jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Smart Landing Gear: A FBG-Based Approach for Weight on Wheel

This study presents a fiber Bragg grating-based monitoring system designed to detect weight on wheel in aircraft landing gear. The system integrates an FBG sensor network capable of recording the structural response of a landing gear system under operational loads. Drop tests were conducted using a test article, a scaled integrated leaf spring landing gear, to measure strain variations during landings and take-offs on different soil types (hard soil, gravel, and sand) to validate the approach. Results demonstrate that the proposed system ac-curately detects ground contact and lift-off events, offering a reliable and lightweight alternative to traditional WoW.

Topic: Reproductive System and Pregnancy
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Measurements of the Polarized ATR Spectra for Adsorbed Dye Layers by Using a Stack of Thin Glass Plates

Abstract Polarized ATR spectra have been measured for the dye layers adsorbed on stacked, thin glass plates. For the adsorbed Crystal Violet (CV) layer, the metachromasy band in the || polarized ATR spectrum is blue-shifted and intensified in comparison with that in the ⊥ polarized ATR spectrum. This is in marked contrast to the observation for the adsorbed Methylene Blue (MB) layer that the || polarized ATR spectrum is similar in shape and position to the ⊥ polarized ATR spectrum. The blue shift and the enhancement of the metachromasy band in the || polarized ATR spectrum for the adsorbed CV layer is ascribed to an optical property characteristic of the adsorbed CV layer; the adsorbed CV layer exhibits an extra electronic transition band located at the high-energy side of the metachromasy band and polarized normal to the glass plane. Two possible explanations for the occurrence of this extra band are presented.

Topic: Photochemistry and Electron Transfer Studies
Subfield: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Communication Patterns in Computer Mediated Learning Versus Face-to-face Learning:From the Perspective of Social Networks

Researchers have various opinions on the relationship between real social networks and online social networks.This controversy has affected the fields related to on-line learning.From the case study of Xiangshan primary school located in Yiwu,the paper transforms the data collected by questionaire about on-line networks,off-line networks and affection network into three social network matrices.At the same time,by means of Ucient 6.1 software,from angles of sex,examination scores,small social groups,the interaction among students,the communication between boy stduents and girl students,the paper attempts to make a deep analysis about the differences between students' online communication and their face-to-face communication.In the development of online course,these differences should be fully taken into consideration.

Topic: Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Ceramides in the Skin Lipid Membranes: Length Matters

Ceramides are essential constituents of the skin barrier that allow humans to live on dry land. Reduced levels of ceramides have been associated with skin diseases, e.g., atopic dermatitis. However, the structural requirements and mechanisms of action of ceramides are not fully understood. Here, we report the effects of ceramide acyl chain length on the permeabilities and biophysics of lipid membranes composed of ceramides (or free sphingosine), fatty acids, cholesterol, and cholesterol sulfate. Short-chain ceramides increased the permeability of the lipid membranes compared to a long-chain ceramide with maxima at 4-6 carbons in the acyl. By a combination of differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Langmuir monolayers, and atomic force microscopy, we found that the reason for this effect in short ceramides was a lower proportion of tight orthorhombic packing and phase separation of continuous short ceramide-enriched domains with shorter lamellar periodicity compared to native long ceramides. Thus, long acyl chains in ceramides are essential for the formation of tightly packed impermeable lipid lamellae. Moreover, the model skin lipid membranes are a valuable tool to study the relationships between the lipid structure and composition, lipid organization, and the membrane permeability.

Topic: Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Statistical Pattern Recognition for Labeling Solar Active Regions: Application to<i>SOHO</i>/MDI Imagery

This paper presents a new application of statistical methods for identifying the various surface structures on the Sun that may contribute to observed changes in total and spectral solar irradiance. These structures are divided for our purposes into three types: quiet Sun, faculae, and sunspots (umbra and penumbra). Each region type is characterized by the observed data present at pixels of that type. Statistical models characterizing these observables are found from expert identification of a sample set of regions or unsupervised clustering. Information about the spatial continuity of regions is incorporated into the model via a prior distribution on the label image; the contribution of the prior can be interpreted as a regularizing term. Once the parameters defining the models are fixed, the inference procedure becomes to maximize the probability of an image labeling given the observed data. This allows objective and automated classification of a large set of images. We describe the application of these procedures to computing labelings from synchronized full-disk high-resolution magnetic-field and light-intensity maps from the Michelson Doppler Imager experiment on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory.

Topic: Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Therapeutic considerations for infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Most institutions are experiencing increased numbers of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis infections. Currently, vancomycin is the only antibiotic that provides reliable bactericidal activity against this microorganism, including methicillin-resistant strains. Vancomycin is the treatment of choice for infections caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci and for serious gram-positive infections in penicillin-allergic patients. With the emergence of more numerous and more serious gram-positive infections, this agent either alone or in combination with other antibiotics will clearly assume greater importance in the management of gram-positive infections, independent of host allergy or bacterial resistance. It is assuming a pivotal role in the treatment of gram-positive infections of central nervous system or dialysis shunts, endocarditis, meningitis, and septicemia. Except in patients with confirmed allergy to a beta-lactam antibiotic, vancomycin is not indicated for routine surgical prophylaxis. The current upsurge in methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections as a complication of implant surgery may necessitate its use as a prophylactic agent, however.

Topic: Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Role of the Toll‐Like Receptor 4 Asp299Gly Polymorphism in Susceptibility to<i>Candida</i><i>albicans</i>Infection

To the Editor-My colleagues and I appreciate the comments of Drs.DeVincenzo and Buckingham [1] on our recently published article [2].They question the lack of a relationship between the amount of virus shed and severity of illness in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease.We created a carefully modulated illness score that included 16 ventilated patients.In addition to finding no relationship between the amount of virus shed and this summation of the severity of illness, we were struck by the highly variable virus load in both nasal and endotracheal secretions of the 16 ventilated patients.As Drs.DeVincenzo and Buckingham are aware [1], no therapeutic effect of RSV intravenous immune globulin could be demonstrated in the multicenter study from which these patients were drawn.The same was true in the subset of patients we studied at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville).Hence, we do not feel that this was a confounding variable.Perhaps neither their study [3] nor ours [2] provides a definitive answer to the presence of a modest effect of virus titer on illness severity, especially since neither study can address the peak titer of viral shedding that probably occurs before hospitalization.Both studies suggest that the effect, if any, of virus load on illness severity is modest and that we need to search elsewhere for a complete understanding of RSV pathogenesis.

Topic: Pediatric health and respiratory diseases
Subfield: Emergency Medical Services
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Morphology and electrophysiology of guinea pig gastric mucosal repair in vitro

Guinea pig gastric mucosae stripped of their outer muscle layers were studied in Ussing chambers for up to 14 h. Ten minutes after the mucosae were mounted in the chamber, the electrical parameters were low but continued to rise over 90 min until steady-state potential difference (PD), resistance (R), and short-circuit current (Isc) were recorded. Morphological analysis during the first 10 min of the tissue in the chamber revealed gaps in the epithelium due to damaged cells. However, tissues examined after 20 min in the chamber showed little evidence of epithelial discontinuity. Thereafter, the initial rise in the electrical parameters was noted. After steady-state attainment, the lumen was exposed to 1.25 M NaCl for 5 min and then changed back to 150 mM NaCl. Ten minutes after washout and return to control solutions, the PD, R, and Isc had fallen to low values. At 30 min after washout of the NaCl, the PD, R, and Isc began to increase and after 2 h were back to control values. Morphological analysis of mucosae fixed up to 10 min after exposure to 1.25 M NaCl showed extensive damage and exfoliation of surface cells. However, by 30 min the epithelium was restored and had very few discontinuities, which was then followed by the return of the electrical parameters. The conclusions from these studies are 1) guinea pig gastric mucosae exposed to hypertonic NaCl on the luminal side will primarily result in surface epithelial cell destruction with an immediate drop in the transepithelial electrical values; 2) after return to isotonic saline the damaged mucosa can repair itself within minutes, which then allows the reestablishment of the transepithelial electrical parameters by 2 h; and 3) the good viability and reproducibility of this preparation present a suitable mammalian model system for the study of factors of mucosal repair.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Two Layers Trust-Based Intrusion Prevention System for Wireless Sensor Networks

Security of a wireless sensor network is aimed at ensuring information conﬁdentiality, authentication, integrity, availability and freshness is an important factor considering the criticality of the information being relayed. Hence, the need for an intrusion detection/prevention system. Conventional intrusion avoidance measures, such as encryption and authentication are not sufficient because they become useless in the event of a sensor node being compromised, hence, can only be seen as a first line of defence in the network after which intrusion detection schemes follow. In this paper, two layers trust-based intrusion detection scheme was developed for wireless sensor networks. A trust-based model is presented to detect intrusions to the network. Scenarios were created by using different set of weights. By injecting 2%, 5% and 10% malicious nodes from the 100 nodes considered, the results obtained were carefully observed. For scenario 2 (S2) with 2% and 5% malicious nodes injected, the model achieved the best result in all cases with an average detection accuracy of 97.8% while scenario 3 (S3) with 10% of malicious nodes introduced recorded the best performance with an average accuracy of 96%. Hence, the model will be suitable with combination of weights in S2 with small networks but when the scale of the network increases, the set of weights in S3 are best with the model.

Topic: Security in Wireless Sensor Networks
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Scaling Laws of Cognitive Ad Hoc Networks over General Primary Network Models

We study the capacity scaling laws for the cognitive network that consists of the primary hybrid network (PhN) and secondary ad hoc network (SaN). PhN is further comprised of an ad hoc network and a base station-based (BS-based) network. SaN and PhN are overlapping in the same deployment region, operate on the same spectrum, but are independent with each other in terms of communication requirements. The primary users (PUs), i.e., the ad hoc nodes in PhN, have the priority to access the spectrum. The secondary users (SUs), i.e., the ad hoc nodes in SaN, are equipped with cognitive radios, and have the functionalities to sense the idle spectrum and obtain the necessary information of primary nodes in PhN. We assume that PhN adopts one out of three classical types of strategies, i.e., pure ad hoc strategy, BS-based strategy, and hybrid strategy. We aim to directly derive multicast capacity for SaN to unify the unicast and broadcast capacities under two basic principles: 1) The throughput for PhN cannot be undermined in order sense due to the presence of SaN. 2) The protocol adopted by PhN does not alter in the interest of SaN, anyway. Depending on which type of strategy is adopted in PhN, we design the optimal-throughput strategy for SaN. We show that there exists a threshold of the density of SUs according to the density of PUs beyond which it can be proven that: 1) when PhN adopts the pure ad hoc strategy or hybrid strategy, SaN can achieve the multicast capacity of the same order as it is stand-alone; 2) when PhN adopts the BS-based strategy, SaN can asymptotically achieve the multicast capacity of the same order as if PhN were absent, if some specific conditions in terms of relations among the numbers of SUs, PUs, the destinations of each multicast session in SaN, and BSs in PhN hold.

Topic: Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Assessing the impact of infrastructure for economic competitiveness – evidence from Kosovo

Extensive and efficient infrastructure is an essential driver of competitiveness. It affects the location of economic activity, kinds of activities of sectors of the economy and their integration into the international value chains. Well-developed infrastructure reduces the effect of distance between regions, trading networks and economic convergence. Transport and communications infrastructure network is a prerequisite for the ability of less- developed countries to connect to the core of economic activities. Effective modes of transport for goods, people and services such as quality of roads, railroads, ports and air transport enable entrepreneurs to get their goods to market in a secure and timely manner and facilitate labour market adjustments. The aim is this paper is to assess the impact of infrastructure for economic competitiveness in Kosovo using the competitiveness methodological approach. The study relies on both static and dynamic qualitative and quantitative data.

Topic: Global Trade and Competitiveness
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Lingvopsychological Interdisciplinarity in Determining the Problems of Speech Activity in the Course of General Linguistics

The article deals with an approach to interdisciplinarity in teaching Linguistic Science. In order to confirm a linguistic paradigm of cognitive linguistics in the course, the author encounters some unclear scientific terminology of speech activity category in psychology and linguistics. It is analyzed by professor A. S. Zelenko in his study devoted to the analysis of the problem of semantics in linguistics; by psychologist O. A. Zelenko, who claims about the category of general psychology of consciousness, on the basis of which the reforming of higher Ukrainian education is substantiated. Each of the scientists has different subject matters: the first scientisthandles the problems of semasiology, while the main focus of the second scientist is the category of mental activity and consciousness. What combines these two scholars is a conscious aspect of solving their stated problems. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the concepts in psychology and linguistics, it becomes apparent in the aspect of the cognitive paradigm that consciousness is a form of the psychic activity of Elitnyk, which is realized by the language model of the world. It is divided into everyday, artistic and scientific sub-models. The latter arises as structured systems of concepts. Concepts in the aspect of the descriptive paradigm as texts are divided into the whole range of linguistic categories.

Topic: Medical and Biological Sciences
Subfield: Anatomy
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Freshwater Cyanobacteria: A Case Study

Eutrophication is a process that occurs due to the excessive accumulation of nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, from natural and anthropogenic sources. This phenomenon causes cyanobacterial overgrowth, which over time leads to cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) that affect public drinking water sources and water sites with recreational usage. The rapid detection of bloom-forming cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies is critical in order to implement prevention strategies. Cyanobacteria contain phycobiliproteins such as phycoerythrin and allophycocyanin as part of the phycobilisome that allows autofluorescence. In this study, samples from 36 freshwater bodies in 14 New Jersey counties were collected and analyzed using flow cytometry with forward-scatter phycoerythrin and allophycocyanin parameters. Pure cultures of Synechococcus sp. IU 625, Cylindrospermum spp. and Microcystis aeruginosa were used as references. The results revealed that 17 out of the 36 analyzed sites contained all three references and related species. Seven sites showed Microcystis and Cylindrospermum-like species, while four sites indicated Microcystis and Cylindrospermum-like species. Six water bodies showed Cylindrospermum-like species, and two sites showed Microcystis-like species. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays further confirmed the flow cytometric results. The findings from this study suggest that flow cytometry could potentially serve as a rapid method for freshwater cyanobacteria detection and screening.

Topic: Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
Subfield: Environmental Chemistry
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Thermal and Optical Performance of a Light-Emitting-Diode Metal Package With an Integrated Reflector and Heat Spreader Structure

We develop a light-emitting diode (LED) metal package consisting of a reflector integrated with a heat spreader as one body. The structure functions obtained from the thermal transient measurement reveals that the integrated structure of the metal package leads to improved thermal performance. We make significant efforts to clarify the interaction between the extracted light from the LED chip and the inside surface of the metal package. The radiant flux from the LED chip is calculated from the definition of thermal resistance and is implemented as an input parameter to predict the optical power and ray tracing. The simulated optical output power in the far-field mode is 145.3 mW, which is in good agreement with the value measured by an integrating sphere. It is shown that a large portion of the emitted light (37.12 mW) is lost by the interaction with the package surface before it reaches the far-field receiver. It is demonstrated that the angle of the first reflector cup is one of the critical design parameters in the metal package structure that we investigate. When the first reflector angle is optimized from 80° to 55° (with the second reflector angle of 50°), the optical power increases from its original value of 145.3-170.15 mW with an improved optical extraction efficiency from 75.63% to 88.57%. The ray tracing and illuminance raster charts also confirm that the improved optical performance of the metal package mainly stems from the optimization of the reflector angles.

Topic: GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Theoretical Analysis of Efficiency Constrained Utility-Privacy Bi-Objective Optimization in Federated Learning

Federated learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively learn a shared model without sharing their individual data. Concerns about utility, privacy, and training efficiency in FL have garnered significant research attention. Differential privacy has emerged as a prevalent technique in FL, safeguarding the privacy of individual user data while impacting utility and training efficiency. Within Differential Privacy Federated Learning (DPFL), previous studies have primarily focused on the utility-privacy trade-off, neglecting training efficiency, which is crucial for timely completion. Moreover, differential privacy achieves privacy by introducing controlled randomness (noise) on selected clients in each communication round. Previous work has mainly examined the impact of noise level ($σ$) and communication rounds ($T$) on the privacy-utility dynamic, overlooking other influential factors like the sample ratio ($q$, the proportion of selected clients). This paper systematically formulates an efficiency-constrained utility-privacy bi-objective optimization problem in DPFL, focusing on $σ$, $T$, and $q$. We provide a comprehensive theoretical analysis, yielding analytical solutions for the Pareto front. Extensive empirical experiments verify the validity and efficacy of our analysis, offering valuable guidance for low-cost parameter design in DPFL.

Topic: Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences