jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evidential Reasoning in a Network Usage Prediction Testbed

This paper reports on empirical work aimed at comparing evidential reasoning techniques. While there is prima facie evidence for some conclusions, this i6 work in progress; the present focus is methodology, with the goal that subsequent results be meaningful. The domain is a network of UNIX* cycle servers, and the task is to predict properties of the state of the network from partial descriptions of the state. Actual data from the network are taken and used for blindfold testing in a betting game that allows abstention. The focal technique has been Kyburg's method for reasoning with data of varying relevance to a particular query, though the aim is to be able eventually to compare various uncertainty calculi. The conclusions are not novel, but are instructive. 1. All of the calculi performed better than human subjects, so unbiased access to sample experience is apparently of value. 2. Performance depends on metric: (a) when trials are repeated, net = gains - losses favors methods that place many bets, if the probability of placing a correct bet is sufficiently high; that is, it favors point-valued formalisms; (b) yield = gains/(gains + lossee) favors methods that bet only when sure to bet correctly; that is, it favors interval-valued formalisms. 3. Among the calculi, there were no clear winners or losers. Methods are identified for eliminating the bias of the net as a performance criterion and for separating the calculi effectively: in both cases by posting odds for the betting game in the appropriate way.

Topic: Sports Analytics and Performance
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
A study of physical parameters at the spawning sites of the european grayling (<i>Thymallus thymallus L.</i>)

Abstract An investigation of the spawning sites of European grayling, Thymallus thymallus (L.), in two Swedish rivers revealed narrow range in their physical parameters. The bottom substrate was composed of 10–20 per cent sand, 50–70 per cent gravel (&lt;2cm), 20–30 per cent stones (2–10cm), and a few bigger stones (&gt;10cm in diameter). Eggs were found only where the gravel thickness was more than 5 cm. The depth varied between 30–50cm. Mean depth for 22 different spawning sites was 36cm. The water velocity varied between 23–90cm s −1 , average 54 cm s −1 . The temperature at the start of spawning was 3.9°C and at the end it was about 9°C. The results indicate the narrow range in physical parameters at the spawning sites. Small changes in the environment caused by regulation of river flow or water level may disturb the spawning behaviour of grayling and cause a decrease in population size or even extinction.

Topic: Fish Ecology and Management Studies
Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Recent Plant Diversity Changes on Europe’s Mountain Summits

Climb Every Mountain Mountaintop floras across Europe appear to be responding to climatic change in terms of upslope species range shifts. Pauli et al. (p. 353 ) systematically analyzed data gathered from standardized permanent plots on 66 high-mountain environments across Europe. On average, mountaintop species numbers have increased significantly during the last decade. However, this increase is a net effect of gains and losses, with losses particularly affecting mountains of Mediterranean regions and their endemic species. This turnover is largely consistent with model predictions and indicates that high-altitude species, and in particular the rich endemic alpine flora of many Mediterranean mountain ranges, will come under increasing pressure in the predicted warmer and drier climates in this region.

Topic: Species Distribution and Climate Change
Subfield: Ecological Modeling
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Counselling for COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Social Well-Being

The stress of being diagnosed with corona virus can spring up unresolved conflicts for any human. Counselling is one of the professions that can contribute to the resolution of same problem faced by individual’s diagnosed with corona virus. Counselling forcorona virus patients include approaches such as emotional support, group counselling, counseling, counselling for self-care, sexual health counselling, family counselling, lifestyle counselling and counselling for the aged. One of the implications for social wellbeing is the stimulation of patients to fight actively, replacing passivity, helplessness and resignation with positivity. Isolation Centres around the world that manage Corona virus patients should set up counselling centres to assist patients inreceiving help from trained counsellors to promote psychosocial wellbeing. Counsellors must further educate themselves and seek out opportunities for personal growth, as well as training and the best counselling practices for corona virus patients were recommended among others for effective counselling of corona virus patients.

Topic: COVID-19 and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The Potential of Mustard Seed Meal to Alleviate LPS-Induced Microbial Shifts in Weaned Piglets

Mustard seed meal, an oil industry by-product, shows promise as a dietary additive in animal feed due to its rich content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential. The present study examined its impact on the gut microbiota of post-weaning piglets exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Twenty-four cross-bred TOPIGS-40 piglets were divided into four groups: C—control group on a basal diet; LPS—group on a basal diet later exposed to lipopolysaccharides; M—group on a basal diet with an 8% w/w mustard seed meal addition; and M+LPS—a combined mustard and LPS group. After 21 days, colonic content analysis using Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that while LPS challenge led to an increased abundance of Spirochaetota and Desulfobacterota in the LPS group, the presence of mustard seed meal kept these levels low in the M+LPS group. Notably, the Firmicutes to Bacteroidota (F/B) ratio decreased from 2.87 to 1.12 in the M+LPS group. Furthermore, Lactobacillus showed a 4.7-fold increase while Lachnospira decreased by 67.7% in the M+LPS group compared to the LPS group. These findings highlight mustard seed meal’s potential to prevent LPS-induced gut dysbiosis, enhancing gut health in weaning piglets.

Topic: Gut microbiota and health
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of captopril on chronic puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis in rats.

The effect of captopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, on the progression of chronic puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephrosis was examined. Rats were injected with 15 mg/100 gm body weight PAN and 5 mg/100 gm body weight, on weeks - 1 and 5, respectively. A third group was injected with an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline, intraperitoneally (Group III) on week - 1 and 5. Beginning week 0, group I received 50 mg/kg captopril daily in the drinking water for 12 weeks. Group II received no treatment. Captopril failed to attenuate the peak level of proteinuria induced by the first injection of PAN or to alter the rate of decline of proteinuria when begun 1 week after the PAN injection. However, captopril did blunt the increase in urinary protein excretion following the second injection of PAN (p less than 0.05). Group II became hypertensive compared to Group I on week 8 and 12 and Group III on week 12 (p less than 0.05). Group I and II could not be distinguished on the basis of renal histologic rank (p = 0.80). We conclude that captopril affords some protection against the development of PAN-induced proteinuria, but it does not accelerate the recovery phase when glomerular permselectivity is being regained.

Topic: Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) promotes glioma development and progression

Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) is associated with progression and poor survival in many types of human cancer (such as prostate, ovarian, adrenocortical, breast, colorectal carcinomas, leukemia, and high-grade gliomas). We therefore hypothesize that IGFBP2 is a key regulator of tumor progression. We tested our hypothesis in gliomas using the somatic gene transfer RCAS-tva mouse model system, which permits the introduction of specific genes into specific, cell lineages, in this case glial cells (RCAS: Replication competent avian sarcomavirus, tv-a: avian RCAS virus receptor). Mice are transgenic and harbor the tv-a receptor under the control of a glial-specific promoter and study genes are cloned into the RCAS vector for post-natal intracranial delivery. For these experiments, the study genes were IGFBP2, platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB), K-Ras, Akt, and IIp45 (invasion inhibitory protein 45 kDa; known to bind and block IGFBP2 activity), which were delivered separately and in combination. Our results show that PDGFB signaling leads exclusively to the formation of low-grade (WHO grade II) oligodendrogliomas. PDGFB delivered in combination with IGFBP2 results in the formation of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (WHO grade III), which are characterized by increased cellularity, vascular proliferation, small regions of necrosis, increased mitotic activity, and increased activation of the Akt pathway. IIp45 injected in combination with PDGFB and IGFBP2 ablates IGFBP2-induced tumor progression, which results in formation of low-grade oligodendrogliomas, and an overall reduction in tumor incidence. K-Ras expression was required to form astrocytomas with either IGFBP2 or Akt, indicating the activation of two separate pathways is necessary for gliomagenesis. In ex vivo experiments, blockade of Akt by an inhibitor led to decreased viability of cells co-expressing IGFBP2 versus PDGFB expression alone. This study provides definitive evidence, for the first time, that: (1) IGFBP2 plays a role in activation of the Akt pathway, (2) IGFBP2 collaborates with K-Ras or PDGFB in the development and progression of two major types of glioma, and (3) IGFBP2-induced tumor progression can be ablated by IIp45 or by specific inhibition of the Akt pathway.

Topic: Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Host specificity of &lt;i&gt;Cotesia rubecula&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Cotesia plutellae&lt;/i&gt;, parasitoids of white butterfly and diamondback moth

Cotesia rubecula and Cotesia plutellae were assessed as potential biological control agents for white butterfly (Pieris rapae) and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), respectively, in New Zealand.Some literature records indicated a wider host range for C. plutellae compared with C. rubecula.The specificity of these parasitoids was evaluated by rearing collections of Lepidoptera from natural parasitoid habitats overseas, and by laboratory testing of their host preferences for related Lepidoptera and species from brassica habitats.C. rubecula showed strong preferences for white butterfly and developed in no other species.This parasitoid has now been released and its effectiveness and specificity are being confirmed in the field.Whereas C. plutellae demonstrated preferences for diamondback moth in oviposition rate and suitability for development, it was capable of developing in several other Lepidoptera in the laboratory.Current laboratory tests require very careful interpretation for predicting the field host range of species such as C. plutellae.

Topic: Biological Control of Invasive Species
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Clusters Initiatives in Port Hinterlands

For the effective use of port hinterlands, the concept of supply chain logistics should be applied. Port hinterlands have a geographical advantage and an important infrastructure nearby. However, these merits of port hinterlands are not very significant from the point of view of supply chain logistics. In this respect, clustering can emerge as an alternative to develop port hinterlands. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that are related with specialized industries in relevant regions can be clustered into a port hinterland to improve the competitiveness of supply chain logistics. In addition to the synergy effect it creates, clustering is expected to meet the construction objectives of port hinterlands thanks to its export-oriented nature. Types of businesses that would create synergy effects through clustering should be selected among regionally specialized industries adjacent to a port hinterland. The characteristics of selected businesses among candidates should also accord with the successful factors of clustering, technology accumulation, the likelihood to secure skilled labor, innovation and R&amp;D capacities. As an illustration, locating a packaging cluster near a port can lead to a better connection between manufacturing to logistics. The “total logistics service with packaging” is not a new concept, but this could be a more cost efficient business model in port hinterlands.

Topic: Corporate Governance and Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Cross- Bordering: A Conclusion

The SeFoNe project that is presented in this book took its departure in the discussion of borders as both physical and mental constructs. The case studies showed that practices of demarcation, differentiation and place- making that invoke nation, ethnicity, history or language and fre- quently determine bordering practices at the margins of the nation- state can also inform social relations elsewhere, especially in spaces of cultural diversity. The tension between spatial proximity and social distance typ- ically arises in both domains and their academic study. Yet, as Meinhof's introduction in Chapter 1 shows, border studies are usually considered separate from diversity or migration studies, the former conjuring up 'national' communities, periphery, rurality, territorial sides/sites; the latter 'ethnic' communities, centrality, urbanity and cultural sides/sites. By bringing the two fields together this book challenges two assump- tions: that people in state border regions are particularly predestined to create cross- border orientations; and that ethnic and cultural bounda- ries are primarily an effect of migration, or a problem of migrants. The case studies suggested that 'cross-bordering' has become quite generally a vital question, in a situation where people in Europe live increasingly mobile lives and are affected by new forms of cultural diversity and post- industrial change, even in areas outside metropolitan or typically 'multicultural' centres. In the preceding chapters (cross-)bordering practices involved differ- ences of nationality, ethnicity and history which take effect through their multiple intersections with social class, gender, language and citizenship. They related to institutional and rights frameworks but also hinged on the 'civil sphere' (Alexander 2006) in which citizens gener- ate communities of affinity or solidarity beyond the institutional realm or the national logic of the state. All chapters engaged with resources of

Topic: Migration, Refugees, and Integration
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
On the mechanisms of action of PAF on the myocardium.

The effects of PAF (1-2 X 10(-7) M) on intracellular slow Ca-mediated action potentials (Ca-AP) and isometric contractions of guinea-pig auricle muscles and ionic currents of frog atrial trabeculae were investigated. PAF decreased the amplitude, duration and upstroke velocity of the slow Ca-AP mediated via the L-type Ca channels in guinea-pig auricle muscles without changes in the resting potential. The PAF receptor antagonist U-66985 (1-5 X 10(-6) M), histamine (10(-4) M) and 4-aminopyridine (3 mM) inhibited the depressant effects of PAF on the slow AP and contractions. PAF reduced the peak of the slow inward Ca current (ICa) via the L-type Ca channels of frog atrial trabeculae. Simultaneously, the delayed outward K current (IK) was increased by PAF. Pretreatment with the PAF receptor antagonist BN 52021 (4 X 10(-6) M) protected the effects of PAF on ICa and IK. Our data demonstrate both by direct and indirect methods of ICa registration an inhibiting effect of PAF on the ICa via the L-type Ca channels and make probable a similarity in PAF signalling in cardiac cells of cold- and warm-blooded animals. The coupling of changes of the ICa with the augmentation of IK accentuate the important role of myocardial L-type Ca and K channels in mediating the negative inotropic action of PAF. The ability of U-66985 and BN 52021 to inhibit the electrophysiological effects of PAF hint at a membrane signalling coupled by specific binding sites for PAF in the myocardium.

Topic: Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Business Model of Fish Cultivator Group in Jampang Village With A Business Model Canvas Approach

Business in the field of fisheries faced a variety of obstacles, in order to maintain the continuity of their businesses demanding fish cultivating groups in Jampang village Bogor, be able to make various improvements and innovations in improving their performances. As a manifestation of Community Service, the purpose of this research was to help fish cultivating groups formulated new business models. The research data was primary data obtained directly from the results of interviews and Focus Group Discussions with members of the fish cultivating group. The analytical tool used was Business Model Canvass with nine elements and SWOT Analysis. This research was focused on creating new business models with the Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach by looking at businesses through nine elements, namely: (1) Customer segmentation, (2) Value Propositions, (3) Channels, (4) Customer relationships, (5) Revenue streams, (6) Key Resources, (7) Key Activities, (8) Key Partnerships, and (9) Cost Structure. The results indicated that the business model that had been carried out by the Fish Cultivating Group found weaknesses in the nine elements of Business Model Canvas (BMC), therefore it was necessary to improve all elements

Topic: Aquatic life and conservation
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Progressive central nervous system metastases in responder patients for outside central nervous system metastases on trastuzumab-based therapy--report of two cases of refractory breast cancer.

We report two cases of central nervous system (CNS) metastases during systemic response to trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy for refractory breast cancer. The patients responded to trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy. During combination treatment, the patients developed cerebellar metastases. A follow-up computed tomography scan revealed that their diseases continued to respond outside the CNS. These cases suggest that the failure of trastuzumab to cross the blood-brain barrier may compromise its overall effectiveness and raises the possibility that CNS metastasis may become clinically more significant in patients receiving antibody-based therapies, including patients responding to therapy outside the CNS. Additionally, repeated stereotactic radiosurgery as gammaknife combination therapy synchronously with systematic trastuzumab-based therapy was useful for the treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma.

Topic: Brain Metastases and Treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Risk and prognostic factors of invasive gastric cancer detection during surveillance endoscopy: Multi‐institutional cross‐sectional study

Objectives Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is important for the detection of curable gastric cancer (GC). However, there are no appropriate surveillance data during routine endoscopic inspections. This study aimed to clarify the risk factors of pT1b or deeper GC detection during surveillance endoscopy. Methods This was a retrospective, multicenter, cross‐sectional study conducted in 15 Japanese hospitals. We retrospectively analyzed patients with GC who had previously undergone surveillance endoscopy at each institution from January 2014 to March 2020. Patients who had undergone gastrectomy, non‐infection of Helicobacter pylori (Hp), and those with intervals &lt;3 months or &gt;10 years from a previous endoscopy were excluded. Results In total, 1085 patients with GCs detected during surveillance endoscopy were enrolled. The multivariate logistic analysis revealed that current Hp infection (odds ratio [OR] 2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50–3.16) and a surveillance interval of &gt;1.5 years (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.35–2.84) were independent risk factors for pT1b or deeper GC. The 5‐year disease‐specific survival (5y‐DSS) rate of GC was significantly lower in patients with surveillance interval of &gt;1.5 years than in those with surveillance interval of ≤1.5 years (93.7% vs. 98.3%, P &lt; 0.001). Similarly, the 5y‐DSS rate of GC was significantly lower in patients with active Hp infection than in those without (93.7% vs. 99.4%, P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion In this study, a surveillance interval of &gt;1.5 years and current Hp infection were independent risk factors for detecting pT1b or deeper GC. Additionally, these factors were poor prognostic factors of the detected GC during surveillance endoscopy.

Topic: Helicobacter pylori-related gastroenterology studies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Temperature and Light Dependence of Photosynthetic Activities in Wheat Seedlings Grown in the Presence of DCMU [3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-Dimethylurea]

Photosynthetic electron transfer was studied in thylakoids isolated from control and DCMU-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. When exposed to high temperature (HT) and high iradiance (HI), thylakoids showed large variations in the photosynthetic electron transport activities and thylakoid membrane proteins. A drastic reduction in the rate of whole electron transport chain (H2O → MV) was envisaged in control thylakoids when exposed to HT and HI. Such reduction was mainly due to the loss of photosystem 2, PS2 (H2O → DCBQ) activity. The thylakoids isolated from seedlings grown in the presence of DCMU showed greater resistance to HT and HI treatment. The artificial exogenous electron donors MnCl2, DPC, and NH2OH failed to restore the HI induced loss of PS2 activity in both control and DCMU thylakoids. In contrast, addition of DPC and NH2OH significantly restored the HT induced loss of PS2 activity in control thylakoids and partially in DCMU thylakoids. Similar results were obtained when Fv/Fm was evaluated by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. The marked loss of PS2 activity in control thylakoids was evidently due to the loss of 33, 23, and 17 kDa extrinsic polypeptides and 28-25 kDa LHCP polypeptides.

Topic: Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences