jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
THE DISPOSITION AND BIOTRANSFORMATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS IN ISOLATED RAT HEPATOCYTES.

The metabolism and distribution of three commonly occurring PCB congeners, 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl (4-DCB), 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (236-HCB) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (245-HCB), each displaying different structural features, were investigated at their principal metabolic site, the hepatocyte. Hepatocytes, isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) by collagenase perfusion, were suspended in medium 199 and maintained at 37°C in a gyratory shaker. The radiolabeled ¹⁴C-PCB congeners were added to the hepatocyte suspensions as a DMSO-albumin mixture. Each congener was rapidly taken up by the cells with less than 10% of the congener remaining in the medium. The congeners accumulated within the hepatocytes without being fully metabolized. Metabolism followed first order Michaelis-Menten kinetics for 20 min and plateaued by 90 min at which point only 32% of 4-DCB (0.01-100 uM) and 60% of 236-HCB (0.01-100 uM) was metabolized, while 245-HCB (0.1-200 uM) was not metabolized. Readdition of congener once metabolism had plateaued resulted in a reinitiation of metabolism with the same proportion of metabolites produced indicating that product inhibition was not the cause for the plateau. A partitioning of the PCB congeners within subcellular compartments and binding to cytosolic proteins influenced the extent of metabolism by decreasing the availability of congener for the drug metabolizing enzymes, cytochrome P-450. Spectral binding studies further revealed that the ability of a PCB congener to bind to the cytochrome P-450 system correlated with the extent of metabolism observed, with 236-HCB 4-DCB 245-HCB. The metabolic potential of the PCB congeners was influenced by both the affinity of the congener for cytochrome P-450 and the partitioning of congener within the hepatocyte, and not by product inhibition.

Topic: Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Particle Image Velocimetry Analysis for the Assessment of Bedload Sampling Using Helley-Smith

Excess sediment is one of the main agents of water pollution, affects the aquatic ecosystem and causes siltation problems in reservoirs and rivers. Bottom sediments are coarse and easily deposited, being the major responsible for morphological alterations in rivers. Therefore, is important to estimate the amount of sediment transported in other to establish mitigation strategies and recovery of affected areas. There are several methodologies for estimating bedload transport: equations, numerical modeling, direct physical sampling, and indirect method measuring dune tracking. Most studies measure bedload transport using the equipment Helley-Smith, generally taken as reference value for other methods. However, Helley-Smith causes changes in the flow field, often resulting in overestimates in sand bed rivers. Those overestimates were not yet described and quantified in detail. This article tries to solve this gap by observing the Helley-Smith sampler at the time of sampling. For this, we used a video camera recording processed by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique to qualitatively evaluate changes that the intrusive sampler causes in the displacement of bottom sediments in a sand bed river. When the sampler was properly allocated to the bottom, PIV resulting velocity maps of bedload particle transport identified the acceleration of the bottom particles as they approached the mouth of the sampler. We also noticed areas of convergence and vorticity of the sediments towards the sampler’s mouth, which may overestimate sampling. When the sampler’s mouth was disconnected from the bed due to the morphology of the bottom, we find regions of divergence in the displacement of the sediments creating unrealistic results for bedload transport analysis. In addition, the presence of organic matter can be underestimated, which causes difficulties in analyzing the quality of the collections because it is not possible to guarantee an equity in the positioning of the equipment at the bottom of the channel. We thus recommend complementation Helley-Smith measurements with surrogate methods, for example such as using ADCPs or optical methods, as the one described here.

Topic: Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Annihilating and breaking Lorentz cone entanglement

Linear maps between finite-dimensional ordered vector spaces with orders induced by proper cones $C_A$ and $C_B$ are called entanglement breaking if their partial application sends the maximal tensor product $K\otimes_{\max} C_A$ into the minimal tensor product $K\otimes_{\min} C_B$ for any proper cone $K$. We study the larger class of Lorentz-entanglement breaking maps where $K$ is restricted to be a Lorentz cone of any dimension, i.e., any cone over a Euclidean ball. This class of maps appeared recently in the study of asymptotic entanglement annihilation and it is dual to the linear maps factoring through Lorentz cones. Our main results establish connections between these classes of maps and operator ideals studied in the theory of Banach spaces. For operators $u:X\rightarrow Y$ between finite-dimensional normed spaces $X$ and $Y$ we consider so-called central maps which are positive with respect to the cones $C_A=C_X$ and $C_B=C_Y$. We show how to characterize when such a map factors through a Lorentz cone and when it is Lorentz-entanglement breaking by using the Hilbert-space factorization norm $γ_2$ and its dual $γ^*_2$. We also study the class of Lorentz-entanglement annihilating maps whose local application sends the Lorentzian tensor product $C_A\otimes_{L} C_A$ into the minimal tensor product $C_B\otimes_{\min} C_B$. When $C_A$ is a cone over a finite-dimensional normed space and $C_B$ is a Lorentz cone itself, the central maps of this kind can be characterized by the $2$-summing norm $π_2$. Finally, we prove interesting connections between these classes of maps for general cones, and we identify examples with particular properties, e.g., cones with an analogue of the $2$-summing property.

Topic: Relativity and Gravitational Theory
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Negotiating “Local” Food: Eastern Part Indonesia Narratives and Perspectives

Calls for local food in Eastern Indonesia are often dominated by sago. Still, this attention is overshadowed by continuously glorifying rice as the primary staple, ignoring regional contexts and cultural identities. Through a collaborative forum called the Food Festival Archipelago (FFA), we engaged students in sharing their stories about local food to explore their experiences, imaginations, and cultural ties to Eastern Indonesian cuisine. Using creative methods such as podcasts, short stories, Instagram posts, and videos, we discovered that Java-centric food politics have distanced students from their local food heritage. This disconnection forces many to rely on elders to rediscover traditional food knowledge, highlighting a critical loss of cultural identity. This initiative amplifies marginalized food narratives and serves as an act of resistance against global hegemony, fostering resilience through re-localization efforts. Furthermore, our findings underscore the importance of strengthening food sovereignty and local cultural identity in policy discussions, addressing the challenges posed by modernization while celebrating the rich culinary heritage of Eastern Indonesia.

Topic: Culinary Culture and Tourism
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Application of BP Neural Network in Image Compression Under the Matlab

Artificial neural network plays the important role in more and more field, and the most basic network is BP (Back Propagation)neural network. Data was coded by BP neural network through multi-layer feedforward network to provide the ability of data compression. By data compression, image can be compressed, and it is called the application of artificial neural network in the image processing field. Using the artificial neural network to process image and through Matlab simulate experiment, the image can be compressed and reconstructed.

Topic: Advanced Algorithms and Applications
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A benchmark theoretical study of the electron affinities of benzene and linear acenes

A benchmark theoretical determination of the electron affinities of benzene and linear oligoacenes ranging from naphthalene to hexacene is presented, using the principles of a focal point analysis. These energy differences have been obtained from a series of single-point calculations at the Hartree–Fock, second-, third-, and partial fourth-order Møller–Plesset (MP2, MP3, and MP4SDQ) levels and from coupled cluster calculations including single and double excitations (CCSD) as well as perturbative estimates of connected triple excitations [CCSD(T)], using basis sets of improving quality, containing up to 1386, 1350, 1824, 1992, 1630, and 1910 basis functions in the computations, respectively. Studies of the convergence properties of these energy differences as a function of the size of the basis set and order attained in electronic correlation enable a determination of the vertical electron affinities of the four larger terms of the oligoacene (C2+4nH2+2n) series within chemical accuracy (0.04eV). According to our best estimates, these amount to +0.28, +0.82, +1.21, and +1.47eV when n=3, 4, 5, and 6. Adiabatic electron affinities have been further calculated by incorporating corrections for zero-point vibrational energies and for geometrical relaxations. The same procedure was applied to determine the vertical electron affinities of benzene and naphthalene, which are found to be markedly negative (∼−1.53 and ∼−0.48eV, respectively). Highly quantitative insights into experiments employing electron transmission spectroscopy on these compounds were also amenable from such an approach, provided diffuse atomic functions are deliberately removed from the basis set, in order to enforce confinement in the molecular region and enable a determination of pseudoadiabatic electron affinities (with respect to the timescale of nuclear motions). Comparison was made with calculations employing density functional theory and especially designed models that exploit the integer discontinuity in the potential or incorporate a potential wall in the unrestricted Kohn–Sham orbital equation for the anion.

Topic: Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Factors affecting tadpole growth: Development of a rearing system for the Neotropical leptodactylid Physalaemus pustulosus for ecotoxicological studies

The frog Physalaemus is potentially useful for ecotoxicological studies in the Neotropics, and on the large and neglected family Leptodactylidae. The biology of adults and foam nests is well known but larval growth is little studied, with previous estimates of 40-60 days to metamorphosis. We investigated multiple factors affecting growth and development (water change; water flow; diet type; substrate type; background colour; temperature; container hygiene; aeration; tadpole age; tadpole relatedness) to develop a laboratory rearing system, which finally achieved better than 95% survival and 95% metamorphosis of survivors by 18 d after collection of nests. The final system comprised 10 tadpoles L−1 (360 m−2) in 1 L still water (changed every 3 d) or 2 L flowing water (flow 2-3 L d−1) 4 cm deep at room temperature of 27°C, with 10 g L−1 puddle soil dried at 110°C, and fed ad libitum on pellet fish food. The soil was the most important factor, giving faster growth and development than even warm water (33°C). Pellet food improved dissolved oxygen (DO) compared to flakes and was simpler to use, but gave similar tadpole performance (survival and growth). Aeration was not necessary; this increased DO but did not affect tadpole performance, and neither did background colour or mixing tadpoles from different nests.

Topic: Amphibian and Reptile Biology
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Substantial but heterogeneous impacts of high-speed rail on talent flow in China

The great expansion of high-speed rail (HSR) in China facilitates communications and interactions among people across cities. Despite extensive literature documenting the effects of HSR on a variety of variables such as local economic development, research collaboration, tourism, and capital mobility, not much is known about how HSR affects the flow of well-educated workers, says talents. Here we estimate talent flow among Chinese cities based on large-scale resume data of online job seekers and explore how it is affected by HSR. Specifically, we employ both a multiple linear regression model that controls for several socioeconomic factors and a two-stage least square regression model that instruments the introduction of HSR to a city to address endogeneity concerns. We find that the introduction of HSR has an overall positive effect on the talent net inflow of a city although both inflow and outflow are increased. Moreover, the effects of HSR on talent flow are rather heterogeneous for cities with different levels of economic development and for talents working in different industries. Specifically, developed cities benefit from HSR, whereas less-developed cities are relatively impaired. Cities connected by HSR show significant advantage in attracting talents from secondary and tertiary industries. These substantial but heterogeneous effects of HSR suggest a critical need for more comprehensive thinking about the long-term benefits of entering the HSR network, especially for less-developed cities and those with comparative advantage in manufacturing and service industries.

Topic: Aviation Industry Analysis and Trends
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Existence of Quasi-Stationary Distributions. A Renewal Dynamical Approach

We consider Markov processes on the positive integers for which the origin is an absorbing state. Quasi-stationary distributions (qsd's) are described as fixed points of a transformation $\\Phi$ in the space of probability measures. Under the assumption that the absorption time at the origin, $R,$ of the process starting from state $x$ goes to infinity in probability as $x \\rightarrow \\infty$, we show that the existence of a $\\operatorname{qsd}$ is equivalent to $E_xe^{\\lambda R} &lt; \\infty$ for some positive $\\lambda$ and $x$. We also prove that a subsequence of $\\Phi^n\\delta_x$ converges to a minimal $\\operatorname{qsd}$. For a birth and death process we prove that $\\Phi^n\\delta_x$ converges along the full sequence to the minimal $\\operatorname{qsd}$. The method is based on the study of the renewal process with interarrival times distributed as the absorption time of the Markov process with a given initial measure $\\mu$. The key tool is the fact that the residual time in that renewal process has as stationary distribution the distribution of the absorption time of $\\Phi\\mu$.

Topic: Stochastic processes and statistical mechanics
Subfield: Mathematical Physics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Plasma electron contribution to beam emittance growth from Coulomb collisions in plasma-based accelerators

This dataset contains some supplementary material for the paper published in the journal Physics of Plasmas. There are two folders in the compressed file. One includes two input files that are used for the open-source particle-in-cell code WarpX(https://github.com/ECP-WarpX/WarpX/). The other includes figure files, and the plotting scripts.

Topic: Plasma Diagnostics and Applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Protective effect of cysteine—HCl on vitamin C in dehydrated pickled/candied pineapples and guava

Abstract Dehydrated pickled/candied guava and pineapples pretreated with 0.24 g kg −1 cysteine hydrochloride (cys‐HCl) had increased ascorbic acid retention and reduced colour change during storage. Dehydrated pineapples pretreated with cys‐HCl had two to three times the ascorbic acid content of control or metabisulphite‐treated products. The rate of ascorbic acid loss for all products stored at room temperature were similar, showing that cys‐HCl was only protective towards ascorbic acid during the preparation and dehydration process. Candied dehydrated guava showed less colour change and higher ascorbic acid retention (about 57%) than pickled guava (ascorbic acid retention about 30%). Cys‐HCl was quite effective in reducing browning of candied pineapples but not pickled pineapples. Sensory evaluation showed that candied guava pretreated with 0.24 g kg −1 cys‐HCl was generally preferred over the other dehydrated guava products. Cys‐HCl‐treated candied pineapples had the best flavour compared with all other dehydrated pineapple products. Cys‐HCl appeared to favour conversion of glucose to fructose during storage of dehydrated pineapples.

Topic: Pineapple and bromelain studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
“A Treacherous Tightrope”

This chapter, by Alice Lovejoy, chronicles the United States Office of War Information’s plans to distribute forty Hollywood feature films in liberated Europe under the auspices of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force’s Psychological Warfare Division (PWD-SHAEF). From the comparative perspectives of OWI and the Allied countries for which the films were destined (Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, and Czechoslovakia, its central case study), it examines the economic, ideological, and pragmatic questions that intersected in these films’ selection and distribution, focusing on the tensions caused by OWI’s close relationship with the American film industry. The chapter argues that the case study of these forty films highlights Europe’s fraught political, cultural, and diplomatic relationship with American cinema on the cusp of the Cold War, as well as the complex logics underpinning film distribution in this period.

Topic: European history and politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Evaluation of the human interferon system in viral disease.

The interferon (IFN) system in man regulates viral replication, cell multiplication and immune functions. Its action against viruses takes place in two stages. The first is the production of IFN by cells following stimulation by a variety of IFN inducers including viruses, and the second is the action of this IFN on other cells inducing in them an antiviral state which prevents replication of infecting viruses. A series of assays is described which evaluates these different parameters of the antiviral IFN system. An attempt was made to correlate between IFN production and cell response to IFN on the one hand, and clinical status on the other. Results show that healthy persons have little or no IFN in the blood (mean less than 4 units/ml), and that in 94% their PBMC are not in an antiviral state. On the other hand, patients with acute viral diseases have significantly increased levels of IFN in their blood (mean 150 +/- 284 units/ml), and in 70% their cells are in an antiviral state. In some seriously ill patients with viral disease, the IFN system was found to be functionally deficient and treatment with human leucocyte IFN rapidly changed this. It is concluded that the examination of several biological parameters of the IFN system including the intracellular antiviral state induced by IFN is necessary in order to better evaluate this antiviral system. This will enable the clinician to obtain optimal pharmacokinetic information for determining which cases are most likely to respond to IFN therapy, and help to monitor the efficacy of this treatment.

Topic: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Introducing Shaykh Tusi’s Hermeneutic Perspective in Interpreting the Revelation Words and Predicates with an Emphasis on “Al-Tebyan Fi Tafsir Al-Quran”

Shaykh Tusi (1068) is considered as a prominent Shīte interpreter who authored “Al-Tebyan Fi Tafsir Al-Quran” in literary-linguistic genre in fifth hegira century. The recognition of the language of the holy script and its various properties constitute Shaykh Tus’s hermeneutic body. By systematic advancement of two various methods in the entirety of Al-Tebyan Exegesis, Shaykh Tusi has made efforts to develop his interpretation perspectives and lay them on the foundation of intellectuality and its indicative tool, Arabic language and linguistics. The author intended in this academic research article to introduce and investigate Shaykh Tusi’s hermeneutic methods that have been so far left unknown.

Topic: Education and Islamic Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Extrapolating published survival curves to obtain evidence‐based estimates of life expectancy in cerebral palsy

Studies reporting long‐term survival probabilities for cohorts of persons with cerebral palsy provide evidence‐based information on the life expectancy of those cohorts. Some studies have provided estimates of life expectancy based on extrapolation of such evidence, whereas many others have opted not to do so. Here we review the basic methods of life table analysis necessary for performing such extrapolations, and apply these methods to obtain evidence‐based estimates of life expectancy from several studies that do not report such estimates themselves.

Topic: Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Optimization of a New Asymmetric-Hybrid-PM Machine With High Torque Density and Low Torque Ripple Considering the Difference of Magnetic Materials

In this article, a new asymmetric PM-placed rotor topology is applied to the conventional less-rare-Earth hybrid magnet machine, where such new placement of hybrid magnets can be designed to improve the torque performance effectively. Considering the difference between the two magnetic materials, the optimal placement scheme of NdFeB-PMs and ferrite-PMs in the rotor are determined by theoretical derivation of equivalent magnetic circuit and finite element analysis. Based on the torque component separation analysis using frozen permeability method, the sizes of the two magnets are preliminarily designed to improve the utilization of reluctance torque and to reduce the superposition coupling loss of PM torque. Then, based on the parameter sensitivity analysis, the proposed asymmetric-hybrid-PM machine (AHPM) is further optimized aiming at the multi-objective of torque performance and anti-demagnetization performance. Finally, a prototype motor is fabricated and tested. Both the theoretical analysis and experimental results verify the effectiveness and reasonability of the AHPM and the proposed design method.

Topic: Electric Motor Design and Analysis
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Brain reserve and cognitive reserve protect against cognitive decline over 4.5 years in MS

We provide longitudinal support for theories of brain reserve and cognitive reserve in MS. Larger MLBG protects against decline in cognitive efficiency, and greater intellectual enrichment protects against decline in cognitive efficiency and memory. Consideration of these protective factors should improve prediction of future cognitive decline in patients with MS.

Topic: Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences