jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Social Cost Pricing when Public Transport is an Option Value

Abstract A well-known principle of welfare economics states that an efficient allocation of resources can be achieved in a competitive economy when market prices are in line with social marginal costs. When applied to the transport sector, this implies that the price of the various transport modes should be made equal to the sum of marginal production and external costs, like congestion, accidents, pollution, and road maintenance. It is sometimes argued the internalization of external costs would bring about a change in demand patterns with a shift towards public transport and cleaner modes. But public transport is already favoured by discriminatory fiscal treatment. Whereas public services are normally (heavily) subsidized, private transport is taxed in several ways and, in some countries, quite substantially so. The application of the 'optimal pricing' principle, therefore, critically depends on how the subsidization of public services is interpreted. This paper addresses the issue of optimal pricing of urban transport, using different hypotheses concerning the treatment of public services. After reviewing some traditional arguments in favour of public transport subsidization, a new approach, based on uncertainty and option values, is discussed. The implications of this approach are investigated by means of an applied model, where optimal prices for urban transport services in the city of Bologna are computed under alternative assumptions.

Topic: Climate Change Policy and Economics
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Prediction Model for Back-Bead Monitoring During Gas Metal Arc Welding Using Supervised Deep Learning

Creating and consistently maintaining the weld shape during gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is vital for ensuring and maintaining the specified weld quality. However, the back-bead is often not uniformly generated owing to the change that occurs in the narrow gap between the base metals during butt joint GMAW, which substantially influences weldability. Automating the GMAW process requires the capability of real-time weld quality monitoring and diagnosis. In this study, we developed a convolutional neural network-based back-bead prediction model. Specifically, scalogram feature image data were acquired by performing Morlet wavelet transform on the welding current measured in the short-circuit transform mode of the GMAW process. The acquired scalogram feature image data were then analyzed and used to develop labeled weld quality training data for the convolutional neural network model. The model predictions were compared with welding data acquired through additional experiments to validate the proposed prediction model. The prediction accuracy was approximately 93.5%, indicating that the findings of this study could serve as a foundation for the future development of automated welding systems.

Topic: Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Real-world treatment patterns and opioid use in chronic low back pain patients initiating duloxetine versus standard of care

Jeffrey Scott Andrews,1 Ning Wu,2 Shih-Yin Chen,2 Xia Yu,2 Xiaomei Peng,1 Diego Novick1 1Global Health Outcomes, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA; 2Evidera, Lexington, MA, USA Abstract: To describe the use of pain medications in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) after initiating duloxetine or standard of care (SOC [muscle relaxants, gabapentin, pregabalin, venlafaxine, and tricyclic antidepressants]) for pain management, pharmacy and medical claims from Surveillance Data, Inc (SDI) Health were analyzed. Adult patients with CLBP who initiated duloxetine or SOC between November 2010 and April 2011 were identified. Treatment initiation was defined as no pill coverage for duloxetine or SOC in the previous 90 days. Included patients had no opioid use in the 90 days before initiation. Propensity score matching was used to select patients with similar baseline demographic and clinical characteristics for duloxetine and SOC cohorts. Compliance with index medication was assessed via medication possession ratio (MPR) and proportion of days covered (PDC) for 6 months after initiation. The proportion of patients receiving opioids and days on opioids after index date were assessed, and regression models were estimated to compare opioid use between cohorts. A total of 766 patients initiated duloxetine and 6,206 patients initiated SOC. After matching, 743 patients were selected for the duloxetine (mean age 57 years; female 74%) and SOC (mean age 57 years; female 75%) cohorts, respectively. Of the duloxetine cohort, 92% started on or below recommended daily dose (&le;60 mg). The duloxetine cohort had significantly higher MPR (0.78 versus [vs] 0.60) and PDC (0.50 vs 0.31), were less likely to use opioids (45% vs 61%), and had fewer days on opioids (median 0 vs 7 days) than the SOC cohort (all P < 0.001). After adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics, the duloxetine cohort initiated opioids later than the SOC cohort (hazard ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.66&ndash;0.89). CLBP patients initiating duloxetine had better compliance with initiated medication and were less likely to use opioids than those initiating SOC. Keywords: medications, duloxetine, low back pain, opioid

Topic: Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Cognitive impairments in early restorative period of ischemic stroke].

The aim was to study prevalence and peculiarity of cognitive impairments in patients with ischemic stroke. 76 patients with stroke were examined in early restorative period of disease. Neurologic status of the patients was examined with NIHSS scale, Renkin scale was employed for measuring the degree of disability, MMSE and FAB was used to estimate cognitive functions. 24-hour, non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring was used to reveal arterial hypertension and impairment of circadian rhythm of ABP. Considerable prevalence of cognitive impairments was shown. 34.2% patients suffered from dementia. The most impaired cognitive functions were memory, calculation, repetition and writing. Risk factors of cognitive impairments in patients with ischemic stroke were advanced age, severe neurological impairments, increasing SBP, minimal DBP. Examination cognitive function after stroke is necessary to plan treatment, prevention and reablement.

Topic: Neurological Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Manticore: Hardware-Accelerated RTL Simulation with Static Bulk-Synchronous Parallelism

The demise of Moore's Law and Dennard Scaling has revived interest in specialized computer architectures and accelerators. Verification and testing of this hardware depend heavily upon cycle-accurate simulation of register-transfer-level (RTL) designs. The fastest software RTL simulators can simulate designs at 1--1000 kHz, i.e., more than three orders of magnitude slower than hardware. Improved simulators can increase designers' productivity by speeding design iterations and permitting more exhaustive exploration. One possibility is to exploit low-level parallelism, as RTL expresses considerable fine-grain concurrency. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art RTL simulators often perform best on a single core since modern processors cannot effectively exploit fine-grain parallelism. This work presents Manticore: a parallel computer designed to accelerate RTL simulation. Manticore uses a static bulk-synchronous parallel (BSP) execution model to eliminate fine-grain synchronization overhead. It relies entirely on a compiler to schedule resources and communication, which is feasible since RTL code contains few divergent execution paths. With static scheduling, communication and synchronization no longer incur runtime overhead, making fine-grain parallelism practical. Moreover, static scheduling dramatically simplifies processor implementation, significantly increasing the number of cores that fit on a chip. Our 225-core FPGA implementation running at 475 MHz outperforms a state-of-the-art RTL simulator running on desktop and server computers in 8 out of 9 benchmarks.

Topic: Embedded Systems Design Techniques
Subfield: Hardware and Architecture
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Regulation of the gene for CD34, a human hematopoietic stem cell antigen, in KG-1 cells

Abstract CD34 is one of the best characterized human hematopoietic stem cell antigens defined to date. It is expressed on 1% to 4% of normal bone marrow cells, including colony forming units of all lineages and their precursors. CD34 expression is lost during hematopoietic development and is not found on mature peripheral blood cells. The control of CD34 expression was studied in the myeloblast cell line KG-1 as a model for the regulation of stem cell genes. CD34 mRNA was expressed at high levels in uninduced KG-1 cells. Upon induction of the cells towards macrophages with tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and ionomycin, steady state levels of CD34 mRNA decreased rapidly. Nuclear run-on assays did not show a significant change in the rate of CD34 transcription upon induction. The half-life of CD34 mRNA was 4.5 hours in uninduced KG-1 cells and 2.25 hours in induced cells, demonstrating the involvement of post-transcriptional mechanisms in CD34 downregulation. Cycloheximide had no effect on the downregulation of CD34, suggesting that labile proteins are not required for this process. This model should allow the study of some of the regulatory mechanisms controlling early events in hematopoiesis.

Topic: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Altered sympathetic activity during development of diet-induced obesity in rat

Sprague-Dawley rats developed diet-induced obesity (DIO) after 3 mo on a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (DIO diet), with associated increases in total body and interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) lipid content. After 7 days on the DIO diet, rats had increased levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; 34%), norepinephrine (NE; 34%), and NE turnover (94%; estimated by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine inhibition of TH) in their IBAT compared with chow-fed controls. After 3 mo on the DIO diet, NE levels and/or turnover were reduced by 27–50% in aortas, hearts, and pancreata in obese rats. While IBAT NE turnover was normal, TH inhibition failed to increase the lipid content of IBAT in obese rats as it did in controls, suggesting a postsynaptic defect in basal NE-stimulated lipolysis in this thermogenically active tissue. When obese rats were switched from the DIO diet to rat chow for 3 days, NE levels remained depressed in their hearts (25%) and aortas (14%) but were increased by 36–45% in IBAT, pancreata, and white adipose tissue. NE turnover rates and/or constants were increased by 37–110% in hearts, aortas, pancreata, and IBAT of these obese rats while there were increased IBAT TH (20%) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (87%) activities compared with chow-fed controls. Therefore, sympathetic activity varied markedly as a function of both dietary composition and relative body weight during the development of DIO.

Topic: Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
<scp>FAK</scp> mediates hypoxia‐induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation by modulating mitochondrial transcription termination factor 1/cyclin <scp>D1</scp>

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of FAK‐dependent hypoxia‐induced proliferation on human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs). Primary HPASMCs were isolated and cultured in vitro under normal and hypoxia conditions to assess cell proliferation with cell counting kit‐8. FAK and mitochondrial transcription termination factor 1 (mTERF1) were silenced with siRNA, mRNA, and protein levels of FAK, mTERF1, and cyclin D1 were determined. HPASMC proliferation increased under hypoxia compared to normal conditions. Knocking down FAK or mTERF1 with siRNA led to decreased cell proliferation under both normal and hypoxia conditions. FAK knockdown led to the reduction of both mTERF1 and cyclin D1 expressions under the hypoxia conditions, whereas mTERF1 knockdown led to the downregulation of cyclin D1 expression but not FAK expression under the same condition. However, under normal conditions, knocking down either FAK or mTERF1 had no impact on cyclin D1 expression. These results suggested that FAK may regulate the mTERF1/cyclin D1 signaling pathway to modulate cell proliferation in hypoxia.

Topic: Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
RE: “COMBINED EFFECT OF CHILDBEARING, MENSTRUAL EVENTS, AND BODY SIZE ON AGE-SPECIFIC BREAST CANCER RISK”

Journal Article RE: “COMBINED EFFECT OF CHILDBEARING, MENSTRUAL EVENTS, AND BODY SIZE ON AGE-SPECIFIC BREAST CANCER RISK” Get access Suresh Moolgavkar, Suresh Moolgavkar Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattle, WA 98104 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Anup Dewanji Anup Dewanji Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattle, WA 98104 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 128, Issue 5, November 1988, Pages 1177–1178, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115063 Published: 01 November 1988

Topic: Cancer Risks and Factors
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Noise Matters: Diffusion Model-based Urban Mobility Generation with Collaborative Noise Priors

With global urbanization, the focus on sustainable cities has largely grown, driving research into equity, resilience, and urban planning, which often relies on mobility data. The rise of web-based apps and mobile devices has provided valuable user data for mobility-related research. However, real-world mobility data is costly and raises privacy concerns. To protect privacy while retaining key features of real-world movement, the demand for synthetic data has steadily increased. Recent advances in diffusion models have shown great potential for mobility trajectory generation due to their ability to model randomness and uncertainty. However, existing approaches often directly apply identically distributed (i.i.d.) noise sampling from image generation techniques, which fail to account for the spatiotemporal correlations and social interactions that shape urban mobility patterns. In this paper, we propose CoDiffMob, a diffusion model for urban mobility generation with collaborative noise priors, we emphasize the critical role of noise in diffusion models for generating mobility data. By leveraging both individual movement characteristics and population-wide dynamics, we construct novel collaborative noise priors that provide richer and more informative guidance throughout the generation process. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our method, with generated data accurately capturing both individual preferences and collective patterns, achieving an improvement of over 32%. Furthermore, it can effectively replace web-derived mobility data to better support downstream applications, while safeguarding user privacy and fostering a more secure and ethical web. This highlights its tremendous potential for applications in sustainable city-related research. The code and data are available at https://github.com/tsinghua-fib-lab/CoDiffMob.

Topic: Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Glioblastoma Multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme is a malignant tumor with a uniformly fatal course. Palliation achieved by conventional radiation and surgical techniques can be measured in terms of months. The urgent need for new avenues of approach prompted a review of current laboratory and clinical investigation relating to glioblastomas. <b>Tissue Culture and Heterotransplantation</b>Neuroglial tumors have been grown by a variety of tissue culture techniques during the past 30 years. Russell and Bland<sup>37</sup>studied 20 gliomas in tissue culture and established the basis for their identification and classification in vitro. Lumsden<sup>21</sup>recently published his extensive experience with the astrocytoma-glioblastoma group of tumors and reviewed previous contributions to this subject. He differentiated normal and neoplastic astrocytes in plasma clot preparations by their rate of migration and by the number and branching of their processes. These observations were made in short-term cultures, and not until 1959 did Manuelidis<sup>26</sup>report long-term culture of

Topic: Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Purification-based quantum error mitigation of pair-correlated electron simulations

An important measure of the development of quantum computing platforms has been the simulation of increasingly complex physical systems. Prior to fault-tolerant quantum computing, robust error mitigation strategies are necessary to continue this growth. Here, we study physical simulation within the seniority-zero electron pairing subspace, which affords both a computational stepping stone to a fully correlated model, and an opportunity to validate recently introduced ``purification-based'' error-mitigation strategies. We compare the performance of error mitigation based on doubling quantum resources in time (echo verification) or in space (virtual distillation), on up to $20$ qubits of a superconducting qubit quantum processor. We observe a reduction of error by one to two orders of magnitude below less sophisticated techniques (e.g. post-selection); the gain from error mitigation is seen to increase with the system size. Employing these error mitigation strategies enables the implementation of the largest variational algorithm for a correlated chemistry system to-date. Extrapolating performance from these results allows us to estimate minimum requirements for a beyond-classical simulation of electronic structure. We find that, despite the impressive gains from purification-based error mitigation, significant hardware improvements will be required for classically intractable variational chemistry simulations.

Topic: Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
War epidemics: an historical geography of infectious diseases in military conflict and civil strife, 1850-2000

PROLOGUE I: WARE AND DISEASE 1. Wars and War Epidemics 2. Epidemics in Early Wars II: TEMPORAL TRENDS 3. Mortality and Morbidity in Modern Wars, I: Civil Populations 4. Mortality and Morbidity in Modern Wars, II: Military Populations 5. Motality and Morbidity in Modern Wars, III: Displace Populations III: A REGIONAL PATTERN OF WAR EPIDEMICS 6. Tracking Epidemics 7. Pan America: Military Mobilization and Disease in the United States 8. Europe: Camp Epidemics 9. Asia and the Far East: Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases 10. Africa: Soldiers, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and War 11. Oceania: War Epidemics in South Pacific Islands 12. Further Regional Studies IV: PROSPECTS 13. War and Disease: Recent Trends and Future Threats EPILOGUE

Topic: Health and Conflict Studies
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Appendix to the Bibliographer's Manual of English Lilerature; Containing an Account of Book. Published by Literary and Scientific Societies and Printing Clubs; Books Printed at Private Presses; Privately Prinlcd Series and the Principal Literary and Scientific Serials

Appendix to the Bibliographer's Manual of English Lilerature; Containing an Account of Book. Published by Literary and Scientific Societies and Printing Clubs; Books Printed at Private Presses; Privately Prinlcd Series and the Principal Literary and Scientific Serials Get access Notes and Queries, Volume s3-VI, Issue 153, 3 December 1864, Page 466, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s3-VI.153.466-c Published: 03 December 1964

Topic: Library Science and Administration
Subfield: Library and Information Sciences
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Acceptance as an Open Door of Mercy: Riḍā in Islamic Spirituality

There is no religion that does not start from the premise that "something is rotten in the Kingdom of Denmark," to make use of Hamlet's suggestive expression: mankind has lost its connection with the principle of its being and disharmony has ensued. This state of affairs, that religion claims to remedy, may be deemed to result from a sense of radical "otherness" symbolized, in the Abrahamic traditions, by the loss of the blissful unity and proximity of terrestrial paradise. In this paper we propose to show that the Islamic concept of ridā, particularly as it has been conceptualized and practiced in Sufism, is none other than both the means and the end of this re-connection with God and human beings as acceptance of "otherness." The Quranic idea of Divine ridwān provides both the transcendent model and the infinite counterpart of this human virtue of acceptance.

Topic: Education and Islamic Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
CCDC 640246: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE EU TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GLOBAL COMPACTS: LEGAL CERTAINTY FOR PEOPLE ON THE MOVE AS A GLOBAL PUBLIC GOOD

This work aims to analyze the role of the EU and its Member States in implementing the UN Global Compacts from a specific approach: the theory of global public goods. In particular, it aims to explore the incentives EU and its Member States would have for agreeing on a European regime providing safe and legal pathways for migrants and people in need of international protection heading to the European territory. Although a variety of international instruments contain both the right to leave any country, including one’s own country, and the right to seek international protection, up to now the International Community has failed in its attempt of providing legal certainty for people on the move. This article considers that a global public good approach would fuel the indispensable political consensus to do so.

Topic: Public health and occupational medicine
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Left Lateral View of Liver Scintigraphy in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

組織学的検査を含む内視鏡的検査で診断の確定した肝硬変62例を三井記念病院でシンチグラフィを行い, 左側面像について検討を加えた。左側面像をI型, II型, III型に分類した。各1例, 23例および38例であった。脾の大きさは, II型は肝影より大, III型はその逆である。肝機能上, II型は比較的障害が強かった。すなわち肝シンチグラフィ左側面像により肝硬変の重症度をある程度判定しうるものと考えられる。

Topic: Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences