jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Central Nervous System

Abstract The central nervous system (CNS) refers to the portion of the nervous system that lies within the skull and spinal column and receives nervous impulses from sense receptors throughout the organism, regulates bodily processes, and organizes and directs behavior. Anatomically, the CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord, which float within the cranial cavity of the skull and the vertebral canal of the spinal column in a liquid matrix called cerebrospinal fluid ; this fluid also fills hollow space and serves as a protective cushion against damage. CNS tissue is further protected by three enfolding membranes called the meninges. The outer and toughest of the three, the dura mater , attaches to skull and spine, encasing the spongy arachnoid membrane within which the cerebrospinal fluid circulates. The soft pia mater is contiguous with the outer layer of brain and cord.

Topic: Neurology and Historical Studies
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Chemical characterization of Grechetto grape pomace for potential valorization in a biorefinery perspective

Abstract The Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV) assessed vineyard among the main crops worldwide and the resulting waste represent a critical issue. Winery waste and their content of natural active principles have been extensively explored for changing them into new resources with high added value. The recovery of bioactive phenols and polysaccharides from pomace offers promising opportunities for producing novel ingredients across different sectors, enhancing winery economic sustainability and reducing environmental impact. In this scenario, studies concerning white grape cv Grechetto, widely cultivated in Italy, are very limited. The present work studied the possibility of exploiting white Grechetto whole pomace, skins and seeds, in a biorefinery perspective for a large-scale green extraction process to implement in the winery. Grechetto dried pomace were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy– Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) to obtain a qualitative fingerprint. Polyphenols were characterized by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Diode Array and Mass Detectors (HPLC-DAD-MS) and Folin-Ciocalteu assay; polysaccharides by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), chemical hydrolysis and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( 1 H-NMR) spectroscopy. Total phenols were 51 ± 1, 25.36 ± 0.08 and 85 ± 2 mg/g GAE on whole dried pomace, skin and seed respectively, with similar trend obtained by HPLC-DAD-MS. Crude polysaccharides, studied for the first time in white Grechetto, were 12%, 13% and 8% on dried whole pomace, skins and seeds. They were present in relatively high quantities, with glucuronic acid, acetyl and methyl groups similar to pectin, suggesting their potential use as a gelling agent.

Topic: Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
“I Didn’t Enjoy Reading Until Now”: How Youth and Adults Engage with Interactive Digital Texts

Preview this article: "I Didn't Enjoy Reading Until Now": How Youth and Adults Engage with Interactive Digital Texts, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/rte/54/2/researchintheteachingofenglish30617-1.gif

Topic: Literacy, Media, and Education
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Optimal Cell Flipping in Placement and Floorplanning ABSTRACT Chiu-wing Sham

In a placed circuit, there are a lot of movable cells that can be flipped to further reduce the total wirelength, without affecting the original placement solution. We aim at solving this flipping problem optimally. However, solving such a problem optimally is non-trivial given the gigantic sizes of modern circuits. We are able to identify a large portion of cells (about 75%) of which the orientation (flipped or not flipped) can be determined independent of the orientations of all the other cells. We have derived three non-trivial conditions to identify those so called independent cells, strictly solvable cells and conditionally solvable cells. In this way, we can greatly reduce the number of cells whose orientations are dependent on each other. Finally, the cell flipping problem of the remaining dependent cells can be formulated as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem and solved optimally. However, this may still be too slow for extremely large circuits and we have applied two other methods, Linear Programming (LP) and Linear Programming followed by Mixed Integer Linear Programming (LP+MILP) to solve the problem. Experimental results show that by identifying those independent and solvable cells first and applying the LP+MILP technique, we can solve this flipping problem effectively and obtain results just 0.01 % more than the optimal. In addition, we can improve the wirelength and number of overflow tiles by 5 % and 9 % respectively on the floorplanning benchmarks.

Topic: VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Low-Temperature Deposition of Ga-Doped ZnO Films for Transparent Electrodes by Pulsed DC Magnetron Sputtering

To establish low-temperature process conditions, process-property correlation has been investigated for Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) thin films deposited by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering. Thickness of GZO films and deposition temperature were varied from 50 to 500 nm and from room temperature to 250 °C, respectively. Electrical properties of the GZO films initially improved with increase of temperature to 150 °C, but deteriorated subsequently with further increase of the temperature. At lower temperatures, the electrical properties improved with increasing thickness; however, at higher temperatures, increasing thickness resulted in deteriorated electrical properties. Such changes in electrical properties were correlated to the microstructural evolution, which is dependent on the deposition temperature and the film thickness. While the GZO films had c-axis preferred orientation due to preferred nucleation, structural disordering with increasing deposition temperature and film thickness promoted grain growth with a-axis orientation. Consequently, it was possible to obtain a good electrical property at relatively low deposition temperature with small thickness.

Topic: ZnO doping and properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Tanshinone ⅡA may alleviate rifampin-induced cholestasis by regulating the expression and function of NTCP

The Na + -taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) acts as the major hepatic basolateral uptake system, and plays a key role in balancing bile flow. The anti-tuberculosis drugs rifampin (RFP) can affect bile flow causing liver injury, while tanshinone IIA (TAN IIA) has the effect of protecting liver. This study aimed to investigate the effects of RFP and TAN IIA on the NTCP expression and activity, and explore the potential connections. Herein, we established sandwich-cultured primary rat hepatocytes, and quantified mRNA and protein levels of NRF2 and NTCP after treatment with RFP (10, 25, or 50 μM) or co-treatment with TAN IIA (5, 10, or 20 μM) for 12, 24, 48 h (n = 3). NTCP activity was assessed by measuring the initial uptake rates of known substrates taurocholate (TCA) (n = 3) after treatment with different concentrations of RFP, TAN ⅡA for 12, 24 and 48 h. We found that RFP had inhibition effects on NRF2, NTCP mRNA and protein expression, and co-administration of TAN IIA could reverse RFP inhibition. TCA cellular accumulation was significantly decreased by RFP (39.1%), and TAN IIA could significantly induce TCA uptake of NTCP (2.9-fold at 48 h). The TCA uptake activity was correlated with the NTCP mRNA expression, confirming the role of RFP or TAN IIA on NTCP expression and activity is synchronous, and we can predict NTCP activity by detecting its mRNA expression. In conclusion, our work will enrich the significance of NTCP in the liver protection, and provide theoretical basis for TAN IIA to prevent RFP induced cholestatic liver injury.

Topic: Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Digital revenue metering algorithm: development, analysis, implementation, testing, and evaluation. Final report

A digital revenue metering algorithm is described. The algorithm has been tested in a microcomputer system using two 8-bit MC6800 microprocessors and 12-bit analog-to-digital converters. The tests show that the system meets the accuracy requirements of ANSI C12-1975. The algorithm demands modest computing requirements and low data sampling rates. The algorithm uses Walsh-functions and will operate with as few as 4 samples per 60-Hz cycle. For proper response to odd harmonic frequencies, higher sampling rates must be used. Third harmonic power can be handled with an 8-sample per cycle Walsh function. However, even harmonics are effectively suppressed by the algorithm. The developed algorithm is intended for use in digital data acquisition systems for substations where interchange metering is required.

Topic: Blind Source Separation Techniques
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Employee perceptions regarding whistle-blowing in the workplace: A South African perspective

The purpose of whistle-blowing is to eradicate unethical behaviour in the work place. This article investigates the perceptions of South African employees (n=387) employed in medium and large organisations regarding whistle-blowing. Respondents regard personal viewpoints and the supportive organisational environment as determining factors for whistle-blowing. South African employees have faced minimal negative consequences and will again engage in whistle-blowing, regardless of union support. Organisations can create a whistle-blowing culture by having a personal code of ethics, using hotlines, having an ethical committee, engaging in periodic ethics training and doing an annual ethical audit.

Topic: Ethics in Business and Education
Subfield: Information Systems and Management
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A practical approach to vitamin and mineral supplementation in food allergic children

Abstract Background The management of food allergy in children requires elimination of the offending allergens, which significantly contribute to micronutrient intake. Vitamin and mineral supplementation are commonly suggested as part of dietary management. However a targeted supplementation regime requires a complete nutritional assessment, which includes food diaries. Ideally these should be analysed using a computerised program, but are very time consuming. We therefore set out to evaluate current practice of vitamin and mineral supplementation in a cohort of children with non‐Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated food allergies. Methods This prospective, observational study recruited children aged 4 weeks – 16 years, who required to follow an elimination diet for non‐IgE mediated allergies. Only children that improved according to a symptom score and were on a vitamin and/or mineral supplement were included. A 3‐day food diary including vitamin and mineral supplementation was recorded and analysed using Dietplan computer program. We assessed dietary adequacy with/without the supplement using the Dietary Reference Values. Results One hundred‐and‐ten children had completed food diaries and of these 29% (32/110) were taking vitamin and/or mineral supplements. Children on hypoallergenic formulas were significantly (p = 0.007) less likely to be on supplements than those on alternative over‐the‐counter milks. Seventy‐one percent had prescribable supplements, suggested by a dietitian/physician. Sixty percent of those without a vitamin supplement had a low vitamin D intake, but low zinc, calcium and selenium was also common. Of the supplemented cohort many continued to be either under or over‐supplemented. Conclusion This study has raised the question for the first time, whether clinicians dealing with paediatric food allergies should consider routine vitamin and/or mineral supplements in the light of deficient intake being so common in addition to being so difficult to predict.

Topic: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Research
Subfield: Immunology and Allergy
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Copernican Revolution in the Collatz Conjecture: Unveiling Universal Order in Reverse Operations

This research aims to elucidate the hidden order within the reverse operations of the unresolved Collatz Conjecture. We propose a new method for classifying any integer generated by the reverse Collatz operation into six mutually exclusive sequences based on their remainders modulo 9. We then analyze the transition rules of the reverse Collatz operations ((4P−1)/3 and (2P−1)/3) within each sequence. The sequences defined in this study are constructed with the intention of covering all positive integers that converge to 1, assuming the Collatz Conjecture is true. Therefore, the discovery of non-periodicity presented in this paper applies to the elements of these sequences and does not directly prove the truth of the Collatz Conjecture itself (i.e., whether all positive integers converge to 1), but it provides a strong indication of its non-periodicity. Analysis of this system reveals that all numbers, regardless of their starting sequence, ultimately avoid falling into a loop. This universal non-periodicity contrasts with other similar problems, such as the 5N+1 problem, where loops have been observed through repeated operations. This finding suggests that the unique arithmetic properties inherent in the "3N+1" operation of the Collatz Conjecture may contribute to the exclusion of infinite cycles. This offers a new perspective on the non-periodicity of the Collatz Conjecture and is expected to contribute to its resolution.

Topic: Benford’s Law and Fraud Detection
Subfield: Statistics and Probability
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Recurrent Unilateral Vulval Elephantiasis: A Case Report

Genital elephantiasis is caused by a variety of infective and non infective causes leading to blockage of lymphatic. We are presenting a rare case of recurrent unilateral vulval elephantiasis which has recurred after initial reconstructive surgery. A 38 year old female presented with vulval swelling and on examination there was gross unilateral vulval enlargement. FNAC (Fine needle aspiration cytology) and biopsy were contributory for diagnosis. Patient was started with antibiotics and daily dressing was done till the infection was subsided and the patient was planned for reconstructive surgery.

Topic: Dermatologic Treatments and Research
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of axially bound anions on the electroreduction of tin(IV) porphyrins in tetrahydrofuran

The spectroscopic characterization and electrochemistry of SnL(X)2 is presented where L is the dianion of tetra-p-tolylporphyrin or tetra-m-tolylporphyrin and X is ClO4–, Br–, Cl–, F–, or OH–. In all cases, electroreduction leads to porphyrin π anion radicals and dianions which were characterized in tetrahydrofuran by spectroelectrochemistry and e.s.r. spectroscopy. Dissociation of one ClO4– ion from SnL(ClO4)2 occurs before electroreduction of the complex but no dissociation is observed either before or after electroreduction of SnL(F)2 or SnL(OH)2. In contrast, one Br– ion dissociates after the first electron addition to SnL(Br)2 while one Cl– ion dissociates from SnL(Cl)2 after the second electroreduction of this complex.

Topic: Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Chemistry
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Chronic discoid lupus erythematosus: an immunopathological and electron microscopic study.

We studied 100 cases of chronic cutaneous discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity of immunoreactant deposition and its possible role in basement membrane thickening. Histopathology was diagnostic in 71% of cases. Sixty-two percent (41/66) of lesions with thickened and 50% (17/34) with normal basement membrane had immunoreactant deposition. Ultrastructural study of 6 cases (3 with and 3 without immunoreactant deposition) with thickened basement membrane all showed reduplication of the lamina densa. Thickening of the basement membrane appears to be contributed mainly by reduplication of the lamina densa rather than by immunoreactant deposition. The direct immunofluorescence (DIF) test of lesional skin was positive in 58% of patients and was independent of duration of lesion, age and sex. Light microscopy has greater diagnostic sensitivity in confirming DLE lesions than DIF. Direct salt split skin technique did not increase DIF sensitivity. Scalp lesions showed the highest frequency (83%) of immunoreactant deposition. As C1q was the commonest immunoreactant found in our study, we suggest that it should be routinely used when DIF is employed in the evaluation of DLE. DIF is especially helpful in confirming cicatricial alopecia due to DLE.

Topic: Urticaria and Related Conditions
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Security of wireless Bluetooth™ sensor systems

Abstract:- A low power, portable, and secure Bluetooth ™ sensor system has been designed and its performance has been evaluated. Light weight, small size, high interference immunity and interoperability with a personal area network are fundamental characteristics in designing the sensor system so the architecture has been implemented adopting an FPGA and a Bluetooth ™ module. The design analysis shows the possibility to transmit continuously analogue signals with a high level of security. At low sampling rates, the adopted solution offers low power consumption and consequently battery with lower capacity can be adopted, minimizing the sensor system weight. With higher sampling rates, the system equipped with a FPGA offers the best architectural solution and performance. Therefore, Bluetooth ™ can be satisfactorily adopted in many different applications: in the example reported in the paper, it is used for monitoring critical parameters, such as vital signs in patients having serious pathologies. Key-Words: Bluetooth™, wireless technology, security, sensor system, telemetry 1

Topic: Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Study on the Establishment of Reference Linking System for National R&amp;D Information

식별체계를 활용한 참조연계 서비스가 해외는 물론 국내에서도 각 분야에서 본격적으로 활성화되고 있다. 국가 R&D정보는 국가 R&D사업의 과제, 참여인력, 연구개발 결과로 산출되는 성과, 연구 장비 등에 관한 정보이다. 전 부처의 모든 국가 R&D정보에 식별체계를 부여하고 과제와 관련된 성과, 과제의 참여 연구원 정보, 과제와 관련된 장비, 성과와 관련된 인력정보 등 정보간 관련 연계정보를 검색없이 바로 링크해서 볼 수 있도록 하는 참조연계서비스는 연구자들에게 매우 유용하다. 본 논문에서 개발한 식별체계 기반의 국가 R&D정보 참조연계서비스 시스템을 통해 국가 R&D정보의 동종 및 이종 정보간 정보연계를 더욱 활성화하는 계기가 될 것이다. Reference linking based on a identification system is being widely used both domestically and overseas. National R&D information contains all information related to the R&D programs such as the output and equipment information resulting from the participant and project information. The reference linking service enables the user to freely look up output of a certain program, participant of a project, equipment information from the project or participant and all other information that originates from a R&D project without having to search for it. The reference linking service in the area of national R&D will enable the linking of heterogeneous information produced at different sources.

Topic: Technology and Data Analysis
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Biomass estimates derived from sector subsampling of 360° spherical images

Abstract Efficient subsampling designs reduce forest inventory costs by focusing sampling efforts on more variable forest attributes. Sector subsampling is an efficient and accurate alternative to big basal area factor (big BAF) sampling to estimate the mean basal area to biomass ratio. In this study, we apply sector subsampling of spherical images to estimate aboveground biomass and compare our image-based estimates with field data collected from three early spacing trials on western Newfoundland Island in eastern Canada. The results show that sector subsampling of spherical images produced increased sampling errors of 0.3–3.4 per cent with only about 60 trees measured across 30 spherical images compared with about 4000 trees measured in the field. Photo-derived basal area was underestimated because of occluded trees; however, we implemented an additional level of subsampling, collecting field-based basal area counts, to correct for bias due to occluded trees. We applied Bruce’s formula for standard error estimation to our three-level hierarchical subsampling scheme and showed that Bruce’s formula is generalizable to any dimension of hierarchical subsampling. Spherical images are easily and quickly captured in the field using a consumer-grade 360° camera and sector subsampling, including all individual tree measurements, were obtained using a custom-developed python software package. The system is an efficient and accurate photo-based alternative to field-based big BAF subsampling.

Topic: Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications
Subfield: Environmental Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Studies on the pathogenesis of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia

The cellular components in lungs of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) and interstitial pneumonia with collagen disease (IP with CD) were examined by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to analyze the pathogenesis of IIP. The findings of BAL fluid of IIP and IP with CD were increase of total cell count and increased percent of lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophil/mast cells in comparison with the normal control. The BAL fluid of the patients with IIP and IP with CD in active stage contained a higher proportion of lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil/mast cell than those in a nonactive stage. Furthermore, an increase of T-cells and Ia positive T-cells was detected in the examination of lymphocyte subpopulation in BAL fluid of patients with IIP, while the lymphocyte subpopulation of peripheral blood showed no significant difference. Cellular components in BAL fluid of IIP patients treated with or without steroids were compared. Under steroid therapy a decrease of total cell count and eosinophil was shown in BAL fluids of patients with IIP.These findings indicate that various cells such as macrophage, lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil/mast cell in lungs play important roles in the pathogenesis of IIP and IP with CD.

Topic: Interstitial Lung Diseases and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Intertrochanteric osteotomy of the femur for osteo-arthritis of the hipl a follow-up study

Journal Article Intertrochanteric osteotomy of the femur for osteo-arthritis of the hipl a follow-up study Get access R Q Crellin, R Q Crellin London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M A Simurda M A Simurda Kingston, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Surgery, Volume 52, Issue 6, June 1965, Pages 437–439, https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800520608 Published: 08 December 2005

Topic: Bone and Joint Diseases
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences