jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Reflection on the Translation of λαός (Mat 1:21) and ἔθνος (Mat 21:43) in the New Korean Revised Version

The present research attempts to illuminate the semantic and theological difference between λαός (Mat 1:21) and ἔθνος (Mat 21:43) in the Gospel of Matthew. Admittedly, it is sometimes argued that λαός indicates the Church in Matthew 1:21. However, it should be noted that after the first appearance of λαός in Matthew 1:21, its second occurrence is found in Matthew 2:4 which says “the chief priests and scribes of the λαός.” It is of no doubt that the groups, qualified by the genitive of λαός here, refer to the ruling elites of ‘Israel.’ This being so, it is hardly conceivable that the same term λαός which indicated the Church in Matthew 1:21 would changes its meaning so radically six verses later. Thus, λαός (Mat 1:21) can better be understood as referring to Israel. BR The interpretation of ἔθνος (Mat 21:43) has been the subject of much debate among the Matthean scholars. Some, by limiting the responsibility for the repeated murder in the parable to Israel’s leadership alone, argue that ἔθνος in Matthew 21:43 signals the appearance of new leadership such as Jesus’ disciples. If understood against the wider background of the Gospel, however, the culprits of Jesus’ death are not limited to the elites of Israel(cf. Mat 27:25). In Matthew’s theological outlook, it is not only the leaders but also the people of Israel in general that contributed to the murder of God’s messengers and Jesus (cf. Mat 23:29-36). The term ἔθνος (Mat 21:43) then needs to be understood as indicating ‘the faithful Christians,’ be it Gentile or Jewish, to whom the status of God’s people is granted in place of the unfaithful Israel.BR Given the difference between λαός (Mat 1:21) and ἔθνος (Mat 21:43), it is naturally expected that their translations into Korean might have been done with two different terms. Since the publicatin of Ross’s Version of the Korean NT in 1887, the translators have however used the same word 백셩 for both λαός (Mat 1:21) and ἔθνος (Mat 21:43). It seems that the Chosun collaborators of Ross, influenced by the use of 百姓in the mandarin Chinese Bible, employed 백셩 to translate the Chinese word 民in the Wen-li versions. Although this translation failed to distinguish the two important Greek terms in Matthew, it is still retained in the New Korean Revised Version (NKRV). It is therefore necessary to find suitable Korean parallels of λαός (Mat 1:21) and ἔθνος (Mat 21:43), for instance, 민족 for the former and 백성 for the latter.

Topic: Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Influence of room‐temperature‐stretching technology on the crystalline morphology and microstructure of PVDF hard elastic film

ABSTRACT The crystalline morphology and microstructure during stretching of polyvinylidene fluoride hard elastic film under room temperature was followed using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that an endotherm plateau from the contribution of some new crystals formed during annealing appeared and some thinner lamellae existed in the annealed film. During stretching, the endotherm plateau disappeared and those thinner lamellae transformed into β‐phase. At the same time, some initial pores were observed. With increasing stretching ratio from 20 to 100%, the β‐phase content increased, whereas within the strain rate range of 0.003–0.034 s −1 , its content was least under 0.017 s −1 . During stretching, lamellae separation, crystalline morphology transformation and disappearance of grown crystals formed by annealing coexisted. From the viewpoint of pore initiation, less crystalline morphology transformation was beneficial for the lamellae separation. Higher stretching ratio resulted in the breakage of separated lamellae. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131 , 40077.

Topic: Polymer crystallization and properties
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
An object-oriented communication library for hardware-software codesign

Implementing communication between hardware and software components can be a time-consuming task. Numerous communication protocols are available, differing greatly in their implementation details. Designers must spend much time focusing on those details. Even when libraries are available to encapsulate communication into C or VHDL routines, these routines are not consistent across protocols, making it difficult to switch to other protocols. In this paper, we propose an object-oriented communication library, which provides pre-implemented channel-based send/receive communication primitives, allowing easy implementation and seamless migration across protocols and components.

Topic: Embedded Systems Design Techniques
Subfield: Hardware and Architecture
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Educating Farmers, Physicians Who Treat Them, About Rural Life's Potential Health Hazards

MOVES ARE AFOOT to make farm life more safe through legislation to regulate equipment, pesticides, and fertilizers and provide training in agricultural safety and health. This would be coordinated by a proposed new center within the Public Health Service. It started with conferences in Iowa City and Des Moines that resulted in formation of a National Coalition for Agricultural Safety and Health. This effort moved to Washington, DC, where coalition leaders briefed congressmen and their staffs, including Senator Tom Harkin (D, Iowa) and Representative Tom Tauke (R, Iowa). Tauke, in a joint statement with Representative Mike Synar (D, Okla), promised there would be congressional efforts to address the health care needs of rural Americans. The coalition says that every year 1600 farmers and agricultural workers are killed in accidents and an additional 170 000 are injured or become seriously ill—half of them permanently. In addition, it says, 300 children die

Topic: Agriculture and Farm Safety
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Cinnamodendron dinisii: Fernandez, E., Verdi, M., Moraes, L., Martinelli, G., Lirio, E.J. &amp; Gonzaga, D.

Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Graphical Performance Tool for Design and Comparative Assessment of Predictive Torque Control Methods in Motor Drive Applications

In this paper, a graphical performance tool (GPT) is proposed to select, among several existing Predictive Torque Control (PTC) methods, an appropriate approach to drive a motor for given specifications. To achieve a fair trade-off evaluation, switching frequency, current, and torque total demand distortions have been considered depending on PTC parameters. Since, in the conventional PTC method, torque and flux weighting factors (WFs) strongly influence the behavior of the motor. Thus, to avoid an unfair comparison due to a non-optimal tuning, the proposed GPT is used to show each performance criterion when parameters and operating points change. Simulation results of three operating points show that there is only one sharing common zone where current harmonics and torque ripples are near zero. This area has been named the optimal tuning zone for PTC controllers and is used to select their parameter values. After obtaining these desired parameter values, a trade-off performance evaluation is made over a wide operating range to compare different PTC controllers with and without WF that are proposed in the literature.

Topic: Multilevel Inverters and Converters
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Management of oblique and spiral metacarpal fractures with mini plate and screw versus screws only

Background Fractures involving the tubular bones of the hand are the most frequent of all skeletal injuries. The choice of treatment depends on a variety of clinical and radiological factors. The goal of treatment is restoration or preservation of the hand function. Objectives To compare the results of mini plate plus screw versus screw only in oblique and spiral metacarpal fractures. Patients and methods This is a randomized clinical trial that included 40 patients with oblique and spiral metacarpal fractures who divided into two groups according to management: either fixation by mini plate and mini screws (20 patients) or fixation by mini screws only (20 patients). Quick-DASH and total active motion (TAM) scoring systems were used to evaluate all patients on 4th, 12th, and 24th weeks postoperative. Results The mean value of TAM score in the mini plate group was significantly higher than screws only group at 4th week postoperative ( P =0.007) while it was nonsignificantly higher at 12th and 24th week postoperative. Also, the mean value of DASH score in the mini plate group was significantly lower than screws only group at 4th week postoperative ( P =0.0001) while it was nonsignificantly lower at 12th and 24th week postoperative. The total number of complicated patients in the mini plate group was 2 patients (10%) while it was 5 patients (25%) in the screw only group with significant difference between both groups ( P =0.0001). Conclusion Although mini plate and screw group showed early mobilization of the affected hand and has significant Quick-DASH and TAM scores at 4th week postoperative, both groups revealed the same functional outcomes at the end of follow-up.

Topic: Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Climate, Clothing, and Body-Part Nomenclature

Several recent studies describe polysemous relationships that occur widely in languages. For example, approximately two-thirds of the languages of the world use a single term to designate both wood and tree (Witkowski, Brown, and Chase 1981), and almost one-half merge eye and face under a single term (Brown and Witkowski 1983). This paper documents occurrences of widespread polysemy involving terms for parts of human limbs.1 For instance, many geographically and genetically unrelated languages use a single term to denote and (hand/arm polysemy) and many equate and (foot/leg polysemy). Polysemy plays an important role in lexical change. The development of polysemy is a common means whereby languages encode new referents or alter the encoding of existing ones (Brown and Witkowski 1983). Typically this involves expanding a word for one referent to another when both referents bear a common relation to one another (cf. Casagrande and Hale 1967; Lyons 1963, 1977). For example, hand is related to arm, and foot to leg, through physical connection or spatial contiguity. These limb parts are also components of the upper and lower limb respectively. In addition to these meaning relations, others such as class inclusion and likeness/resemblance often mediate polysemy development (Brown 1979a; Brown and Witkowski 1983). Development of polysemy typically involves extending a term for a high salience referent to one of low salience (Brown and Witkowski 1983). Referents may be high in salience for humans due to intrinsic properties that make them perceptually very distinct (Berlin, Boster, and O'Neill 1981; Hunn 1977) or because they are culturally very important (Witkowski and Brown 1983) or because of both of these factors. Labels associated with high salience referents tend strongly to be in languages; i.e., they are more frequent in use, simpler in form, and acquired earlier by children learning language than marked labels associated with low salience referents (Greenberg 1966, 1975). Evidence presented here indicates that hand and foot are regularly of high salience for humans compared to arm and leg respectively. Similarly, terms for the former are typically unmarked in languages compared to terms for the latter. Hence, polysemy development has commonly involved expansion of terms to arm and terms to leg rather than the reverse direction. The existence?and consequent cultural importance?of extensive wearing apparel in a society negatively influences the occurrence of limb polysemy. The presence of elaborate tailored clothing covering the limbs greatly increases the distinctiveness of limb parts and renders more likely their labeling by separate terms. In addition, ancillary apparel such as gloves, mittens, socks, shoes, and

Topic: Categorization, perception, and language
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
A Comparative Study of Immigration Integration Programs for Selected City Governments in California, Oregon, Washington, and Texas

Over the last eight decades, immigration into the United States has increased and has become a prominent political issue in the United States (Pew Research Center, 2015). Although the federal government is responsible for enforcing immigration laws, municipalities work with immigrants directly in a more supportive role. Currently, no national policy focuses on integration or welcoming immigrants to the urban community. In recent decades, the federal government has focused on immigration enforcement, border control, and what to do about the influx of undocumented immigrants entering the U.S. However, cities are working to develop their own programs, tools, and policies to address the influx of immigrants into their communities. This research focuses on how selected city governments in California, Washington, Oregon, and Texas are developing and implementing immigrant integration programs.

Topic: Migration, Refugees, and Integration
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Learning through L2 – Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and English as Medium of Instruction (EMI)

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has been promoted by the European Union as a means to achieve multilingualism. While in Germany and other European countries the trend to use the L2 as a medium of instruction is increasing, in Hong Kong, however, we see a converse development. Many schools switched from English as a medium of instruction (EMI) to mother tongue education. \n&lt;/br&gt;\nThe German CLIL concept promotes a gradual and cautious switch to L2 for only a few content subjects in the curriculum. The Hong Kong EMI approach introduces L2 after a short bridging period to most content subjects. Although the CLIL and EMI programmes both share the features of a late immersion programme, their approach to language use in classroom discourse frames is different. The current study was designed to examine the processes and effects of language learning in L2-taught content subjects. Based on samples from two history lessons in the German CLIL and the Hong Kong EMI context, classroom interaction was analysed with special focus on teacher/student talk and codeswitching. First results support the claim that constructive processes during classroom interaction are vital elements of language acquisition. &lt;/br&gt;[Copyright of International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism is the property of Routledge. Full article may be available at the publisher's website: &lt;/br&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.2167/beb465.0]

Topic: Second Language Learning and Teaching
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
THERMODYNAMIC PROPER TIES OF GALLIUM PHOSPHIDE

The thermodynamic properties are needed in the selection of suitable conditions for the synthesis of this compound and of elements which can be used to dope it. Therefore, we deter­ mined the principal thermodynamic functions associated with the formation of gallium phosphide. This was done using the emf method and a liquid electrolyte. We determined, in the 320-4300J<: range, the emf's of concentrated (relative to the elec­ trodes) electrochemical cells of the type (-) Gal ! e~~~~tyte + GaCls ! (GaP + P red) s (+), (-)Ga1 !e~ttg~e+GaCI3!( Gap+Pbl)S (+). The change in the free Gibbs energy (AG) as a result of the reaction Gal +Ps := GaPs was proportional to the emf (E) of the cell:

Topic: Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
[A case of duret hemorrhage demonstrated by computed tomography].

Brainstem hemorrhage in descending transtentorial herniation is well known as Duret hemorrhage. However, CT or MRI rarely reveals Duret hemorrhage. The authors report a case of brainstem hemorrhage after craniotomy of spontaneous acute subdural hematoma. A 47-year-old man suffered sudden onset of severe headache and progressive consciousness disturbance. Initial CT scan demonstrated a right acute subdural hematoma and a marked shift of the midline structures to the left. Emergency craniotomy was performed but he remained comatose. CT scan after 8 days showed multiple petechial hemorrhages in the brainstem. We reported a rare case of Duret hemorrhage diagnosed by CT scan. Duret hemorrhage is almost fatal.

Topic: Neurosurgical Procedures and Complications
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Church and Civil Society - German and South African perspectives

The originality of the volume is in the comparative and multi-facetted approach to a contemporary ethical problem of global proportions facing churches and faith-based organisations as well as civil society bodies in Germany and South Africa. Apart from the topicality of the social and political issues under discussion, the value of this volume lies in the intellectual stringency and honesty of the contributors in dealing with its central concern: finding and defining an ethical discourse for Christians in a fractured society, a responsible practical theology in the face of an increasingly secular and apathetic world. Its strength is the wide range of issues dealt with and the different viewpoints that are represented. The contributions reflect the current situation and intellectual debates in both Germany and South Africa, and range from Biblical exegesis and the implications of the injunction to seek "first the Kingdom" to specific topics such as the role of NGOs, the South African Council of Churches or liberation theology, also health care or the anti-corruption dialogue, or the condition of being a stateless refugee, and the meaning of the mission today

Topic: Christian Theology and Mission
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
DISPERSION COPOLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE AND N-VINYL CARBAZOLE IN POLAR SOLVENTS

Abstract Copolymer microspheres consisting of styrene and N-vinyl carbazole (NVC) have been prepared by dispersion polymerization. The effects of various polymerization parameters on the particle size were systematically studied. The particle size increased with the decrease of the system's initial solubility parameter and stabilizer concentration. When a small amount of inhibitor was added into the system, the particle size notably increased and the particle size distribution widened. The ratio of styrene to NVC in the monomer mixture had no obvious effect on particle size. The amount of NVC in the copolymers increases with the increase of NVC in the monomers. Keywords: Dispersion CopolymerizationMicron-Size Monodispersed Polymer ParticlesStyrene N-vinyl Carbazole ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.: 59703004).

Topic: Synthesis and properties of polymers
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum IG 44006

Plant Genetic Resource.<br>Taxonomy: Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum<br>Common name(s): Wheat<br>Conserved by: International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Lebanon<br>Local sample unique identifier: IG 44006<br>Method of creation: Acquisition<br>Date: 1990<br>Other identifiers: n/a,ICBW 206816<br>Historical: No<br>Biological status: Breeding/research material<br>MLS status: Included

Topic: Analytic and geometric function theory
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
THE CHANGE IN STATE OF THE PROTEINS OF MUSCLE IN RIGOR

1. When myosin is exposed to a typical denaturing agent (acid) it becomes insoluble and its SH groups are activated. 2. The same number of active SH groups is found in the soluble myosin of resting muscle as in the insoluble myosin of muscle in rigor. No activation of SH groups accompanies the formation of insoluble protein in rigor. 3. When the insoluble myosin of muscle in rigor is treated with a denaturing agent its SH groups are activated. 4. Protein coagulation as brought about by denaturing agents (heat, acid, alkali, alcohol, urea, salicylate, surface forces, ultraviolet light) is a distinctly different change from the coagulation of myosin brought about by the unknown agent in muscle.

Topic: Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Focus groups for co-design of robotic trousers for improving mobility in older people

Research purpose and aims&#13;\nBy 2039 more than one in twelve of the population is projected to be aged 80 or over, bringing increased prevalence of immobility and reduced quality of life (ONS, 2015). Current assistive equipment for improving mobility can be experienced as stigmatising and constraining. A radical change in assistive and rehabilitative devices is needed.&#13;\nThe purpose of this collaborative study was to to inform ‘yet-to-be-designed’ soft robotic trousers for improving mobility in everyday living. &#13;\nResearch design and methods&#13;\nTwo focus groups were held in a robotics lab. Participants were: people with mobility impairments due to stroke or age related pathologies, engineers, rehabilitation doctors and an Occupational Therapist. Topics included advantages and disadvantages of existing assistive technology, acceptability of the idea of soft robotic trousers and what was needed from the materials. An artist provided a silent ‘running commentary’ and summary to check that views had been captured. &#13;\nFindings&#13;\nParticipants liked the idea of assistive trousers but had many and varied requirements for them. In addition to improving mobility, the trousers will be required to look and feel normal, be easy to put on and off and to look after, as well as being safe, reliable and adaptable. &#13;\nConclusions and impact for Occupational Therapy&#13;\nThe focus groups highlighted the need for the trousers to be compatible with the person, environment and occupations. Co-design with potential users and a multidisciplinary team has led to exploration of a variety of new materials to address the needs of potential users.

Topic: Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
Subfield: Rehabilitation
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences