jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for woman-to-man sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. Italian Study Group on HIV Heterosexual Transmission.

A cross-sectional study of stable monogamous couples, recruited from 16 clinical and surveillance centers in Italy between 1987 and 1992, was carried out to investigate the risk factors of woman-to-man sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The male partners of all HIV-infected women attending the centers were invited to participate in the study. Of the 275 male partners who were tested for HIV and interviewed with use of a structured questionnaire, 51 were excluded because they had other possible risk factor for HIV infection, no established risk factor was found in the index case, or they had stopped engaging in sexual intercourse. Fourteen of the 224 men (6.3%) were seropositive for HIV. At logistic regression, the highest risks of transmission were for men practicing peno-anal intercourse [odds ratio (OR), 4.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-22.2] and for men whose partner had acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or a CD4+ lymphocyte count of < or = 400/mm3. No seropositive men were observed among those who were aware of the woman's HIV seropositivity since the beginning of the relationship or were partners of a zidovudine-treated woman. The results suggest that the risk factors described in man-to-woman and man-to-man HIV sexual transmission also operate in woman-to-man transmission.

Topic: HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Muslim Adolescent Moral Values and Coping Strategies among Muslim Female Adolescents Involved in Premarital Sex

Islam is an official religion in Malaysia, and premarital sex is absolutely forbidden in Islam. Despite being an Islamic country the number of adolescents involved in premarital sex has increased each year. This study intends to find the relationship between Islamic moral values and the coping strategies among female adolescents involved in premarital sex. The study explores the demographic and the psychological profile of the participants of the study. The subject of this study consists of 238 occupants from four government shelter and rehabilitation homes. Moral Values Inventory for Muslim Adolescences (MVIMA) and Coping Strategy Inventory (adapted and translated into Malay Version from Spanish Version of Coping Strategies) were used in this study. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. For inferential data, the Pearson Correlation was used. Findings of the research show that there is a significant relationship between coping strategies and moral values among adolescences involved in pre-marital sex. The result of this study gives the implication that the female adolescent and their parents should be equipped with sex education as an early measure to prevent premarital sex and the diseases related to it. The implication of this study reflects the need of prevention and also rehabilitation programs to high risk group teenagers. Teenagers need to develop positive values toward self-respect and self-esteem as well as coping strategy through assertive training. This study addresses the limitations of data collection from rehabilitation centres under the provision of Social Welfare Department. Thus future study should include shelter home for teenage pregnant girls run by the non-government organizations. Future studies should also include qualitative approaches for more in-depth understanding of premarital sex among teenage girls in developing positive coping strategies in the process of recovering.

Topic: Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Physical Evolution of the Last Melanau Communal Dwelling in Kampung Sok, Matu, Sarawak, Malaysia

The Melanau is one of the main ethnic groups in Sarawak. Historically, they lived in a communal dwelling, known as the tall house, designed to protect against the harsh micro-climate condition, wild animals and, enemies. Today, there are no visible remains of the tall house. The only tall house available in Sarawak is a reconstructed replica available at the Sarawak Cultural Village in Santubong, Kuching. However, there is one Melanau communal longhouse located at Kampung Sok, Matu, which has been gazetted under the Sarawak Cultural Heritage Ordinance 1993. The objective of this paper is to analyse the changes that the longhouse has experienced throughout the years. This study employs a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews with the owners of the longhouse. Data are also derived from measured drawings. Findings show that the characteristics of the longhouse are a hybrid of the Iban longhouse combined with the Melanau tall house and later with some Malay influences. This can be clearly seen from the spatial and functional analyses of the spaces as well as the general form of the building. The general form of the building resembles more towards the Iban longhouse, whereas the functional spaces are more towards the Melanau tall house. The 1930s renovation also shows influence from the Malay vernacular architecture through the introduction of change of level and secondary access. The findings also show that vernacular architecture evolves through time due to different needs, influences, and building materials.

Topic: Architecture and Cultural Influences
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Clonidine vs Atenolol in Providing Optimal Surgical Field in Nasal Surgeries under General Anaesthesia

Aim: The present study was done to evaluate the role of oral clonidine and atenolol in providing optimal surgical field in nasal surgeries under general anaesthesia.
Material and methods: 60 patients of ASA grade I & II posted for elective nasal surgeries were randomly divided into two groups of 30 each. Patients received 50 mg oral atenolol in group A and 100 ug oral clonidine in group B two hours prior to surgery. Induction and maintainence of anaesthesia was performed by the same standard protocol. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded during the intra-operative and post-operative period. The surgeon, blinded to group allocation, evaluated the quality of surgical field using a predefined Average Category Scale (ACS). The amount of total blood loss was also recorded.
Results: The heart rate and blood pressure were within normal range from induction to the end of the surgery in the both groups. However the difference in blood loss between groups was highly significant being less in group B (117.77 ± 7.59 ml) as compared to group A (155.73 ± 14.90 ml). This resulted in a better surgical field in group B compared to group A.
Conclusion: We conclude that oral clonidine is better than atenolol in providing optimal surgical field in nasal surgeries under general anaesthesia.

Topic: Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
Subfield: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An Analysis of the Domestic Research Trends on Disability in Kinesiology

연구목적: 본 연구의 목적은 체육학에서 장애와 장애인에 관한 연구주제를 시기별로 살펴보고 이를 토대로 향후 체육학 분야에서 사회학적 접근에 기반 한 장애관련 연구범위 확장 가능성을 탐색하기 위함이다. 연구방법: 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여, 한국학술정보 서비스에서 ‘장애인’, ‘체육’을 검색한 후 자료를 수집하였으며, 수집된 자료는 정제과정을 거친 후 시기별로 구분하여 TF-IDF 분석과 단어빈도분석, 토픽모델링을 실시하였다. 결과: 첫째, TF-IDF 분석 및 단어 빈도분석 결과, 1기에는 장애인을 대상으로 한 생활체육 프로그램에 관한 연구, 2기에는 지체장애 운동선수들의 스포츠 활동에 관한 연구, 3기에는 지체장애인 운동선수들을 대상으로 한 연구주제의 단어가 자주 등장하였다. 둘째, 토픽모델링 결과 1기에는 ‘스포츠사회화’, ‘사회심리학적 요인’, ‘특수체육교육’, ‘운동생리학’, ‘장애인스포츠 지원 정책’ 토픽이 도출되었으며, 2기에는 ‘사회심리학적 요인’, ‘장애인스포츠 지원정책’, ‘체력평가’, ‘장애인 선수’, ‘특수체육교육’ 토픽이 도출되었다. 3기에는 ‘특수체육교육’, ‘패럴림픽’, ‘사회심리학적 요인’, ‘생활체육참여 지체장애인’, ‘운동효과’, ‘장애인 차별’ 토픽이 도출되었다. 결론: 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 체육학 분야에서는 사회심리학적 요인에 기반 한 장애인 엘리트 선수들의 경기력 향상, 특수 체육교육 등에 관한 연구주제들은 시기에 구분 없이 꾸준히 등장하여 체육 분야에서 지속적으로 필요한 연구임을 시사하고 있었다. 이와 더불어, 시간을 거듭할수록 체육학 분야에서도 장애에 관한 논의가 장애학 분야와 같이 장애를 바라보는 관점이 의학적 모델에서 사회적 모델에로의 관점으로 서서히 확장됨을 알 수 있었다.

Topic: Diverse Approaches in Healthcare and Education Studies
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Adsorbing activity to guinea pig erythrocytes and mouse virulence of the K-9 strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its variants possessing different cell surface structure

肺炎桿菌K-9株ならびにSoft-agar中で発育形態を異にする変異株A, B, Cに新たに変異株A'を加えた。本変異株のSoft-agar中の集落はLarge round, streaming型を呈し,マッコンキー培地上では大型集落を形成するが非粘張性であり,墨汁法では小莢膜が認められたが電子顕微鏡によるShadowing法では線毛構造として観察された。本菌および大型莢膜保有親株,莢膜,線毛非保有変異株および線毛保有大腸菌K-12株を用いて血球吸着能,マウス致死性を比較したところ親株はモルモット血球をスライドグラス上では10分以内に凝集せず,試験管内では凝集したのに対し,変異株A', Cおよび大腸菌は両者に凝集した。マンノースに対しては変異株Cが10%で凝集を阻止され,大腸菌では0.01%で阻止されたが親株,変異株A'では本現象は認められなかつた。これら血球凝集の走査電顕像は親株,変異株A'では血球付着面に粘液様構造が観察されたが変異株Cおよび大腸菌には殆ど観察されなかつた。なお,100%マウス致死効果について親株が102であつたのに対し,変異株A'は108を要し,変異株Cおよび大腸菌では108でマウスを致死させえなかつた。

Topic: Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Critical Success Factors for Stakeholder Management: Construction Practitioners’ Perspectives

Although various factors have been identified as important for accomplishing successful stakeholder management, few studies appear to have undertaken a comparative analysis of practitioners' views on the relative importance of critical success factors (CSFs) for stakeholder management in construction projects. In an attempt to fill this research gap, a questionnaire survey was conducted in Hong Kong to collect the opinions of construction practitioners regarding the relative importance of CSFs for stakeholder management. Findings from this study show that all 15 selected CSFs are regarded as critical by most respondents for the success of stakeholder management in construction projects. The factor regarding social responsibilities is considered most important for managing stakeholders. Although correlations between CSFs and types of projects and organizations were statistically significant, these were not particularly strong. Also, even though there is a general consensus on the rankings of the CSFs among different respondents, the detailed pairwise comparisons actually show the existence of a few differences in perceptions on the relative importance of the CSFs. Therefore, the working priorities of project managers for managing stakeholders are context specific, depending on the nature, client sector, and cost of the project, and also on their organizations and management levels in the organization. These findings should help project managers become more aware of their responsibilities and the relative importance of issues for management stakeholders.

Topic: Construction Project Management and Performance
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A method for determining ice-thickness change at remote locations using GPS

Ice-thickness changes at remote locations on ice sheets can be determined by means of precise Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys with interferometric solutions. Remote sites are precisely surveyed relative to GPS receivers on rock. Repeat observations of the position of a remote site provide its vertical velocity. The difference between this velocity and accumulation rate is an indicator of change in ice-sheet thickness. Allowance must be made for the movement of survey markers due to firn compaction and down-slope ice motion, To allow for firn compaction, very long- poles arc placed to a sufficient depth in the firn that the densification rate can be considered steady. This assumption may be tested by measurements with poles set to different depths. An analysis of errors in pilot studies indicates that the limit to precision is the determination of accumulation rate.

Topic: Cryospheric studies and observations
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Self-Reported Methamphetamine Use Versus Biological Testing Among Treatment-Seeking Patients

Background: The validity of self-reported methamphetamine use among treatment-seeking patients has been reported as inconsistent and therefore inconclusive. Objectives: To evaluate the validity of self-reported methamphetamine use versus urinalysis in patients with methamphetamine use disorder at a drug treatment center. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 71 individuals with methamphetamine use disorder who were referred to the Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS) clinic. Self-reported methamphetamine use in the last 72 hours was compared to urinalysis, conducted using the immunoassay technique. Sensitivity, negative predictive value (NPV), Cohen's kappa statistics, percent agreement, and positive percent agreement were estimated. Results: Only 24.6% of participants reported methamphetamine use during treatment. Self-reported methamphetamine use had a sensitivity of 50.0% and a NPV of 86.0%. The percent agreement, positive percent agreement, and Cohen's kappa statistic between self-reported use and the urine test were 86.0%, 42.8%, and 52.4%, respectively. No significant factors were found to be associated with the agreement between self-reported use and the urine test. Conclusions: The validity of self-reported methamphetamine use appears to be relatively acceptable and can be used with caution for monitoring treatment.

Topic: HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Rebuilding the Leninist Party Rule: Chinese Communist Party under Xi Jinping's Stewardship

In 2015, Xi Jinping tried to restore many Leninist features to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He took measures to rebuild the ideological faith, entrench Party organisations with state administration and run the CCP as a meritocracy. “Party groups” (dangzu) are extended to non-governmental, non-profit and other societal organisations. He insisted that party members must observe both formal disciplines and informal norms of the Party, and show loyalty to the leadership.

Topic: China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Vibrational Communication (Drumming) Of The Western Nearctic Stonefly Genus Hesperoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae)

Sandberg, John B. (2009): Vibrational Communication (Drumming) Of The Western Nearctic Stonefly Genus Hesperoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Illiesia 5 (13): 146-155, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4759372

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
LETTER FROM THE CHAIRMAN

PURPOSE We hypothesize that there is no difference in major complications between open and endoscopic techniques of carpal tunnel release, and that the overall incidence of complications has decreased over time as each approach has been refined. METHODS We searched the PubMed database for articles involving complications associated with the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Articles were classified based on technique for release (traditional open, limited open, single-portal endoscopic, two-portal endoscopic) and then grouped by chronological periods based on years of data collection. We analyzed the incidence of specific complications, including major and minor nerve injuries, scar problems, and damage to vessels. We performed the same analysis on only Level I and II studies. We then analyzed incidence by time periods. RESULTS We identified 220 articles, and 59 met our inclusion criteria. Evidence ranged from level I to level IV. There was no difference between techniques in incidence of permanent nerve lesions, total scar complications, or total vessel lacerations. There was a significantly increased incidence of transient digital nerve and total transient nerve injuries in the endoscopic groups versus the open groups. The higher incidence of total transient nerve lesions was maintained when only level 1 and 2 studies were used for analysis. When endoscopic and open release groups were analyzed chronologically, the endoscopic period from 1960-1990 had a significantly higher rate of superficial palmar arch injuries when compared to the periods of 1991-2000 and 2001-2013. There was otherwise no significant difference in rate of permanent nerve or vessel injury, or scar complications in either group over time. DISCUSSION Analysis of literature of all levels involving endoscopic and open techniques for carpal tunnel release reveals that it is a relatively safe procedure, regardless of technique. There is a slightly higher incidence of transient nerve injury with endoscopic techniques. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV

Topic: Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma beyond 2010

Abstract Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is considered the gold standard in the frontline therapy of younger patients with multiple myeloma because it results in higher complete remission (CR) rates and longer event-free survival than conventional chemotherapy. The greatest benefit from ASCT is obtained in patients achieving CR after transplantation, the likelihood of CR being associated with the M-protein size at the time of transplantation. The incorporation of novel agents results in higher pre- and posttransplantation CR rates. Induction with bortezomib-containing regimens is encouraging in patients with poor-risk cytogenetics. However, longer follow-up is required to assess the impact of this increased CR on long-term survival. The results of posttransplantation consolidation/maintenance with new drugs are encouraging. All this indicates that, in the era of novel agents, high-dose therapy should be optimized rather than replaced. Because of its high transplantation-related mortality, myeloablative allografting has been generally replaced by reduced-intensity conditioning (reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic transplantation). The best results are achieved after a debulky ASCT, with a progression-free survival plateau of 25% to 30% beyond 6 years from reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic transplantation. The development of novel reduced-intensity preparative regimens and peri- and posttransplantation strategies aimed at minimizing graft-versus-host disease, and enhancing the graft-versus-myeloma effect are key issues.

Topic: Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Structure and Electronic Properties of Unnatural Base Pairs: The Role of Dispersion Interactions

Abstract Recent reports of the successful incorporation of unnatural base pairs (UBPs), such as d5SICS–dNaM, in the gene sequence and replication with DNA is an important milestone in synthetic biology. Followed by this, several other UBPs, such as dTPT3–dNaM, dTPT3–dFIMO, dTPT3–IMO, dTPT3–FEMO, FTPT3–NaM, FTPT3–FIMO, FTPT3–IMO, and FTPT3–FEMO, have demonstrated similar or better retention and fidelity inside cells. Of these base pairs, dNaM–dTPT3 has been optimized to be a better fit inside a pAIO plasmid. Based on both implicit and explicit dispersion‐corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we show that although this set of UBPs is significantly diverse in elemental and structural configuration, the members do share a common trait of favoring a slipped parallel stacked dimer arrangement. Unlike the natural bases (A, T, G, C, and U), this set of UBPs has a negligible affinity for a Watson–Crick (WC)‐type planar structure because they are invariably more stable within slipped parallel stacked orientations. We also observed that all the UBPs have either similar or higher binding energies with the natural bases in similar stacked orientations. When arranged between two natural base pairs, the UBPs exhibited a binding energy similar to that of three‐base sequences of natural bases. Our computational data show that the most promising base pairs are 5SICS–NaM, TPT3–NaM, and TPT3–FEMO. These results are consistent with recent progress on experimental research into UBPs along with our previous calculations on the d5SICS–dNaM pair and, therefore, strengthen the hypothesis that hydrogen bonding might not be absolutely essential and that interbase stacking dispersion interactions play a key role in the stabilization of genetic materials.

Topic: DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
THE INFLUENCE OF RESISTANCE TRAINING ON ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE IN FEMALE ENDURANCE CYCLISTS 1502

Most research investigating the influence of resistance training on endurance performance has utilised male subjects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of resistance training on endurance performance in female endurance cyclists. Twenty-one endurance-trained female cyclists, aged 19-42 years, were randomly assigned to a resistance training (n=14) or a control group (n=7). Resistance training (2×/wk) consisted of five sets to failure (4-8RM) of parallel squats for twelve weeks. Prior to the training period, subjects completed an incremental cycle test to determine both their lactate threshold (LT) and peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2). Endurance performance was assessed by average power output during a one hour cycle test (OHT). Leg strength was measured in a concentric squating action. Resting muscle was sampled by needle biopsy from m. vastus lateralis and analysed for fibre type diameter, fibre type percentage and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity. These tests were repeated post-training. Following the twelve-week training program there was a significantly greater increase in 1 RM squat strength for the experimental group (20.9%) than for the control group (4.3%) (P<0.05). There were however, no significant changes in OHT performance, LT, peak VO2 or muscle fibre characteristics in either group (P>0.05). In contrast to previous studies on males, the present data suggest that an increase in leg strength may not improve cycle endurance performance in female endurance cyclists.

Topic: Sports Performance and Training
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Enantioselective carbon–sulfur bond formation: γ additions of aryl thiols to allenoates catalyzed by a chiral phosphepine

An effective phosphine-catalyzed method was developed for the enantioselective addition of aryl thiols to the γ position of allenoates, thereby providing ready access to aryl alkyl sulfides in very good ee. The array of mechanistic data are consistent with the addition of the chiral phosphine to the allenoate being the turnover-limiting step of the catalytic cycle. The optimized reaction conditions, as well as the mechanistic observations, differ markedly from an earlier report on asymmetric additions of alkyl thiols to allenoates, which highlights the potential for divergent behavior between alkyl and aryl thiols when acting as nucleophiles.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Lorentz factors for large-mosaic crystals

General expressions are derived for the Lorentz factor for two- and three-axis spectrometers to be used when the vertical resolution is comparable to or less than the mosaic of the measured Bragg reflections.

Topic: Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences