jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Nitric oxide regulates NMDA‐driven GABAergic inputs to type I neurones of the rat paraventricular nucleus.

1. Whole‐cell recordings were obtained from type I paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurones in coronal slices of rat hypothalamus to study the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the modulation of inhibitory transmission resulting from the activation of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors by the high affinity receptor agonist D,L‐tetrazol‐5‐ylglycine. 2. A brief pulse of NMDA agonist (0.1‐10 microM) faithfully elicited increases in action potential firing frequency in all type I cells tested (n = 55). In cells with membrane potentials positive to ‐75 mV, this excitation was accompanied by an underlying depolarization (&gt; 2 mV) in the majority of cases (n = 45). At membrane potentials negative to ‐75 mV, NMDA agonist application elicited an initial monotonie depolarization, which was auxiliary to profound, rhythmic oscillations of the membrane potential, resulting in the emergence of burst‐like activity in these cells (n = 8). 3. In addition to depolarizing the neurones, the NMDA agonist also elicited inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in 40% (n = 22) of the cells tested. The IPSPs were inhibited by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI). 4. Microdialysis of NO into the PVN has been shown to increase local levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters, including GABA. The possibility that NO‐induced increases in GABA lead to an increase in inhibitory synaptic activity in PVN was investigated by administering NO by three different methods. Bath application of the donor compound, S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐penicillamine (SNAP; n = 7), bubbled NO solution (n = 5), or the NO precursor L‐arginine (n = 6) all elicited increases in IPSP frequency. 5. Production of NO in other brain centres has been linked to the activation of the NMDA receptor. In order to determine whether the increase in IPSPs following NMDA was the result of activation of NO, the production of NO was blocked with the NO synthase inhibitor N omega‐nitro‐L‐arginine methylester (L‐NAME). Subsequent NMDA receptor activation elicited more pronounced depolarizations, but there was no accompanying increase in IPSP frequency (n = 5). 6. This study demonstrates that GABAergic inhibition resulting from NMDA receptor activation can be regulated profoundly by NO. By increasing inhibitory transmission within a nucleus, NO may serve as an important intermediary in the regulation of neuronal excitability in the central nervous system.

Topic: Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Subfield: Endocrine and Autonomic Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Simultaneous determination of gastric cancer biomarkers pepsinogen PGI/PGII using element tagged immunoassay coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection

Abstract Objectives In this study, a new immunoassay for the simultaneous determination of pepsinogen I (PGI) and pepsinogen II (PGII) in serum based on element labeling strategy coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) detection was proposed. Methods The sandwich‐type immunoassay was used to simultaneously detect PGI and PGII in serum. PGI and PGII were captured by anti‐PGI and anti‐PGII antibody immobilized on the magnetic beads and then banded with Eu 3+ labeled anti‐PGI detection antibody and Sm 3+ labeled anti‐PGII detection antibody, followed by ICP‐MS detection. Results The linear correlation coefficient ( R 2 ) of PGI and PGII standard curves was .9938 and .9911, with the dynamic range of 0‐200 ng/mL and 0‐60 ng/mL, respectively. The limit of detection for PGI and PGII was 1.8 ng/mL and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively. The average recovery was 101.41% ± 6.74% for PGI and 101.47% ± 4.20% for PGII. Good correlations were obtained between the proposed method and CLIA ( r = .9588 for PGI, r = .9853 for PGII). Conclusions We established a mass spectrometry‐based immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of PGI and PGII in a single analysis. The element tagged immunoassay coupled with ICP‐MS detection has high sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity in clinical serum sample analysis.

Topic: Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Robert Irwin : all the rules will change

The first publication to focus exclusively on Irwin'sextraordinary trajectory during the 1960s, this book exploreshow the artist moved from creating small-scale, abstractpaintings to temporary installations that responded to thespecific circumstances of a given site. During this relativelybrief interval, Irwin methodically interrogated the mostessential premises of art and, in the process, ultimatelyredefined what a work of art could be, proposing that art not belimited to objects but be considered a way of seeing. Featuringa diverse selection of works, this publication immerses thereader in Irwin's groundbreaking investigations into the natureof colour, light and perception. The essays offer fresh insightsonto Irwin's art while highlighting his pivotal role in the broaderaesthetic developments in the 1960s. The book also includestext by Irwin and a discussion of his new, large-scale immersiveinstallation created in response to the Hirshhorn's iconic roundarchitecture.

Topic: Art, Technology, and Culture
Subfield: Visual Arts and Performing Arts
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Local Welfare Systems: A Challenge for Social Cohesion

In recent decades, local welfare systems have been emerging in many Western countries as a consequence of bottom–up and top–down transformative pressures. Local welfare systems are defined as dynamic arrangements in which the specific local socioeconomic and cultural conditions give rise to different mixes of formal and informal actors, public or not, involved in the provision of welfare resources. This article presents some of the most important implications related to the emergence of local welfare systems and the challenges they face in seeking to build social cohesion. After a brief description of the reasons that justify a local approach to welfare, an account is provided of the scientific debate on local welfare and an indication given of the possible relations and tensions between the emergence of local welfare systems and the production of social cohesion.

Topic: Social Policy and Reform Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Role of Autoimmunity on the Relation Between Erosions and Bone Mineral Density in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Clinical Research

Abstract IntroductionBoth erosions and osteoporosis are present in rheumatoid arthritis and are related to RANK-L pathway activation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between erosion and bone mineral density (BMD) in RA and whether it can be driven by autoimmunity.Patients and methodsPatients followed in the Department of Rheumatology between January 2008 and May 2019 satisfied the 1987 ACR or 2010 ACR-EULAR criteria. Erosions were evaluated by the modified Sharp/van der Heidje erosion score (SHSe) on radiographs and bone mineral density (BMD) in g/cm 2 and by the T-score at the hip on DXA. The presence and titers of ACPA as well as rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) were recorded at intervals of less than 2 years for both DXA and radiography.ResultsA total of 149 patients met the inclusion criteria. A total of 61.1% were ACPA positive, 79.9% were erosive and 10.7% had a hip T-score ≤-2.5. ACPA status but not titers was associated with a higher erosion score (63.0 (53.2) for ACPA + vs. 45.5 (44.1) for ACPA – (p= 0.04)). ACPA titers were associated with lower BMD at the hip (value -0.216; p=0.01) but not with T-score. A higher erosion score was associated with a lower BMD (R 2 : 0,049 and value: -0.222; p=0.009) and T-score (R 2 : 0,158 and value -0.397; p&lt;0.0001) at the hip. In linear regression, erosion and systemic bone loss were still associated with but not driven by ACPA status or titer. RF and ANA did not demonstrate any role in this association.ConclusionWe showed that the relationship between erosion and bone mineral density associated with RA does not seem to be driven by ACPA or other autoimmunity parameters. However, the presence of ACPA or erosion should lead to osteoporosis assessment.

Topic: Rheumatoid Arthritis Research and Therapies
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis between Embryogenic and Non-Embryogenic Callus of Davidia involucrata

Davidia involucrata Baill. (D. involucrata), a rare and endangered wild plant, is native to China and is globally recognized as an ornamental tree species. However, D. involucrata exhibits inherent biological characteristics that contribute to its low reproductive efficiency. To address this challenge, somatic embryogenesis, a biotechnological method, offers numerous advantages, including enhanced reproductive efficiency, a large reproductive coefficient, and a complete structural composition. Consequently, somatic embryogenesis holds significant value in the propagation and genetic improvement of this particular tree species. In a previous study, we utilized immature zygotic embryos of D. involucrata as explants and induced somatic embryogenesis from embryogenic callus, thereby establishing a rapid propagation and plant regeneration scheme. In this study, we utilized Illumina RNA sequencing to compare the transcriptomes of the embryogenic callus (EC) and non-embryogenic callus (NEC) of D. involucrata. The analysis revealed 131,109 unigenes assembled from EC and NEC, and 12,806 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. To verify the authenticity of the transcriptome sequencing results, qRT-PCR was performed and 16 DEGs were screened, with the stable reference gene UBQ being selected. Our analysis focused on genes related to plant growth regulators and somatic embryogenesis, such as the Aux, IAA, ARF, GH3, AHP, ARR, CYCD, BBM, WUS, GRF, SERK, and WOX gene families. We found that certain genes in these families were significantly upregulated in EC induction compared to NEC, indicating that they play crucial roles in D. involucrata cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell totipotency. These results offer new insights into the role of these gene families in EC, and may guide efforts to improve the somatic embryo induction, culture conditions, and genetic transformation efficiency of D. involucrata.

Topic: Plant tissue culture and regeneration
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Complexity of the Treatment: The Decision-Making Process Among Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis

There are effective medications available for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); yet, medication adherence remains a problem. In this study, grounded theory methodology was used to investigate the decision-making process used by 30 women with RA when deciding to participate in an evidence-based treatment regimen for this disease. From the study findings, a four-phase process was identified. Pain, life functioning, and exhaustion of health care resources are the components of the initial phase, decision initiation. During knowledge acquisition, the second phase, patients attain information about RA and medications used for its treatment from varying sources. The third phase, trusting the health care provider, is defined by a trusting relationship between patients and health care providers. Patients decide to take or not take medications for RA during the final phase, decision is made. The participating women with RA used a complex decision-making process when deciding to take medications for this disease.

Topic: Rheumatoid Arthritis Research and Therapies
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A new logit‐artificial neural network ensemble for mode choice modeling: a case study for border transport

Summary Logit model is one of the statistical techniques commonly used for mode choice modeling, while artificial neural network (ANN) is a very popular type of artificial intelligence technique used for mode choice modeling. Ensemble learning has evolved to be very effective approach to enhance the performance for many applications through integration of different models. In spite of this advantage, the use of ANN‐based ensembles in mode choice modeling is under explored. The focus of this study is to investigate the use of aforementioned techniques for different number of transportation modes and predictor variables. This study proposes a logit‐ANN ensemble for mode choice modeling and investigates its efficiency in different situations. Travel between Khobar‐Dammam metropolitan area of Saudi Arabia and Kingdom of Bahrain is selected for mode choice modeling. The travel on this route can be performed mainly by air travel or private vehicle through King Fahd causeway. The results show that the proposed ensemble gives consistently better accuracies than single models for multinomial choice problems irrespective of number of input variables. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Topic: Transportation Planning and Optimization
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Characterization and localization of large sulfated glycoproteins in the extracellular matrix of the developing asteroid <i>Pisaster ochraceus</i>

In this study techniques commonly used to extract and purify proteoglycans of vertebrates were applied to the embryo of the asteroid Pisaster ochraceus at the early bipinnaria larva stage, a stage in which extensive cell migration is occurring within the extracellular matrix of the blastocoel. Several large sulfated glycoproteins were isolated and shown to consist of protein cores covalently bound to sulfated polysaccharide chains. The polysaccharide chains consisted primarily of neutral sugars and were not susceptible to glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes, suggesting that these were not glycosaminoglycans. The sulfated glycoproteins could be fractionated by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate – agarose – acrylamide composite gels. Two types of monoclonal antibodies prepared against isolated extracellular matrix of these embryos reacted with two subsets of bands on Western blots of the composite gels. Staining of sections of the embryos with the antibodies showed that the epitopes that they recognized were located throughout the extracellular matrices of the embryos. That these high molecular weight glycoproteins were located within the extracellular matrix of the embryos suggests that they may be involved in the control of morphogenesis and cellular movement.Key words: extracellular matrix, sulfated glycoproteins developing asteroid, monoclonal antibodies.

Topic: Biodiesel Production and Applications
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Resolution in Time of Two Electrophoretic Peaks

Abstract The question of whether a gel gradient can improve the resolvability of two peaks by means of gel electrophoresis is studied. The criterion used is the time to a specific resolution, defined as the time to the appearance of a minimum in the concentration profile between the peaks. Although the analysis is phrased in terms of gel electrophoresis, it is more generally applicable to other separation techniques.

Topic: Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Sulfur adsorption near a step on Al

Local density-functional calculations show that on Al(331), a S adatom binds preferentially in a step-edge geometry, where it can passivate two relatively undercoordinated surface Al atoms, where it can simultaneously satisfy its own need to complete a closed-shell electronic configuration, and where its nonbonding electrons are minimally repelled by electrons of the substrate. In contrast, on the close-packed Al(111) surface, S optimally resides in a high-coordination site, specifically, a fcc threefold hollow.

Topic: Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Elucidating the Cellular Mechanism for E2-induced Dermal Fibrosis

<title>Abstract</title> <bold>Background:</bold> Both TGFb and estradiol (E2), a form of estrogen, are pro-fibrotic in the skin. In the connective tissue disease, systemic sclerosis (SSc), both TGFb and E2 are likely pathogenic. Yet, the regulation of TGFb in E2-induced dermal fibrosis remains ill-defined. Elucidating those regulatory mechanisms will improve the understanding of fibrotic disease pathogenesis and set the stage for developing potential therapeutics. Using E2-stimulated primary human dermal fibroblasts <italic>in vitro </italic>and human skin tissue <italic>ex vivo</italic>, we identified the important regulatory proteins for TGFb and investigated the extracellular matrix (ECM) components that are directly stimulated by E2-induced TGFb signaling.<bold>Methods:</bold> We used primary human dermal fibroblasts <italic>in vitro </italic>and human skin tissue <italic>ex vivo</italic> stimulated with E2 or vehicle (ethanol) to measure <italic>TGFb1, TGFb2</italic> levels using quantitative PCR (qPCR). To identify the necessary cell signaling proteins in E2-induced <italic>TGFb1 </italic>and<italic> TGFb2</italic> transcription, human dermal fibroblasts were pre-treated with an inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/ mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway, U0126. Finally, human skin tissue <italic>ex vivo</italic> was pre-treated with SB-431542, a TGFb receptor inhibitor, to establish the effects of TGFb signaling on E2-induced collagen 22A1 (<italic>Col22A1</italic>) transcription. Statistical tests used included parametric and non-parametric ANOVA, student’s T-test and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Significance was defined as p-value ≤ 0.05.<bold>Results:</bold> We found that TGFb1, TGFb2, and collagen 22A1 (Col22A1), a TGFb-responsive gene, are induced in response to E2 stimulation. Mechanistically, Col22A1 induction is blocked by the TGFb receptor inhibitor SB-431542, despite E2 stimulation. Additionally, inhibiting E2-induced ERK/MAPK activation and early growth response 1 (<italic>EGR1</italic>) transcription prevents E2-induced increase in TGFb1 and TGFb2 transcription and translation. <bold>Conclusions:</bold> We conclude that E2-induced dermal fibrosis occurs in part through induction of TGFb1, 2 and Col22A1, which is regulated through EGR1 and the MAPK pathway. Thus, blocking estrogen signaling and/or production may be a novel therapeutic option in pro-fibrotic diseases.

Topic: Systemic Sclerosis and Related Diseases
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Physiologic Variables in Sheep Fetuses

The fetal sheep model has been widely used in fetal therapy research. However, there is a significant degree of variability among published normal values. Our study aimed to evaluate the literature available on normal values for hemodynamics, blood gases, and acid-base status in the sheep fetus and to determine the best possible estimation of such physiologic values. We conducted a systematic review with a comprehensive search of several databases. We included 189 articles in the database and over 2,800 sheep fetuses. Analysis revealed a mean umbilical blood flow of 202 mL/kg/min (95% CI: 182 to 223); mean arterial pCO 2 of 49.8 mm Hg (95% CI: 49.2 to 50.3); mean arterial pO 2 of 22.3 mm Hg (95% CI: 21.9 to 22.7); mean arterial pH of 7.35 (95% CI: 7.3487 to 7.3562); and mean arterial oxygen saturation of 59.8 (95% CI; 58 to 61.7). Our findings were punctuated by a high heterogeneity, for which we conducted several subanalyses. The results showed high heterogeneity and small study effect in the literature available and provided our best assessment of relevant variables on normal hemodynamics, blood gases, and acid-base status in the fetus after using strategies to mitigate the risk of bias present in the literature.

Topic: Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The effect of radiant energy on a protein molecule

Radiant energy acts on a protein molecule, splitting it into its simplest constituent parts, i.e., destroying it. In this case, solar rays and short-wave rays, such as radium and radium rays, have the same effect on the molecule; there is only a quantitative difference.

Topic: Biofield Effects and Biophysics
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
DataSheet_2_Inferring Homologous Recombination Deficiency of Ovarian Cancer From the Landscape of Copy Number Variation at Subchromosomal and Genetic Resolutions.pdf

Background&lt;p&gt;Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) is characterized by overall genomic instability and has emerged as an indispensable therapeutic target across various tumor types, particularly in ovarian cancer (OV). Unfortunately, current detection assays are far from perfect for identifying every HRD patient. The purpose of this study was to infer HRD from the landscape of copy number variation (CNV).&lt;/p&gt;Methods&lt;p&gt;Genome-wide CNV landscape was measured in OV patients from the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study (AOCS) clinical cohort and &gt;10,000 patients across 33 tumor types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). HRD-predictive CNVs at subchromosomal resolution were identified through exploratory analysis depicting the CNV landscape of HRD versus non-HRD OV patients and independently validated using TCGA and AOCS cohorts. Gene-level CNVs were further analyzed to explore their potential predictive significance for HRD across tumor types at genetic resolution.&lt;/p&gt;Results&lt;p&gt;At subchromosomal resolution, 8q24.2 amplification and 5q13.2 deletion were predominantly witnessed in HRD patients (both p &lt; 0.0001), whereas 19q12 amplification occurred mainly in non-HRD patients (p &lt; 0.0001), compared with their corresponding counterparts within TCGA-OV. The predictive significance of 8q24.2 amplification (p &lt; 0.0001), 5q13.2 deletion (p = 0.0056), and 19q12 amplification (p = 0.0034) was externally validated within AOCS. Remarkably, pan-cancer analysis confirmed a cross-tumor predictive role of 8q24.2 amplification for HRD (p &lt; 0.0001). Further analysis of CNV in 8q24.2 at genetic resolution revealed that amplifications of the oncogenes, MYC (p = 0.0001) and NDRG1 (p = 0.0004), located on this fragment were also associated with HRD in a pan-cancer manner.&lt;/p&gt;Conclusions&lt;p&gt;The CNV landscape serves as a generalized predictor of HRD in cancer patients not limited to OV. The detection of CNV at subchromosomal or genetic resolution could aid in the personalized treatment of HRD patients.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences