jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Single Aldol Reactions of Remote Dialdehydes.

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Topic: Cyclopropane Reaction Mechanisms
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Retinotopic mapping with fMRI in awake, behaving infants

Drastic changes in visual processing occur in the first years of life, yet little is known about how visual cortex develops during this period in humans. Retinotopic mapping has been performed in children as young as five, and the organization of their visual cortex was found to be adult-like (Gomez et al., 2018). However, whether this is true in younger infants and toddlers is unclear. On one hand, visual acuity and functions improve substantially over the first 12 months (Maurer & Lewis, 2001), suggesting that visual cortex may undergo reorganization. On the other hand, a hierarchical and topographic proto-organization has been observed from birth in non-human primates (Arcaro & Livingstone, 2017). Here we investigate how the organization of human visual cortex develops by conducting retinotopic mapping using fMRI in infants. Retinotopy in infants is a challenge for two key reasons: (1) they provide low quantities of data because of motion and fussiness, and (2) it is not possible to ensure fixation during stimulus presentation. These issues make modern travelling-wave paradigms infeasible. We instead adopted block designs that were robust to eye movements: meridian mapping to identify polar-angle boundaries between areas (Schnieder et al., 1993) and full-field spatial frequency modulation to map eccentricity (Arcaro & Livingstone, 2017). These tasks engaged infants, allowing us to obtain sufficient data in 6 sessions with 5 infants between 5 and 18 months. In all participants, we observed strong and selective evoked fMRI activity in visual cortex that distinguished horizontal versus vertical meridians and high versus low spatial frequencies. In infants over a year old, for whom we have succeeded in making surface reconstructions for flat mapping, we see clear evidence of hierarchically and topographically organized visual areas. In these participants, we are able to delineate and quantify regions up to ventral V4 and dorsal V3.

Topic: Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Survey of ICT and Education in Africa : Algeria Country Report

This short Country Report, a result of a larger infoDev-supported Survey of ICT in Education in Africa, provides a general overview of current activities and issues related to ICT use in education in the country. The data presented here should be regarded as illustrative rather than exhaustive. ICT use in education is at a particularly dynamic stage in Africa; new developments and announcements happening on a daily basis somewhere on the continent. Therefore, these reports should be seen as “snapshots” that were current at the time they were taken; it is expected that certain facts and figures presented may become dated very quickly.

Topic: Education and Technology Integration
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
“ENTERING LIFE” OF POETRY BY E.T.A. HOFFMANN AND GÜNTER GRASS

In this scientific article, it is assumed that the literary works of the Nobel Prize laureate and the German national poet Günter Grass are characterized by romantic features. For this reason, the novel Ein weites Feld (“A Wide Field”) by Grass and the fairy tale Der goldene Topf (“The Golden Pot”) by E.T.A. Hoffmann are examined in terms of their similarities and differences. It is noteworthy that E.T.A. Hoffmann has so far only been associated with Grass in relation to his fairy tale “Klein Zaches, called Zinnober”, and the main hero of the fairy tale served as a literary model for Oskar Matzerath from “The Tin Drum”. Thus, this article makes it possible to throw a new light on Grass’es research. In this paper the following aspects are analyzed: questions of poetics, genesis, main characters, narrative or fictional levels, structural principles, as well as the role of the reader. The results are summarized in the final part of the investigation.

Topic: Folklore, Mythology, and Literature Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the Left Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Recently, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been applied to relieve symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this prospective, parallel, single-blinded, randomized study, we investigate the modulation effect of three-week tDCS treatment at the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in children with ASD. 47 children with ASD were enrolled, and 40 (20 in each group) completed the study. The primary outcomes are Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), and the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R). We found that children with ASD can tolerate three-week tDCS treatment with no serious adverse events detected. A within-group comparison showed that real tDCS, but not sham tDCS, can significantly reduce the scores of CARS, Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), and general impressions in CARS (15th item). Real tDCS produced significant score reduction in the CSHQ and in CARS general impressions when compared to the effects of sham tDCS. The pilot study suggests that three-week left DLPFC tDCS is well-tolerated and may hold potential in relieving some symptoms in children with ASD.

Topic: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Restorative Justice: The Challenge of Sexual and Racial Violence

The paper reviews the theory and policy proposals of recent formulations of abolitionism and restorative justice. Challenges are posed to some of the assumptions of abolitionism by considering its applicability to acts of violence against women, children, and minority ethnic citizens. In particular, the assumptions that dangerous offenders are few, and that the 'meaning' of a harmful act is negotiable between perpetrators and victims, are called into question. The symbolic function of criminalization and penalization is discussed. The paper considers whether the strategies suggested by recent proponents of forms of abolitionism and restorative justice can satisfy doubts about the adequacy of earlier abolitionist formulations in relation to both the symbolic and instrumental functions presently served by criminal law. Whilst calls for further criminalization and penalization of racial, sexual, and domestic violence are understandable, the abolitionist case that retributive justice is more likely to increase rather than reduce such violence, and to leave victims unsatisfied, is defended.

Topic: Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
EAARL coastal topography--North Shore, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, 2010

This DVD contains lidar-derived coastal topography GIS datasets of a portion of the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana. These datasets were acquired on February 28, March 1, and March 5, 2010.

Topic: Aeolian processes and effects
Subfield: Earth-Surface Processes
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Role for the Human Amygdala in Recognizing Emotional Arousal From Unpleasant Stimuli

Functional neuroimaging and lesion-based neuropsychological experiments have demonstrated the human amygdala's role in recognition of certain emotions signaled by sensory stimuli, notably, fear and anger in facial expressions. We examined recognition of two emotional dimensions, arousal and valence, in a rare subject with complete, bilateral damage restricted to the amygdala. Recognition of emotional arousal was impaired for facial expressions, words, and sentences that depicted unpleasant emotions, especially in regard to fear and anger. However, recognition of emotional valence was normal. The findings suggest that the amygdala plays a critical role in knowledge concerning the arousal of negative emotions, a function that may explain the impaired recognition of fear and anger in patients with bilateral amygdala damage, and one that is consistent with the amygdala's role in processing stimuli related to threat and danger.

Topic: Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
International operations strategies: effects on firm performanceand the influence of institutional distance

The focus of this dissertation is an analysis of business internationalization strategies. Specifically, the main purpose of this research is to analyse the determinants and implications of different international operations strategies. On the one hand, it focuses on studying determining factors in entry mode choice, particularly how certain institutional factors can affect this kind of decision making. On the other hand, it features an analysis of the impact of different international operations strategies on different business results, such as sales growth and propensity for innovation.

Topic: Global Trade and Competitiveness
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Zimbabwe's Drought Relief Programme in the 1990s: A Re‐Assessment Using Nationwide Household Survey Data

Zimbabwe's Drought Relief Programme was hailed in the 1980s and 1990s as an effective response to a food crisis in a poor country. International observers in particular credited the Programme with preventing famine and protecting livelihoods. Even before the current political turmoil and the ensuing politicisation of Drought Relief that have afflicted Zimbabwe since 2000, Zimbabwean authors were more sceptical about the effectiveness of Drought Relief. Both sides in the debate, however, failed to substantiate their arguments with national household survey data on who got what kind of assistance from Drought Relief, but rather relied on administrative data, qualitative interviews or sub‐national surveys. Drawing its inspiration from WHO's minimum evaluation procedure, this article uses data from four nationwide household surveys in 1992–1993 and 1995–1996 and various definitions of poverty to ask whether Drought Relief provided poor people with relevant, timely and adequate assistance in the 1990s. The analysis suggests that Drought Relief was effective in supporting drought‐affected smallholders during the 1990s. Drought Relief generally had a slight pro‐poor bias. Unfortunately, Drought Relief since 2000 has a very different character.

Topic: African studies and sociopolitical issues
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Diffuse lung disease

Abstract This chapter describes a diagnostic approach, based on clinical features, imaging, and other investigations; more detailed descriptions of the diseases themselves are presented later in the book. The term ‘diffuse lung disease’ is used here to describe any widespread pulmonary disease process. Patients typically present with breathlessness and bilateral CXR shadowing. However, the rate of onset and severity of breathlessness are extremely variable, and presentations range from an asymptomatic patient with long-standing radiological changes to an acute onset of breathlessness over a period of days, leading rapidly to respiratory failure and death.

Topic: Medical Imaging and Pathology Studies
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Thyroid Schwannoma Masquerading as a Neoplastic Lesion in an Adolescent Female- A Rare Case Report

Primary schwannoma occuring in the thyroid gland is extremely rare. It appeared to be less than 1% of mesenchymal neoplasm of thyroid gland. Till date, there have been only 21 cases of primary schwannoma of thyroid gland reported in literature and only 1 case falls in the adolescent group. Majority of the cases were reported in the elderly age group. This report presents a rare case of schwannoma involving the right thyroid in a 16-year old adolescent female. She presented with a firm right neck mass, which moves with deglutition. Thyroid ultrasound revealed a single solitary right thyroid nodule. An ultrasound guided trucut biopsy of the nodule had aroused suspicion for thyroid neoplastic lesion. Right hemithyroidectomy was undertaken without complications. The final histopathological examination supported the diagnosis of schwannoma, which represent by the presence of Antoni A and Antoni B areas. Despite its rarity, a thorough review of earlier reported cases was done. Existing knowledge of this entity was summarised in this report, emphasising the interdisciplinary challenge in diagnosing it pre-operatively with sparing of unnecessary massive surgeries.

Topic: Neurofibromatosis and Schwannoma Cases
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Decentralized Prioritization-Based Management Systems for Distributed Computing

Abstract—Fairshare scheduling is an established technique to provide user-level differentiation in management of capacity consumption in high-performance and grid computing scheduler systems. In this paper we extend on a state-of-the-art approach to decentralized grid fairshare and propose a generalized model for construction of decentralized prioritization-based management systems. The approach is based on (re)formulation of control problems as prioritization problems, and a proposed framework for computationally efficient decentralized priority calculation. The model is presented along with a discussion of application of decentralized management systems in distributed computing environments that outlines selected use cases and illustrates key trade-off behaviors of the proposed model. I.

Topic: Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Wannier-Mott Exciton, Bound Exciton, and Optical Phonon Replicas of Single-Crystal GaSe

We report the absorption and photoluminescence spectra of GaSe single crystals in the near-edge region. The temperatures explored the range from 17 to 300 K. Specifically, at a temperature of 17 K, the photoluminescence spectrum reveals an interesting phenomenon: the Wannier-Mott exciton separates into two states. These states are a triplet state with an energy of 2.103 eV and a singlet state with an energy of 2.109 eV. The energy difference between these two states is 6 meV. Furthermore, the bound exciton (BX) can be localized at an energy of 2.093 eV. It is worth noting that its phonon replicas (BX-nLO) can be clearly distinguished up to the fourth order. Interestingly, the energy gaps between these replicas exhibit a consistent spacing of 7 ± 0.5 meV. This intriguing finding suggests a high-quality crystalline structure as well as a strong coupling between the phonon and BX-nLO. Additionally, at low temperatures, both the ground state (n = 1) at 2.11 eV and the excited state (n = 2) at 2.127 eV of free excitons can be observed.

Topic: Solid-state spectroscopy and crystallography
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Self‐Reported Subjective Perception of Intoxication Reflects Family History of Alcoholism When Breath Alcohol Levels Are Constant

Background The premise of this study is that the increased familial risk for alcoholism is associated with genetic determinants of the response to alcohol, characterized by sensitivity and adaptation. Following a single administration, sensitivity is the initial response to alcohol, expressed as the change in dependent measures from baseline. Adaptation of dependent measures within a single exposure to alcohol can be expressed as acute tolerance (recovery of dependent measures toward baseline values) or sensitization (movement of dependent measure further away from baseline values). This study tested the hypothesis that family history‐positive (FHP) subjects are more sensitive and more adaptive to alcohol compared with family history‐negative (FHN) subjects. Methods The initial response and development of adaptation to alcohol were assessed by using self‐reported subjective perceptions during a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) clamp of 60 mg%. The Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale, the Sensation Scale and a visual analog scale of intoxication were acquired at baseline, after the BrAC clamp was established, and after maintenance of the clamp for 105 min. Results FHP subjects were more sensitive to alcohol compared with FHNs, as evidenced by greater changes in feelings of intoxication when the BrAC clamp was initially achieved. While the clamp was maintained, the FHP subjects adapted to the effects of alcohol and their perceptions of intoxication became indistinguishable from those of the FHN subjects. The FHP subjects had developed acute tolerance to alcohol, whereas the FHN subjects did not. Other self‐reported perceptions of alcohol's effects did not distinguish between the groups. Conclusions A differential family history of alcoholism was reflected in self‐reported subjective perceptions of intoxication when the brain's exposure to a specified concentration of alcohol was held constant (BrAC of 60 mg%). FHP subjects reported greater intoxication after alcohol and subsequently developed acute tolerance to alcohol compared with FHN subjects.

Topic: Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Clinical course, complications and predictors of mortality in patients with tuberculous meningitis--an experience of fifty two cases at Civil Hospital Karachi, Pakistan.

Tuberculous meningitis is a frequently reported problem in our part of the world. Hydrocephalus along with other sequelae are common complications. All patients should be assessed for the presence of risk factors affecting mortality of the disease.

Topic: Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Cryptanalyze shift register based-Stream Cipher Using Innovative DNA Trees Clustering Model to

The paper presents a novel approach that merges the abilities of the biological environment with the concept of hierarchical trees to attack a specific stream cipher. The model being presented introduces a systematic method that targets a group of stream ciphers, such as the GCM family, these devices are composed of components that are suitable for the proposed method. A restricted set of binaries for the final key sequence is required to implement this technique as an input. The attacked algorithm comprises feedback shift registers, memories, delays, and so on. The stream ciphers are widely used in modern encryption to secure communication devices, so any attempt to analyze or attack it is of the utmost importance. The results of this method have been confirmed to lead to the destruction of the cipher's security. Many novelties and contributions of the present work can be summarized as follows: firstly, the key generator's components are attacked individually, disrupting the cohesion between them. This was not possible previously except in rare cases and under difficult conditions. Secondly, the method of verifying the correct initial values is unrelated to the generator's operation. Thirdly, the technique applies biological concepts and processes to laboratory test tubes for genetic engineering, it can be said that the prepared model targets a broad class of stream key generators, rather than a single algorithm. The proposed technique requires a specific and deterministic number of final key sequence bits, which are easy to provide. The proposed technique creates a search ℇ-tree in the style of hierarchical clusters, in which the first level contains ℇ nodes. Then each successive level contains the square of ℇ nodes of the number of nodes in the previous level, and the root is composed of the total solution space of the stream key generator and produces the nodes of each level from the intersection of the cluster contents in the test tubes for all clusters in the level above it. The contribution and novelty of the present work is cryptanalyzing and attacking shift register-based stream key generators involves fragmentation. The attacking principle entails disassembling generator components from registers and individually attacking them. DNA logic clustering aids in this process, as the strength of these generators relies on component cohesion. Because the components are cryptanalyzed individually, the time complexity of the attack is equal to O(C2N), where N is the length of the largest component, and C is a constant.

Topic: DNA and Biological Computing
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Examining Attitudes about and Influences on Research Participation among Forensic Psychiatric Inpatients

Although a growing body of research has examined various types of coercive practices that may occur among psychiatric patients over the years, almost no attention has been given to coercive influences that may occur specifically in the context of recruitment into research projects. Particularly for those who are institutionalized (e.g., in‐patient insanity acquittees), there are significant concerns that their autonomous decision‐making to consent or not may be significantly impaired due to the highly restrictive and controlled environment in which they live. This exploratory study sought to examine patients’ perceptions of coercive influences by presenting them with hypothetical research vignettes regarding possible recruitment into either a biomedical or social‐behavioral research project. Among 148 multi‐ethnic male and female participants across two facilities, participants reported relatively minimal perceptions that their autonomous decision‐making would be impacted or that various potentially coercive factors (e.g., pressures from staff) would impair their free choice to participate (or not) in such research. To the extent that such perceptions of coercion did occur, they were moderately associated with patients’ more general personality traits and attitudinal variables, such as alienation and external locus of control. Limitations of this study and their implications for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Topic: Healthcare Decision-Making and Restraints
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences