jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reactions of 3,3,3-Trihalogeno-1-nitropropenes with Arenes in the Superacid CF<sub>3</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>H: Synthesis of (<i>Z</i>)-3,3,3-Trihalogeno-1,2-diarylpropan-1-one Oximes and Study on the Reaction Mechanism

3,3,3-Trihalogeno-1-nitropropenes C(Hal<sub>3</sub>)CH═CH(NO<sub>2</sub>) (Hal = F, Cl, Br) in reaction with arenes in the superacid CF<sub>3</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>H (TfOH) at room temperature in 1 h afford 3,3,3-trihalogeno-1,2-diarylpropan-1-one oximes C(Hal<sub>3</sub>)CH(Ar)-C(Ar)═NOH (CHal<sub>3</sub>-oximes) in yields of 23-99%. Such CHal<sub>3</sub>-oximes having one ortho-substituent in the aryl ring exist as atropoisomers in solutions at room temperature. Several cationic intermediates of this reaction were studied by means of NMR and DFT calculations, which proves the detailed reaction mechanism of the formation of CHal<sub>3</sub>-oximes in TfOH. CHal<sub>3</sub>-oximes (for Hal = Cl, Br) with DBU in DMF at microwave or thermal activation are cyclized into 5-halogeno-3,4-diarylisoxazoles in yields of 37-59%. CHal<sub>3</sub>-oximes under the conditions of Beckmann rearrangement with PCl<sub>5</sub> in benzene at room temperature in 24 h are turned at first into imidoyl chlorides (yields of 94-96%), which undergo transformation into the corresponding benzamides PhCONHCHPh(CHal<sub>3</sub>) on silica gel (yields of 46-47%).

Topic: Organic and Inorganic Chemical Reactions
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Surgical Diseases of the Chest

The contributors summarize the "amazing and gratifying advances" in thoracic and cardiac surgery. The major change in this edition, besides 493 more illustrations and 24 new authors, entails its greater emphasis on surgical technique. Excellent new sections on heart and lung transplantation, valve replacement, cardiac assist devices, pacemaking, and thoracic outlet syndrome have been added. The original material concerning empyema, lung abscess, bronchiectasis, and tuberculosis has also been retained and updated. Typical of the major overhaul that many chapters receive is that on the esophagus: the authors are different, illustrations have tripled, the bibliography doubled, and more space is devoted to surgical technique and judgment. Elsewhere, regarding mitral stenosis, "the fallacy of routine open operations" is thoroughly discussed in an effort to reverse the now prevalent "technical myopia" that ignores the option of closed mitral valvuloplasty in selected cases. The chapter on anesthesia contains a curious espousal of thiopental sodium

Topic: Airway Management and Intubation Techniques
Subfield: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Path integrals for awkward actions

Time derivatives of scalar fields occur quadratically in textbook actions. A simple Legendre transformation turns the lagrangian into a hamiltonian that is quadratic in the momenta. The path integral over the momenta is gaussian. Mean values of operators are euclidian path integrals of their classical counterparts with positive weight functions. Monte Carlo simulations can estimate such mean values. This familiar framework falls apart when the time derivatives do not occur quadratically. The Legendre transformation becomes difficult or so intractable that one can't find the hamiltonian. Even if one finds the hamiltonian, it usually is so complicated that one can't path-integrate over the momenta and get a euclidian path integral with a positive weight function. Monte Carlo simulations don't work when the weight function assumes negative or complex values. This paper solves both problems. It shows how to make path integrals without knowing the hamiltonian. It also shows how to estimate complex path integrals by combining the Monte Carlo method with parallel numerical integration and a look-up table. This "Atlantic City method" lets one estimate the energy densities of theories that, unlike those with quadratic time derivatives, may have finite energy densities. It may lead to a theory of dark energy. The approximation of multiple integrals over weight functions that assume negative or complex values is the long-standing sign problem. The Atlantic City method solves it for problems in which numerical integration leads to a positive weight function.

Topic: Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Essential Oil and Hydrosol Extract Chemical Composition, Phytochemicals of Algerian Rhus pentaphylla Desf. and its Antioxidant Activity

Background: Rhus pentaphylla Desf. (Anacardiaceae) widely grown in Algeria, is an underutilized plant and remains poorly studied. To investigate for the first time, the chemical composition profile of essential oil and hydrosol extract; besides Total Phenolic (TPC), Flavonoid (TFC) and Condensed Tannins Contents (CTC) of fruits, leaves and roots, the fatty acid composition was assessed. The radical scavenging activity of R. pentaphylla extracts was then evaluated. Methods: Essential oil and hydrosol extract were isolated respectively by hydrodistillation and liquidliquid- extraction from the aerial parts of R. pentaphylla. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Chemical compositions of various extracts were investigated using Gas Chromatography (GC) and GC-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The results of GC and GC-MS analysis revealed 83 components in essential oil and 75 components in hydrosol extract representing respectively 96.9% and 92.5% of the total extract composition. The main constituents were hexadecanoic acid (31.5%) followed by spathulenol (14.9%) in the oil while the higher amount present in the hydrosol extract was of spathulenol (14.2%). Otherwise, 13 and 18 fatty acids were identified in roots and fruits respectively. The highest levels of TPC and CTC were found in roots extracts while the highest quantity of TFC has been recorded in the leaves extract. Besides, hydrosol extract was able to scavenge DPPH and FRAP free radicals more efficiently than essential oil. Conclusion: R. pentaphylla contains bioactive substances that could be used as a new promising source of antioxidant compounds in different applications.

Topic: Medicinal Plant Research
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Double Exceptionality: Gifted Children with Special Educational Needs and What Ordinary Schools Can Do

Intelligence tests and teacher assessments frequently fail to identify gifted students with learning difficulties who under-perform because these students’ disabilities tend to depress their test scores. These students are also not identified for remedial provisions because their high abilities are able to compensate for disabilities on tests. Consequently, these students end up in classes where teachers have low expectations of them, and curriculum provision is inadequate. If teachers in ordinary classrooms have knowledge of the common learning difficulties these students face and make the necessary accommodations and suitable curriculum provisions, more of these students are likely to be identified as high achievers and perhaps even overcome their learning disabilities.

Topic: Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
IN PURSUIT OF ECONOMICALLY COMPETITIVE AGRO-TOURISM SECTOR: THE CASE OF TERENGGANU HOMESTAY, MALAYSIA

Agro-tourism is more than just a tourist product. It is a journey to a new sensation or positive behavior concerning the environment, the community and culture. It also one of the diversified sub-sectors that provide opportunities and choices for the rural community, commonly associated with agricultural activities to enhance and maintain their economic sustainability. This research focuses on the quantification of tourism sector income specifically related to agricultural destinations, activities, and products, evaluated in the selected communities that offer tourists visits and stays within the former’s villages or settlements. Income derived from the activities, destinations, and products are to be reported and assessed against initial investment and annual operating costs. This is an area mostly void of literature, especially those within the Malaysian contexts. The research aims at exploring the vitality and robustness of agro-tourism based homestay activities in Terengganu. Three objectives have been developed based on the gaps in existing literature. Firstly, the research is to identify offerings of homestay destinations, activities, and products relevant to agriculture sector within the rural communities of Terengganu. Secondly, the research is to assess the income received from these activities based on communal receipts as well as individually reported revenues. Finally, the research is to recommend strategic and focused areas of improvement to increase and sustain the competitiveness of agro-tourism sector delivered through homestays operation. The methods used in this paper were the semi-structured interview and focus group discussion. 76 respondents participated in the discussion.

Topic: Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Design Principles and Tensions for Collaborative Digital Governance in an Artificial Intelligence Age

Complex policy problems seem to be increasing, such as pandemics, climate change, poverty and inequality, and financial and political instability.Such challenges require collaborative and intelligent policy and administrative responses.Innovations in digital technology, such as big data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI), are routinely advocated as providing solutions.However, technology itself cannot solve these complex problems and can make matters worse.Rather, thoughtful, and deliberative approaches to designing collaborative digital administrative systems are needed; ones that appreciate both the strengths and weaknesses of digital technology and recognize the ongoing importance of humans in socio-technical administrative practices.This plenary paper will begin by outlining the promise of collaborative digital governance and some of the key emerging technologies being used by governments.Then, by examining several successful and unsuccessful examples of digital government projects, the paper will articulate a series of lessons in the form of design principles and tensions to balance.It is hoped that these design principles will assist public administration leaders to build the administrative solutions that challenge governments to enable society to steer towards shared futures.

Topic: Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
About the Lifespan of Peer to Peer Networks

We analyze the ability of peer to peer networks to deliver a complete file among the peers. Early on we motivate a broad generalization of network behavior organizing it into one of two successive phases. According to this view the network has two main states: first centralized - few sources (roots) hold the complete file, and next distributed - peers hold some parts (chunks) of the file such that the entire network has the whole file, but no individual has it. In the distributed state we study two scenarios, first, when the peers are ``patient'', i.e, do not leave the system until they obtain the complete file; second, peers are ``impatient'' and almost always leave the network before obtaining the complete file.

Topic: Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The benefit of aligning South Africa’s personal income tax thresholds and brackets with that of its peers using a micro-simulation tax model

Background: This article is based on a PhD study in which a microsimulation (MS) tax model was constructed to measure the revenue and tax efficiency effects of adjustments to marginal tax rates on individual income.Aim: The main aim with this analysis is to determine the advantages of adjustments to the thresholds and taxable income brackets in SA on revenue collected, tax efficiency, and progressivity as part of a broader tax reform effort.Setting: Currently such changes mainly consist of adjustments to tax brackets and thresholds to account for inflation, although since the 2017/2018 budget, such adjustments have been minimised as a result of the widening in the budget deficit.Methods: The tax brackets and thresholds for the 2005/2006 fiscal year are used as a base from which changes are implemented. Besides the base scenario, two other scenarios are simulated, based on that of South Africa’s peers (lower levels). Simulations are done with the MS tax model.Results: The research shows that instead of only allowing for inflation adjustments, the alignment of income brackets and thresholds to levels closer to those of South Africa’s peers could be beneficial with an improvement in the efficiency of the income tax regime. More individuals could be included into the tax net, albeit at (on average) lower tax scales resulting in a marginal loss in revenue. Although such an adjustment could be interpreted as being more regressive and, therefore, negative from a ‘tax fairness’ perspective, the Personal Income Tax (PIT) burden expressed as the PIT and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio would be slightly lower.Conclusion: The possible result would be an improvement in tax liability and economic growth which could in turn fuel personal income and, therefore, revenue collected from this important tax source. This would compensate for the initial loss in PIT.

Topic: Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Development of method of use of acid-resistant selective action enzyme preparations

A lot of studies were conducted nowadays in distilling industry on biocatalysis and fermentation of wort from starch-containing raw material using selective action enzyme complexes, but operational parameters for hydrolysis of starch-containing raw material biopolymers are not sufficiently investigated at low pH of the substrate. On the market of enzyme preparations in Ukraine there are acid-resistant enzymes that enable hydrolysis of grain mashes in low pH environment. This article concentrates on determination of efficiency of use of acid-resistant enzyme preparations (EP) when producing worts from starch-containing raw material. The results of studies on content in wort of water-soluble carbohydrates and insoluble starch depending on pH, temperature of termofermentive processing (TFP) and enzyme activity stabilizer Ca2+ ions are demonstrated. In terms of bioconversion efficiency of raw grain material components and assurance of microbiological purity of intermediate products of alcohol production, optimum pH is 3.8 - 4.0, mash processing time is 90 minutes.

Topic: Food Industry and Aquatic Biology
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Preoperative quality of life predicts complications in thoracic surgery: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract OBJECTIVES Patients undergoing thoracic surgery experience high complication rates. It is uncertain whether preoperative health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measurements can predict patients at higher risk for postoperative complications. The objective of this study was to determine the association between preoperative HRQOL and postoperative complications among patients undergoing thoracic surgery. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data. Consecutive patients undergoing elective thoracic surgery at a Canadian tertiary care centre between January 2018 and January 2019 were included. Patient HRQOL was measured using the Euroqol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) survey. Complications were recorded using the Ottawa Thoracic Morbidity and Mortality system. Uni- and multivariable analysis were performed. RESULTS Of 515 surgeries performed, 133 (25.8%) patients experienced at least 1 postoperative complication; 345 (67.0%) patients underwent surgery for malignancy. A range of 271 (52.7%) to 310 (60.2%) patients experienced pain/discomfort at each timepoint. On multivariable analysis, lower preoperative EQ-5D visual analogue scale scores were significantly associated with postoperative complications (adjusted odds ratio 0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.95–0.99; P = 0.01). Presence of malignancy was not independently associated with complications (P = 0.68). CONCLUSIONS Self-reported preoperative HRQOL can predict incidence of postoperative complications among patients undergoing thoracic surgery. Assessments of preoperative HRQOL may help identify patients at higher risk for developing complications. These findings could be used to direct preoperative risk-mitigation strategies in areas of HRQOL where patients suffer most, such as pain. The full perioperative trajectory of patient HRQOL should be discerned to identify subsets of patients who share common risk factors.

Topic: Cardiac, Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Qualitative and Quantitative Relationship of Monochromatic Radiation to Sexual and Asexual Reproduction of Pleospora herbarum

SUMMARYThe electromagnetic radiation requirements for the induction of the sexual (perithecia) and asexual (conidia) reproduction in Pleospora herbarum (status imperfectus Stemphylium botryosum) were determined with monochromatic radiation in the visible and ultraviolet wave lengths at intensities of 100 and 300 μw/cm2. Colonies were irradiated at 2378 Å, 2537 Å, 2803 Å, 3131 Å, 3663 Å, 4046 Å and 5461 Å (band width 132 Å) over exposures ranging from a minimum of 1/50 second to a maximum of 20,000 seconds. Conidia were induced by wave lengths 2378 to 3663 Å inclusively, but not by longer wave lengths. Two wave lengths, 2378 Å and 3131 Å, appeared to be most efficient in inducing conidial production over a wide range of exposures. Wave lengths effective in inducing perithecial formation were in general quite similar to those for conidia, though a few perithecia were initiated at 4046 Å but none at 5461 Å. The initiation of both sexual and asexual reproductive processes was dependent on wave length, length of exposure and intensity. The dosages necessary to induce reproduction decreased with decreasing wave length. Dosages causing inhibition of sporulation were similarly dependent on wave length, length of exposure and intensity and were least at high intensities and at the shorter wave lengths. The qualitative and quantitative radiation requirements for sexual and asexual reproductive processes though fairly similar showed some marked differences: lower dosages were adequate for both the induction and the inhibition of perithecia than for conidia; the wave lengths effective in inducing perithecia extended slightly further into the visible spectrum than for conidia; wave lengths of 2378 and 3131 Å were most efficient for producing conidia, but not for perithecia.The location of perithecia in relation to the surface of the medium was also related to wave length and dosage. With increase in dosage and decrease in wave length, perithecia tended to form submerged in the medium.Qualitatively and quantitatively, the radiation requirements for the induction of conidial production in P. herbarum were almost identical with those previously reported for Ascochyta pisi. It is suggested, therefore, that a similar photoactivated reproductive mechanism is probably involved in these two species of fungi.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[The effect of reversible ischemia of the rat liver on antipyrine metabolism and the isoenzyme activity of cytochrome P-450].

The character of changes in the metabolism of antipyrine, etoxy-, methoxy- and pentoxyresurphin after total reversible ischemia of the liver was studied in rats. In animals highly resistant to hypoxia the metabolism of xenobiotics specific to cytochromes P-450 IA1, IA2, and IIB1 was inhibited; in subjects with low resistance to hypoxia only P-450 and IA1 activity was suppressed while the activity of P-450 IIB1 and IA2 increased 2-3-fold.

Topic: Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
DEMENTIA-LIKE SYMPTOMS IN ELDERLY SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS

Davidson, M.; Powchik, P.; Haroutunian, V.; Harvey, P. D.; Perl, D.; Losonczy, M. S.; Freske, E.; Bierer, L.; Mohs, R. C.; Davis, K. L. Author Information

Topic: Schizophrenia research and treatment
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An Investigation of the Use of a Metered-Dose Inhaler(MDI) in Patients with Bronchial Asthma and the Pharmaceutical Instructions.

An investigation of the use of a MDI (Metered-Dose Inhaler) of β-Stimulants or Steroids was carried out on bronchial asthmatic patients. The use of a MDI for the cure of bronchial asthma is standard. However, due to the misuse of these medicines, serious adverse-drug-reaction have also emerged and the importance of their proper use has thus gained attention. The patients understood the effect to be 95% for β-stimulants and 84% for steroids. The patients understood the proper use or dose to be 73% for β-stimulants and 62% for steroids. However, the patients who understood the effect of the medicines did not necessarily comprehend their proper use. Especially, the ratio of patients who used the medicine according to the doctor's instructions numbered 56% for β-stimulants and 53% for steroids.These results suggest that it is important to supply the proper pharmaceutical instructions in order to use the MDI correctly for all patients.

Topic: Pharmaceutical studies and practices
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A comparison of head‐down tilt with low‐dose infusion of atrial natriuretic peptide in man.

1. Procedures that increase atrial pressure, such as head‐down tilt, result in an increase in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and a natriuresis, but a direct cause‐and‐effect relationship between these two responses has not been established. This study was undertaken to compare the effects of head‐down tilt with exogenous ANP on renal function. 2. Eight normal sodium‐replete volunteers underwent a 3 h placebo infusion, a 3 h ANP infusion at 1.2 pmol kg‐1 min‐1 and a 3 h period of head‐down tilt. Each procedure was performed on a separate day, in random order. 3. ANP and head‐down tilt produced similar increases in sodium excretion (65 +/‐ 24 and 68 +/‐ 16%, respectively). ANP did not increase urine flow significantly more than placebo. Head‐down tilt increased urine flow significantly more than placebo and ANP. 4. Plasma ANP rose from 8.1 +/‐ 1.0 to 11.4 +/‐ 2.5 pg ml‐1 during head‐down tilt and from 6.5 +/‐ 1.4 to 32.3 +/‐ 10.7 pg ml‐1 with ANP infusion. 5. ANP infusion had no significant effects on systemic haemodynamics whilst head‐down tilt increased cardiac output and reduced heart rate and an index of systemic vascular resistance. 6. ANP infusion, whilst achieving a natriuretic response similar to that of tilt, was associated with a 3‐fold higher mean plasma ANP level. Although plasma ANP rose during both ANP infusion and tilt, there was a lack of correlation between natriuretic response and plasma ANP. 7. The results are not compatible with a direct cause‐and‐effect relationship between plasma ANP and sodium excretion during head‐down tilt.

Topic: Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences