jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The inceptive construction and associated topics in Amharic and related languages

This thesis investigates the syntactic features, functions, and diachrony of a complex predicate called ‘the inceptive construction’ which is based on a grammaticalised use of the converbs ‘get up’, ‘pick up’, ‘grasp’, and ‘take’. The languages under investigation are Amharic, Argobba, Harari, Zay, and Selt’i. The data collection that was analized consists of elicitations, audio recordings, and written texts. The analysis shows that the converbs identify the initial phase of the event encoded by a following verb. The converbs are further associated with nuances like volition, surprise, and emphasis. The rise of such interpretations as surprise and emphasis appears to depend mainly on context, while volition is inherent to the construction. The languages generally do not show much variation. However, there is a notable difference in some co-occurrence restrictions. Moreover, there is a difference in the presence/absence of certain converbs mainly in Harari and Zay, which is clearly a matter of preference between individual consultants. Regarding the origin of the inceptive construction, collocation, frequency, and speakers’ conception of the action of the converbs are possible factors that lead the verbs to grammaticalize into markers of the inception phase. Only some traces of the construction are found in an old Amharic text from the 15th century. The converb is the main verb form used in the inceptive construction, although other verb forms are allowed which may take a coordinating conjunction (in the cases of Amharic and Argobba) and an iterative/simultaneity marker (‘while’). The Amharic conjunction =nna ‘and’ links the light verb with the reference verb in the inceptive construction, but is also used in causal(purposive) and conditional coordination. The criteria of tense iconicity and variable positions indicate that =nna is a coordinating conjunction in the former, but a subordinator in the latter. Lastly, the converb in Amharic is shown to become insubordinated, i.e. the main verb or auxiliary it depends on gets ellipsed over time and it comes to function as a main verb. An insubordinated converb is used in the expression of surprise/exclamation, interrogation, rhetorical questioning, wishing, and the resultative/perfective. The point is it is still possible to use the notion of ‘converb’ in the inceptive construction as this is a separate historical process.

Topic: Language, Linguistics, Cultural Analysis
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Stress Distribution in Co-Cr Implant Frameworks after Laser or TIG Welding

Lack of passivity has been associated with biomechanical problems in implant-supported prosthesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the passivity of three techniques to fabricate an implant framework from a Co-Cr alloy by photoelasticity. The model was obtained from a steel die simulating an edentulous mandible with 4 external hexagon analog implants with a standard platform. On this model, five frameworks were fabricated for each group: a monoblock framework (control), laser and TIG welding frameworks. The photoelastic model was made from a flexible epoxy resin. On the photoelastic analysis, the frameworks were bolted onto the model for the verification of maximum shear stress at 34 selected points around the implants and 5 points in the middle of the model. The stresses were compared all over the photoelastic model, between the right, left, and center regions and between the cervical and apical regions. The values were subjected to two-way ANOVA, and Tukey's test (α=0.05). There was no significant difference among the groups and studied areas (p&gt;0.05). It was concluded that the stresses generated around the implants were similar for all techniques.

Topic: Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Anterior Segment Surgery: IOLs, Lasers, and Refractive Keratoplasty

Anterior segment surgery has been a "hot topic" in ophthalmology in recent years. Since 1982, over 48 books, as well as innumerable journal articles, conferences, and articles in "throwaway" format, have been devoted to that topic. Appropriately, then, the authors raise the issue in their preface, stating that "one might question why another book on anterior segment surgery is needed." Having enlisted the contributions of 82 coauthors, the editors have organized a textbook of anterior segment surgery that concentrates on cataract surgery and puts particular emphasis on intraocular lenses, lasers, and refractive keratoplasty. The book traces the evolution of cataract surgery and includes extensive discussions of the intraocular lens and its structure, evolution, and current status. Twenty pages are devoted to anterior chamber intraocular lenses, 47 to posterior chamber intraocular lenses, and 20 to secondary intraocular lenses. Alternatives to intraocular lenses, including refractive corneal surgery, are then discussed, as are

Topic: Corneal surgery and disorders
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
From Pathways to Portals: Getting to the Root of a Public Housing Community

The Chicago Housing Authority is currently in the late stages of a controversial ten-year urban renewal initiative that will see the city’s public housing projects replaced with mixed-income accommodations. Ordered to pack up and leave not only their homes but also lifelong friends and support networks, many project residents have, quite literally, had their roots yanked from beneath their feet. In this essay I employ the iconographic uses of natural imagery present in Kerry James Marshall’s Garden Project paintings (1993-1994) and Daniel Roth’s installation Cabrini Green Forest (2004) to, first, explore the “rooted” attachment of public housing dwellers to their living environment and, second, to consider the desire of many residents to safeguard community landmarks against the threat of demolition.

Topic: Art, Politics, and Modernism
Subfield: Visual Arts and Performing Arts
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Features extraction for classification of brain tumor MRI images using support vector machine

This paper proposes to obtain the optimal quantifiable number of GLCM (gray level co-occurrence matrix) texture features for the medical MRI image data set to classify brain tumors as normal or abnormal. Initially, all the GLCM texture features from MRI images are extracted than the best features are extracted from MRI images, which in further given as input to a machine learning model, support vector machine (SVM) for the classification. Within this experiment, all of the known 19 GLCM texture features are initially extracted from the image, then the high-performance accuracy is computed by choosing a subset of the various number of features based on heat map. The experiment was carried out with 244 images consisting of 90 normal and 154 abnormal MRI images from the Kaggle dataset. It is observed that the SVM classifier accuracy increases with an increase in the number of features at 6-7 features, the testing accuracy of nearly 92 % is achieved than with the increase in number of features, then the accuracy stagnates.

Topic: Brain Tumor Detection and Classification
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Extremely severe scoliosis, heterotopic ossification, and osteoarthritis in a three‐generation family with Crouzon syndrome carrying a mutant c.799T&gt;C <i>FGFR2</i>

Abstract Background Crouzon syndrome is a rare and complex autosomal dominant craniosynostosis syndrome with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 60,000 births. The typical features are craniosynostosis, proptosis, midfacial hypoplasia, and noncranial manifestations, including deformities in the cervical spine, elbow, and fingers. Crouzon syndrome is usually caused by pathogenic variants in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 ( FGFR2 ) gene. Methods We reported a three‐generation family with Crouzon syndrome; the proband showed extremely severe limb abnormalities. The clinical features were obtained by physical examination and radiographic examination. Sanger sequencing of all 18 exons of FGFR2 was conducted to identify the disease‐causing mutation. Results The proband was a 44‐year‐old man who showed characteristics of Crouzon syndrome, including craniofacial dysostosis, shallow orbits, proptosis, midface hypoplasia, beaked nose, strabismus, short superior lip, short stature, and neck injection. In addition to these typical characteristics, radiographic examination showed severe scoliosis, heterotopic ossification of the elbows, knee osteoarthritis, metacarpophalangeal joint valgus, collapse of the articular surface of the thumb metacarpal, knuckle ossification and fusion. Sanger sequencing identified a heterozygous pathogenic variant c.799T&gt;C, p.(Ser267Pro) in exon 7 of FGFR2 in affected individuals. Conclusion Crouzon syndrome in this three‐generation family was caused by c.799T&gt;C FGFR2 , and the patient showed a different phenotypic appearance from other Crouzon patients with c.799T&gt;C FGFR2 .

Topic: Craniofacial Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Orienting to the Phenomenon

A central concern of this chapter is to articulate relationships among researchers' and interactants'methods for orienting to naturally occurring social activities. Basic questions are raised as central to the future course of research on social interaction. Following an overview of research commitments of conversation analysis, a discussion of "coding" is offered as a practical achievement enacted by all researchers as they orient Id interaction. A transcribed segment of courtroom interaction is offered so as to examine, in turn-by-tum detail, the nature of participants' achieved orientations to a civil hearing. It is argued that by examining actual sequences of interaction as displays of social order, priority is given to the talk itself. This position is in contrast to accounting for the detailed work of speakers and hearers by invoking "macroconcepts" such as power, status, identity, institution, or related forces in any way "external" to the interaction.

Topic: Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
ENSURING PATIENT SAFETY IN THE NEW OPERATING THEATRE OF UMMC TRAUMA CENTRE; AN ANAESTHESIOLOGIST NOVICE EXPERIENCE

Patient safety is a serious global healthcare issue. Harm can be caused by a range of errors or adverse events. Therefore, it is vital that the commissioning of a new operating theatre should comply to the highest standard before it is allowed to function. This paper accounts our experience in the commissioning of the University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) trauma centre operating theatre (OT) complex in July 2008. We highlighted the problems we faced in adhering to the international standard guidelines. Unanticipated events were handled professionally and solved. With this experience, we hope that the identified problems would provide suggestions for commissioning an operating theatre in the local setting in the future.

Topic: Cardiac, Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Synthesis of Novel Dinuclear N‑Substituted\n4‑(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde Thiosemicarbazonates of Rhenium(I):\nFormation of Four- and/or Five-Membered Chelate Rings, Conformational\nAnalysis, and Reactivity

The\nreaction of &lt;i&gt;fac&lt;/i&gt;-[ReX­(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CN)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(CO)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;] (X = Cl, Br) with &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-phenyl-[4-(dimethylamino)­benzaldehyde]\nthiosemicarbazone (&lt;b&gt;HL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;) or &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-4-methoxybenzyl-[4-(dimethylamino)­benzaldehyde] thiosemicarbazone\n(&lt;b&gt;HL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;b&gt;B&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;) under controlled synthetic\nconditions gave 4 mononuclear [ReX­(HL)­(CO)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;] (X = Cl, Br)\nand 16 dinuclear [Re&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;L&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(CO)&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;] compounds.\nThese complexes were obtained as single crystals, and their structures\nwere established by X-ray diffraction. The structural study of these\ndimers showed the formation of several solvates, the presence of linkage\nisomerism, and the stabilization of four- and/or five-membered chelate\nrings. The different ligand coordination modes (a new μ-κ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;-S,N2:κ-N3 coordination mode for a thiosemicarbazone\nligand was observed), the conformation of the thiosemicarbazone chain\nin each case, the formal symmetry of the dimers, and the role of the\nsynthetic procedure in the stability of the different chelate rings\nwere analyzed and are discussed. Theoretical calculations in the gas\nphase were performed for the dimers with the &lt;b&gt;HL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; ligand in order to identify the thermodynamically\nmost stable species. The behavior and structural stability of dimers\nin dimethyl sulfoxide and acetone solutions was investigated by &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H NMR spectroscopy. The strength of the Re&lt;sup&gt;I&lt;/sup&gt;–L\nbond in solution was evidenced by the formation of [Re&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(L&lt;sup&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(CO)&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;] and [Re­(L&lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt;)­(py)­(CO)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;] upon reaction of the corresponding\ndimer with concentrated nitric acid and pyridine, respectively.

Topic: Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Microbial Synthesis of Non-Natural Anthraquinone Glucosides Displaying Superior Antiproliferative Properties

Anthraquinones, naturally occurring bioactive compounds, have been reported to exhibit various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. In this study, we biotransformed three selected anthraquinones into their novel O-glucoside derivatives, expressing a versatile glycosyltransferase (YjiC) from Bacillus licheniformis DSM 13 in Escherichia coli. Anthraflavic acid, alizarin, and 2-amino-3-hydroxyanthraquinone were exogenously fed to recombinant E. coli as substrate for biotransformation. The products anthraflavic acid-O-glucoside, alizarin 2-O-β-d-glucoside, and 2-amino-3-O-glucosyl anthraquinone produced in the culture broths were characterized by various chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses. The comparative anti-proliferative assay against various cancer cells (gastric cancer-AGS, uterine cervical cancer-HeLa, and liver cancer-HepG2) were remarkable, since the synthesized glucoside compounds showed more than 60% of cell growth inhibition at concentrations ranging from ~50 μM to 100 μM. Importantly, one of the synthesized glucoside derivatives, alizarin 2-O-glucoside inhibited more than 90% of cell growth in all the cancer cell lines tested.

Topic: Phytochemistry and biological activity of medicinal plants
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Deep retinanet for melanoma lesion detection

Ever since the automation of melanoma detection, there is a huge challenge pertaining to irregularity in shape, size, location and color of dermoscopy images. Moreover, melanoma treatment seems a complicated task owing to inadequate details for diagnosis and limited visual inspection. Therefore, an auto-mated process of detection is required in dermoscopic images for efficient and timely detection and diagnosis of melanoma lesion. Consequently, we have localized melanoma using one stage object detector named RetinaNet. The proposed model is evaluated by conducting experiments on PH2 dataset. RetinaNet serves a single step object detector that efficiently and precisely detects melanoma region. Moreover, focal loss is also evaluated to avoid class imbalance between normal skin pixels and melanoma foreground segmentation. The proposed system showed a significant performance gain up-to 97% i.e. the average precision using PH2 sample images. Our system can be effectively utilized in automation of clinical decision support systems for practical diagnosis and prognosis of melanoma.

Topic: Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Lifetime-oriented SVPWM for thermally-overloaded power devices in three-level inverters

Boosting lifetime of power components in multilevel inverters is a major aim to enhance the total system reliability and performance. This paper presents a space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) strategy for lifetime prolongation of thermally-overloaded power devices in multilevel inverters. When a thermal overloading is detected in one of the power devices, the proposed algorithm is applied to relieve the overloaded device and therefore preventing dangerous circumstances such as open-or short-circuit faults. The proposed methodology relies on using the redundancy property between the switching states in multilevel inverters to continuously evaluate the junction temperature of the thermally-overloaded power devices for all the possible switching sequences, then it identifies the optimal relieving switching sequence. The proposed methodology is valid for both/either of the power switching devices and/or DC-link capacitors. The proposed strategy is simple, and does not require any additional hardware. Furthermore, it does not deteriorate the output power. Accordingly, lifetime and reliability of multilevel inverters have been enhanced considerably. The proposed methodology has been designed and validated by simulation and experimental prototyping of a three-level T-type inverter system to investigate its feasibility and effectiveness.

Topic: Multilevel Inverters and Converters
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
P1–438: Cholinergic deficiency syndrome as indicator for cholinesterase inhibitor therapy

Cholinesterase inhibitors (CEIs) like donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine have been licensed for symptomatic therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and seem to have an effect on neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Lewy body dementia or Parkinson's disease. Despite the numerous trials with CEIs, factors that might a priori predict a response to cholinesterase inhibitors have not yet been identified. We propose that to the benefit of patients a neuropsychiatric syndrome can be delineated that develops as a consequence of cholinergic deficiency in the central nervous system. The cholinergic deficiency syndrome (CDS) is characterised clinically by loss of attention, impaired concentration and reduced capacity to detect select relevant stimuli. The specific features of cholinergic deficiency may be quantified and/or qualified by a limited set of neuropsychological tests. In a prospective cohort study, patients with progressive cognitive deterioration combined with parkinsonism and/or neuropsychiatric symptoms were recruited. At baseline clinical evaluation and neuropsychological tests were performed. After baseline measurements rivastigmine was administered. Clinical and neuropsychological tests were repeated at 3 and 6 months. Response to therapy was defined as improvement in 3 domains: cognition (MMSE), activities of daily living (IDDD) and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPI). Based on this responder criterion, responders and non–responders were compared. Of the first 39 patients who entered this study 23 could be evaluated. Of these 23 patients, 11 were classified as responders to rivastigmine therapy. When comparing changes on neuropsychological tests we found significant differences between responders and non–responders in Stroop test (chart3) and visual reaction time. Based on neuropsychological and clinical test scores a cholinergic deficiency risk score was calculated in which patients were categorized as having low, intermediate and high risk. In the high risk group improvement on the responder outcome measures was significantly better. We hypothesise that based on specific neuropsychological tests a cholinergic risk profile can be calculated which may be a good indicator for CEI treatment and can be helpful to define responders to therapy in various degenerative diseases with cholinergic deficiency.

Topic: Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Thyroid Dysfunction in Hepatitis C Individuals Treated With Interferon-Alpha and Ribavirin- A Review

Hepatitis C (HCV) is now the main cause of chronic hepatic disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Several extrahepatic diseases have been associated with chronic HCV infection, and in most cases appear to be directly related to the viral infection. Thyroid disorders are common in patients with chronic HCV. Some patients with chronic hepatitis C experience thyroid problems, and thyroid dysfunction may also be a side effect of interferon-based treatment. The principal risk factor for developing thyroid disease in the course of antiviral therapy is the previous positivity for anti-thyroid antibodies (anti-thyroid peroxidase) especially in older women. Screening for autoantibodies and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone is recommended before, during and after interferon-alpha treatment, and patients should be informed of the risk of thyroid dysfunction. This review includes a summary of thyroid disease associated with chronic HCV infection, interferon-alpha and ribavirin for treatment of HCV and potential to induce thyroid dysfunction. Key-Words: Hepatitis C, interferon-alpha, ribavirin, thyroid dysfunction, thyroiditis.

Topic: Hepatitis C virus research
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Can pregalactic objects generate galaxies?

In a hot universe with isothermal fluctuations or a tepid universe with general fluctuations, one would expect the first bound objects to be much smaller than galaxies. Various astrophysical processes associated with these objects could generate large-scale density fluctuations. For example, if they were asymmetric enough to form with large recoil velocities, they could generate statistical fluctuations on scales up to their traversal distance; if they formed in the radiation dominated era, there could be statistical fluctuations associated with the randomness in their initial distribution; if they were rare enough, they could act as condensation nuclei for larger regions; if they formed stars, they could induce large-scale fluctuations via shock fronts or ionization fronts. Thus the present structure on scales larger than the first bound regions, in particular, galaxies and clusters, need not derive directly from primordial fluctuations. The primordial fluctuations only have to produce relatively small objects.

Topic: Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences