jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Structure, function, and ion-binding properties of a K <sup>+</sup> channel stabilized in the 2,4-ion–bound configuration

Here, we present the atomic resolution crystallographic structure, the function, and the ion-binding properties of the KcsA mutants, G77A and G77C, that stabilize the 2,4-ion–bound configuration (i.e., water, K + , water, K + -ion–bound configuration) of the K + channel’s selectivity filter. A full functional and thermodynamic characterization of the G77A mutant revealed wild-type–like ion selectivity and apparent K + -binding affinity, in addition to showing a lack of C-type inactivation gating and a marked reduction in its single-channel conductance. These structures validate, from a structural point of view, the notion that 2 isoenergetic ion-bound configurations coexist within a K + channel’s selectivity filter, which fully agrees with the water–K + -ion–coupled transport detected by streaming potential measurements.

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Northern Ireland as a problem in the economic war 1932–1938

In an article published in 1970 Professor Harkness has examined in some detail the negotiations between Britain and the Irish Free State during the economic war, particularly as they affected the relationships of Britain and the Commonwealth. This article discusses an aspect of the dispute not covered in his paper, the part Northern Ireland played in the quarrel, and in particular its role in making a final settlement more difficult. It also examines how the economic war affected relations between Britain and the province. Although in the end the dispute proved, at least to Malcolm Macdonald’s satisfaction, that ‘the difficulty between North and South still lies at the root of the Anglo-Irish problem’, this was not evident when it began. In 1932, at the outbreak of the war, the question of partition did not arise. As Professor Mansergh has pointed out ‘the coin of contemporary political controversy in Ireland’ concerned the oath of allegiance, the position of the Governor-General, the question ofthe treaty ports and even the right of Ireland to secede from the Commonwealth.

Topic: Irish and British Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Study of a Model of Wet Ammonia-Based Flue Gas Desulphurization

Removal of sulphur dioxide(SO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) from the flue gases emitted from various industries in a technological-economical-environmental manner and its accurate prediction is of great importance. In present investigation, a mathematics model of wet ammonia-based flue gas desulphurization(FGD) was developed by studying the process of mass transfer and chemical reaction. This model was used to simulate the process of SO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> absorption in the packed column, and it was found that calculated results agreed fairly well with experimental data for a wide range of operating conditions of pH of solution, liquid-to-gas ratio, inlet SO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> concentration and gas flow rate. This model can provide predictions of the absorption performances of wet ammonia-based flue gas desulphurization and appears to be really helpful to design scrubbers for SO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> abatement with ammonia.

Topic: Industrial Gas Emission Control
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
CSD 1790257: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, the world’s repository for inorganic crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the joint CCDC and FIZ Karlsruhe Access Structures service and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
ARCHAEOLOGY AND COMMUNITY IN JORDAN AND GREATER SYRIA: Traditional Patterns and New Directions

From its inception, archaeology was perceived as the domain of expert practitioners of the scientific method. The history of disjuncture between archaeological site research and local community development springs from the myths of Western scientific superior knowledge. The archaeologist-scientist-expert came armed with scientific method to excavate samples and take his reports back to Europe/America for fellow scholars. This early stereotype of the negative relationship between archaeology and community was passed on from the colonial period to the era of nationalization. The new national antiquities authorities inherited the disconnection between archaeology and local communities as the status quo. Though treated in a global context, this paper focuses on the history of this stereotype in the Levant, but gives an optimistic view of the present and future trend towards greater inclusion, using the Umm el-Jimal Project as a case in point.

Topic: Middle East and Rwanda Conflicts
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE AGE AND THE VIABILITY OF POLLEN IN DIFFERENT CUCURBITS

Of three species of cultivated cucurbits viz. Cucurbita Pepo Linn., C. maxima Duchesne, and C. moschata Duchesne, the last is the most popularly grown throughout Japan. Cultivation of the other two species is rather limited to the northern part. As the blooming period of C. moschata falls in the rainy season in the main growing districts in this country, very poor setting of fruit occasionally results. Accordingly artificial pollination is often of practical importance, and successful pollination is held to be secured only in the earlier part of the day.In connexion with this point, germination tests of pollen at various ages of the flower have been made with different cultural varieties belonging to the respective species as given below.Cucurbita maxima: Hubbard, Delicious.C. moschata: Shishigatani, Chirimen, Bizen-ko-kabocha.C. Pepo: Sômen, Pumpkin.An appropriate medium for the pollen of C. moschata and C. maxima was prepared from 1.5 per cent agar-agar dissolved in a 50/100M solution of sucrose by boiling, its hydrogen-ion concentration being adjusted to pH 5.5. For C. Pepo, a medium of 6 per cent gelatine in 45/100M sucrose solution adjusted to pH 5.9 was the best.The rate of germination tested in the afternoon was generally higher with the pollen of a flower-bud which was ready to open the next day than with that of an open flower. In the case of Shishigatani variety, the percentage of germination with pollen taken out from the flower-buds increased gradually with the lapse of time from morning till 9p.m. on the day before anthesis; it decreased slowly up to the blooming time early the next morning and then rapidly until 10a.m. of the same day. Pollen of Chirimen variety sustained its high germinative power during the forenoon after anthesis, but the reduction of its viability in the afternoon was prompt. From these features in C. maschata, the empirical rule that the pollination has to be done early in the morning seems reasonable. If the artificial pollination must be postponed to the afternoon, a satisfactory setting may be expected by pollination with the pollen of buds which are due to open the next day.In the pollen of Hubbard, a high rate of germination was proved up to the evening after blooming. This agrees with BUSHNELL'S conclusion that successful pollination is possible at any time of the day.

Topic: Plant Reproductive Biology
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
REVISED PERCEPTIONS: CHANGING DIALECT PERCEPTIONS IN WISCONSIN AND MICHIGAN'S UPPER PENINSULA

This article documents the developing awareness of and positive attitudes toward regional English used in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and Wisconsin and also exemplifies some key regional markers in each variety. Findings demonstrate how this awareness and affinity has taken shape through historical processes. These processes have affected the structure of variation in that features once considered ethnic markers are now recognized as regional features. This indexical shift has occurred through relations with outsiders and economic processes. These new indexes are reinforced through discursive and metadiscursive practices, in particular those represented in the media, and are very much underway, shifting and changing at present. With them, some structural features have come to mean “local” and those who use them are perceived to be the “best” speakers and thus the “most authentic” locals, despite the fact that many of the stereotypical features are found throughout the upper Midwest, even in other parts of the United States and southern Ontario.

Topic: Linguistic Variation and Morphology
Subfield: Linguistics and Language
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
D-D nuclear fusion processes induced in polyethylene foams by TW Laser-generated plasma

\nDeuterium-Deuterium fusion processes were generated by focusing the 3 TW PALS Laser on solid deuterated polyethylene targets placed in vacuum. Deuterium ion acceleration of the order of 4 MeV was obtained using laser irradiance Iλ2 ∼ 5 × 1016 W μm2/cm2 on the target. Thin and thick targets, at low and high density, were irradiated and plasma properties were monitored “on line” and “off line”. The ion emission from plasma was monitored with Thomson Parabola Spectrometer, track detectors and ion collectors. Fast semiconductor detectors based on SiC and fast plastic scintillators, both employed in time-of-flight configuration, have permitted to detect the characteristic 3.0 MeV protons and 2.45 MeV neutrons emission from the nuclear fusion reactions. From massive absorbent targets we have evaluated the neutron flux by varying from negligible values up to about 5 × 107 neutrons per laser shot in the case of foams targets, indicating a reaction rate of the order of 108 fusion events per laser shot using “advanced targets”.\n

Topic: Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Seeing a speaker’s face helps stream segregation for younger and elderly adults.

Listening to a speaker while hearing one or more competing speakers in the background can be a challenging task, especially for elderly adults. We show that younger and elderly listeners (above the age of 65) with varying degrees of age-related hearing loss benefit in stream segregation and speech processing from seeing the target speaker talk in addition to hearing an audio mix of a target and a competing speaker. This audiovisual benefit was found for response accuracy and speed in a phoneme monitoring task, where participants indicated by button press the occurrence of given target phonemes in the monitored speech of the target speaker. The audiovisual benefit was larger for younger than for older adults, despite their equivalent performance on auditory-only trials and in an off-line phoneme lip-reading task. Better lip-reading performance, however, predicted a larger audiovisual benefit. The audiovisual benefit was found for both highly visible phonemes (/p/) and poorly visible phonemes (/k/), but was modulated in its size by segmental visibility. The audiovisual benefit therefore arises from local segmental visual information but is also at least partially driven by audiovisual synchrony information that aids in attending to the target speaker.

Topic: Speech and Audio Processing
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Why Have Nanotechnologies Been Underutilized in The Global Uprising Against The Coronavirus Pandemic?

Prior research on nanotechnologies in diagnostics, prevention and treatment of coronavirus infections is reviewed. Gold nanoparticles and semiconductor quantum dots in colorimetric and immunochromatographic assays, silica nanoparticles in a polymerase chain reaction and spike protein nanospheres as antigen carriers and adjuvants in vaccine formulations present notable examples in diagnostics and prevention, while uses of nanoparticles in coronavirus infection treatments have been merely sporadic. The current absence of antiviral therapeutics that specifically target human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, might be largely due to the underuse of nanotechnologies. Elucidating the interface between nanoparticles and coronaviruses is timely, but presents the only route to the rational design of precisely targeted therapeutics for coronavirus infections. Such a fundamental approach is also a viable prophylaxis against future pandemics of this type.

Topic: SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Growth, Gas Exchanges and Maize Productivity Under Potassic Fertilizer Management and Residual Response on Bean

Potassium (K) is the second nutrient of greater absorption by plants, and it is of fundamental importance for the development of the cultures and acts in the activation of enzymes that participate in the photosynthetic processes. However, there are still doubts about its residual effect on crop succession. Therefore, the objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of K doses on growth, gas exchange and maize yield and its residual effect on bean culture. The experiment was a randomized complete block design, in a 5x2 factorial scheme, totaling 10 treatments, with five K doses (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and two fertilization periods (seeding and V5 stadium) in maize plants. Growth parameters, gas exchange and yield were evaluated in maize plants, and growth was evaluated in Bean plants in an experimental area belonging to the Department of Plant Science and Environmental, Federal University of Paraíba in Northeast Brazil. For the analysis of the data, we performed the analysis of variance, according to the design adopted. Subsequently, the data were submitted to regression analysis, with curve fitting, according to the parameters evaluated. Results revealed that, K fertilization influenced the growth of maize plants in the two fertilization periods (seeding and V5 stadium) at 45 and 75 days after planting, as well as in gas exchange and productivity. Fertilization at the V5 stadium in maize presented higher values compared to fertilization at seeding, in which the dose of 150 kg ha-1 presented the best results at both planting times. In relation to the residual effect of K on bean growth, it was verified that, there was influence of the doses on the growth of plants, in which the dose of 200 kg ha-1 recorded the highest values. The results showed that there is the residual response of K on bean cultivation in succession with maize. For the greater development of maize, it is recommended to use the dose of 150 kg ha-1 at the V5 stage of plants.

Topic: Growth and nutrition in plants
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Petrogenesis of a Stromatic Migmatite (Nelaug, Southern Norway)

Journal Article Petrogenesis of a Stromatic Migmatite (Nelaug, Southern Norway) Get access L. N. GUPTA, L. N. GUPTA 1Geology Department, Panjab UniversityChandigarh-160014, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar W. JOHANNES W. JOHANNES 2Mineralogisches Institut der UniversitätWelfengarten 1, D-3000 Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Petrology, Volume 23, Issue 4, November 1982, Pages 548–567, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/23.4.548 Published: 01 November 1982 Article history Received: 15 February 1982 Revision received: 27 April 1982 Published: 01 November 1982

Topic: Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Dysfunction and the Future of HDL

Although High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are inversely proportional to cardiovascular risk in many studies, recent pharmacological interventional studies with HDL-C raising strategies did not show a benefit in terms of vascular events. The HDL particle is heterogenous with anti-atherogenic functions and non-vascular effects. Many factors affect HDL components and may either cause compositional changes, post-translational modifications of proteins, or alter lipids and other cargo molecules; generally these factors cause more than one of these changes, resulting in functional differences. Therefore, the role of lipoproteins change in different physical and disease conditions. Mainly, in proteome, Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Paroxonase (PON) are affected by inflammation or glycation-related factors; and especially esterification or unesterification of lipids, changes in phospholipid or unsaturated lipid content change the HDL function. Measuring the HDL-C level is probably not a good predictor of its cardiovascular benefits, and methods to evaluate HDL functions are required. In current medical practice, it is not simple and feasible to measure different functions of this lipoprotein, but near-future strategies may be developed. Meanwhile, as we learn more about HDL structure and the role of each component, we can develop therapeutic approaches to improve HDL function. Apo-A1-mimetics, reconstituted HDL, nanoparticles and microRNA therapies could be promising as anti-atherosclerotic therapies. They may even provide useful therapies for the treatment of some non-cardiovascular diseases.

Topic: Paraoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Social Status and Circulating Levels of Hormones in Flocks of House Sparrows, <i>Passer domesticus</i>

Abstract Captive groups of house sparrows Passer domesticus formed stable social hierarchies during a two‐week test period. Higher‐ranking individuals were more aggressive during the first week of testing and had higher plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) at the end of that week. Higher‐ranking individuals continued to be more aggressive during the second week of testing, but concentrations of LH and T in blood no longer were related to social status. Higher‐ranking individuals also did not have higher levels of these hormones on the day the tournament began. Circulating titers of dihydrotestosterone and corticosterone were random with respect to social status. These results support the hypothesis that social rank and aggressiveness are related to circulating levels of T, but this relationship is expressed only when social status is being established or is actively ‘challenged’.

Topic: Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The machine learning in the prediction of elections

This research article, presents an analysis and a comparison of three different algorithms: A.- Grouping method K-means, B.-Expectation a convergence criteria, EM and C.- Methodology for classification LAMDA, using two software of classification Weka and SALSA, as an aid for the prediction of future elections in the state of Quintana Roo. When working with electoral data, these are classified in a qualitative and quantitative way, by such virtue at the end of this article you will have the elements necessary to decide, which software, has better performance for such learning of classification.The main reason for the development of this work, is to demonstrate the efficiency of algorithms, with different data types. At the end, it may be decided, the algorithm with the better performance in data management.

Topic: Agricultural and Food Production Studies
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Biotransformation of a Taxadiene by Ginkgo Cell Cultures and the Tumor Multi‐Drug Resistant Reversal Activities of the Metabolites.

Abstract Biotransformation of 2α,5α,10β‐triacetoxy‐14‐oxa‐taxa‐4(20),11‐diene by cultured Gingko cells affords three new metabolites (I)—(III) along with a known taxadiene derivative.

Topic: Cancer Treatment and Pharmacology
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
‘Blood and water flowed to the ground’: sacred topography, biblical landscapes and conceptions of space in the <i>Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum</i>

The anonymous Latin eyewitness account of Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn’s conquest of the kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187, known as the Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum, is fundamentally preoccupied with the capture and destruction of Christian holy sites in the Levant. This article analyses conceptions of space in the Libellus with a particular focus on the author’s exegetical approach to the sacred topography of the Holy Land, which arguably plays a larger role in the narrative than the historical actors themselves. It examines how the author deploys this landscape typologically in order to tie the events of 1187 into the conceptual framework of the biblical past. The paper also explores how his positioning of Christians and Muslims within the spaces of the text highlights the weaknesses of the former and the dual nature of the latter as both desecrators and potential worshippers in this region of conflict and encounter.

Topic: Archaeology and Historical Studies
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Abstract 14088: Ventricular Longitudinal Function by CMR Predicts Heart Failure Associated Morbidity in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction

Ventricular longitudinal function measured as basal-apical atrioventricular plane displacement (AVPD) or global longitudinal strain (GLS) are potent predictors of mortality and could potentially be predictors of morbidity in heart failure (HF). We hypothesize that decreased AVPD and GLS are associated with increased morbidity measured. Patients with HFrEF (EF≤40%) referred to a CMR exam were considered for inclusion. Ventricular longitudinal function, ventricular volumes and myocardial fibrosis or infarctions were analyzed. National registries provided data on cause of cardiovascular hospitalizations and cardiovascular mortality and this was used as a composite endpoint. A time-to-event analysis capable of including reoccurring events were employed with 5-year follow-up. HFrEF patients (n=287, age 62±12, 78% male) had EF 26.5% (SEM 0.5), AVPD 7.8 mm (SEM 0.1) and GLS -7.5% (SEM 0.2). There were 578 events in total and the vast majority was HF hospitalizations (n=418). Other major events were revascularizations (n=64), cardiovascular deaths (n=40) and myocardial infarctions (n=21), and 155 (54%) patients experienced at least one event (Mean 2.0, range 0-64). Patients in the bottom AVPD or GLS tertile (&lt;6.8mm or &gt;-6.1%) experienced over 3 times as many events compared to the top tertile (&gt;8.8 mm or &lt;-8.4%, p&lt;0.001) (Figure 1). In multivariate analysis adjusted for significant variables, AVPD and GLS remained as independent predictors of events (HR 1.12 per-mm-decrease and HR 1.13 per-%-increase) (Table 1). In conclusion, ventricular longitudinal function, measured either as AVPD or GLS, have independently prognostic implications for morbidity in HFrEF patients.

Topic: Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences