jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
R/C buildings’ seismic damage prediction based on semi-supervised automatic differentiation variational inference deep autoencoder

Abstract Structural damage from earthquakes has been assessed using a variety of methodologies, both statistical and, more recently, utilizing Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. The effectiveness of data-driven procedures, even when applied to extremely time-consuming scenarios and data sets that reflect substantial expertise and research, completely depends on the quality of the underlying data. The performance of the intelligent model can also be impacted by a lack of in-depth knowledge and expertise in using complex machine learning architectures. This can also prevent some crucial hyperparameters from being adjusted, which ultimately reduces the algorithm’s reliability and generalizability. The present research offers a Bayesian-based semi-supervised Automatic Differentiation Variational Inference (ADVI) deep autoencoder for forecasting seismic damage of R/C buildings. It is a state-of-the-art, intelligent technology that automatically converts the variables in the issue into actual coordinate space using an upgraded ADVI technique. Finally, using a brand-new Adaptive Learning Rate Gradient Algorithm (ALRGA), it chooses a technique in this area that is a function of the changed variables and optimizes its parameters. Using the sophisticated ADVI technique to establish a posterior distribution without having an analytical solution is an upgraded version of the semi-supervised learning method. Estimating seismic damage to buildings is accelerated and greatly simplified by the suggested methodology, which eliminates the computational complexity of the analytical methods. By performing Nonlinear Time History Analyses of 3D R/C structures exposed to 65 earthquakes, a realistic dataset for the model evaluation is produced. The system’s strong generalizability and the proposed methodology’s detailed convergence stability reveal that it is a valuable method that can outperform other ML algorithms.

Topic: Structural Health Monitoring Techniques
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Confidence intervals for Kendall's tau

A simulation study was conducted to examine the performance of several confidence intervals (CIs) for Kendall's tau ( t xy ) under a variety of population conditions. Two normal population variables ( N = 10,000) were transformed to have tau correlations, τ = 0, .19, .41, or.71. Samples ( n = 10, 50, 200) were drawn from the transformed populations 2000 times under each level of correlation, and accompanying CIs were computed on each sample. The results show that the CI for τ based on a consistent estimate of the variance of t xy has the best coverage and power among a number of alternatives. Kendall's t xy is unaffected by non‐normality induced by monotonic transformations and, with its consistent variance estimated from the sample, performs well under a wide range of conditions.

Topic: Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Subfield: Statistics and Probability
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Comparison of Motivation Types, Self-Assessment of Sport Skills, and Fitness Among Young Adolescents Regarding Additional Physical Activity

Background: Many studies examine young adolescents’ motivation for physical activity (PA), but few explore the problem in depth, considering the self-assessment of sport skills or the impact of additional PA. Insufficient PA among adolescents is a significant global issue. This study aimed to analyze the differences in types of motivation, the self-assessment of sports skills, and overall fitness among young adolescents with regard to additional PA. Material and Methods: A sample of high school students (n = 355) was assessed using an MPAM-R questionnaire, a self-developed sport skills competency test, and an IFIS questionnaire. Results: There are significant differences in types of motivation between genders: girls achieved higher results in terms of appearance, whereas boys were mostly focused on enjoyment and competence. Additionally, participants who reported engaging in additional PA, regardless of gender, achieved higher results in nearly all types of motivation, except for social. The findings consistently highlight a strong emphasis on appearance among young adolescents. The self-assessments of sports skills and overall fitness were also higher in the group of participants with additional PA. The study revealed further differences between boys and girls in the assessment of tactical and technical skills. Boys rated themselves higher in team sports, whereas girls in individual activities such as gymnastics. Conclusions: These results provide new insights into teenagers’ motivations and self assessment of sport skills and can serve as a solid foundation for further research for developing activities aimed at increasing leisure-time PA among youth.

Topic: Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
QM/MM Reweighting Free Energy SCF for Geometry Optimization on Extensive Free Energy Surface of Enzymatic Reaction

We developed a quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) free energy geometry optimization method by which the geometry of a quantum chemically treated (QM) molecule is optimized on a free energy surface defined with thermal distribution of the surrounding molecular environment obtained by molecular dynamics simulation with a molecular mechanics (MM) force field. The method called QM/MM reweighting free energy self-consistent field combines a mean field theory of QM/MM free energy geometry optimization developed by Yamamoto (Yamamoto, T. &lt;i&gt;J. Chem. Phys.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;2008&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;129&lt;/i&gt;, 244104) with a reweighting scheme for updating the MM distribution introduced by Hu et al. (Hu, H., et al. &lt;i&gt;J. Chem. Phys.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;2008&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;128&lt;/i&gt;, 034105) and features high computational efficiency suitable for exploring the reaction free energy surface of extensive protein conformational space. The computational efficiency with improved treatment of a long-range electrostatic (ES) interaction using the Ewald summation technique permits one to take into account global conformational relaxation of an entire protein of an enzyme in the free energy geometry optimization of its reaction center. We applied the method to an enzymatic reaction of a substrate complex of psychrophilic α-amylase from Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis and succeeded in geometry optimizations of the reactant and the product of the catalytic reaction that involve large conformational changes of protein loops adjacent to the reaction center on time scales reaching sub-microseconds. We found that the adjacent loops in the reactant and the product form in different conformations and produce catalytic ES potentials on the reaction center.

Topic: Protein Structure and Dynamics
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Medicine and the US embargo against Cuba

To the Editor. —In his Commentary, 1 Dr Chelala proposes negotiations between Cuban and US physicians as an avenue toward a more open and democratic society to benefit the Cuban people. Chelala's political naivete assumes that Castro will go along with any type of rapprochement that will endanger his absolute hold on power. To the contrary, this softening of the embargo as proposed by Chelala and others will be used by Castro toward his own goals of survival. At any time Castro will stop any moves designed to threaten his full dictatorship with swift action. The shooting down of 2 unarmed small planes over international waters with the loss of innocent lives attests to that. The only embargo worth lifting is the one Castro's illegitimate government has on the Cuban people. Castro's days are numbered. The only rational policy toward Cuba is to take the steps to accelerate this process.

Topic: Diversity and Career in Medicine
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Chemical Geodynamics

Much can be learned about the evolution of the Earth by considering the fluid dynamics of mantle convection and the associated thermal problems. However, chemical effects play a crucial role. Volcanism extracts some elements preferentially and can result in chemical buoyancy. Volcanic differentiation also preferentially extracts the radiogenic elements from the mantle into the continental crust.

Topic: Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Chemically Induced Accumulation of Phospholipids in Canine Organ Systems. II. Induction by Amiodarone and Chloroquine

Abstract Cationic amphiphilic drugs (CAD) are structurally characterized by their hydrophobic ring structure and hydrophilic side chain. While there is little known about the effect of CAD in dogs, studies in animal models have shown that over 30 CAD with various pharmacological activities have the ability to induce phospholipid-like inclusions in peripheral blood cells and in organs such as lung, liver, eye and spleen. Two CAD used for treatment of human disease are amiodarone, prescribed for arrythmia, and chloroquine, an antimalarial. The purpose of this study was to determine if these compounds induce cytoplasmic phospholipid inclusions in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), polymorphonuclear lymphocytes (PMN), alveloar macrophages, liver and retina in dogs. Samples were collected from male beagle dogs after 6 weeks of oral dosing with amiodarone (75 mg/kg/day) or chloroquine (75 mg/kg/day). Buffy coats were prepared from peripheral blood and fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2. Alveolar macrophages were recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by centrifugation and the pellets fixed with buffered 2.5% glutaraldehyde-2% formaldehyde.

Topic: Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Socioeconomic Conditions and Severe COVID-19 Outcomes: The Role of Chronic Stress and Health Behaviors

Despite extensive research on COVID-19, few scientific contributions have explored the role of health behaviors and chronic stress and their socioeconomic determinants in exacerbating the health effects of COVID-19. This paper aims to review mechanisms and strategies that explain how socioeconomic conditions contribute to severe COVID-19 outcomes through chronic stress and biological mechanisms such as immune responses, systemic inflammation, gut microbiota dysbiosis and impaired antiviral defences. It also examines how these effects are exacerbated by unhealthy behaviors (e.g. poor diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and sleep deprivation) that are more prevalent in populations experiencing higher levels of chronic stress and living in poorer socioeconomic circumstances. A conceptual framework is proposed to explain the multiple links between policies, socioeconomic conditions, chronic stress, and the mediating effects of behavioral and biological mechanisms in exacerbating the health effects of COVID-19. Interventions to reduce the impact of these risk factors must address both individual-level behaviors and structural determinants of health. This paper highlights the importance of using complementary strategies to vaccination and prevention when tackling COVID-19, based on a syndemic approach that considers the interplay between biological, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors. Policies that reduce poverty and financial strain and improve access to basic needs such as housing, healthy food, safe jobs, education, and healthcare, while promoting healthier lifestyles by addressing their structural determinants, can significantly reduce the health burden of future pandemics such as COVID-19.

Topic: COVID-19 and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Transcribing Class and Gender: Masculinity and Femininity in Nineteenth-Century Courts and Offices. By Carole Srole. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010. x, 324 pp. $75.00, ISBN 978-0-472-07055-8.)

In Transcribing Class and Gender Carole Srole recounts stories—both life stories and fictional stories—to describe how both court reporters and business stenographers attempted to define themselves as members of the growing middle class in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. She does this by paying particular attention to what she terms a gender balance: “a certain combination of contemporary masculine and feminine traits that embraced elements of conventional definitions of both manhood and womanhood and carved gender differences out of both” (p. 5). By examining how these workers “fashion a working gender balance,” she also promises to “explore how those traits carried class connotations” (ibid.). As she explains, reaching such a gender balance illustrates how “professionalism” created “a middle-class identity” for both groups (ibid.). Srole does this by using a wide range of sources, from articles and fiction in the shorthand press to census records to early office-based movies and novels. Her choice of focus on court reporters (mostly male) and the top echelons of business stenographers (mostly female) allows her to see the ways all these sources point toward clerks' self-definitions as members of the middle class, not the working class.

Topic: American History and Culture
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
The Huge Role of Tiny Impurities in Nanoscale Synthesis

Nanotechnology is vital to many current industries, including electronics, energy, textiles, agriculture, and theranostics. Understanding the chemical mechanisms of nanomaterial synthesis has contributed to the tunability of their unique properties, although studies frequently overlook the potential impact of impurities. Impurities can show adverse effects, clouding the interpretation of results or limiting the practical utility of the nanomaterial. On the other hand, as successful doping has demonstrated, the intentional introduction of impurities can be a powerful tool for enhancing the properties of a nanomaterial. This Review examines the complex role of impurities, unintentionally or intentionally added, during nanoscale synthesis and their effects on the performance and usefulness of the most common classes of nanomaterials: nanocarbons, noble metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, semiconductor quantum dots, thermoelectrics, and perovskites.

Topic: Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Design of a cavity backed 15:1 bandwidth two arm spiral helix antenna

A design of a 15:1 bandwidth single-mode two-arm spiral helix antenna is presented. In order to achieve unidirectional and efficient radiation, the spiral is cavity backed and resistively loaded. A trapezoidal pyramid cavity is implemented for higher gain at the turn on frequency and smoother gain variation at higher frequencies. Numerical simulations are conducted to assess the gain and axial ratio of the spiral helix for different trapezoidal pyramid heights and diameters. By choosing proper cavity parameters, a wideband spiral with VSWR <; 2.5, axial ratio <; 4 dB at elevation angle of 30° and gain > 0 dBic at the turn-on frequency are realized.

Topic: Antenna Design and Analysis
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Some free-radical addition reactions of pin-2-ene, pin-2(10)-ene, and thuj-4(10)-ene

The addition of free-radical reagents, other than thiols, to pin-2(10)-ene leads to the formation of ring-opened products. In the addition of thiols, products of 1,2-addition to the double bond are formed. The addition of carbon tetrachloride to pin-2-ene affords products of ring opening, but the addition of thiols affords the products of 1,2-addition to the double bond. The addition of bromotrichloromethane to pin-2-ene is complex and as well as the ring-opened product it is likely that products of allylic bromination, and products having limonene and bicyclo[2,2,1]heptane type structures are also formed. In the addition both of carbon tetrachloride and of thiols to thuj-4(10)-ene, products of ring opening alone are formed. The rate of chain transfer with the first-formed intermediate radical probably decides whether or not products of ring opening are formed in the free-radical addition reactions of the terpenes mentioned.

Topic: Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Do Ligamentous Tears Heal After Anatomically Reduced Distal Radius Fracture?

Objectives: Distal radius fracture was associated with a high incidence of ligamentous injury, including triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tear, scapholunate ligament (SL) tear, and lunotriquetral (LT) tear. This study aims to evaluate the status of these ligaments after the healing of distal radius fractures with plate fixation. Materials and Methods: Patients who were elected for the removal of plate after the healing of their distal radius were recruited for the study from August 2014 to January 2016. Concomitant wrist arthroscopy was performed to assess the status of the TFCC, SL, and LT. Results: In total, 34 patients with an average age of 53 years with healed distal radius fractures were recruited for the study. Twelve patients had extra-articular distal radius fractures; 15 patients had preoperative symptoms, including ulnar wrist pain; and 24 were noted to have distal radial ulnar joint (DRUJ) instability on examinations. The findings of wrist arthroscopies revealed 25 complete TFCC tears and 9 incomplete tears, showing signs of healing. Four patients had combined TFCC tears. All patients with symptoms and signs had TFCC tears, while the 9 patients with intact TFCC tear had neither symptoms nor signs. Sixty-seven percent of the patients had TFCC tears arisen from the sigmoid notch, and 29% had fovea tears. There was no correlation between ulnar wrist pain and the location of the TFCC tears, and there was no correlation between TFCC tear and the presence of ulnar styloid fractures. There were 26 SL tears and 15 LT tears. One patient with LT tear suffered from volar intercalated segment instability (VISI). None of the patients with SL and LT tears suffered from clinical signs and symptoms. No significant correlation was found between the SL and LT tears and the TFCC tears. Conclusion: A high incidence of TFCC, SL, and LT tears was noted after the union of anatomically reduced distal radius fractures. While TFCC tears may give rise to clinical signs and symptoms in terms of DRUJ instability, patients with SL and LT tears are relatively asymptomatic.

Topic: Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Modeling the Determination of Wavelength Using a Diffraction Grating in Python

To model a laboratory experiment for determining the wavelength of light using a diffraction grating in Python, it is proposed to use the libraries numpy, matplotlib, and ipywidgets. A simulation is created to model the positions of maxima on the screen. The developed code can be run in an environment that supports ipywidgets, such as Jupyter Notebook, to obtain an interactive simulation for determining the wavelength of light using a diffraction grating. The code includes the following steps: 1. Import the necessary libraries: numpy for numerical calculations, matplotlib for plotting graphs, ipywidgets for creating interactive widgets. 2. Define constants: d - the distance between the slits of the diffraction grating, L - the distance from the grating to the screen. 3. Create the function calculate_maxima to calculate the positions of the maxima. 4. Create the function plot_diffraction_pattern to plot the diffraction pattern. 5. Create interactive widgets: wavelength_slider to change the wavelength of light, order_max_slider to change the maximum order of the interference maxima. 6. Run the interactive simulation, which allows parameters to be adjusted and results to be observed in real-time.

Topic: Photonic and Optical Devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Poloidal asymmetries in the scrape-off layer plasma of the Alcator C tokamak

Large poloidal asymmetries in density, electron temperature, radial density e-folding length and floating potential have been measured in the plasma existing between the limiter radius and the wall of the Alcator C tokamak. Typically, variations in density by factors of about 4–20 and variations in radial density e-folding length by factors of about 3–8 are recorded in discharges which are bounded by poloidally symmetric ring limiters. These poloidal asymmetries show that pressure is a function of poloidal angle on open magnetic flux surfaces in this region of the plasma. Observations of toroidally symmetric MARFE phenomena further imply that density and perhaps pressure are also a function of poloidal angle on closed flux surfaces existing just inside the limiter radius. The magnitude of these poloidal asymmetries and their dependence on poloidal angle persists independent of machine parameters (central plasma density, plasma current, toroidal field, MARFE versus non-MARFE discharges). Analysis of the data indicates that these asymmetries are caused by poloidal variations in perpendicular particle and heat transport in both the main plasma and the scrape-off layer. A number of possible asymmetric perpendicular transport processes in the scrape-off layer plasma are examined, including diffusion and × plasma convection.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Process Driven Emergency Management Platform for Flood Response Integrating web GIS Technologies

Even in highly developed western regions, huge riveraine floods are a great challenge for flood response management. The cooperation of different response authorities and organizations under time critical conditions in a highly dynamic environment require support with modern IT methods and systems. Present Flood Information Systems still do not sufficiently focus on supporting the workflow of planning and carrying out flood response actions. This paper introduces a new process centric approach, which improves the coordination and information workflows of Emergency Operation Centers (EOC) and involved services. Formal process models as core of a process driven emergency management platform provide the responsible agent with appropriate data and analyses along defined emergency processes. The platform guides the EOC officers and involved parties through the organizational steps of flood response actions. Coordinated information flow and automatic multi-channel notifications are ensured throughout the process. The developed approach is successfully validated using flood scenarios with real-world data. The results show that the approach improves information flow in the EOC and to external organizations and enhances coordinated work-sharing of EOC team members during flood response.

Topic: Business Process Modeling and Analysis
Subfield: Management Information Systems
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences