jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
LANGUAGE INEQUALITY: AN EXPLORATION INTO NIGERIA’S LANGUAGE POLICIES

Language inequality, the belief that languages are not of equal status, has been scantily considered in the existing literature. It is not thoroughly treated because it is mostly considered as a minute part of a larger topic. It is therefore examined in this study with the purpose of situating it in the language policy statements in the country’s constitution and National Policy on Education. Nigeria as a multilingual nation was considered before embarking on the examination of two policy statements in each of these documents. It was established that language inequality pervades the policy statements in the two documents. It was demonstrated that while Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba are presented as being superior to all other indigenous languages in the country, English, an inherited but official language is shown to be more important than all the Nigerian indigenous languages. The paper therefore concludes that languages can only be said to be equal theoretically since they are all used for communication purpose, but assignment of different functions to and people’s attitudes towards languages practically demonstrate that some languages are more equal than the others. It is finally recommended, among others, that parents should encourage their children and wards to use their indigenous languages to prevent them from going into extinction.

Topic: Multilingual Education and Policy
Subfield: Linguistics and Language
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Introduction - The Problem of Suicide in North American Slavery

Abstract The introduction presents the reasons for studying slavery and suicide. It analyzes the competing understandings of suicide in early British North America, contrasting European legal, religious, and social treatments of suicide with those found in surviving evidence from Africa. Introduces five perspectives from which to study slavery and suicide: these include examining 1) the circumstances that fostered slave suicide; 2) the competing interpretations of slave suicide; the legal and cultural ramifications of slave suicide; 4) the cultural and political changes wrought by slave suicide; and 5) the modern memory of slave suicide. The introduction explains the rationale for the geographical focus on British North America, examines the historiography on slavery and suicide, analyzes the concepts of agency and resistance, and explores the methodologies, particularly the problems in using numerical statistics, in studying slave suicide.

Topic: Colonialism, slavery, and trade
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
HEALTH – Interregional Knowledge Base for Health Care

Interreg IV SI-AT Programme. Konferenz Ressourceneffizienz im Krankenhaus: Energie, Wissen, Qualifizierung. 13.03.2012. Graz, Osterreich - Posterprasentation

Topic: Health and Medical Studies
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Staying with the crisis: a review of Eve Fairbanks’s <i>The Inheritors</i>

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.Notes1 For a brief summary of the Reitz Four incident, see Sisonke Msimang’s discussion in her review of Fairbanks’s book: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/11/27/south-africa-trc-reitz-ufs-jansen-race-justice-reconciliation/. For a trenchant discussion of Rhodes Must Fall, see Achille Mbembe’s “Decolonizing Knowledge and the Question of the Archive” and Francis B Nyamnjoh’s #RhodesMustFall: Nibbling at Resilient Colonialism in South Africa (2016).2 See Ntongela Masilela’s “The ‘Black Atlantic’ and African Modernity in South Africa”, 92.3 The Inheritors, xi.4 Ibid., xiii.5 Ibid., xiii.6 Ibid., 35.7 Ibid., 104–5.8 See David Reiersgord’s criticism in his review of The Inheritors.Additional informationNotes on contributorsWamuwi MbaoWamuwi Mbao is a literary critic and essayist. His reviews, essays and fiction appear in the Johannesburg Review of Books, Africa Is A Country, and other venues. He received a South African Literary Award in 2019 for his critical oeuvre. He teaches in the Department of English at Stellenbosch University. He is the editor of Years of Fire and Ash: Poetry of Decolonization, an anthology of South African struggle poetry published in 2021.

Topic: South African History and Culture
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
CCDC 261953: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Purification and Characterization of a Catalytic Subunit of an Adenosine 3': 5'-Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase from Human Erythrocyte Membranes1

Protein kinase [EC 2.7.1.37] of human erythrocyte membranes was solubilized with 0.5 M NaCl in 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.7 at 4 degrees C and purified on a CM-Sephadex C-50 column, followed by affinity chromatography on a histone-Sepharose 4B column. The purified protein kinase gave a single band (molecular weight; 41,000) on examination by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 8.0 and a millimolar range of concentration of Mg2+ was required for its maximum activity. Histone and protamine were well phosphorylated by the protein kinase but casein and phosvitin were poor phosphate acceptors for the enzyme. The enzymic activity was not stimulated by cyclic AMP (cAMP). A cAMP-finding protein from human erythrocyte membranes inhibited the activity of the protein kinase, but the activity was restored with cAMP. A heat stable protein inhibitor from rabbit skeletal muscle also inhibited this enzyme. From these observations, this protein kinase seemed to be a catalytic subunit of the membrane bound cAMP-dependent protein kinase. This enzyme was strongly inhibited with Ca2+ in the presence of 1 mM MgCl2. Various sulfhydryl reagents and polyamines also had inhibitory activity on the protein kinase. Natural substrates of the enzyme were investigated using heat treated membranes and 0.5 M NaCl extracted membrane residues. Band 4.1, 4.2, and 4.5 proteins were phosphorylated but band 2 (spectrin) and band 3 proteins were poor substrates for this protein kinase.

Topic: Erythrocyte Function and Pathophysiology
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Penguatan Komunikasi Interpersonal Keluarga Migran di Kota Medan

Economic needs and demands for welfare are the drivers in migrating abroad as migrant workers which can often cause problems in the family. So it is necessary to build a good communication. Therefore it is important to do a strengthening of interpersonal communication within the family in order to minimize household breakage (broken home). DeVito believes that interpersonal communication is communication that occurs between two people who already have a clear relationship, including family. This writing aims to see the strengthening of the interpersonal communication of migrant families of Indonesian Workers left behind in building harmony in the household. Strengthening is given in the form of verbal reinforcement by showing attitudes, decision responses and agreements in the household between children and parents. The results of this paper indicate that the strengthening of interpersonal communication carried out by migrant families is to increase attention, encourage children's education, lead to divergent ways of thinking or look for their own initiatives

Topic: Educational Methods and Impacts
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[Evaluation of metastatic liver and adrenal involvement in the pre-therapeutic staging of non-small cell bronchial cancer].

The evaluation of infra-diaphragmatic extension to the liver and the adrenal of non oat-cells bronchogenic carcinoma, is indicated to select the patients which may be operated. Thin slices (5 mm) on the adrenals have to be performed on the initial thoracic computed tomography, as ultrasonography (US) and MRI are less accurate. The exploration of the liver by US used as first imaging modality, may induce some false negative results, with useless surgery, and may be replaced by a CT of adrenal and liver. MRI doesn't seem actually without adapted contrast agents, significatively more efficient than CT, to detect metastases of the liver or adrenals.

Topic: Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
SOCIAL RESEARCH ON SCIENCE AND RELIGION IN NORDIC COUNTRIES

This article presents a review of the literature on science and religion in Nordic countries. Seventy‐seven articles, books, and chapters on the topic were collected from five major scholarly databases between 1997 and 2018. We scrutinized how research in this data set was engaged with social scientific research. Most of the research was not social scientific. It was primarily philosophical, theological, and historical research; very little presented empirical and theoretical social scientific research. The studies reflected societal discussions, bringing out some cultural dimensions and social issues, but not specifically in the Nordic context. Some societal aspects were highlighted, such as ethics and climate change, but these were not necessarily tied to the Nordic societies. We propose that in the Nordic context there seems to be a need for social scientific research on science and religion. This research could use theoretical perspectives from, for instance, sociology, science and technology studies, higher education studies, and anthropological research.

Topic: Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Role of Different Enzymes in Nectar to Honey Transformations in Indigenous Rockbee, Apis dorsata F.

Enzymes form integral part and play decisive role in biological metabolism and systems. The present studies delve on the role of enzymes viz., invertase, amylase, glucose oxidase and catalase in nectar-honey transformation in indigenous rock bee Apis dorsata F during February, 2022 to January 2023. Five stages in transformation of honey from nectar of flower comprises floral nectar (fn), honey crop of foragers (hf), honey crop of house bees (hh), unsealed honey cells (uh) and sealed honey cells (sh). Invertase levels in fn and sh cells were (0.00ml) and (42.40 ml), respectively. Similarly, amylase was lowest in the fn (0.00ml) and highest in the sh (16.01 ml). Glucose oxidase levels in fn and sh cells were (0.00ml) and (6.68 ml), respectively. Catalase was lowest in the fn (0.00ml) and highest in the sh (4.96 ml). The analysis of variance of invertase and amylase was significant at 1% level (p&lt;0.01), whereas glucose oxidase and catalase was not significant at 1% level (p&lt;0.01). The sources of all enzymes, according to the finding, are found in the hypopharyngeal, post-cerebral, thoracic, labial, and mandibular glands of foragers and house bees.

Topic: Bee Products Chemical Analysis
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Current System of Overseeing Drug Trials in Developing Countries by the FDA Is Dangerous

Clinical research used to substantiate Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug approval is increasingly being conducted overseas. One of the enticements to move overseas is unequal oversight by the FDA, and these differences can result in poor quality research and human subject risk. Downstream, patients, clinicians, and payers of health care can be harmed by inaccuracies in the new drug approval process. The need of the hour is to bridge the gap in the standards by ensuring that the investigators in the developing countries adhere to the same quality standards as the domestic investigators.

Topic: Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
[Benign pulsatile cranial bruit in children. Apropos of 6 cases].

The authors report a series of 6 patients aged 8-25 months, without any intracranial vascular pathology, presenting with an objective intracranial bruit associated with visible veins in the naso-orbital region. These bruits, frequent in children between 4 months and 5 years, become rare when patients grow older and disappear in adulthood. Naso-orbital veins are frequently normally detected until the age of 3 years. An intracranial bruit and visible facial veins may be clinical signs indicative of an underlying intracranial vascular malformation (IVM). Enhanced CT scanning should be performed when these two symptoms are associated. If the scan is abnormal, a selective angiography should be performed.

Topic: Vascular Malformations Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Comparative analysis of hardening methods of the lancet cultivator shovel

The lancet cultivator shovels wear out intensively under the action of abrasive soil particles, which degrades the quality of cultivation, violates agricultural requirements and leads to an increase in traction force and fuel consumption. Strengthening of lancet shovels allows increasing their wear resistance and durability. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the methods of strengthening the lancet cultivator shovels and identifying their main advantages and disadvantages. (Materials and methods) The article reviews the methods of strengthening the lancet cultivator shovels described in domestic and foreign literature and specialized magazines. (Results and discussion) It was found that the issue of strengthening the working parts of tillage tools and the cultivator shovels in particular is given much attention and the problem of their wear is currently relevant. There are many methods of strengthening that differ from each other in the principle of strengthening, as well as in the labor intensity, cost of materials and equipment for performing strengthening. The article presents a diagram for a visual comparison of methods for strengthening the lancet cultivator shovel. (Conslusion) Analysis of methods for strengthening lancet shovels showed that it is possible to increase their wear resistance up to 5.8 times. However, the methods of hardening that provide the greatest increase in wear resistance of working parts of tillage tools require large amount of time, labor and material costs. It was found that the method of hardening by surfacing individual wear-resistant rollers on the working surface of the arrow legs of the cultivator becomes the most promising. This method provides an increase in wear resistance up to three times with high productivity and simplicity of the hardening process, and it’s relatively cheap.

Topic: Surface Treatment and Coatings
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
From Good Knowers to Just Knowers in the<i>Mahãbhãrata</i>: Towards a Comparative Virtue Epistemology

Abstract Adopting the framework of Anglo Analytic Virtue Epistemology, I ask of the Sanskrit epic, the Mahābhārata, the question: What sort of character or ‘intellectual virtues’ must a ‘good knower’ have? Then, inspired by broadly feminist sensibilities, I raise the concern whether dispositions for knowing the world can be associated with motivations to rectify injustices in that world – whether, in other words, a good knower is also a ‘just knower.’ I go on to explore the structure of humility and shame as ‘virtues of truth’ in the epic to see whether they can establish a connection between knowing and justice.

Topic: Political Philosophy and Ethics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Bio-relevant characterisation of lipidic formulations and prediction of in vivo exposure

Lipidic formulations (LFs) are increasingly utilised for the delivery of poorly–water soluble drugs to improve oral bioavailability. In vitro lipolysis is capable of mimicking the lipid digestion process and therefore it is a suitable method for assessing the fate of drugs administered in LFs. Intestinal micellar solubilisation and first–pass metabolism are the main contributors to the oral bioavailability of drugs that belong to class II of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). The intraluminal solubility of BCS II drugs in LFs can be estimated with the in vitro lipolysis model, whereas the first–pass extraction ratio can be assessed by performing microsomal stability assays. This thesis work proposes, for the first time, the combination of in vitro lipolysis and microsomal metabolism studies for the quantitative prediction of human oral bioavailability of BCS II drugs administered in LFs. Marinol® (Δ9–tetrahydrocannabinol dissolved in sesame oil) and Neoral® (a lipidic self–emulsifying drug delivery system of cyclosporin A), were selected as model LFs. The observed oral bioavailability (Fobserved) values were obtained from published clinical studies that described the oral administration of the selected LFs to human subjects. Two different lipolysis buffers, differing in the level of surfactant concentrations, were used for digestion of the LFs. The predicted fraction of absorbed dose (Fabs) was calculated by measuring the drug concentration in the micellar phase, obtained after ultra–centrifugation of the lipolysis medium. To determine the fraction of drug dose that escapes metabolism in the gut wall and in the liver (Fg∙Fh), microsomal metabolism stability studies with human intestinal and hepatic microsomes were performed. Clearance values were determined by applying the “in vitro half–life approach”, which is based on the measurement of the first–order rate depletion constant of a drug substrate. The estimated Fabs and Fg∙Fh values were combined for the calculation of the predicted oral bioavailability (Fpredicted). For the model LFs tested, results showed there was a correlation between Fobserved and Fpredicted values only when Fabs was calculated with the buffer characterised by more bio–relevant (lower) surfactant levels. The general accuracy of the predicted values, and the strong correlation shown with the clinical ones, suggests the novel in vitro lipolysis/metabolism approach could satisfactory quantitatively estimate the oral bioavailability of BCS II drugs administered in LFs.

Topic: Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
An Estimation of Grinding Wheel Setting Error in Helical Gear Processing by Form Grinding.

In the processing of gears by the form grinding method, the accuracy of the gear tooth profile is easily influenced by setting errors of grinding wheels. When the values of the coordinates and slope of the tangent at points on the cutting edge of a grinding wheel are given, the transmission of setting errors from a gridning wheel to a work is denoted by a matrix and analyzed. Using this method, the setting errors of the grinding wheel can be analytically calculated. The estimation of setting errors is performed on the basis of data of tooth profile error obtained in gear processing. The accuracy of the estimation is dependent on the number of data sampled from the tooth profile curve. The greater the number of sampling data is, the better the accuracy of the estimation becomes. It is possible to estimate from a few sampling data depending upon the grade of gear finishing. Processed examples based on this idea are shown. The results show that this estimation effectively maintains the accuracy of the gear in form grinding processing.

Topic: Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Is Internet Reciprocal Teaching the Remedy for Saudi EFL Learners’ Reading Difficulties During the Covid-19 Pandemic?

The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of Internet Reciprocal Teaching (IRT) for remedial English reading instruction in the EFL context, specifically for the purpose of overcoming the reading difficulties encountered by low-achieving Saudi students majoring in English at the University of Jeddah.The treatment phase lasted three months and, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting shift to online teaching, the instruments used were an online pre-and post-test of reading comprehension, an IRT dialogue rubric downloaded on the Blackboard platform that is used for online teaching, as well as a phone interview conducted with randomly selected students from the sample.The findings indicated significant improvements in the reading comprehension of the Saudi learners participating this study, as reflected in the students' effective use of the different IRT strategies and the significant results of the post-test.However, despite the proved effectiveness of IRT in strengthening reading comprehension, some challenges were voiced by the participants.These include computer competency, familiarity with online courses and, most notably, their linguistic difficulties with English, which justified their resorting to their native language (Arabic) as one way of demonstrating their comprehension.Finally, the paper draws pedagogical implications from the research results.

Topic: Technology-Enhanced Education Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Reversible Modulated Upconversion Luminescence of\nMoO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;:Yb&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;,Er&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; Thermochromic Phosphor\nfor Switching Devices

Reversible modulation\nof upconversion luminescence induced by the\nexternal field stimuli exhibits potential applications in various\nfields, such as photoswitches, optical sensing, and optical memory\ndevices. Herein, a new MoO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;:Yb&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;,Er&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; thermochromic phosphor was synthesized via a high-temperature solid-state\nmethod, and the reversible color modification of the MoO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;:Yb&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;,Er&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; phosphor was obtained by alternating\nthe sintering conditions either in a reducing atmosphere or in air.\nThe color of the MoO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;:Yb&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;,Er&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; phosphor\nchanged from light-yellow to blue under sintering in the reducing\natmosphere and returned back after sintering again in air. The influence\nof reversible thermochromism on the upconversion luminescence of MoO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;:Yb&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;,Er&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; phosphor was investigated.\nThe MoO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;:Yb&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;,Er&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; phosphor prepared\nin air exhibited visible upconversion luminescence, while the MoO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;:Yb&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;,Er&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; phosphor has no upconversion\nluminescence after sintering in the reducing atmosphere. This up-conversion\nluminescence modulation shows excellent reproducibility after several\ncycles. The thermochromic MoO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;:Yb&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;,Er&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; phosphor with reversible modulated upconversion luminescence shows\ngreat potential for practical applications in optical switches and\noptoelectronic multifunctional devices.

Topic: Luminescence Properties of Advanced Materials
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences