jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Species dominance and above ground biomass in the Białowieża Forest, Poland, described by airborne hyperspectral and lidar data

The objective of this research is to test and evaluate hyperspectral and lidar data to derive information on tree species dominance and above ground biomass in the Bialowieza Forest in Poland. This forest is threatened by climate change, fire, bark beetles attacks, and logging, with changes in species composition and dominance. In this conservation valuable area, the monitoring of forest resources is thus critical.Results indicate that vegetation indices from hyperspectral data can support species dominance detection: using a Classification and Regression Trees algorithm the three main plot types (dominated by Deciduous, Spruce, and Pines species) were classified with an Overall Accuracy &gt; 0.9. The accuracy decreased when a 'Mixed' group was added to account for very heterogeneous plots, and plots dominated by Spruce were not correctly detected. Hyperspectral vegetation indices were also used to estimate the level of species dominance in the forest plots, using a Multivariate Multiple Linear Regression model; the obtained accuracy varied according to groups, being higher for Deciduous (R-2 = 0.87), compared to Pines (R-2 = 0.61), and to Spruce-dominated plots (R-2 = 0.37).Lidar data were employed to estimate above ground biomass, using an exponential regression model; overall the R-2 resulted equal to 0.66 but ranged from 0.57 to 0.78 when considering subgroups according to species dominance; the addition of hyperspectral vegetation indices improved the result only for Pines.The illustrated methods provide a reliable description of important forest characteristics and simplify resource monitoring, supporting local authorities to address the challenges imposed by climate change and other forest threats.

Topic: Remote Sensing in Agriculture
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Neonatal Neural Rescue

Worldwide more than one million babies die annually from perinatal asphyxia and its associated complications such as neonatal encephalopathy – one of the major causes of cerebral palsy and cognitive deficiencies in children aside from prematurity. Cooling the head – or the entire body – minimizes neuronal death, enabling the neonatal brain to be 'rescued' thus greatly improving developmental outcomes. Hypothermic neural rescue therapy has revolutionized the treatment of this condition and is a major recent achievement in neonatal medicine. This landmark book provides a brief scientific underpinning of hypothermic neural rescue therapy and lays out the evidence base for good practice. Internationally recognized authorities give practical advice, drawn from personal experience, on how to deliver hypothermia in the neonatal intensive care unit. A valuable addition to any neonatal unit, this is essential reading for neonatologists, neonatal nurses and paediatric neurologists.

Topic: Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Margin of resection in the management of primary melanoma

In the last 20 years, it has become evident that the continued use of 4 to 5 cm margins of resection around a primary melanoma is not justified. A prospective randomized trial by the World Health Organization (WHO) Melanoma Group showed that for melanomas up to 2 mm thick, a 1 cm margin provides local control similar to that observed after a 3 cm margin. Another prospective randomized trial by the Melanoma Intergroup Committee in the United States concluded that for melanomas 1 to 4 mm in thickness, a 2 cm margin of resection provides local control that is as good as a 4 cm margin. For melanomas thicker than 4 mm, the current evidence suggests that a 2 cm margin is adequate, the chief manifestation of recurrence for these thick lesions being hematogenous and lymphogenous spread. The adoption of the narrower surgical margins suggested above should reduce the morbidity caused by the radical margins of the past without compromising local control of the disease.

Topic: Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Cascade reaction engineering on zirconia-supported mesoporous MFI zeolites with tunable Lewis–Brønsted acid sites: a case of the one-pot conversion of furfural to γ-valerolactone

The highly mesoporous ZrO<sub>2</sub>[Al]MFI-NS with close proximity of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites exhibited the one-pot conversion of furfural to γ-valerolactone (GVL) and achieved a high yield of 83% GVL.

Topic: Catalysis for Biomass Conversion
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
HIGH-RESISTIVE n- AND p- TYPE Ino.53G%.47As LAYERS PRODUCED BY COLD Fe-ION BOMBARDMENTS

We have investigated the effects of Fe-ion bombardment at 77K temperature in the electrical isolation of n- and p- type InGaAs layers. Maximum resistivity of -4x lo6 and -7x I O6 Wsq at optimum annealing temperature of -250 and 600°C has been recorded for p- and n- type InGaAs materials, respectively. Also, low dissipation loss comparable to S.I. InP substrate has been observed. Thermally stabje high resistive regions close to intrinsic value of InGaAs (- io7 Wsq) and good RF dissipation loss have been achieved. To the best of our knowledge these results are reported here for the first time.

Topic: Semiconductor materials and devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplementary Table 6 from MAP Kinase Pathway Alterations in &lt;i&gt;BRAF&lt;/i&gt;-Mutant Melanoma Patients with Acquired Resistance to Combined RAF/MEK Inhibition

&lt;p&gt;XLSX file 31K, Coverage and Metrics&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Bolusafra bituminosa (124989)

<b>Kingdom: </b>Plantae<br><b>Division: </b>Magnoliophyta<br><b>Class: </b>Eudicots<br><b>Order: </b>Fabales<br><b>Family: </b>Fabaceae<br><b>Scientific name: </b>Bolusafra bituminosa (L.) Kuntze<br><b>Specimen barcode: </b>124989

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
DFT Studies on the Dirhodium-Catalyzed [3 + 2] and [3 + 3] Cycloaddition Reactions of Enol Diazoacetates with Isoquinolinium Methylide: Mechanism, Selectivity, and Ligand Effect

The reaction mechanisms of dirhodium-catalyzed [3 + 2] and [3 + 3] cycloaddition between enol diazoacetate and isoquinolinium methylide have been studied in detail using density functional theory and a solution-phase translational entropy model. The reaction starts with the formation of a metallic carbene intermediate first, from which two competing reaction channels of [3 + 2] and [3 + 3] cycloaddition take place. For CAT1-catalyzed reactions, the calculated activation free energy barriers for [3 + 3] and [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions are 14.3 and 16.0 kcal mol–1, respectively, which is in good agreement with the ratio of products. Both the steric and electronic effects have been considered for CAT2- and CAT3-catalyzed reactions, with which the ratio of products has also been rationalized.

Topic: Cyclopropane Reaction Mechanisms
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Fcast Scalable Multicast File Distribution: Caching and Parameters Optimizations

Reliable data multicast is problematic. ACK/NACK schemes do not scale to large audiences, and simple data replication wastes network bandwidth. Fcast, “file multicasting”, combines multicast with Forward Error Correction (FEC) to address both these problems. Like classic multicast, Fcast scales to large audiences, and like other FEC schemes, it uses bandwidth very efficiently. Some of the benefits of this combination were known previously, but Fcast contributes new caching methods that improve disk throughput, and new optimizations for small file transfers. Fcast is the first product based on this technology, to our knowledge. This paper describes Fcast’s design, implementation, and API.

Topic: Caching and Content Delivery
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Antioxidant activity of twenty wild Spanish Thymus mastichina L. populations and its relation with their chemical composition

The antioxidant activity and chemical composition of essential oils and methanolic extracts of twenty Spanish Thymus mastichina L. populations were studied. Both essential oils and methanolic extracts possessed antioxidant properties. However, the total phenol contents of the methanolic extracts varied between 2.90 and 9.15 mg GAE/gextract and the EC25 values of DPPH free radical scavenging activity between 0.90 and 3.45 mg/mL for the methanolic extracts and 78–241 mg/mL for essential oils, these showing low antioxidant potential. Actually, in essential oils the main compound determined was the 1,8-cineole (56.8–69.6%), whereas thymol, γ-terpinene, terpinolene and geraniol (species with considerable DPPH scavenging activity) were observed in low amounts. Concerning methanolic extracts, rosmarinic acid was the most abundant polyphenol (1.70–9.85 mg/g), followed by methoxysalicylic acid, apigenin, kaempferol and luteolin.

Topic: Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
CRITICALDISCOURSE ANALYSIS IN MEDIA STUDIES: THE APPLICATION IN 1990S ERA IN OF INDONESIA

This research examines the field of discourse analysis which has popularity in the media field and communication studies. The research is focused on the application in 1990s era of Indonesia in critical discourse analysis that is examining a variety of approaches it. The goal of the review research is to discover and to know the role of CDA in the hidden ideologies in media of discourse studies. There are ten article journals to clarify the methods, ways, and finding in which CDA has found in our phenomenon of social and in education. That was found a CDA has been applied whilst presenting a positive drawing for a group of people in their communication.

Topic: English Language Learning and Teaching
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Knowledge, Attitude and Self-efficacy of CPR among Health-related and Non Health-related Majors University Students

This study was conducted to prepare base data for development of effective CPR education program by comparing the level of knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy about CPR of health department and non-health department university students and identifying the factors which influence the self-efficacy about CPR. The study was conducted on 239 students who understood the purpose of this study, experienced CPR education and agreed to answer the survey among health department and non-health department university students at university in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The study showed that the factor influencing the self-efficacy about CPR of health department and non-health department university students was the attitude related to CPR. Although there are no significant differences between two department, but the level of CPR knowledge was higher health department than non-health department, whereas CPR attitude and self-efficacy was higher health department than non-health department. Lastly, there was a discussion about additional research.

Topic: Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Significance of lymph node metastasis in the survival of stage IV colorectal cancer by hematogenous metastasis

LN metastasis is a significant prognostic factor in stage IV by hematogenous metastasis, too. N stage progression accumulates pathologically poor prognostic factors. However, the effect on survival of each N stage progression differs depending on curative resection or not of the hematogenous metastases.

Topic: Colorectal Cancer Surgical Treatments
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Added Value of Concomitant Systematic and Fusion Targeted Biopsies for Grade Group Prediction Based on Radical Prostatectomy Final Pathology on Positive Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Grading concordance between biopsy pathology and radical prostatectomy pathology was improved by adding systematic biopsy in all patient subgroups. Patients with prostate specific antigen density less than 0.20 ng/ml/gm benefited the most from this combined biopsy strategy. Systematic biopsy reclassified a nonnegligible number of cases toward a higher risk category, mainly the low risk cases. Thus, systematic biopsy could modify treatment decision making.

Topic: Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Micturition Habits of Older People

A questionnaire study was carried out among elderly subjects (mean age 73.6 +/- 6.1 years (SD)) with a response rate of 74% (n = 1,115). It covered various aspects of health, symptoms and disease. 26% (n = 287) stated that they had two or more micturitions per night. A subgroup consisting of healthy older people, 39 men and 56 women with an average age of 73.9 +/- 4.9 years and 70.8 +/- 5.3 years, respectively, was studied concerning the distribution of diuresis and the frequency of voiding. The combined 24-hour diuresis (average for three 24-hour periods) was 1,400-1,600 ml, with a quotient between day and night of about 1, except the group with only one micturition at night (12 hours), where it was 1.8. The micturition volume between 08-20 h was less than between 20-08 h. The micturition volumes during both periods were significantly less with an increase in the number of voidings between 20-08 h. The quotient between the micturition volume 08-20 h and 20-08 h was strikingly constant (about 0.7). The finding of equally large urine volumes both day and night differs from that among younger adults in whom the diuresis is twice as large in the day as in the night.

Topic: Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Subfield: Endocrine and Autonomic Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary List 1 from Gene Signatures Associated with Mouse Postnatal Hindbrain Neural Stem Cells and Medulloblastoma Cancer Stem Cells Identify Novel Molecular Mediators and Predict Human Medulloblastoma Molecular Classification

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 135K, List of the top-ranking genes included in the two NSC-associated gene signatures List S2 - List of the top-ranking genes included in the three different CSC-associated gene signatures&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The relationship between knee joint angle, stretch-shorten cycle performance, and jump distance in ski jumping

This investigation examined the relationship between knee angle, stretch-shorten cycle&#13;\nperformance, and jump distance in ski jumping. 44 elite ski jumpers were video taped at&#13;\n120 Hz. Hip, knee, and ankle displacements were digitized to examine the relationship&#13;\nbetween the knee joint angle, stretch-shorten cycle performance, and jump distance in ski&#13;\njumping. Jump distance was recorded for comparison. Average distance jumped was&#13;\n99.03 f 11.6 m. During the stretch-shorten cycle movement, the average amount of knee&#13;\nflexion was -6.6 + 3.9 " and the average amount of knee extension was 8.8 f 4.8 ". A&#13;\nsignificant (p = 0.014) quadratic relationship as found between the amount of knee&#13;\nflexion and jump distance. The knee-joint extension velocity averaged 9.2 f 0.8&#13;\nradians/s, but was not found to be significantly related to jump distance. The quadratic&#13;\nrelationship between jump distance and the amount of knee joint flexion demonstrated an&#13;\noptimal knee flexion range for maximizing jump distance. This study suggests that when&#13;\nelite jumpers utilize an optimal stretch-shorten movement, in combination with proper&#13;\nform on the take-off table and in the air, they produce longer jump distances.

Topic: Winter Sports Injuries and Performance
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The healing of full-thickness articular cartilage defects in rabbits: successful results with fibroblast growth factor.

The application of bFGF promoted regeneration of articular cartilage and led to successful cartilaginous resurfacing of defects within 12 weeks. We suggest that bFGF when combined with periosteal grafts may have excellent repair capacity in the restoration of osteochondral defects.

Topic: Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
THE IRREDUCIBLE ROLE OF DERIVED MARGINAL UTILITY IN DYNAMIC STOCHASTIC PROGRAMMING

Abstract. Using the important case of multi‐period investing between a safe asset with a low mean return and an equity basket with a higher total return but a riskier one, this analysis demonstrates that the relevant stochastic programming involves irreducibly recursive variational relations. The “direct” Lagrange‐Chow procedure is related to the derivatives of the Bellman “indirect”’algorithms and shown to require essentially the same computations save only for standard integrations or taking of first derivatives. To demonstrate that the comparison is unchanged when a vector of control variables must be optimized in a many‐period stochastic scenario, the problem is solved for a rentier to both decide how much to save in each period and how much to put of each period's investment into risky securities.

Topic: Monetary Policy and Economic Impact
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
The interaction of RNA polymerase II with the adenovirus-2 major late promoter is precluded by phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of subunit IIa.

Mammalian RNA polymerase II contains at the C terminus of its largest subunit an unusual domain consisting of 52 tandem repeats of the consensus sequence Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser. The phosphorylation of this domain is thought to play an important role in the transition of RNA polymerase II from a preinitiation complex to an elongating complex. The unphosphorylated form of RNA polymerase II is designated IIA, whereas the phosphorylated form is designated IIO. In an effort to determine the consequence of C-terminal domain phosphorylation on complex formation, 32P-labeled RNA polymerases IIA and IIO were prepared and examined for their ability to form a stable preinitiation complex on the adenovirus-2 major late promoter in the presence of a reconstituted HeLa cell transcription extract. Preinitiation complexes were formed in the absence of ATP and purified from free RNA polymerase II by chromatography on Sepharose CL-4B. The state of phosphorylation of the largest subunit was monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the transcriptional activity was determined by assaying specific transcript formation upon the addition of nucleotides and a competing DNA template. RNA polymerase IIA was recovered in transcriptionally active complexes in reactions in which the input enzyme was RNA polymerase IIA. In reactions with RNA polymerase IIO as the input enzyme, no IIO was recovered in excluded fractions that normally contain preinitiation complex. In reactions with equimolar amounts of RNA polymerases IIO and IIA, purified preinitiation complexes contained almost exclusively RNA polymerase HA. These results support the idea that RNA polymerase II containing an unphosphorylated C-terminal domain preferentially associates with the adenovirus-2 major late promoter. The state of phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain can, therefore, directly influence preinitiation complex formation. We also report here the presence of an activity in HeLa cell extracts that catalyzes dephosphorylation of the C-terminal domain, thereby converting RNA polymerase IIO to IIA. This C-terminal domain phosphatase is specific in that it does not catalyze the dephosphorylation of a serine residue phosphorylated by casein kinase II. The presence of a C-terminal domain phosphatase in in vitro transcription reactions containing RNA polymerase IIO results in the formation of RNA polymerase IIA. This RNA polymerase IIA associates preferentially with preinitiation complexes.

Topic: RNA Research and Splicing
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Role of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in the Management of Follicular Lymphoma

Learning Objectives Evaluate recent data regarding outcomes of autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplant for follicular lymphoma. Apply patient and disease characteristics to predict favorable post-transplant outcomes for patients with follicular lymphoma. Enumerate the indications for referral of patients with follicular lymphoma to a transplant center. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of allogeneic versus autologous stem cell transplant for follicular lymphoma. This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.

Topic: Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Structure, Physical Properties and Phase Transition of a Quasi-One-Dimensional Organic Semiconductor DBA(TCNQ)<sub>2</sub>

The present article investigates a reversible structural phase transition, and related physical properties change in a new quasi-one-dimensional (1D) organic semiconductor crystal, DBA(TCNQ)2 [DBA = dibutylammonium, TCNQ = 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane]. Differential scanning calorimetry traces reveal the DBA(TCNQ)2 single crystal undergoes a first-order reversible phase transition at around 260−270 K, which is accompanied by a dramatic change in both conductivity and magnetic susceptibility. A direct correlation of physical properties with crystal structure is established. Detailed X-ray structure analyses indicate a reversible structural change related to dimer−tetramer transition along the TCNQ chain and disruption of the hydrogen-bonding chains as the temperature decreases from 270 to 253 K, which is the origin of the electronic and magnetic transition.

Topic: Organic and Molecular Conductors Research
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Religion and the Law

The analysis of the intersection between law and religion was in the 1980s, and arguably still is, less developed in the United Kingdom than is the case in a number of other jurisdictions. The study of Law and Religion has always been a feature, although usually a minor feature, of academic legal studies in the United Kingdom. Consideration of issues relating to Law and Religion is no longer just spread through various sub-disciplines within legal studies; it becomes something that matters both in itself and for itself. Equity in general, and the Law of Charity in particular, had long been an area of mainstream academic interest. For Family Law Textbooks, religion was a very occasional matter for very limited reflection; for St John Robilliard, religion was the central matter for reflection and Family Law and religion are seen as being inextricably intertwined in Family Law.

Topic: American Constitutional Law and Politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Lincoln and the Party Divided

Lincoln and the Party Divided. By William Frank Zornow. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954. xii + 264 pp. Illustrations, bibliography, and index. $4.00.) Get access David M. Potter David M. Potter Yale University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 42, Issue 1, June 1955, Pages 134–135, https://doi.org/10.2307/1898646 Published: 01 June 1955

Topic: American Constitutional Law and Politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences