jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Near-field heat transfer between a nanoparticle and a rough surface

In this work we focus on the surface roughness correction to the near-field radiative heat transfer between a nanoparticle and a material with a rough surface utilizing a direct perturbation theory up to second order in the surface profile. We discuss the different distance regimes for the local density of states above the rough material and the heat flux analytically and numerically. We show that the heat transfer rate is larger than that corresponding to a flat surface at short distances. At larger distances it can become smaller due to surface polariton scattering by the rough surface. For distances much smaller than the correlation length of the surface profile, we show that the results converge to a proximity approximation, whereas in the opposite limit the rough surface can be replaced by an equivalent surface layer.

Topic: Thermal Radiation and Cooling Technologies
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplementary Data from Drug ratio–dependent antitumor activity of irinotecan and cisplatin combinations &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;

Supplementary Data from Drug ratio–dependent antitumor activity of irinotecan and cisplatin combinations &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;

Topic: Cancer therapeutics and mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Presentation of the EEC directive (81/852)--quality.

The EC directive 81/852 has been revised to include a number of parts setting out the information to be included in applications for marketing authorizations for veterinary immunological products. Part 6 contains the details of the quality aspects which must be addressed by the applicant. It is divided into sections and provides the applicant with the structure and layout to be used for the presentation of the information in the dossier. The applicant must provide sufficient detail to allow the competent authority to assess the quality of the product, including aspects such as batch-to-batch consistency and the risk of contamination of batches with extraneous agents. Thus the dossier must contain details of the starting materials, the method of manufacture, and the controls and tests on the starting materials and intermediate and finished products. The details of the blending and composition must be included. Limits of acceptance should be provided. Procedures used such as inactivation and purification steps and quality control tests should have been shown to be appropriate and the results of the validation studies must be presented. The information supplied must be accompanied by results obtained from batches manufactured by the method described. A justification of the proposed shelf-life of the product must be made with supporting evidence from real-time stability studies.

Topic: Protein purification and stability
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
SiGe HBTs reach the microwave and millimeter-wave frontier

Silicon germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors (SiGe HBTs) offer significant performance and cost advantages over conventional technologies in the production of integrated circuits for communications, computer and transportation applications. This paper reviews the status of SiGe development, compares SiGe with existing Si and GaAs technologies, and discusses applications extending into the microwave and millimeter-wave regime.

Topic: Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Integrated Selectivity for Narrow-Band FM IF Systems

An 18th-order all-pole continuous-time bandpass filter for IF filtering purposes has been designed and integrated in a 3 μm CMOS process. Implemented using nine fully-balanced, transconductor-capacitor coupled resonators, the filter features 20 kHz bandwidth at 200 kHz center frequency, 54 dB dynamic range (IM3 <; -40 dB) and consumes 300 μA from a single 4 V supply.

Topic: Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Privileges and Immunities of Diplomatic Agents

Abstract This chapter explores the immunities accorded to a diplomatic agent personally, as distinct from those dealt with in the previous chapter. These include personal inviolability and immunity from criminal, civil, and administrative jurisdiction. Unless entitled to some specific exemption by international agreement or by national law, a diplomatic agent is otherwise legally bound by the laws and regulations of the receiving State. Diplomatic agents are not exempt from the obligation to obey the local criminal law, or from the duty to pay debts, or to seek local planning permission before rebuilding their residences, or from local regulations regarding the maintenance and insurance of vehicles when driving. But if they break any of these laws, immunity means that they cannot be arrested or detained by the executive authorities of the receiving State and cannot be subjected to criminal trial or sued in civil proceedings before the judicial authorities of that State.

Topic: Law, logistics, and international trade
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
<i>Agrocybe aegerita</i>polysaccharide combined with chemotherapy improves tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ levels in rat esophageal carcinoma

Natural compounds have generated great interest as alternative treatments of diseases like cancer. Here, we investigated the anti-tumor mechanism of one such compound, Agrocybe aegerita polysaccharide, by assessing expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in rat esophageal carcinoma (EC). EC was induced in healthy Wistar rats by methyl-n-amyl nitrosamine. Subsequently, rats were administered cancer treatment daily for 4 weeks, as follows: the normal control group (the only group not treated with methyl-n-amyl nitrosamine) and model group received only distilled water; the chemotherapy group received tegafur treatment; and the combination group received tegafur combined with A. aegerita polysaccharide. In normal and combination groups, body weight increased gradually after each week of treatment (P < 0.05), while body weights did not change in model and chemotherapy groups. Using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, we found serum TNF-α was lower in the combination group (31.56 ± 7.20 pg/L) than either the model (46.24 ± 8.52 pg/L) or chemotherapy (52.39 ± 9.16 pg/L) group, and, while higher, was more similar to the normal controls (25.08 ± 2.93 pg/L; P < 0.05), a finding that was confirmed by the immunohistochemistry of esophageal samples. In contrast, serum IFN-γ was higher in the combination group (97.20 ± 10.92 pg/L) than in either the model (76.11 ± 11.92 pg/L) or chemotherapy (76.04 ± 9.85 pg/L) group, but lower than in the normal group (117.56 ± 10.88; P < 0.05), also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Therefore, Agrocybe aegerita polysaccharide, when combined with chemotherapy, can regulate immune function in EC, potentially by modulating cytokine activity, specifically downregulation of TNF-α and upregulation of IFN-γ.

Topic: Immune Response and Inflammation
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Highest Energy Cosmic Rays

Following a major shortage of 99Mo in the 2009–2010 period, concern grew that the aging reactor production facilities needed to be replaced. Most producers were using highly enriched 235U (HEU) as the target material. The Organisation for Economic Co-...Read More

Topic: Radioactivity and Radon Measurements
Subfield: Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Maffucci syndrome complicated with meningioma and pituitary adenoma

ejd.2011.1563 Auteur(s) : Sachiko Ono, Hideaki Tanizaki, Akihiro Fujisawa, Miki Tanioka mtanioka@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp, Yoshiki Miyachi Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawaramachi Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan Maffucci syndrome is a rare congenital, non-hereditary mesodermal dysplasia, characterized by a combination of multiple enchondromas and hemangiomas. There are only about 200 cases described in the literature to date [1]. Besides chondrosarcoma, the most common tumor, several [...]

Topic: Bone Tumor Diagnosis and Treatments
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and autism spectrum disorder in adult patients in the United States

Abstract Background Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been associated with psychiatric and neurocognitive disorders. Those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are prone to gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, but most research has been done on children. Our aim was to determine the relationship between GERD and autism in adults and assess GERD‐related complications in those with autism. Methods A national cohort of adults aged 18 and above with GERD with and without ASD were compared to those without GERD. Complications of GERD that were studied included Barrett's esophagus, erosive esophagitis, esophageal stricture, ulcer, and malignancy. Conditions associated with GERD were evaluated including chronic cough, wheezing, sore throat, non‐cardiac chest pain, and hoarseness. GERD treatment that was evaluated included proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA), and anti‐reflux surgery. Key Results There was an increased risk of GERD in subjects with ASD ( p = 0.0001). Erosive esophagitis and esophageal ulcer were more likely to occur in those with GERD and ASD ( p = 0.0001). Those with ASD were at higher risk of suffering from wheezing following a diagnosis of GERD compared to those without ASD ( p = 0.0001). Those with GERD and ASD were more likely to be treated with an H2RA both as monotherapy and in combination with PPI versus those without ASD ( p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0037, respectively). Conclusions and Inferences Adult patients with ASD are more likely to have GERD as well as complications including erosive esophagitis and esophageal ulcer. Treatment of patients with GERD and ASD is not consistent and may suggest health care disparities.

Topic: Gastroesophageal reflux and treatments
Subfield: Gastroenterology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Ustekinumab in the therapy of chronic plaque psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by T cell dysregulation and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate within the epidermis. Several cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, including interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23. These cytokines act via induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines which promote chronic inflammation and auto-reactivity. Ustekinumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody against the common p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23. Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of ustekinumab have demonstrated significant and prolonged efficacy in the treatment of plaque psoriasis. Adverse events were generally similar across treatment and control groups. Studies are ongoing to assess the long term safety and efficacy profiles of ustekinumab.

Topic: Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Urban Reclamation and Regeneration in Seoul, South Korea

Since the turn of the twenty-first century, Seoul, South Korea, pur sued a bold new experiment in urban regeneration. This has principally involved reclaiming urban space given to the automobile in the post-Korean War era. Through the leadership of Myung-Bak Lee, former mayor of Seoul and now president of South Korea, the city has sought to strike a balance between transport infrastructure as a mobility provider and public space as an urban amenity. In good part this has been motivated by a desire to be globally competitive with the likes of Hong Kong, Shanghai, and other tigers of East Asia's rapidly growing economy by emphasizing quality of life every bit as much as mobility and large-scale infrastructure development.

Topic: Urban Transport and Accessibility
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A simulation and experimental study of 3D scalp spline Laplacian mapping

A simulation and experimental study has been conducted on 3D scalp spline Laplacian mapping from EEG. Using the three-sphere inhomogeneous head model, the performance of the 3D scalp spline Laplacian algorithm was rigorously evaluated for a variety of brain source configurations under different noise levels. The present simulation results demonstrate the excellent performance of the 3D spline Laplacian algorithm in mapping and imaging the underlying cortical sources with much enhanced spatial resolution, as compared to the scalp potentials. Human experiments were further conducted to test the feasibility of scalp Laplacian mapping. Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials were recorded from 96 electrodes and the cortical sources at P100 were estimated. The VEP experiments demonstrate promising results that the present 3D spline Laplacian mapping can eliminate the misleading far field in the scalp potential map, and localize and map the underlying cortical sources induced by the visual stimuli.

Topic: Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Earth Tube Heat Exchanger

Abstract: Devices that utilise the ground as a wellspring of or sink for warming or cooling are called ground-to-air heat exchangers, ground pipe heat exchangers, or soil heat exchangers. Numerous concepts and experiments with EAHE have so far been developed and tested to determine the best parameter values to increase performance based on location and other variables. In this study, we will review the studies conducted so far from the viewpoint of performance evaluation considering the influence of various parameters such as construction materials, depth from the ground surface, wind speed, and pipe length.

Topic: Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications
Subfield: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Temperature Effects on Fruit Tree Flower Buds (degrees F):

The temperature at which flower buds are injured depends mainly on their stage of development. Buds are most hardy when fully DORMANT. As they begin to swell, expand into bloom, and develop into fruit, the buds become less resistant to freeze injury. Temperatures before freezes affect flower bud hardiness. Buds are hardier if exposed to cold temperatures for 2 to 3 days before a freeze. Slowly developing buds are more resistant to cold injury. With a NON-hardy bud, the longer the exposure time to freezing temperature, the more extensive the cold injury. Bud temperatures tend to be lower than air temperature during radiation freezes. Bud hardiness varies with the variety.

Topic: Plant Physiology and Cultivation Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of row spacing and plant population on maize yield and quality.

The effects of row spacing and plant population on maize yield and quality (bulk density, thousand kernel mass) were examined in three different environments (Waikato, Hawke's Bay and Manawatu). Two maize hybrids differing in maturity (hyb. 36H36, medium season and hyb. Raissa, short season) were grown at seven populations (70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120 and 140 thousand plants/ha) and a range of row spacings. In the Waikato and Manawatu, crops were grown at standard (75 cm) and narrow (50 cm) rows. A 25 cm row spacing was added in Hawke's Bay. Every combination of these treatments was applied in a fully randomised design at each location. In general, the influence of row spacing on maize yield and quality was minimal and inconsistent. By contrast, the effects of population on yield and quality were significant and generally predictable. There was no significant effect of row spacing on any component of yield or quality for crops grown at 'normal' plant populations (ea 90,000 plants/ha). Consequently, the results from this limited set of experiments suggest that, at the current 'standard' population, there is no benefit from narrow (25 or 50 cm rows) compared with standard (75 cm) row spacing. By contrast, increasing the population significantly increased yield (by an average 7% for every additional 10,000 plants/ha) up to a plateau that usually occurred at ea 120,000 plants/ha. Thousand kernel mass consistently declined with increased population (by about 1 g for every additional 10,000 plants/ha) whereas the response of bulk density to population was less predictable, and varied from nil to negative. There was consequently only a very small probability of economic benefit associated with narrower rows, but considerable scope for improving profitability by $100-1000/ha through adopting higher than current plant populations.

Topic: Crop Yield and Soil Fertility
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Direct evidence for the secretion of lactoferrin and its binding to sperm in the porcine epididymis

Lactoferrin has been for the first time purified from the porcine cauda epididymal fluid as a 70 kDa protein. Both Western and Northern blot analyses show that lactoferrin is synthesized in the regions from the distal caput to the cauda epididymis and secreted into the luminal fluid. Lactoferrin is first secreted as a 75 kDa glycoprotein and its carbohydrate moieties are gradually digested to form 70 kDa protein in the cauda epididymis. Lactoferrin has already bound to the surface of the epididymal sperm because the anti-lactoferrin antiserum induces the mature sperm tail-to-tail agglutination. These results strongly suggest new physiological functions of lactoferrin on the sperm maturation in the epididymis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 47:490–496, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Topic: Infant Nutrition and Health
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
‘Responsibility to protect’ and the African Union: Assessing the AU’s capacity to respond to regional complex humanitarian and political emergencies

Despite its many institutional and political weaknesses and limitations, the African Union (AU) has been developing a variety of tools and mechanisms to respond effectively to complex disasters and emergencies (both natural and manmade) by building up a comprehensive regional security architecture. Furthermore, it has become the first and only regional or international organisation to enshrine the principle of ‘responsibility to protect’ (R2P) in its Constitutive Act. This regional approach to and formal endorsement of the R2P principle allowed it to assume a particular place in the promotion of peace and security in its area. This article aims to critically assess the effectiveness of the AU on the African continent by exploring its real capacity in preventing and responding to emergencies and violent conflicts, and therefore in rendering the principle of R2P operational. The article argues that the formalisation of principles does not necessarily mean their effective implementation. The organisation's use of the R2P principle is also greatly conditioned by internal and external factors.

Topic: Global Peace and Security Dynamics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Pharmacokinetic and mass balance characterization of [ <sup>14</sup> C] RAY1216, a SARS-CoV-2 M <sup>pro</sup> inhibitor, in healthy Chinese male subjects

Background RAY1216 is an alpha-ketoamide-based peptide inhibitor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) major protease (M pro ). This study evaluated the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of [ 14 C]-labelled RAY1216 by oral administration. Research design and methods This phase Ι study was designed to assess the pharmacokinetics, mass balance and metabolic pathways in 6 healthy Chinese adult men after a single fasting oral administration of 240 mL (containing 400 mg/100 μCi) [ 14 C] RAY1216. Results RAY1216 absorbed rapidly in the plasma, with a C max of 1796.83 ng/mL, t max of 1.42 h and t 1/2 of 5.97 h. RAY1216 is mainly excreted through feces and a small amount through urine, indicating that the excretion of RAY1216 occurs through the fecal route, within 96 h after administration, the majority (&gt;90%) of the radioactive substances were excreted 104.17% of the metabolites were identified in urine and fecal samples. The radioactive transformation pathways suggest that RAY1216 has multiple metabolic pathways, including Oxidation-dealkylation, Mono-oxidation, Hydrolysis, and Urea binding. There were no reports of death, serious adverse events (SAEs), or withdrawals related to SAEs. Conclusion The overall recovery rate data of radioactive substances in the excreta of all 6 subjects indicate that favourable mass balance recovery. The overall safety profile is favourable, and it demonstrates promising potential in mitigating both the duration and severity of COVID-19, and the comprehensive clinical safety and therapeutic effect are significantly superior to those of similar COVID-19 treatment drugs. RAY1216 can be referred to and further verified for the Phase II and Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19.

Topic: COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Mechanism of the permanganate oxidation of unsaturated compounds. Part I. Short-lived intermediates of the oxidation of acetylenedicarboxylic acid

Fast reaction techniques have been applied to the study of intermediates in the permanganate oxidation of acetylenedicarboxylic acid in acid. The accumulation and decay of MnIII has been observed by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The quenching of reacting solutions proves that oxalic acid is formed as an intermediate. The amount of oxalate found in the presence of pyrophosphate as scavenger for MnIII provides evidence for a short-lived MnIV species. Oxygen-18 tracer experiments indicate complete oxygen transfer from permanganate to acetylenedicarboxylic acid. A number of mechanistic alternatives are systematically examined. It is suggested that the first step of oxidation is the formation of a cyclic intermediate containing manganese(V).

Topic: Oxidative Organic Chemistry Reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Network based remote control of multiple satellite teleports

The IBM PS/2s and OS/2 were used to devise a system which allows multiple satellite teleport facilities to be controlled from any computer on the network. Additional sites may be added to an existing system by the addition of the necessary communications lines, additional site computers, and configuration changes. During operation, an operator at any computer on the network can monitor any uplink site and, with sufficient privilege, assume control of a remote system. Thus the operation of a group of uplink terminals may be centralized and the problem of control reduced. The control software is described in detail.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
OUP accepted manuscript

Many gaps remain in research on HTPs, in particular, country levels information on the content of the products are limited. This article contains information on a newly developed method to simultaneously determine nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerol and triacetin present in the tobacco material and butts of heatsticks for HTPs.

Topic: Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences