jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
14. Discogenic Low Back Pain

ABSTRACT Introduction Discogenic low back pain can be severely disabling, clinically challenging to diagnose, and expensive to treat. Disc degeneration is characterized by disc dehydration, which diminishes the ability of the disc to distribute pressure, making it more susceptible to damage, and leading to annular tears, fissures, and a higher incidence of herniation. Furthermore, the abnormal annular in‐growth of nerves and inflammation of the disc increase the number and sensitivity of nociceptors, leading to chronic discogenic low back pain (CDLBP). The purpose of this article was to review the current literature. Methods In this narrative review, the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of discogenic low back pain was summarized. Results Symptoms and findings during physical examination may guide the diagnostic process but are not specific or sensitive regarding CDLBP. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can rule out other pathology and provides a basis for the decision about whether to perform pressure‐controlled provocative discography, the current diagnostic standard. Conservative care includes pain education programs, structured exercise therapies, psychological interventions, and pharmacological treatment. Various minimally invasive interventional treatment strategies for refractory CDLBP exist, of which biacuplasty or cooled radiofrequency can be used as therapeutic options. Promising new treatments include intradiscal injection of mesenchymal stem cells and platelet‐rich plasma, radiofrequency ablation of the sinuvertebral and basivertebral nerves, dorsal root ganglion stimulation, and spinal cord stimulation. Future research regarding the safety and efficacy of these treatments should include large randomized controlled trials with strict inclusion criteria and longer follow‐up periods. A primary focus should be on increasing the evidence base for diagnosing discogenic low back pain.

Topic: Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Asians and Pacific Islanders in American Football

<JATS1:p>This book sheds light on experiences relatively underrepresented in academic and non-academic sport history. It examines how Asian and Pacific Islander peoples used American football to maintain a sense of community while encountering racial exclusion, labor exploitation, and colonialism. Through their participation and spectatorship in American football, Asian and Pacific Islander people crossed treacherous cultural frontiers to construct what sociologist Elijah Anderson has called a cosmopolitan canopy under which Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, and people of diverse racial and ethnic identities interacted with at least a semblance of respect and equity. And perhaps a surprising number of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have excelled in college and even professional football before the 1960s. Finally, acknowledging the impressive influx of elite Pacific Islander gridders who surfaced in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, it is vital to note as well the racialized nativism shadowing the lives of these athletes.</JATS1:p>

Topic: Sports, Gender, and Society
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Design of a highly active Pt/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>catalyst for low-temperature CO oxidation

A series of Al2O3 supported platinum catalysts (Pt/Al2O3), were prepared by a colloid deposition route. The Pt chemical state and nanostructure over the Pt/Al2O3 catalysts were characterized after calcination treatment using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The Pt chemical state and nanostructure depended on the treatment temperature: a metallic Pt surface was formed on the Pt/Al2O3 catalysts calcined at low temperature, whereas oxidized Pt existed after the relatively high temperature treatment. The Al2O3 support acted as an anchor and inhibited the sintering of Pt particles on the catalyst surface through intimate interaction between Al2O3 and Pt. The Pt/Al2O3 catalyst pre-treated at 200 °C (i.e., Pt/Al2O3-200) exhibited relatively high activity for CO oxidation. According to the results of catalyst characterization, Pt/Al2O3-200 could efficiently govern O2 adsorption by trapping O2 molecules on Pt sites and producing active oxygen species. That is, the surface metallic Pt could facilitate the adsorption and activation of O2 molecules even with the CO pre-adsorption on the surface of Pt particles.

Topic: Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Timely diagnosis and therapy for suspected lung cancer patients in a 2 day rapid outpatient diagnostic program with integrated FGD-PET and diagnostic CT

Introduction: Delays in the diagnosis of lung cancer are under debate and may affect outcome. The objectives of this study were to compare delays in a rapid outpatient diagnostic program (RODP) for suspected lung cancer patients with those described in literature and guideline recommendations, to investigate the effects of referral route and symptoms on delays, and to establish whether delays were related to disease stage and outcome. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart study of all patients with suspected lung cancer, referred to the RODP of our tertiary care university clinic between 1999 and 2009. Patient characteristics, tumor stage and different delays were analyzed. Results: Of 565 patients with available data, 290 were diagnosed with lung cancer, 48 with another type of malignancy, and 111 patients with a non-malignant lesion. In 112 patients no immediate definite diagnosis was obtained, and in 82 of these the proposed follow-up strategy confirmed a benign outcome. The median first line, patient, referral, diagnostic, curative and palliative therapeutic delays were 54, 19, 7, 2, 18 and 21.5 days, respectively. The RODP care was generally far more timely compared to literature and published guidelines, except for both referral and palliative therapeutic delay. No specific delay was significantly related to disease stage or survival. Conclusion: An RODP results in a timely diagnosis well within guideline recommendations. Patient and first line delay account for most of total patient delay. Within the limitations of this retrospective study, we found no association with disease stage or survival.

Topic: Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Role of Regulatory Genes During Maize Domestication: Evidence From Nucleotide Polymorphism and Gene Expression

Abstract We investigated DNA sequence variation in 72 candidate genes in maize landraces and the wild ancestor of maize, teosinte. The candidate genes were chosen because they exhibit very low sequence diversity among maize inbreds and have sequence homology to known regulatory genes. We observed signatures of selection in 17 candidate genes, indicating that they were potential targets of artificial selection during domestication. In addition, 21 candidate genes were identified as potential targets of natural selection in teosinte. A comparison of the proportion of selected genes between our regulatory genes and genes unfiltered for their potential function (but also with very low sequence diversity among maize inbreds) provided some weak evidence that regulatory genes are overrepresented among selected genes. We detected no significant association between the positions of genes identified as potential targets of selection during domestication and quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for maize domestication traits. However, a subset of these genes, those identified by sequence homology as kinase/phosphatase genes, significantly cluster with the domestication QTL. We also analyzed expression profiles of genes in distinct maize tissues and observed that domestication genes are expressed on average at a significantly higher level than neutral genes in reproductive organs, including kernels.

Topic: Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Research on SLAM Localization Algorithm for Orchard Dynamic Vision Based on YOLOD-SLAM2

With the development of agriculture, the complexity and dynamism of orchard environments pose challenges to the perception and positioning of inter row environments for agricultural machinery. The paper proposes a method for extracting navigation lines and measuring pedestrian obstacles. The improved YOLOv5 algorithm is used to detect tree trunks between left and right rows in orchards. The experimental results show that the average angle deviation of the extracted navigation lines is less than 5 degrees, verifying its accuracy. Due to the variable posture of pedestrians and ineffective camera depth, a distance measurement algorithm based on four zone depth comparison is proposed for pedestrian obstacle distance measurement. Experimental results show that within a range of 6m, the average relative error of distance measurement does not exceed 1%, and within a range of 9m, the maximum relative error is 2.03%. The average distance measurement time is 30 milliseconds, which can accurately and quickly achieve pedestrian distance measurement in orchard environments. On the publicly available TUM RGB-D dynamic dataset, YOLOD-SLAM2 significantly reduces the RMSE index of absolute trajectory error compared to ORB-SLAM2 algorithm, which is less than 0.05 m/s. In actual orchard environments, YOLOD-SLAM2 has a higher degree of agreement between the estimated trajectory and the true trajectory when the car is traveling in straight and circular directions. The RMSE index of the absolute trajectory error is less than 0.03m/s, and the average tracking time is 47ms, indicating that the YOLOD-SLAM2 algorithm proposed in this paper can meet the accuracy and real-time requirements of agricultural machinery positioning in orchard environments.

Topic: Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ultrastructural analysis of v-myb oncogene product cooperation with components of avian cell nuclear matrix.

The cooperation of the v-Myb oncoprotein with extracted nuclear matrix of avian haematopoietic cells expressing the v-myb oncogene was studied by means of immunoelectron microscopy. The nuclear matrix was extracted by a gentle method of detergent treatment at moderate ionic strength and visualized either in ultrathin LR White sections, in unembedded resin-free sections, and in addition by the aqueous spreading technique. Using anti-Myb polyclonal antibody we have shown interaction of the v-Myb protein product with extracted nuclear matrix. This oncoprotein, however, was easily released from the structure by a detergent as well as by DNAase treatment and ammonium sulphate extraction. Prefixation of structures before detergent treatment prevented this extraction. The v-Myb protein marker was distributed in clusters or associated with fibrillar structures in most cases. Single markers decorating these fibrillar or less dense structures were also detected.

Topic: Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Legislative regulation of mass media and culture in Ukraine: governmental priorities and social request

The article analyses the results of mass survey conducted in the framework of the project of the Volkswagen Foundation "Bi-and multilingualism between intensification of conflict and conflict resolution.Ethno-linguistic conflicts, language politics and contact situations in post-Soviet Ukraine and Russia".Research's aim was to understand to what extent the state language policy in the area of mass media and cultural sphere meet the expectations of the citizens of Ukraine.It underlines regionally marked attitude towards the strategy of language policy: the Western part of the country prefers Ukrainian language, South -Russian, and Center and North take intermediate positions.

Topic: Ukrainian Legal and Forensic Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Origin and Significance of Retrograde Failed Shelf Margins; Tertiary Northern Gulf Coast Basin

Abstract The unusually high rates of sedimentation and subsidence in the Gulf Coast Basin are occasionally overwhelmed by large catastrophic collapse of the shelf margin that relocates the shelf margin landward behind the headwall of a strike-parallel slump scar. Unique reservoir and trapping opportunities are created by these genetically related processes: instantaneous (relatively speaking) creation of the collapse, emplacement of slump blocks into the collapse, possible uplift of the collapse scar headwall due to isostatic rebound, and transport of sediment gravity flows into and across the collapse scar. A review of the distribution of documented retrograde failed shelf margins suggests that many more remain to be discovered in the subsurface of the Gulf Coast Basin. It is recommended that careful geological modeling be combined with a regional perspective and 3-D seismic in order to discover new exploration opportunities in this hyper-mature basin.

Topic: Geological formations and processes
Subfield: Earth-Surface Processes
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Globalisation of Education in South African Tertiary Institutions: The Case of the University of Fort Hare, South Africa

South African tertiary education institutions are subject to global trends. This is due to the fact that despite the accountability they owe to the governments of their countries, the academic profession has increasingly become internationalized. These institutions are more than ever impacted upon by global research networks and new communication technologies. Western policies and ideologies have linked the academic institutions and systems globally. In addition, the use of English as a medium of instruction for scientific communication and teaching, in particular when combined with the internet makes communication easier and more rapid. It is in this regard that the current project aimed at assessing the role played by three variables in the globalization of education. These variables are the pedagogical process, the linguistic issue and the curriculum content. The study utilized a deductive research methodology, quantitative in nature, to investigate the globalization of education phenomenon in South African tertiary institutions as manifested in the curriculum, the teaching and learning process and the language issue. The results of the study have indicated that there is Western domination in the curriculum and reading materials, in the extensive use of the English language in all educational practices and in the free market ideology driven curriculum. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n10p438

Topic: Higher Education Learning Practices
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Engaging in STEM with Scitech

Scitech is a major provider of professional development to teachers of STEM with the goal of Improving the quality of teaching and learning in the classroom. Teachers are routinely offered professional learning (PL) opportunities to Increase their subject knowledge, skills and capacity in STEM teaching. A review of three current Scitech PL programs was undertaken during Semester 2 2015 through the use of on line participant feedback and semi-structured Interviews with school leaders, teachers, students, and professional learning consultants. Consistent, highly positive feedback was received for Scitech PL facilitators and resources. Participants stated quality presentations and an Increase In their own confidence to deliver STEM to their primary school students as major contributing factors to their high level of satisfaction. Emerging areas recommended for future development of STEM PL Included the early childhood and youth sectors.

Topic: Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Biomedical Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Force of removal for untunnelled, tunnelled and double‐tunnelled peripheral nerve catheters

Summary We compared the force of extraction for peripheral nerve catheters under three different situations in a porcine model using untunnelled, tunnelled and double‐tunnelled catheters. Following insertion of the catheter into the porcine model, the catheters were either left untunnelled or a single or double tunnel was created for the catheter. The force required to displace the catheter by one centimetre was then measured in each of the three groups. The mean (SD) force required for displacement of the catheter was 0.23 (0.06) N for the untunnelled catheters, 1.16 (0.51) N for the single‐tunnelled catheters, and 4.00 (1.70) N for the double‐tunnelled catheters (p &lt; 0.0001). Tunnelling a peripheral nerve catheter leads to a significant increase in the force required for dislodgement. This is increased further by introducing a second tunnel.

Topic: Anesthesia and Pain Management
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Measurement-driven reconstruction of many-particle quantum processes by semidefinite programming with application to photosynthetic light harvesting

Quantum measurements provide a trove of information about a quantum system or process without solution of the Schr\"odnger equation, and in principle, the associated density matrix is a function of these measurements. Inversion of the measurements can produce an estimate of the density matrix, but this estimate may be unphysical, especially when the measurements are noisy or incomplete. We develop a general approach based on semidefinite programming [D. A. Mazziotti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 083001 (2011)] for reconstructing the density matrix from quantum measurements which leads naturally to nonnegative solutions, a critical attribute of physically realistic solutions. We discuss the use of this methodology for reconstructing $p$-particle reduced density matrices ($p$-RDMs) of $N$-particle systems where additional semidefinite constraints, known as $N$-representability conditions, are essential because they ensure that the $p$-RDM represents an $N$-particle system. Special attention is given to the $N$-representability conditions for the experimentally important cases where $p=1$ or 2. We apply the methodology to reconstructing the time-dependent quantum process of exciton transfer in a photosynthetic light-harvesting complex.

Topic: Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Log-optimal investment in the long run with proportional transaction costs when using shadow prices

We consider a non-consuming agent interested in the maximization of the long-run growth rate of a wealth process investing either in a money market and in one risky asset following a geometric Brownian motion or in futures following an arithmetic Brownian motion.The agent faces proportional transaction costs, and similarly as in [17] where the case of stock trading is considered, we show how the log-optimal optimal policies in the long run can be derived when using the technical tool of shadow prices.We also provide a brief link between technical tools used in this paper and the ones used in [14,15,17].

Topic: Stochastic processes and financial applications
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Children and School Meals: The New Party to Negotiations for Sustainability

School meals, served free for young people at primary and secondary education in Finland and Sweden, imply the welfare state’s effort at being responsible for the wellbeing of young people. This aim is very concretely expressed by the provision of statutory school meals which satisfy about one third of daily nutritional needs, offer a broad food cultural selection of meals with different ingredients and are meant to introduce children to table manners (Finnish National Board of Education, 2008; Lintukangas et al., 2008; Valtion ravitsemusneuvottelukunta, 2008). This ‘proper meal’ (Murcott, 1982) additionally reflects strongly the scientific view on nutrition (Valtion ravitsemusneuvottelukunta, 2008), and thereby connects with European historical challenges to enhance the poor nutrition status of children from families of limited means (Ahonen, 2003; Morgan and Sonnino, 2008; Spigarolo et al., 2010). The welfare state thus enters the sphere of responsibility of the family for their children (Rothstein, 1996), as it eases parental care by removing the cost and effort of meal provision from the family to the public actor. This school meal system thus not only aims to offer collateral support for learning but to promote healthy eating as a condition for public health. Currently, the focus of school catering aims to expand from the individual health to environmental health and even wider to sustainability (Morgan and Sonnino, 2008). This view has been evident in public caterers’ efforts across Finland (Mikkola, 2009a) as well as in individual rectors’ work for joining programs such as the Green Flag, entailing occasionally the provision of organic food as a proxy to sustainability (Mikkola, 2009b). These interests also draw on Union and national level policy support (ICLEI, 2008; Ministry of Environment, 2009) whereby the school meal becomes “a prism” of sustainability interests (Morgan and Sonnino, 2008), promoted by public actors (Mikkola, 2009; Morgan and Sonnino, 2008; Spigarolo et al., 2010). It is highly relevant to explore the impacts of these policies on children through activities such as public catering; ‘does it deliver’ the expected benefits in terms of increasing sustainability orientations by the children? This paper probes into children’s responses to school meals, with emphasis on the potential to learn healthy and sustainable eating practices.

Topic: Social and Educational Sciences
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A GPS based navigation aid for the blind

In this paper we present development of the GPS based navigation aid for blind. That aid utilizes inverse DGPS positioning module which, along with other benefits for the blind user, enables implementation of more complex navigation algorithms. In particular, we have implemented DGPS algorithm augmented by altitude data available from digital map. This solution improved the availability of positioning by more that 23% and its accuracy by more than 15%. All the results were experimentally verified.

Topic: Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Factors Influencing Virulence and Plaque Properties of Attenuated Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Populations

A minority of stable large-plaque virus increased proportionally in stored unstable attenuated (9t) Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus populations. L-cell-grown progeny (9t2) of stored 9t showed large amounts of large-plaque virus and increased virulence. Small-plaque virus inhibited large-plaque virus but not the reverse. Serial passage of small-plaque virus from 9t2 yielded a strain (20t) that was more attenuated than 9t.

Topic: Animal Virus Infections Studies
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences