jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Give me (un)certainty -- An exploration of parameters that affect\n segmentation uncertainty

Segmentation tasks in medical imaging are inherently ambiguous: the boundary\nof a target structure is oftentimes unclear due to image quality and biological\nfactors. As such, predicted segmentations from deep learning algorithms are\ninherently ambiguous. Additionally, "ground truth" segmentations performed by\nhuman annotators are in fact weak labels that further increase the uncertainty\nof outputs of supervised models developed on these manual labels. To date, most\ndeep learning segmentation studies utilize predicted segmentations without\nuncertainty quantification. In contrast, we explore the use of Monte Carlo\ndropout U-Nets for the segmentation with additional quantification of\nsegmentation uncertainty. We assess the utility of three measures of\nuncertainty (Coefficient of Variation, Mean Pairwise Dice, and Mean Voxelwise\nUncertainty) for the segmentation of a less ambiguous target structure (liver)\nand a more ambiguous one (liver tumors). Furthermore, we assess how the utility\nof these measures changes with different patch sizes and cost functions. Our\nresults suggest that models trained using larger patches and the weighted\ncategorical cross-entropy as cost function allow the extraction of more\nmeaningful uncertainty measures compared to smaller patches and soft dice loss.\nAmong the three uncertainty measures Mean Pairwise Dice shows the strongest\ncorrelation with segmentation quality. Our study serves as a proof-of-concept\nof how uncertainty measures can be used to assess the quality of a predicted\nsegmentation, potentially serving to flag low quality segmentations from a\ngiven model for further human review.\n

Topic: Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
THE INFLUENCE OF LOCAL AND FOREIGN ENDORSERS’ CREDIBILITY AND ATTRACTIVENESS IN COSMETICS ADVERTISEMENTS ON CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS AND PURCHASE DECISIONS

Endorser used on product advertising is ordinary thing on marketing. Developments in the flow of informationand technology have caused consumers to be increasingly selective in their choice of products. This fact hasstimulated companies to be more sensitive to consumer demand. Advertising is one of the promotional activitiesused as a medium for conveying a message to shape consumers’ attitudes. This research was conducted to measurethe influence of local and foreign endorsers’ credibility and attractiveness on consumer perceptions and purchase decisions, and to look into the difference between the use of local endorsers and the use of foreign endorsers in their influence on consumer perceptions and purchase decisions. This was an experimental research carried out in two phases, i.e. exploratory analysis and confirmatory analysis using a cross-sectional approach. The researchinstruments employed were samples of advertisements and questionnaires. The research subjects comprised130 respondents each for local and foreign endorsers. The data were analyzed using simple regression and anindependent t-test with SPSS 11.5 for windows. The research results showed that the ability of local endorsers’credibility and attractiveness to predict the consumer perceptions variable was 16.4%, their ability to predict consumerpurchase decisions was 11.3%. The ability of foreign endorsers’ credibility and attractiveness to predict the consumerperceptions variable was 30.1%, and their ability predict consumer purchase decisions was 37.4%. After a comparison was made using an independent sample t-test, it was found that consumer perceptions of advertisements with localendorsers were lower than consumer perceptions of advertisements with foreign endorsers, and consumer purchasedecisions on products advertised with local endorsers were fewer than consumer purchase decisions on productsadvertised with foreign endorsers. Keywords : advertisements, endorsers’ credibility, endorsers’ attractiveness

Topic: Corporate Governance and Financial Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Bacterial and Plant Signal Integration via D3-Type Cyclins Enhances Symptom Development in the Arabidopsis-<i>Rhodococcus fascians</i>Interaction

Abstract The phytopathogenic actinomycete Rhodococcus fascians drives its host to form a nutrient-rich niche by secreting a mixture of cytokinins that triggers plant cell division and shoot formation. The discrepancy between the relatively low amount of secreted cytokinins and the severe impact of R. fascians infection on plant development has puzzled researchers for a long time. Polyamine and transcript profiling of wild-type and cytokinin receptor mutant plants revealed that the bacterial cytokinins directly stimulated the biosynthesis of plant putrescine by activating arginine decarboxylase expression. Pharmacological experiments showed that the increased levels of putrescine contributed to the severity of the symptoms. Thus, putrescine functions as a secondary signal that impinges on the cytokinin-activated pathway, amplifying the hormone-induced changes that lead to the formation of a leafy gall. Exogenous putrescine and treatment with polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors combined with transcript and polyamine analyses of wild-type and mutant plants indicated that the direct target of both the bacterial cytokinins and plant putrescine was the expression of D3-type cyclins. Hence, the activated d-type cyclin/retinoblastoma/E2F transcription factor pathway integrates both external and internal hormonal signals, stimulating mitotic cell divisions and inducing pathological plant organogenesis.

Topic: Plant Molecular Biology Research
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Visible-light-mediated synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles <i>via</i> C<sub>Ar</sub>–I reduction triggered 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer process

A novel strategy for the construction of polysubstituted pyrroles has been developed through the visible-light-induced single-electron reduction of C Ar –I bonds and the following 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process.

Topic: Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Immunology of Sarcomas

There is evidence for common sarcoma antigens expressed on a variety of sarcomas of bone and soft tissues. Antibodies and cell-mediated responses to sarcoma-associated if not sarcoma-specific antigens have been demonstrated in tumor-bearing patients. Antibodies have also been found in contacts and parents of affected individuals. Common antigenicity and a response to sarcoma antigens by ostensibly normal individuals provide circumstantial evidence for a viral etiology, supported by experiments inducing sarcomas with known viruses in rodents. Immunotherapy that takes advantage of the immunogenicity of sarcomas is in its infancy, but has significant promise.

Topic: Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Hyperintense vessel sign on MRI FLAIR images in transient ischemic attack

【目的】急性期の一過性脳虚血発作（TIA）の患者におけるMRI FLAIR像でのhyperintense vessel sign（HVS）の頻度とその患者群の臨床的特徴について明らかにする．【方法】神経学的局在所見が発症後24時間以内に消失した165例を対象にHVSの有無を後方視的に調査した．HVSの有無で2群に分けて臨床像・検査の諸項目を比較検討した．【結果】HVSは対象の9.7％に認めた．HVS群は50％以上の主幹動脈狭窄を合併し，TOAST分類でlarge vessel typeと推定できるものが多かった．ABCD2スコアや拡散強調像での脳梗塞の有無とは無関係であった．HVS群の94％でHVSを呈した動脈と神経症候が合致した．HVS群の80％で平均60日後にHVSの消失を確認した．【結論】急性期TIAでのHVSは虚血の存在を客観的に示す画像所見として診断の上で有用と考える．

Topic: Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Effect of CO<sub>2</sub> Bubble Distribution on Power Generation Performance of a Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cell

Direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs) have received considerable attention because they can generate higher power density compared with other direct liquid fuel cells. However, when the generated CO2 bubbles are retained in the anode porous transport layer (PTL), the performance of DFAFCs deteriorates. In this study, power generation characteristics of DFAFCs using two types of PTL, viz. carbon paper and carbon cloth, were investigated. It was found that the maximum current density is about 60 mA/cm2 higher with the carbon cloth than with the carbon paper. The CO2 bubble distributions in anode PTLs were visualized during the operation using X-ray computed tomography, and the visualized images showed that the PTL structure affected the CO2 bubble distribution, and that the transport paths of formic acid through liquid phase are tortured. Thus, it could be concluded that the transport characteristics of CO2 bubbles affect the power generation characteristics of DFAFCs.

Topic: Fuel Cells and Related Materials
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluation of the Nanosphere Verigene BC-GN Assay for Direct Identification of Gram-Negative Bacilli and Antibiotic Resistance Markers from Positive Blood Cultures and Potential Impact for More-Rapid Antibiotic Interventions

ABSTRACT The Verigene BC-GN assay correctly identified all 51 Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) from positive blood cultures and all 14 carbapenemase enzymes tested. The assay gave organism identification (ID) results an average of 24 h faster compared to conventional identifications. Medical management could have been modified for 31.8% of patients an average 33 h sooner. In conclusion, the BC-GN assay is a very accurate, rapid assay which would allow for more-immediate medical management decisions in patients with bacteremia from GNB.

Topic: Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Utilizing Accelerated Rehabilitation Nursing in Restoring Intestinal Function Following Cytoreductive Surgery for Gynecologic Ovarian Cancer.

Implementing accelerated recovery nursing demonstrates a notable reduction in postoperative complication rates among surgical patients, concurrently fostering an expedited recovery process and heightened patient satisfaction. The provision of comprehensive nursing attention and guidance throughout the perioperative continuum emerges as indispensable for optimizing patient recovery outcomes.

Topic: Cancer survivorship and care
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Neuroprotective Role of Medicinal Plants from North Eastern Region of India

The term neurodegenerative disease means the loss of neuronal cells in the brain, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. It is one of the most common types of disease associated with elevated rates of mortality and morbidity worldwide. At the same time, modern allopathic medicines have a large number of synthetic chemicals for the symptomatic treatment and control of these diseases. These drugs have failed miserably due to clinical insufficiency and debilitating adverse effects. In the past decade, natural ingredients have gained notable interest in the prevention and treatment of neurodegeneration due to their powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties with minimal side effects. However, there is also an issue of safety and effectiveness due to the absence of an ample amount of research findings. The most common cellular mechanism for every neurodegenerative disorder is neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Several preclinical and clinical studies conducted across the world have demonstrated that different bioactive compounds of herbal origin can potentially arrest these processes to prevent or treat neurodegeneration and can be developed into promising pharmaceutical formulations. This article discusses and analyses the various herbal compounds, such as Allium sativum, Camella sinensis, Centella asiatica, Coriandrum sativum, Crocus sativus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Morus alba used for phytotherapy of neurodegenerative diseases by combining recent in vitro and in vivo models.&lt;br&gt;

Topic: Saffron Plant Research Studies
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Necrosis And Exposure of The Definitive Smas Placture Thread: Treating the Complication - Case Report

Facial aging is a physiological, interrelated, three-dimensional, dynamic and multifaceted process involving intrinsic and extrinsic factors, which affects not only the skin, but also the underlying bone structure, the facial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) and fat pads. Surgical temporal lift is an established technique for treating ptosis of the upper and middle third of the face. The patient came to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology and Facial Aesthetic Surgeries Service of Unifil (Centro Univeristário Filadélfia, São Paulo Unit – Brazil). She presented with an infection, a large necrotic area, tissue loss, exposed plication threads, fever and

Topic: Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Analysis of genetic parameters of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes under Vindhya plateau of Madhya Pradesh

In the present study, 30 chickpea genotypes were assessed for various genetic parameters. Observations were recorded on phenological traits, including days to flower initiation and days to maturity, as well as nine quantitative traits: plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight (g), biological yield per plant (g), harvest index (%), and seed yield per plant (g). The analysis of variance for all the characters revealed significant differences among the genotypes. This indicates the presence of a substantial amount of genetic variability among the genotypes under study.

Topic: Agricultural pest management studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Un acercamiento al modelo de fiscalización de las finanzas partidarias: su robustecimiento a partir de la ley No. 8765

This article describes the model of control over party finances, implemented by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, which is based on the main powers that emerge from the enactment of the new Electoral Code (Law No. 8765 of September 2 2009). To this end, we analyze the new powers of the Electoral Body on party financing, among which are audits, complaint handling, and elaboration of special studies, review of payment of expenditure, and analysis of financial statements, which are complemented by the presentation of the main results of their implementation. The findings in this paper in relation to the model quoted must be understood within a scenario that requires a permanent reflection with a view to continuous improvement of current legislation and the technical condition of the bodies involved in challenging process control of the economic system of political parties

Topic: Political Dynamics in Latin America
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Problems associated with the interpretation of the results of regional and intra-articular anaesthesia in the horse

The difficulties associated with the interpretation of the results of regional and intra-articular anaesthesia are discussed with reference to eight lame horses. The clinical and radiographic features of each horse are described, together with the results of anaesthesia. One horse had clinical and radiographic signs consistent with navicular disease but it was not possible to relieve the lameness. Two horses had fractures of bones within the foot but lameness was not improved by palmar (abaxial sesamoid) nerve blocks. One horse had more than one cause of lameness. Four horses had joint pathology but none responded to intra-articular anaesthesia.

Topic: Veterinary Equine Medical Research
Subfield: Equine
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
A Road to Peace? A case study of an Asian Development Bank financed road improvement project through contested territories in Myanmar

This qualitative case study of the ADB-financed Kawakareik to Eindu road improvement project explores the ways in which a single development intervention interferes with local conflict dynamics in an ethnic minority area affected by subnational conflict, in the context of the unfolding peace-process in Myanmar. The main research guiding this research is; In what ways does the ADB financed Kawkareik to Eindu road improvement project interact with conflict dynamics in the project area? The findings presented problematise ADB’s claim that the project will contribute to building peace, by demonstrating how unique complexities related to historical grievances and internal splits within ethnic Karen communities interfere with the way in which such a project is perceived. While this thesis does not claim to be able to dispute that the project may have some positive effects on the war-to-peace transition, findings also clearly indicate that there is a risk for volatile interactions between the objectives of accelerated economic growth and regional integration, which the road is designed to facilitate, and faith in the peace process amongst some factions of the Karen ethnic group. These findings have implications for the nascent research debate on road construction in conflict environments and the wider field of studies on the link between development interventions and conflict. (Less)

Topic: Asian Geopolitics and Ethnography
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid in broiler breeders and egg storage time on the fatty acid profile, lipid oxidation and internal egg quality

Context The need for the storage of fertile eggs is a reality in the poultry industry. At the same time, prolonged storage periods decrease the quality of egg components that are essential for embryo development, and can compromise hatchability and chick quality; thus, the high content of unsaturated fatty acids in embryo tissues increase the susceptibility to peroxidation. Aims The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of cis-9, trans-11, trans-10 and cis-12 isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to the broiler-breeder diet and the storage time on the internal egg quality, composition and lipid oxidation. Methods In total, 22 000 Cobb female broiler breeders of 58 weeks of age were fed with diets containing 0 or 0.024% CLA and fertile eggs were stored 3, 6 or 9 days prior to incubation. In total, 6912 hatching eggs were used in a completely randomised experimental design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (CLA inclusion × egg storage time). At the end of each storage period, 30 eggs per dietary treatment were sampled to analyse yolk and albumen height, percentage and pH, yolk:albumen ratio, yolk diameter and index, Haugh unit (HU), yolk lipid oxidation, acidity and fatty acid profile. Key results The progression of storage negatively affected the internal quality of the eggs; however, inclusion of CLA minimised these effects up to Day 6, especially for yolk diameter, HU, height and albumen pH. The total lipid content was not affected by the dietary treatments; however, CLA inclusion resulted in a higher proportion of stearic acid and a lower concentration of linoleic acid in yolks. Conclusions The changes observed in fatty acid profile of the eggs may have favoured the reduction of lipid oxidation, as shown by the decrease in the acidity index and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) values at shorter storage periods. Implications The dietary addition of CLA to broiler breeders may be used to preserve the egg internal quality during a short-term storage period.

Topic: Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Preliminary Investigation Comparing Rectified and Unrectified Sockets for Transtibial Amputees

In Brief The current method for fabricating prosthetic sockets is to modify a positive mold to account for the nonhomogeneity of the residual limb to tolerate load (i.e., rectified socket). We tested unrectified sockets by retaining the shape of the residual limb, except for a distal end pad, using an alginate gel process during casting. This investigation compared rectified and unrectified sockets. Ten adults with unilateral transtibial amputations were tested after randomly wearing both rectified and unrectified sockets for 4 weeks. Testing included a gait analysis, energy expenditure, and Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ). Results indicated no differences between sockets for gait speed and timing, gait kinematics and kinetics, gait energy expenditure, and rate of perceived exertion. There were no differences in the PEQ. Four subjects selected the rectified socket, and six selected the unrectified socket as exit sockets. The alginate gel method of fabricating the socket was simpler and less time-consuming than the traditional method. This method could be helpful in countries in which prosthetic care is lacking and may be helpful in typical clinics to reduce costs and free the prosthetist to focus more time on patient needs. Preliminary results indicate that more than one paradigm may exist for shaping sockets. Understanding the mechanisms for these paradigms could lead to customizing the socket to better meet the varying needs of individual patients. This article compares test results for two types of prosthetic sockets; rectified and unrectified. The rectified method is the traditional and currently favored mode of socket fabrication. However, user test results indicated no differences between the two methods in several key areas of evaluation.

Topic: Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
AIEgens for microorganism‐related visualization and therapy

Abstract Humans and bacteria have always been closely related. However, pathogenic bacteria and drug‐resistant bacteria pose a certain threat to human life and health. On the other hand, probiotics, such as intestinal flora, also affect our daily life. Understanding the microstructure of microorganisms is important for effective treatment of bacterial infections. Luminogens with aggregation‐induced emission properties are now recognized as potent fluorescent agents for the diagnosis and treatment of microorganisms. In this review, we summarized the most recent developments of AIEgen‐based biomaterials and discussed the advantages of AIE fluorescent probes for imaging. Their applications for rapid imaging of bacteria, differentiation of Gram‐ negative and positive bacteria, and specific imaging of intracellular bacteria and fungi are presented. The monitoring of bacteria‐cell interaction was also introduced. Finally, the design strategy of engineered bacteria‐AIEgen hybrid system and their role in anti‐cancer applications was discussed.

Topic: Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences