jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of climate change of the quality of Citrus fruit produced in South Africa

Climate change is an observed reality with a significant impact globally. South Africa is not immune to this phenomenon. Like the rest of the world, South Africa experiences rise in mean air temperature and changes in rainfall trends. Since plant systems are influenced by weather, it is expected that climate change will have an effect on the production and quality of fruit. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of climate change on the quality of citrus fruit produced in South Africa. In conducting the study, historical fruit quality data was collected from packhouses in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa over a period of 12 and 8 years respectively. Trend analysis was done on the data to determine whether there is a trend that can be observed over the period of data collection. The total soluble solids of fruit showed a marginal increase over the period of observation. Titratable acidity showed a marginal decrease. The incidence of sunburn on fruit seemed to increase over time. Other disorders like decay, creasing and oleocellosis did not show a definite trend of increasing or decreasing over time. Rind disorders seemed to decrease during the period of observation. This report discusses how the observed trends were influenced by changes in rainfall and temperature over the period of observation. It is then concluded that in this case study, the impact of climate change was not very profound and it had both negative and positive effects. The current results point toward a bleak future for citrus producers. To remain profitable, it may be necessary for producers to invest in climate change adaptation technologies. Key words: Climate change, citrus fruit, fruit quality, oleocellosis, titratable acidity

Topic: Plant Physiology and Cultivation Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
TherMos&gt;sup&lt;3&gt;/sup&lt;: a 3D electrothermal simulator for Smart Power Devices

In this paper, we report on a novel simulation tool designed for the 3D coupled electro-thermal simulation of smart power devices, that is a tool capable of taking into account not only the electrical (and thermal) behaviour of the power device but also the different driving strategies as they are imposed by a control logic circuit which usually resides on the same chip. To validate the proposed approach, simulator results are compared to experimental data obtained on a commercial smart power device used in automotive applications

Topic: Real-time simulation and control systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
On-Line Multi-Gearbox Monitoring of a Wire Rod Finishing Mill

A microcomputer-based on-line vibration monitoring system has been developed in the School of Engineering and has now been successfully implemented at Cardiff Rod Mill. The justification for condition monitoring is presented and details are then given on the final system chosen, appropriate operational procedures and some unforeseen operational problem detections.

Topic: Metallurgy and Material Forming
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Electron and hole accumulations at GaN/AlInN/GaN interfaces and conductive n-type AlInN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors

Abstract We investigated electron and hole accumulations at GaN/AlInN/GaN interfaces by Hall effect measurement. The InN mole fraction and temperature dependences on the sheet carrier densities at the interfaces reveal that electrons and holes were induced by large positive and negative polarization charges to satisfy the charge neutrality conditions, respectively. On the basis of the above results, we then designed and demonstrated a low-resistity 10-pair Si-doped n-type AlInN/GaN distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) by using high Si doped and graded layers at the GaN/AlInN interfaces. The low-resistity n-type AlInN/GaN DBR will reduce the resistance and the internal loss in blue vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers.

Topic: GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Atrial fibrillation screening with photo-plethysmography through a smartphone camera

Abstract Aims This cross-sectional study was set up to assess the feasibility of mass screening for atrial fibrillation (AF) with only the use of a smartphone. Methods and results A local newspaper published an article, allowing to subscribe for a 7-day screening period to detect AF. Screening was performed through an application that uses photo-plethysmography (PPG) technology by exploiting a smartphone camera. Participants received instructions on how to perform correct measurements twice daily, with notifications pushed through the application’s software. In case of heart rhythm irregularities, raw PPG signals underwent secondary offline analysis to confirm a final diagnosis. From 12 328 readers who voluntarily signed up for screening (49 ± 14 years; 58% men), 120 446 unique PPG traces were obtained. Photo-plethysmography signal quality was adequate for analysis in 92% of cases. Possible AF was detected in 136 individuals (1.1%). They were older (P &lt; 0.001), more frequently men (P &lt; 0.001), and had higher body mass index (P = 0.004). In addition, participants who strictly adhered to the recommended screening frequency (i.e. twice daily) were more often diagnosed with possible AF (1.9% vs. 1.0% in individuals who did not adhere; P = 0.008). Symptoms of palpitations, confusion, and shortness of breath were more frequent in case of AF (P &lt; 0.001). The cumulative diagnostic yield for possible AF increased from 0.4% with a single heart rhythm assessment to 1.4% with screening during the entire 7-day screening period. Conclusion Mass screening for AF using only a smartphone with dedicated application based on PPG technology is feasible and attractive because of its low cost and logistic requirements.

Topic: Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Physical activity level and fall risk among community-dwelling older adults

[Purpose] To find the physical activity level and fall risk among the community-dwelling Malaysian older adults and determine the correlation between them. [Subjects and Methods] A cross-sectional study was conducted in which, the physical activity level was evaluated using the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity questionnaire and fall risk with Fall Risk Assessment Tool. Subjects recruited were 132 community-dwelling Malaysian older adults using the convenience sampling method. [Results] The majority of the participants were under the category of under-active regular light-activities and most of them reported low fall risk. The statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test did not show a significant correlation between physical activity level and fall risk. [Conclusion] The majority of community-dwelling Malaysian older adults are performing some form of physical activity and in low fall risk category. But this study did not find any significant correlation between physical activity level and fall risk among community-dwelling older adults in Malaysia.

Topic: Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Subfield: Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Reluctant Pioneers

Reluctant Pioneers describes the migration of Chinese to Manchuria, their settlement there, and the incorporation of Manchuria into an expanding China, from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries. The expansion of Chinese state and society from the agrarian and urban core of China proper to the territories north and west of the Great Wall doubled the size of the empire, forming the "China" now so prominent on the map of Asia. The movement and settlement of people, clearing and cultivation of land, invasions of soldiers, circulation of merchants, and establishment of government offices extended the boundaries of China at the same time that the American expansion westward and the Russian expansion eastward created the other great landed empires that dominated the twentieth century and persist today. The chief purpose of this book is to describe the Chinese experience and what it tells us about the expansion of states and societies, drawing comparisons with Russia and America, and reflecting on the nature of what scholars since Frederick Jackson Turner have called "frontiers" and what Turner's critics now call "borderlands" or "middle ground." In addition, the book touches on several other issues central to our understanding of modern China, such as the development of the Chinese economy and the nature of Chinese migration.

Topic: Chinese history and philosophy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Effect of Adding Fermented Juice of Epiphytic Lactic Acid Bacteria Prepared with Different Sources and Levels of Soluble Carbohydrates on Chemical Composition, Fermentation and Quality Characteristics of Wheat Straw Silages

Abstract This study was conducted in Nutrition laboratory belonged to Animal Production Department-Agriculture College - Al-Qasim Green University to investigate the effect of adding fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) prepared with different sources and levels of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) on chemical composition, fermentation and quality characteristics of wheat straw silages (WSS). The FJLB was prepared from wild reed plant with three sources of WSC including glucose (G) at 1 and 2% (w/v, FJLB-G 1 , FJLB-G 2 ), cane molasses (M) at 3 and 5% (w/v, FJLB-M 3 , FJLB-M 5 ) and date molasses (D) at 3 and 5% (w/v, FJLB-D 3 , FJLB-D 5 ). According to the source and level of FJLB, six samples of WSS were prepared by adding each FJLB at level of 1%. For control WWS, distilled water was added at similar quantity as FJLB (WWS-C). Urea and molasses were added to all samples at level of 1 and 10% on dry matter (DM) basis. Samples of WSS were tightly packed in double plastic bags and ensiled anaerobically for 45 days. Color of WSS samples were characterized with acceptable smell. Results showed that there was a significant decrease (p&lt;0.01) in DM content of WWS samples prepared with FJLB-M 3 and FJLB-M 5 as compared with WWS-C. However, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and crude fiber (CF) contents in WWS were not affected by addition of FJLB. Addition of FJLB improved fermentation characteristics of WWS, lactic acid (LA) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were significantly (p&lt;0.01) increased. Moreover, lower (p&lt;0.01) DM losses were estimated in WSS prepared FJLBs.

Topic: Phytase and its Applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Control of Excited-State Supramolecular Assembly Leading to Halide Photorelease

Ground- and excited-state control of halide supramolecular assembly was achieved through the preparation of a series of ester- and amide-functionalized ruthenium polypyridyl complexes in CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. Hydrogen-bonding amide and alcohol groups on the receptor ligand were found to direct interactions with halide, while halide association with the ethyl ester groups was not observed. The various functional groups on the receptor ligands tuned the ground-state equilibrium constants over 2 orders of magnitude (1 × 10<sup>5</sup> to 1 × 10<sup>7</sup> M<sup>-1</sup>), and the fractional contribution of each hydrogen-bond donor to the total equilibrium constant was determined. Pulsed-laser excitation of the complexes resulted in excited-state localization on the ester- or amide-functionalized ligands. In the case where the excited state was oriented toward an associated halide ion (the amide complexes), an 80 ± 10 meV Coulombic repulsion was induced that lowered the excited-state equilibrium constant ( K*<sub>eq</sub>) and resulted in halide photorelease. The rate constants for excited-state halide release ( k*<sub>21</sub>) were determined, and the values varied based on the functional groups present in the receptor ligand. Complexes with more hydrogen-bonding donors had smaller rate constants for halide photorelease. In a complex without a specific receptor ligand, the excited-state dipole was not oriented toward the associated halide, and the excited state was therefore found to have a larger equilibrium constant for halide association than the ground state.

Topic: Photochromic and Fluorescence Chemistry
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Data from The Neddylation Inhibitor Pevonedistat (MLN4924) Suppresses and Radiosensitizes Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Cells and Tumors

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;The cullin RING E3 ubiquitin ligase 4 (CRL4) with its substrate receptor CDT2 (CRL4-CDT2) is emerging as a critical regulator of DNA replication through targeting CDT1, SET8, and p21 for ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. The aberrant increased stability of these proteins in cells with inactivated CRL4-CDT2 results in DNA rereplication, which is deleterious to cells due to the accumulation of replication intermediates and stalled replication forks. Here, we demonstrate that CDT2 is overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and its depletion by siRNA inhibits the proliferation of human papilloma virus–negative (HPV-ve) HNSCC cells primarily through the induction of rereplication. Treatment of HNSCC with the NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor pevonedistat (MLN4924), which inhibits all cullin-based ligases, induces significant rereplication and inhibits HNSCC cell proliferation in culture and HNSCC xenografts in mice. Pevonedistat additionally sensitizes HNSCC cells to ionizing radiation (IR) and enhances IR-induced suppression of xenografts in mice. Induction of rereplication via CDT2 depletion, or via the stabilization or activation of CDT1, also radiosensitizes HNSCC cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that induction of rereplication represents a novel approach to treating radioresistant HNSCC tumors and suggest that pevonedistat may be considered as an adjuvant for IR-based treatments. &lt;i&gt;Mol Cancer Ther; 17(2); 368–80. ©2017 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;See all articles in this &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/17/2#MCTFocus" target="_blank"&gt;MCT Focus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; section, “Developmental Therapeutics in Radiation Oncology.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Relations for estimating unit-hydrograph parameters in New Mexico

Data collected from 20 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations, most of which were operated in New Mexico between about 1969 and 1977, were used to define hydrograph characteristics for small New Mexico streams. Drainage areas for the gaging stations ranged from 0.23 to 18.2 square miles. Observed values for the hydrograph characteristics were determined for 87 of the most significant rainfall-runoff events at these gaging stations and were used to define regional regression relations with basin characteristics. Regional relations defined lag time (tl), time of concentration (tc), and time to peak (tp) as functions of stream length and basin shape. The regional equation developed for time of concentration for New Mexico agrees well with the Kirpich equation developed for Tennessee. The Kirpich equation is based on stream length and channel slope, whereas the New Mexico equation is based on stream length and basin shape. Both equations, however, underestimate tc when applied to larger basins where tc is greater than about 2 hours. The median ratio between tp and tc for the observed data was 0.66, which equals the value (0.67) recommended by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service). However, the median ratio between tl and tc was only 0.42, whereas the commonly used ratio is 0.60. A relation also was developed between unit-peak discharge (qu) and time of concentration. The unit-peak discharge relation is similar in slope to the Natural Resources Conservation Service equation, but the equation developed for New Mexico in this study produces estimates of qu that range from two to three times as large as those estimated from the Natural Resources Conservation Service equation. An average value of 833 was determined for the empirical constant Kp. A default value of 484 has been used by the Natural Resources Conservation Service when site-specific data are not available. The use of a lower value of Kp in calculations generally results in a lower peak discharge. A relation between the empirical constant Kp and average channel slope was defined in this study. The predicted Kp values from the equation ranged from 530 to 964 for the 20 flood-hydrograph gaging stations. The standard error of estimate for the equation is 36 percent.

Topic: Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies
Subfield: Water Science and Technology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Flow, sediment transport, and bed topography in straight and curved gravel-bed channels

In recent years, many river restoration projects have aimed to restore natural channel stability and dynamism by re-establishing channel meanders lost to historical channelization. An understanding of meandering channel behavior is crucial to successful restoration of these rivers. Meandering and straight channels differ greatly in terms of sediment transport, velocity, and flow patterns under equilibrium conditions. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms responsible for sorting patterns in mixed-grain straight and curved channels using flume experiments. After an absence of sorting was observed in the flume experiments, the study objective was modified to: 1) investigate the formation, behavior, and dynamics of free and forced bars within a straight channel with and without an upstream barrier and 2) explore the mechanism that accommodates for spatial boundary shear stress variations in curved gravel bed channels. The flume experiments involved detailed measurements of bed topography, velocity, and sediment transport in both a curved channel and straight channel with and without an upstream obstruction. It was expected that the gravel bed meandering river would compensate for spatial variability in boundary shear stress through surface grain size adjustment (sorting), as opposed to sediment transport convergence. Instead, the data reveal sediment transport divergence as the primary mechanism for balancing shear stress variability. The lack of sorting may likely be attributed to low excess shear stress and steady, rather than unsteady flow conditions. Regarding free and forced bar behavior, no stability was achieved in the straight channel without an obstruction. This can be attributed to a range of factors related to upstream boundary conditions, shear stress, and lack of forcing topography. It is suggested that future studies utilize both higher excess shear stress and unsteady flow conditions in investigating shear stress variability in curved gravel-bed channels.

Topic: Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cultural Discontinuities and Schooling

Anthropologists have long hypothesized that major differences in the school experiences of various populations lie in the discontinuities between their cultural backgrounds and the culture of the schools. Research has, therefore, generally focused on differences in cultural values, cognitive, motivational, communicative, and interactional domains that are presumed to affect school experience. This paper attempts to refine the cultural discontinuity hypothesis by distinguishing between three types of discontinuities: universal, primary, and secondary discontinuities. It is suggested that each is more or less associated with a distinct type of school “problems” and that some problems of racial or castelike minority students in societies like the United States arise principally from secondary cultural discontinuities. ANTHROPOLOGY, BLACK AMERICANS, CULTURAL DISCONTINUITIES, CULTURAL PLURALISM, MINORITY EDUCATION.

Topic: Early Childhood Education and Development
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Role of Teachers and Parents in Realizing Character Education in the Digital Era

The digital era in fact still gives teachers and parents worries with various content that leads to "negative" changes in student attitude. In addition, teachers and parents still throw responsibilities at each other when students' attitudes deviate from character values. This study aims to explore the role of teachers and parents in realizing a character generation in the midst of digital development. This study adopts a qualitative descriptive approach with the library research method. Data is collected from primary and secondary sources such as research reports in international and national journals, proceedings articles, and books. The data analysis technique uses descriptive content analysis by selecting, processing, and describing the data findings into research results. The results of this study indicate that parents and teachers have the same role and have a great influence in implementing character education in the digital era, through programs developed in schools and monitoring, mentoring, and learning activities from parents to children at home. The findings of this study describe that teachers and parents are special creatures that Allah sent to mediate the realization a generation of characters according to Islamic guidance.

Topic: Education and Character Development
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Substance of Altruism in International Law: Environmental Justice for the Other

This chapter considers the major features of international environmental governance that are manifestations of altruism. It begins from the observation that the very premise of international environmental law is the no-harm principle which, while not altruistic per se, illustrates the structurally inherent concern for the other at the heart of the regime. The chapter continues by appraising the emergence of concern for the individual, and in particular procedures through which those in other countries can participate in environmental decision-making or have recourse to justice where they are subject to environmental harm. Moreover, international human rights law is interacting with international environmental law to extend the environmental obligations that states have to people third countries. The universality of international environmental law obligations is also manifested in principles such as intergenerational equity, which is an altruistic consideration for people of the future. Finally, the chapter considers the increasing prevalence of common but differentiated responsibilities and commitments made to developing countries in the area of environmental protection. A particular focus is placed on the importance of financial and technical assistance.

Topic: Environmental law and policy
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Managers' Empowerment In High School By Knowledge Management

The purpose of the present study is the investigation of the relationship between knowledge management and enabling managers based on achieving proper function. This research is descriptive and investigative. The sample includes all male and female high school managers of first and second regions of Urmia including 98 school and accordingly 98 managers. The instrument applied was a questionnaire. To sum up, there is a statistically significant relationship between knowledge management and empowering managers. In the end, several suggestions are provided.

Topic: Technology-Enhanced Education Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences