jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Variations in Postoperative Management of Pediatric Open-Vault Craniosynostosis

Abstract Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of 1 or more of the calvarial sutures causing a secondary distortion of the skull shape due to lack of growth perpendicular to the fused suture and compensatory overgrowth parallel to the suture. Open vault craniosynostosis repair requires extensive dissection and reshaping of the skull and can be associated with significant pain, commonly undervalued, and underreported in the pediatric cohort. Although there is an extensive body of literature focusing on the operative treatment of craniosynostosis, there is little consensus about optimal postoperative management protocols, including pain control regimens. The purpose of this study was to assess variation in immediate postoperative management protocols within the United States. A Qualtrics-based survey was submitted to all 112 American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association-approved craniofacial teams regarding their routine postoperative management protocol. Nineteen responses were obtained. All surgeons reported routine post-op intensive care unit stay. Mean overall length of stay was 3.5 days. Pain control agents included acetaminophen (100%), intravenous opioids (95%), oral opioids (79%), and ketorolac (53%). Eighty-eight percent of surgeons reported utilizing vital signs and observational parameters for pain assessment with 47% reporting the use of a formal pain scale. Sixty-three percent of those surveyed used a drain, 88% used a foley catheter, 75% used postoperative prophylactic antibiotics, and 75% routinely used arterial line monitoring postoperatively. The results of this survey will be the basis for future direction in understanding the efficacy of differing management protocols and further study of pain management in the pediatric craniosynostosis population.

Topic: Craniofacial Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Studies on Trypsin Inhibitor in Oriental Drug Plants and its Anti-inflammatory Effect

市販和漢薬用植物63種について,カゼインを基質としたときの抗トリプシン作用を検討した.その結果, 50%以上の阻害率を示したものは桂皮,牡丹,黄柏,杏仁,甘草,沢潟,ヒシの実(果皮),土茯苓,麻黄,枸杞(茎部),括楼根,白扁豆の12種であった.このうち,黄柏,甘草,沢潟,枸杞,括楼根,白扁豆の阻害物質は,非透析性を示した. Fig. 8. Inhibitory Effects of HTI and Soy Bean Trypsin Inhibitor (STI) on Several Proteinases. Table IV. Anti-inflammatory Effect of HTI on Carrageenin Indaced Edema of Rat Hind Paw (1) 桂皮の阻害物質は,皮粉処理により完全に吸着されることや,種々の呈色反応から,カテコールタンニンか,それに類似した物質であろうと推定した. (2) 甘草の成分グリチルリチンおよび,その加水分解物であるグリチルレチン酸の抗トリプシン作用を検討した.グリチルレチン酸は,グリチルリチンの10数倍の抗トリプシン作用を示し,さらに抗キモトリプシン作用もみられたが,植物性および細菌起源の蛋白分解酵素に対する阻害作用は,認められなかった. (3) ヒシの実の阻害物質は,局方タンニン酸と一致した. (4) 白扁豆の阻害物質は温水で抽出され,アセトンで粗末として沈殿分離された.粗末はトリプシン,キモトリプシンに対して阻害作用を示したが,植物性のブロメラインや細菌起源の蛋白分解酵素に対しては阻害しなかった.また,粗末は酸やペプシンに安定であったが,アルカリでは不安定であった.さらに,カラゲニン浮腫に対し,皮下投与で有意な抑制を示した.しかし,経口投与では対照と有意な差はみられなかった.

Topic: Biochemical and Structural Characterization
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) prepared by spray drying to improve the oral bioavailability of cinnamaldehyde (CA)

The aim of this study was to prepare a solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) of cinnamaldehyde (CA) by spray drying technique to improve the oral bioavailability of CA. The preparation of CA S-SMEDDS with maltodextrin as the solid carrier, a core-wall material mass ratio of 1:1, a solid content of 20% (w/v), an inlet air temperature of 150 °C, an injection speed of 5.2 mL/min, and an atomization pressure of 0.1 MPa was determined by using the encapsulation rate as the index of investigation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed the possibility of CA being encapsulated in S-SMEDDS in an amorphous form. The

Topic: Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Problem Setting and Problem Solving in the Case of Olive Quick Decline Syndrome in Apulia, Italy: A Sociological Approach

This article gives an account of the social construction of phytopathological knowledge in the case of olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) in Apulia, Italy. Due to the economic, cultural, and social importance of the olive crop, the spread of this disease has been characterized by a social debate over the implementation of mandatory phytosanitary policies, the etiological role played by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, the role of scientific experts, and the unexplored research trajectories (“undone science”) proposed by social and environmental movements. We examine how the disease has generated different approaches to problem setting and problem solving, one focused on OQDS as a complex of symptoms uniquely caused by X. fastidiosa, and the other framing the study of “complesso del disseccamento rapido dell’olivo” (CoDiRO) as a complex of causes. Drawing on a 2-year ethnographic study among researchers, policymakers, agricultural stakeholders, and social movements, this article uses theoretical concepts from the sociology of knowledge, sociology of scientific knowledge, and sociology of ignorance to examine the case and to reconstruct the 360° approach proposed by social movements as an alternative to the epistemic and political reductionism of official phytosanitary and science policies.

Topic: Phytoplasmas and Hemiptera pathogens
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
THE MIDDLE-INCOME TRAP: IS THERE A WAY OUT FOR ASIAN COUNTRIES?

This study aims at investigating the phenomena of the middle-income trap found in developing Asian countries, such as China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. The effects of some of the determinant variables of per capita income, such as government expenditure, investment expenditure, high technology exports, factors of human capital (enrollment rates in secondary and tertiary education), and the dependency ratio are analyzed by using a factor analysis and regression analysis. The factor analysis is used to reduce the variable of the publics’ enrollment rate in secondary and tertiary education into the variable of the human capital factor. The findings of the study reveal that some variables, namely government expenditure, investment expenditure, high technology exports, and the factors of human capital, have positive effects in increasing the per capita income of a country. The variable of the dependency ratio, on the other hand, has a negative effect on a country’s per capita income.Keywords: Asian, middle-income trap, panel analysis, and slowdown.

Topic: Economic Growth and Productivity
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Prognosis the Incidence Rate of Ear and Mastoid Diseases in the Kyrgyz Republic

The article presents the prognosis of ear disease and mastoid disease in the adult population and adolescents in the Kyrgyzstan according to the National Statistical Committee. For the predictive trend, the logarithmic trend line was chosen as the most appropriate.

Topic: Ear Surgery and Otitis Media
Subfield: Otorhinolaryngology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
One-year Mortality of Cancer Patients with an Unplanned ICU Admission: A Cohort Analysis Between 2008 and 2017 in the Netherlands

Introduction: A decrease in short-term mortality of critically ill cancer patients with an unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) admission has been described. Few studies describe a change over time of 1-year mortality. Therefore, we examined the 1-year mortality of cancer patients (hematological or solid) with an unplanned ICU admission and we described whether the mortality changed over time. Methods: We used the National Intensive Care Evaluation (NICE) registry and extracted all patients with an unplanned ICU admission in the Netherlands between 2008 and 2017. The primary outcome was 1-year mortality, analyzed with a mixed-effects Cox proportional hazard regression. We compared the 1-year mortality of cancer patients to that of patients without cancer. Furthermore, we examined changes in mortality over the study period. Results: We included 470,305 patients: 10,401 with hematological cancer, 35,920 with solid cancer, and 423,984 without cancer. The 1-year mortality rates were 60.1%, 46.2%, and 28.3% respectively ( P&lt; .01). Approximately 30% of the cancer patients surviving their hospital admission died within 1 year, this was 12% in patients without cancer. In hematological patients, 1-year mortality decreased between 2008 and 2011, after which it stabilized. In solid cancer patients, inspection showed neither an increasing nor decreasing trend over the inclusion period. For patients without cancer, 1-year mortality decreased between 2008 and 2013, after which it stabilized. A clear decrease in hospital mortality was seen within all three groups. Conclusion: The 1-year mortality of cancer patients with an unplanned ICU admission (hematological and solid) was higher than that of patients without cancer. About one-third of the cancer patients surviving their hospital admission died within 1 year after ICU admission. We found a decrease in 1-year mortality until 2011 in hematology patients and no decrease in solid cancer patients. Our results suggest that for many cancer patients, an unplanned ICU admission is still a way to recover from critical illness, and it does not necessarily lead to success in long-term survival. The underlying type of malignancy is an important factor for long-term outcomes in patients recovering from critical illness.

Topic: Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A note on the concentrations of steroidal residues in tissues of mature female sheep implanted with trenbolone acetate

Thirty-two Blackface female mature sheep weighing 45 kg on average were blocked by weight and randomly allocated 60 days before slaughter to be untreated controls (C) or subcutaneously implanted with 20 (TA1), 40 (TA2) or 60 (TA3) mg trenbolone acetate (TBA). Samples of blood were collected throughout the study and post-mortem samples of selected body tissues were analysed residues. Concentrations in blood of 17β-hydroxy-trenbolone (TBOH) peaked within 1 to 2 weeks of implantation and declined thereafter. Concentrations in blood of oestradiol-17β (OE) were elevated and generally increased with increasing dose levels of TBA. The highest concentrations of solvent extractable residues (TBOH for group TA3) ranged from 613 ng/kg in kidney to 130 ng/kg for rib muscle. Trenbolone-17β- glucuronide was detected in liver and kidney at maximum concentrations of 157 ng/kg and 94 ng/kg respectively. Implantation with TBA had no effect on concentrations of OE in any of the post-mortem tissues examined.

Topic: Estrogen and related hormone effects
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Eulophia epidendraea (J. Koenig ex Retz.) C.E.C. Fisch. and Thelasis pygmaea (Griff.) Lindl. (Orchidaceae) - new additions to the flora of Karnataka, India

<em>Eulophia epidendraea</em> (J.Koenig ex Retz.) C.E.C.Fisch. and <em>Thelasis pygmaea </em>(Griff.) Lindl. (Orchidaceae) are reported here as new records to the flora of Karnataka from Savanadurga of Bangalore Rural district and Sringeri of Chikmagalur District, respectively. A detailed description, photograph and relevant notes are provided for easy identification of these two species. <div> </div>

Topic: Plant and Fungal Species Descriptions
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
First detection and genotyping of

Enterocytozoon bieneusi, an obligate intracellular microsporidian parasite, can infect humans and a wide variety of animals worldwide. However, information on the prevalence and molecular characterization of E. bieneusi in pet rats and guinea pigs is lacking. In this study, 325 fecal samples were collected from 152 pet fancy rats and 173 pet guinea pigs purchased from pet shops in Henan and Shandong provinces. The prevalence of E. bieneusi was 11.2% (17/152) in pet fancy rats and 20.2% (35/173) in pet guinea pigs. Genotypes D (n = 12), Peru11 (n = 3), S7 (n = 1) and SCC-2 (n = 1) were identified in pet fancy rats, and genotype S7 (n = 30) and a novel genotype PGP (n = 5) were identified in pet guinea pigs. The ITS sequence and its phylogenetic analysis showed that the novel genotype PGP was distinctly different; it exhibited less than 50% similarity to the reference sequences, and did not cluster with any of the known E. bieneusi genotype groups, forming a unique branch between groups 6 and 7. These data suggest that this is a new E. bieneusi genotype group. This is the first report of E. bieneusi infection in pet fancy rats and pet guinea pigs worldwide. The identification of zoonotic genotypes D, Peru11, and S7 suggests that pet fancy rats and guinea pigs can be potential sources of human microsporidiosis.

Topic: Parasitic Infections and Diagnostics
Subfield: Parasitology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
When Considering Creation, Simply Follow the Rule (of Faith): Patristic Exegesis of Romans 8:19–22 and the Theological Interpretation of Scripture

ABSTRACT Romans 8:19–22 and its "groaning creation" have long provoked lively discussion and disagreement among commentators. Alongside more traditional historical criticism, the passage has recently been the subject of theologically driven interpretation in a particular vein. Commentators responding to the "ecological crisis" have utilized the text to explore the intersection of biblical studies and environmental concerns. This study seeks to enter these wider interpretive discussions with historical perspective. In this article, I trace Patristic exegesis of the text through the fourth century, with special attention to the "Rule of Faith" and its fruitfulness as an ancient–and perhaps contemporary—hermeneutic. Figures that I analyze in detail include Irenaeus, Ambrosiaster, Origen, and Augustine. The study concludes by suggesting that the early church's Rule was indeed an effective interpretive tool in regard to Rom 8:19–22—but only under certain conditions.

Topic: Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
World Journal of Laparoscopic M Dhanesh Surgery, Kumar May-August 2008;1(2):32-35 Long-term Outcomes in Laparoscopic vs Open Ventral Hernia Repair

Objective: To ruleout whether there was a difference in, recurrence rate, morbidity, and duration of hospital stay between patients undergoing open or laparoscopic ventral hernia surgery. Materials and methods: Cohort study in single-institution was compared prospectively collected from patient cohorts undergoing laparoscopic or open intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair. Literature search was performed using search engine Google and our online facility of Springer Link. The following search terms were used. Laparoscopic versus ventral hernia repair, ‘laparoscopic repair of ventral hernia, controversies in laparoscopic ventral hernia repair, comparison of laparoscopic and open (Ventral Hernia) repair, Laparoscopic Repair of Ventral Hernia during obesity. About 143 citations found in total. Data collected from 360 consecutive patients who had undergone laparoscopic or open intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair of a ventral hernia were prospectively collected from October 1995 and December 2005 are recorded. Main outcome of the study: Hernia recurrence and duration of hospital stay and morbidity. Postoperative complications of Claviengrade 2 or more than grade 2 were considered as major complications. Results: Intraperitoneal onlay mesh surgery was performed in 233 patients by open approach and in 127 patients by laparoscopic approach. Groups were similar for sex and body mass index and it is calculated by weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared and the mean age for the laparoscopic group was 3 years younger; and the mesh was selected larger for the laparoscopic group. Mean follow-up for both laparoscopic and open groups was 30 and 36 months; and the conversion rates are 4%. Majormorbidities were 15% in the open group and 7 % in the laparoscopic group. Recurrence rates were 9 % in the open group and 12 % in the laparoscopic group. Postoperative inpatient admission was more frequent after the open procedure than after the laparoscopic procedure (28 % and 16%, respectively). Conclusions: Outcomes of the study shows not much difference with respect to recurrence rates after long-term follow-up; however, lower rate of major morbidity and increased outpatient-based procedure rates favor laparoscopic repair in this study.

Topic: Hernia repair and management
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Discontinuous behavior of the localization properties in a finite-length incommensurate potential with weak applied electric fields

Model calculations are performed for a tight-binding model with an incommensurate potential of finite length, in a weak electric field scrE, with site energies given by ${E}_{n}$=W cos(2n)-eascrEn (n=1,2,...,N). It is found that there is a discontinuous delocalizing behavior in that localization properties and the position of the localized wave function have sudden discontinuities as a function of the electric field, where the calculations are performed for values of W&gt;${W}_{C}$, where ${W}_{C}$ is the value of W above which the states are localized in the absence of an external electric field. As W decreases, the discontinuities become more frequent, resulting in a ``noisy'' behavior near threshold.

Topic: Organic and Molecular Conductors Research
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of pH on the conformation of diphtheria toxin and its implications for membrane penetration

The pH-triggered change in diphtheria toxin conformation and the physical properties of the toxin above and below the transition pH have been examined. Exposure to low pH (less than or equal to 5 at 23 degrees C, less than or equal to 5.3 at 37 degrees C) triggers a rapid (t1/2 less than 30 s) change in toxin conformation; the transition occurs over a narrow pH range (0.2 unit). Below the transition pH, buried tryptophans become exposed, and the toxin becomes hydrophobic, binding very tightly to detergent. Aggregation is observed at low pH, probably due to this extreme hydrophobicity. Circular dichroism and fluorescence properties show that the low-pH conformation is not extensively unfolded. Therefore, the toxin "opens" at low pH without becoming a random coil. The conformation change is partly irreversible, and the degree of irreversibility parallels the degree of aggregation. Reduction of the disulfide bonds does not increase hydrophobicity at neutral pH. Furthermore, none of the structural variants of toxin (monomer or dimer, bound to ApUp or free, and nicked between subunits or intact) are hydrophobic at neutral pH or differ in transition pH markedly. Therefore, these factors do not mimic the effect of low pH. These observations are consistent with a functional role for the pH-triggered changes during penetration of the membranes of acidic organelles. The toxin may have adapted a conformational change similar to partial denaturation for a critical role in function. The possible nature of the pH-sensitive interactions and the effects of aggregation are discussed briefly.

Topic: Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Personal, Societal, and Literary Reform in John Colet's<i>Ecclesiastical Hierarchy</i>

The English cleric John Colet (ca. 1467–1519) composed a commentary on the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy of Dionysius , the legendary disciple of Saint Paul. Colet approached the Dionysian text not as an artifact belonging to another time and place but as a living document, much as he approached St. Paul's Letters in his commentaries. His goal was to critique lapses in ecclesiastical virtue and to instill a spirit of personal and institutional reform by comparing the sacramental and hierarchical practices of the sixth-century Dionysian Church with those of his Church in England. This essay suggests a new path to understanding the distinctiveness of reforms advocated by Colet. By referring to specific elements, including the practices of baptism and the eucharist and the nature of the office of bishop, Colet was able, via Dionysius, to reveal alternative possibilities of reform by adopting patristic and, although perhaps unwittingly, Eastern Orthodox thought and practice. What has not been appreciated thus far is that Colet's Ecclesiastical Hierarchy produces for a Latin readership in England a neo-Patristic blueprint that resembles in significant details the living ecclesiology of the Christian East, which was coming to light in the West through the humanist restoration of patristic texts and debates among scholars in Italy over Union and Conciliarism.

Topic: Early Modern Women Writers
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Strengthening Public Administration Research: Identifying Boundaries and Horizons

Since the early days of the field, public administration research has been a work in progress. Many authors have struggled to find the proper role of research in the field. Interest in the topic intensified over the last couple of decades, as a perception developed that the quality and usefulness of work had fallen decidedly behind other academic disciplines. While a rich literature has developed debating the merits of public administration research, the resulting product does not provide a clear direction for reform-minded researchers to follow. In this article, we seek to organize this material in ways that will make it more useful. Our analysis identifies hard and soft barriers preventing progress and examines three dilemmas facing public administration researchers: theoretical versus conceptual research, academically sophisticated methods versus widely accessible methods, and an academic versus a practitioner focus. Through our discussion of these dilemmas, we seek to clarify the issues facing researchers and help them make more informed choices.

Topic: Public Policy and Administration Research
Subfield: Public Administration
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences