jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System

At the close of the Second World War, when industrialized nations faced serious trade and financial imbalances, delegates from forty-four countries met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in order to reconstruct the international monetary system. Over the next 25 years, with currencies fixed to the American dollar, world trade expanded vigorously, inflation remained moderate, and national income in industrialized countries rose faster than during any other period. In this volume, three generations of scholars and policy makers, some of whom participated in the 1944 conference, consider how the Bretton Woods System contributed to economic stability and rapid growth between 1945 and 1971 and discuss the future of the international monetary system in light of the Bretton Woods experience. Since President Richard M. Nixon ended the Bretton Woods System in 1971, exchange rates have exhibited increasing flexibility. After twenty years of floating rates, however, there is considerable interest in once again limiting exchange rate flexibility. The apparent success of the European Monetary System, a fixed-rate arrangement loosely based on the postwar system, and the prospect of European monetary unification increase interest in a new internationally stable exchange rate. Moreover, some academics and government officials see fixed rates as a way to help Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union cope with pressing economic and political problems. The economists, historians, political scientists, and policy makers who contribute to this volume relate the Bretton Woods System to earlier fixed-rate schemes and consider the political background of the original New Hampshire meeting. Using recenteconomic theory - for example, work on time consistency and credibility - they explore adjustment, liquidity, and transmission under the System; the way it affected developing countries; and the role of the International Monetary Fund in maintaining a stable rate. The authors examine th

Topic: Global Financial Crisis and Policies
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Automatic Facial Emotion Recognition using Convolutional Neural Networks

The primary aim of this work is to analyze the potential of artificial intelligence in the field of automatic facial emotion recognition (AFER). Therefore, convolutional neural network is considered for classifying the 6 universal facial expressions. The feed-forward artificial neural network is also designed for comparative analysis. The designed techniques are implemented on extended Cohn-Kanade (CK+) database. Rigorous experimentation is carried out in order to analyze the efficacy of the suggested AFER scheme using different performance measures. It is revealed from the analysis that convolutional neural network-based classification proves to be superior in terms of accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score, as compared to the feedforward neural network-based classification scheme.

Topic: Emotion and Mood Recognition
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
[Generalized pustular psoriasis in siblings].

Generalized pustular psoriasis in siblings, 31-year-old male and 26-year-old female, is presented. In both cases, pustular lesions appeared in childhood and typical eruption of psoriasis vulgaris was not observed during their clinical course. Cholecystitis and chronic tonsillitis of the brother and periodontitis and chronic tonsillitis of the sister were considered to be possible provocative factors. HLA-A24, Bw52-, DR2, as the common HLA haplotype in our cases, was estimated.

Topic: Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
What's Wrong With This Picture? An Examination of Art Historians' Attitudes About Electronic Publishing Opportunities and the Consequences of Their Continuing Love Affair with Print

In 2006, Rice University Press published two Mellon-funded studies on scholarly publishing in the field of art history. This article examines the two studies and investigates art historians' reactions to electronic publishing as an alternative to print. The problems of permissions and image color quality are questioned: are they reasonable objections to digital media, or merely convenient justifications masking a deeper resistance to electronic publishing? The article argues that, notwithstanding the declining print publication opportunities for art history monographs and the limited numbers of respected art history journals, art historians want to continue their love affair with print. It then concludes that art historians are jeopardizing the long-term vitality of their field by staying on the other side of the digital divide.

Topic: Art History and Market Analysis
Subfield: Visual Arts and Performing Arts
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Possibilities and Limitations of Interreligious Scripture Reading

Interreligious hermeneutics is an area of research which has developed rapidly in recent years. Studies include both general discussions about hermeneutical and methodological issues related to interreligious encounters, and more specific discussions of the interreligious engagement with religious scriptures. This article focuses on the latter, and more specifically on the contribution of interreligious scriptural reading to the practice of dialogue. It discusses how, and to what extent, reading and studying scriptures of another religious tradition than one’s own could contribute constructively in the context of interreligious dialogue. The discussion is based on an analysis of empirical examples of Thai Buddhist readings of Old Testament wisdom texts.

Topic: Asian Geopolitics and Ethnography
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Analysis of matrix vesicles and their role in the calcification of epiphyseal cartilage.

Extracellular matrix vesicles, which have been shown to be associated with initial calcification of cartilage, were isolated, characterized, and studied with 45calcium isotope to determine whether they could form mineral in vitro. It was found that the isolated matrix vesicles contain a phosphatase, active at neutral pH, which has a very wide specificity and will hydrolyze a variety of nucleotide triphosphates, diphosphates, monophosphates, and other phosphate-containing substrate and metabolites. Acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, and cathepsin D were found to be in the cell fractions, in lysosomes; these enzymes are not present in matrix vesicles and this is additional evidence for the difference between matrix vesicles and lysosomes. Matrix vesicles were found to take up 45Ca even in the presence of low levels of Ca and P1 and also to facilitate precipitation of hydroxylapatite when incubated under physiological conditions in the presence of ATP and other phosphate-containing substrates. Systematic electron probe analysis of a septum of epiphyseal cartilage indicates that matrix vesicles gradually accumulate calcium and then phosphorus and thus facilitate the advance of the calcification front. Adjoinging nonvesicular matrix in the hypertrophic zone, cell cytoplasm, and cell processes had very low levels of calcium and phosphorus in a region where matrix vesicles showed high levels of these elements. New concepts are put forward that take accounts of these findings which provide a better understanding of the sequence of mineralization in growth cartilage.

Topic: Bone health and treatments
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
CCDC 238106: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The exploitation quality digital estimation method of stopes based on actual surveys

According to the data collected from the precision laser detection---the cavity monitoring system(CMS),and with the help of three-dimension visual mine modeling software SURPAC for processing of the stope cavity's data,this paper establishes stope cavity three-dimension digital-model.And by a series of analysis and calculation based on 3D solid model,quality assessment indicators system of stoping,such as over-excavation and under-excavation,dilution and ore loss rates,and the blasting design of the pillar with complicated irregular boundaries,is got into shape.Then by statistically comparing these indicators with the correlative approach of AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) and expert investigation,this paper proposes an effective method for evaluation of exploitation quality,which renders possible the optimization design and the improvement of exploitation quality,both from the fund and the technical aspects.

Topic: Geoscience and Mining Technology
Subfield: Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Visual Methods in Marketing and Consumer Research

This chapter will introduce Lived Experience Mapping (LEM), a novel method of exploring people’s lived experience of longstanding, complex or emotionally charged topics that may be inaccessible through standard interview techniques. Using representationally neutral sticky notes, participants create a unique, dynamic, visual map that encapsulates key items or plot points within their story, allowing them to develop, explain and refine the map as the interview progresses. This process enables the narrative to explore more than the participant’s initially foregrounded issues, offering a wider perspective on the generated data. Participants are given the freedom to shape their map in any way that suits their storytelling style, rather than trying to create a comparable, structured outcome.<br/><br/>This method results in a creative visual, without asking the participant directly to “be creative” or for an extended time commitment. The resulting visual is then converted into a digitised diagram by the researcher, who can add details to assist with communicating the map to a wider audience. This digitised diagram, with comprehensive accompanying recorded audio dialogue, can be subjected to rigorous analysis. LEM can accompany a range of qualitative, interpretive research approaches and analysis methods such as phenomenology, grounded theory, introspective methods, feminist research, ethnography, thematic analysis, narrative analysis, content analysis, voice-centred relational method and discourse analysis.

Topic: Media, Gender, and Advertising
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Mild, efficient cleavage of arenesulfonamides by magnesium reduction

B. Nyasse, L. Grehn and U. Ragnarsson, Chem. Commun., 1997, 1017 DOI: 10.1039/A701408B

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Case of a Giant Retroperitoneal Xanthogranulomatous Cystic Tumor 22 cm in Longer Diameter

症例は71歳，女性．10年前から腹部腫瘤を指摘，無症状であり画像上変化を認めないため，経過観察となっていた．1カ月前より腹部膨満感が出現．腹部CTにて左側腹部に22×15cm大の腫瘤と左水腎症を認め，腫瘤増大傾向のため精査・加療目的で当科紹介．腫瘤は左腎，左尿管を腹側に圧排し，内部に隔壁を持つ多房性の腫瘤であり，後腹膜嚢胞性腫瘤の診断で手術となった．腫瘤は小児頭大で，S状結腸間膜背側から左側腹部，左横隔膜下まで多房性に連なっており，後腹膜腫瘤摘出術を施行．腫瘤内部は褐色混濁の液貯留を認め，腫瘤壁は壊死様であった．術後病理検査では異型細胞は認めず，黄色肉芽腫性炎症反応を示す腫瘤性病変との診断であった．術後半年経過した現在，再発所見は認めていない．

Topic: Infectious Disease Case Reports and Treatments
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
DEVELOPING AN IOT SYSTEM TO ALERT HEAT-STRESS FOR LIVESTOCK

Recently, climate change has posed a significant challenge to humanity, with temperature increment being a conspicuous phenomenon. The rise in global temperature has impacts not only humans but also animals leading to health issues, particularly heat stress in livestock. With the advancement of science and technology, numerous intelligent systems have been developed to support the livestock industry. In this study, we present the development of an Internet of Things system designed to monitor and alert heat stress conditions in livestock. As a result, the designed IoT system could track the temperature both inside and outside the livestock house. By depending on Temperature Humidity Index, the system also makes alters if the temperature is at risk of causing heat shock to livestock. In the future, the system could be developed to be applied in livestock farming and help mitigate heat stress in livestock.

Topic: Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
From Focus on Sounds to Focus on Words in English Pronunciation Instruction

The paper addresses a very important aspect of Polish-accented English, namely the issue of frequent phonetic errors made by Polish learners which do not result from their inability to produce foreign sounds correctly, but which stem from various interference factors (e.g foreign pronounced as [fo’rejn]). Following Szpyra-Kozłowska’s (in press a) claims that such errors hinder successful communication far more than other segmental and suprasegmental inaccuracies and should thus be treated as a top pedagogical priority, what is suggested is a shift in phonetic instruction from the focus on the production of sounds and prosodies to the focus on the pronunciation of problematic words. Our major goal is to demonstrate how this proposal can be implemented in the language classroom. The authors present a report on the experiment in which a group of 25 Polish secondary school pupils has undergone a special training in the pronunciation of 50 commonly mispronounced words with the use of special, teacher-designed materials. The effectiveness of the employed procedure as well as the pupils’ reactions to it are examined and pedagogical conclusions are drawn.

Topic: EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Bembicosoma re-examined: a xiphosuran from the Silurian of the North Esk Inlier, Pentland Hills, Scotland

ABSTRACT The Silurian arthropod Bembicosoma pomphicus Laurie, 1899 is re-studied in relation to other Palaeozoic chelicerate taxa. All three known specimens of Bembicosoma originate from the Silurian (late Llandovery) Eurypterid Bed of the Gutterford Burn Flagstones, Reservoir Formation, Pentland Hills, Scotland. Bembicosoma is removed from its previous tentative assignment to Eurypterida and re-assigned to Xiphosura. A morphological reconstruction of this taxon is presented for the first time. This work continues a reappraisal of the systematics of a number of taxa that belong within the synziphosurines, a loose grouping of early Palaeozoic chelicerate arthropods aligned with the Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs), but which have been mistakenly identified as eurypterids in the past. Bembicosoma is significant as it is one of the earliest known synziphosurines.

Topic: Subterranean biodiversity and taxonomy
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Fatal autoimmunity results from the conditional deletion of Snai2 and Snai3 (BA4P.121)

Abstract Transcriptional regulation of gene expression is a key component of orchestrating proper immune cell development and function. One strategy for maintaining these transcriptional programs has been the evolution of transcription factor families with members possessing overlapping functions. Using the germ line deletion of Snai2 combined with the hematopoietic specific deletion of Snai3, we report that these factors function redundantly to preserve the development of B and T cells. Such animals display severe lymphopenia, alopecia and dermatitis as well as profound autoimmunity manifested by the production of high levels of autoantibodies as early as three weeks of age followed by death within 30 days of birth. Autoantibodies included both IgM and IgG isotypes and were reactive against cytoplasmic and membranous components. A regulatory T cell defect contributed to the autoimmune response in that adoptive transfer of wild type regulatory T cells alleviated symptoms of autoimmunity. The results demonstrated that appropriate expression of Snai2 and Snai3 in cells of hematopoietic derivation plays an important role in development and maintenance of immune tolerance.

Topic: T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Cardiovascular Effects of KUR-1246, a New Tetrahydronaphthalen Derivative β2-Adrenoceptor Agonist and a Selective Uterine Relaxant

The aim of this study was to assess the cardiovascular effects of KUR-1246 (CAS 194785-31-4, (-)-bis(2-{[(2S)-2-({(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-[4-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyethyl) phenyl] ethyl}amino)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-7-yl]oxy}-N,N-dimethylacetamide)monosulfate), a new beta2-adrenoceptor agonist tocolytic agent. In conscious dogs, the intravenous administration of KUR-1246 at 0.1 and 1 microg/kg had no effects on blood pressure, heart rate or femoral artery blood flow. KUR-1246 at 10 and 100 microg/kg significantly decreased blood pressure and increased heart rate. In the electrocardiograms, KUR-1246 did not affect QT intervals or QTc. In addition, the cardiac effects of KUR-1246 were evaluated in in vitro electrophysiological studies. KUR-1246 at 10 micromol/L did not affect action potential parameters (the maximal upstroke velocity, resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude and action potential durations) in isolated papillary muscles of guinea pigs or in the human ether-a-go-go related gene (HERG) tail current recorded from stably transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. On the basis of these results, the effects of KUR-1246 in conscious dogs on the cardiovascular system appear to be limited to changes in blood pressure and heart rate. Therefore, KUR-1246 is unlikely to provoke ventricular arrhythmias by delaying the ventricular repolarization.

Topic: Electron Spin Resonance Studies
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Radio frequency mini ion engines for fine attitudecontrol and formation flying applications

Many of ESA’s and NASA’s future missions are based on Formation flying, Fine attitude control and (fine) Drag compensation. As prominent examples one could mention LISA, DARWIN, PROBA-III, etc. For all these applications there is a need for propulsion system with: - High thrust accuracy and - High thrust controllability Taking into account, that up to 16 of these thrusters are needed for every space craft, there would be other requirements necessary: - Low mass, - High ISP, - Low power consumption All these requirements combined with high mission durations of up to 10 years, which enforce a life time of over 20,000hrs show the challenges, which the thruster and system designers are confronted with. University of Giessen started 2004 the works on micro Newton ion thrusters based on Radio frequency discharge. The works leaded to a miniaturized RF ion source with very low power consumption and mass, which is under industrialization to higher TR Levels under ESA contracts. The performance of such a small thruster will be presented in this paper. From the other side the whole system architecture for such a propulsion system will be discussed.

Topic: Plasma Diagnostics and Applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pathogenic free‐living amoebic encephalitis in Japan

Over 600 cases of amoebic encephalitis caused by pathogenic free‐living amoebas ( Balamuthia mandrillaris , Acanthamoeba spp., and Naegleria fowleri ) have been reported worldwide, and in Japan, 24 cases have been reported from the first case in 1976 up to 2018. Among these cases, 18 were caused by B. mandrillaris , four by Acanthamoeba spp., one by N. fowleri , and one was of unknown etiology. Additionally, eight cases were diagnosed with encephalitis due to pathogenic free‐living amoebas before death, but only three cases were successfully treated. Unfortunately, all other cases were diagnosed by autopsy. These facts indicate that an adequate diagnosis is difficult, because encephalitis due to pathogenic free‐living amoebas does not show typical symptoms or laboratory findings. Moreover, because the number of cases is limited, other cases might have been missed outside of those diagnosed by autopsy. Cases of encephalitis caused by B. mandrillaris have been reported from all over Japan, with B. mandrillaris recently isolated from soil in Aomori prefecture. Therefore, encephalitis caused by pathogenic free‐living amoebas should be added to the differential diagnosis of encephalitis patients.

Topic: Legionella and Acanthamoeba research
Subfield: Endocrinology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BILATERAL TRADE EFFECTS

This study evaluates the effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on bilateral trade between the United States and Canada and between the United States and Mexico. Trade flow estimates are from a vector autoregression (VAR) model. The VAR methodology allows modeling bilateral trade in a flexible manner that incorporates both the interaction between different variables and the dynamics of trade, output, prices, and the exchange rate. After testing the outside sample forecasting ability of the models, the study produces dynamic forecasts of bilateral trade. It then compares forecasts incorporating the effects of the NAFTA with baseline forecasts. The results suggest expanded trade for all three countries and an improvement in the U.S. trade position with both Canada and Mexico.

Topic: Monetary Policy and Economic Impact
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
The Effects of Coronavirus on Global Relations and Strategy Making in International Arena

This research explores the effects of coronavirus on global relations and strategy making in the international arena. Coronavirus or Covid-19 is a newly discovered virus in the world examined dynamically at the existing world. The indisposition of the virus might retain up enhancing the opinion of the spread of the contagion rate and the absence of a suitable vaccine (Lipsitch, Swerdlow, & Finelli, 2020). Covid-19 was initially testified from Wuhan, China, and formerly on it directed to a dynamic spread leading it to convert as a worldwide pandemic which led to a consequential international situation which has obstructed many subdivisions Internationally, including Worldwide Policies, Systematic signs of progress, Financial Effects over the several nations and worldwide relations between the countries. Thus, this paper tries to determine the potential effects and consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic over the global level and few conceivable ways to be controlled efficiently.

Topic: COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences