jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Diversification of Amniotes

The amniotes are a clade represented today by the mammals, reptiles, and birds. Together they include more than 25,000 species living today, and a fossil record stretching back to the Carboniferous, 315 million years ago. Amniotes are united by their reproduction; unlike non-amniote tetrapods (hereafter referred to as “amphibians”), they lack a larval stage and protect the embryo by the amniotic egg. The amniotic egg includes extra-embryonic membranes such as the amnion, and structures that permit an exchange of gases and waste between the embryo and the atmosphere. The evolution of this egg gave their reproduction complete independence from water, allowing a fully terrestrial lifestyle to evolve. Along with this adaptation, the shift to a fully terrestrial lifestyle included evolutionary modifications for breathing, feeding, locomotion, and musculature. Amniotes originated during the latter stages of the Carboniferous, between 315 and 330 million years ago according to molecular clock estimates. Their earliest divergence represents the split into two lineages: the Synapsida (represented in the present by the mammals) and the Reptilia or Sauropsida (represented today by the reptiles and birds). Subsequently these two lineages rapidly diversified into a great diversity of species and ecologies that is seen in the fossil record and the present day. Vertebrate terrestrialization is a classic example of adaptive zone invasion followed by phenotypic diversification, and provides a natural laboratory for studying patterns of diversification during such adaptive radiations. Study of these topics has included examinations of species richness and diversification, morphological diversity, as well as in-depth examination of the key innovations that have made amniotes so successful. All this work has been underpinned by more than three decades of analyses of phylogeny and more than a century of work on the fossil record. These researches have given an extensive literature into the diversification of amniotes.

Topic: Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Nietzsche, La Mettrie, and the Question of the Legitimacy of Punishment: A Hidden Source?

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), starting from the years of "Human, All Too Human"&#13;\n("Menschliches Allzumenschliches": 1876-1878) elaborates a conception of punishment based&#13;\non an organic reflection on the origin of morality, the function of custom, the critique of&#13;\nremorse and the origin of justice, a reflection that then finds a definitive reworking at&#13;\nthe time of "On the Genealogy of Morality" ("Zur Genealogie der Moral": 1887). About one&#13;\nhundred and thirty years earlier, in his "Discourse on Happiness" ("Discours sur le bonheur":&#13;\n1748-1751), Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709-1751) had elaborated a conception of&#13;\npunishment with several analogous lines. Starting from this theoretical coincidence, in&#13;\nthis article we ask ourselves: did Nietzsche know the theories of La Mettrie? Had he&#13;\nread his works? Do the two philosophers really support the same theories? To try to give&#13;\nan answer to these questions, we will first present the doctrine of La Mettrie and then&#13;\nthat of Nietzsche, before presenting a final balance sheet of the survey.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Mental health and quality of life of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) prior to hospitalization: a cross-sectional complete state health study

These results highlight the importance of improving psychological health and QoL among HSCT patients prior to hospitalization by both promoting positive psychological and health factors and alleviating negative ones.

Topic: Cancer survivorship and care
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Brain stimulation paired with novel locomotor training with robotic gait orthosis in chronic stroke: A feasibility study

It is feasible to combine tDCS targeting the LE motor cortex with our novel locomotor training. It appears that tDCS has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of gait training in chronic stroke. Insights from participants provide additional guidance in designing future trials.

Topic: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Synthetic Life with Alternative Nucleic Acids as Genetic Materials

DNA, the fundamental genetic polymer of all living organisms on Earth, can be chemically modified to embrace novel functions that do not exist in nature. The key chemical and structural parameters for genetic information storage, heredity, and evolution have been elucidated, and many xenobiotic nucleic acids (XNAs) with non-canonical structures are developed as alternative genetic materials in vitro. However, it is still particularly challenging to replace DNAs with XNAs in living cells. This review outlines some recent studies in which the storage and propagation of genetic information are achieved in vivo by expanding genetic systems with XNAs.

Topic: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Chicken Egg Yolk Enhances Focus Formation by Subgroup B, C and D Rous Sarcoma Viruses

President Roosevelt will carefully consider Archbishop Elder's letter and the petition. The Roosevelt administration is seeking to govern the Philippines in accordance with the wishes of the Filipinos and the educational system that has been set up appears to be "working out admirably."

Topic: Virus-based gene therapy research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Genes with a log2 fold-change &gt; 5 in the LPS, IFNγ, LPS+IFNγ datasets not present in the IL-4 dataset.

&lt;p&gt;Genes with a log2 fold-change &gt; 5 in the LPS, IFNγ, LPS+IFNγ datasets not present in the IL-4 dataset.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Genetic and Environmental Crop Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
[Clinical pharmacokinetics of carboplatin and MCNU in malignant brain tumor and normal brain tissues].

We measured the concentrations of MCNU and CBDCA in the serum, brain tumor and normal brain tissue. Six patients with malignant glioma were treated with intravenous chemotherapy using 80mg/m2 MCNU and 300mg/m2 CBDCA during surgery. After drug administration, specimens of serum, tumor and normal brain tissue were collected every 30 min and then the drug concentration in each sample was measured. The highest MCNU levels in all samples were obtained immediately after administration which followed by gradual decrease. On the contrary, the mean CBDCA levels in the tumor and normal tissue remained almost at a constant level, although serum CBDCA level declined rapidly as MCNU. As expected, MCNU seemed to have advantages in the treatment of brain tumors as it distributed with higher concentration in the tumor tissue than in the serum and normal brain tissue. On the contrary, CBDCA in the tumor tissue did not exceed the concentration in the serum. Nevertheless, it remained longer in the tumor tissue with a constant level, suggesting that CBDCA can achieve an effective area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) in the brain tumor tissue to kill tumor cells.

Topic: Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Teoria opcji i teoria gier. Porównanie narzędzi zarządzania ryzykiem kredytowym

The purpose of this article is to determine whether the theoretical models derived from option pricing theory and game theory correctly determine the interest rate on bank loans. First, the interest rates were calculated from the option model developed by Moody's-KMV. Obtained in this way, interest rates were compared with the real interest rate on bank loans of Polish publicly listed companies. It turns out that the theoretical interest rate is generally much lower than the actual one. A model built on the basis of the game theory and the concept of the liquidation value was then used, and on that basis theoretical interest rates were calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. In this case, divergence of the theoretical loan rates from the actual ones also proved significant. It seems that, in setting interest rates, Polish banks use many factors, not only the market values of company assets and their volatility.

Topic: Credit Risk and Financial Regulations
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
On Influence of Family Background on English Learning at Compulsory Stage in Shanghai, China.

The social reform and opening-up in Chinese society in the last three decades have resulted in overall changes in almost every aspect of social life of its people. As an important indicator in these changes, English has become an important tool in education for students to move ahead to a higher level of schooling, and better jobs in the employment. A new challenge, thus, emerges as English learning is controversially related to sociocultural and economic factors of the family. This study then aims to answer whether the family background in terms of social, cultural and financial status would affect the outcomes of English learning at the compulsory stage of education in Shanghai, and to what extent this influence works on the school education. The study, based on the surveys of 2034 students and 1640 their families together with interviews with students and teachers has found that English language learning has become a highly commercialized subject in Shanghai and the students and

Topic: Social and Cultural Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Worldmindedness: Taking Off the Blinders

A dynamic web of global interconnectedness has expanded the engagement and political efficacy of citizens in the 21st century. The acceleration of knowledge creation, the dynamics of electronic communication and the resulting availability of global perspectives are changing the nature of public discourse and action. As more and more people gain access to information and interact with individuals and communities across the planet, they acquire new worldminded ways of learning, debating, and creating which in turn expand the scope of civic consciousness and responsibilities beyond national borders. In this article we look at ways in which teachers in Hong Kong, Japan and the United States are preparing young people to become worldminded citizens.

Topic: Global Education and Multiculturalism
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A digital sensor to measure real-time leaf movements and detect abiotic stress in plants

Abstract Plant and plant organ movements are the result of a complex integration of endogenous growth and developmental responses, partially controlled by the circadian clock, and external environmental cues. Monitoring of plant motion is typically done by image-based phenotyping techniques with the aid of computer vision algorithms. Here we present a method to measure leaf movements using a digital inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor. The lightweight sensor is easily attachable to a leaf or plant organ and records angular traits in real-time for two dimensions (pitch and roll) with high resolution (measured sensor oscillations of 0.36 ± 0.53° for pitch and 0.50 ± 0.65° for roll). We were able to record simple movements such as petiole bending, as well as complex lamina motions, in several crops, ranging from tomato to banana. We also assessed growth responses in terms of lettuce rosette expansion and maize seedling stem movements. The IMU sensors are capable of detecting small changes of nutations (i.e. bending movements) in leaves of different ages and in different plant species. In addition, the sensor system can also monitor stress-induced leaf movements. We observed that unfavorable environmental conditions evoke certain leaf movements, such as drastic epinastic responses, as well as subtle fading of the amplitude of nutations. In summary, the presented digital sensor system enables continuous detection of a variety of leaf motions with high precision, and is a low-cost tool in the field of plant phenotyping, with potential applications in early stress detection.

Topic: Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Genus Panaeolus : New records from India

Collection tours for exploration and collection of agarics from different localties of the state of Punjab were undertaken between 2009 to 2011. As a result, a large number of agarics were collected. Of these, three species of Panaeolus (Fr.) Quel. viz. P. sphinctrinus var. minor (Fr.) Singer, P. castaneifolius (Murrill) A.H. Smith and P. tropicalis Olah are taxonomically described and are new records for India.

Topic: Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Motion Planning for Serpentine Robots

Abstract. Serpentine robots o er advantages over traditional mobile robots and robot arms because they provide enhanced exibility and reachability, especially in convoluted environments. These robots are well suited to inspect large space-fairing truss structures such as the future space station and can also be used to inspect the Space Shuttle cargo bay before launch. Serpentine mechanisms o er unique capabilities on Earth to applications such as search and rescue, surface coating, and minimally invasive surgery. The work, described in this paper, will exploit a geometric structure, termed aroadmap, to guide the motions of a serpentine robot in highly convoluted spaces. This approach o ers advantages over previous work with serpentine robots because it provides a general mathematical structure that is not mechanism speci c, thereby having applications to a large class of problems. 1

Topic: Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
On the Recent Encroachment of the Sea at Westward Ho !, North Devon

F or the last nine years the sea has been encroaching on the land near Westward Ho ! at the rate of about 30 feet a year. This encroachment only affects about a mile of the coast-line, but it is of special interest both on account of the formations which it exposes and the rapidity with which the sea has eaten into a district which had hitherto been apparently but little injured by it. I have not been able to obtain any correct map of the district older than the parish map of Northam, and that does not give the actual limits of high tide with any accuracy, so that it is impossible to say how much further the land may have extended seaward when Westward Ho! was still unnamed and almost uninhabited. A very old inhabitant, however, told me that the grass used to extend for several yards beyond the old road leading from the ladies’ baths to the Burrows, which was still in existence in 1875, when I first went to Westward Ho! The accompanying map is reduced from one constructed from an actual survey that I made in 1879, but the line of the top of the former ridge in 1875 was sketched in from memory, aided by the parish map. The district which is principally affected by the encroachment is a large sandy common called the Northam Burrows. This common is the southern part of the delta of the united rivers Taw and Torridge, and the inland part

Topic: Maritime and Coastal Archaeology
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Improvement of Contamination Flashover Voltage Performance of Cylindrical Porcelain Insulators

Superior contamination flashover voltage performance of polymer insulators for transmission or distribution line is attributable not only to the hydrophobicity of silicone rubber housing material but also to their configurations. In the case of transmission or distribution line polymer insulators, core diameters are small and so the ratio of shed to core diameters is very large enough to improve the voltage distribution along the insulator owing to the divided and allotted voltages to its individual core portions having much higher surface resistances compared with shed portions due to the heavier leakage current density. We tried to improve the contamination flashover voltage performance of a porcelain long-rod insulator by applying hydrophobic silicone rubber coating only to all its core surfaces without coating shed surfaces and successful results have been confirmed. In this paper, contamination flashover voltage performances were evaluated among four kinds of specimens with different silicone rubber coatings by the salt fog test method. The detailed investigation results are presented.

Topic: High voltage insulation and dielectric phenomena
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Other histories

Abstract This is an interesting and important book. In one sense, its' authors deal with familiar lines of enquiry surrounding the cultural contexts of the production and consumption of photography. However, the importance of this book is in the choice of sites where these discussions are played out. Rather than focusing entirely on the Western colonial context and the proscribed nature of the ideological approaches of Edward Said and Michel Foucault, the selection of papers shifts the focus to a series of ‘other’ worlds including Navajo, colonial Japan, Indigenous Australia, South America and the African continent. As a result, this book demonstrates that the uptake of a global and apparently globalising technology such as photography elicits a diversity of responses when incorporated into a range of different communities across the world.

Topic: Photography and Visual Culture
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Scholarly Influence in the Field of Management: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Determinants of University and Author Impact in the Management Literature in the Past Quarter Century

The purpose of this study is to identify the universities and research scholars who have had the greatest impact on the field of management during the past quarter century and the factors that influence their impact. Using bibliometric techniques, the authors examined 30 management journals to identify the 100 most-cited universities and 150 most-cited authors from 1981 to 2004. The analysis included more than 1,600 universities and 25,000 management scholars across five individual time periods. The findings showed that (a) a relatively small proportion of universities and scholars accounted for the majority of the citations in the field; (b) total publications accounted for the majority of the variance in university citations; (c) university size, the number of PhDs awarded, research expenditures, and endowment assets had the biggest impact on university publications; and (d) total publications, years in the field, graduate school reputation, and editorial board memberships had the biggest effect on a scholar's citations.

Topic: Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Bionomics of Bombus lucorum and its application as pollinators.

Bombus lucorum L.has one generation a year in Beijing area and overwinters as queen in hibernation.The queen emerges from hibernation in middle April and begins to lay eggs two weeks later.The first batch of workers appears in later May.After the production of 150 workers,young drones and queens are born in middle or later July,they mate in August and September.The young mated queens hibernate each separately in the soil in early October when the weather becomes cold.Queen's hibernation can be broken under artificial conditions and several generations of bumblebees are breeding a year in captivity,and then,it provides pollination for crops in winter greenhouse.

Topic: Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Bamboo and Chinese Culture

This book is a detailed and comprehensive examination of the physical, symbolic and cultural uses of bamboo in China, where it has long had a ubiquitous presence in all aspects of the lives of the Chinese people: how and what they eat, what they wear, where they live, how they travel, as well as their productive activities, writing, religion, art and philosophy. The authors adopt the theoretical methods of culturology, axiology and semiotics to understand the implications and characteristics of bamboo within traditional Chinese culture. Based on the diachronic and synchronic coordinates, the authors present the multidimensional structure of China’s bamboo culture from the micro-, meso- and macro-perspectives. The book combines a rich body of literature and field investigation reports with indepth and systematic theoretical analysis and interpretation. Together with around two-hundred illustrations, the authors hope to explain the profound in simple terms in this academic monograph.

Topic: Bamboo properties and applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Data from ATM Deficiency Generating Genomic Instability Sensitizes Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells to Therapy-Induced DNA Damage

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) harbor recurrent functional mutations of the master DNA damage response kinase ATM, which has been shown to accelerate tumorigenesis and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. To study how ATM deficiency affects genome integrity in this setting, we evaluated the molecular and functional effects of conditional &lt;i&gt;Atm&lt;/i&gt; deletion in a mouse model of PDAC. ATM deficiency was associated with increased mitotic defects, recurrent genomic rearrangements, and deregulated DNA integrity checkpoints, reminiscent of human PDAC. We hypothesized that altered genome integrity might allow synthetic lethality-based options for targeted therapeutic intervention. Supporting this possibility, we found that the PARP inhibitor olaparib or ATR inhibitors reduced the viability of PDAC cells &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; associated with a genotype-selective increase in apoptosis. Overall, our results offered a preclinical mechanistic rationale for the use of PARP and ATR inhibitors to improve treatment of ATM-mutant PDAC. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Res; 77(20); 5576–90. ©2017 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: DNA Repair Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Material parameters for a numerical simulation of a compaction process for sintered double-height gears

This paper presents the initial material parameters for the Ecka Alumix 231 aluminum-powdered metal required for a successful numerical simulation of a compaction process for sintered components with a proper software package.Experimental work was used to obtain Drucker-Prager-cap (DPC) model material parameters with the help of a Brazilian disc test and a uniaxial compression test for the linear part of the DPC model in the equivalent pressure stress/deviatoric stress (p-q) plane.The specimens used for this test were cylindrical probes (greens) that were compacted with a mechanical press and then compressed to the failure point in the axial and radial directions.Keywords: aluminum-based

Topic: Powder Metallurgy Techniques and Materials
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences