jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Extending the Scope of the New Variant of the Castagnoli–Cushman Cyclocondensation onto o-Methyl Benzoic Acids Bearing Various Electron-Withdrawing Groups in the α-Position

Based on the previously reported involvement of homophthalic acid monoesters in the Castagnoli–Cushman reaction-type cyclocondensation with imines, we tested a number of other o-methyl benzoic acids bearing various electron-withdrawing groups in the α-position. The majority of these substrates delivered the expected tetrahydroisoquinolone adducts on activation with CDI or acetic anhydride. Homophthalic acid mononitriles displayed the highest promise as substrates for the new reaction, both in terms of scope and product yields. Homophthalic acid monoamides either gave low yields or failed to react with imines. Sulfonyl-substituted substrates gave the desired (and hitherto unknown) type of tetrahydroisoquinolines. Despite the low yields, this approach to sulfonyl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines appears practical as alternative syntheses based on the traditional, carboxylic acid CCR adducts would presumably be cumbersome and multistep. The azido- and nitro-substituted o-methyl benzoic acids failed to react with imines.

Topic: Synthesis and Biological Activity
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Reflections of EU Migration and Refugee Crisis in Slovak Foreign and Security Policy

At the end of 2014, the numbers of irregular migrants and asylum seekers in the European Union began to sharply increase. This so-called European migration and refugee crisis culminated in 2015, but did not affect all EU Member States to the same extent. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the impacts of “the crisis” in the Slovak Republic. In addition to the recent developments in the area of irregular immigration and numbers of asylum applications, we focus on broader social, political and foreign policy implications. The research is primarily based on the analysis of the official statistics. We compare pre-crisis data, data in the period considered as “the crisis", and the current situation. The Slovak territory had not been influenced significantly by immigration flows during the European migration and refugee crisis. Nevertheless, migration flows became an important topic also in Slovakia: developments within the EU territory raised awareness on the topic among political representatives as well as among the Slovak public. The importance of migratory flows is growing. It reflects the increase in the volume of migratory flows but also how international migration is perceived and interpreted in society.

Topic: European Politics and Security
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Progressive Autoimmune Beta Cell Insufficiency: Occurrence in the Absence of High-Risk HLA Alleles DR3, DR4

In a prospective screening program for type I diabetes mellitus, we identified a unique family in which several members (mother and three siblings) expressed an unusual set of HLA-DR alleles (DR2+, DR3/4−) and were in different phases of immunologically mediated islet beta cell dysfunction. Immunologic and/or clinical manifestations of type I diabetes were absent in all siblings not sharing both HLA haplotypes in common with the proband. This article illustrates: the clinical utility of prospective family screening for predictive markers, such as islet cell antibodies, progressive autoimmune beta cell destruction can occur in the absence of the “high-risk” alleles HLA-DR3 and DR4, and HLA identity with the proband, rather than specific HLA alleles, i.e., presence of DR3, DR4 and absence of DR2, is an essential factor.

Topic: Diabetes and associated disorders
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Analysis on rate of adverse pregnancy outcomes in HIV-infected pregnant women and influencing factors in some regions of China, 2017-2023].

<b>Objective:</b> To understand the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome in HIV-infected pregnant women and influencing factors in China and provide reference for the improvement of the health status of HIV-infected pregnant women and their newborns. <b>Methods:</b> Based on a mother-child cohort of HIV-infected pregnant women and children (PMTCT-MC-2005) established in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Yunnan Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, this study enrolled pregnant women with or without HIV infection as study subjects from January 2017 to June 2023, a total of 1 646 pregnant women (558 HIV-infected and 1 088 HIV-uninfected) were included, and 34 cases with missing data were excluded. The <i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> test was used to analyze the difference in the incidence adverse pregnancy outcome between two groups, and used logistic regression model to identify the influencing factors of adverse pregnancy outcome in HIV-infected pregnant women. <b>Results:</b> A total of 1 612 pregnant women were included in the study, in whom 541 were infected with HIV and 1 071 were not infected with HIV. The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome was 18.8% (303/1 612), the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome was 33.1% (179/541) in the HIV-infected pregnant women and 11.6% (124/1 071) in the pregnant women without HIV infection. The results of multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the influencing factors of adverse pregnancy outcome were age <35 years at delivery (a<i>OR</i>=0.64, 95%<i>CI</i>: 0.43-0.95) compared with the age ≥35 years and the duration of antiviral treatment over 10 years (a<i>OR</i>=0.43, 95%<i>CI</i>: 0.23-0.79) compared with less than one year. <b>Conclusions:</b> The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome in HIV-infected pregnant women was high in some regions of China during 2017-2023. It is necessary for HIV-infected women to get pregnancy at appropriate time based on antiretroviral treatment effect and strengthen self-care to reduce the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome.

Topic: HIV, TB, and STIs Epidemiology
Subfield: General Social Sciences
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Time-resolved turbulent dynamo in a laser plasma

Understanding magnetic-field generation and amplification in turbulent plasma is essential to account for observations of magnetic fields in the universe. A theoretical framework attributing the origin and sustainment of these fields to the so-called fluctuation dynamo was recently validated by experiments on laser facilities in low-magnetic-Prandtl-number plasmas (Pm&lt;1). However, the same framework proposes that the fluctuation dynamo should operate differently when Pm≳1, the regime relevant to many astrophysical environments such as the intracluster medium of galaxy clusters. This paper reports an experiment that creates a laboratory Pm≳1 plasma dynamo. We provide a time-resolved characterization of the plasma’s evolution, measuring temperatures, densities, flow velocities, and magnetic fields, which allows us to explore various stages of the fluctuation dynamo’s operation on seed magnetic fields generated by the action of the Biermann-battery mechanism during the initial drive-laser target interaction. The magnetic energy in structures with characteristic scales close to the driving scale of the stochastic motions is found to increase by almost three orders of magnitude and saturate dynamically. It is shown that the initial growth of these fields occurs at a much greater rate than the turnover rate of the driving-scale stochastic motions. Our results point to the possibility that plasma turbulence produced by strong shear can generate fields more efficiently at the driving scale than anticipated by idealized magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations of the nonhelical fluctuation dynamo; this finding could help explain the large-scale fields inferred from observations of astrophysical systems.

Topic: Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cumulative exergy losses associated with the production of lead metal

Cumulative exergy losses result from the irreversibility of the links of a technological network leading from raw materials and fuels extracted from nature to the product under consideration. The sum of these losses can be apportioned into partial exergy losses (associated with particular links of the technological network) or into constituent exergy losses (associated with constituent subprocesses of the network). The methods of calculation of the partial and constituent exergy losses are presented, taking into account the useful byproducts substituting the major products of other processes. Analyses of partial and constituent exergy losses are made for the technological network of lead metal production.

Topic: Diverse Industrial Engineering Technologies
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Multivisceral Transplantation for Portomesenteric Thrombosis and Unresectable Neuroendocrine Tumor

Introduction: Multivisceral transplantation (MVTx) -defined as the en bloc transplantation of the abdominal viscera (stomach, duodenum, pancreas, liver and small bowel) is mostly performed for complicated diffuse and complete portomesenteric thrombosis. Experience is limited and the procedure still in its relative infancy, but the number of cases is likely to rise with the advent of new indications. Case description: In August 2011, a 20 year-old male was referred to our department with complete portomesenteric thrombosis. Imaging showed extensive hepatosplenomegaly with diffuse perfusion defects and degenerative changes in the pancreas. In December 2013, despite medical treatment, the patient’s condition severely deteriorated with cholestasis, ascites requiring regular percutaneous drainage, variceal bleeding and intestinal failure. The only therapeutic option left was MVTx. In March 2014, MVTx was performed. First, the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery were embolized to reduce perioperative bleeding, followed by resection of the native organs, and finally en bloc transplantation of the corresponding organs. The patient recovered well and was discharged at day 66 post-transplant. He became nutritionally independent 2 months’ post-transplant. Unexpectedly, the resection specimen showed an underlying grade III (Ki67 of 20.3%) pancreatic tail neuro-endocrine carcinoma with direct invasion of the spleen and diffuse liver metastasis with diffuse portomesenteric tumor thrombosis. The resection margins were negative. There was no nodal involvement and further imaging showed no residual tumor activity. Everolimus –by virtue of its anti-tumoral properties- was associated to classical tacrolimus and steroids-based immunosuppression. No adjuvant therapy was given. 2.5 years post-transplant, regular MRI scan and serum chromogranin levels have remained normal and the patient is leading a normal life. Conclusion: This case confirms that MVTx is an effective treatment for portomesenteric thrombosis. In addition, it demonstrates that MVTx could be considered in selected cases of extensive and otherwise unresectable intra-abdominal tumors. In the latter, MVTx – complete splanchnic exenteration and replacement- allows the greatest chance for complete tumoral clearance. In addition, arterial embolization immediately pre-transplant could induce tumor necrosis and prevent perioperative vascular seeding.

Topic: Organ Transplantation Techniques and Outcomes
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Crystal and molecular structure of the calcium ion complex of A23187

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCrystal and molecular structure of the calcium ion complex of A23187G. D. Smith and W. L. DuaxCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 6, 1578–1580Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00422a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00422a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views162Altmetric-Citations57LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

Topic: Metal complexes synthesis and properties
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Características de las herramientas multimedia para el desarrollo de Presentaciones Interactivas

The present research on the characteristics of multimedia tools for the development of interactive presentations, aimed to compare the Sway, Genially, and Emaze applications, their advantages and disadvantages in the teaching-learning process. A quantitative methodology was proposed with the application of a survey with closed questions for a sample of 30 teachers of the Simón Bolívar Educational Unit of the morning section, in the city of Milagro, the graphs showed that 57% of teachers do not make use of interactive multimedia tools, 63% of teachers use Power Point for their presentation in classes due to lack of knowledge of new tools. It is concluded that teachers need to be trained in the subject of handling interactive resources to strengthen active learning and better academic performance of students, it was shown that Genially is the most complete innovative application that every teacher must take into account when carrying out your presentations quickly, for the preparation of classes and organize the material in virtual spaces.

Topic: Advertising and Communication Studies
Subfield: Communication
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Uncommon Connections with Common Numerators

Undergraduate students who are pre-service teachers need to make connections between the college mathematics they are learning and the precollege mathematics they will be teaching. Spanning a broad range of undergraduate curricula, this article describes useful lesser-known connections, explorations and original new proofs involving fractions. In particular, we use standard tools of number theory to investigate when an integer results from bc/(b+c) , an expression that arises from the not necessarily uncommon situation of adding fractions with a common numerator.

Topic: History and Theory of Mathematics
Subfield: Theoretical Computer Science
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
CCDC 651583: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Testicular Temperature in Man

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Feb 1950Testicular Temperature in Man1 Herbert F. Newman, and Seymour F. Wilhelm Herbert F. NewmanHerbert F. Newman More articles by this author , and Seymour F. WilhelmSeymour F. Wilhelm More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)68773-1AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1950 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByMUNKELWITZ R and GILBERT B (2018) ARE BOXER SHORTS REALLY BETTER? A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF UNDERWEAR TYPE IN MALE SUBFERTILITYJournal of Urology, VOL. 160, NO. 4, (1329-1333), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1998.Kurz K and Goldstein M (2018) Scrotal Temperature Reflects Intratesticular Temperature and is Lowered by ShavingJournal of Urology, VOL. 135, NO. 2, (290-292), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1986.Morales P and Hardin J (2018) Scrotal and Testicular Temperature Studies in ParaplegicsJournal of Urology, VOL. 79, NO. 6, (972-975), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1958. Volume 63Issue 2February 1950Page: 349-352 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1950 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Herbert F. Newman More articles by this author Seymour F. Wilhelm More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Topic: Sperm and Testicular Function
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Distinctive Magnetic Resonance Imaging findings of muscle in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (P6.093)

Background: MRI is being increasingly used for evaluation of inherited muscle disorders as it allows quantification of fatty infiltration and edema in skeletal muscle. Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD) is characterized by distinct pattern of muscle degeneration and MRI can be an important diagnostic tool complementing clinical diagnosis prior to genetic confirmation.
Objective: To study and also correlate Muscle MRI findings of lower limbs with Manual muscle testing(MMT) and Muscular Dystrophy Functional Rating Scale(MDFRS) scores in genetically confirmed DMD children.
Materials and methods: 50 MLPA (Multiplex Ligand Dependant Probe Amplification) confirmed DMD cases were prospectively recruited and assessed for muscle MRI changes using Mercuri staging for fibro-fatty replacement on T1 sequence and Myoedema score for edema on STIR sequence. Detailed phenotypic characterization was done with MMT(MRC grading) and MDFRS.
Results: Mean age was 7.62 ±2.80 in years with mean illness duration of 46.32±29.61 at the time of evaluation. Quadriceps, Gluteus medius and Gluteus minimus are most severely affected with a mean Mercuri stage of 3. Iliopsoas and anterior compartment muscles of leg had minimal fibro-fatty replacement (Mercuri stage1) while normal appearance in T1 sequence (stage 0) seen in Sartorius, gracilis, semimembranous and deep posterior compartment muscles of leg with relatively high (2a to 2b) mean myoedema scores suggesting delayed involvement of these muscles. MRI findings (mean mercuri and myoedema scores) of proximal thigh muscles (Gluteus maximus, medius and minimus)had significant correlation with mean MMT scores (p<0.05) and MDFRS scores also showed significant correlation with mean Mercuri scores (p<0.05).
Conclusion: MRI findings reflect consistent distinctive pattern of skeletal muscle involvement in DMD irrespective of age at evaluation and age at onset of illness. With a high clinical possibility of DMD, Muscle MRI could be considered as an investigation of immense diagnostic value before contemplating genetic testing by MLPA or Next generation sequencing. Disclosure: Dr. Polavarapu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Poojar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Veeramani has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bharath has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nalini has nothing to disclose. Dr. Singh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thomas has nothing to disclose.

Topic: Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Studies on the Leaf Temperature (1)

The effect of wind velocity upon the leaf temperature of citrus was measured in relation to solar radiation at the wind velocity range from 9 to 400cm/sec.For the purpose of measuring natural surface temperature of the leaf, the measuring method was minutely examined.The results are summarized as follows:(1) For consant solar radiation, the leaf temperature at the lower wind velocity decreased rapidly with increasing velocity of wind blowing parallel to the leaf surface, while at the higher slowly. (Fig. 1).(2) For constant wind velocity, the leaf temperature increased in almost linear proportion to solar radiation. (Fig. 2).

Topic: Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Chemists solve olefin hydration challenge

Building on recent developments in photoredox chemistry, a team led by Aiwen Lei of Wuhan University has found a new solution to one of chemistry's long-standing synthetic challenges: the catalytic anti-Markovnikov hydration of olefins (ACS Catal. 2017, DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03388). Direct addition of water to olefins to make alcohols is a well-developed industrial chemical reaction. For most olefins, this hydration process involves using an acid catalyst, such as sulfuric or phosphoric acid, and follows Markovnikov's rule, in which the hydroxyl group bonds to the double-bond carbon that has the greater number of carbon–carbon bonds. For terminal olefins, the process produces secondary alcohols. The anti-Markovnikov hydration of olefins, in which the selectivity is reversed and the hydroxyl group bonds to the carbon on the other end of the double bond, converts terminal olefins to primary alcohols. But catalytic anti-Markovnikov olefin hydration is not straightforward; it requires indirect hydroboration/oxidation with borane reagents and

Topic: Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
RUSSIA’S COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES ABOUT CRIMEA IN SPANISH-LANGUAGE SPUTNIK AND RUSSIA TIMES (2014-2018)

We analyze Russia's communication strategies in the period leading up to and following the seizure (2014-2018) of the Crimean Peninsula in the Spanish editions of its digital platforms, Sputnik and Russia Times. Drawing from theories of political communication, we show how Russia used storytelling and framing to build an international image and political brand consistent with, and try to justify, its foreign policy actions. Specifically, Russian messages transmit no room for doubt about the legality of any of its strategies in Crimea. We argue that this communication strategy is consistent with the concept of 'sharp power' to describe Russian projection in the world. Cultural and emotional appeals designed to generate positive emotions about Russia, i.e., 'soft power', were far less common. In recent years, Russian projection of sharp power appears to have increased in the Spanish-speaking world, particularly in South America. In addition to helping explain Russian foreign policy, our findings contribute to broader debates about political branding and truth in a 'post-truth', multipolar world.

Topic: European and Russian Geopolitical Military Strategies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences