jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Interactive Market Model about the Buyer Monopoly and Seller Monopoly in the Land Reserve Bank

Under the situtiation of the monopoly of buyers and sellers,this paper constructed acquisiton-land transfer  interactive market model of land reserve center.Through the theorical analysis,we came to the conclusions: Firstly,the current land reserve system of buyer monopoly of agricultural land and seller monopoly of the first level of land market surely leaded the local government to pursue financeby abusing the power of land acquisition.If the government is not regulators of the land market,the interactive land maket will be in a non-equilibrium state.It makes the land market become a market full of government failure.Secondly,bilateral monopoly market of buyers and sellers of the land reserve system inevitably resulted in the absence of macroeconomic regulation and micro control the offside and also dislocation of the land of asset management,Next we build a model about the land protection and land acquisition compensation,The results show that: there will be a low price and high supplied quantity and also high profits in the legitimate zero-level market.Thirdly,the market structure of bilateral monopoly of buyer and seller inevitably leaded to the loss of arable land and the low compensation to the farmers.The paper suggested that in order to protect arable land and increase farmers’compensation,the most important measure that we shoud take was to break the bilateral monopoly of buyers and sellers in the land reserve system.

Topic: Land Rights and Reforms
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Cocaine as a naturally occurring insecticide.

Although cocaine has a fascinating and complex medicinal history in man, its natural function in plants is unknown. The present studies demonstrate that cocaine exerts insecticidal effects at concentrations which occur naturally in coca leaves. Unlike its known action on dopamine reuptake in mammals, cocaine's pesticidal effects are shown to result from a potentiation of insect octopaminergic neurotransmission. Amine-reuptake blockers of other structural classes also exert pesticidal activity with a rank order of potency distinct from that known to affect vertebrate amine transporters. These findings suggest that cocaine functions in plants as a natural insecticide and that octopamine transporters may be useful sites for targeting pesticides with selectivity toward invertebrates.

Topic: Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Lactic Acid Levels: a Rapid and Reliable Way To Differentiate Viral from Bacterial Meningitis or Concurrent

I read with interest the articles by Drs. Nolte and Basmaci, et al.,regarding potential concurrent acute viral meningitis (AVM) and acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) (2, 10). I agree the proba-bility of concurrent ABM/AVM is exceedingly rare, but their con-cerns merit a response. The diagnostic difficulties mentioned could have been easily sorted out with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactic acid levels. CSF lactic acid levels are a rapid, reliable, and inexpensive method for early differentiation of AVM from ABM levels. For over 30 years, Winthrop-University Hospital has used CSF lactic acids levels to rapidly differentiate AVM fromABM (1, 3, 4). Our CSF lactic acid level breakpoints are 3 mmol/liter for normal/AVM, 3 to 6 mmol/liter for partially treated bacterial meningitis (PTBM), and 6 mmol/liter for ABM. CSF lactic acid levels may be slightly increased with CSF red blood cells (RBCs). CSF lactic acid levels increase in proportion to the duration/number of RBCs in CSF (1,

Topic: Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Supramolecular Chemistry of Cyclodextrins in Enzyme Technology

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSupramolecular Chemistry of Cyclodextrins in Enzyme TechnologyReynaldo Villalonga, Roberto Cao, and Alex FragosoView Author Information Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Vedado, Havana 10400, Cuba, Center for Enzyme Technology, University of Matanzas, Matanzas 44740, Cuba, and Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, Tarragona 43007, Spain Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 7, 3088–3116Publication Date (Web):June 23, 2007Publication History Received29 June 2006Published online23 June 2007Published inissue 1 July 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr050253ghttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr050253gresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2007 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6214Altmetric-Citations334LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Biotechnology,Cadmium sulfide,Oligosaccharides,Peptides and proteins,Reaction products Get e-Alerts

Topic: Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Use of lupine flour and cavbuz puree in bread technology

Introduction. The influence of vegetable additives: сavbuz (a hybrid of watermelon and pumpkin) puree and flour of non–alkaloid lupine on the nutritional and biological value of wheat bread, its sorption capacity in relation to toxic lead ions was studied. Materials and methods. Content of following substances was determined: proteint by Bradford method; starch by polarimetric method; fat by exhaustive extraction with chemically pure hexane; vitamins E, P (rutin), β–carotene colorimetrically; vitamin C titrimetrically; В1, В2 fluorometrically; fiber by acid hydrolysis; pectin by the calcium–pectate method; te amount of lead absorbed by “wet burning” method. Results and discussion. Cavbuz puree is a rich source of substances with antioxidant activity: β-carotene, 13.4 mg, Р (rutin), 45.4 mg, phenolic compounds, 283.23 mg, as well as natural food sorbents such as fiber 1.7% and pectin, 1.5% per 100 g of product with moisture content 83.1%. According to sensory and physico-chemical characteristics, cavbuz puree may be used as a component in the manufacturing of health products. Lupine flour contains 3.9 times more protein, 40 times more fiber, 10.5 pectin substances compared to wheat flour; a significant amount of tocopherols, 12.8 mg, β-carotene, 0.52 mg, vitamin C, 35.84 mg per 100 g of product with moisture content 9.5%. The inclusion of 4-7% of lupine flour and 3–5% of cavbus puree in the recipe of wheat bread, makes it possible to obtain bread for health purposes, in which the protein content is 22–32%, fiber content is two to three times higher, tocopherols are 9 times higher than in control, provided that the physico-chemical and organoleptic parameters of the product are acceptable. 100 g of developed bread provides 23% of the minimum rate of pectin consumption, 6% of the daily need for vitamin E; 13.8% in В1, 14% in β–carotene; 6.6% in flavonoids, which are absent in wheat bread. Enriched bread has a 25–30 times higher sorption capacity for toxic divalent lead ions than wheat bread. Conclusions. It is recommended to use of cavbuz puree and flour of non–alkaloid lupine varieties for the production of wheat bread with increased nutritional value.

Topic: Food Industry and Aquatic Biology
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Environmental and anthropogenic drivers of soil methane fluxes in forests: Global patterns and among‐biomes differences

Abstract Forest soils are the most important terrestrial sink of atmospheric methane (CH 4 ). Climatic, soil and anthropogenic drivers affect CH 4 fluxes, but it is poorly known the relative weight of each driver and whether all drivers have similar effects across forest biomes. We compiled a database of 478 in situ estimations of CH 4 fluxes in forest soils from 191 peer‐reviewed studies. All forest biomes (boreal, temperate, tropical and subtropical) but savannahs act on average as CH 4 sinks, which presented positive fluxes in 65% of the sites. Mixed effects models showed that combined climatic and edaphic variables had the best support, but anthropogenic factors did not have a significant effect on CH 4 fluxes at global scale. This model explained only 19% of the variance in soil CH 4 flux which decreased with declines in precipitation and increases in temperature, and with increases in soil organic carbon, bulk density and soil acidification. The effects of these drivers were inconsistent across biomes, increasing the model explanation of observed variance to 34% when the drivers have a different slope for each biome. Despite this limited explanatory value which could be related to the use of soil variables calculated at coarse scale (~1 km), our study shows that soil CH 4 fluxes in forests are determined by different environmental variables in different biomes. The most sensitive system to all studied drivers were the temperate forests, while boreal forests were insensitive to climatic variables, but highly sensitive to edaphic factors. Subtropical forests and savannahs responded similarly to climatic variables, but differed in their response to soil factors. Our results suggest that the increase in temperature predicted in the framework of climate change would promote CH 4 emission (or reduce CH 4 sink) in subtropical and savannah forests, have no influence in boreal and temperate forests and promote uptake in tropical forests.

Topic: Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Defending the fleet

Traditionally, ships navigated the oceans in relative isolation from the rest of the world. However, maritime navigation has become increasingly dependent on third parties due to new technologies such as satellite data transmission and shore-based support systems. In recent years, international shipping has faced growing challenges safeguarding its operations against emerging cybersecurity risks. Autonomous and unmanned vessels, the quintessential case of technology-dependent ships, are potentially at a higher risk of cyberattacks. Artificial intelligence-based systems and remote operation from shore-based control centers increase their vulnerability. However, paradoxically, the scholarship analyzing the implications of cyber-security of autonomous and unmanned vessels from a legal perspective is notably limited in scope. Thus, this Chapter analyzes the relevance of cybersecurity for autonomous ships, presents the threat landscape, and examines the existing international regulatory framework and standards. The Chapter concludes that even though the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and classification societies have developed cybersecurity standards and guidelines for conventional vessels, they are still not adjusted to emerging technologies such as autonomous ships. Therefore, new durable solutions must be developed to safeguard the operations of autonomous and unmanned ships from cyber threats

Topic: International Maritime Law Issues
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Transaction Cost Economics and After: Addressing The New Theory Challenge

Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) has been the most frequently appropriated theoretical frameworks to study Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) (Dibbern et al., 2004; Klein, 2002). TCE is a theory specifically addressing make-or-buy decisions and has therefore been viewed as a strong theoretical base for analysing ITO decisions. TCE has enjoyed an abundance of empirical and theoretical academic attention in other organizational contexts, which may have also influenced its appeal to ITO researchers (Anderson, 1994; Bowen and Jones, 1986; Griesinger, 1990; Hennart, 1991a, 1991b; Hesterly et al., 1990; Hill, 1990; Joskow, 1985, 1991; Lieberman, 1991; Malone, 1987; Malone et al., 1987; Pisano, 1990; Robins, 1987; Walker and Poppo, 1991). In addition, this is a theory we have used and applied in our own empirical work (Lacity and Willcocks, 1995, 2009; Poppo and Lacity, 2002). Given its common adoption for studying ITO, and following on our observations in Chapter 1, it is both relevant and timely to review further the empirical applications of TCE to the ITO context.KeywordsStrategic Management JournalTransaction Cost EconomicAsset SpecificityRelational GovernanceTransaction Cost TheoryThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Topic: Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management
Subfield: Management Information Systems
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
A Study of Variability Models and Languages in the Systems Software Domain

Variability models represent the common and variable features of products in a product line. Since the introduction of FODA in 1990, several variability modeling languages have been proposed in academia and industry, followed by hundreds of research papers on variability models and modeling. However, little is known about the practical use of such languages. We study the constructs, semantics, usage, and associated tools of two variability modeling languages, Kconfig and CDL, which are independently developed outside academia and used in large and significant software projects. We analyze 128 variability models found in 12 open--source projects using these languages. Our study 1) supports variability modeling research with empirical data on the real-world use of its flagship concepts. However, we 2) also provide requirements for concepts and mechanisms that are not commonly considered in academic techniques, and 3) challenge assumptions about size and complexity of variability models made in academic papers. These results are of interest to researchers working on variability modeling and analysis techniques and to designers of tools, such as feature dependency checkers and interactive product configurators.

Topic: Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Reasons behind providing futile medical treatments in Iran

Background: Despite their negative consequences, evidence shows that futile medical treatments are still being provided, particularly to terminally ill patients. Uncovering the reasons behind providing such treatments in different religious and sociocultural contexts can create a better understanding of medical futility and help manage it effectively. Research objectives: This study was undertaken to explore Iranian nurses’ and physicians’ perceptions of the reasons behind providing futile medical treatments. Research design: This was a qualitative exploratory study. Study data were gathered through conducting in-depth semi-structured personal interviews and analyzed using the conventional content analysis method. Participants and research context: Twenty-one nurses and nine medical specialists were recruited purposively from four teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by the Nursing and Midwifery Research Center and the Research Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All participants gave informed consent for the research and that their anonymity was preserved. Findings: The main theme of the study was “having an obligation to provide medical treatments despite knowing their futility.” This theme consisted of three main categories including patients’ and family members’ request for continuing life-sustaining treatments, healthcare professionals’ personal motives, and organizational atmosphere and structure. Discussion and conclusion: Different personal and organizational factors contribute to providing futile medical treatments. Promoting the structure and the function of hospital ethics committees, establishing and developing home care facilities, increasing the number of palliative care centers and hospices, and educating healthcare professionals, patients, and family members about the services and the benefits of such centers can facilitate making wise decisions about continuing or discontinuing treatments which have been labeled as futile.

Topic: Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
SU‐E‐T‐454: Feasibilty of Image‐Guided Total Marrow Irradiation Using Helical TomoTherapy

Purpose: Investigation of the technical feasibility and dosimetry of image‐ guided total marrow irradiation using helical TomoTherapy in the treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma patients. Irradiation is followed by a hematopietic stemcell transplantation. This study concentrates on planning and dosimetry Methods: Patients are simulated in supine position with H&amp;N mask and pelvic cast. TomoTherapy plans for the upper body (head‐knees) were generated (pitch 0.45, modulation factor 2.0, field width 5cm). Dose prescription was 4x3Gy=12Gy. Dose verification is performed with the IˈmRT MatriXX. Beam‐on‐time is +/−30min. TMI‐stability measurement was done with 2 ICs on different distances in 1.5m solid water equivalent blocks. Lower extremities were planned conventional and with TomoTherapy. Dose in the junction region between upper and lower body plans was verified with EDR2 film for both techniques. Results: It is possible to create clinically acceptable plans for the upper body with TomoTherapy. Verification shows acceptable results in the lung region (gamma 5%, 7mm). Measurement in pelvis region is less good as in lung region. TMI‐stability measurement shows differences in dose till 4% measured/calculated. During TMI a 2.5% dose drift was seen by the detectors. Plans for the extremities were more homogeneous in the junction region with TomoTherapy comparing with the conventional technique. Conclusions: TPS has difficulties to find a good ratio between couch and gantry speed. Differences seen at TMI‐stability measurements can be pointed to drift and stability of one rotation. Differences are depending on system stability (magnetron, target, …). Patient specific QA is necessary before treatment. Differences between the gamma index of the lungs and pelvis can be pointed to the fact that the planning is optimized very well for the lung region. Pitch and modulation factor are optimized for this region. For the junction region tomotherapy plans give a better homogeneity than 1 tomotherapy and 1 conventional plan.

Topic: Cancer Treatment and Pharmacology
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Origin of fermion generations from extended noncommutative geometry

We propose a way to understand the three fermion generations by the algebraic structures of noncommutative geometry, which is a promising framework to unify the standard model and general relativity. We make the tensor product extension and the quaternion extension on the framework. Each of the two extensions alone keeps the action invariant, and we consider them as the almost trivial structures of the geometry. We combine the two extensions, and show the corresponding physical effects, i.e. the emergence of three fermion generations and the mass relationships among those generations. We define the coordinate fiber space of the bundle of the manifold as the space in which the classical noncommutative geometry is expressed, then the tensor product extension explicitly shows the contribution of structures in the non-coordinate base space of the bundle to the action. The quaternion extension plays an essential role to reveal the physical effect of the structure in the non-coordinate base space.

Topic: Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Comparative Analysis of Sugarcane Varieties in the Milagro Canton, Ecuador

Sugarcane is of great economic importance for the country; large and small sugarcane growers depend on this crop. In the present research, a comparative study was conducted between sugarcane varieties for a period of five (2017-2021) and ten years (2012-2021). Data from the Valdez mill and CINCAE were processed with descriptive statistical tools. The results indicated that the most cultivated varieties from 2017 to 2021 were ECU-01 and CC85-92; for the period from 2012 to 2021, the varieties CC85-9 and ECU-01. The EC-02 variety stood out in tons of cane harvested per hectare from 2012 to 2021 and the EC-02, ECU-01, and EC-06 varieties from 2017-2021. Varieties EC-06, EC-02, and EC-05 stood out in yield of 50kg bags of sugar per hectare from 2017 to 2021, and in 2012 to 2021 the varieties EC-02 and ECU-01, respectively. Varieties EC-06, EC-04, and EC-05 (2017-2021) and RAGNAR (2012-2021) achieved lower cutting age. Varieties EC-06 and EC-05 (2017-2021) and EC-02 and RAGNAR (2012-2021) presented the highest poll percentage (%). Finally, varieties EC-06 and EC-05 (2017-2021) and RAGNAR and CC85-9 (2012-2012) had better yields in kilograms of sugar per ton of cane (KATC). It is concluded that there is a moderate positive correlation between the variable tons of cane/ha and bags of sugar/ha and a very high positive correlation between KATC and sucrose content in juice (pol grades).

Topic: Sugarcane Cultivation and Processing
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Critical exponents for percolation conductivity in resistor networks

The conductivity of two-dimensional and of three-dimensional cubic binary random resistor networks is shown to obey a power-law dependence on the conductivity ratio at the percolation threshold. The relation recently derived by Straley between the exponent of this power law and the other two critical exponents of the conductivity above and below the percolation threshold is accurately obeyed. Extension of the scaling laws for a complex dielectric function of a binary network is provided.

Topic: Theoretical and Computational Physics
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences