jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Conditioned Reflex Technique Applied to a Less Specialized Type of Learning

Although many aspects of conditioned reflex technique were considered before Pav lov's work, theory of conditioned learn ing was developed largely as result of his studies. This theory (14) attempts to ex plain all modifications of behavior on basis of conditioned reflex. Allport 's ( 1 ) theory of development of social behavior, Watson's (20) behaviorism, and Smith and Guthrie's (16) work are typical of this concept. If conditioned reflex theory of is applicable to all kinds of everyday conditioned reflex technique applied to a less specialized type of should yield valuable data concerning process. A survey of literature concerning applicability of conditioned reflex theory to all modifications of behavior indicates a scarcity of experimental studies which have definitely applied conditioned reflex tech nique to less specialized types of learning. Studies such as those of Jones (11) and of Watson and Rayner (21) do, however, in a general way demonstrate application of conditioned reflex technique in modifying emotional behavior. Thorndike (18), in his investigation of what he calls the principle of belongingness, seems very definitely to have used a phase of conditioned reflex technique. There also seems to be some uncertainty among students of conditioned reflex phe nomena as to whether all of so-called conditioned reflexes are really true reflexes. Tolman (19) limits conditioned reflex learn ing to conditioning of true reflex; i.e., attaching of original unconditioned re sponse to conditioned stimulus. Other aspects of conditioning process, which are less specialized than true conditioned re flex, have been called sign learning by Tol man. Sign learning, according to Tolman, consists of everyday type of in which one learns to respond to a stimulus in a different way from that in which he first responded to it. This interpretation seems to be supported by Cason (5), who says there is considerable doubt whether all condi tioned reactions wThich have been secured were true conditioned reflexes.

Topic: Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
Subfield: General Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Formation of a non-magnetic, odd-denominator fractional quantized conductance in a quasi-one-dimensional electron system

We have investigated the transport properties of a two-dimensional electron gas confined to one dimension by voltages applied to a pair of split gates and an additional top gate deposited on the surface of the GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure. At low carrier concentrations, &amp;lt;5 × 1010 cm−2, in a wide 1D channel (700 nm), with an asymmetric confinement potential, the conductance plateaux in units of e2/h at 1 and 2/3 were observed. In the presence of a fixed in-plane magnetic field of 10 T, additional plateaux at 2/5 and 2/7 appeared with increasing asymmetry in confinement potential. The appearance of odd-denominator fractional states seems to originate from the zigzag formed when electrons are allowed to relax in the second dimension at the boundary of the 1D-2D transition.

Topic: Quantum and electron transport phenomena
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
A revolutionary hypothesis to explain Marx's line and progressive disease at the lid margin

Abstract Purpose The conjunctiva of the lid margin is protected from direct exposure to the atmosphere, by the tear meniscus. We examine the pathophysiological consequences of evaporation from this compartment. Methods A consideration of empirical data. Results The concave meniscus thins progressively to the point where it is pinned at the mucocutaneous junction (MCJ). We predict that, as a result, over the interblink period, evaporation generates a solute gradient which peaks behind the MCJ and is amplified over multiple cycles of the blink. We hypothesise that this creates a hyperosmolar state here which: i. stresses epithelial cells behind the MCJ, ii. stimulates a high cell turnover and iii. leads to immaturity of the surface cells and their glycocalyx. This is considered to explain an increased permeability to dyes at this site (rose bengal, lissamine green and fluorescein) and the stainability with dyes which is termed Marx’s line.This gradient mechanism could also concentrate proteins, such as inflammatory mediators, at this location. Conclusion Since Marx’s line lies directly behind the terminal Meibomian ducts and acini, chronic stress in this region is further invoked to explain forward migration of Marx's line and the MCJ which occurs with age and the induction of primary Meibomian gland dysfunction. Arguments are put forward to explain how this mechanism might be accentuated in dry eye and how the globe might be protected from this gradient effect in the region of the ‘black line’, where the tear film is segregated from the meniscus after the blink. Factors pro and con the hypothesis are discussed.

Topic: Ocular Surface and Contact Lens
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
"It's a Vicious Cycle": A Mixed Methods Study of the Role of Family Planning in Housing Insecurity for Women

We sought to explore family planning needs and experiences in housing-insecure women. We recruited 90 women (median age 29y) across Salt Lake County, Utah to complete a self-administered survey, and 15 of them also completed a qualitative interview. Of those at risk for unintended pregnancy, 27 (59%) reported not using their ideal contraceptive method. Reported barriers included cost and inability to find a provider. Participants described the conflicting role of pregnancy as a window to health care and other services, as well as the competing challenges of high-risk sex and physical safety. Addressing comprehensive reproductive needs is essential during times of housing insecurity. Doing this may avert homelessness.

Topic: Homelessness and Social Issues
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
LHD SXmp #195038.1

Soft X-ray detector array system measures the radial soft X-ray emission profile from LHD for equilibrium and stability analysis by using multi-channel scintillator. Soft X-ray is converted to visible light and detected by PMT. Frequency up to 200kHz can be covered.

Topic: Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[NON-CLONAL MAST CELL ACTIVATION SYNDROME: DESCRIPTION OF SERIES OF PATIENTS, DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND TREATMENT].

A non-clonal mast cell activation syndrome is a newly emerged diagnosis. It shares the clinical features of anaphylaxis and mastocytosis despite having distinct mast cell biology. In this,paper we describe a series of patients representing the spectrum of non-clonal mast cell activation syndrome (nc-MCAS). We highlight the clinical manifestations of nc-MCAS as well as the diagnostic criteria and treatment options.

Topic: Mast cells and histamine
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
The fluoro(perfluoroalkylnitrile)noble-gas(<scp>II</scp>) cations, R<sub>F</sub>CN–NgF<sup>+</sup>(Ng = Kr or Xe; R<sub>F</sub>= CF<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>F<sub>5</sub>, n-C<sub>3</sub>F<sub>7</sub>), and the fluoro(trifluoro-s-triazine)xenon(<scp>II</scp>) cation, s-C<sub>3</sub>F<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub>N–XeF<sup>+</sup>; novel noble gas–nitrogen bonds

Three novel examples of Kr–N bonds derived from perfluoroalkylnitriles, the RFCN–KrF+ cations, and their xenon analogues RFCN–XeF+(RF= CF3, C2F5, n-C3F7), have been prepared and characterized in BrF5 solvent by 19F and 129Xe n.m.r. spectroscopy; the Xe–N bonded cation s-C3F3N2N–XeF+, synthesized as the AsF6– salt, is stable at room temperature and has been fully characterized by 129Xe and 19F n.m.r. and Raman spectroscopy.

Topic: Inorganic Fluorides and Related Compounds
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Sensitivity reduction and robust tracking with application to aircraft control

An approach for reducing trajectory sensitivity and robust asymptotic tracking for linear feedback systems when there are parameter perturbations and disturbance inputs, is presented. The controller consists of a servocompensator containing the modes of the reference signals and disturbance inputs, a stabilizing feedback loop, and a feed-forward element. Application of the method to the design of a VTOL aircraft flight control system is presented. The use of precompensator allows to perform maneuvers so that the aircraft tracks desired trajectories and the feed-forward signal aids in reducing the trajectory sensitivity to variations of parameters due to change in airspeed, and to wind gust. Simulation results are presented to show the robust tracking, disturbance rejection, and sensitivity reduction capabilities of the flight control system.

Topic: Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Strengthening the Value of Citizenship: Neoliberalism, Racism, and Canada’s “Citizenship Fraud Crackdown”

In July 2011, Minster of Citizenship, Immigration and Multiculturalism, Jason Kenney, announced the beginning of the Citizenship Fraud Crackdown, an initiative to revoke, on mass scale, citizenship and Permanent Resident status obtained through fraudulent means. The initiative strived to purge Canada of past, present, and future citizenship fraud on a scale never seen before. The Crackdown cited 11,000 cases of fraud under investigation. Despite its rhetoric of eliminating fraud, the Crackdown failed to uncover wide scale deception in the citizenship program. I evaluate the Citizenship Fraud Crackdown through public discourse analysis, a review of internal Citizenship and Immigration Canada documents, and through interviews with individuals implicated in the investigations. The case study highlights racial and neoliberal underpinnings present in Canadian citizenship, and interesting tensions within citizenship reforms. The first tension is the push to require greater physical presence in Canada, at a time when globalization promotes neoliberal subjects living transnational lives. A second tension is fracturing of citizenship rights along the lines of dual citizens and single-citizens, even though both types of citizens are offered the same protections under the law. I argue the Citizenship Fraud Crackdown represents a form of nation-building that is fueled by racism and facilitated by the neoliberal crime-and-security agenda. I also argue that neoliberalism does not just operate parallel to racism; it is a racist ideology in and of itself.

Topic: Migration, Refugees, and Integration
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Is Endophytic Colonization of Host Plants a Method of Alleviating Drought Stress? Conceptualizing the Hidden World of Endophytes

In the wake of changing climatic conditions, plants are frequently exposed to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses at various stages of their development, all of which negatively affect their growth, development, and productivity. Drought is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses for most cultivated crops, particularly in arid and semiarid environments. Conventional breeding and biotechnological approaches are used to generate drought-tolerant crop plants. However, these techniques are costly and time-consuming. Plant-colonizing microbes, notably, endophytic fungi, have received increasing attention in recent years since they can boost plant growth and yield and can strengthen plant responses to abiotic stress. In this review, we describe these microorganisms and their relationship with host plants, summarize the current knowledge on how they “reprogram” the plants to promote their growth, productivity, and drought tolerance, and explain why they are promising agents in modern agriculture.

Topic: Plant and fungal interactions
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Spherical Crystallization: a Method to Improve Tabletability

Direct tabletting technique has been widely used successfully for various drugs. But it strongly depends upon the quality of the crystals used. Crystals could be generated employing any of the available techniques like sublimation, solvent evaporation, vapor diffusion, thermal treatment and crystallization from melt precipitation by change in pH, growth in presence of additives or the grinding. Thus the novel agglomeration technique that transforms crystals themselves directly into a compacted spherical form during crystallization process has been desired. The use of spherical crystallization as a technique appears to be efficient alternative for obtaining suitable particles for direct compression. Spherical crystallization is a particle design technique, by which crystallization and agglomeration can be carried out simultaneously in one step and which has been successfully utilized for improvement of flowability and compactability of crystalline drugs.

Topic: Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Synthesis and kinetic study of antioxidant activity of new tocopherol (vitamin E) compounds

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and kinetic study of antioxidant activity of new tocopherol (vitamin E) compoundsKazuo Mukai, Yukio Kageyama, Tamie Ishida, and Kazuyuki FukudaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 3, 552–556Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00264a010https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00264a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views418Altmetric-Citations70LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

Topic: Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Parent-Child Relationship In Families With A Child Sick With Blood Cancer

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the psycho-diagnostic parent-child relationship in 25 families with preschool children (5-6 years), who are patients of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The study was conducted using the following methods: PARI, (Schaefer and Bell); "The analysis of family relationships," (Eidemiller and Yustitskis); Rene Gilles, aimed to study the sphere of interpersonal relations of the child and his perception of family relations - "Kinetic family picture," as modified by Burns and Kaufman. The results of our study have shown that psychologically affluent’ families were ones where affected children (boys) were in a relationship with their families and siblings. The families of the girls indicated "phobia of losing a child" and "conflict between the parents." In families with only one child predominantly, there were "conflict between parents", "emergency intervention in the childs life," and "projection on the childs own undesirable qualities." The threat of the loss of an only child, of course, is a very painful experience for parents, causing a lot of negative emotions and conditions. Analysis of the relationship between the studied parameters in single-parent families has shown that the more a mother takes care of her seriously ill child, the less the child needs to communicate and the more negative the child relates to siblings. Parental conflicts lead to the fact that the child has become an indicator of dominance within the family relation.

Topic: Family Support in Illness
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Ecocriticism in selected fairy tales of Svetlana Makarovič

The theoretical part of the thesis presents a contemporary discipline of literary science, which emerged on the background of modern ecological movement – Ecocritisism. There are explanations of circumstances of the creation and most importantly – why did the ecological topic begin to apply itself in literature. In order to understand what ecocritisism is the terminology, interdisciplinary connections and ethical attitudes of man to nature, are included. Ecocritical knowledge is applied to child’s and youth literature. Also, there is description of work and life of the author of the discussed fairy tales – Svetlana Makarovič, especially her literary works of youth literature with ecological elements. &#13;\nThe first part of the empirical part of the thesis contains literary analysis of the four of selected fairy tales with motifs of nature and ethical doctrines about attitudes towards it. The second part presents the project »Earth« which I applied in to the kindergarten with the group of pre-schoolers. It contains activities deriving from the discussed fairy tales, connected with the integrated perception and exploration of nature – trying to influence the moral-ethical attitude towards it.&#13;\nThe aim of the thesis is to present a relatively young ecological literary science and to expand the ecocritycal knowledge into the daily activities in pre-school programmes, especially in the context of learning and experiencing literature. Finding ecological content in short contemporary fairy tales of Svetlana Makarovič, and analyse it ecocritically. Presenting it to children and finding out if ecological content in literature can also influence the ecological relationship with nature in a way that is artistic and suitable for children.

Topic: Ecocriticism and Environmental Literature
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Raman parametric four-wave mixing mechanism of the first-order Stokes generated in CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>

Without the axial component, an annular spatial profile of the first-order Stokes (S1) was observed during the SRS process in low-energy pumped CO 2 gas, which is supposed to be generated by a parametric four-wave mixing process (PFWM), i.e., 2 ω P = ω AS 1 + ω S 1 . In order to verify such a mechanism, similar experiments were conducted in H 2 , and the annular S1 intensity distribution was also noticed. Furthermore, simulations of S1 radial intensity distributions were carried out based on the proposed PFWM phase matching geometry. The PFWM has been verified to be a process that directly annihilates two pump photons and simultaneously produces one AS1 photon and one S1 photon.

Topic: Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Kriging method combined with GISM to generate ionospheric scintillation map

A kriging method has been used to interpolate the value of the scintillation indices over a region, using a limited number of samples. This method has been combined with the Global Ionospheric Scintillation Model (GISM) to estimate the scintillation level over a region, using data collected by GNSS receiver.

Topic: Soil Geostatistics and Mapping
Subfield: Environmental Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Rapid Determination of Listeria monocytogenes by Automated Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay and Nonradioactive DNA Probe

Abstract A rapid and reliable analytical method was developed to detect and confirm the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw and partially processed foods. Forty-nine food samples (25 mixed cut vegetable salad, 12 smoked salmon, and 12 sterile smoked salmon) were individually inoculated with high levels [10–100 colony forming units (cfu)/25 g sample] and low levels (1–10 cfu/25 g sample) of L. monocytogenes, and were screened using the Vitek Immuno Diagnostic Assay (VIDAS) Listeria monocytogenes (VIDAS LMO)]. Positive test results were confirmed as L. monocytogenes by nonradioactive DNA probe. All samples inoculated with high levels of L. monocytogenes were detected by VIDAS and 96% were confirmed as L. monocytogenes by DNA probe. VIDAS LMO detected 89% of samples inoculated with low levels of L. monocytogenes, and 87% of these were confirmed as positive by DNA probe. In addition, 12 other samples (4 from each of mixed cut vegetable salad, smoked salmon, and sterile smoked salmon) were inoculated with high levels of L. ivanovii, L. seeligeri, L. welshimeri, L. innocua, L. grayi, and L. murrayi. Samples were assayed by the same protocol and all gave negative results. Compared with the cultural method, the VIDAS LMO nonradioactive DNA probe combination is highly specific, discriminates between L. monocytogenes and all other Listeria species, and reduces analytical time.

Topic: Listeria monocytogenes in Food Safety
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Multilocus heterozygosity and inbreeding depression in an insular house sparrow metapopulation

Abstract Inbreeding causes reduction of genetic variability that may have severe fitness consequences. In spite of its potentially huge impact on viability and evolutionary processes especially in small populations, quantitative demonstrations of genetic and demographic effects of inbreeding in natural populations are few. Here, we examine the relationship between individual inbreeding coefficients ( F ) and individual standardized multilocus heterozygosity ( H ) in an insular metapopulation of house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ) in northern Norway in order to evaluate whether H is a good predictor for F . We then relate variation in fitness (i.e. the probability of surviving from fledging to recruitment) to F and H , which enables us to examine whether inbreeding depression is associated with a reduction in genetic variability. The average level of inbreeding in the house sparrow metapopulation was high, and there was large inter‐individual variation in F . As expected, standardized multilocus heterozygosity decreased with the level of inbreeding. The probability of recruitment was significantly negatively related to F , and, accordingly, increased with H . However, H explained no significant additional variation in recruitment rate than was explained by F . This suggests that H is a good predictor for F in this metapopulation, and that an increase in F is likely to be associated with a general increase in the level of homozygosity on loci across the genome, which has severe fitness consequences.

Topic: Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences