situ (ISNDFD) techniques were used with crossbred goats to determine dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ruminal degradability in eight forages and four industrial byproducts. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) content obtained with five different summative models (summative equations) were studied to compare the precision of estimates. All these models included digestible fractions of crude protein, ether extract, and nonfiber carbohydrates that were calculated from chemical composition, but digestible NDF (dNDF) was obtained from IVNDFD (IVdNDF), ISNDFD (ISdNDF), or by using the Surface Law approach. On the basis of the coefficient of determination (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>) of the simple lineal regression of predicted TDN (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>y</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-axes) and observed IVTDMD (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-axes), the precision of models was tested. The predicted TDN by the National Research Council model exclusively based on chemical composition only explains up to 41% of observed IVTDMD values, whereas the model based on IVdNDF had a high precision (96%) to predict TDN from forage and byproducts fiber when used in goats.

Topic: Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Labor mobility and entrepreneurship: who do new firms employ?

Entrepreneurship is often claimed to be important for generating employment. However, the empirical evidence on the relationship between entrepreneurship is not always convincing. Most of the studies that analyse the relationship between new firm formation and employment growth perform their analysis on cross-country or regional data. At the micro-level, we still know little about the labour dynamics and re-allocation effects induced by new firm formation. Which role do new firms play regarding labour reallocation? This paper intends to explore the individual and firm characteristics for employees in new Swedish firms. Do new firm start-ups absorb outsiders in the labour market or do they recruit employees from already incumbent firms? The paper use unique matched firm-employees dataset that makes it possible to link new firm formation and information about the individuals employed in these new firms. The empirical results indicate that the individual and firm characteristics associated with employees differ between new and incumbent firms. In particular, the share of immigrants, recently graduated employees and people entering the labor market is slightly higher in new firms. Hence, new firms might play a more important role for outsiders in the labor market.

Topic: Firm Innovation and Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Comparative Analysis of Environmental Performance of Building Materials towards Sustainable Construction

Contemporary the construction sector belongs to major industries with responsibility for the deterioration of environment. Throughout different stages of building life cycle buildings use materials and require adding of energy for various processes. Consumption of tremendous quantity of energy is directly linked with greenhouse gasses emitted to atmosphere causing the effect known as global warming. The key factors to select material basis are technical and economical parameters, however selecting of building materials regarding environmental performance may lead to reduction a negative image of construction sector. This paper analysis 2 design variants of one conventional Slovak building with alternated materials composition in selected structures. Evaluation was performed in terms of environmental performance of used building materials and included calculation of embodied energy and embodied CO2 an SO2 emissions. The result of study found that it is possible to reduce monitored environmental impact by 4.4-10.5 % just by an easy change of several building materials in selected structures.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Theoretical Study of Seal Spring in a Wankel Compressor

The successful fabrication of a miniature Wankel compressor relies on its seal performance.The factors that influence the seal of a miniature Wankel compressor mainly include axial double mechanical seal and apex seals.Axial mechanical seal depends on machining precision on the end face.In the compression cavity, the springs for seal flake on the Wankel rotor put pressure on cylinder ,which generates the desired amount of pressing force.When springs fails,high-pressure cavity and low-pressure cavity will be connected.Spring performance will directly affect the efficiency of a Wankel compressor.In this paper,we aim to introduce kinematic analysis of apex seals and force analysis of springs in a miniature Wankel compressor.

Topic: Tribology and Lubrication Engineering
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Making Canadian Music Industry Policy 1970-1998

This dissertation is a history of the development of the Canadian federal government's music industry policies from about 1970 to 1998. Over this period the government undertook a number of significant initiatives that mark the emergence of the Canadian music industry as a distinctive object of federal policy. The resulting account is not a single, linear narrative but unfolds in three separate but related streams, based on the following policies: Canadian content quotas for radio, the Sound Recording Development Program (a funding program to support the production and marketing of sound recordings), and revisions to Canada's copyright regime, such as neighbouring rights and a home taping levy. Each of these policies has a distinct history, originating in different areas of government at different times. Together, they do not form a consistent whole as much as an overlapping set of separate "policy assemblages," incorporating distinctive policy instruments and particular configurations of the Canadian music industry. Drawing on Michel Callon's work on the construction of markets, the dissertation explores the various ways in which the Canadian music industry enters into cultural policy through its associations with other extant policy formations. Canada's music industry appears in various roles in this history â as a supplier of programming for broadcasters, as a sector comparable to other 'cultural industries' such as film production and book publishing, and as the representative of the rights of artists and creators. Finally, the dissertation examines the ways in which these conceptions begin to cohere through the efforts of government and the industry representati

Topic: Cultural Industries and Urban Development
Subfield: Urban Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Case of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Jejunum Categorized to Low Risk which Metastasized to Omentum 2 Years Postoperatively

症例は75歳の男性で, 2001年1月腹部大動脈瘤破裂に対し緊急開腹術を施行した際, 偶然空腸に径3cmの充実性腫瘍を認め, Y graft置換術および空腸部分切除術を施行した.病理組織学的に腫瘍は紡錐形細胞からなり, c-kit, CD34陽性でgastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) と診断された.核分裂像は50High-power field (HPF) あたり1個, MIB-1 labeling index は3%と低く, 病理組織学的には悪性の所見を認めなかった.2003年9月腹部CTで腹腔内に8cm大の腫瘤を認めたため, 腹腔内腫瘍の診断で10月開腹術を施行した.主腫瘍は大網に認め, 近傍の2個の小さな娘結節と共に切除した.病理組織学的には前回切除した小腸GISTと類似していたが, 核分裂像は50HPFあたり16個と多く認められた.小腸GIST, 大網腫瘍ともにc-kit遺伝子のexon11の変異 (codon564-576の欠失) を認め, 大網の腫瘍は前回小腸GISTの再発と診断された.術後8か月現在, 再発の兆候はない.

Topic: Gastrointestinal Tumor Research and Treatment
Subfield: Gastroenterology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread: The African American Megachurch and Prosperity Theology

This dissertation explores the simultaneous rise of megachurches and Prosperity Theology within the black church. Recognizing that the megachurch and Prosperity Theology represent two separate phenomena within contemporary religion, I also acknowledge the tendency to regard them as being synonymous. My research begins with an examination of the traditional African American church and pastor, and an exploration of the recent growth of megachurches within the black community. In an attempt to better understand the Prosperity Gospel, I evaluated it in comparison to the Social Gospel, discovering the similarities and differences between the two movements. Considering that there is no consensus as to how Prosperity Theology is defined, I examine the various ways in which it has been defined by African American megachurch pastors. In particular, I assess the ways in which Prosperity Theology represents an extension of the traditions of the black church and its emphasis on economic, social, and political empowerment. This dissertation compares the ministries of Dr. Creflo Dollar, Senior Pastor of Atlanta Georgia?s World Changers Church International and Bishop Joseph W. Walker, III, Senior Pastor of Mount Zion Baptist Church in Nashville, Tennessee. Both are regarded as proponents of Prosperity Theology, however, they advance significantly different approaches to prosperity and Prosperity Theology. An examination of the teachings of Dr. Dollar and Bishop Walker indicate that Dr. Dollar?s beliefs put him at odds with many traditionalists in the black church. In contrast, Bishop Walker?s ministry more closely resembles that of a traditional African American church. These findings are further supported by the responses of their churches? members. The research conducted suggests that Prosperity Theology may be useful in facilitating the goals of economic, social, and political empowerment historically advocated by the black church.

Topic: Theological Perspectives and Practices
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Effects of the Earthquakes on the Classical Musical Life of Christchurch, September 2010 - May 2013

As part of the Canterbury Earthquake Digital Archive, this thesis documents the effects of the earthquakes on the musical life of Christchurch. It concentrates, primarily, on the classical music scene. The thesis examines the difficulties experienced by musical organisations, individual musicians, and teachers as they sought to bring music to the broken city, together with the measures that were necessary in order to overcome those difficulties. It examines how those organisations have worked to re-establish themselves in their particular musical fields. It charts the progress made, to date, along the path to recovery and offers suggestions regarding precautionary measures which, if instituted, could reduce the after-effects of a future disaster. Recognising that not all of the difficulties encountered were directly related to the earthquakes, this thesis also examines the effects on music and musicians, of decision making associated with the recovery effort. The thesis also demonstrates how a destructive event can provide the inspiration for creativity. It recognises the importance of music in maintaining a sense of normality for people, whether they realise it or not, as well as its influences in providing emotional relief in times of stress. Hopefully, it may become a useful guide to which other cities that may be faced with some natural disaster, could refer.

Topic: Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies
Subfield: Geography, Planning and Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Jejunal angiodysplasia: surgery can be life-saving – a case report

Introduction: Angiodysplasia, a rare cause of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, presents a spectrum of clinical manifestations from anemia to life-threatening hemorrhage. This case study emphasizes the significance of considering intestinal vascular malformations as a differential diagnosis, especially in the context of chronic anemia and GI bleeding. Jejunal angiodysplasia, though infrequent, poses diagnostic challenges due to the hidden nature of the small bowel in the GI system. Case presentation: A 23-year-old male presented with acute hematochezia and melena, necessitating prompt intervention. Despite a normal esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy was hindered, CT angiography could not be performed due to the patient’s unstable condition, leading to a planned exploratory laparotomy. Surgical exploration revealed a mucosal vascular lesion in the jejunum, prompting resection, and anastomosis. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful, reinforcing the importance of swift diagnosis and intervention. Clinical discussion: Angiodysplasia’s pathogenesis remains unclear, with hypotheses implicating vascular endothelial growth factor and submucosal changes. Challenges in management revolve around lesion localization and stabilizing hemodynamics, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach. While endoscopy is often diagnostic and therapeutic, advanced modalities such as CT angiography may be required. Literature review highlights diverse presentations and successful interventions, including embolization and surgical resection. Conclusion: Jejunal angiodysplasia demands a comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic strategy. The presented case underscores the pivotal role of endoscopy, embolization, and surgery in managing this condition. Timely diagnosis and intervention are crucial for mitigating the impact of angiodysplasia, necessitating further research and collaborative efforts for improved management of this rare condition.

Topic: Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Gastroenterology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Reaction Kinetics of Desulfurization of Molten Pig Iron Using CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O Slag Systems.

Desulfurization kinetics of molten pig iron were studied using CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O quaternary slag systems at 1 350 degreesC. The concentration of Na2O in slag decreases with lime due to evaporation. The rate of desulfurization increases by increasing the Na2O content in slag, decreasing Al2O3 content, increasing the slag basicity, i.e.,the ratio of CaO to SiO2, and increasing the temperature. A mathematical model has been developed which enables the effect of decrease in Na2O content over time to be taken into consideration. The model provides a rate equation that can represent all conceivable rate controlling steps, such as interfacial chemical reaction, mass transport in the metal phase, and in the slag phase. The apparent rate coefficient-a parameter employed in the model-was dependent on temperature and slag composition, especially Na2O content. An equation is suggested which relates the coefficient to the sulfide capacity of slag. The activation energy of the apparent rate coefficient was found to be 127 kJ mol(-1). It was concluded that the desulfurization of molten pig iron using the present slag system is controlled either by the interfacial chemical reaction or slag phase mass transfer.

Topic: Metallurgical Processes and Thermodynamics
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
OPTIMAL AND HEURISTIC SOLUTIONS FOR THE MULTI‐ITEM NEWSVENDOR PROBLEM WITH A SINGLE CAPACITY CONSTRAINT

This research considers a multi‐item newsvendor problem with a single capacity constraint. While this problem has been addressed in the literature, the focus here is on developing simple, closed‐form expressions for the order quantities. The benefit of such an approach is that the solutions are straightforward to calculate and have managerial appeal. Additionally, we show these expressions to be optimal under a variety of conditions. For more general cases when these optimality conditions do not hold, we use these expressions as heuristic solutions. Via computational studies, we demonstrate that these heuristics are extremely effective when the optimality conditions are not satisfied.

Topic: Supply Chain and Inventory Management
Subfield: Management Information Systems
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Dermal Delivery of a SARS-CoV-2 Subunit Vaccine Induces Immunogenicity against Variants of Concern

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to disrupt essential health services in 90 percent of countries today. The spike (S) protein found on the surface of the causative agent, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been the prime target for current vaccine research since antibodies directed against the S protein were found to neutralize the virus. However, as new variants emerge, mutations within the spike protein have given rise to potential immune evasion of the response generated by the current generation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this study, a modified, HexaPro S protein subunit vaccine, delivered using a needle-free high-density microarray patch (HD-MAP), was investigated for its immunogenicity and virus-neutralizing abilities. Mice given two doses of the vaccine candidate generated potent antibody responses capable of neutralizing the parental SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as the variants of concern, Alpha and Delta. These results demonstrate that this alternative vaccination strategy has the potential to mitigate the effect of emerging viral variants.

Topic: SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Childhood traumatic events, alexithymia and perceived stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis during the COVID-19 pandemic

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease, causing joint-swelling and pain. International literature highlights that patients with RA are more likely to report high levels of alexithymia, adverse childhood events (ACEs) and stress, but studies investigating the association between these dimensions are lacking. The general aim of the present study is to investigate the association between alexithymia, ACEs, and stress in RA patients and to highlight possible predictors of greater perceived stress. One hundred and thirty-seven female patients with RA (mean age = 50.74; SD = 10.01) participated in an online survey between April and May 2021. Participants completed a questionnaire for the collection of sociodemographic and clinical information, the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Adverse Childhood Events questionnaire and the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale. The correlational analysis highlighted several significant associations between the dimensions evaluated. Regression analyses showed that alexithymia, ACEs and the perceived health status have a predictive effect on the perceived stress of RA patients. More specifically, the role of difficulty in identifying feelings, and the physical and emotional neglect, has been highlighted. ACEs and high levels of alexithymia are common in RA clinical populations and seem to affect the wellbeing of these patients. The use of a biopsychosocial approach to RA treatment appears essential in achieving a better quality of life and illness control in this specific clinical population.

Topic: Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Education, British Colonialism, and a Plural Society in West Malaysia: The Development of Education in the British Settlements along the Straits of Malacca, 1786-1874

In the modern history of West Malaysia, people from four of the world's major cultural traditions-Malay, Chinese, Indian, and British-have met, settled, clashed and sought to co-exist. Although the British who came as colonizers have now gone, the complex relationship between the formal educational system of the colonial era and the divisive pluralism of contemporary West Malaysian society continues to attract considerable academic and political attention. (1) Recently published monographic studies on aspects of West Malaysian educational history have focused on the period following British Intervention in the Peninsular Malay States of Perak and Selangor in 1874, and one of these studies explicitly attributes the seeds of separatism in contemporary West Malaysian society to the educational policies implemented under British colonial auspices during the period between 1874 and 1940. (2) Since this article is concerned with an earlier period than the recent monographic studies, it cannot be employed to test or disprove the arguments of these works. The article does, however, examine the origins of West Malaysia's cultural pluralism in the century prior to 1874 and portrays this pluralism as the consequence of a multiplicity of circumstances, not merely British educational policies. It was in 1786 that Britain obtained a colonial toe-hold in West Malaysia, when Francis Light took possession of the island of Penang on

Topic: Education and Islamic Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences