jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Creating Parties in Congress: The Emergence of a Social Network

This article examines the creation of political parties in Congress with a focus on ties between emerging party leaders and members, 1789–1802. Using an egocentric selection model, we examine who John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison tied with as a function of the characteristics of the emerging leader, a member of Congress, and dyadic relationships between the two. We also examine whether ties affected the party chosen by members of Congress. Everything else equal, we find leaders were more likely to form ties with ideologically similar members, but find no evidence of them tieing with more pivotal voters. In response, members were more likely to join the Federalist party if they received a Federalist tie, but they were not more likely to join the Republican party if they received a Republican tie. Understanding such relationships is an important step for understanding the creation of parties in the United States.

Topic: American Constitutional Law and Politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Fleshy seeds form in the basal Angiosperm <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i> and several MADS‐box genes are expressed as fleshy seed tissues develop

SUMMARY One successful mechanism of seed dispersal in plants involves production of edible fleshy structures which attract frugivorous animals and transfer this task to them. Not only Angiosperms but also Gymnosperms may use the fleshy fruit habit for seed dispersal, and a similar suite of MADS‐box genes may be expressed as these structures form. Magnolia grandiflora produces dry follicles which, at maturity, open to reveal brightly colored fleshy seeds. This species thus also employs endozoochory for seed dispersal, although it produces dry fruits. Molecular analysis reveals that genes involved in softening and color changes are expressed at late stages of seed development, when the fleshy seed sarcotesta softens and accumulates carotenoids. Several MADS‐box genes have also been studied and results highlight the existence of a basic genetic toolkit which may be common to all fleshy fruit‐like structures, independently of their anatomic origin. According to their expression patterns, one of two AGAMOUS genes and the three SEPALLATA genes known so far in Magnolia are of particular interest. Duplication of AGAMOUS already occurs in both Nymphaeales and Magnoliids, although the lack of functional gene analysis prevents comparisons with known duplications in the AGAMOUS lineage of core Eudicots.

Topic: Plant Reproductive Biology
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
P153 Measuring functional PI3K and NFkB pathway activity to distinguish between short-term and long-term disease-free survivors of high grade serous ovarian cancer

<h3>Introduction/Background</h3> The disease-free survival (DFS) of high-grade serous cancer (HGSC) varies greatly, despite comparable clinicopathological features and treatment. It is our hypothesis that the difference in DFS is caused by differences in activity of tumour-driving signal transduction pathways. <h3>Methodology</h3> Using previously described Signal Transduction pathway Activity (STA) assays (table 1), signalling pathway activity scores for AR, ER, PI3K-FOXO, HH, NFkB, TGFβ, NOTCH and Wnt were derived from publicly available mRNA expression (Affymetrix) data of primary HGSC, with clinical annotation (GSE9891). K-means cluster analysis was performed on STA-scores of AR, ER, PI3K-FOXO, HH, NFkB, TGFB, NOTCH and Wnt pathway. However, as PI3K and NFkB scores were most discriminating in cluster formation, final clusters were based on these pathways alone. <h3>Results</h3> We selected 81 out of 140 sample data with a DFS &lt;12 or &gt;24 months. The remaining 59 samples with a DFS of 12–24 months were kept aside to be allocated to identified clusters by discriminant analysis in a later stage. Repeated K-means clustering resulted in two stable clusters; a low PI3K/high FOXO and high NFkB cluster (n=43) with a more favourable prognosis, and a high PI3K/low FOXO and low NFkB cluster (n=38) with a less favourable prognosis (log-rank=0.011, figure 1). The remaining samples (n=59) were then allocated resulting in a low PI3K and high NFkB cluster of 73 samples, and a high PI3K and low NFkB cluster of 67 samples (log-rank=0.036, figure 2). <h3>Conclusion</h3> We identified two signalling pathway activity clusters in HGSC with a difference in DFS. The low PI3K/high FOXO and high NFkB activity of the favourable prognosis cluster may indicate apoptosis, while the high PI3K/low FOXO and low NFkB activity of the unfavourable prognosis cluster may indicate high cell division. Elucidating underlying mechanisms of HGSC aids our understanding of the disease and provides possible new leads for targeted therapies. <h3>Disclosure</h3> LvL has nothing to disclose, AvdS is employed by Philips Research, RB has nothing to disclose, JdH has nothing to disclose, JP has nothing to disclose. Funding granted by the Ruby&amp; Rose fund and Catharina research fund.

Topic: Ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Relapse Prevention and Special Circumstances

Chapter 8 describes slips and relapse and provides an overview of how to help children and families prevent a return to school refusal behavior. Activities to help with relapse prevention include taking photographs of the child during in vivo exposure practices; creating a poster, journal, or storybook of the child’s accomplishments using photographs of the child’s exposures; and asking the child’s help in producing a video “commercial” aimed at teaching other children how to overcome the problem of school refusal behavior. Special circumstances such as how to handle long breaks from school (like summer vacation) and starting a new school are discussed. For children with chronic or extremely severe school refusal behavior, relapse prevention can be challenging. A list is provided of key skills that older adolescents/young adults will need as they live independently or move away to college.

Topic: Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Does individual and collective remembrance of past violence impede or foster reconciliation? From Argentina to Sri Lanka

Abstract While the dominant human rights discourse on transitional justice constitutes a mix of reinforcing aims that seek to “make peace with” a violent past, this article complicates this notion by exploring how affective memories can prevent individuals from envisioning a future for themselves in which their individual and their nation's past is safely left behind. In the context of ongoing debates over whether to remember or forget a country's traumatic past, the article will show how affective memories of violence and disappearance prevail and disrupt the reconciliation paradigm, and need to be taken into account in transitional justice processes.

Topic: Cambodian History and Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
On Flame Stretch

Abstract A general invariant expression is derived for the stretch experienced by a flame due either to its motion or to the nonuniform flow of the gas through it. This expression is given in terms of the local fluid velocity and the shape of the flame front. Specific examples in which the flame stretch takes a simplified form are discussed. Some remarks are made regarding the relation between the three distinct properties of flames: stretch, speed and temperature.

Topic: Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Optimizing Individualized Treatment Planning for Parkinson’s Disease Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

More than one million people currently live with Parkinson's Disease (PD) in the U.S. alone. Medications, such as levodopa, can help manage PD symptoms. However, medication treatment planning is generally based on patient history and limited interaction between physicians and patients during office visits. This limits the extent of benefit that may be derived from the treatment as disease/patient characteristics are generally non-stationary. Wearable sensors that provide continuous monitoring of various symptoms, such as bradykinesia and dyskinesia, can enhance symptom management. However, using such data to overhaul the current static medication treatment planning approach and prescribe personalized medication timing and dosage that accounts for patient/care-giver/physician feedback/preferences remains an open question. We develop a model to prescribe timing and dosage of medications, given the motor fluctuation data collected using wearable sensors in real-time. We solve the resulting model using deep reinforcement learning (DRL). The prescribed policy determines the optimal treatment plan that minimizes patient's symptoms. Our results show that the model-prescribed policy outperforms the static a priori treatment plan in improving patients' symptoms, providing a proof-of-concept that DRL can augment medical decision making for treatment planning of chronic disease patients.

Topic: Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Competition Policy and the Transformation of Central Europe

This book examines the implementation of competition policy during the 1990s in Hungary, Poland and the Czech and Slovak Republics. It looks at the economic predicament of countries in transition, considering how far this has required the state actively to regulate the competitive process. It considers the extent to which initial economic and political conditions have constrained the involvement of the state in such activity. It then analyses the statutes of the countries and the structure of the institutions established to implement competition policy. A comprehensive discussion of the case law and the experience of policy in practice is used to suggest lessons for the task of competition policy, both in these countries and in others undergoing the transitions from central planning. This book will be valuable not just for those interested in competition policy, but for all students of the political economy of transition.

Topic: Economic and Fiscal Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Imaging of central nervous system sarcoidosis with gallium-67 single photon emission computed tomography

Abstract Involvement of the nervous system is an uncommon and underdiagnosed complication of sarcoidosis. We used gallium single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to define areas of meningeal involvement in a patient with neurosarcoidosis. This technique may be of value in the assessment of patients with sarcoidosis and suspected central nervous system involvement.

Topic: Sarcoidosis and Beryllium Toxicity Research
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Comparative study of perindopril and perindopril metabolite pharmacokinetics using the HPLC/MS method

Perindopril is a prodrug which is converted to an active metabolite perindoprilat in the human organism. The present study led to the development of a fast and easily reproducible procedure for simultaneous detection of perinoprilat and its metabolite in plasma using HPLC with mass-spectrometric detector (LC-MS). Detection of the target substance was performed using atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization (API-ES) techniques in negative polarity in two modes: SIM1, ion, m/z=368,10 for perindopril and SIM2, ion, m/z=339,30 for perindoprilat. Retention time of perindopril was about 2,4 min, for perindoprilat - about 1,4 min. Sample processing was performed using solid-phase extraction. The method’s limit of quantification was equal to 1 ng/ml for perindopril and 1 ng/ml for perindoprilat. The developed procedure was used to analyse pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of medicines containing 8 mg of perindopril. Values of all calculated pharmacokinetic parameters had no statistically meaningful differences. Confidence intervals obtained fall within bioequivalence criterion (80-125% for AUC and 75-133% for Сmax и Cmax/AUC). The medicines under analysis were found to be bioequivalent.

Topic: Analytical Methods in Pharmaceuticals
Subfield: Analytical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Income distribution, inflation and economic growth: A post-Keynesian approach

The dispute between social classes for fractions of income was a central theme for economic analysis at least since David Ricardo and Karl Marx. Its importance as an interpretative key declined with the marginalist revolution of the late nineteenth century and did not regain its central role in the conventional economic approach ever since. However, its relevance was maintained among heterodox economists such as Michal Kalecki and reinvigorated by post-Keynesian thinking. This paper seeks to offer three analytical contributions to the post- Keynesian literature: (1) it presents an integrated framework on the relationship between distributive conflict, inflation and economic growth in an open economy with government; (2) it proposes the use of a general framework, based on liquid preference, assets own interest rates, currency hierarchy and productivity differentials to understand the determinants of the spot exchange rate; and (3) it suggests a distinct monetary rule to take into account the role of interest rates on distributive conflict inflation and demand and growth regimes.

Topic: Economic Theory and Policy
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Implant dentistry: Surgical, radiological, and mechanical factors in a multidisciplinary approach

The long-term success of any dental implant treatment is influenced by several factors, including patient factors, preventative measures used by the patient, esthetics, surgical factors, mechanical factors of the implant system, periodontal factors, and restorative factors. The patient factors, esthetic factors and prevention influencing the treatment planning of a dental implant patient were discussed in the previous paper. This article will discuss the surgical, radiological, and mechanical factors involved in dental implant treatment with a relevant case study. The periodontal and restorative factors will be discussed in the final article.Clinical Relevance to Interdisciplinary Dentistry Long term implant success in dependant on several factors, some of which are discussed in this article. Knowledge of surgical dentistry, radiology and mechanical factors are discussed to demonstrate application of interdisciplinary dentistry.

Topic: Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Family Caregiving of Older People with Dementing Illnesses in Nursing Homes: a Lifeline of Special Care

Objective: Explore the meaning of the care given by family caregivers to family members with a dementing illness after their placement in a nursing home. Method: A constructivist approach, informed by symbolic interactionism, and using grounded theory methods, served as the theoretical and analytical underpinnings of this study. In all, 14 family caregivers (predominantly daughters caring for mothers) were interviewed. Results: There is a dual meaning inherent in family caregiving activities in this context. It is perceived as a lifeline of special care for the family member in the nursing home, and is meaningful and constructive for the caregivers themselves. Conclusion: Understanding this ‘;dual’ meaning of family caregiving activities is highly relevant for health care workers and others who interact with family members in the nursing home situation.

Topic: Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Directed Blood Procurement Does not Benefit Patients Who Are Enrolled in an Autologous Blood Predeposit Program

Designated or directed blood transfusion (DD) is a controversial practice; its merits are currently debated on the basis of implications for the national blood supply and on the "safety" of directed blood compared with homologous blood. An equally compelling issue for the merits of DD is whether this practice results in its putative effect: to avoid volunteer homologous blood exposure. To study this, the authors reviewed 112 consecutive patients (73 orthopedic) who predeposited autologous blood for elective surgery. This group was compared with 17 patients (all orthopedic) who predeposited autologous blood and also requested storage of designated blood. Seven of 17 patients with DD subsequently received homologous blood, compared with 11 of 112 patients without designated blood (NDD, P less than 0.01) and 3 of 35 NDD orthopedic patients asked to predonate three or more units of blood, P = 0.015. DD and NDD patients were no different when analyzed for age, sex, or units blood stored; admission, nadir, or discharge hematocrit; autologous blood transfused; days in hospital; or surgical blood loss. The authors conclude that patient requests for DD are unjustified for elective surgical patients who are eligible to donate autologous blood because DD as practiced in this setting does not avoid subsequent homologous blood exposure. Maximizing autologous blood procurement is the preferred alternative for avoiding homologous blood transfusion.

Topic: Blood donation and transfusion practices
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein TR-FRET Assay Amenable to High Throughput Screening

Drug development for specific antiviral agents against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still an unmet medical need as the pandemic continues to spread globally. Although huge efforts for drug repurposing and compound screens have been put forth, only a few compounds are in late-stage clinical trials. New approaches and assays are needed to accelerate COVID-19 drug discovery and development. Here, we report a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay that detects the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid protein (NP) produced in infected cells. It uses two specific anti-NP monoclonal antibodies conjugated to donor and acceptor fluorophores that produce a robust ratiometric signal for high throughput screening of large compound collections. Using this assay, we measured a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) for remdesivir of 9.3 μM against infection with SARS-CoV-2 USA/WA1/2020 (WA-1). The assay also detected SARS-CoV-2 South African (Beta, β), Brazilian/Japanese P.1 (Gamma, γ), and Californian (Epsilon, ε) variants of concern (VoC). Therefore, this homogeneous SARS-CoV-2 NP detection assay can be used for accelerating lead compound discovery for drug development and for evaluating drug efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 VoC.

Topic: SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Supplementary Figures S1-S3 from Cannabinoid Receptor Activation Induces Apoptosis through Tumor Necrosis Factor α–Mediated Ceramide &lt;i&gt;De novo&lt;/i&gt; Synthesis in Colon Cancer Cells

Supplementary Figures S1-S3 from Cannabinoid Receptor Activation Induces Apoptosis through Tumor Necrosis Factor α–Mediated Ceramide &lt;i&gt;De novo&lt;/i&gt; Synthesis in Colon Cancer Cells

Topic: Eicosanoids and Hypertension Pharmacology
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Figures 6-8 from Metabolomics Strategy Reveals Subpopulation of Liposarcomas Sensitive to Gemcitabine Treatment

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 85K, Gemcitabine has a cytotoxic effect on three liposarcoma cell lines. Supplemental Figure 7: Gemcitabine is cytotoxic to liposarcoma cell lines and xenograft tumors in mice. Supplemental Figure 8: Gemcitabine decreases tumor growth in serially passaged LPS2 xenografts&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Very low serum testosterone levels and severe impairment of spermatogenesis in burned male patients. Correlations with basal levels and levels of FSH, LH and PRL after LHRH + TRH.

The level of testosterone, FSH, LH and, in some cases, of PRL in serum was estimated in 39 burned male patients (mean burn index and S. E. was 31.5 +/- 2.5). The level of testosterone was found markedly decreased to a value as low as 0.19 ng ml-1, and such low level persisted for several weeks after the burn injury. At the same time the mean LH level was normal, while that of FSH decreased. However, in few patients high LH and PRL values were found. The dramatic drop of the level of testosterone and FSH began usually after the second postburn day. The administration of chorionic gonadotropin resulted in a marked elevation of testosterone level in less severely burned patients, while it was negligible in those severely burned. After LHRH plus TRH administration, the mean rise of LH level was almost normal, but FSH responded poorly. The lowest LH, FSH and PRL response was found during the 2nd and 3rd postburn week. The testes from 9 of the eleven patients that died were examined histologically, and no major histological alterations were found in those who died during the first 3 days after burn, while later a severe damage of germinal cells occurred. The pituitary-testicular axis does not operate properly after burn injuries. The main features of the endocrine (metabolic) response after burn are: 1. increased catabolism; 2. decreased anabolism; 3. changed endocrine priorities. To enable the survival an exaggerated response occurs very often with a possible resulting damage to some vital structures. Testosterone (anabolics) may be indicated in the treatment of burned patients.

Topic: Burn Injury Management and Outcomes
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Clinico-histologic characteristics of spinocellular carcinoma of the skin].

Authors of the paper conclude that histological examinations of SCC of the skin are necessary meaning detailed analysis: degree of differentiation of tumor cells by Broders' examination, examination of tumor edges and histological types of tumor. The incisional biopsy of tumor lesions had only been used to confirm clinical diagnosis in order to perform x-ray therapy, but it could not meet necessary criteria the excisional biopsy could in regard to evaluate tumor edges and histological type of the tumor.

Topic: Cancer and Skin Lesions
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Time to peak serum antibody response to influenza vaccine in the elderly

The earliest time at which serum antibody peaks following administration of influenza virus vaccine in elderly persons is not clearly defined. We compared the time intervals of 2 and 4 weeks after vaccination. A commercial trivalent vaccine containing the hemagglutinins of influenza viruses A/Texas/36/91(H1N1), A/Shangdong/9/93(H3N2), and B/Panama/45/90 was used. The hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers at 2 weeks after vaccination were identical to the hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers at 4 weeks for all three vaccine components.

Topic: Influenza Virus Research Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences