jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Clinical characteristics of the patients&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;.

&lt;p&gt;Note:&lt;/p&gt;a&lt;p&gt;Continuous and categorical variables were expressed as median (interquartile range) and percentage (number) respectively.&lt;/p&gt;b&lt;p&gt;Patients were stratified based on albuminuria (urine albumin-creatinine ratio) as normoalbuminuria (&lt;30 mg/g), microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/g), macroalbuminuria (&gt;300 mg/g).&lt;/p&gt;c&lt;p&gt;Chi-Square test in categorical variables, Kruskall-Wallis test in continuous variables.&lt;/p&gt;*&lt;p&gt;P&lt;0.05 compared with normoalbuminuria group (Chi-Square test in categorical variables, Mann-Whitney U test in continuous variables).&lt;/p&gt;**&lt;p&gt;P&lt;0.0001 compared with normoalbuminuria group (Chi-Square test in categorical variables, Mann-Whitney U test in continuous variables).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Calcium phosphate product, Calcium x Phosphate x 4; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Peanut Plant Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
EPIZOOTIOLOGY OF GYPSY MOTH NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS

Recent experimental findings demonstrate that two distinct waves of mortality of gypsy moth larvae from nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) occurs during larval development. The evidence suggests that early instars acquire lethal doses of NPV from the surface of the egg mass and the cadavers of these larvae produce inoculum that causes a second wave of mortality among late instars. Transmission of NPV between gypsy moth generations appears to occur primarily by way of contamination of egg masses from environmental sources during oviposition. Other factors influencing NPV epizootiology including Foliage chemistry, weather and genetic effects are discussed.

Topic: Plant Virus Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Extracellular bimolecular fluorescence complementation for investigating membrane protein dimerization: a proof of concept using class B GPCRs

Abstract Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) methodology uses split fluorescent proteins to detect interactions between proteins in living cells. To date, BiFC has been used to investigate receptor dimerization by splitting the fluorescent protein between the intracellular portions of different receptor components. We reasoned that attaching these split proteins to the extracellular N-terminus instead may improve the flexibility of this methodology and reduce the likelihood of impaired intracellular signal transduction. As a proof-of-concept, we used receptors for calcitonin gene-related peptide, which comprise heterodimers of either the calcitonin or calcitonin receptor-like receptor in complex with an accessory protein (receptor activity-modifying protein 1). We created fusion constructs in which split mVenus fragments were attached to either the C-termini or N-termini of receptor subunits. The resulting constructs were transfected into Cos7 and HEK293S cells, where we measured cAMP production in response to ligand stimulation, cell surface expression of receptor complexes, and BiFC fluorescence. Additionally, we investigated ligand-dependent internalization in HEK293S cells. We found N-terminal fusions were better tolerated with regards to cAMP signaling and receptor internalization. N-terminal fusions also allowed reconstitution of functional fluorescent mVenus proteins; however, fluorescence yields were lower than with C-terminal fusion. Our results suggest that BiFC methodologies can be applied to the receptor N-terminus, thereby increasing the flexibility of this approach, and enabling further insights into receptor dimerization.

Topic: Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Amplification and Expression of Genes Associated with Multidrug Resistance in Mammalian Cells

In multidrug resistance, which is observed clinically and in tissue culture, cells that are challenged with certain cytotoxic drugs develop resistance not only to the selective agent but also to other, seemingly unrelated, agents. The multidrug-resistant phenotype is associated with DNA sequence amplification and with the overproduction of a number of cytosolic and membrane glycoproteins. The differential amplification and altered expression of at least two related genes, termed multidrug-resistant associated genes has been shown in multidrug-resistant Chinese hamster cells. In multidrug-resistant mouse and human cells, genes homologous to those in Chinese hamster cells are also amplified. The level of expression of these genes varied and did not correlate with their copy number. Furthermore, in Chinese hamster cells, the development of resistance to a single drug and multidrug resistance were closely related, but uncoupled, events. The overexpression of the multidrug-resistant genes was better correlated with the degree of resistance to the selective agent than it was with the extent of multidrug resistance.

Topic: Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Clinical course in corticobasal syndrome and corticobasal degeneration: implications for diagnosis and management

This scientific commentary relates to ‘Clinical course of pathologically confirmed corticobasal degeneration and corticobasal syndrome’, by Aiba et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcad296).

Topic: Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Volatiles from Two Gymnosperm Fossils: Early Cretaceous Seed Cone of Pityostrobus spp. and Miocene Leaves of Metasequoia glyptostroboides

Fifty-one and nineteen compounds were detected respectively from the volatile extracts of the fossils from Miocene leaves of metasequoia glyptostroboides and early Cretaceous seed cone of Pityostrobus spp. by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. These compounds were found belonging to n-alkanes, n-alkenes, n-alkanols, long chain fatty acids and their esters, phthalates, terpenoids and aromatic compounds, and three compounds of them, abietane diterpenoid, heptadecanoic acid and retene were considered as biomarkers for gymnosperm plants.

Topic: Plant Diversity and Evolution
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Review of the Configuration Risk Management Methodologies

Abstract To ensure nuclear safety and prevent or mitigate the consequences of accidents, many safety systems have been set up in nuclear power plants to limit the consequences of accidents. Even though technical specifications based on deterministic safety analysis are applied to avoid serious accidents, they are too poor to handle multi-device managements compared with configuration risk management which computes risks in nuclear power plants based on probabilistic safety assessment according to on-going configurations. In general, there are two methodologies employed in configuration risk management: living probabilistic safety assessment (LPSA) and risk monitor (RM). And average reliability databases during a time of interest are employed in living probabilistic safety assessment, which may be naturally applied to make long-term or regular management projects. While transient risk databases are involved in risk monitor to measure transient risks in nuclear power plants, which may be more appropriate to monitor the real-time risks in nuclear power plants and provide scientific real-time suggestions to operators compared with living probabilistic safety assessment. And this paper concentrates on the applications and developments of living probabilistic safety assessment and risk monitor which are the mainly foundation of the configuration risk management to manage nuclear power plants within safe threshold and avoid serious accidents.

Topic: Risk and Safety Analysis
Subfield: Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Causation in International Relations

Causal claims are bound into the fabric of international relations (IR). Efforts to explain past outcomes, to predict future developments, to comprehend the range of options open to international actors, to advance policy prescriptions, and to evaluate policy decisions vis-à-vis possible alternatives all typically rely, explicitly or implicitly, on causal claims. Moreover, politicians, policymakers, and other state and nonstate actors who seek to manipulate particular aspects of world politics are also (whether they realize it or not) typically acting on causal claims. Acquiring reliable causal knowledge is therefore extremely valuable. It is, however, a challenging task. The content of causal claims is shaped not only by relevant facts about the world, but also by ideas about causation itself—for example, about what ‘causing’ is, about the kinds of things that can be causes (and effects), about how causes can be identified, and about what constitutes an adequate Causal Explanation. These are tricky and controversial issues which are often submerged below the surface of our thinking. The challenge of arriving at a clear understanding is reflected in the divisions within work which explicitly engages with questions about causation in IR, divisions which are also found within the philosophical literature on which this work draws. It is also reflected in the tendency, within the broader discipline, to set questions about causation to one side, either because they are viewed as too hard to answer or because it is not obvious how answering them will improve our knowledge of world politics. In order to gain a full picture of debates about causation in IR and their implications for substantive topics it is helpful to explore three broad kinds of literature: first, the philosophical texts which provide the backdrop against which discussions of causation in IR take place; second, existing debates about causation in IR, encompassing both mainstream discussions of methods for causal inference and more specialist literatures on causal realism, the nature of causal explanation, and the relationship between historical and causal inquiry; and third, literature in IR which explicitly examines how positions on underlying questions about causation can and do shape positions on substantive topics in IR.

Topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Connections of midbrain periaqueductal gray in the monkey. I. Ascending efferent projections

1. To obtain a comprehensive map of the ascending projection of the midbrain periaqueductal gray, small amounts of [3H]leucine were injected into discrete regions of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the monkey. 2. Despite the fact that different regions of the PAG were injected in separate animals, the majority of the PAG's efferent projections to the forebrain remained constant. 3. The diencephalic projection areas include the nucleus reticularis thalami, the nucleus medialis dorsalis, the midline thalamic nuclei, the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, the preoptic area, and the anterior, dorsal, periventricular, ventromedial, periarcurate, lateral, and posterior hypothalamic nuclei. 4. More caudal areas receiving a projection from the PAG include the zona incerta and the mesencephalic reticular formation. 5. The main route for PAG-diencephalic projections is through the periventricular bundle. This implies that if a stimulating electrode was placed in this region, both the diencephalic leads to PAG and PAG leads to diencephalic pathways would be stimulated. This observation may explain the wide variety of side effects often encountered in stimulation-produced analgesia in humans. 6. These results support our hypothesis that the PAG functions as a visceral, nociceptive, and cognitive integrator.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Tissue Culture Studies of the Virus of Progressive Pneumonia, A Slow Infectious Disease of Sheep

Properties of progressive pneumonia virus (PPV) were studied in sheep lung cell monolayers. Growth studies revealed that, with a multiplicity of infection of 2 TCID50 virus/cell, virus replicated to a titer of 106.6 TCID50 virus/ml in 4 days. Typical polykaryocytes were first seen at 1 day post inoculation (PI) and became larger and more numerous as the virus titer increased. Inoculation of high concentrations of virus produced cell fusion within 3 hr PI. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed homogeneous cytoplasmic fluorescence in infected cells as early as 1 day PI. The number of cells showing fluorescence and the intensity of the fluorescence increased steadily with increase of virus titer. The genetic material for PPV is probably single-stranded RNA. The various properties indicate that PPV is closely related to maedi, zwoegerziekte, and visna viruses.

Topic: Animal Virus Infections Studies
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Impact of Bioflavonoids from Berryfruits on Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome

The phytochemical constituents which comprise many edible berry fruits have increasingly been linked to modulation of biomarkers associated with conditions of diabetes, overweight/obesity, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), all components of metabolic syndrome. While many wild berries have long been valued in traditional medicine as health protective, it is only recently that the ability of berry bioactives to affect particular clinical targets has been demonstrated. In addition to the widely recognized antioxidant power of berry extracts, both commercial berry varieties and wild species have been linked to hypoglycemic activity, inhibition of adipogenesis, amelioration of CVD risk factors, anti-inflammatory capacity, and ability to induce satiety/counteract overweight. In some cases, proanthocyanidin constituents or anthocyanin pigments have been shown to be the active agents, but in many other cases, interactions between co-occuring phytochemical constituents potentiate bioactivity of berry extracts.

Topic: Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Trojan horse or white elephant? The contested biography of the life and times of the Leeds Development Corporation

Trojan Horse or White Elephant? The Contested Biography of the Life and Times of the LeedsDevelopment CorporationAuthor(s): Graham HaughtonReviewed work(s):Source: The Town Planning Review, Vol. 70, No. 2 (Apr., 1999), pp. 173-190Published by: Liverpool University PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40111756 .Accessed: 26/04/2012 14:09

Topic: Urban Planning and Governance
Subfield: Urban Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Development of healthier gummy candy by substituting glucose syrup with various fruit juice concentrates

Abstract The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various formulations of fruit juice concentrates (pomegranate, grape, and sour cherry) on the pH, water activity, density, color, texture, and microstructure characteristics of candies instead of glucose syrup. The experimental points of the study were examined by a D‐optimal mixture design to optimize the concentration of fruits used in the formulation and achieve excellent physicochemical characteristics. Fruit juice concentrates, either singly or in combination, were used as a complete substitute for glucose syrup in the formulation. Total fruit juice concentration used in the formulation was 54.07% and each of the fruit juice concentrations changed between 0 and 54.07% in the formulation. By combining these three fruit juices, 14 gummy candy samples were produced, depending on the Special cubic, cubic, and quadratic models that were used for the effects on the physicochemical properties (pH, water activity, density, L *, a *, b *, and chroma), and the texture profile analysis (TPA) (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and resilience) parameters according to independent variables. Results showed that pH, water activity, and density values of the gummy candy samples were found to be in the range of 2.22–3.08, 0.46–0.52, and 1.10–1.53 g/mL, respectively, and were significantly affected by different fruit juice concentrates ( p &lt; .05). The texture profile analysis showed that except for springiness, fruit juice concentrations significantly affected the texture profile ( p &lt; .05). The texture values, such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and resilience of the gummy candy samples, were determined as 146.1–938.8 N, 0.63–0.99, 0.75–1.19, 136.02–947.94 g, and 0.12–0.51, respectively. In addition, various fruit juice concentrates significantly affected the color parameters of gummy candies, and using pomegranate juice and sour cherry concentrates increased the + a * value of the gummy candies. Therefore, fruit juice‐based gummy candies can be developed as value‐added gummy candies by using fruit juice concentrates.

Topic: Microencapsulation and Drying Processes
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Effect of Decidual Microenvironment on Dendritic Cell Function in Normal Pregnancy and Abortion

Background Decidua as maternal-fetal contact surface has a completely different immunological environment from the maternal peripheral blood. The present study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of molecules secreted by decidual cells on dendritic cells (DCs) function in abortion-prone compared with non-abortion-prone mice. Materials and Methods: The decidual cell supernatants (DS) were obtained from abortion and non-abortion mouse models. Splenic DCs were treated with antigen and DS. Treated DCs were injected into mice palms. After 5 days, draining lymph nodes were removed, cultured in the presence of cognate antigen, and proliferation of lymphocyte cells was measured by 3H-thymidin incorporation. Results: Our results showed that immunosuppressive activity of DS from non-abortion-prone mice significantly decrease dendritic cells' ability to stimulate lymphocytes proliferation compared with DS from abortion-prone mice (Simulation index (SI) of 4.93 ± 0.34 versus 11.84 ± 0.79).We, also found that DS prepared from non-resorption sites compared with DS from resorption sites in abortion-prone mice had increased immunosuppressive activity on DC function (SI of 7.31 ± 1.02 versus 2.67 ± 0.49). Conclusion: We concluded that immunomodulatory activity of molecules secreted within decidual tissue is different between abortion-prone and non-abortion-prone mice. We claimed that these molecules, through modulation of DCs function, play crucial role on pregnancy outcome.

Topic: Reproductive System and Pregnancy
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Counting the cost: Psychological distress in career and auxiliary firefighters

to psychological distress as a result of attending traumatic events. However, few studies have examined this finding in terms of the subgroups that exist in the firefighting population. This study compared the degree of psychological distress reported by career and auxiliary firefighters. Self-report questionnaires, including measures of traumatic incident exposure, general psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire –28) and symptomatic responses to traumatic stressors (Impact of Events Scale Revised), were completed by 75 career and 67 auxiliary Australian firefighters. Career firefighters reported more psychological distress than auxiliary firefighters, with length of firefighter service being associated with the difference in psychological distress reported by the two types of firefighters. The results support the literature linking length of firefighting service with psychological distress. However, a caveat was placed on inferring causal relationships between length of service only and psychological distress.

Topic: Occupational Health and Performance
Subfield: Occupational Therapy
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Experimental Investigation of Multiple Pore Volumes Needed to Reach Steady-state Foam Flow in a Porous Media

Summary In most of transient foam core-flood studies, it is observed that multiple pore volumes of foam injection are needed before reaching the steady-state. The pore volumes needed appear to change with the degree of homogeneity of the porous media, orientation of the core, type of surfactant and the total injected flow rate. This is contrary to the foam-model results, which usually predict reaching the steady-state after approximately a single moveable pore volume of gas injection. It is important to understand whether this is a laboratory artifact due to core scale and/or gravity segregation, or could it also be present at reservoir scale, in order to have the reliable foam rheology predictive tools at reservoir scale. We designed the experimental set-up to investigate the phenomenon. In order to mitigate the gravity segregation in typical sand-pack systems, as well as to study the scale effect, we used slim-tubes of 1-ft and 6-ft length to understand the pore volumes needed to reach steady-state. Silica-sand-packed cylindrical slim tubes with an inner diameter of 0.66 inch were used in the foam flood experiments. Foaming surfactant solution and gas were co-injected into the slim-tube apparatus until a steady state is reached. Transient and steady-state pressure gradient data were recorded to investigate foam flow in the slim tube at a variety of injection conditions. Foam experiments with foot-long and 6-ft long slim tubes were compared in order to understand the effect of system length on foam generation and transport. One of the most important findings in this study is that the 6-ft long slim-tube requires significantly fewer pore volumes to reach a steady state than foot-long one under the same foam injection scheme. The analysis of our results revealed several key factors that played important roles in triggering foam generation in the slim tube. We found that the vertical configuration with gas and surfactant solution co-injected from the bottom significantly promoted foam generation in a relatively homogeneous system compared with the horizontal configuration. Foam generation in the slim tube was also facilitated by wider sand grain-size distribution in our tests possibly due to more favorable pore throat-to-body ratios for the snap-off mechanism. Additionally, higher injection velocity helped triggering foam generation in the slim tube. The results obtained in this study can be therefore used not only for improving fundamental knowledge of foam transport but also for upscaling foam models.

Topic: Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques
Subfield: Ocean Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences