jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Revisiting neutron studies of reentrant spin glasses: the role of small-angle scattering

The application is discussed of neutron methods to the study of reentrant spin glasses (RSGs), close to the transition towards a `canonical' spin glass (SG). The focus is on two emblematic systems, namely Au 1− x Fe x and amorphous a-Fe 1− x Mn x . A set of experimental results is presented to highlight their peculiar static and dynamic properties. The role of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is stressed as an important tool to unravel the structure of these complex systems over mesoscopic length scales. Finally, recent SANS results performed under an applied magnetic field in the region of the RSG → SG transition are presented. They show that vortex-like defects are present in the RSG region up to the critical line and vanish in the SG region. These defects, which develop only in a ferromagnetic medium, could be a key feature to probe the emergence of long-range magnetic order.

Topic: Theoretical and Computational Physics
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Acceptability of scab‐resistant versus conventional apple cultivars by Polish adult and young consumers

Abstract BACKGROUND: One of the problems in marketing fruit is to increase the share of fruits produced in sustainable agriculture to meet the expectation of ecology‐oriented consumers. Acceptability of such fruits by the consumers is of paramount importance. The objective of this study was to explore the acceptability of three scab‐resistant apple cultivars as compared with three popular conventional cultivars by Polish consumers of various age groups (adults, youngsters and children). Acceptability was tested on apples harvested in two consecutive years (2004 and 2005) after 2 months cold storage. Apple samples were chosen among 22 conventional and scab‐resistant cultivars for their distinctive differences in sensory profiles. Consumers evaluated separately the degree of external (appearance) and internal (flavour and texture) liking of an apple using a 9‐point hedonic scale (children used a 5‐point scale) and completed a questionnaire detailing socio‐demographic and apple‐concerning behavioural questions. RESULTS: The results based on internal liking data have shown that in all age groups, consumers were similarly segmented into three clusters: cluster 1, which liked all cultivars a great deal and equally; cluster 2, which preferred firm, juicy and rather acidic fruits; and cluster 3, which liked sweeter apples with intensive ripe apple flavour and moderate firmness. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that scab‐resistant cultivars with the above sensory characteristics might be accepted by quite a large segment of consumers, in each of the age groups tested. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Topic: Plant Physiology and Cultivation Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Donald W. ATTWOOD, Raising Cane: The Political Economy of Sugar in Western India, Boulder: Westview Press, 1992; 366 pages

Donald W. ATTWOOD, Raising Cane: The Political Economy of Sugar in Western India, Boulder: Westview Press, 1992; 366 pages. An article from journal Culture (Volume 14, Number 1, 1994, pp. 5-109), on Érudit.

Topic: Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Microwave-assisted one-pot two-step imine formation–hetero-Diels–Alder–detosylation/aromatization sequence: direct access to dibenzo[<i>b</i>,<i>h</i>][1,6]naphthyridines

A microwave-assisted, copper-catalyzed, one-pot, two-step synthesis of benzofused[1,6]naphthyridines is established.

Topic: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Global History, Imperial History and Connected Histories of Empire

The turn towards Global history shows no sign of abating. It seems that across the discipline, historians are becoming increasingly interested in understanding the past on a planetary scale. Prominent Imperial historians, in particular, have been among the most fervent advocates of Global history. So close are the concerns of some Imperial history—particularly British Imperial history—to those of Global history, that it is getting harder to disentangle the two. Despite this we argue that, whilst both fields are overlapping and heterogeneous, historians should reflect more explicitly on the methodological differences that exist between them. In the process we point out some lessons that Global historians might learn from Imperial historians, and viceversa. We argue for “connected histories of empire” that seek to uncover links that operated across the formal borders of imperial formations and that deploy novel spatial frameworks. Such an approach would draw on the diverse methodologies developed by Imperial and Global historians who seek to write both “comparative” and “connected” histories. We point the way towards histories that are more than imperial, but less than global.

Topic: Australian History and Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Biomass Gasifier ''Tars'': Their Nature, Formation, and Conversion

The main purpose of this review is to update the information on gasification tar, the most cumbersome and problematic parameter in any gasification commercialization effort. The work aims to present to the community the scientific and practical aspects of tar formation and conversion (removal) during gasification as a function of the various technological and technical parameters and variables.

Topic: Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Clinical and hematological indicators of cows belonging to different selections of the holshtin breed by seasons

This paper examines the hematological (erythrocyte, leukocyte, total protein, hemoglobin, glucose) and clinical (respiration, heart rate, body temperature, belly movement) characteristics of Holstein dairy cows from various selections. These results showed that the blood of cows in our republic is saturated with morphological elements due to the same kind of feeding that they receive throughout the seasons, including concentrate feeding.

Topic: Agriculture and Biological Studies
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Figure S5 from Identification of Coding and Long Noncoding RNAs Differentially Expressed in Tumors and Preferentially Expressed in Healthy Tissues

&lt;p&gt;Functional analysis with GSEA. A. Enrichment plots of cell cycle genes for each lncRNA. B. Specific enrichment plots for the indicated lncRNAs. FDR q-value = 0. NES indicates the normalized enrichment score. C. Expression correlation of LINC00665 with ZNF gene clusters of chr 19. Pearson correlation of the expression of the indicated genes with the levels of LINC00665. All genes have been ordered by location at chr19 p12, q13.41 or q13.12, where LINC00665 gene is located.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
B‐mode and colour Doppler ultrasonography of the milk vein in 29 healthy Swiss braunvieh cows

The morphology and diameter of the milk vein of 29 healthy Swiss braunvieh cows and the velocity of blood flow through it was measured by colour Doppler ultrasonography before and 10 minutes after they had been sedated with 0·03 mg/kg xylazine. The milk vein was situated immediately under the skin. It had a diameter of 0·8 to 1·6 cm and valves were visible in the milk vein of 12 of the cows. The spectral display appeared as a broad band structure with a wave‐like course. The Doppler measurement point was 0·4 to 0·8 cm from the body surface. The diameter of the vein and the blood flow velocity did not differ significantly before and after the cows were sedated. The mean (sd) diameter of the milk vein before they were sedated was 1·3 (0·3) cm. The mean maximum blood flow velocity before they were sedated was 45·4 (12·5) cm/second, the mean velocity was 33·5 (9·5) cm/second, and the mean minimum was 25·8 (11·6) cm/second. There were significant correlations between the blood flow velocities before and after the cows were sedated and between individual cow's blood flow velocities, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0·69 to 0·94.

Topic: Animal health and immunology
Subfield: Small Animals
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
SE_SPnet: Rice leaf disease prediction using stacked parallel convolutional neural network with <scp>squeeze‐and‐excitation</scp>

Abstract Rice is one of the significant crops, and the early identification and prevention of its diseases are essential to ensure adequate and healthy availability to the world's growing population. The use of image processing is an encouraging method for automatic rice leaf disease identification and detection. In particular, the recent advancements indicate the effectiveness of convolutional neural network (CNN) based deep learning approaches. In this direction, the present work proposes a novel stacked parallel convolution layers‐based network (SPnet) with the squeeze‐and‐excitation (SE) architecture, named (SE_SPnet), for classifying diseased rice leaf images. The stacked parallel network block comprises four parallel convolution layers with different kernel sizes for abstractions of the global and local features. The SE block extracts feature information automatically while removing invalid ones. We compare the SE_SPnet model with state‐of‐the‐art CNN models such as VGG16, DenseNet121, and InceptionV3 based on computational effort, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, recall, and F1‐score. The experimental results show that the SE_SPnet outperforms standard CNN models for the considered rice leaf disease image datasets. In particular, the SE_SPnet achieves the highest accuracy (99.2%), sensitivity (98.2%), specificity (98.5%), precision (98.4%), recall (98.2%), and F1‐score (98.5%) while using stochastic gradient descent (with momentum) optimizer with a 0.01 learning rate. Furthermore, the SE_SPnet also exhibits to outperform when compared with some of the most recent and relevant existing works.

Topic: Smart Agriculture and AI
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Performa Random Forest dan XGBoost pada Deteksi Penipuan E-Commerce Menggunakan Augmentasi Data CGAN

Fraud detection in e-commerce faces great challenges due to data imbalance, where legitimate transactions far outnumber fraudulent transactions. This research explores the use of Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (CGAN) to generate synthetic fraudulent transaction data to address the imbalance problem. By increasing the amount of data in the minority class, this research aims to improve the performance of two widely used machine learning algorithms, namely Random Forest and XGBoost. The dataset used of 23,634 transactions with 22,412 non-fraud transactions and 1,222 fraudulent transactions. Accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics were conducted to assess the performance of the model in detecting fraud on the imbalanced and augmented datasets. The results show that augmentation of data with CGAN significantly improves the performance of both models, especially in improving recall for fraudulent transactions. On the original unbalanced dataset, Random Forest and XGBoost showed low recall (12.81% and 13.08%), with accuracy of 95.35% and 95.32% respectively. However, after augmentation, recall improved to 95.15% for Random Forest and 95.22% for XGBoost, with F1-score of 97.47% and 97.42% respectively, and accuracy of 97.50% for Random Forest and 97.42% for XGBoost. XGBoost showed a slight advantage in precision and recall over Random Forest, especially on the augmented dataset. These findings confirm the effectiveness of CGAN as a data augmentation method in improving fraud detection performance and offer a robust solution to address data imbalance in the financial sector.

Topic: Data Mining and Machine Learning Applications
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Polymer delivered, subcutaneously administered leuprolide acetate provides stable and long-term drug delivery and testosterone suppression in 4 pivotal trials.

e592 Background: Prostate cancer patients receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to suppress testosterone (T) to prevent proliferation of cancer cells. T suppression levels achieved by bilateral orchiectomy remain the gold standard for the target of suppression by ADT. Although the historical threshold definition of castration is T ≤ 50 ng/dL, increasing evidence suggests T lower than 20ng/dL may improve clinical outcomes, e.g., an increased cancer specific survival and delayed disease progression. To determine the minimal threshold of serum leuprolide required to maintain castrate level T suppression in prostate cancer patients, data from 4 pivotal trials evaluating long-acting, subcutaneously (SC) administered leuprolide acetate (LA) formulated with a biodegradable polymer were pooled. Methods: 438 eugonadal prostate cancer patients (age 40-86) were treated with SC-LA at 7.5, 22.5, 30, or 45mg delivered with a single dose lasting over 1, 3, 4, or 6 months (n = 120, 117, 90, 111), respectively in 4 open-label, fixed-dose, pivotal trials. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the median concentration of leuprolide acetate at each time point as well as to determine level of T suppression. Results: Over the dosing intervals of the 1, 3, 4 and 6-month SC-LA formulations, median serum leuprolide levels were consistent and median serum T remained below T &lt; 20 ng/dL. In the pooled analysis (n = 86), 99% of patients with LA ≥ 0.1 ng/mL after injection achieved castration after 4 Weeks. Conclusions: These data suggest that SC-LA achieves consistent and prolonged drug delivery resulting in sufficient serum LA levels to provide favorable T suppression below 20 ng/dL, which may have clinical outcomes, e.g., increased cancer specific and progression free survival.

Topic: Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Two-Dimensional Anion Exchange coupling Size Exclusion Chromatography Combined with Mathematical Modeling for Downstream Processing of Foot and Mouth Diseases Vaccine

The production of purified virus particles with high quality and quantity for vaccine preparation requires scalable purification procedure in downstream step. A purification scheme based on combined strong anion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography (2D -AEC×SEC) is developed for production non-structural protein (NSP) free foot and mouth diseases (FMD) vaccine and the whole procedure is accomplished with 78 % recovery, 85 % virus yield and more than 90 % of residual DNA (rDNA) is removed from the purified vaccine. Due to use AEC as the first column, the injection volume increases four times compare to previous report. Alternatively, a mathematical modeling and simulation approach based on plate model chromatography are developed and matched with the experimental chromatography data to obtain better perception in predicting retention behavior and saving time in downstream scale-up method development. The analysis of purified virus particles by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), dynamic light scattering (DLS) high performance size exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and biological test provide to the best quality of purified FMD virus.

Topic: Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Computed tomographic evaluation of paediatric brain in a teaching hospital

During the period of June 09 to June 11, a total 689 children under 15 year, underwent brain computed tomography in the department of Radiology &amp; Imaging, KMCH. Trauma was the commonest chief complaint (38.6 %), followed by headache (27.3%), convulsion (11.5%), focal neurologic deficit (9.1%), fever (3.5%), developmental delay (2.9%), increasing head size (1.5%), and inability to straighten head (0.9%). Traumatic events (contusion, fracture, extra axial hematoma, intra axial hematoma) were commonest CT diagnoses (24.5%). The other diagnoses were generalized cortical atrophy (7.3%), infarction (4.9%), intracranial tumor (3.3 %), congenital lesions (3.3%), infective process (meningitis, abscess, empyema, encephalitis, tuberculoma, TORCH infection)-2.8%, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (2.6%), spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (2.2%), white matter disease (0.6 %). Negative finding (45%) were also a frequent observation. Proper clinical assessment while advising pediatric brain computed tomography will reduce unnecessary CT scan and in some case initial imaging should be MRI.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmjk.v44i1-2.10467 Bang Med J (Khulna) 2011: 44(1&amp;2) 3-6

Topic: Ultrasound in Clinical Applications
Subfield: Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Primary malignant achromic melanoma of the lung

Abstract Currently, less than thirty cases of primary malignant melanoma of the lung have been reported in the literature. Thus, strict criteria for diagnosis have been published and include: malignant melanoma associated with bronchial epithelial changes; a solitary lung tumor; no prior history of skin, mucous membrane, intestinal or ocular melanoma; and absence of any other detectable tumor at the time of diagnosis. In this article we present a case of melanoma of the lung without evidence of extra‐pulmonary disease.

Topic: Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Surviving Creatively: An investigation into the impact of work with people who have learning disabilities on art therapists employed in the NHS

This heuristic qualitative study is the first British art therapy study into the impact of working with people with learning disabilities on art therapists employed in the NHS, asking whether they could avoid burnout. The researcher had personal experience of the issues. Unlike most burnout studies, organisational, client-related and personal factors were considered, and the interaction between them was found to be important. The researcher explored her own data in a rigorous self-analytic process, and fifteen art therapists employed by NHS Trusts across England were interviewed. There were enjoyable and satisfying aspects to our work as art therapists with people with LD, and protective factors, such as support, autonomy, empowerment, working part-time, personal development, art practice, and strategic self-care. Researcher’s data revealed considerable impact working with people with severe LD and challenging behaviour. Three participants had similar experiences, but, even for art therapists working with clients with milder LD, powerful unconscious processes impacted thinking and emotional labour, as did challenging behaviour, autism, complexity, risk, difficulties with engagement. Stress was experienced due to widespread restructuring and ongoing change in NHS Trusts and prolonged job insecurity, uncertainty, work intensification and changes in working conditions. Limited employment opportunities for art therapists increased anxiety about job insecurity; fortunately, participants retained their jobs. They were highly committed, and most retained tenure for many years. Community-based art therapists were particularly impacted by agile working and estate reduction. Personal sources of stress, combined with organisational and LD-related sources, and multiple roles, increased vulnerability to emotional exhaustion. Participants were creative, resourceful, flexible, and adapted to changing work conditions; they had a person-centred therapeutic approach, and made considerable efforts to ensure work-life balance. Of six participants who were highly stressed, three experienced emotional exhaustion and physical illness, but recovered, and there was much evidence of resilience and personal growth.

Topic: Art Therapy and Mental Health
Subfield: Conservation
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A Study on the Impact Mechanisms of Users’ Behavioral Intentions Towards Augmented Reality Picture Books for Adult Readers

Currently, the picture book market for adult readers is on the rise, and the development of AR (Augmented Reality) technology has introduced new possibilities for its growth. This study aims to explore the factors that may influence the intention of adult readers to use AR picture books. We employed the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method for analysis. Through offline recruitment and experiential sessions, we collected and analyzed 332 valid questionnaires, constructing a structural equation model of adult AR picture book user behavior intentions. Functional experience, action experience, aesthetic experience, and emotional experience all have positive effect on the adults' intention to use AR picture books. The path coefficients for these relationships are relatively close, at 0.275, 0.225, 0.176, and 0.267, respectively. Perceived interactivity has a positive effect on perceived playfulness, with the largest path coefficient among all relationship paths at 0.585. Furthermore, both perceived interactivity and perceived playfulness positively influence functional experience, action experience, aesthetic experience, and emotional experience. The path coefficients of perceived interactivity for these four experiences are 0.473, 0.388, 0.413, and 0.342, respectively, while those of perceived playfulness are 0.359, 0.368, 0.362, and 0.422, respectively. Based on these findings, the study offers recommendations for optimizing the design of AR picture books for adults, aiming to enhance their reading experience, meet their needs, and provide valuable guidance for the future development of this emerging industry.

Topic: Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
Subfield: Information Systems and Management
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Republican Politics and Rainbow Wigs: George H. W. Bush, <i>The Simpsons,</i> and the Culture Wars of the 1990s

ABSTRACT This essay analyzes a feud between George H. W. Bush and The Simpsons as a way to explore the growing culture wars of the 1980s and 1990s. I argue that Bush challenged the family values portrayed in The Simpsons as a way to boost his conservative credentials during his presidential re‐election campaign in 1992. Bush attacked the then‐controversial show to prove himself a culture warrior and The Simpsons team rebutted with the episode “Two Bad Neighbors”. I use this feud to showcase changes within US conservatism as well as the idea of “family values.” Chelsea Griffis is an Associate Lecturer in History at the University of Toledo in Ohio. She focuses on the histories of women and conservatism in the twentieth‐century United States. Her work has previously been published in Frontiers: A Journal of Women's Studies.

Topic: Rhetoric and Communication Studies
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences