jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A study on the chemical composition of ancient glass products based on gray correlation analysis

The ancient high potassium and lead-barium glass made locally at the end of the Warring States period in China not only represents the trade interactions along the Silk Road in China, but also is the crystallization of science and art of the ancient people, and has high research value. In this paper, we first adopt the systematic hierarchical clustering based on Euclidean distance, by dividing different degrees of Euclidean distance to obtain the statistical law of glass type classification. Based on this, a hierarchical clustering model based on PCA dimensionality reduction is used to classify the chemical composition into subclasses. Then, the unknown glass-types were identified according to the classification law, and a classification model based on decision tree cross-validation was established. To test the reliability of the model, we used a comparative analysis with the mean line graph of each component before and after known weathering, and the results were finally found to be reliable. Finally, we used gray correlation analysis to discuss the classification of the two types of glass artifacts, solved the correlation degree of fourteen elements in the two types of glass separately, and analyzed the differences between them.

Topic: Sensory Analysis and Statistical Methods
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Medicago rotata Boiss. IG 57926

Plant Genetic Resource.<br>Taxonomy: Medicago rotata Boiss.<br>Common name(s): Forage<br>Conserved by: International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Lebanon<br>Local sample unique identifier: IG 57926<br>Method of creation: Acquisition<br>Date: 1990<br>Other identifiers: n/a,IFMA 5284<br>Historical: No<br>Biological status: Wild<br>MLS status: Included

Topic: Synthesis and bioactivity of alkaloids
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The role of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of severe asthma

A number of therapeutic agents are available for the treatment of asthma, including inhaled corticosteroids, long- and short-acting beta-agonists, leukotriene-modifying agents, long- and short-acting anticholinergic agents, chromones, theophylline, allergen immunotherapy, and oral corticosteroid therapy. All available therapies, despite their proven efficacy, are purely symptomatic including the topical steroids. This issue has led to the development of several biologic agents to aid in asthma management and to potentially alter the course of the disease by interfering with specific aspects of inflammation which may modify remodeling in the airways. Monoclonal antibodies have offered a class of therapeutic agents that enhance treatment options for patients with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma. As such, this article provides an overview of present and future monoclonal antibody therapies for the treatment of patients with severe asthma.

Topic: Asthma and respiratory diseases
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The effect of age and increasing head‐up tilt on pre‐oxygenation times in children: a randomised exploratory study

Summary We conducted a randomised exploratory trial in children aged between one and sixteen years old to establish the time to achieve an end‐tidal oxygen fraction ≥ 0.9 in three different positions: supine, and 30 and 45° head up. We recruited 120 children analysed in two age groups: 1–8 years and 9–16 years. The median ( IQR [range]) time to reach the end point was 80 (59–114 [41‐295]) s in the younger group and 150 (107‐211 [44‐405]) s in the older group, regardless of position (p = 0.0001). The end point was reached in 90% of children in approximately 160 s in the younger, and 271 s in the older, groups, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the three positions within each age group in the time to reach the endpoint (p = 0.59). Only two patients in the older age group could not reach the end point, due to poorly fitting facemasks. We conclude that pre‐oxygenation can therefore be achieved effectively in most children, and that tilting children head up by 30 or 45° does not significantly reduce the time taken to achieve an end‐tidal oxygen fraction of ≥ 0.9. The recommended period for pre‐oxygenation in both groups should remain at 3 min but it should be noted that this may be insufficient for many older patients.

Topic: Airway Management and Intubation Techniques
Subfield: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Multiscale Modelling of Tumour Invasion: Bulk Dynamics and Leading Edge Peritumoural Interactions of Cancer Cells and ECM Fibres (Keynote Speaker Talk)

Despite recent mathematical modelling advances, the understanding of the biologically multiscale process of cancer invasion remains an open question. In this work we introduce a novel multiscale moving boundary approach for cancer invasion that explores the dynamic interactions that the migratory cancer cells population and the accompanying matrix degrading enzymes(MDEs) have with the extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and in particular with the ECM fibres. These complex two-scale interactions are explored via two multiscale systems that share (and contribute to) the same macro-dynamics but have independent in nature micro- dynamics. Specifically, on the bulk of the tumour, this explores the dynamics fibres degradation and realignment occurring at cell-scale (and induced by the spatial flux of invading cancer cells) as well as the immediate impact that this continuously changing field of oriented ECM fibres has over the tumour macro-dynamics. On the other hand, the cell-scale proteolytic micro-dynamics occurring at the tumour invasive edge interacts with the peritumoural ECM fibres through the molecular fluxes of MDEs. This interfacial cell-scale interaction not only results in changes of the micro-scale distribution of peritumoural ECM fibres, but also influences directly the changes of the overall tumour morphology. The new multiscale modelling framework will be accompanied by details of the computational approach and a discussion of the numerical simulation results.

Topic: Mathematical Biology Tumor Growth
Subfield: Modeling and Simulation
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
State mixing and vibrational predissociation in large molecule van der Waals complexes: <i>t</i> <i>r</i> <i>a</i> <i>n</i> <i>s</i>-stilbene–X complexes where X=He, H2, Ne, and Ar

We report a detailed study of vibrational predissociation and intramolecular–intermolecular state mixing in the first excited singlet state of trans-stilbene van der Waals complexes with helium, hydrogen, neon, and argon. We present evidence that the helium atom in stilbene–He and the H2 molecule in stilbene–H2 possess very low frequency van der Waals bending levels involving delocalization of the complexed species over both phenyl rings. In stilbene–He, the mode-selective, strong coupling of the out-of-plane phenyl ring modes with the pseudotranslation van der Waals modes leads to a dramatic, inhomogeneous broadening of the transitions to several times their breadth in in-plane vibrations. The observed dispersed fluorescence spectra give product state distributions and internal clock lifetime estimates which can only be made consistent with direct lifetime measurements by assuming extensive state mixing of the intramolecular levels with the van der Waals levels in which the states accessed by the laser are actually only about 30% intramolecular in character. We conclude that in these complexes the processes of intramolecular–intermolecular state mixing (static IVR) and vibrational predissociation are not independent processes but are closely tied to one another. In fact, the vibrational product state distributions observed for the out-of-plane phenyl ring levels can best be interpreted as reflecting the percentage van der Waals character in the initially prepared state. In stilbene–H2 the mode selective coupling exhibits itself as a splitting of the out-of-plane transitions into a set of 5–6 closely spaced transitions separated by only about 1 cm−1. The sequence of transitions is suggestive of an in-plane potential for H2 motion which is nearly flat across the entire length of the stilbene molecule with a small barrier presented by the ethylenic carbons through which the H2 molecule can tunnel. Dispersed fluorescence spectra from these levels point to a two-tiered coupling scheme with the bound van der Waals levels. In contrast, the out-of-plane phenyl transitions in stilbene–Ne and stilbene–Ar possess unusual shifts, but the transitions are narrow once again. In these cases the complexed atom appears to be largely localized over a single phenyl ring.

Topic: Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Spatial and Mechanical Regulation of EphB Receptor in Neural Stem Cell Function

EphB4 receptor tyrosine kinases bind and cluster with membrane bound ephrinB2 ligands on apposing cells to signal juxtacrine. While this signal activation plays a regulatory role in neural stem cell differentiation, the underlying biophysical mechanism remains poorly understood. We reconstituted this juxtacrine signalling geometry between live EphB4-expressing neural stem cells and a supported lipid bilayer presenting laterally mobile monomeric ephrinB2 ligands. A novel method was developed to study neural stem cell differentiation by this hybrid system. This setup allows for observations of the timescale and spatial distribution of receptor-ligand binding and clustering. Furthermore, it accommodates the method of spatial mutationâwhereby physical constraints are imposed by lithographically patterned micro-corralsâto restrict EphB4 receptor mobility and precisely control the spatial patterns of receptor-ligand organisation. We found that this physical reorganisation of EphB4-ephrinB2 inhibits neuronal differentiation, suggesting spatial and mechanical sensing of EphB4 signalling in neural stem cells.

Topic: Axon Guidance and Neuronal Signaling
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Hardly a Quick Fix: Casino Gambling in Canada

Casino gambling is proliferating in Canada despite evidence that its ability to generate net increases in tax revenues and employment is uncertain. This paper reviews the principal costs and benefits that are relevant in evaluations of casino proposals, along with pertinent literature. Principal recommendations include more scholarly cost-benefit studies. A regulatory strategy and public consultation are also essential, although the difficulties associated with both should always be recognized. All in all, the casino's usefulness as a policy instrument appears to be marginal.

Topic: Gambling Behavior and Treatments
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Recanalization of occluded superior vena cava for replacement of LeVeen shunt catheter.

Successful percutaneous replacement of the venous limb of a LeVeen peritoneovenous shunt with the use of angioplastic technique is reported. This method may be a first line of treatment in patients with intractable ascites and a failing shunt caused by chronic occlusion of the superior vena cava.

Topic: Central Venous Catheters and Hemodialysis
Subfield: Emergency Medical Services
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Nucleic acid detection and quantification in the developing world

Techniques using nucleic acid amplification have not had the same amount of impact on research and clinical diagnosis in the developing world as that observed in the West. This is unsurprising when the costs and infrastructure required to perform nucleic acid amplification are considered. Despite this, nucleic acid amplification is being increasingly used in both research and diagnosis in countries such as Zambia and Tanzania. Scientific research in the developing world is made possible through the support and development of the necessary laboratory infrastructure and the establishment of special transport for the reagents and samples. This has enabled world-leading country-relevant research to be performed by local scientists on subjects ranging from rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases to measuring the RNA gene expression in an immune response. Concomitantly, the challenge presented by the need for tests that are more appropriate for a resource-poor setting has led to a number of newer methodologies for nucleic acid detection, which can be tailored to be performed in the field without the need for training in molecular biology. As nucleic acid amplification techniques become both simpler and cheaper, their impact is likely to play an increasingly crucial role in research and diagnosis in the developing world.

Topic: Biosensors and Analytical Detection
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Convergent Evolution Provides Evidence of Similar Radiations in Shell Shape in the Turtle Families Emydidae and Geoemydidae

We investigated phenotypic diversification in the species-rich and ecologically diverse turtle families Emydidae and Geoemydidae. In particular, we were interested in whether these groups, with many ecologically and morphologically similar species, show similar patterns of evolutionary radiation. We focused on directions of evolution and evolutionary allometry; we also quantitatively investigated whether two supposed morphological analogs shared within the two groups (e.g., “Box Turtles” and “Wood Turtles”) show evidence of convergence. A set of 53 three-dimensional landmarks were digitized on 1029 turtle shells representing 50 emydid species and 62 geoemydid species. These data were analyzed using standard geometric morphometric techniques. Evolutionary patterns were assessed using tests for phylogenetic signal, and the relationship between size and shell shape was determined via phylogenetic regression. Tests for phylogenetic signal in shell shape and for allometry both yielded significant results. Three hypothesis testing methods were applied to determine whether the supposed morphological analogs in the emydid and geoemydid families exhibited convergence. Although there was no evidence of shared adaptive peaks among either Box Turtles or Wood Turtles, there was evidence in both groups that their members have evolved to be more similar to each other compared to their ancestors than would be expected by chance. Thus, although both Box Turtles and Wood Turtles each show modest convergence, most of the evidence indicates a complex pattern of convergence and differentiation within both groups. Similarities in certain aspects of morphology or ecology might be overshadowing biologically meaningful variation within these morphological analogs.

Topic: Morphological variations and asymmetry
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Sequences in the range of a vector measure and Banach spaces satisfying Π<sub>1</sub>(<i>X</i>,<i>l</i><sub>1</sub>) = Π<sub>2</sub>(<i>X</i>,<i>l</i><sub>1</sub>)

If X is a Banach space such that Π1(X,l 1) = Π2 (X, l 1), we prove the following results: 1) A bounded sequence (x n ) lies inside the range of some X-valued measure if and only if the operator (α n ) ∊ l 1 → Σ n α n x n ∊ X is 1-summing, and 2) If A is a bounded subset of X lying in the range of some X ∗∗-valued measure, then A is necessarily contained in the range of some X-valued measure.

Topic: Advanced Banach Space Theory
Subfield: Mathematical Physics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Proteomics Reveals How the Tardigrade Damage Suppressor Protein Teaches Transfected Human Cells to Survive UV-C Stress

The genome sequencing of the tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus revealed a unique nucleosome-binding protein named damage suppressor (Dsup), which was discovered to be crucial for the extraordinary abilities of tardigrades in surviving extreme stresses, such as UV. Evidence in Dsup-transfected human cells suggests that Dsup mediates an overall response in DNA damage signaling, DNA repair, and cell cycle regulation, resulting in an acquired resistance to stress. Given these promising outcomes, our study attempts to provide a wider comprehension of the molecular mechanisms modulated by Dsup in human cells and to explore the Dsup-activated molecular pathways under stress. We performed a differential proteomic analysis of Dsup-transfected and control human cells under basal conditions and at 24 h recovery after exposure to UV-C. We demonstrate via enrichment and network analyses, for the first time, that even in the absence of external stimuli, and more significantly, after stress, Dsup activates mechanisms involved with the unfolded protein response, the mRNA processing and stability, cytoplasmic stress granules, the DNA damage response, and the telomere maintenance. In conclusion, our results shed new light on Dsup-mediated protective mechanisms and increases our knowledge of the molecular machineries of extraordinary protection against UV-C stress.

Topic: Tardigrade Biology and Ecology
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Evaluating the Effects of the Nonplanarity of Nucleic Acid Bases on NMR, IR, and Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectra: A Density Functional Theory Computational Study

The pyramidalizations of N9/1 glycosidic nitrogens in DNA and RNA nucleosides, recently discovered and analyzed in their ultrahigh-resolution X-ray crystal structures (Sychrovský; et al. Nucleic Acid Res. 2009, 37, 7321.), were found to have significant effects on the structural interpretation of the &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;J&lt;/i&gt;(C4/2−H1′) and &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;J&lt;/i&gt;(C8/6−H1′) NMR scalar couplings in purine/pyrimidine nucleosides. The calculated effects on IR and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra were only minor. The calculated structural deformations in nucleosides, depending on sugar-to-base orientation, gave rise to corrections in the phase shift of the Karplus equations for the &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;J&lt;/i&gt;(C8/6−H1′) and &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;J&lt;/i&gt;(C4/2−H1′) couplings ranging from −26° to +25° and from −5.7° to +2.0°, respectively. The sign alternation of this correction in syn and anti nucleosides arises from the stereoinversion of the N9/1 glycosidic nitrogen occurring upon reorientation of the glycosidic torsion. The effect was calculated consistently in the dG, dA, dC, dT, rA, and rG nucleosides. Utilization of the calculated phase-shift corrections in the design of Karplus equations for the &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;J&lt;/i&gt; couplings was suggested, and the effects on structural interpretation of the experimental couplings were evaluated.

Topic: DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Trimethylamine oxide: a potential target for heart failure therapy

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in the late stage of cardiovascular disease and is associated with high prevalence, mortality and rehospitalisation rate. The pathophysiological mechanisms of HF have experienced the initial ‘water-sodium retention’ mode to ‘abnormal hemodynamics’ mode, and subsequent to ‘abnormal activation of neuroendocrine’ mode, which has extensively promoted the reform of HF treatment and updated the treatment concept. Since the Human Microbiome Project commencement, the study on intestinal microecology has swiftly developed, providing a new direction to reveal the occurrence of diseases and the mechanisms behind drug effects. Intestinal microecology comprises the gastrointestinal lumen, epithelial secretion, food entering the intestine, intestinal flora and metabolites. Choline and L-carnitine in the diet are metabolised to trimethylamine (TMA) by the intestinal micro-organisms, with TMA being absorbed into the blood. TMA then enters the liver through the portal vein circulation and is oxidised to trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) by the hepatic flavin-containing mono-oxygenase (FMO) family, especially FMO3. The circulating TMAO levels are associated with adverse outcomes in HF (mortality and readmission), and lower TMAO levels indicate better prognosis. As HF progresses, the concentration of TMAO in patients gradually increases. Whether the circulating TMAO level can be decreased by intervening with the intestinal microflora or relevant enzymes, thereby affecting the prognosis of patients with HF, has become a research hotspot. Therefore, based on the HF intestinal hypothesis, exploring the treatment strategy for HF targeting the TMAO metabolite of the intestinal flora may update the treatment concept in HF and improve its therapeutic effect.

Topic: Gut microbiota and health
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Comparative Perspectives on Expropriation and Other Takings

Abstract In many countries, administrative limits to property rights are subject to procedural requirements which differ not only among jurisdictions but also within a given jurisdiction. England, France, Germany, and the United States share many commonalities and some distinctive features regarding these requirements. Although similarities may be noted, these four countries differ in terms of their constitutional and statutory framework and how their courts and authorities deal with administrative limits to property rights. Depending on the country, the power to expropriate land can be either centralised or decentralised. Furthermore, this power usually belongs to government and other public bodies, but may even be granted to private entities under certain specific circumstances. Some cross-cutting issues relating, for instance, to urban planning, urgent situations, the expropriation of land for the creation or expansion of private facilities, or regulatory taking highlight various commonalities and differences among England, France, Germany, and the United States. In these four countries, concrete facts and specific situations matter—or should matter—when property rights are subject to administrative limits. Even if the framework regarding expropriation and other takings is usually set by legislatures—and the importance of statutes should not be underestimated in this area; the role of governmental or administrative bodies and of reviewing courts, in case of litigation, is also of great importance. They usually enjoy some discretion in order to take into account all the relevant facts in a given situation.

Topic: Legal principles and applications
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
HLA-A1 and steroid-induced cataracts in renal transplant patients.

Posterior subcapsular (PSC) lens changes were found in 32 of 33 steroid-treated renal transplant patients examined with the slit lamp techniques of direct and retroillumination. Only one of 33 age-matched controls had any PSC changes. Six (18%) of the renal transplant patients were bilaterally surgically aphakic because of PSC cataracts that developed while the patient was receiving steroid therapy after transplant surgery. Steroid-induced PSC cataracts were associated with the presence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A1, but not with the patient's age, cause of renal failure, total dose of steroids, or duration of steroid therapy.

Topic: Intraocular Surgery and Lenses
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences