jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Realizing interactions between dark matter and dark energy using <i>k</i>-essence cosmology

In this paper, we exploit dynamics of a [Formula: see text]-essence scalar field to realize interactions between dark components of universe resulting in an evolution consistent with observed features of late-time phase of cosmic evolution. Stress–energy tensor corresponding to a [Formula: see text]-essence Lagrangian [Formula: see text] (where [Formula: see text]) is shown to be equivalent to an ideal fluid with two components having same equation of state. Stress–energy tensor of one of the components may be generated from a constant potential [Formula: see text]-essence Lagrangian of form [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] constant) and that of other from another Lagrangian of form [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text]. We have shown that the unified dynamics of dark matter and dark energy described by a single scalar field [Formula: see text] driven by a [Formula: see text]-essence Lagrangian [Formula: see text] may be viewed in terms of diffusive interactions between the two hypothetical fluid components “1” and “2” with stress–energy tensors equivalent to that of Lagrangians [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. The energy transfer between the fluid components is determined by functions [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and their derivatives. Such a realization is shown to be consistent with the Supernova Ia data with certain constraints on the temporal behavior of [Formula: see text]-essence potential [Formula: see text]. We have described a methodology to obtain such constraints.

Topic: Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Risk and diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy young adults by means of the waist-height

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with overweightness and/or obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemias, and insulin resistance; timely detection can help to avoid or reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases or type 2 diabetes mellitus, which the main causes of death from noncommunicable diseases in Mexico.Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as a parameter for risk assessment and diagnosis of MS in a population of apparently healthy young adults.Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study.Sample of 337 subjects was recruited.Biochemical and anthropometric parameters were determined for the presence of MS, obtaining WHtR and quartiles were generated to propose a cutoff point with which the risk and diagnostic utility of this ratio were assessed by means of quantitative comparisons, risk analysis, and likelihood analysis.Results: The WHtR is a very sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of MS.The areas under the curve were 98% and 83%, respectively, for men and women, for the diagnosis of MS (p < 0.0001).It was found that a WHtR higher than 0.53 increases the risk of MS (odds ratio = 18.62, 95% confidence interval = 1.7-208, p = 0.02).Potential impact measures suggest by controlling the WHtR, 94% of MS cases could be prevented.Conclusions: The WHtR is useful and accurate for the diagnosis of the MS in apparently healthy young adults.

Topic: Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Serial estimation of motor unit numbers using an implantable system following nerve injury and repair in rats

Motor unit number estimation (MUNE) is an established technique to assess recovery following peripheral nerve injury. In rats, where the vast majority of peripheral nerve research is conducted, assessing motor units at various time points requires a terminal procedure due to the invasive nature of current techniques. Here, we present an implanted system that was used to serially assess MUNE after peripheral nerve injury and repair in rats. This system significantly increases the efficiency of peripheral nerve research by negating the need for terminal procedures, allowing for serial MUNE assessment over time in the same rat. Our system utilizes a commercial implantable stimulator, custom designed cuff electrode, and corresponding custom software with automatic M-wave classification to quickly assess functional reinnervation up to 8 weeks following nerve injury and repair. The concepts presented in this paper are applicable to any implanted device with a transcutaneous radio frequency or inductive link that can be used to trigger nerve stimulation. The methodology is also applicable to researchers without access to implantable devices.

Topic: Muscle activation and electromyography studies
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Design of off-axis arranged light-emitting diodes and dual dichroic mirrors based color mixing system for micro-projection display

A simple but efficient color mixing system for micro-projection display is presented in this paper, which has employed off-axis arranged LEDs and specifically designed dichroic mirrors in order to achieve higher optical efficiency and a better space utilization ratio compared with previous systems. The design method of the dual-dichroic-mirror (DDM) system is investigated both analytically and numerically. The design results are consistent with the theoretical calculation, and the advantages of the proposed DDM system are obvious. Compared with traditional systems that are commonly used in micro-projectors, the DDM system has indicated a much higher collection efficiency (up to 93.36%) with a significantly reduced size of 1.47 cc. Equipped with the DDM system, the designed micro-projector has realized an energy utilization ratio of 76.92% and an irradiance uniformity of 96.59% with an ultra-compact volume of 28.8 mm×28.1 mm×10 mm, which is competent for embedded projection display. It is believed that such a design has good prospects in commercialized production in the future.

Topic: Advanced optical system design
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Market Exchange, Social Structures and Time

Two important, although neglected, dimensions of market exchange are the temporal and the social. Exchanges, particularly those between organizations, may be thought of as embedded in a social framework which rewards continuity. Similarly exchanges between the same entities which recur over time take on a different character from those which are instantaneous and atomistic. Such patterns of exchange create a framework, of among other things, expectations, trust, adaptations and investments which can be said to comprise the elements of a relationship. Addresses the many reasons why individuals, but especially organizations, choose to give up freedom of choice and the open market for the confines of a stable and long‐term relationship. Where such relationships exist they provide a measure of continuity in the workings of markets. This, in turn, gives rise to enduring structures which have been labelled industrial networks. Such structures provide an important framework for exchanges within a market since they introduce interdependence and stability into the system. Markets are thus networks of connected exchange relationships, among individuals and organizations, located in time and space, and whose identity is both the product and the outcome of these exchange patterns.

Topic: Business Strategy and Innovation
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Cinnamon Java Roll Modification as Alternative Sweet Snack for Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Abstract One of the healthy lifestyles that continues to grow is consuming healthy food. The consumption of sweet bread in Indonesia continues to increase, and as a result, the cases of people with diabetes mellitus in Indonesia have also experienced a significant increase, for it is not recommended for people with diabetes mellitus to consume excessive amounts of sweet bread. A cinnamon roll is a dough roll sheet consisting of the cinnamon and sugar mixture (raisins or other sweet fruit ingredients) which are sprinkled on top of a thin layer of butter. Cinnamon Java Roll is a modified product of cinnamon roll with cinnamon and palm sugar with lower sugar content due to the ingredients in it, where there is a modification of the ingredients by adding palm sugar which has a lower glycemic index, and the addition of sliced dates as an additional sweetener and almond nuts for nutritional enrichment. One slice of bread contains 137 Cal of energy, 2.59 grams of protein, 4.93 grams of fat, and 22.36 grams of carbohydrates with a sugar content of 8.37 grams/serving (1 slice) and 75.34 grams/recipe (9 slices).

Topic: Date Palm Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Autonomous Navigation of 3 Wheel Robots Using Rotary Encoders and Gyroscope

Holonomic Robots are advantageous over non holonomic robots as they provide control to all of its degrees of freedom. Autonomous navigation of holonomic robots is expensive as it requires many costly odometry sensors. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed for the application of PID algorithm for autonomous navigation by reducing the complexity of 3 wheel drive to 2 wheel drive. A comparison with algorithms involving three encoders is discussed. Our system employs two rotary encoders instead of three and a yaw-rate gyroscope. Equations for generation of coordinates in free space are derived and trajectory following is performed. The algorithm has been successfully tested using various paths and speeds and the implementation results are described here.

Topic: Control and Dynamics of Mobile Robots
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Three Improvements to Multi-Level Monte Carlo Simulation of SDE Systems

We introduce three related but distinct improvements to multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) methods for the solution of systems of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). Firstly, we show that when the payoff function is twice continuously differentiable, the computational cost of the scheme can be dramatically reduced using a technique we call `Ito linearization'. Secondly, by again using Ito's lemma, we introduce an alternative to the antithetic method of Giles et. al [M.B. Giles, L. Szpruch. arXiv preprint arXiv:1202.6283, 2012] that uses an approximate version of the Milstein discretization requiring no Levy area simulation to obtain the theoretically optimal cost-to-error scaling. Thirdly, we generalize the antithetic method of Giles to arbitrary refinement factors. We present numerical results and compare the relative strengths of various MLMC-type methods, including each of those presented here.

Topic: Simulation Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Genetic Analysis of the <i>ADGF</i> Multigene Family by Homologous Recombination and Gene Conversion in Drosophila

Abstract Many Drosophila genes exist as members of multigene families and within each family the members can be functionally redundant, making it difficult to identify them by classical mutagenesis techniques based on phenotypic screening. We have addressed this problem in a genetic analysis of a novel family of six adenosine deaminase-related growth factors (ADGFs). We used ends-in targeting to introduce mutations into five of the six ADGF genes, taking advantage of the fact that five of the family members are encoded by a three-gene cluster and a two-gene cluster. We used two targeting constructs to introduce loss-of-function mutations into all five genes, as well as to isolate different combinations of multiple mutations, independent of phenotypic consequences. The results show that (1) it is possible to use endsin targeting to disrupt gene clusters; (2) gene conversion, which is usually considered a complication in gene targeting, can be used to help recover different mutant combinations in a single screening procedure; (3) the reduction of duplication to a single copy by induction of a double-strand break is better explained by the single-strand annealing mechanism than by simple crossing over between repeats; and (4) loss of function of the most abundantly expressed family member (ADGF-A) leads to disintegration of the fat body and the development of melanotic tumors in mutant larvae.

Topic: Cancer-related gene regulation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Are We Facing a Fundamental Challenge to Higher Education Internationalization?

The global landscape for higher education internationalization is changing dramatically. What one might call “the era of higher education internationalization” might either be finished or, at least, be on life support. In addition to nationalist-populist factors, issues of academic freedom, ethics, the role of English, shifting patterns in student mobility, and concerns about transnational education, are challenging the future of internationalization. The current criticism about the unlimited growth of teaching in English, recruitment of international students and development of branch campuses, is coming from two completely opposite sources. On the one hand, there is the nationalist–populist argument of anti-international and anti-immigration. More relevant is the concern about quality, academic freedom, and ethics in the higher education community itself.

Topic: Higher Education Governance and Development
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Civic Beliefs and Citizenship

In part I of this book we answer the question 'What is citizenship?' in contemporary Britain by exploring, firstly, people's beliefs about their civic duties and rights and, secondly, their patterns of civic behaviour. In this chapter we look specifically at their beliefs and attitudes, but we do so in very broad terms. This means examining some of the attitudes and beliefs associated with the idea of citizenship in rather general terms. However, for modelling purposes, when we begin to ask the question 'What determines the attitudes which underpin effective citizenship?' we have to refine the analysis and concentrate on certain key issues. These are attitudes to rights and obligations which the discussion in chapter 1 suggested are at the heart of modern citizenship. However, before embarking upon any analysis of attitudes, we need to elaborate on some of the key features of the Citizen Audit from which our findings are drawn.

Topic: Electoral Systems and Political Participation
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Tool for Monitoring Stem Cell Migration

Noninvasive monitoring of stem cells is an important step in developing stem-cell-based therapies. Among several imaging techniques available, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides an effective way to detect implanted stem cells in live animals. In this mini-review, we discuss the available MRI contrast agents and different cell-labeling strategies used for detection of stem cell migration in the brain. The potential effects of MRI contrast agents on stem cell viability and differentiation are also discussed.

Topic: Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Subfield: Developmental Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of impaired autophagic flux on breast carcinogenesis through the enhanced LC3-p62-NRF2 feedback loop.

6 Background: Breast cancer affects more women worldwide than any other type of cancer. Although some genes have been identified as potential causes, the exact molecular mechanism of the disease is still unknown. In our study, we aimed to investigate the role of NRF2 and the autophagy markers p62 and LC3 in breast cancer cell lines that have different Tp53 status using a new compound called 6,6'dihydroxythiobinupharidine (DTBN). In our previous research, we have shown that DTBN modulates key cellular signal transduction pathways that are relevant to disease biology, including cancer. Furthermore, we analyzed online databases to determine the correlation between NRF2, p62, LC3, and Tp53 in breast cancer patients. Methods: To evaluate the effect of DTBN on NRF2, p62 and LC3 in different types of breast cancer cell lines with varying TP53 status, we conducted molecular studies by inhibiting NRF2 activity. We synthesized the correlation between NRF2, p62, LC3 and TP53 expression and clinical parameters by analyzing TCGA and GEO datasets. Results: Our findings suggest that DTBN induces cell death and autophagy in all breast cancer cell lines, regardless of their Tp53 status. However, they also led us to hypothesize that NRF2 may hinder the sensitivity of cancer cells to DTBN-induced cell death and autophagy. To test this hypothesis, we inhibited NRF2 activity using an NRF2 inhibitor called brusatol. The results of the study indicate that the inhibition of NRF2 significantly increased cell death and autophagy in DTBN-treated cells. We observed a decrease in the expression of the autophagy marker p62, while an increase in the expression of another autophagy marker LC3. These findings suggest that the interaction between NRF2, LC3 and p62, which is activated in response to DTBN treatment, may serve as a potential anticancer drug target. We have validated the positive correlation between NRF2 and the autophagic gene p62 and LC3, in different Tp53 status breast cancer cell lines by analyzing TCGA and GEO data. Conclusions: Our study shows that high levels of Nrf2, LC3 and p62 expression are significantly associated with increased breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. This implies that patients with breast cancer have lower overall survival and a higher rate of recurrence. Our findings highlight the role of DTBN-induced NRF2 and LC3 expression and reduced p62 expression in breast cancer cells with varying Tp53 status. These results may represent a paradigm for better understanding the cancer cell response to therapies and designing more efficient combined anticancer therapies targeting NRF2, LC3 p62, and Tp53.

Topic: MicroRNA in disease regulation
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Hydrogenolysis of Tantalum Hydrocarbyl Complexes:\nIntermediates on the Road to a Dinuclear Tantalum Tetrahydride Derivative

The synthesis, characterization,\nand reactivity with H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; of a series of tantalum hydrocarbyl\ncomplexes are reported. The\nreaction of [NPN*]­TaMe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; (&lt;b&gt;4&lt;/b&gt;, where NPN* = PhP­(2-(&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-mesityl)-5-Me-C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)\nwith dihydrogen (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, 4 atm) results in the formation of\nthe dinuclear tetrahydride ([NPN*]­Ta)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(μ-H)&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; (&lt;b&gt;5&lt;/b&gt;), without the observation of intermediates. The\npreparations of two alkyne benzyl complexes of the formula [NPN*]­Ta­(alkyne)­(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Ph) (where alkyne = BTA = bis­(trimethylsilyl)­acetylene (&lt;b&gt;6&lt;/b&gt;), 3-hexyne (&lt;b&gt;7&lt;/b&gt;)) are reported starting from\nthe respective chloroalkyne complexes [NPN*]­Ta­(alkyne)­Cl, by addition\nof benzylpotassium. Hydrogenation of these two alkyne benzyl complexes\nultimately results in the formation of the same dinuclear tetrahydride &lt;b&gt;5&lt;/b&gt;; however, using lower pressures of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and shorter\nreaction times results in the isolation of an intermediate in each\ncase. Hydrogenation of &lt;b&gt;6&lt;/b&gt; generates the alkene hydride\ncomplex [NPN*]­Ta­(&lt;i&gt;trans&lt;/i&gt;-1,2-C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(SiMe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)H (&lt;b&gt;8&lt;/b&gt;); addition of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; to &lt;b&gt;7&lt;/b&gt; gives [NPN*]­Ta­(1-hexene)H (&lt;b&gt;9&lt;/b&gt;), in which the 3-hexyne moiety has been partially hydrogenated and\nisomerized to the 1-hexene regioisomer. Both of these alkene hydride\ncomplexes can be converted to the dinuclear tetrahydride complex &lt;b&gt;5&lt;/b&gt; by addition of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. A mechanism is proposed for\nthe formation of the intermediates that involves hydrogenolysis of\nthe alkyne moiety prior to the benzyl ligand; the formation of the &lt;i&gt;trans&lt;/i&gt;-alkene units is suggested to be a result of a zwitterionic\nalkylidene intermediate that allows free rotation of a C–C\nsingle bond.

Topic: Intracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Conditions for the existence of a regular sequence of finite subgraphs of an infinite loaded linear graph

We formulate a new condition, weaker than any already known, for the existence of a sequence of finite subgraphs of an infinite loaded linear graph along which the sequence of equilibrium measures converges to the equilibrium measure of the original infinite graph.

Topic: Mathematical Dynamics and Fractals
Subfield: Mathematical Physics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
mbus_JPT_TSLA

The signer looks at the computer screen and sees 4 pictures, one of which has a red frame. The signer is supposed to describe the picture with the red frame. The addressee has a folder including sheets with the same 4 pictures seen on the computer screen. The addressee is supposed to choose and show the picture being described to her/him to the camera. The addressee does not see the screen. There are 24 pictures.

Topic: Hymenoptera taxonomy and phylogeny
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Shoplifting in eighteenth-century London: a source for female retailing?

The extent to which England's eighteenth-century ‘retail revolution’ brought opportunity to women has been a matter of prolonged debate, but most studies have relied on sources that indicate female business ownership. By contrast, a study of London shoplifting enables us to examine women's role in shopkeeping from a fresh perspective. Trial transcripts provide a wealth of information on the men and women who staffed the thousands of London shops that suffered this type of theft. Taking a sample of these cases between 1743 and 1807, the article explores what they can tell us about the proportion of stores that relied on female staff and reflects on how this finding relates to current understandings of women's retail activity in the period. Using the first-hand accounts given in court testimony, it discusses how the crime of shoplifting affected female shop workers at a personal and more strategic level, and the evidence presented of gender bias in the staffing of larger, more fashionable stores. It concludes that female-staffed shops had a higher relative risk of becoming victims of shoplifting crime and that in consequence this source, while yielding valuable new insights, is liable to over-represent the scale of women's participation in London retailing.

Topic: Historical Economic and Social Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences