jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Value of a Comparative Approach to Investigating Adaptive Memory and Cognitive Processes across Species

Abstract Through natural selection, memory processes that aid in survival may be selected for over time and can be observed in modern humans as well as nonhuman animals. By taking a comparative perspective, one can better understand a phenomenon of interest, including adaptive memory. As a field, comparative psychology is rooted in evolutionary principles and focuses on assessing abilities across species to identify continuities and discontinuities in these abilities. In this chapter, we present on various aspects of natural history, such as habitat and species-specific behaviours in the order Carnivora and hoofed mammals. We describe existing cognitive research, though this is sometimes limited, across these taxa, and also offer a framework for considering how and why certain elements of adaptive memory might have emerged that can guide future testing. Adopting a comparative approach is beneficial for a broader understanding of adaptive memory.

Topic: Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Climate risk factor in an innovative development strategy

Climate change as a new factor of innovative development of the global and Russian economies is examined. Adaptive and preventive innovations are defined and analyzed. The former ensure a decrease of the residual risk, i.e. the expected level of damage after the necessary and effective measures for reducing anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases have been implemented. The latter ensure the implementation of the mentioned measures and a decrease in the level of the anthropogenic risk of climate changes and economic loss caused by them. The article shows that the practical realization of both types of innovations requires a set of institutional, scientific, and technical innovations, the central issues of which are the improvement of the legislation and normative-legal regulation, and eight “packages” of critical technologies. The particular importance of the studied innovations is proved. Their multiplier effect runs beyond the “just climatic” range, because their development and implementation originally stipulate and practically solve problems of productivity, reduction of environmental pollution, and secure human health.

Topic: Economic and Technological Developments in Russia
Subfield: Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Minimal Invasive Gender Determination of Birds by Means of UV-Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

The identification of avian gender is important for prosperous breeding of birds. Since birds do not possess external genital organs, endoscopic investigations, blood analysis, and molecular biological methods are applied to determine the gender in monomorphic species. However, anesthesia and blood sampling impose stress on the examined bird and should be avoided in terms of animal protection. Here we report on the application of UV-resonance Raman spectroscopy as a minimal invasive method for gender determination of birds via an evaluation of feather pulp samples. Sample preparation for this investigation method is simple and facilitates a quick and easy analysis. The UV-resonance Raman spectra of the feather pulp sample extracts are dominated by DNA and protein signals. The different DNA content in male and female chicken allows for gender differentiation via its characteristic Raman fingerprint. The classification either to male or female chicken is ideally accomplished by support vector machines due to the fact that no unknown classes are involved. Recognition rates of about 95% were compared to less effective results of the unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis. Within the scope of our investigations, principal component analysis was also applied to determine the important spectral regions for the classification of chicken's feather pulp samples.

Topic: Identification and Quantification in Food
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Assay of tretinoin in bulk and dosage forms using phosphomolybdic acid

New analytical technique has been developed for quantitative estimation of tretinoin in bulk and formulations.Tretinoin (acne product) was estimated by using visible spectrophotometric absorption method at l max of 700 nm.While developing the method, it was found that the colored species formed were due to the formation of molecular complex between tretinoin and heteropoly acid such as phosphomolybdic acid (PMA).All the regression analysis parameters were validated statistically according to ICH guidelines.The limits of linearity lie in the concentration range of 4 -12 μg mL -1 for tretinoin.Limit of detection, limit of quantification, molar absoptivity, intra-day and interday precession (% RSD), values are 6.12×10 -2 µg mL -1 , 1.855×10 -1 µg mL -1 , 1.2346×10 4 L -1 mol -1 cm -1 , 0.57, and 0.50, respectively.Recovery studies found to be in the percentage range of 99.12 to 99.87(± 1.2 to ± 0.23) for tretinoin.The proposed method is suitable for the quantitative determination tretinoin in quality control laboratories and can be applied as a substitute to advanced instrumental methods.A novel and inexpensive visible spectrophotometric method was established for quantitative estimation of tretinoin in formulations.

Topic: Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of Using Propolis on Productive Performance and Cecum Microbial Activity of Postweaning Growing Male Rabbits

Rabbits can get intestinal illnesses, particularly after they've been weaned and switched from milk to solid food. Propolis (PR) is a mixture of proteins, carbohydrates and phenolic compounds that can increase the level of serum immunoglobulin, improve the antioxidant state of the animals and lessen the severity of clinical symptoms and death. So this study was designed to evaluate the effect of using (PR) on productive performance, cecum microbial activity of postweaning growing male rabbits. Twenty New Zealand White (NZW) male rabbits, 5 weeks old were randomly divided into two equal groups, with 695.75± 10.01 g BW. In the 1st group, rabbits were fed without any supplementation and considered as the control group. While, those in the 2 group were orally given (PR) at 500 mg/kg BW 3days /week for 10 weeks. Results revealed that nd growing rabbits treated with (PR) show a decrease in pH value and E. coli count as compared with the control group.in addition, using (PR) causing significantly increased in plasma total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations in treated than the control group. Conclusively, from the obtained results it could be concluded that the supplementation of(PR) had positive effects on rabbit’s performance as well as, cecal microbial activity of growing rabbits.

Topic: Rabbits: Nutrition, Reproduction, Health
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Compact Kähler manifolds admitting large solvable groups of automorphisms

Let G be a group of automorphisms of a compact Kähler manifold X of dimension n and N(G) the subset of null-entropy elements. Suppose G admits no non-abelian free subgroup. Improving the known Tits alternative, we obtain that, up to replace G by a finite-index subgroup, either G/N(G) is a free abelian group of rank &lt; n-1, or G/N(G) is a free abelian group of rank n-1 and X is a complex torus, or G is a free abelian group of rank n-1. If the last case occurs, X is G-equivariant birational to the quotient of an abelian variety provided that X is a projective manifold of dimension n &gt; 2 and is not rationally connected. We also prove and use a generalization of a theorem by Fujiki and Lieberman on the structure of Aut(X).

Topic: Fractal and DNA sequence analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Naphthoquinones, benzoquinones, and anthraquinones: Molecular docking, <scp>ADME</scp> and inhibition studies on human serum paraoxonase‐1 associated with cardiovascular diseases

Abstract Paraoxonase‐1 (PON1) has essential roles such as protecting low‐density lipoprotein against detoxification and oxidation of highly toxic compounds. Quinones are a class of compounds and a type of plant‐derived secondary metabolites. Here, PON1 was purified using very simple methods and evaluation of the interactions between the enzyme and some quinones. It was found that these quinones displayed effective inhibitor properties for PON1 with the IC 50 values in the range of 3.27–82.90 μM and the K i values in the range of 2.50 ± 0.65 to 30.90 ± 7.20 μM. These quinones displayed distinct inhibition mechanisms. It was determined that except for 5‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐1,4‐naphthoquinone and 2‐methyl‐1,4‐naphthoquinone all quinones exhibit competitive inhibition effects. Also, molecular docking and in silico ADME studies were performed. Usage of drugs including quinone derivatives in structure with biological activity would be hazardous in some cases.

Topic: Paraoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[CRF-like immunoreactivities in mammalian brains examined with a radioimmunoassay for CRF].

A sensitive and useful radioimmunoassay for CRF was established using synthetic ovine CRF. CRF-like immunoreactivities of hypothalami in the bovine, human, rat, guinea pig, and mouse could be detected with this radioimmunoassay. A variety of CRF-like immunoreactivities of hypothalami in the mammalian brains led us to discuss a putative species difference of amino-acid structure in CRF. In the bovine, CRF-like immunoreactivities of the frontal cortex, caudate nucleus, putamen, and hippocampus could be detected in addition to CRF-like immunoreactivity of hypothalamus. These observations suggested a wide distribution of CRF in the central nervous system, and gave room for discussion about a physiological role of extrahypothalamic CRF. Gel chromatographic studies revealed a high-molecular-weight form of CRF-like immunoreactivity in the bovine frontal cortical profile that was not found in the hypothalamic profile. The results show a multiplicity of CRF-like immunoreactivity in the bovine brain.

Topic: Stress Responses and Cortisol
Subfield: Behavioral Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Historical Perspectives on Reproductive Violence in International Law

This chapter conceptualizes reproductive violence as a distinct form of gender-based violence that is not necessarily committed in a sexualized manner. Its unique characteristic is the underlying violation of reproductive autonomy, understood as the freedom to choose whether, how, and under what circumstances to reproduce. Conflict-related reproductive violence may occur in various manifestations. This includes, for example, forced sterilization as a negative form and forced pregnancy as a positive form of reproductive targeting, which have been documented throughout history. Nevertheless, reproductive violence has rarely been addressed within the international criminal legal discourse. While post-World War II trials set important precedents particularly with regard to the act of forced sterilization, the prosecution of reproductive violence under international law has thus far remained limited to genocidal or similar group-related scenarios. Giving an overview on historical documentations of conflict-related reproductive violence and transferring insights from the discourse on reproductive human rights, this chapter argues that international criminal law and practice should address reproductive violence as a violation of reproductive autonomy independently of its possible collective dimension.

Topic: Health and Conflict Studies
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Long-run cash flow and discount-rate risks in the cross-section of US returns

This paper decomposes the overall market beta of common stocks into four parts reflecting uncertainty related to the long-run dynamics of stock-specific and market-wide cash flows and discount rates. We employ a discrete time version of Merton's intertemporal capital asset pricing model to test whether these four sources of risk command different risk prices. The model performs well in pricing average returns on single- and double-sorted portfolios according to size, book-to-market, dividend-price ratios and past risk. It generates high estimates for the explained cross-sectional variation in average returns, lower average pricing errors than the Fama-French three-factor model and economically and statistically acceptable estimates for the coefficient of relative risk aversion.

Topic: Financial Markets and Investment Strategies
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Effect of total jejunoileal denervation on fat-stimulated release of peptide YY and cholecystokinin.

We have investigated the effect of total denervation of the jejunoileum (JDNv) on stimulated release of peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin-33/39 in five dogs prepared with chronic gastric and duodenal cannulas. JDNv was performed by stripping the adventitia from the superior mesenteric artery and vein, transecting the small bowel mesentery, and division (with reanastomosis) of the small bowel at the ligament of Treitz and ileocecal junctio. Introduodenal corn oil (3 ml/kg/hr) was given before JDNv and 1 and 2 months after JDNv. Intravenous bombesin (400 pmol/kg/hr) was given (on nonconsecutive days) before JDNv and 1 month after JDNv. Plasma PYY and cholecystokinin levels were measured by specific radioimmunoassay. Release of PYY was enhanced after JDNv. The integrated release of PYY (ng.[0 to 60 min]/ml) after intraduodenal corn oil was as follows: before JDNv, 4.1 +/- 1.2; 1 month after JDNv, 16.0 +/- 2.7; and 2 months after JDNv, 10.3 +/- 2.2. Similar results were noted with intravenous bombesin (3.7 +/- 0.9 [before JDNv] vs 12.0 +/- 0.7 [1 month after JDNv]). Corn oil-stimulated release of cholecystokinin was abolished after JDNv (before JDNv 2.2 +/- 1.1; 1 month after JDNv, 0.6 +/- 0.3; and 2 months after JDNv, 0.4 +/- 0.6). Basal plasma levels of PYY and cholecystokinin were not affected by JDNv. We conclude that JDNv enhances PYY and abolished cholecystokinin release, which provides evidence for different mechanisms of neural control.

Topic: Gastroesophageal reflux and treatments
Subfield: Gastroenterology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of Magnetic Stirring on Microstructures and Properties of Ag–1.5Cu–1.0Y Alloy

The microstructure of alloys is an important factor that affects their application. In this work, the Ag–1.5Cu–1.0Y alloys were prepared by the permanent magnet stirring method at different rates. The secondary dendrite arm spacing, dendritic segregation, density, microhardness, electrical resistivity, and sulfuration corrosion resistance were analyzed to investigate the effects of different rotation speeds on the microstructures and properties of the Ag–1.5Cu–1.0Y alloy. The results showed that the primary dendrite was refined and the secondary dendrite arm spacing decreased with the increase in the stirring rate of the permanent magnets. The Ag–1.5Cu–1.0Y alloys prepared with a 900 r/min stirring rate had the largest microhardness, relatively high density, and the best sulfuration corrosion resistance. However, the stirring rate had little effect on the electrical resistivity of the Ag–1.5Cu–1.0Y alloys. To sum up, the Ag–1.5Cu–1.0Y alloy had the best comprehensive properties when the permanent magnet stirring rate was 900 r/min, including the most refined dendrites, relatively high density, the largest microhardness, and the best sulfuration corrosion resistance. The study of the effects of permanent magnet stirring speed on the microstructures and properties of the Ag–1.5Cu–1.0Y alloy provides an experimental basis for future alloy casting optimization and property improvement of silver-based alloys.

Topic: Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Properties
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Study on Processing Techniques of Food Fiber Extracted from Apple Residues

The water-soluble and non-water-soluble food fiber were extracted from apple residues by the acid-hydrolysis method,enzymatic method and chemical method respectively.The results show that 13.54% water-soluble food fiber can be extracted under the condition of 80℃,pH 1.5,150 min and 12∶1(water∶solid),39.01% non-water-soluble food fiber with 27 mL/g of swelling volume and 13.14 g/g of water holding capacity can be extracted under the condition of 0.4% α-amylase at 70℃ for 40 min and then adding 0.2% protease at 45℃ for 40 min and 23.30% non-water-soluble food fiber with 18 mL/g of swelling volume and 2.6 g/g of water holding capacity is extracted by the chemical method.

Topic: Food and Agricultural Sciences
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Motivating the Rules of the Game for Adversarial Example Research

Advances in machine learning have led to broad deployment of systems with impressive performance on important problems. Nonetheless, these systems can be induced to make errors on data that are surprisingly similar to examples the learned system handles correctly. The existence of these errors raises a variety of questions about out-of-sample generalization and whether bad actors might use such examples to abuse deployed systems. As a result of these security concerns, there has been a flurry of recent papers proposing algorithms to defend against such malicious perturbations of correctly handled examples. It is unclear how such misclassifications represent a different kind of security problem than other errors, or even other attacker-produced examples that have no specific relationship to an uncorrupted input. In this paper, we argue that adversarial example defense papers have, to date, mostly considered abstract, toy games that do not relate to any specific security concern. Furthermore, defense papers have not yet precisely described all the abilities and limitations of attackers that would be relevant in practical security. Towards this end, we establish a taxonomy of motivations, constraints, and abilities for more plausible adversaries. Finally, we provide a series of recommendations outlining a path forward for future work to more clearly articulate the threat model and perform more meaningful evaluation.

Topic: Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Study of phase estimation methods to analyse cardiorespiratory synchronization in OSA patients

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder highly prevalent in the general population. Cardiorespiratory Phase Synchronization (CRPS) is a form of non-linear interaction between respiratory and cardiovascular systems that was found to be reduced in severe OSA patients. The Hilbert Transform (HT) method was the recommended choice for estimating the respiratory phase in CRPS studies. But we have noticed that HT provides a phase that is aligned to the transition between the exhalation and the inhalation parts of different breathing cycles, instead of being aligned to the breathing onsets. In this work we proposed a Realigned HT phase estimation method (RHT) and we compared it to the conventional HT and to the Linear Phase (LP) approximation for estimating CRPS in a database of 28 patients with different OSA severity levels. RHT provided similar synchronization percentages (%Sync) as HT, and it enhanced the significant differences in %Sync between mild and severe OSA patients. %Sync showed the highest negative correlation with the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) when using RHT (r<sub>AHI</sub>=-0.692, p<;0.001), which only had an 10% extra computational cost. On the other hand, LP method significantly overestimated %Sync especially in the more severe patients, because it was unable to track the phase non-linearities that can be observed during sleep disordered breathing. Therefore, the newly proposed RHT can be the preferred alternative over the conventional HT or the LP approximation for estimating CRPS in OSA patients.

Topic: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Lv2, a Novel Postentry Restriction, Is Mediated by both Capsid and Envelope

ABSTRACT The characterization of restrictions to lentivirus replication in cells identifies critical steps in the viral life cycle and potential therapeutic targets. We previously reported that a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolate was restricted to infection in some human cells, which led us to identify a step in the life cycle of HIV-2 detected after reverse transcription but prior to nuclear entry. The block is bypassed with a vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G (VSV-G) envelope (A. McKnight et al., J. Virol. 75: 6914-6922, 2001). We hypothesized that, although the restriction is apparent at a post-reverse transcription step, the lack of progress results from a failure of the virus to reach a cellular compartment with access to the nucleus. Here we analyzed molecular clones of the restricted virus, MCR, and an unrestricted virus, MCN. Using sequence analysis and gene swapping, we mapped the viral determinants to gag and env . Site-directed mutagenesis identified a single amino acid at position 207 in CA to be responsible for the gag restriction. Pseudotype experiments indicate that this step is also important for the infection of cells by HIV-1. The HIV-1 NL4.3 core is restricted if supplied with a restricted MCR envelope but not with VSV-G. Also the NL4.3 envelope rescues the restricted core of HIV-2 MCR. Abrogation experiments with MLV demonstrate that the restriction is distinct from Fv1/Ref1/Lv1. We propose that this represents a new lentiviral restriction, Lv2. Thus, the envelope and capsid of HIV act to ensure that the virus is delivered into an appropriate cellular compartment that allows postentry events in viral replication to proceed efficiently.

Topic: HIV Research and Treatment
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Sustainability of funded pension schemes: A financial position perspective using options

This study offers in-depth knowledge of the socio-economic characteristics of funded pension projects. It is based on the financial position of pension market actors during the transition of the pension system to a more funded capitalized scheme, mainly through the option benefit model. This is possible due to the fact that the economy is not viewed as a single earning cohort. The study analytically demonstrates a socio-economic anomaly in the funded pension system, which is in favor of high-earning cohorts at the expense of low-earning cohorts. This anomaly is realized due to lack of insurance and exposure to financial and systemic risks. Furthermore, the anomaly might lead to the pension re-reform back to an unfunded scheme, mainly due to political pressure. A minimum pension guarantee was found to be a rebalance mechanism to this anomaly, which increases the probability of a sustainable pension scheme. Specifically, it is argued that implementing a guarantee with an intra-generational, risk-sharing mechanism is the most effective way to reduce the impact of this abnormality. Moreover, the paper shows the convergence process toward implementing a minimum pension guarantee in many countries that have capitalized their pension systems during the last three decades, in particular in Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe.

Topic: Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences