jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Korean heritage children's language use and maintenance

This chapter examines Korean migrant children’s language use and maintenance as well as whether “Hallyu” or Korean Wave, a vigorous socio-cultural phenomena in Asia and beyond, has impacted on the maintenance of language and cultural practices, and how if it has. Specifically Shin’s survey study investigates whether and to what extent Korean migrant children have maintained their first language (L1), and in what ways the Korean community, as individuals and as a corporate group, has attempted to maintain its L1; to what extent the community resources to that end have been utilised. He finds that Korean children has an integrative inclination towards the maintenance of their family’s L1, but their integrative orientation is limited to certain specific circumstances (parents and adults in particular) and interprets such a trend might be natural in that it reflects the children’s separate identity as Korean-Australian within the wider Australian society. Shin argues that to maintain the language and its cultural identity in the multilingual community, however, children need to be encouraged to use Korean more and participate in community functions more often for such motivation.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Framework for Navigation-Driven Lazy Mediators.

We propose a framework for navigation-driven evaluation of virtual mediated views. The approach is based on lazy mediators that translate incoming client navigations on a virtual XML view (or the result of an XML query) into navigations on wrapped sources or lower level mediators. Such a demand-driven approach is inevitable in order to handle up-to-date mediated views of huge Web sources or large query results, which are commonplace when querying the Web. The proposed MIX mediator provides to the client an abstraction of the DOM API, the de facto API to XML documents, hence hiding the non-materialization of the view or the query. We also describe the inherent navigational complexity of queries and view definitions wrt. navigations. Next, we discuss the query/navigation processing aspects of the MIX mediator. The mediator translates a view into an algebraic plan. Then each operator of the algebraic plan acts as a navigation-driven lazy mediator. This allows to characterize the complexit...

Topic: Semantic Web and Ontologies
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
[An autopsy case with cerebral histoplasmoma: case report].

Histoplasma capsulatum infection is, for the most part, asymptomatic or of little clinical consequence. Disseminated infection due to H. capsulatum is rather uncommon. Clinically apparent infection of central nervous system (CNS) is rare, and involves in 10 to 50% of patients with disseminated histoplasmosis. Although CNS histoplasmosis is frequently fetal or only discovered as an autopsy, some patients can be effectively treated with anti-fungal agents. We describe a 44-year-old civil man who is engineering contractor with headache without evidence of systemic infection. Magnetic resonance imaging showed enhancing masses in the third and forth ventricles, right interpeduncular cistern, and right cerebello-pontine angle. After biopsy of what was presumed to be a malignant lymphoma, the patient died of rapidly progressive multiple cerebral infarctions. The autopsy revealed the CNS histoplasmoma disseminating systemically. And we finally diagnosed him as histoplasmoma by gene analysis. It was extremely difficult to make a diagnosis based on his physical and radiological findings because it should be included in the differential diagnosis of a well or ring enhanced lesion. It is very important to ask patients about their birthplace, past illness, occupation, and where they had traveled. In the present case, the patient working for the construction has visited many countries including the African Continent and Central America. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion in patients who are from any area endemic for histoplasmosis. The clinical, radiological and pathological features of this infection were reviewed in this report.

Topic: Fungal Infections and Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Executive functions and emotion regulation as predictors of internalising symptoms among adults with Down syndrome: A transdiagnostic perspective

Introduction: There is evidence of high rates of psychopathological disorders such as anxiety or depression in adults with Down syndrome. Additionally, difficulties in executive functions and emotion regulation play an essential role in adaptive functioning of people with Down syndrome.Method: We used different questionnaires with a sample of 42 adults with Down syndrome (aged 18–40 years) to determine if difficulties in executive functions and emotion regulation are related to and can predict internalising symptoms.Results: Positive and significant correlations were found between dysexecutive functioning and emotion dysregulation and internalising symptoms. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that dysexecutive functioning and emotion dysregulation are both predictors of the existence of internalising symptoms.Conclusions: These findings suggest that intervention in emotion regulation and executive functions must be taken into account in order to positively influence the presence of internalising symptoms. Further research is needed to attend to both capacities comprehensively, especially concerning emotion regulation.

Topic: Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
CCDC 202568: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Role of Negative Affect and Self-Concept Clarity in Predicting Self-Injurious Urges in Borderline Personality Disorder Using Ecological Momentary Assessment

Deficits in identity as well as negative affect have been shown to predict self-injurious and suicidal behaviors in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, less is known about the interactive effects of these two predictors. We examined the moderating effect of a particular component of identity, self-concept, on the relationship between negative affect and self-injurious urges utilizing ecological momentary assessments. Outpatients diagnosed with either BPD (n = 36) or any anxiety disorder but no BPD (n = 18) completed surveys throughout the day over a 21-day period. Higher levels of momentary negative affect predicted greater subsequent urges to self-injure, but only when self-concept clarity was low (z = -3.60, p < .01). This effect did not differ between diagnostic groups. The results suggest that self-concept clarity has a protective effect against self-injurious urges in light of high negative affect, and that this effect may be transdiagnostic.

Topic: Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Implied non-recombining trees and calibration for the volatility smile

In this paper we capture the implied distribution from option market data using a non-recombining (binary) tree, allowing the local volatility to be a function of the underlying asset and of time. The problem under consideration is a non-convex optimization problem with linear constraints. We elaborate on the initial guess for the volatility term structure and use nonlinear constrained optimization to minimize the least squares error function on market prices. The proposed model can accommodate European options with single maturities and, with minor modifications, options with multiple maturities. It can provide a market-consistent tree for option replication with transaction costs (often this requires a non-recombining tree) and can help pricing of exotic and Over The Counter (OTC) options. We test our model using options data for the FTSE 100 index obtained from LIFFE. The results strongly support our modelling approach.

Topic: Stochastic processes and financial applications
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Reaction Mechanism of Photoreduction of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Surfactant Micelles

The direct photolysis of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in water is slow and ineffective, but surfactant micelles can greatly enhance the photochemical reaction of organic contaminants. The effect of an anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate), a cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide), and two nonionic (Brij 35, Tween 80) surfactants on the phototransformation of 2,4-D at 253.7 nm was examined. Except for the anionic surfactant, the other micelles were significant facilitators in both removal efficiencies and decay rates of 2,4-D. This herbicide was then irradiated in the presence of Brij 35 micelles at five different initial pH levels. 2,4-D is an organic acid, and its speciation (molecular or ionic form) is controlled by pH. It was found that the photoreduction of 2,4-D was more effective at lower initial pH than that in basic conditions. The transformation of 2,4-D in micelles occurred predominantly through reductive chlorination, resulting in generation of less chlorinated products. The presence of hydroxylated products in low yields indicated photohydrolysis was a minor competitive reaction pathway. The measurable intermediates were 2-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic, chlorohydroxyphenoxyacetic acid, phenoxyacetic acid, hydroxyphenyoxyacetic acid, and phenol. The transformed products were identified by comparing the HPLC retention times of the standards, and confirmed by LC−MS.

Topic: Advanced oxidation water treatment
Subfield: Water Science and Technology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A history and overview of phenotypic variability in CYP2D6 activity

CYP2D6 is a human cytochrome P450 that is responsible for the metabolism of a large number of drugs and chemicals. Interest in CYP2D6 has largely centered on the wide interindividual variability in its catalytic activity that stems from a common genetic polymorphism in the CYP2D6 gene. Two major phenotypes exist, extensive metabolizer (EM) and poor metabolizer (PM), together with the two less studied phenotypes of ultrarapid metabolizer (UM) and intermediate metabolizer. These phenotypes are the expression of an underlying allelomorphism in CYP2D6 and are also context dependent. Several drugs that are CYP2D6 substrates display polymorphic metabolism, that is, the existence in the population of multiple phenotypes, in particular EM and PM. The most notable drugs in this regard are debrisoquine and sparteine, although there are also data for a few others, in particular, dextromethorphan and metoprolol. Many nongenetic factors can alter the expression of CYP2D6 phenotypes, the most significant of which is the presence of other drugs. In this context, the EM phenotype may not be immutable, with potential conversion into a PM phenocopy, due to significantly impaired CYP2D6 metabolism in the presence of other CYP2D6 substrates and inhibitors. This phenotype interconversion generated great concern and helped drive the movement away from phenotyping based upon drug administration to genotyping of acquired DNA samples. However, ascertaining the presence of CYP2D6 alleles in a DNA sample does not determine the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of CYP2D6 substrates in that subject: it is a forecast, much like the weather forecast and, as we all know regarding the weather, the forecast can be inaccurate at times.

Topic: Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Risk Factors for Serious Bacterial Infections Among Young Infants With Hypothermia: Protocol for a Multicenter, Retrospective Case-Control Study (Preprint)

<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> Hypothermia in young infants presenting to the emergency department (ED) may indicate a serious bacterial infection (SBI) such as a urinary tract infection, bacteremia, or bacterial meningitis. Improved understanding of the epidemiology of SBI in infants with hypothermia and the development of prediction models can help avoid unnecessary invasive procedures and antimicrobial exposure. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> The aim of the study is to (1) describe the epidemiology of SBI and herpes simplex virus (HSV) among infants with hypothermia, (2) assess the role of biomarkers in predicting SBI, and (3) derive and internally validate a multivariable predictive model for SBI among infants with hypothermia. </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> The study is being conducted through the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee as a retrospective nested case-control study. We will include infants with hypothermia (rectal temperature&amp;lt;36.5 °C) presenting to 1 of 28 pediatric EDs in the United States between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2022. Exclusion criteria will include (1) fever in the ED or prior to ED arrival, (2) transfer from another health care facility, (3) technology dependence, (4) trauma, (5) skin and soft tissue infections, and (6) presentation in cardiac arrest. The primary outcomes will be culture-confirmed SBI (objectives 1-3) and HSV-positivity (objective 1). The analytic approach for each objective will be (1) to use descriptive statistics to summarize the epidemiology of SBI and HSV and clinical outcomes, (2) to compare biomarker parameters of infants with and without SBI and determine optimal cutoff values using a receiver operator characteristic curve, and (3) to develop a multivariable predictive model using penalized mixed effects logistic regression within a 1:3 case-control sample among infants in the cohort who had a blood culture obtained. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> Data collection for this study is ongoing, with a collection of data from 21 hospitals at the time of protocol submission. Of 16 sites evaluated in preliminary analysis (n=45,673), the median age is 25 (IQR 6-52) days, and 24,182 (52.9%) are male. In total, 340 (0.7%) infants have an SBI, of whom 103 had bacteremia or meningitis. Mortality occurred in 7 (2.1%; 95% CI 0.9%-4.3%). </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> We will use a consensus-based outcome measure for SBI with an established data acquisition pathway. We will use a multicenter sample from US children’s hospitals, using a consensus-based outcome measure for SBI and a case-control approach to evaluate outcomes to improve the management of young infants with hypothermia in the ED. </sec> <sec> <title>INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT</title> DERR1-10.2196/66722 </sec>

Topic: Pediatric Urology and Nephrology Studies
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A novel cubic-order algorithm for approximating principal direction vectors

There are a number of applications in computer graphics that require as a first step the accurate estimation of principal direction vectors at arbitrary vertices on a triangulated surface. Although several methods for calculating principal directions over such models have been previously proposed, we have found in practice that all exhibit unexplained large errors in some cases. In this article, we describe our theoretical and experimental investigations into possible sources of errors in the approximation of principal direction vectors from triangular meshes, and suggest a new method for estimating principal directions that can yield better results under some circumstances.

Topic: 3D Shape Modeling and Analysis
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Rates of Alloparental Care by Male Stickleback in Natural Lake Populations

In many animal species, alternative reproductive tactics can result in alloparenting: adult individuals providing care for juveniles that are not genetically their own progeny. In species with parental care, males may exhibit “sneaking” behavior and fertilize eggs in the nest of another male, or nesting males may commit egg theft from a more successful male, possibly to help attract females. Alloparenting may have important consequences for both male and female reproductive output and mate choice, but rates of such non-paternity in natural populations are poorly understood in many taxa, as are the ecological factors that might influence these rates. Here, we quantified the frequency of non-paternity between males and the eggs in their nests within 15 natural populations of Threespine Stickleback, and tested whether the frequency of mismatch was predicted by characteristics of the lake (lake size and nest density) or features of individual males (body size and diet) or their chosen nest location (depth and presence of vegetation). The frequency of non-paternity was relatively high across all lakes (23–66%) but was not explained by lake-level characteristics (lake area or nest density). Alloparenting was more likely for individual males with more benthic diets (as measured by stable isotopes) and for males whose nests were closer to vegetation, although this effect varied across lakes. Our results suggest that individual-level characteristics of the male and nest influence the frequency of alloparenting, and that variation among individuals and populations should be considered in studies of the genetics and evolutionary consequences of alternative reproductive tactics.

Topic: Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
What Neural Oscillations Can(not) Do for Syntactic Structure Building

Understanding what someone says requires relating words in the sentence to one another as instructed by grammatical rules of language. In recent years, a neurophysiological basis for this process has become a prominent topic of discussion in cognitive neuroscience. Current proposals about the neural mechanisms of syntactic structure building converge in assigning a key role to neural oscillations but differ in the exact function assigned to them. We discuss two types of approaches – oscillations for chunking and oscillations for multi-scale information integration – and evaluate their merits and limitations considering a fundamentally hierarchical nature of syntactic representations in natural language. We highlight insights that can provide a tangible starting point for a wide-scope neurocognitive model of syntactic structure building.

Topic: Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
New England Critics of Imperial Church Policy

External rhetoric shaped the course of the King's church during the two decades before the outbreak of the American Revolution. It was a controversy launched by prominent Boston Congregational parsons who were critical of the manner in which the church was established in New England. It was a conflict that shaped the agendas of clergy conventions, the number of native colonists from the region who entered the Anglican ministry, and the number of new congregations formed in New England. In hindsight the controversy created a stalemate in the efforts to advance the King's church in the region.KeywordsEnglish GovernmentAmerican RevolutionReligious LibertyImperial PolicyImperial OriginThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Topic: American Constitutional Law and Politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Immature State-of-the-art Review on Origami-inspired Spaceborne Deployable Structures

施飞舟 1, 2 (1.中国航天科技集团有限公司空间结构与机构技术实验室 上海 201109； 2. 上海宇航系统工程研究所 上海 201109)

Topic: Structural Analysis and Optimization
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effects of<scp><i>Oxalis barrelieri</i></scp>L. (Oxalidaceae) aqueous extract on diarrhea induced by<i>Shigella dysenteriae</i>type 1 in rats

Abstract Aim Oxalis barrelieri is a medicinal plant commonly used in Cameroon, for the treatment of many diarrheal diseases. The antibacterial properties of O barrelieri aqueous extract (WOb) against Shigella dysenteriae type 1 were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Methods A ntibacterial activity was evaluated in vitro by disc diffusion method and by macrodilution method. S dysenteriae type 1 at a dose of 1.2 × 10 9 CFU was administrated orally to rats to induce shigellosis. For 6 consecutive days, diarrheic rats were treated with O barrelieri aqueous extract (50 and 100 mg/kg BW) or norfloxacin (20 mg/kg BW). The diarrheal stool weight and S dysenteriae type 1 density were assessed during the treatment period, and death rate recorded. Nitric oxide production in blood and in colonic homogenate and blood parameters were assessed, and the histological section of the colon was performed in the survivors. Results The minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration of WOb were, respectively, 6 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL. The mean minimal bactericidal concentration/minimal inhibitory concentration ratio for WOb against S dysenteriae type 1 was high (˃4); WOb could be classified as a bacteriostatic drug. WOb significantly ( P &lt; .01) reduced bacterial density and diarrheal stool weight. WOb decreased nitric oxide production ( P &lt; .01) in the large intestine and protected the mucosa of the colon from bacterial destruction. Conclusion The results suggest that O barrelieri aqueous extract possesses bacteriostatic and antidiarrheal activities and reduces damages caused to intestinal mucosa barrier by pathogenic mechanisms of Shigella . This extract could be used as an alternative therapeutic for infectious diarrhea.

Topic: Moringa oleifera research and applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Synthesis and diffusion permeability of MF-4SK/polyaniline composite membranes with controlled thickness of the modified layer

A new method is proposed for the synthesis of anisotropic membranes based on F-4SF films, which ensures their modification with polyaniline in a layer with a fixed thickness. The concentration dependences of conductivity and diffusion permeability of the composite membranes are studied. These parameters decrease with increasing thickness of the polyaniline-modified layer. The quantitative correlation is revealed between the regularities of variations in both transport characteristics and the thickness of the modified layer. The absence of the asymmetry of the diffusion permeability of the examined composite membranes is explained in terms of the model of a charged bilayer membrane.

Topic: Conducting polymers and applications
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplementary Figure 2 from Protective Role for TWEAK/Fn14 in Regulating Acute Intestinal Inflammation and Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis

&lt;p&gt;This supplementary figure describes the effects of Fn14 antibody neutralization in C57/BL6 mice following induction of DSS colitis..&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: GDF15 and Related Biomarkers
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences