jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Aging and Endurance Training Alters Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission Dynamics in Rat Skeletal Muscle

Mitochondria undergo constant changes in shape, localization and number regulated by dynamic fusion, fission and motility events. In mammalian cells mitochondrial fusion is largely mediated by mitofusin (Mfn1 and 2) whereas fission is controlled mainly by Fis1 and the dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). PURPOSE: To investigate how aging and exercise training affect the gene expression of mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins in rat skeletal muscle. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups (N=8): young control (YC), young trained (YT); middle-age control (MC), middle-age trained (MT); old control (OC) and old trained (OT). Trained rats ran on treadmill (64%VO2max) at 15 m/min, 5% grade for 45 min/day, 5 days/wk for 12 wks. Rats were killed at 5, 15 and 20 mo of age. Soleus and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles were harvested 48 h after last training bout at rest. RESULTS: Mfn1 mRNA level measured by RT-PCR was decreased in OC vs. YC (P<0.05) in VL, whereas Mfn1 protein content measured by Western blot was lower in OC (P<0.05) in soleus. Mfn2 mRNA level was lowered with age in both muscles (P<0.05). Training increased both Mfn1and Mfn2 mRNA levels (P<0.01) in soleus and VL, but Mfn1/2 protein content was unaltered. Both soleus and VL showed higher Fis1 mRNA levels in MC and OC vs. YC (P<0.01), and elevated mRNA with training was observed in all age groups (P<0.01). Fis1 protein content was also elevated with aging and training in soleus (P<0.01) and VL (P<0.05). Increased Drp1 mRNA and protein levels were observed in OC vs. YC (P<0,01) in both muscles, and with training (P<0.01). Subsarcolemma and intramyofibrial mitochondrial density was not affected by age but increased with training in soleu and VL (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Mitochondrial fusion protein expression is decreased whereas fission protein expression is elevated with aging in rat skeletal muscle. Endurance training stimulates both fusion and fission proteins expression suggesting a dynamic mitochondrial turnover and biogenesis.

Topic: Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Trabeculectomy with mitomycin C alone or with mitomycin C plus intracameral bevacizumab—A comparative study

Purpose To compare the long‐term outcomes of trabeculectomy using mitomycin C (MMC) alone versus MMC plus intracameral bevacizumab. Methods Retrospective, comparative study (#ISRCTN93098069). Patients’ charts from two centers were reviewed for data between October 2015 and March 2019. Minimum follow‐up of 12 months was required. The main efficacy outcome was intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering at 12 and 24 months, with surgical success defined as IOP ≤18 mmHg and &gt;5 mmHg with at least 30% reduction from baseline. Absolute success was achieved if no IOP‐lowering medication was needed and a qualified success considered otherwise. Safety outcomes were also analyzed. Results A total of 111eyes underwent trabeculectomy with MMC, 52 of them combined with intracameral bevacizumab. 78% were followed for at least two years. Baseline IOP was 24.5 ± 8.9 mmHg and 23.8 ± 8.3 mmHg for the MMC and the MMC+bevacizumab groups, respectively (p = 0.97). During the early post‐operative period (at 3 months), mean IOP was lower in the MMC+bevacizumab group (9.3 ± 2.3 mmHg versus 11.1 ± 5.5 mmHg, p = 0.03). At 24‐month visit, IOP was significantly reduced (MMC group: 10.6 ± 3.4 mmHg; MMC+bevacizumab group: 10.9 ± 4.1 mmHg, p &lt; 0.01) with no difference between groups (p = 0.61). Absolute success was higher in the MMC+bevacizumab group at 12 months (86% versus 75%, p = 0.16) and at 24 months (83% versus 67%, p = 0.14), with the need for IOP‐lowering re‐interventions (needlings) being lower in this group (2% versus 17%, p = 0.01). Almost all patients (98%) of the MMC+bevacizumab group were drop‐free at 12 months and nearly half (44%) had an IOP in the single‐digit range (≤ 9 mmHg) at 24 months. Complication rates were low and similar between groups, with no systemic adverse events. Conclusions Adding perioperative intracameral bevacizumab to the standard of care use of MMC in trabeculectomy seems to allow for sustained low IOP outcomes. Furthermore, it seems to decrease the need for additional interventions during the early post‐operative period.

Topic: Glaucoma and retinal disorders
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Accuracy of an Affordable Smartphone-Based Teledermoscopy System for Color Measurements in Canine Skin

Quality smartphone cameras and affordable dermatoscopes have enabled teledermoscopy to become a popular medical and veterinary tool for analyzing skin lesions such as melanoma and erythema. However, smartphones acquire images in an unknown RGB color space, which prevents a standardized colorimetric skin analysis. In this work, we supplemented a typical veterinary teledermoscopy system with a conventional color calibration procedure, and we studied two mid-priced smartphones in evaluating native and erythematous canine skin color. In a laboratory setting with the ColorChecker, the teledermoscopy system reached CIELAB-based color differences ΔE of 1.8–6.6 (CIE76) and 1.1–4.5 (CIE94). Intra- and inter-smartphone variability resulted in the color differences (CIE76) of 0.1, and 2.0–3.9, depending on the selected color range. Preliminary clinical measurements showed that canine skin is less red and yellow (lower a* and b* for ΔE of 10.7) than standard Caucasian human skin. Estimating the severity of skin erythema with an erythema index led to errors between 0.5–3%. After constructing a color calibration model for each smartphone, we expedited clinical measurements without losing colorimetric accuracy by introducing a simple image normalization on a white standard. To conclude, the calibrated teledermoscopy system is fast and accurate enough for various colorimetric applications in veterinary dermatology.

Topic: Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Complete genome sequence of a novel endornavirus from Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA isolate MY-JK-1

<title>Abstract</title> In this paper, we report a new fungal virus, tentatively named “Rhizoctonia solani endornavirus 15” (RsEV 15). The virus is a new type of fungal virus isolated from <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic>AG-1 IA strain MY-JK-1. RsEV 15 is a positive single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) composed of 18,934 nucleotides and contains two ORFs. ORF 1 encodes a large polypeptide of 5070 amino acids with conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and helicase (Hel) domains. ORF 2 encodes an unknown functional protein composed of 1063 amino acids. The results of BLASTp search showed that the polypeptide sequence encoded by ORF 1 had the highest similarity with other sequences, and the homology with Rhizoctonia solani endornavirus 8 (RsEV 8) was 43.54 %. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis based on RdRp and Hel sequences showed that RsEV 15 may be a new member of Endornavirus.

Topic: Plant and Fungal Interactions Research
Subfield: Endocrinology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Conservative Management of Placenta Accreta by Systemic Metho-trexate: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature

Objective: Owing to the growing number of cesarean deliveries, the abnormally invasive placenta-tion so called placenta accreta rate is increasing. Placenta accreta is difficult to manage and traditionally resolved by cesarean hysterectomy after the birth due to the following massive hemorrhage. In recent years different conservative treatments leaving partially or totally the placenta in the uterine cavity have been reported in patients willing to preserve their fertility. Methods: We reviewed literature data about conservative management of placenta accreta in the PubMed, Researchgate and Medline from 2007 to date. We included in the review the studies about the use of methotrexate (MTX) for conservative treatment of placenta accreta. Results: We reported 2 literature reviews and 4 studies about the use of MTX in the management of placenta accreta and 2 unpublished cases treated in our Department. MTX is administered when it is not possible to remove totally or partly the placenta accreta in order to promote the cytolysis of the residual trophoblast. The schedule and outcome of the methotrexate use have not been established yet due to the paucity of literature data. Conclusions: The role of MTX to improve both, the feasibility and success rate of conservative management and placental resorption needs further studies. Hemodynamic stability of patients and informed consent are prerequisites before starting MTX treatment. Vaginal bleeding and infections may complicate the conservative treatment and close surveillance is recommended by imaging techniques and laboratory parameters.

Topic: Maternal and fetal healthcare
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Disease burden among refugees and immigrants in Denmark compared with Danish-born

Background 

Several studies have demonstrated differences in the incidence of specific morbidities between migrants and local born populations. The aim of this study was to explore differences in the incidence of disease of the major disease groups described by WHO (ICD-10) relative to ethnicity and migrant status to create a more comprehensive overview of the health situation among migrants in Denmark.

Methods 

The Danish Immigration Service provided us with a …

Topic: Migration, Health and Trauma
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Production of anti‐cancer immunotoxins in algae: Ribosome inactivating proteins as fusion partners

ABSTRACT The eukaryotic green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been shown to be capable of producing a variety of recombinant proteins, but the true potential of this platform remains largely unexplored. To assess the potential of algae for the production of novel recombinant proteins, we generated a series of chimeric proteins containing a single chain antibody (scFv) targeting the B‐cell surface antigen CD22, genetically fused to the eukaryotic ribosome inactivating protein, gelonin, from Gelonium multiflorm . These unique molecules, termed immunotoxins, are encoded as a single gene that produces an antibody—toxin chimeric protein capable of delivering a cytotoxic molecule to targeted B‐cells. We show that the addition of an Fc domain of a human IgG1 to these fusion proteins results in the production of assembled dimeric immunotoxins, containing two cell binding scFvs and two gelonin molecules. Additionally, we demonstrate that these algal expressed proteins are capable of binding and reducing the viability of B‐cell lymphomas, while treatment of T‐cells, that lack the CD22 antigen, had no impact on cell viability. Since other protein expression platforms are incapable of folding and accumulating these complex immunotoxins as soluble and enzymatically active proteins, our studies document a novel and efficient method for immunotoxin production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 2826–2835. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Topic: Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Neurotrophic factors [activity-dependent neurotrophic factor (ADNF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)] interrupt excitotoxic neurodegenerative cascades promoted by a PS1 mutation

Although an excitotoxic mechanism of neuronal injury has been proposed to play a role in chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, and neurotrophic factors have been put forward as potential therapeutic agents, direct evidence is lacking. Taking advantage of the fact that mutations in the presenilin-1 (PS1) gene are causally linked to many cases of early-onset inherited Alzheimer’s disease, we generated PS1 mutant knock-in mice and directly tested the excitotoxic and neurotrophic hypotheses of Alzheimer’s disease. Primary hippocampal neurons from PS1 mutant knock-in mice exhibited increased production of amyloid β-peptide 42/43 and increased vulnerability to excitotoxicity, which occurred in a gene dosage-dependent manner. Neurons expressing mutant PS1 exhibited enhanced calcium responses to glutamate and increased oxyradical production and mitochondrial dysfunction. Pretreatment with either basic fibroblast growth factor or activity-dependent neurotrophic factor protected neurons expressing mutant PS1 against excitotoxicity. Both basic fibroblast growth factor and activity-dependent neurotrophic factor stabilized intracellular calcium levels and abrogated the increased oxyradical production and mitochondrial dysfunction otherwise caused by the PS1 mutation. Our data indicate that neurotrophic factors can interrupt excitotoxic neurodegenerative cascades promoted by PS1 mutations.

Topic: Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
DNA sequence of the gp63 fragment encoding the functional domain of leishmanolysin in natural isolates of Leishmania braziliensis from Corte de Pedra, Northeast Brazil: allele 38.

DNA sequence of the gp63 fragment encoding the functional domain of leishmanolysin in natural isolates of Leishmania braziliensis from Corte de Pedra, Northeast Brazil: allele 38. The stretch of gp 63 previously described as encoding the functional domain of the molecule was amplified by PCR, cloned into pcr 2.1 vector and bidirectionally sequenced. Sequences from a panel of 41 parasite isolates were aligned and 45 alleles of the fragment could be identified based on indel and SNPs presented among cloned domains. Haplotypes of polymorphisms (indel and SNPs) that could be detected in at least two clones of the gp63 domain in a single isolate, and in at least two parasite isolates in the collection were considered alleles. Corte de Pedra is a region highly endemic for American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) due to L. braziliensis. Several forms of ATL occur and close to 1,500 new cases are diagnosed in the region each year.

Topic: Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Putting interoperability to the test: building a large reusable assessment item bank

The COLA project has been developing a large bank of assessment items for units across the Scottish further education curriculum since May 2003. These will be made available to learners mainly via colleges’ virtual learning environments (VLEs). Many people have been involved in the development of the COLA assessment item bank to ensure a high level of technical and pedagogical quality. Processes have included deciding on appropriate item types and subject areas, training authors, peer-reviewing and quality assuring the items and assessments, and ensuring they are tagged with appropriate metadata. One of the biggest challenges has been to ensure that the assessments are deliverable across the four main virtual learning environments in use in Scottish colleges—and also through a stand-alone assessment system. COLA is significant because no other large project appears to have successfully developed standards-compliant assessment content for delivery across multiple VLEs. This paper discusses how COLA has dealt with the organizational, pedagogical and technical issues which arise when commissioning items from many authors for delivery across an educational sector.DOI: 10.1080/0968776042000259537

Topic: Higher Education Learning Practices
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Optimal Meteorological Conditions at Selected NASCAR Facilities

The purpose of this research is to determine the time of year with the highest probability of optimum conditions to hold an event at selected NASCAR tracks. This project is important to the NASCAR industry because it aims to minimize the number of events postponed or cancelled due to poor weather conditions and focus on keeping fans comfortable. This analysis is based on a set of optimum meteorological conditions intended to maximize fan comfort. These conditions include limits on: (1) a calculated apparent temperature that includes both moisture and wind chill effects, (2) wind speed, and (3) the presence of precipitation. Hourly weather data taken from a representative observation site located near each chosen track is examined and the frequency of optimum conditions is identified for specified periods to determine the probability of when the conditions will be optimum for an event.

Topic: Vehicle emissions and performance
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Marriage as Welfare

‘Marriage is the foundation of a successful society’ declares the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, the founding document of contemporary welfare policy for poor families in the United States. The by now almost axiomatic assumption that marriage belongs in any program of welfare reform has a long history, stretching back to the early twentieth century. This article examines how marriage and welfare policy intersected in Progressive Era reforms designed to combat men’s desertion of wives and children. Jewish agencies played a leading role in making desertion a focus of family and welfare reform in New York City. Working with their non‐Jewish peers, Jewish social workers and lawyers participated in creating an anti‐desertion system that consisted of special domestic relations courts, laws, and welfare policies. They built the National Desertion Bureau, a model legal aid agency, to track down Jewish deserters and return men (and their pay checks) to families. The desire of welfare reformers to anchor deserted women in the category of ‘wives’ reveals a larger commitment to using marriage to contain women’s poverty.

Topic: Race, History, and American Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
P377 Comparison of the immune response to BCG vaccination in newborn babies born following Assisted reproduction, with those born by natural conception: A Prospective cohort study

<h3>Background</h3> Various studies have reported conflicting findings regarding the growth, development, congenital anomalies and co morbidities in babies born following ART, in comparison to their naturally conceived(NC) peers. However hardly any studies so far have reflected on the immune function and response to routine newborn vaccination in these babies. <h3>Study design/Methodology</h3> 58 term, AGA, Singleton babies born following assisted reproduction and weighing &gt;2.5 kg were administered 0.1 ml of BCG vaccine within 48 hours of birth. Likewise 62 babies (matched cohorts) born following natural conception were also administered BCG in their left deltoid insertion. At 3 months of age during routine follow up visits their BCG scars were analysed by the same observer. At 6 months of age those babies in both the groups with visible BCG scars, were administered 5 TU PPD (0.1 ml) in their left forearm. After 72 hours the maximum transverse diameter of the indurations were measured (by a single observer). An induration diameter of &gt;5 mm and &lt;10 mm were considered a positive tuberculin conversion rate. <h3>Results</h3> Out of the 58 babies[30(51.72% were males, with a mean birth weight 2.56 kg(SD0.05)] born following ART, 52 had developed clearly visible scar(Mean scar size 3.91 mm with a SD 0.36) marks. So the scar failure rate was 10.3% (6/58). Out of the 62 naturally conceived babies[32(51.61%)were males with birth weight (mean 2.61 kg SD 0.06)] 55 had BCG scars(mean scar size4.13 mm SD0.40). The scar failure rate was 11.2% (7/62). The positive tuberculin skin test conversion rate in the naturally conceived group of babies were 49 out of 55 with BCG scars. Hence the scar conversion rate in this group was 88.71% (49/55). While in the ART group 36 out of 52 had a positive skin test conversion. So the scar conversion rate in this group was 69.23% (36/52). <h3>Conclusion</h3> The size of BCG scars is significantly more in the NC group in comparison to the ART group. There was a significantly lower tuberculin skin test conversion rate in the ART group in comparison to the NC group, as per this study. The scar failure rates were almost identical in the two groups. Further bigger studies are needed to evaluate the implication (if any) of this finding. We need to explore whether this findings truly reflect any deviation in the cell mediated immune response in the ART group.

Topic: Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Analisis Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Petani Karet di Kecamatan Karang Baru Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang

This study aims to determine the analysis of the factors that affect the production of fishermen in Kuala Langsa, West Langsa District, Langsa City. This research was carried out from January 2021 to July 2021. The sources of data collected in the form of primary were obtained through observation, interviews and questionnaires, and secondary data obtained from the Department of Food, Agriculture, Maritime Affairs and Fisheries and the Village Office. The sample of this research is as many as 66 respondents by using data analysis method Purposive Sampling. This research model uses multiple linear analysis using the E-views version 11. The results of the study with a significant level of 5% show that the variable Y = -10,79747 + 4.24X1 + 4.090560X2 + 5.703930X3 + 0.781140X4, from the t-test it can be explained that capital has a positive and significant effect on fishermen's production where the probability value is 0.0005 &lt;0.05. Labor has a positive and significant effect on fishermen's production where the probability value is 0.0016 &lt;0.05. The length of time at sea has a positive and significant effect on fishermen's production where the probability value is 0.0021 &lt;0.05. The size of the fishing area has a positive and significant effect on the production of fishermen where the probability value is 0.0172 &lt;0.05. From the results of the F test, it can be explained that capital (X1), labor (X2), length of time at sea (X3), and wide fishing area (X4) simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on fishermen's production where the probability is 0.000000 &lt; 0 ,05. From the results of the analysis of the coefficient of determination, it can be explained that capital, labor, length of time at sea, and the size of the fishing area affect the production of fishermen in Kuala Langsa by 84.91%, while the remaining 15.91%. This is influenced by other factors outside of this study.

Topic: Agriculture and Agroindustry Studies
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences