jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
FLAXSEED OIL INDUCES APOPTOSIS IN THE AGGRESSIVE MURINE MELANOMA CELL LINE B16-BL6

Flaxseed is classified as a functional food and is renowned for its exceptional&#13;\nnutrional value. These foods have the ability to either promote overall well-being and/or reduce the risk of certain diseases. Flaxseed, in the form of seed-derived oil,is the highest plant source of the omega-3 fatty acid, alpha linolenic acid. This nutraceutical has been credited with providing protective benefits against breast, colon and prostate&#13;\ncancers. Humans are unable to synthesize omega-3 fatty acids within the body and&#13;\ntherefore must obtain sufficient amounts of this antioxidant through diet alone.&#13;\nCurrently, the Western diet is grossly deficient in omega-3 fatty acids and this is&#13;\nin part due to the overwhelming presence of omega-6 fatty acids used in food processing&#13;\nand manufacturing techniques. As one of the highest sources of omega-3 fatty acids,&#13;\nflaxseed is often taken as a supplement to help balance the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6&#13;\nfatty acids in Western cultures. Although flaxseed has been beneficial in alleviating&#13;\ncertain symptoms in patients suffering from cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer,&#13;\nthe underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previous animal studies have shown that a&#13;\ndiet supplemented with 10% flaxseed, significantly decreased tumour growth in rodent cancer models. Our studies include the treatment of malignant cells with flaxseed oil in an in vitro model. We have shown that flaxseed oil has the ability to reduce cell growth in B16-BL6 cells, an aggressive murine melanoma. Furthermore, a total of seven different oils containing high concentrations of omega fatty acids, including flaxseed oil,&#13;\nolive, sunflower, canola, sesame, peanut and grapeseed, were characterized by HPLC and&#13;\nGC/MS analysis for fatty acid profiles, and these oils were also used to treat B16-BL6&#13;\ncells. Although all seven oils contain various amounts of omega-3, -6 or -9 fatty acids, only treatment with flaxseed oil decreased the growth of the aggressive murine melanoma cell line B16-BL6. DNA laddering, acridine-orange staining, TUNEL staining, and FACS analysis using Annexin V and propidium iodide, showed that the flaxseed-treated cells were undergoing apoptosis, a type of cell suicide. Therefore, due to its ability to&#13;\nselectively inhibit malignant cell proliferation, flaxseed oil has significant potential as an anti-cancer therapeutic.

Topic: Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of Finite Speed Diffusion and Relaxation During Simultaneous Reaction and Diffusion in a Finite Slab at Constant Wall Concentration

The transient solution to the concentration profile during simultaneous diffusion, relaxation and reaction using Cattaneo and Vernotte non- Fick hyperbolic damped wave finite speed diffusion and relaxation equation is obtained by the method of separation of variables. The geometry considered is finite slab with width 2a subject to constant wall concentration. The result is given as a Fourier series with an augmented expression in the time domain. The Taitel paradox is obviated by examining the final steady state condition and expressing the state in mathematical terms. The Clausius inequality is preserved after solving for the final condition. A bifurcated solution results. For small width of the slab, a < π sqrt(Dτ)/(|1 – k*|, the transient concentration is subcritical damped oscillatory. An exact well bounded solution that is bifurcated depending on the width of the slab is provided. The exact solution is expressed as a sum of steady state and transient contributions. For a = π sqrt(Dτ)/(|1 – k*|, the parabolic Fick diffusion results remain.

Topic: Differential Equations and Numerical Methods
Subfield: Numerical Analysis
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Advancing plant cell wall modelling: parametric finite element approach

The study utilized genetic algorithms to optimize the mechanical properties of wheat stems, focusing on axial stress, shear stress, bending stress, and critical buckling force. The results indicated that the optimized stem design could withstand applied forces with adequate safety margins, enhancing lodging resistance. Future work will include advanced optimization techniques and validation to further improve wheat stem structural integrity.

Topic: Plant Surface Properties and Treatments
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
p53-Independent Negative Regulation of p21/Cyclin-Dependent Kinase–Interacting Protein 1 by the Sonic Hedgehog-Glioma-Associated Oncogene 1 Pathway in Gastric Carcinoma Cells

Abstract The activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been implicated in the growth of various tumor types, including gastric carcinoma. However, the precise mechanisms of Hh activation and suppression of tumor growth by the blockade of Hh signaling in gastric carcinoma cells remain unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of abnormal Hh signaling and the key molecules contributing to dysregulated growth of gastric carcinoma. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) ligand and its receptor Patched were expressed in all five gastric carcinoma cell lines examined (MKN1, MKN7, MKN45, MKN74, and AGS cells). The blockade of Hh signaling with anti-Shh antibody inhibited the growth of all five gastric carcinoma cell lines. Shh was overexpressed (mean, 12.8-fold) in 8 of 14 (57.0%) cancerous tissue samples from patients with gastric carcinoma as compared with expression in the surrounding noncancerous tissues. The disruption of glioma-associated oncogene 1 (Gli1) by small interfering RNA induced an increase in p21/cyclin-dependent kinase–interacting protein 1 (CIP1), interfered with the G1-S transition, and suppressed cell proliferation. The stimulation or inhibition of Hh signaling did not affect p53 activity and the induction of p21/CIP1 expression and the G1 arrest by inhibition of Hh signaling were not affected by the p53 status. These findings suggest that the overexpression of Shh contributes to constitutive Hh activation and that this signaling pathway negatively regulates p21/CIP1 through a Gli1-dependent and p53-independent mechanism in gastric carcinoma cells.

Topic: Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Comparative Analysis of Agricultural Credit System and Organization in Selected Countries

The agricultural sector has been a key economic force in all countries, developed and developing alike. To assist farmers with their financing needs, countries have established different agricultural credit systems and organizations depending on their overall needs, goals, and historical contextual background. Such structural considerations as the aggregate size of farm lands, diversity in production systems, and farmers’ needs and wants have played an important role in shaping the evolution of agricultural credit organizations around the world. In this study, the agricultural credit systems in select developed and developing countries which offer a mix of very advanced, intermediate, and evolving systems are compared. This research aims to identify key difference of agricultural credit systems with regards to the main actors involved (governmental/private banks, credit cooperative, etc.), application processes, terms and conditions, types, and priorities. The study identifies several agricultural credit systems which reflect countries’ political, economic and structural properties.

Topic: Agricultural Innovations and Practices
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
THE FORMATION OF 21-DEOXYCORTISOL BY HUMAN ADRENAL TISSUE

Although 21-deoxycortisol has been detected in the plasma of a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (Wieland, Maynard, Riley & Hamwi, 1965), its presence could not be demonstrated in adrenal tissue or in adrenal incubates from patients with this syndrome (Bongiovanni, 1958). The present communication reports the formation in vitro of radioactive 21-deoxycortisol from [4-14C]progesterone by hyperplastic adrenal tissue obtained from a 12-yr.-old girl with the adrenogenital syndrome. A preliminary report of a part of this study has already been published (O'Donnell, Birnie & MacArthur, 1962). Slices (7·68 g.) prepared with a Stadie-Riggs microtome were added to 75 ml. of Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (pH 7·4) containing glucose (0·01 m) and fumarate (0·04 m) and were incubated with [4-14C]progesterone (2·85 mg.; sp. act., 8·10 × 106 counts/min./mg.) at 37° for 3 hr. in air. Radioactivity was measured in a windowless gas-flow counter operating in the Geiger region.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Glucocorticoid pretreatment protects cardiac function and induces cardiac heat shock protein 72

Acute administration of glucocortiocoids reduces inflammation. Increasing knowledge of the mechanisms of action indicate that pretreatment with glucocorticoids could have organ-protective effects. We investigated whether pretreatment with methylprednisolone (MP) protected the heart against ischemia-reperfusion dysfunction, and we hypothetized that this protection might be due to induction of the cardioprotective heat shock protein 72 (HSP72). Rats were given vehicle or MP-40 mg/kg im as a double injection starting either 24 or 120 h (5 days) before their hearts were excised for Langendorff perfusion ( n = 6–11 hearts in each group). MP improved left ventricular function and coronary flow during reperfusion after 30 min of global ischemia and reduced infarct size. Cardiac HSP72 gradually increased in a 24-h time course after MP treatment, and the increase was sustained 5 days afterward (immunoblotting). HSP72 mRNA was either reduced or unchanged, indicating a posttranscriptional regulation. Pretreatment with hydrocortisone or dexamethasone ( n = 7–8 hearts of each) similarily increased cardiac HSP72 24 h afterward. This paper demonstrates that glucocorticoids increase cardiac HSP72 and protect organ function against ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Topic: Heat shock proteins research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Mapping the Inner Structure of Quasars with Time-Domain Spectroscopy

The ubiquitous variability of quasars across a wide range of wavelengths and timescales encodes critical information about the structure and dynamics of the circumnuclear emitting regions that are too small to be directly resolved, as well as detailed underlying physics of accretion and feedback processes in these active supermassive black holes. We emphasize the importance of studying quasar variability with time-domain spectroscopy, focusing on two science cases: (1) reverberation mapping (RM) to measure the broad-line region sizes and black hole masses in distant quasars; (2) spectroscopic follow-up of extreme variability quasars that dramatically change their continuum and broad-line flux within several years. We highlight the need for dedicated optical-infrared spectroscopic survey facilities in the coming decades to accompany wide-area time-domain imaging surveys, including: (1) the next phase of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-V; ~2020-2025), an all-sky, time-domain multi-object spectroscopic survey with 2.5m-class telescopes; (2) the planned Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer, a dedicated 10m-class spectroscopic survey telescope with a 1.5 sq. deg field-of-view and multiplex of thousands of fibers in both optical and near-IR (J+H) to begin operations in 2029; (3) the Time-domain Spectroscopic Observatory (TSO), a proposed Probe-class ~1.3m telescope at L2, with imaging and spectroscopy (R=200, 1800) in 4 bands (0.3 - 5 micron) and rapid slew capability to 90% of sky, which will extend the coverage of Hbeta to z=8.

Topic: Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
Subfield: Instrumentation
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Using of ELISA in Diagnosis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, a Case Report

This report is a case of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) witch observed in a tourist woman in Istanbul. The patient presented with chills and abdominal pain. For this blood sample has been collected at the onset of the disease and tested for CCHFV antigen by using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In result, antigen positive has been determined and the patient was found to be positive for CCHFV by ELISA.

Topic: Viral Infections and Vectors
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Structure and function of human Naa60 (NatF), a Golgi-localized bi-functional acetyltransferase

N-terminal acetylation (Nt-acetylation), carried out by N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs), is a conserved and primary modification of nascent peptide chains. Naa60 (also named NatF) is a recently identified NAT found only in multicellular eukaryotes. This protein was shown to locate on the Golgi apparatus and mainly catalyze the Nt-acetylation of transmembrane proteins, and it also harbors lysine N(ε)-acetyltransferase (KAT) activity to catalyze the acetylation of lysine ε-amine. Here, we report the crystal structures of human Naa60 (hNaa60) in complex with Acetyl-Coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) or Coenzyme A (CoA). The hNaa60 protein contains an amphipathic helix following its GNAT domain that may contribute to Golgi localization of hNaa60, and the β7-β8 hairpin adopted different conformations in the hNaa60(1-242) and hNaa60(1-199) crystal structures. Remarkably, we found that the side-chain of Phe 34 can influence the position of the coenzyme, indicating a new regulatory mechanism involving enzyme, co-factor and substrates interactions. Moreover, structural comparison and biochemical studies indicated that Tyr 97 and His 138 are key residues for catalytic reaction and that a non-conserved β3-β4 long loop participates in the regulation of hNaa60 activity.

Topic: Peptidase Inhibition and Analysis
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Outpatient treatment of sleep apnea syndrome with CO2 laser: laser-assisted UPPP.

The pharyngeal airway obstruction that occurs during sleep in some patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) can be improved after treatment by laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP), a new technique performed under local anaesthesia. LAUP permits surgery for the treatment of snoring to be performed in an office setting under local anaesthesia. Our experience with LAUP in OSAS in 63 patients is presented. Among the 55 patients classified as successful responders, the respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced by more than 50%. The reduction of apnea length and of preoperative oxygen desaturation index was greater than 50%. The average responder RDI decreased from 41.5 to 16.9. For the entire group, the average RDI decreased from 41.3 to 20.3. There were no significant complications. This method and its results are discussed.

Topic: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
How do firms present choice to consumers? Some unusual decision constructs along the B2C transaction process

Certain features amongst some online retailers are atypical of ‘good’ design; the transaction process presents consumers with optional extras that not only slowed the process down, but also stressed and agitated consumers. An established norm is that web design, employing human computer interaction (HCI) principles, develops applications that are easy to use and make the consumer experience positively engaging and productive (Rogers et al., 2011; Shneiderman and Plaisant, 2010; Sklar, 2006). This norm is in question today, as many points in commercial Business-to-Consumer (B2C) transactions are riddled with pitfalls intended to slowdown, confuse or trick consumers (Barry and Torres, 2009). This paper offers a taxonomy of decision constructs encountered throughout online B2C transactional processes. The findings make an incremental contribution in theorising, identifying and categorising new and established decision constructs, as well as reporting on whether the decision constructs are used and examining them in terms of factors such as opacity, clarity and user frustration.

Topic: Digital Marketing and Social Media
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Commonality of Envelope Wages in Eastern European Economies

This paper evaluates the common practice in East European economies whereby formal employers pay their formal employees both a declared wage and an undeclared "envelope wage." Until now, little survey evidence has been available. Here, an extensive Eurobarometer survey involving 10,171 face-to-face interviews in East European economies conducted in 2007 is reported. It finds that one in ten formal employees had received envelope wages in the previous year, amounting on average to two-fifths of their gross annual wage. This is found to be a ubiquitous practice, albeit more common in some countries, sectors, occupations, and population groups than others. A more in-depth evaluation of this wage practice in Eastern Europe and greater discussion of how the arrangement might be tackled is called for.

Topic: Taxation and Compliance Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Spatial Imaginaries and Geopolitics in US–China Rivalry

This introduction discusses the analytic premises of the book’s core puzzle: the variation across territories and regions of great power rivalry and cooperation in the 21st century, focusing on US–China bilateral relations. China and the US are the two most powerful state actors in the post-COVID-19 world order, with China challenging the US economically and in global financial governance through initiatives like the Belt and Road and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. While the US remains the biggest spender on national defense, China has made significant advancements. China is also cooperating with Russia in key voting issues in the UN Security Council, although the US is the key state actor in most intergovernmental organizations. This chapter introduces spatialization as a conceptual tool to understand the variations of US–China relations across world regions.<br>

Topic: Chinese history and philosophy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Renal Transplantation in the Rat II. In Vitro Perfusion of Rat Kidneys before Transplantation

The use of rats in renal preservation studies has many advantages: homogeneity, the availability of inbred strains, low cost, and simplicity of handling. Techniques for renal transplantation in the rat are already established. The present work was performed to standardize the isolated hypothermic perfusion of rat kidneys, using the clearing of blood as a reference point. Reproducibility of isolated perfusion was attained, when the donor rat was anaesthetized with Inactin and pretreated with phenoxybenzamine and heparin. Perfusion was performed with constant flow under controlled temperature conditions, and the perfusion pressure was monitored. Comparative studies of the clearance of blood from the cortex and outer medulla are included in this model. Provided the microsurgical technique is mastered, the rat may be used for studies of renal preservation. The developed technique permits the kidney to be perfused under controlled conditions.

Topic: Organ Transplantation Techniques and Outcomes
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
<sup>15</sup>N and <sup>31</sup>P Solid-State NMR Investigations on the Orientation of Zervamicin II and Alamethicin in Phosphatidylcholine Membranes

The topologies of zervamicin II and alamethicin, labeled with (15)N uniformly, selectively, or specifically, have been investigated by oriented proton-decoupled (15)N solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Whereas at lipid-to-peptide (L/P) ratios of 50 (wt/wt) zervamicin II exhibits transmembrane alignments in 1,2-dicapryl (di-C10:0-PC) and 1,2-dilauroyl (di-C12:0-PC) phosphatidylcholine bilayers, it adopts orientations predominantly parallel to the membrane surface when the lengths of the fatty acyl chains are extended. The orientational order of zervamicin II increases with higher phospholipid concentrations, and considerable line narrowing is obtained in di-C10:0-PC/zervamicin II membranes at L/P ratios of 100 (wt/wt). In contrast to zervamicin, alamethicin is transmembrane throughout most, if not all, of its length when reconstituted into 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bilayers. The (31)P solid-state NMR spectra of all phospholipid/peptaibol samples investigated show a high degree of headgroup order, indicating that the peptides do not distort the bilayer structure. The observed differences in peptide orientation between zervamicin and alamethicin are discussed with reference to differences in their lengths, helical conformations, distribution of (hydroxy)proline residues, and hydrophobic moments. Possible implications for peptaibol voltage-gating are also described.

Topic: Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Combat Optimization and Analysis - COAP Volume IV. Parameter Optimization Subprogram Manual.

COAP is a program for the simulation and optimization of combative and cooperative two-vehicle flight paths. It includes single vehicle flight path problem capability as a subcase. Considerable emphasis is placed on the use of modern optimization. The program has the ability to perform trajectory optimization by the variational steepest-descent method including search for optimal initial conditions; search for optimal arc (stage) lengths; constraints defined at terminal point, intermediate corners (stage points), or along the path; and optimum parameter (design variable) values. The program can solve two system (vehicle) problems with or without reacting feedback from the second system (vehicle). Alternatively, the program may be used to apply the direct multivariable search approach to trajectory optimization. Point mass equations of motion for a two-vehicle system are incorporated in the COAP program. Motion takes place about a rotating oblate planet having up to four harmonics in its gravitational field, non-uniform atmosphere and winds. Combative logic is defined in terms of vehicle relative states. The logic defines feedback control on the basis of relative state. The COAP program may utilize variational optimization procedures to determine optimal open loop control against a reacting opponent employing feedback control defined by combat logic. (Author)

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences