jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Of mushrooms and method: History and the family in Hobbes’s science of politics

Hobbes’s account of the commonwealth is standardly interpreted to be primarily a theory of contract, whereby the archetypal manner of forming a political community is via an act of mutual agreement between suspicious individuals of equal power. By examining Hobbes’s theories of the pre-political family, and what he says about the role of real history in the development of political societies, I conclude that this standard interpretation is untenable. Rather, Hobbes’s conception of commonwealth ‘by institution’ is a hypothetical model used to illustrate the mechanics of sovereignty, and to reconcile men to the conditions of subjection to absolute political power. In practice, all sovereignty is originally by ‘acquisition’. Realizing this casts serious doubt on the possibility that Hobbes is a fundamentally democratic thinker. In turn, we are invited to reconsider the history of political thought after Hobbes, in particular by seeing his theory of the family and of history as a genealogical ancestor of Scottish Enlightenment political theory.

Topic: Seventeenth-Century Political and Philosophical Thought
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The spice economy and covid 19: Consequences, responses and prospects

The Covid 19 pandemic has influenced all facets of the economy including agriculture. Spices sector, which forms a distinct subsector of the agricultural economy has also been affected in diverse ways. Using the spice production estimates from Spices Board and Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development, this paper examines the impact of the Covid pandemic on the spice output during the two crop seasons (2019–20 and 2020–21) which were affected by restrictions arising from lockdown and other adverse effects of the pandemic. Based on discussions with diverse stakeholders across spice processors and export industries, the immediate challenges faced by the sector along with the strategies for addressing these challenges are also discussed. The absence of traceability systems, increasing stringency in food safety and quality standards in export destinations, the concerns about quality of the produce, bottlenecks in supply chain logistics and absence of rapid quality assessment technologies at the field level are some of the major constraints identified in the spices sector. Strategies like strengthening of regulated markets, capacity building of farmer collectives along with emphasis on efficient crop advisory services and initiatives for technology led growth in the spice crops can ensure crisis proofing and building of resilient spice supply chains

Topic: Date Palm Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The UCLA 24-inch Telescope and a Dual Optical-IR Imaging System

A 24-inch Cassegrain telescope has been refurbished and equipped with both an infrared camera and a CCD camera. The telescope, which is located in the middle of the UCLA campus in west Los Angeles, is now in regular use for graduate student research, and for undergraduate teaching. A dichroic beam- splitter allows simultaneous imaging observations at optical and IR wavelengths. The CCD camera is a Star I system form Photometrics Ltd., modified with a BVRI filter slide, and the IR camera is a simple K-band (2.2 micron) imager develped at UCLA and based on a NICMOS 3 HgCdTe array from Rockwell. The CCD camera has a pixel scale of 0.5"/pixel and the IR camera scale is 0.85"/pixel; both have a field of view of about 3 arcminutes. Over the past year, much work has been done to align the telescope, characterize the quality of the site and generally improve the mechanical reliability of the observatory. Seeing is typically 3" in the IR and slightly worse at V. This paper describes the setting up of the telescope and the instruments, and reports sensitivities and airmass corrections for our site. One of the most significant conclusions is that the IR camera enables good work to be done at this very optically-bright site. Several highlights of the first year of observing are reported.

Topic: Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Design of Intelligent Question Answering System for Hospital Online Triage based on Knowledge Graph

At present, people pay more and more attention to medical and health issues, and more and more Internet users are eager to obtain medical related knowledge from the Internet. However, despite the large amount of medical data spread on the Internet, it is difficult for ordinary Internet users to effectively obtain and use these data through search engines. To solve this problem, this paper designs and implements a medical question answering system based on knowledge map, so that users can quickly obtain the relevant knowledge in the medical field they want by asking questions, and realize the effective use of medical data on the Internet. At present, there are few question answering systems in the medical and health field, so the medical question answering system designed in this paper has a broad application prospect. The medical knowledge map constructed in the system can also be used in more application scenarios such as medical chat robots in the future, further promoting the process of intelligence in the medical field.

Topic: Topic Modeling
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Faculty Opinions recommendation of The effects of flexible bronchoscopy on mechanical ventilation in a pediatric lung model.

BACKGROUND: Flexible bronchoscopy performed through endotracheal tubes (ETTs) in children receiving mechanical ventilation can significantly impact ventilation, but the magnitude of this impact has not been established. We used a lung model to simulate mechanical ventilation in a range of child sizes in order to determine how the insertion of pediatric flexible bronchoscopes into ETTs alters ventilatory parameters, especially tidal volume (Vt) and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), in both healthy and diseased lungs.METHODS: We simulated five child sizes based on weight, and evaluated 22 bronchoscope/ETT combinations, first in pressure control (PC) ventilation mode and then in volume control (VC) ventilation mode. The combinations ranged from the 2.2-mm (bronchoscope outer diameter)/3.0-mm (ETT inner diameter) to 5.0-mm bronchoscope/8.0-mm ETT. The primary outcome measures were decrease in Vt after bronchoscope insertion during PC ventilation and increase in PIP during VC ventilation.RESULTS: In the PC ventilator mode, Vt decreased by > 50% with nine of the combinations, while during VC ventilation, PIP increased by >or= 20 cm H(2)O with seven combinations. The 2.2-mm bronchoscope/3.0-mm ETT, 2.8-mm bronchoscope/5.0-mm ETT, and 3.6-mm bronchoscope/5.0-mm ETT combinations severely impaired ventilation, while the 3.6-mm bronchoscope/4.5-mm ETT, 5.0-mm bronchoscope/6.5-mm ETT, and 5.0-mm bronchoscope/7.0-mm ETT combinations were incompatible with adequate ventilation.CONCLUSIONS: The insertion of bronchoscopes into ETTs can lead to clinically relevant decreases in Vt when in the PC ventilator mode and large increases in PIP during VC ventilation. The minimum bronchoscope/ETT diameter difference required to maintain adequate ventilation increases with child size. PMID: 18812449

Topic: Airway Management and Intubation Techniques
Subfield: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
FRICTION MELANOSIS: ΙS IT REALLΥ Α MACULAR AMYLOIDOSIS;

The term «Friction melanosis» (FM) was coined to an ususual dermatosis provoked by long-term use of nylon brushes and towels, and presenting with skin hypermelanosis over bony prominences of the trunk and extremities. We here in report the first Greek case of FM and try to help in the elucidation of the terminology and classification of the disease.

Topic: Skin Diseases and Diabetes
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Improving recognition of anxiety and depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a qualitative study in a community clinic

Background Comorbid anxiety and depression are common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but are often under-recognised and treated, contributing to worse outcomes. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends that patients with RA should be offered a holistic annual review, including an assessment of mood. Aim To explore patients’ perspectives of anxiety and depression in RA and preferences for disclosure and management of mood problems. Design and setting Qualitative interview study with patients recruited from a nurse-led RA annual review clinic in the Midlands, England. Method Patients attending the clinic who scored ≥3 on the case-finding questions (PHQ-2 and GAD-2) were invited for interview. Data were analysed thematically using principles of constant comparison. Results Participants recognised a connection between their RA and mood, though this was perceived variably. Some lacked candidacy for care, normalising their mood problems. Fear of stigmatisation, a lack of time, and the perception that clinicians prioritise physical over mental health problems recursively affected help-seeking. Good communication and continuity of care were perceived to be integral to disclosure of mood problems. Participants expressed a preference for psychological therapies, though they reported problems accessing care. Some perceived medication to be offered as a ‘quick fix’ and feared potential drug interactions. Conclusion Prior experiences can lead patients with RA and comorbid anxiety and depression to feel they lack candidacy for care. Provision of equal priority to mental and physical health problems by GPs and improved continuity of care could help disclosure of mood concerns. Facilitation of access to psychological therapies could improve outcomes for both mental and physical health problems.

Topic: Mental Health Treatment and Access
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
[Clinical studies on 179 cases of prostatic cancer].

Between 1971 and 1984, 179 patients with prostatic cancer were admitted to our Hospital. These cases were studied retrospectively. The greatest number of patients were in their seventies. The patients ranged from 55 to 90 years old with an average age of 72.4 years. The most common symptoms were dysuria, urinary retention, pollakisuria and macrohematuria. About 76% of the chief complaints were related to urinary tract obstruction. There were 64 (35.8%), 21 (11.7%), 38 (21.2%) and 56 (31.3%) cases of stage A, B, C and D, respectively. Prostatic cancer was confirmed histopathologically at transurethral resection in 146 patients, transrectal needle biopsy in 25 patients, open prostatectomy in 3 patients, autopsy in 4 patients, and cryosurgery in 1 patient. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year actual survival rates of 162 cases were 89, 70 and 55%, respectively. The 5-year actual survival rate of stage A, B, C, and D was 72, 67, 55 and 34%, respectively. The 5-year actual survival rate for the cases treated with and without anti-androgen therapy was 72% and 73% for stage A, 66% and 75% for stage B, 58% and 44% for stage C and 37% and 12% for stage D, respectively. The cases treated with anti-androgen therapy was divided into the low dose (diethylstilbestrol less than 300 mg/day or hexestrol less than 30 mg/day) and high dose (diethylstilbestrol greater than or equal to 300 mg/day or hexestrol greater than or equal to 30 mg/day) groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topic: Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Treatments
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
REVIEW: Quantifying urban ecosystem services based on high-resolution data of urban green space: An assessment for Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Summary: The urban dimension of ecosystem services (ES) is underexposed, while the importance of ES for human well-being is nowhere as evident as in cities. Urban challenges such as air pollution, noise and heat can be moderated by urban green space (UGS), simultaneously providing multiple other services. However, available methods to quantify ES cannot typically deal with the high spatial and thematic resolution land cover data that are needed to better understand ES supply in the urban context. This study derives methods to quantify and map a bundle of six ES as supplied by UGS, using land cover data with high spatial and thematic resolution, and applies these to the city of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Land cover data comprise eight classes of UGS. Methods are derived from an evidence base on the importance of UGS types for the supply of each of the six ES that was built using literature review. The evidence base reveals that UGS types differ in their contribution to various ES, although the strength of the evidence varies. However, existing indicators for urban ES often do not discriminate between UGS types. To derive UGS-specific indicators, we combined methods and evidence from different research contexts (ES, non-ES, urban, non-urban). Rotterdam shows high spatial variation in the amount of UGS present, and accounting for this in ES supply reveals that ES bundles depend on UGS composition and configuration. While the contribution of UGS types to ES supply differed markedly with UGS type and ES considered, we demonstrate that synergies rather than trade-offs exist among the ES analysed. Synthesis and applications. Our findings underline the importance of a careful design of urban green space (UGS) in city planning for ecosystem services (ES) provision. Based on the latest insights on how different UGS provide ES, the methods presented in this study enable a more detailed quantification and mapping of the supply of ES in cities, allowing assessments of current supply of key urban ES and alternative urban designs. Such knowledge is indispensable in the quest for designing healthier and climate-resilient cities. Our findings underline the importance of a careful design of urban green space (UGS) in city planning for ecosystem services (ES) provision. Based on the latest insights on how different UGS provide ES, the methods presented in this study enable a more detailed quantification and mapping of the supply of ES in cities, allowing assessments of current supply of key urban ES and alternative urban designs. Such knowledge is indispensable in the quest for designing healthier and climate-resilient cities.

Topic: Urban Green Space and Health
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Fifteen-Year Plan of Moscow University

The majestic buildings of Moscow University are situated on Lenin's Hills. What Moscow resident or visitor to the capital does not recognize them? More than 12 years have passed since the natural science faculties of Moscow University occupied these buildings, which were provided with the most modern equipment obtainable at the moment of completion of the construction. The creation of these buildings was a remarkable display of the concern of the Communist Party and the Soviet government about the development of higher education.

Topic: International Science and Diplomacy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
CCDC 940104: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMPOSITE PARTS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN RAILWAY INDUSTRY (OVERVIEW)

The article provides an analysis of modern composite technologies, as well as the possibility of their application in the railway industry. Advantages and disadvantages of technologies are shown, main types of products manufactured with these technologies are given. An approximate cost comparison of products manufactured using various technologies is made.

Topic: Transport and Logistics Innovations
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Treatment with suboptimal doses of raltegravir leads to aberrant HIV-1 integrations

Integration of the DNA copy of the HIV-1 genome into a host chromosome is required for viral replication and is thus an important target for antiviral therapy. The HIV-encoded enzyme integrase (IN) catalyzes two essential steps: 3′ processing of the viral DNA ends, followed by the strand transfer reaction, which inserts the viral DNA into host DNA. Raltegravir binds to IN and blocks the integration of the viral DNA. Using the Rous sarcoma virus-derived vector RCAS, we previously showed that mutations that cause one viral DNA end to be defective for IN-mediated integration led to abnormal integrations in which the provirus had one normal and one aberrant end, accompanied by rearrangements in the host genome. On the basis of these results, we expected that suboptimal concentrations of IN inhibitors, which could block one of the ends of viral integration, would lead to similar aberrant integrations. In contrast to the proviruses from untreated cells, which were all normal, ∼10–15% of the proviruses isolated after treatment with a suboptimal dose of raltegravir were aberrant. The aberrant integrations were similar to those seen in the RCAS experiments. Most of the aberrant proviruses had one normal end and one aberrant end and were accompanied by significant rearrangements in the host genome, including duplications, inversions, deletions and, occasionally, acquisition of sequences from other chromosomes. The rearrangements of the host DNA raise concerns that these aberrant integrations might have unintended consequences in HIV-1–infected patients who are not consistent in following a raltegravir-containing treatment regimen.

Topic: HIV Research and Treatment
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Development of Conductive Polymer Analysis for the Rapid Detection and Identification of Phytopathogenic Microbes

Conductive polymer analysis, a type of electronic aroma detection technology, was evaluated for its efficacy in the detection, identification, and discrimination of plant-pathogenic microorganisms on standardized media and in diseased plant tissues. The method is based on the acquisition of a diagnostic electronic fingerprint derived from multisensor responses to distinct mixtures of volatile metabolites released into sampled headspace. Protocols were established to apply this technology specifically to plant disease diagnosis. This involved development of standardized cultural methods, new instrument architecture for sampling, sample preparation, prerun procedures, run parameters and schedules, recognition files and libraries, data manipulations, and validation protocols for interpretations of results. The collective output from a 32-sensor array produced unique electronic aroma signature patterns diagnostic of individual microbial species in culture and specific pathogen-host combinations associated with diseased plants. The level of discrimination applied in identifications of unknowns was regulated by confidence level and sensitivity settings during construction of application-specific reference libraries for each category of microbe or microbe-host combination identified. Applications of this technology were demonstrated for the diagnosis of specific disease systems, including bacterial and fungal diseases and decays of trees; for host identifications; and for determinations of levels of infection and relatedness between microbial species. Other potential applications to plant pathology are discussed with some advantages and limitations for each type of diagnostic application.

Topic: Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Influence of Rogers' technological attributes on Internet Diffusion Dynamics: the case of Piedmont Region

The spread of Internet technology tends to be slow especially among elderly people in many European countries. This situation appears even more critical if the demographic trends are considered in a context where the aging phenomenon will represent a significant challenge in the next future. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between age and Internet diffusion dynamics in Piedmont Region (Italy), mainly focusing on how people perceive the technological attributes and features of Internet technology. To achieve this objective a specific survey has been undertaken among Piedmont citizens. The questionnaire’s responses show a low propensity exhibited by old age people towards the adoption of Internet. In particular, it emerges that the subjective perceptions of technological attributes and features of Internet that significantly differ between users and not-users may exert a great influence on its diffusion dynamics.

Topic: Technology Use by Older Adults
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
INVESTIGATION OF TOTAL FLAVONOID, PHENOLIC ANDANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FERMENTATION BROTH OF FERMENTEDCLIMBING SWAMP FERN (Sthenochlaena palustris)

Fermented vegetable has become more popular as part of daily diet due to their increased shelf life and, more importantly, their beneficial effect for health.Climbing swamp fern (Sthenochlaena palustris) is an edible plant that known has medicinal properties.Fermentation can improve functionality of food, and therefore in the present study we prepare fermented fern and examine antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of the fermentation broth.The fronds of fern were collected from local farmer and fermented with different salt concentration (2, 4, 6% w/w), addition of exogenous lactic acid bacteria (none vs Lactobacillus plantarum) and time of fermentation (72 vs 144 hours).The experiment was performed using completely randomized design with factorial design approach.Broth formed during fermentation was collected and examined for their total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity, measured as percentage of DPPH inhibition.The result indicated that salt has significant effect on TFC, while all the three factors have significant effect TPC and DPPH inhibition.The highest TFC was observed when lowest salt was used, and the highest TPC was observed when the lowest salt concentration was used with the addition of L. plantarum and the lowest fermentation time.While the highest antioxidant activity was observed when the highest concentration of salt used with the addition of L. plantarum and the lowest fermentation time.TPC has significant and moderate correlation with TFC and DPPH inhibition, while TPC and TFC indicate no significant and no correlation.Further investigation is required to examine antioxidant compounds other than polyphenol and flavonoid in the fermentation broth.Furthermore, the solid fraction of the fermented fern fronds needs to be examined for its antioxidant property.

Topic: Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Submicroscopic structure of glycosaminoglycans in osteocyte capsule of human embryonic bone as revealed by polarization microscopy.

Using qualitative and quantitative polarization microscopical techniques, an axiparallel orientation of chondroitin sulfate molecules and collagen fibrils could be detected in the osteocyte capsule of human embryonic and fetal bones. It is suggested that this spatially oriented microstructure plays a role in ana- and catabolic transport processes of the bone tissue.

Topic: Bone health and osteoporosis research
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences