jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
I.—AVENARIUS' PHILOSOPHY OF PURE EXPERIENCE (II.)

Journal Article I.—AVENARIUS' PHILOSOPHY OF PURE EXPERIENCE (II.) Get access NORMAN SMITH NORMAN SMITH Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mind, Volume XV, Issue 58, 1906, Pages 149–160, https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/XV.58.149 Published: 01 January 1906

Topic: Classical Philosophy and Thought
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
On the Question of the Powers of the Federal Executive Authorities of Germany in the Field of Genetic Engineering

At the present stage of the development of genetic engineering activities in the Russian Federation the question of the expediency of distributing powers between federal executive bodies and executive bodies of constituent entities is relevant. In this regard, the experience of Germany in securing the relevant powers in the field of genetic engineering for the executive authorities is considered, in particular, the powers of the federal executive authorities of Germany are examined to release and place genetically modified organisms, to monitor the impact of artificial microorganisms on human health and the environment, as well as administrative functions for maintaining information registers of information about modified organisms. The Author analyzes the powers of the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (German: Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft – BMEL), the Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety of Germany (German: Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit – BVL) and other bodies. In addition, the Author has investigated the powers of the federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany in the field of genetic engineering work related to the use and production of artificial microorganisms and GM products. As an example, the competence of the authorized body of the federal state of Hesse – the Department of the Government of Hesse for genetic engineering – is considered. Analysis of the powers of the executive authorities of Germany in the field of genetic engineering made it possible to formulate conclusions and recommendations for streamlining the powers of executive authorities and organizations in Russia. As a result, proposals were made to improve public administration in the field of genetic engineering activities in Russia, including the need to entrust a separate authority with the authority for comprehensive regulation in the field of genetic engineering activities, as well as the inexpediency of currently providing executive the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the powers to exercise public administration in the area under consideration.

Topic: Digital Transformation in Law
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Cognitive Fitness, Assessment, and Cognitive Rehabilitation of Older Population

In recent years, it has been assumed that brain may be trained as a muscle (use-it-or-lose-it hypothesis) so the higher amount of cognitively stimulating activities we are involved at, the better the cognitive status will be when we reach the old age. Though this assumption needs to be properly verified with additional scientific evidence, there has been an increasing number of studies on cognitive intervention (training, stimulation, rehabilitation) that have obtained diverse results with regards to their efficacy in maintaining cognitive function over time and transfer their gains to older people's daily life activities and challenges. The current chapter revises latest years of research on cognitive tests and interventions, and incorporates the added value of the latest developments in computerized and virtual-reality based assessment and training tools, to respectively measure and improve cognitive status in older populations. Moreover, key recommendations on how existing tools could be improved will be provided.

Topic: Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Intraindividual Chromosomal Polymorphism in Green Sunfish (&lt;i&gt;Lepomis cyanellu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;s&lt;/i&gt;) as Evidence of Somatic Segregation

Of 30 adult specimens of green sunfish, &lt;i&gt;Lepomis cyanellus&lt;/i&gt;, obtained from a fish farm in southern California, 16 were heterozygous for a single Robertsonian translocation while 12 carried no translocation; the remaining two were homozygous for a translocation. In each heterozygote, the three cell types coexisted: the original heterozygous set (2n = 47, one metacentric) and the two homozygous sets (2n = 48, no metacentric, and 2n = 46, two metacentrics). No intraindividual chromosomal polymorphism was evident in those specimens which carried no translocation as well as in those which were homozygous for a translocation.

Topic: Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Manipulating Strings

When programmers say string or strings, what they mean is a string or strings of characters (or text). Programmatically working with strings of text is a whole lot of fun: You can see instant results, and it's kind of like working though a puzzle involving words and letters.KeywordsRegular ExpressionCharacter ClassInput StringSpace CharacterInput TypeThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Topic: Algorithms and Data Compression
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of Plant Extracts Combinations on TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 Levels in Serum of Rats Exposed to Acute and Chronic Stress

Oxydative stress, anxiety and depression are associated with changes in cytokine levels. Natural products, including individual and combined plant extracts, have the potential to be used in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of two combined plant extracts, rich in flavonoids, on the levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 in rats subjected to models of acute cold stress and chronic unpredictable stress. The study utilized common medicinal plants such as Valeriana officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Crataegus monogyna, Hypericum perforatum, and Serratula coronata, which were combined in two unique combinations—Antistress I and Antistress II. The compositions of the used extracts were determined by HPLC methods. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in rats’ serum were measured with Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results from the acute stress model revealed that the individual extract of Crataegus monogyna decreased levels of TNF-α, while Serratula coronata, Hypericum perforatum, and Valeriana officinalis effectively reduced IL-6 levels. Both combinations, Antistress I and Antistress II, were effective in reducing TNF-α and IL-6 levels, with Antistress II also increasing IL-10 levels. In the chronic stress model, Hypericum perforatum extract decreased the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, whereas extracts of Serratula coronata and Valeriana officinalis only reduced TNF-α levels. The two combined extracts, Antistress I and Antistress II, decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels, while Antistress I also reduced the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The combinations of plant extracts used in our experiment have not been previously studied or documented in the available literature. However, based on our own experimental results, we can draw the conclusion that the combinations exhibit a more pronounced effect in reducing cytokine levels compared to the individual plant extracts.

Topic: Tryptophan and brain disorders
Subfield: Biological Psychiatry
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Substance Flow Analysis of Tantalum: Tracking the Conflict-Free Path

Tantalum is a critical material used in specialized industrial manufacturing processes and end-use applications ranging from aerospace to high performance electronics. In Central Africa severe human rights violations are associated with illicit mining and conflicts in regions where tantalum is extracted. Considerable efforts from industry, government and non-profit organizations have gone into conflict-free sourcing programs using mechanisms such as due diligence and chain-of-custody. However, a paucity of quantitative information exists on the global sources and amounts of metal, and this impedes decisions towards potential solutions. The purpose of this research was to quantify global flows of tantalum production and characterize patterns of conflict-free production. This study employed substance flow analysis (SFA) to characterize tantalum mass flows for 48 processing facilities located in 12 countries. A novel facility-level bottom-up method to SFA was employed on smelting and metal refining activities to aggregate information on global flows of metal. Results estimate the mass flows of global tantalum production and present an ostensible pattern of tantalum production. Global tantalum production in 2014 was estimated at 2800 tonnes, with a global average recycled content of about 35%, and 46 conflict-free tantalum processing facilities accounted for processing over 95% of global tantalum mineral concentrates. The emergence of conflict-free tantalum mineral sourcing from 2010 to 2014 is quantified. This research advances the SFA approach for metal flows accounting with greater facility-level detail and geographic information. The descriptive view of tantalum flows informs discussions on conflict-free programs and supports metal certification of sustainable supply chains of metals.

Topic: Extraction and Separation Processes
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Passive near-field mixing enhancement in rectangular jet flows

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the near flowfields of turbulent free air jets issuing from sharp-edged rectangular slots of aspect ratio 2 and 10. The results, which include the mean streamwise velocity, the turbulence kinetic energy, the Reynolds shear stress and the transport of some of the Reynolds stresses, were obtained with hot-wire anemometry. Saddle-shaped mean streamwise velocity profiles, which were absent in the flow issuing from the slot of aspect ratio 2, were found in the flow issuing from the slot of aspect ratio 10 in the central plane of the slot major axis. In the very near flowfield (i. e., X/De < 5), higher shear-layer values of the turbulence kinetic energy and the Reynolds shear stress, indicating enhanced near-field mixing, were found where the saddle-shaped mean streamwise velocity profiles existed.

Topic: Aerodynamics and Acoustics in Jet Flows
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cutaneous larva migrans: A rare tropical dermatosis

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a parasiticinfection that is especially transmitted from soils contaminated with hook wormoriginating from cats and dogs, hence lesions are seen in lower extremity. Inthis report we present a case infected in Kocaeli, Turkey; while he walked barefootin a stream. In cases with foot involvementwith serpiginous lesions and not responding to routine treatment, CLM must beconsidered in differential diagnosis.

Topic: Dermatological diseases and infestations
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
CCDC 1540357: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Religion, Italic

Abstract Italic religion comprises the religious beliefs and practices of Italic communities, which in ancient literature are referred to as “Sabines,” “Samnites,” “Latins,” “Picenes,” “Umbrians,” “Campanians,” “Lucanians,” “Veneti,” and “Messapians.” Despite its distinctive features, Italic religion shares important traits with other religions of the ancient Mediterranean, such as Greek and Etruscan.

Topic: Classical Antiquity Studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Duration of oral procaterol protection from methacholine-induced bronchial obstruction.

The duration of action of procaterol, a beta-2-adrenoceptor agonist with an entirely new chemical structure, was assessed, in comparison to that of salbutamol, by inhalation of 43 inhalation units of methacholine at time intervals of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 hours after intake of the drugs. Procaterol and salbutamol were given in a double-blind random fashion, on different days, to 12 asthmatic children; pulmonary function tests (FVC, FEV1, MEF50, MEF25), skeletal muscle tremor, and vital signs (heart rate and blood pressure) were measured. Although there was no statistical significant difference between procaterol and salbutamol, protection of large and medium airways lasted for about five hours, while normal small airway patency was still present at seven hours. It is concluded that procaterol can be a good alternative beta-2-adrenoceptor agonist when the oral route is needed.

Topic: Pharmacological Effects and Assays
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
STABILITY OF SINGLE TRACK VEHICLES. PROCEEDINGS ENTITLED "THE DYNAMICS OF VEHICLES ON ROADS AND ON RAILWAY TRACKS"

A 12th order mathematical model of single-track vehicles, which considers tire crown and other factors not included in previous studies, has been developed. The vehicle is assumed to consist of two rigid systems hinged at the steering axis, with freedom of the front system to rotate relative to the rear system. Four assumptions are made in formulating the mathematical model of the vehicle: the vehicle moves at a constant forward speed with no longitudinal slip in tires; the pneumatic trail of tires is not considered since it is small compared with caster trail and wheel base; the vehicle is an unsprung system; and the damping to steering rotation is linear. Equations of motion are established using the Lagrangian formulation. Tire forces and moments, wind force, and vehicle parameters are measured, and equations of motion are solved. It is shown that optimum value to rake angle, caster trail, and steering damping can be found for a particular vehicle for optimum performance. A small moment of inertia for the front system about the steering axis is desirable. The rear mass center should be brought as forward as possible, while front and rear wheel planes and front and rear mass centers should be brought close to the longitudinal plane. A small value of tire relaxation length is advantageous. A front tire with high cornering and camber rate is beneficial, and the front wheel moment of inertia can be made large.

Topic: Soil Mechanics and Vehicle Dynamics
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A hinting strategy for online learning of radiograph interpretation by medical students

Context We examined whether a ‘hint’ manoeuvre increases the time novice medical learners spend on reviewing a radiograph, thereby potentially increasing their interpretation accuracy. Methods Senior year medical students were recruited into a randomised control, three‐arm, multicentre trial. Students reviewed an online 50‐case learning set that varied in degree of ‘hint’ intervention. The ‘hint’ was a dialogue box that appeared after a student submitted an answer, encouraging the student to re‐evaluate their interpretation. The students in the control group received no hints. In the weak intervention group, students received ‘hints’ with 66% of their incorrect interpretations and 33% of those that were correct. In the strong intervention group, the incorrect interpretation hint frequency was 80%, whereas for correct responses it was 20%. All students completed a 20‐case post‐test immediately and 2 weeks after the 50 cases. The primary outcome was student performance on the immediate post‐test, measured as the ability to discriminate between normal and abnormal films (dPrime). Secondary outcomes included the probability of considering the hint, time spent on learning cases and knowledge retention at 2 weeks. Results We enrolled 117 medical students from three sites into the three study groups: control (36), weak intervention (40) and strong intervention (41) groups. The mean ( standard deviation ) dPrime in the control, weak and strong groups were 0.4 (1.1), 0.7 (1.1) and 0.4 (0.9), respectively ( P = 0.4). In the weak and strong groups, participants reconsidered answers in 556 of 1944 (28.6%) hinting opportunities, and those who reconsidered their answers spent a mean (95% confidence interval ) of 13.9 (11.9, 16.0) seconds longer on each case. There were no significant differences in knowledge retention at 2 weeks between the groups ( P = 0.2). Conclusions Although the implemented hinting strategy did result in students spending more time considering a proportion of the cases, overall it was not effective in improving student performance.

Topic: Radiology practices and education
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The intrinsic luminosity function and evolution of highly beamed active galactic nuclei

The apparent luminosity and redshift distributions called “luminosity functions” (LF) of highly beamed extragalactic radio sources (blazars) are affected by observational biases, among which Doppler boosting plays an important role. In this work we determine the radio LF of the parent population of core-selected blazars from the MOJAVE (Monitoring O f Jets in Active galactic nuclei with VLBA Experiments) sample by fitting a Doppler boosted model LF to the data. The approach adopted in this work is different from previous studies since it does not make an assumption about the parent population of quasars and blazars, and was possible only with the advent of the statistically complete core-selected samples of active galactic nuclei (AGN), the MOJAVE sample being the first of its kind in this category. We find that the previously proposed forms of evolution of the LF do not provide a good fit without a modification that removes a predicted large spike in the redshift distribution of quasars at small redshifts in the case of steep luminosity distributions. We compare the space densities derived from the MOJAVE LF with previous estimates from the analysis of Fanaroff-Riley type II galaxies and X-ray selected AGN. We find that a good agreement can be obtained if a higher value of the lower luminosity than the one obtained in this work is used for computation of the space densities. We conclude that this is likely due to a break in the parent LF below the luminosity range of the MOJAVE survey. A fainter sample is necessary to reliably determine the LF at lower luminosities. We also show that the biases associated with binning can produce breaks in the observed binned LFs that can mimic luminosity evolution and also prompt the use of incorrect model functions. We propose a different method of constructing the binned LFs that avoids these spurious breaks. We also show that the commonly used banded V/Vmax test can mimic the effect of luminosity dependent evolution even when the underlying evolution is luminosity-independent and therefore should not be used to detect luminosity dependence of evolution without a modification described in this work.

Topic: Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
Subfield: Instrumentation
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Summary of the Fifth Workshop on Stochasticity in Fusion Plasmas

The Fifth International Workshop on Stochasticity in Fusion Plasmas was held in Jülich, Germany, from 11 to 14 April 2011. A broad scope of aspects of dynamical systems in high-temperature plasmas was presented. An emphasis was placed on hands-on applications for protection of the divertor and first wall at ITER by three-dimensional magnetic control fields. The projection of these physics aspects to stellarators such as W7-X and LHD has demonstrated once again the generic nature of this topic in the field of magnetically confined high-temperature plasmas. The separate sections of the workshop were concluded by a discussion session. In this summary the workshop topics and the key questions identified in the discussion sessions are surveyed.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
What is your diagnosis?

Background: Abdominal pain is a common finding in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), occurring in as many as half of all SLE patients in the course of their disease. The rheumatology and gastroenterology literature emphasizes etiologies of abdominal pain in patients with SLE such as peritonitis from polyserositis, dyspepsia from reflux, nausea and vomiting from bowel edema, ascites, mesenteric ischemia, pancreatitis, pneumatosis intestinalis from necrotizing enterocolitis, and hepatobiliary abnormalities. But in clinical practice, caring for SLE patients in a community teaching hospital, these seem to be rare entities.Patients and methods: A chart review study was performed of all patients with SLE with the diagnosis of abdominal pain admitted to a community teaching hospital between 1980 and 1995.Results: Of 13 patients who presented with abdominal pain, 9 required surgical intervention for cholecystitis, perforated ulcer, colonic perforation, diverticulitis, and adhesions. There were no negative laparotomies for polyserositis or bowel edema, or cases of mesenteric infarction or ascites.Conclusion: Despite some unusual diagnostic possibilities in abdominal pain in SLE such as polyserositis and mesenteric infarction, and despite the superimposed problems of steroid therapy in most of the patients in this study, the majority of lupus patients with abdominal pain presenting at community hospitals have relatively conventional illnesses.

Topic: Urticaria and Related Conditions
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Critical Theory and Semiotics: Contributions from Latin America to a Marxist Discussion

Abstract How is it possible to understand a specific cultural determination of human praxis, especially the productive and consumptive one, without falling into ethnologising human subjects in their everyday forms of reproduction, or construct biological fixations? The former senior faculty of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Bolívar Echeverría (Riobamba, Ecuador 1941-Mexico City 2010), who does not limit human culture to its “elevated” forms and bases his analysis in the precise manner of material reproduction, finds an adequate image of this relationship between freedom and tradition, between individuality and a historically- and geographically-determined collectivity. This image lies in human languages, their innumerable speech acts and in a science that studies the relation of interdependence among them: semiotics. Starting from that concrete philosophical problem, retaking Saussure’s conceptual proposals and confronting them philosophically with Marx’s and Echeverría’s theories, we try to construct a basis for a critical epistemological contribution from the Global South, overcoming in that way one of the most powerful and destructive rests of the old colonial processes: “intellectual” Eurocentrism

Topic: Historical Linguistics and Language Studies
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences