jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Modelling Contingent Protection

Anti‐dumping and countervailing duty (AD/CVD) law and policy has become one of the most contentious issues affecting trading relations between members of the World Trade Organisation. A major concern among researchers and policy‐makers is that the decision‐making process of regulatory authorities responsible for the administration of AD/CVD laws is biased in favour of providing protectionist outcomes for applicants. However, to date there is no agreed approach on how to undertake empirical analyses needed to help AD/CVD policy development. What is needed is an agreed general framework for such analyses. In this paper a new approach, the Competing Claims framework is introduced to model empirically the AD/CVD decision‐making process. The Competing Claims approach is more inclusive than approaches used previously and makes it is easier to identify appropriate hypotheses for testing. Using Australian data covering a period characterised by relatively heavy use of AD/CVD processes, the paper compares this new Competing Claims approach to that of previous researchers and concludes that previous approaches, if they had been adopted using the Australian data, would have led to missing variable bias. The implication for future researchers is clear. In order to assess the various potential biases that can inject themselves into the very opaque world of contingent protection decision‐making, as broad an empirical model as possible should be used.

Topic: Global trade and economics
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Healthcare Workers’ Challenges in Managing Disease Outbreaks: A Systematic Review from an Islamic Perspective

Healthcare workers (HCWs) are prone to be at risk to health and safety hazards, particularly during disease outbreaks. This study examined the challenges confronted by HCWs in providing care and service during disease outbreaks. A systematic literature review (SLR) was adopted as the main approach of this study. A total of 61 articles were retrieved from two databases, Scopus and Web of Science, and analysed. Knowledge deficit and communication issues were identified as among the major challenges confronted by HCWs during disease outbreaks. These challenges were later analysed from an Islamic perspective by examining the responses provided in the Qur’ān and Ḥadīths. This study puts forward relevant Islamic guidelines on dealing with challenges during a disease outbreak that have been scarce in the literature. The study received approval from the IIUM Research Ethics Committee (IREC). It is also part of a research project on preventing and controlling disease outbreaks, as well as dealing with emergencies, funded by the Islamic Advisory group (AIG).

Topic: Islamic Finance and Banking Studies
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
A 3 microphone method to separate direct and in-direct combustion noise inside a turbofan jet engine annular combustor

Greater fuel efficiency is a key area in the development of a new generation of turbofan engines. It is currently unclear as to how modifications to the combustor to achieve higher levels of efficiency will affect the combustion noise that reaches the far field. To understand this, it is necessary to be able to identify the contribution of both the direct and the indirect combustion &lt;br/&gt;noise to the far field level. The contribution of these two combustion noise sources is unknown for the current generation of turbofan engines. This paper presents a 3 microphone method for the separation of the direct and indirect combustion noise signals inside the combustor of a turbofan jet engine. The effects of transfer function error and coherence of unwanted noise on the &lt;br/&gt;performance of the technique are examined. This technique is then used as an input to the current combustion noise measurement method, called ‘3S Array’, to examine the effect of transfer function error on the coherence with the far-field. It has been found that the separation is only weakly dependent on transfer function error and is therefore a reasonable technique to apply to real &lt;br/&gt;engine data. All of the data presented in this paper uses models of the problem rather than measurements.&lt;br/&gt;

Topic: Aerodynamics and Acoustics in Jet Flows
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Achilles Tendon

ISBN: 978-0-387-79205-7, 255 pages, Hard Cover. Edition: 1st. Editor: James A. Nunley, MD. Specialties: Orthopedics, Sports Medicine. Publisher: Springer. List Price: $225.00 DESCRIPTION: This techniques-oriented text is a comprehensive guide to managing adult patients with Achilles tendon problems. PURPOSE: To describe current less-invasive and nonoperative treatment approaches in addition to traditional treatments. AUDIENCE: Medical professionals caring for adults with foot and ankle problems and orthopedic residents and fellows as well as podiatry trainees. FEATURES: The work is divided into acute and chronic injuries and tendonopathies. A useful introductory section covers anatomy, ultrasound, and MRI of the tendon. The spectrum of acute tendon rupture treatments is covered in chapters on nonoperative management, percutaneous techniques, mini-open repair, and the classical open repair. The pros and cons of each method are fully explored and detailed, along with a proactive protocol to rehabilitate the treated tendon. Experienced authors fully cover options to treat chronic injuries. The authors differentiate between tendonopathies of young athletes and those of older sedentary individuals who are likely to have comorbidities. Unfortunately, there are many intraoperative, two-tone photographs which are not easy to decipher. Replacing these with better medical illustrations gets my vote. ASSESSMENT: Introductory chapters provide essential background on basic anatomy, physiology, and pathomechanics. Subsequent sections cover the spectrum of Achilles tendon injuries. Acute and chronic conditions are addressed as well as problems specific to both adolescents and adults. The book also takes a practical approach to sports training in relation to the role of the Achilles. Rehabilitation is highlighted with an emphasis on quicker return to play. Case studies tie the book together and aid with the application of concepts to daily practice. Writing a book about the Achilles tendon is a daunting undertaking. Nevertheless, the editor and the contributing authors accomplished this goal. In addition to the big picture, the reader learns about the patellofibular ligament, the exact location of the fabella, the Kager's triangle, the retrocalcaneal bursa, the pump bumps, the tennis leg, and the vario stable boot. RATING: ★★★★ Reviewed by: Edward Abraham, MD (College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago)

Topic: Shoulder Injury and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of Wall Thickness and Surface Conditions on Creep Behavior of a Single-Crystal Ni-Based Superalloy

The influence of wall thickness and specimen surface on the creep behavior of the single-crystal nickel-based superalloy MAR M247LC is studied. Specimens with wall thicknesses of 0.4, 0.8, 1 and 2 mm, with and without casting surface, are compared to specimens of the same wall thickness prepared from bulk material. Creep behavior turned out to be independent from surface conditions even for the thinnest specimens. The thickness debit effect is not pronounced for short creep rupture times (≤100 h at 980 °C), whereas it is significant for creep rupture times longer than ~200 h at 980 °C. The thickness debit effect is time-dependent and caused by oxidation and diffusion-controlled mechanisms.

Topic: High Temperature Alloys and Creep
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
PROBLEMATYKA BADAŃ DOTYCZĄCYCH POSTAW WOBEC UCZENIA SIĘ JĘZYKÓW OBCYCH NA PRZYKŁADZIE JĘZYKA HISZPAŃSKIEGO

Attitudes, including beliefs, values, and motivation are within the scope of interest of numerous fields of study such as psychology, philosophy, sociology, and anthropology. In psychology, attitudes related to affective, cognitive and, in particular, behavioral reactions are studied. It is believed that attitudes do not only affect the behavior of the individual, but also their ways of evaluating specific actions. At the same time, empirical research in this area is extremely problematic and conditioned by many individual differences (e.g. age, gender, place of residence, personality traits, etc.). On the other hand, in glottodidactics, the common trend in this type of research is analysis of students' attitudes (including motivation) towards a foreign language and its culture(s). The purpose of the article is to briefly present the methodology of research on attitudes towards learning different languages. First, we review the concepts of attitudes, beliefs, values, and motivation from a psychological and didactic perspective. We also focus our attention on the types of attitude measurement used (which include motivation). Finally, we present some results of research conducted for the first time in Poland in the field of attitudes and motivation of secondary school students towards learning Spanish.&#x0D;

Topic: Language and Culture
Subfield: Linguistics and Language
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Distributed beamforming for cognitive radio networks

We study a cognitive radio (CR) network with cognitive users communicating in the presence of a primary user. All users are uniformly distributed within a circle. Each user is equipped with a single ideal isotropic antenna. We propose a scheme in which all users collaboratively transmit the signal by adjusting the carrier phase of each transmitter such that the interference caused by the cognitive users to the primary user is reduced. The effect of noise in phase synchronisation on the resultant beampattern is analysed. The statistical distribution of the mainlobe and sidelobe power levels of the beampattern and the carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) with phase offset is derived.

Topic: Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Chipped Stone Tool Use in the Maya Coastal Economies of Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro, Ambergris Caye, Belize

A highly detailed analysis of stone tools recovered from excavations at two sites on the coral island of Ambergris Caye, off the coast of Belize, which revealed evidence for continuous occupation on the island from c.100 BC until well into the Historic period. Studying the use-wear of tools provides a clear picture of the ways in which the Maya exploited the island's natural resources, notably fish, shell, coral and salt, while comparison of the sites shows the level of interaction between communities. The study includes a tool typology and discusses lithic technology, raw materials and the archaeological context and distribution of the assemblages.

Topic: Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Learning Resources Center in Transition: Dunwoody Institute

Abstract After hiring their first full time, professional librarian and assigning a new budget to the library, Dunwoody Institute makes a commitment to growing a full service library. The history of Dunwoody and the Learning Resources Center is discussed. With an emphasis on customer service, the strategic plan is mapped out for the future.

Topic: Library Collection Development and Digital Resources
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ex vivo comparison of different thoracoabdominal stapler sizes for typhlectomy in canine cadavers

Abstract Objective To determine the influence of staple size on leakage pressure of typhlectomy sites in canine cadavers. Study design Randomized, experimental cadaveric study. Animals Twenty‐four fresh canine cadavers. Methods Ileocecocolic segments were exteriorized following right paracostal laparotomy after euthanasia. Cecal base length and wall thickness were measured. Each cecum was randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (TA 30 V3 2.5 mm, TA 60 3.5 mm, and TA 60 4.8 mm). The cecal base was stapled and the cecum was removed. A 10 cm segment including the stapled cecal excision site was tested for initial leak pressure. Results The mean ± standard deviation body weights across the groups were 18.7 ± 6.1 kg, 16.2 ± 7.5 kg, and 14.2 ± 5.5 kg for the TA 30 V3 2.5 mm, TA 60 3.5 mm, and TA 60 4.8 mm groups, respectively ( P = .48). There were no differences for mean cecal base length or wall thickness. Mean initial leak pressure (ILP) across groups was 182 ± 111 mmHg (TA 30 V3 2.5 mm), 112 ± 57 mmHg (TA 60 3.5 mm), and 77 ± 60 mmHg (TA 60 4.8 mm) ( P = .78). Conclusion Each stapler size that was evaluated resulted in a mean ILP in excess of typical intraluminal pressures under normal circumstances. There were no differences among groups. Clinical significance The results of this cadaveric study support the use of any of the stapler sizes evaluated in similarly sized dogs. A prospective study is needed to be able to correlate stapler size and clinical outcome.

Topic: Colorectal Cancer Surgical Treatments
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Cardiac toxicity of aerosol propellants

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Taylor and Harris<sup>1</sup>recently reported experiments which they interpreted as demonstrating that the fluorocarbon propellants used in asthma inhalers produced a toxic effect on the heart of anesthetized mice, which could explain sudden deaths in asthmatics and which casts doubt on the safety of other aerosol products. We believe that their findings may be explained on a physiologic basis which is related to the asphyxia rather than a specific chemical cardiotoxicity, and we believe that deductions made in the paper about the safety of other aerosol products therefore are open to question. The "cardiac toxicity" of the propellants was demonstrated by Taylor and Harris in the following manner. Mice anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium were exposed to the inhalation of an unknown but presumably very high concentration of the propellants for a few seconds. Following this, their heads were enclosed in a tightly fitting plastic bag. These

Topic: Energetic Materials and Combustion
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Temperature effect on the breadth of powder pattern reflections

A general method is developed for calculating the temperature diffuse intensity for cubic powder patterns. The method is applied to the pattern of an f.c.c. crystal containing 1012 atoms. The effect of temperature vibration is a spreading out at the base of the peak. In terms of the integral breadth, there is an increase which may be of the order of several percent. But the main part of the peak is essentially unaltered, and the increase does not relate to what is generally measured as a breadth. The usual observation is better represented by the breadth at half maximum intensity, and for this quantity there is an increase of less than 0.07% for 2M = 1.0 and less than 0.17% for 2M = 2.0. It is concluded that a real temperature broadening of powder pattern peaks will always be too small to be of importance, or to be experimentally observable.

Topic: Material Properties and Applications
Subfield: General Materials Science
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Multi‐Cereal Beverage Fermented by <i>Lactobacillus Helveticus</i> and <i>Saccharomyces Cerevisiae</i>

Abstract A novel multi‐cereal‐based fermented beverage with suitable aroma, flavor, and pH fermented by lactic acid bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was developed. Twenty‐seven lactobacilli strains were screened for acid production (pH and titratable acidity) in a mixture of malt, rice, and maize substrates. It was found that Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS1.9204 had the greatest acid production among 27 lactobacilli tested. The fermentation performance of L. helveticus KLDS1.9204 was also assayed and the fermentation parameters were optimized using Plackett–Burman design and steepest ascent method. L. helveticus KLDS1.9204 showed good proteolytic capability, however, the strain could not utilize starch. The optimum substrate consisted of 50% malt (25 g/100 mL), 25% rice (20 g/100 mL), and 25% maize (30 g/100 mL). The inoculum was 5% with a ratio of S. cerevisiae to L. helveticus KLDS1.9204 of 2.5:1. The optimum temperature was 37 °C and the time was 22 h. Lastly, the quality of the multi‐cereal‐based fermented beverage was evaluated. This beverage was light yellow, transparent, and it tasted well with a pleasant acid and a unique flavor of cereals. The beverage was rich in free amino acids and organic acids. The pH and titratable acidity of the beverage were 3.5 and 29.86 °T, respectively. The soluble solids content of the beverage was 6.5 °Brix, and the alcohol content was 0.67%.

Topic: Probiotics and Fermented Foods
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Revisiting the Right to Know: The Transnational Adoptee and the Moral Economy of ‘Return’

In this article I examine regulatory regimes of mobility through the case of transnational adoption. In particular, I focus on ‘return’ journeys by adoptees and their entanglement the ‘right to know’. Backed up by international law, the right to know in the adoption context includes the right to know one’s biological parents, one’s birth culture, and the right to information (for instance, medical information). At large, the ‘right to know’ signals a valuation of openness. But what are the problems that come with knowledge and information? What does the imperative of openness do to kinship relations? Looking at a number of instances where institutions discuss the necessities and implications of return journeys, I demonstrate in this article that ‘the right to know’ is inextricably linked to moral economies of kinship. Returns make visible the transaction of adoption and the exchangeability of the adoptee body. I discuss how adoptees are implicated in this moral economy but also how they, as subjects, negotiate, destabilise, or refuse openness as imperative. I argue that in the end, while the ‘right to know’ allows the discovery of relations, it also fails to acknowledge the invention of relations.

Topic: Reproductive Health and Technologies
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An investigation into the constraints and driving factors associated with brownfield redevelopment in Portsmouth from the developer's perspective

The purpose of this project was to investigate the constraints and driving factors associated with the development of Brownfield sites in Portsmouth from the developer’s point of view. The project was worthwhile endeavour as there is little published research which investigates the problems that developers face when developing on Brownfield sites at a local level. &#13;\n&#13;\nThe research was conducted using a postal questionnaire with a sample group of 158 participants. The data collected from the questionnaires was a mixture of both qualitative and quantitative data. However the focus of the data collection was on quantitative data. &#13;\n&#13;\nThrough the process of the analysis of the findings of the research it has been identified that Brownfield redevelopment will be prevented mainly as a result of planning restrictions imposed by local authorities. In fact, planning constraints have been characterized by the vast majority of participants as the most difficult barrier to overcome followed in descending order by ownership constraints, infrastructure constraints, and contamination constraints. However, most of the developers stated that they will not be deterred from overcoming any form of contamination or any other physical constraint (such as infrastructure) as long as there is the opportunity of profit to be made. &#13;\n&#13;\nWith respect to the driving factors to Brownfield redevelopment, the analysis of the results revealed that developers are mainly driven to increase their Brownfield output as a result of lack of available land for development, resulting from pressures exerted by government policies for the re-use of Brownfield sites. &#13;\n&#13;\nIn addition, it has been suggested by most participants to the research that there is a need for more government led incentives to be provided in order to make those heavily contaminated sites to become more viable to develop.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A reformulation of quasi-Gamkrelidzean occlusive typology and its more fruitful application to Indo-European

Article A reformulation of quasi-Gamkrelidzean occlusive typology and its more fruitful application to Indo-European was published on December 31, 1993 in the journal Indogermanische Forschungen (volume 98, issue 1993).

Topic: Linguistics and language evolution
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
When I grow up I want to be an astronaut, an artist, and a teacher

As an educator specializing in primary grades (kindergarten through third grade) where art is emphasized as being a crucial component to students' development, especially through creative freedom, I pose the question, "Why do we stop taking part in art as adults?" I believe it is important for adults to keep valuing art and creating pieces of artwork regardless of the daily grind of the real world. Therefore, even while I was focused on student teaching during my final semester as an undergraduate at Ball State University, I created three pieces of artwork revolving around aspects of education. One piece showcases my own experiences as an educator and the other two revolve around social and political facets facing education. In addition to creating these pieces, I also presented my artwork at the Indiana State Teachers Association's Representative Assembly (1STA RA). This artist's statement explains the process and inspiration of my artwork, as well as the presentation outcomes from the 1STA RA.

Topic: Spaceflight effects on biology
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On-line process decisions using convolutional neural network for centering high-precision short-focus lens

This study integrated the use of a centering machine with an automatic optical axis measuring technique to improve the centering process for short-focus lenses, which are widely used in interferometric inspection, microscopy, and spectrometry. A major concern of the centering process is coma aberrations during the axis centering of a lens, which leads to deformation of the image system. Because of the small size and high curvature of short-focus lenses, high optical axis error and unstable grinding quality are highly problematic within the high-precision centering process. To reduce optical axis error and improve manufacturing quality, an on-line optical axis measuring system that applies convolutional neural network (CNN) machine learning for the evaluation of centering stability was developed. According to experimental results, the CNN achieved 95% accuracy. With the use of trace classification and optical axis measurements, the optical axis error was controlled to <150 μrad, the range of cracks to <E0.1, and the circularity error to <0.1 mm.

Topic: Optical measurement and interference techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences