jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Enumeration, orthogonality and completeness of the incompressible Coriolis modes in a sphere

Abstract We consider incompressible flows in the rapid-rotation limit of small Rossby number and vanishing Ekman number, in a bounded volume with a rigid impenetrable rotating boundary. Physically the flows are inviscid, almost rigid rotations. We interpret the Coriolis force, modified by a pressure gradient, as a linear operator acting on smooth inviscid incompressible flows in the volume. The eigenfunctions of the Coriolis operator $\boldsymbol{{\mathcal{C}}}$ so defined are the inertial modes (including any Rossby modes) and geostrophic modes of the rotating volume. We show $\boldsymbol{{\mathcal{C}}}$ is a bounded operator and that $-\text{i}\boldsymbol{{\mathcal{C}}}$ is symmetric, so that the Coriolis modes of different frequencies are orthogonal. We prove that the space of incompressible polynomial flows of degree $N$ or less in a sphere is invariant under $\boldsymbol{{\mathcal{C}}}$ . The symmetry of $-\text{i}\boldsymbol{{\mathcal{C}}}$ thus implies the Coriolis operator is non-defective on the finite-dimensional space of spherical polynomial flows. This enables us to enumerate the Coriolis modes, and to establish their completeness using the Weierstrass polynomial approximation theorem. The fundamental tool, which is required to establish invariance of spherical polynomial flows under $\boldsymbol{{\mathcal{C}}}$ and completeness, is that the solution of the polynomial Poisson–Neumann problem, i.e. Poisson’s equation with a Neumann boundary condition and polynomial data, in a sphere is a polynomial. We also enumerate the Coriolis modes in a sphere, with careful consideration of the geostrophic modes, directly from the known analytic solutions.

Topic: Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The uneasy case for fractional-reserve free banking

Since a few decades several sub-disciplines within economics have witnessed a reorientation towards institutiona I analysis. This development has in particular also affected the fields of macroeconomics and monetary theory where it has led to several proposals for far-reaching financial and monetary reform. One of the more successful of these proposals advocates a bank, fractional-reserve free banking system, that is, a system with no central bank, but with permission for the banks to operate with a fractional reserve. This article exposes several conceptual flaws in this proposal. In particular severa' claims of the fractional-reserve free bankers with respect to the purported working characteristics of this system are criticized from the perspective of economic theory. Inparticular, the claim that a fractional-reserve free banking system would lead to the disappearance of the business cycle is recognized as false. Furthermore an invisible-hand analysis is performed, reinforcing the conclusion that fractional-reserve free banking is incompatible with the ethical and juridical principies under a free society.

Topic: Economic Theory and Policy
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Participatory Evaluation and Selection of Bread Wheat (&lt;i&gt;Triticum aestivum&lt;/i&gt; L.) Varieties: Implication for Sustainable Community Based Seed Production and Farmer Level Varietal Portfolio Managements at Southern Ethiopia

Six recently released bread wheat varieties, namely Inseno-1, Kekeba, Millenium, Dandandaa', Sulla and Tay together with check variety Kubssa were tested under participatory varietal evaluation and selection trial at Wente-Sestro kebele, Lanfuro Woreda, of southern nation, nationalities and people region Ethiopia using mother-baby trials methodology in four Mothers and fifteen babies on farmers fields in 2010/2011 cropping season with objectives of evaluating the performance, selecting well performed & farmers accepted varieties, and identifying farmers varietal selection criteria. Data were collected on crop Phonology, growth and yield & yield related traits from the mother trials and farmers perception on the varieties both from mother and baby trials. The analysis of variance revealed that the varieties differed significantly (P<0.001) in days to heading, grain filling period, days to maturity, biomass yield, number of tillers per plant, spike length, number of grains per spike, thousand seed weigh, harvest index and plant height and) in fertile spikes per plant (P<0.01. The variety Inseno-1 was significantly earlier in flowering (50 days) and maturity (86 days) than the variety Kubssa (58 and 91 days) and other varieties. The 1000-seed weight of the varieties Inseno-1 (40.88 g), Kekeba (38.05 g) and Millenium (32.45 g) was significantly larger than the 1000-seed weight of the check (27.87 g) and other varieties. The varieties Inseno-1 (3020.7 kgha-1), Kekeba (2678.6 kgha-1) and Millenium (2374.1 kg ha-1) gave significantly higher grain yield than Kubssa (1622 kgha-1) and other varieties. Grain yield correlated positively and significantly with biomass yield (r = 0.89**), 1000- seed weight (r = 0.87**), harvest index (r = 0.65**), grain filling rate (r = 0.97**) and negatively and significantly associated with days to maturity (r = -0.40*) and number of tillers per plant (r = -0.65**). The correlation coefficient values indicated that the early maturing wheat varieties having less number of tillers per plant, producing high biomass and heavier 1000-seed weight gave higher grain yields at Wente-Sestro. Farmers based on higher grain yield, disease resistant, earliness in maturity, larger and uniform seed size, seed color and marketability of the varieties have selected the varieties Inseno-1, Kekeba and Millenium as first, second and third from other tested varieties, respectively and decided to replace Kubssa by these varieties.

Topic: Wheat and Barley Genetics and Pathology
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Efficacy and Tolerability of Losartan in Hypertensive Patients With Renal Impairment

Abstract —We evaluated the blood pressure–lowering activity, tolerability, and safety of losartan in 112 hypertensive (sitting diastolic blood pressure, 90 to 115 mm Hg) patients with chronic renal insufficiency including mild renal insufficiency (30 to 60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 ; n=51), moderate to severe renal insufficiency (10 to 29 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 ; n=33), or hemodialysis (n=28). After a 3-week placebo period, once-daily losatan was administered for 12 weeks. The daily dose of 50 mg was increased to 100 mg after 4 weeks in patients whose sitting diastolic blood pressure remained ≥90 mm Hg or was reduced by &lt;5 mm Hg. A second, non–angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, antihypertensive drug was added after 8 weeks as needed. Twenty-four–hour creatinine clearance was determined and renal clearance studies of inulin and para-aminohippurate were done in a subset of 11 patients. Trough sitting blood pressures were reduced at the end of the first week in all groups. At weeks 4, 8, and 12, the reductions in systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure averaged −11.9/−8.7, −10.8/−9.4, and −14.7/−12.1 mm Hg in patients with mild renal insufficiency; −7.7/−6.3, −13.1/−11.8, and −14.1/−10.6 mm Hg, in moderate to severe renal insufficiency; −17.0/−12.7, −19.1/−14.4, and −22.7/−18.0 mm Hg in hemodialysis. Creatinine clearance, glomerular filtration rate, and effective renal plasma flow were stable. Losartan was withdrawn in only 6 patients because of a clinical or laboratory adverse experience. Hyperkalemia (&gt;6 mEq/L) requiring discontinuation of losartan occurred in only one (group 2) patient. We conclude that once-daily losartan, given as monotherapy at doses of 50 or 100 mg or in combination with other antihypertensive drugs, was effective in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients with chronic renal disease and that losartan regimens were well tolerated in all groups, including those on hemodialysis.

Topic: Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Nutrition and Lifestyle Recommendations for Patients Recovering from Covid-19 in Nusa Tenggara Barat Province

Providing nutrition for COVID-19 patients is one of many actions to reduce the risk due to symptoms of COVID-19. To help meet the nutritional needs of COVID-19 cured patients, we developed a nutritional needs recommendation system and predicted nutritional needs for COVID-19 recovered patients in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia with Technique for the Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution method (TOPSIS). We use data from COVID-19 Task Force in this province along with The Indonesian Dietary Recommendations to help decide which nutrition is needed by recovered patients. The criteria used in the prototype of this system are Age Group weight 3, Vegetable Consumption weight 4, Fat Consumption weight 4, Salt & Sugar Consumption weight 2, and Sports weight 3. After cranking the two patterns used, the Pattern Preference value is obtained 1 = 0.34980639174099 and Pattern 2 = 0.65019360825901 so that the highest preference value that can be used as a recommendation is Pattern 2 with a preference value of 0.65019360825901.

Topic: Public Health and Nutrition
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A scoping review of the research related to special education placement decisions in Canada

Abstract This scoping review provides an overview of the research related to educational placement decisions for students with special educational needs over a 20‐year period in Canada. While educational placement has received considerable research attention in countries such as the United States, few studies have focused on the nature of the decision‐making process in the Canadian context. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews, the study characteristics, research methods and research foci were identified in the included articles as well as the stakeholders and students represented in the research. While diverse stakeholders were represented, including students with special educational needs themselves, few studies featured multiple stakeholders. Themes are discussed relative to the research context, such as special education systems and structures and teacher training to support inclusive practice. The limitations and implications for future research are also discussed relative to the findings from the review.

Topic: Disability Education and Employment
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Hammer and the Nut: Is Bilevel Optimization Really Needed to Poison Linear Classifiers?

One of the most concerning threats for modern AI systems is data poisoning, where the attacker injects maliciously crafted training data to corrupt the system's behavior at test time. Availability poisoning is a particularly worrisome subset of poisoning attacks where the attacker aims to cause a Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack. However, the state-of-the-art algorithms are computationally expensive because they try to solve a complex bi-level optimization problem (the "hammer"). We observed that in particular conditions, namely, where the target model is linear (the "nut"), the usage of computationally costly procedures can be avoided. We propose a counter-intuitive but efficient heuristic that allows contaminating the training set such that the target system's performance is highly compromised. We further suggest a re-parameterization trick to decrease the number of variables to be optimized. Finally, we demonstrate that, under the considered settings, our framework achieves comparable, or even better, performances in terms of the attacker's objective while being significantly more computationally efficient.

Topic: Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
IRF3 inhibits IFN-γ-mediated restriction of intracellular pathogens in macrophages independently of IFNAR

Abstract Macrophages use an array of innate immune sensors to detect intracellular pathogens and to tailor effective antimicrobial responses. In addition, extrinsic activation with the cytokine IFN-γ is often required as well to tip the scales of the host-pathogen balance toward pathogen restriction. However, little is known about how host-pathogen sensing impacts the antimicrobial IFN-γ-activated state. It was observed that in the absence of IRF3, a key downstream component of pathogen sensing pathways, IFN-γ-primed macrophages more efficiently restricted the intracellular bacterium Legionella pneumophila and the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. This effect did not require IFNAR, the receptor for Type I IFNs known to be induced by IRF3, nor the sensing adaptors MyD88/TRIF, MAVS, or STING. This effect also did not involve differential activation of STAT1, the major signaling protein downstream of both Type 1 and Type 2 IFN receptors. IRF3-deficient macrophages displayed a significantly altered IFN-γ-induced gene expression program, with up-regulation of microbial restriction factors such as Nos2. Finally, we found that IFN-γ-primed but not unprimed macrophages largely excluded the activated form of IRF3 from the nucleus following bacterial infection. These data are consistent with a relationship of mutual inhibition between IRF3 and IFN-γ-activated programs, possibly as a component of a partially reversible mechanism for modulating the activity of potent innate immune effectors (such as Nos2) in the context of intracellular infection.

Topic: interferon and immune responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Determinants and Roles of Social Trust on Income and Food Security Status of Smallholder Farmers in North Shewa Zone Oromia, Ethiopia

Social trust is the major component of cognitive social capital which is one of the most important assets in livelihoods. The levels of social trust have effects on rural household's livelihood strategies and has influence on food and nutrition security and income status of rural households which are usually affected by climatic and non-climatic shocks. This study was identifying the determinants of social trust and analyzing its effects on rural households' income and food security in north Shewa zone Oromia regional state of Ethiopia. Primary data was collected from 400 sample respondents in the 2022 production year. Looking into the estimated coefficients, the results indicated that probabilities of being in the different extents of social trust are significantly influenced by eight explanatory variables. These variables were; media, agro-ecology, education, extension contact, credit, livestock holding, farm income, and weather road distance. However, having high level of social trust in the community significantly increases households' total farm income by 66% over low trusted farm households at a 1% probability level. Similarly, having medium and high level of social trust in the community significantly increases households' food security status by 23 and 46% over low trusted farm households at a 1% probability level. Therefore, the result of this study would be expected to significantly contribute as policy and strategic inputs for policymakers in designing rural livelihood improvement policies and to the beneficiary in enhancing their welfare and living standard.

Topic: Social Capital and Networks
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Critical analysis of uncertainties during particle filtration

Using the law of propagation of uncertainties we show how equipment- and measurement-related uncertainties contribute to the overall combined standard uncertainties (CSU) in filter permeability and in modelling the results for polystyrene latex microspheres filtration through a borosilicate glass filter at various injection velocities. Standard uncertainties in dynamic viscosity and volumetric flowrate of microspheres suspension have the greatest influence on the overall CSU in filter permeability which excellently agrees with results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. Two model parameters “maximum critical retention concentration” and “minimum injection velocity” and their uncertainties were calculated by fitting two quadratic mathematical models to the experimental data using a weighted least squares approximation. Uncertainty in the internal cake porosity has the highest impact on modelling uncertainties in critical retention concentration. The model with the internal cake porosity reproduces experimental “critical retention concentration vs velocity”-data better than the second model which contains the total electrostatic force whose value and uncertainty have not been reliably calculated due to the lack of experimental dielectric data.

Topic: Aerosol Filtration and Electrostatic Precipitation
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Ancestral Hemochromatosis Haplotype Is Associated With A Severe Phenotype Expression in Italian Patients

We evaluate the relation between genotype and phenotype in 47 Italian male patients with homozygous genetic hemochromatosis (GH). Phenotype evaluation was based on the ratio of amount of iron removed (IR) by phlebotomy and age (IR/age). Patients were divided in two classes of phenotype expression: class I included 26 patients with less severe iron overload (IR/age ≤0.33) and class II included 21 patients with a more marked one (IR/age &gt;0.33). Genetic variability was assessed by haplotype analysis combining alleles at HLA–B, D6S265, HLA–A, and D6S105 loci. A common ancestral haplotype carrying D6S265–1, HLA–A3, and D6S105–8 alleles was present in 13 of 52 (25%) chromosomes in class I and in 24 of 42 (57%) chromosomes in class II ( P = .0027). Homozygotes and heterozygotes for the ancestral haplotype had higher iron indices than patients carrying two haplotypes other than the ancestral one. Seven of the eight patients homozygous for the ancestral haplotype were in class II, heterozygotes were equally distributed between the two classes, whereas 14 of 18 carriers of other haplotype combinations were in class I. Our results suggests that the gene defect linked to the ancestral haplotype is the result of a single, severe mutation. The high variability of phenotype expression in heterozygotes for the ancestral haplotype could be accounted for the contribution of the mutation carried by the second haplotype. Combination of different mutations could be responsible for the variable degrees of iron overload found in patients with GH.

Topic: Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Supporting Tools for Blended Animators in Complex Learning Communities

The society model of the last years has given a key&#13;\nrole to knowledge in terms of economic and social&#13;\ndevelopment. On this background, is allocated the success of&#13;\nthe communities of practice, and more recently, of the&#13;\nComplex Learning Community model, whose strength is&#13;\nrepresented by the ability to provide students, educators,&#13;\nand professionals with a common creative space to develop&#13;\nnot only knowledge and expertise, but also ideas, synergies,&#13;\nchances. In both cases, particular emphasis is given to the&#13;\ninteractions between users as a "place" where knowledge&#13;\nemerges, is built and delivered. Our former paper was&#13;\ndedicated to the communities of practice, and in particular,&#13;\nto the use of an intelligent agent to control and lead the&#13;\ninteraction among users; now our research concerns&#13;\nenvironments for collaborative learning, where the role of&#13;\nthe animator is fundamental, but we take into account a&#13;\nblended animator, supported by specific tools to manage the&#13;\ncommunity. Such tools are necessarily connected to the&#13;\ncomprehension and elaboration of the natural language&#13;\nwhich highlights the appropriate knowledge elements to be&#13;\nused. In this paper we intend to analyse the available&#13;\ntechniques in order to identify those that are more suitable&#13;\nfor designing the supporting tools required by the blended&#13;\nanimator. Particular attention will be given to the domain&#13;\nontology.

Topic: Lepidoptera: Biology and Taxonomy
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Full-Range pH Stable Au-Clusters in Nanogel for Confinement-Enhanced Emission and Improved Sulfide Sensing in Living Cells

The sensitive and selective detection of hydrogen sulfide is of great importance due to its crucial role in pathological and physiological processes. Herein, we report a novel fluorescent platform, AuNCs@GC, for selective detection of hydrogen sulfide in living cells by impregnating the Au nanoclusters (AuNCs) into a biocompatible cationic polymer matrix, glycol-chitosan (GC) nanogel. The confinement effect significantly increased the emissive Au(I) units, resulting in a 6-fold enhancement of quantum yield (from 6.38% to 36.42%). In addition, the prepared positively charged AuNCs@GC nanogel exhibits excellent selectivity and improved sensitivity to aqueous sulfides. Moreover, the as-fabricated AuNCs@GC showed very good biocompatibility and super fluorescence stability across the full pH range and good salt tolerance, which demonstrated excellent adaptability toward intracellular sulfide imaging.

Topic: Nanocluster Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Isolation and Characterization of Tetracycline-Resistant Clinical Isolates of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>

ABSTRACT Tetracycline is an important component of combination therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Twenty-nine tetracycline-resistant isolates requiring MICs ranging from 4 to 16 μg/ml were isolated from Korean (22 of 460) and Japanese (7 of 105) patients. Interestingly, all of the 29 tetracycline-resistant isolates exhibited cross-resistance to metronidazole, and the cross-resistance was transferred to tetracycline-sensitive H. pylori strains.

Topic: Helicobacter pylori-related gastroenterology studies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences