jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ANONYMOUS (late third century AD): From Leyden Papyrus X and the Stockholm Papyrus

The following selections represent the practical or “exoteric” side of alchemical writing with its exclusive concern for the physical and technical processes required to produce an object or substance or to improve that which is “natural” by means of artifice. Thus the recipes illustrate the close connections between early chemistry and metallurgy, dyeing, jewelry making, writing techniques, and various other crafts. The style is clear, simple, and methodical, vastly different from the highly imagistic allegories of the Dialogue of Cleopatra and the Philosophers and the Visions of Zosimos of Panopolis. If one ignores the persistent uncertainties about substances, measures, and durations of processes, it might be said that here are reasonable examples of technical writing – overlooking, of course, the rather common emphasis on fraud and deception.

Topic: Historical and Archaeological Studies
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Perceptually Optimized Real-Time Computer Graphics

Perceptual optimization, the application of human visual perception models to remove imperceptible components in a graphics system, has been proven effective in achieving significant computational speedup. Previous implementations of this technique have focused on spatial level of detail reduction, which typically results in noticeable degradation of image quality. This thesis introduces refresh rate modulation (RRM), a novel perceptual optimization technique that produces better performance enhancement while more effectively preserving image quality and resolving static scene elements in full detail. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique, a graphics framework has been developed that interfaces with eye tracking hardware to take advantage of user fixation data in real-time. Central to the framework is a high-performance GPGPU ray-tracing engine written in OpenCL. RRM reduces the frequency with which pixels outside of the foveal region are updated by the ray-tracer. A persistent pixel buffer is maintained such that peripheral data from previous frames provides context for the foveal image in the current frame. Traditional optimization techniques have also been incorporated into the ray-tracer for improved performance. Applying the RRM technique to the ray-tracing engine results in a speedup of 2.27 (252 fps vs. 111 fps at 1080p) for the classic Whitted scene with reflection and transmission enabled. A speedup of 3.41 (140 fps vs. 41 fps at 1080p) is observed for a high-polygon scene that depicts the Stanford Bunny. A small pilot study indicates that RRM achieves these results with minimal impact to perceived image quality. A secondary investigation is conducted regarding the performance benefits of increasing physics engine error tolerance for bounding volume hierarchy based collision detection when the scene elements involved are in the user's periphery. The open-source Bullet Physics Library was used to add accurate collision detection to the full resolution ray-tracing engine. For a scene with a static high-polygon model and 50 moving spheres, a speedup of 1.8 was observed for physics calculations. The development and integration of this subsystem demonstrates the extensibility of the graphics framework.

Topic: Advanced Vision and Imaging
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Broiler litter and layer manure in the diet of growing bull calves

An experiment was conducted for a period of 90 days with twelve local growing bull calves to study the effect of feeding broiler litter (BL) and layer manure (LM) on feed intake, digestibility, live weight gain (LWG) and feed costs. Calves were divided into four groups, three animals in each group and allocated four dietary treatments in a randomized block design. All animals were fed rice straw and green fodder adlibitum and 25% concentrate mixture was supplied. The concentrate mixture of control group A contained mustard oil cake, rice polish, wheat bran, di-calcium phosphate (DCP) and common salt. Instead of mustard oil cake, diet B contained 40% BL, diet C 40% LM, and diet D 20% BL and 20% LM. Differences in weight gain between groups were not significant (p&gt;0.05). Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) of control group A was significantly (p&gt;0.05) better than in group C. and non-significantly better than that of group B. The inclusion of broiler litter and layer manure in the ration did not significantly affect the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF) and nitrogen free extract (NFE), but the digestibility of ether extract (EE) was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in diet A than in C and D. Cost of meat production was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher for diet A than for diets B, C and D. DOI: 10.3329/bvet.v25i2.4619 Bangl. vet. 2008. Vol. 25, No. 2, 62-67

Topic: Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Digital Forestry GIS Application Research Based on Distributed ArcGIS Server

The basic concept and system structure of ArcGIS Server are introduced and the management mechanism of the distributed ArcGIS Server is stated.Based on the digital forestry program of Tahe Forestry Bureau,ArcGIS Server ADF is used to carry out the practice of WebGIS application program.

Topic: Advanced Computational Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Anti-Hinge Antibodies Recognize IgG Subclass– and Protease-Restricted Neoepitopes

Abstract Anti-hinge Abs (AHAs) target neoepitopes exposed after proteolytic cleavage of IgG. In this study, we explored the diversity of protease- and IgG subclass–restricted AHAs and their potential as immunological markers in healthy donors (HDs) and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). AHA reactivity against IgG-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS)– or pepsin-generated F(ab′)2 fragments of all four human IgG subclasses was determined. AHA reactivity against one or more out of eight F(ab′)2 targets was found in 68% (68 of 100) of HDs, 69% (68 of 99) of SLE patients, and 81% (79 of 97) of RA patients. Specific recognition of hinge epitopes was dependent on IgG subclass and protease used to create the F(ab′)2 targets, as confirmed by inhibition experiments with F(ab′)2 fragments and hinge peptides. Reactivity against IdeS-generated F(ab′)2 targets was found most frequently, whereas reactivity against pepsin-generated F(ab′)2 targets better discriminated between RA and HDs or SLE, with significantly higher AHA levels against IgG1/3/4. In contrast, AHA levels against pepsin-cleaved IgG2 were comparable. No reactivity against IdeS-generated IgG2-F(ab′)2s was detected. The most discriminatory AHA reactivity in RA was against pepsin-cleaved IgG4, with a 35% prevalence, ≥5.8-fold higher than in HDs/SLE, and significantly higher levels (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Cross-reactivity for F(ab′)2s generated from different IgG subclasses was only observed for subclasses having homologous F(ab′)2 C termini (IgG1/3/4). For IgG2, two pepsin cleavage sites were identified; anti-hinge reactivity was restricted to only one of these. In conclusion, AHAs specifically recognize IgG subclass– and protease-restricted hinge neoepitopes. Their protease-restricted specificity suggests that different AHA responses developed under distinct inflammatory or infectious conditions and may be markers of, and participants in, such processes.

Topic: Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Sensory registration and informational persistence.

The traditional view of iconic memory as a precategorical, high-capacity, quickly decaying visible memory has recently come under attack (e.g., Coltheart, 1980). Specifically, distinctions have been drawn between visible persistence, or the phenomenal trace of an extinguished stimulus, and informational persistence, knowledge about the visual properties of the stimulus. In the present research we tested two alternative conceptions of informational persistence. One conception is that visual information persists in a visual memory that begins at stimulus offset and lasts for 150-300 ms, independently of exposure duration. The second is that informational persistence arises from a nonvisual memory that contains spatial coordinates for displayed items along with identity codes for those items. Three experiments were conducted in which 3 X 3 letter arrays were presented for durations ranging from 50 to 500 ms. A single character mask presented at varying intervals after array offset cued report of an entire row of the array. Comparison of the cued row's masked and unmasked letters revealed that spatially-specific visual (i.e., maskable) information persisted after stimulus offset, regardless of exposure duration. This result favors the visual conception of informational persistence. But there was also support for the nonvisual conception: Accuracy increased and item intrusion errors decreased as stimulus duration increased. The implications of these results for models of informational persistence and for transsaccadic integration during reading are discussed.

Topic: Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The emblematic South African therocephalian <i>Euchambersia</i> in China: a new link in the dispersal of late Permian vertebrates across Pangea

Therapsids were widely distributed in Pangea in the late Permian. South Africa in Gondwana and Russia in Laurasia are the principal areas recording tetrapods (including therapsids) of this age. More recent field explorations have increased the importance of Chinese late Permian fossil assemblages. This is clearly reflected in the discovery of several new therocephalians from the Naobaogou Formation in Nei Mongol. Here, we report a therocephalian from that unit identified as a new species of the emblematic South African taxon Euchambersia . The new species, Euchambersia liuyudongi , is represented by a well-preserved skull and mandible showing a well-developed maxillary fossa and the absence of postcanine teeth. This is the third akidnognathid therocephalian recovered from the Naobaougou Formation, but oddly, the two basal Chinese akidnognathids previously known were recovered from a younger unit of the formation than the derived E. liuyudongi . This is the first time that the same therocephalian genus has been recorded in northern and southern continents, making the record of the Naobaougou Formation key to understanding the evolution of late Permian continental fauna in general, and of akidnognathid therocephalians in particular.

Topic: Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Management of malodour fungating wound with nanocrystalline silver coated dressing.

Chronic exudative malodorous fungating wound of four years at the right arm due to diffuse large B cell lymphoma managed with silver dressings. In two months of application with nanocrystalline silver coated dressings, there was significant improvement in wound.

Topic: Wound Healing and Treatments
Subfield: Rehabilitation
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Shape-Dependent Relaxivity of Nanoparticle-Based <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents

Gold nanostars functionalized with Gd(III) have shown significant promise as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of their anisotropic, branched shape. However, the size and shape polydispersity of as-synthesized gold nanostars have precluded efforts to develop a rigorous relationship between the gold nanostar structure (e.g., number of branches) and relaxivity of surface-bound Gd(III). This paper describes the use of a centrifugal separation method that can produce structurally refined populations of gold nanostars and is compatible with Gd(III) functionalization. Combined transmission electron microscopy and relaxivity analyses revealed that the increased number of nanostar branches was correlated with enhanced relaxivity. By identifying the underlying relaxivity mechanisms for Gd(III)-functionalized gold nanostars, we can inform the design of high-performance MRI contrast agents.

Topic: Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
ALJ Final Orders on Appeal: Balancing Independence with Accountability

This essay addresses how ALJ final order authority in many state systems of administrative governance (among them Florida, Louisiana, Missouri, and South Carolina) poses a tension between independence and accountability. It is argued that political accountability is sacrificed where reviewing courts defer to ALJ final orders on issues of law and policy. Standards of review provide state courts with a way of restoring the balance between independence and accountability, but reviewing courts should heighten the deference they give to the agency's legal and policy positions -- giving little or no deference to the ALJ on these issues -- even where the ALJ's decision had final status.

Topic: Legal Systems and Judicial Processes
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The influence of infectious disease on ventricular evoked responses from heart transplants

Telemetric recording and subsequent analysis of intramyocardial electrograms offer a noninvasive method for patient monitoring after heart transplantation. Decreasing electrical activity indicates both episodes of rejection and infection. Analysis of the duration of the ventricular evoked response recorded during pacing reveals a significant increase of this parameter only during infection. In many cases, this additional information can be used to differentiate between the two pathological effects and to enhance the specificity of the method.

Topic: Viral Infections and Immunology Research
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
EXTENSIVE DEEP NECK SPACE ABSCESS DUE TO β-HAEMOLYTIC GROUP G STREPTOCOCCI-A CASE REPORT

Beta haemolytic phenotype of group G streptococci was isolated from the pus obtained from a patient with extensive deep neck space abscess. Patient was immunocompetent and made complete recovery after surgical drainage and administration of amoxycillin with clavulanic acid, amikacin and metronidazole. To our knowledge, this is the first report of deep neck space abscess due to group G streptococci.

Topic: Streptococcal Infections and Treatments
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Herpes zoster recurrence within 1 month: A case report

Herpes zoster (HZ), caused by the varicella-zoster virus, is an infectious skin disease that rarely recurs after initial presentation. The mechanism underlying HZ recurrence is currently under investigation. In this article, we report a case of HZ relapse within 1 month. Analysis of patient’s clinical manifestations, histopathological features, and flow cytometry results indicated that the absolute and percentage values of B cells were below the lower limit. We hypothesized that the patient had abnormal humoral immune function, which may be one reason leading to the HZ relapse within 1 month. The findings of this case will serve as useful reference for HZ recurrence for clinicians. This case was impactful and added to the literature on HZ recurrence.

Topic: Herpesvirus Infections and Treatments
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Comparison of Validation Results Obtained by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS for the Analysis of Residual Pesticides in Agricultural Products

In the field of food analysis and regulation, different instruments are used to determine the accuracy of quantification values. This is essential, as inconsistencies in values are commonly encountered. To visualize the degree of these discrepancies in each food matrix, we compiled a validation study based on a routine method developed in our laboratory, for 121 pesticides in six agricultural products, namely the grapefruit, potato, paprika, cabbage, spinach, and brown rice. These were analyzed by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS, and the results were compared mainly on the basis of trueness. According to the results of the validation study when using GC-MS/MS, of the 121 pesticides tested in each product class, the number of analytes that satisfied the criteria of the Japanese validation guidelines was 97 in grapefruit, 111 in potato, 110 in paprika, 118 in cabbage, 111 in spinach, and 63 in brown rice. In contrast, in the analysis of the same samples by using LC-MS/MS, the number of analytes that satisfied the criteria of the validation guidelines was 50 in grapefruit, 114 in potato, 103 in paprika, 112 in cabbage, 100 in spinach, and 103 in brown rice. Inconsistences in the differences of trueness were mainly attributed to matrix effects of each instrument, as well as to food matrices, of which the most diverged matrix was that of brown rice (over 20%).

Topic: Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Asset Securitization,Financial Innovation and Capital Market——Based on the Angle of the Research on the U.S. Financial Crisis

Although the U.S.subprime mortgage crisis originated from the asset securitization,it was not the main cause of the crisis.Financial innovation intensified financial fragility and decreased the whole stability of the financial system,which became one of the real causes of financial crisis.In addition,American capital market has financial market accelerator effect because of its defect.It pushed forward the transformation from the collapse of virtual economy to the recession of the real economy when faced negative impact.Therefore,it is necessary to control and prevent the rapid expansion of the negative function of asset securitization.The emphasis should be put on the supervision of financial innovation tools and the risks of the financial market,and stick to the direction that the development of the financial market should serve for the real economy.

Topic: Insurance and Financial Risk Management
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Thermal behavior and decomposition kinetics of nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one by gas manometric technique

Abstract Isothermal decomposition kinetics play an important role in the stability assessment, risk assessment, and reaction mechanism inference of energetic materials. Herein, the thermal decomposition of nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one (NTO) was investigated using a self‐development isothermal decomposition gas manometric device at both high and low temperature ranges. The kinetic parameters were calculated by model‐free method and model‐fitting method. The results show that the activation energies determined by these two methods are in good agreement. At 473–493 K, the entire decomposition process of NTO showed two distinct stages. The activation energy ( E a ) and pre‐exponential factor (ln A ) in the first stage are 260.1 ± 11.5 kJ mol −1 and 52.5 ± 2.9 s −1 , respectively, while they are 166.0 ± 24.5 kJ mol −1 and 28.4 ± 6.1 s −1 in the second stage. At 383–423 K, the initial decomposition process of NTO was investigated. During this process, E a is 99.8 ± 3.2 kJ mol −1 and ln A is 11.5 ± 1.0 s −1 . According to the kinetic results, a mechanism was speculated to be the transition of a rate‐limiting step from nucleation and nuclei growth to the gas diffusion. Moreover, the E a –ln A sets were found to lie on the kinetic compensation regression line, which indicates that the kinetic data in this work are reliable. All the results will further support and complement the kinetic database of NTO.

Topic: Energetic Materials and Combustion
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Retroperitoneal Chemodectoma

Tumours arising from chemoreceptor tissue, designated chemodectomas by Mulligan (1950), although uncommon, have been known for a long time. During the last decade they have been reported with increasing frequency largely because of the wider use of arteriography. Chemoreceptor bodies, which are sensitive to changes in the pH and carbon dioxide tension of blood, are widely dispersed throughout the body. The best known is the carotid body situated at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. Chemodectomas of the carotid body (carotid body tumours, non-chromaffinomas and potato tumours) have been known since Von Haller described the first case in 1743. Since then over 400 have been reported. Similar tumours have also been reported arising from chemoreceptor tissue elsewhere such as the glomus jugulare, the glomus intra-vagale, the aortic pulmonary body in the mediastinum and in the retroperitoneal tissues. Smetana and Scott (1951) reported a chemodectoma associated with the femoral artery. Retroperitoneal chemodectomas are distinctly rare, only four having been reported up to 1598 (Byrne 1958). Marshall and Horne (1961) were able to collect six previously published cases. Gough (1963) described the first case of retroperitoneal chemodectoma in which arteriography had been of assistance in reaching a diagnosis. Harber (1964) reported a chemodectoma of multicentric origin arising both retroperitoneally and in the mediastinum. The mediastinal lesion was shown on thoracic aortography.

Topic: Vascular Malformations and Hemangiomas
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Spatially Defined Cell-Secreted Protein Detection Using Granular Hydrogels: μGeLISA

Intercellular communication through secreted proteins is necessary in essential processes such as embryo and limb development, disease progression, and immune responses. There exist many techniques to study bulk solution protein concentrations, but there is a limited set of tools to study the concentrations of cell-secreted proteins in situ within diverse cell platforms while retaining spatial information. In this study, we have developed a microgel system that is able to quantitatively measure the cell-secreted protein concentration within defined three-dimensional culture configurations with single-cell spatial resolution, called μGeLISA (microgel-linked immunosorbent assay). This system, which is based on the surface modification of polyethylene glycol microgels, was able to detect interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations of 2.21-21.86 ng/mL. Microgels were also able to detect cell spheroid-secreted IL-6 and distinguish between low- and high-secreting single cells. The system was also adapted to measure the concentration of cell-secreted matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). μGeLISA represents a highly versatile system with a straightforward fabrication process that can be adapted toward the detection of secreted proteins within a diverse range of cell culture configurations.

Topic: Advanced Biosensing Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences