jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Graft Healing in a New Elastomer-Coated Vascular Prosthesis

The need for a vascular prosthesis that does not require preclotting is apparent. The use of biological biodegradable coatings may carry the potential disadvantages of undesirable healing, inflammatory or antigenic reactions, and increased thrombogenicity. A graft has been developed to minimize porosity by coating only the outer surface with a bioinert non-absorbable elastomer (mainly Silastic) so as to leave the inner surface unchanged. Thoracoabdominal aortic 8-mm grafts (ten knitted and five woven coated grafts, six uncoated Dacron grafts) 12 cm long were implanted in mongrel dogs for 6 months. Differences in patency and healing in coated and uncoated grafts were observed by angiography, and by scanning electron and light microscopy. Statistical analysis included Fisher's exact test and Student's unpaired t test. Clinically, no ill effects were noted in coated grafts, and the transinterstitial blood loss was similar to that in preclotted uncoated grafts. One graft in each group occluded for technical reasons. One knitted coated graft developed perigraft seroma. The woven coated grafts and control prostheses had similar handling properties; however, needles appeared to pass through the coated graft material more easily and with less suture drag. Scanning electron microscopy was used to demonstrate similar presence of endothelial-like cells in both groups. Comparisons between coated and control grafts using light microscopy were as follows: pseudoendothelium, 0.26 versus 0.31 mm ( P not significant): Inflammation. 0.21 versus 0.73 ( P &lt; 0.01); giant cell formation, 0.02 versus 0.88 ( P &lt; 0.01); fibrosis. 1.31 versus 1.80 ( P &lt; 0.03). Tissue ingrowth into and around the Dacron fibers from the outer surface was similar. This study demonstrates that microporous elastomer-coated vascular prostheses can prevent blood loss. They are safe and comparable to controls with respect to healing and tissue ingrowth. They appear to elicit less inflammation and fibrosis, all of which supports the concept that the graft material and not porosity per se ensures better graft healing.

Topic: Infectious Aortic and Vascular Conditions
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Chelation Isomerism in (Allylamino)carbene Complexes and Its Impact on Stereoselection:  A Study of Coordination Equilibrium by Dynamic HPLC

A study related to isomerism brought about by the two different chelation modes of the residual double bond resulting from the intramolecular Pauson−Khand reaction in [(diallylamino)alkynylcarbene]tungsten complexes was undertaken. The presence of a stereogenic center on the carbene ligand in the cycloadduct caused a clear difference in energy between the two diastereomeric forms resulting from alkene chelation. The energy barrier involved in their interconversion was determined by means of dynamic HPLC (D-HPLC) experiments, and its relative high value was related to the difficulty of the inversion at the nitrogen center due to structural rigidity.

Topic: Catalytic Cross-Coupling Reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Tribological Studies on Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyetherketone Composites

The result of experimental investigations on the mechanical and tribological properties of injection moulded neat polyetherketone (PEK) and its glass fiber reinforced composites are presented in this paper. A series of PEK composites reinforced with glass fibers in the range of 0-30% were selected. The mechanical properties studied were tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, flexural strength, flexural modulus, hardness and impact strength. Composites were characterised by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The tribological studies were investigated under extremely different types of wear loading. The abrasive wear studies were conducted by using pin on disc machine under various experimental conditions such as sliding distance, load, abrasive grit size. Sliding wear and friction properties were also determined when sliding under reciprocating conditions at different loads and temperatures. It was observed that incorporation of glass fiber resulted in an increase in wear rates under different types of loading. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to analyse the worn surfaces.

Topic: Tribology and Wear Analysis
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
FACTORS IN THE CAUSATION AND INCIDENCE OF OVARIAN CANCER

This paper presents an overview of the present knowledge about etiologic factors in the development of ovarian cancer. It is divided into 3 main headings: 1) epidemiologic observations about human ovarian cancer; 2) studies on spontaneous animal ovarian tumors that gave rise to an interesting field in comparative oncology; and 3) studies on experimental ovarian tumors. Factors which have been related to the causation and incidence of human ovarian cancer are: 1) racial and geographical incidence; 2) socioeconomic factors; 3) genetic factors; 4) age; 5) menstrual characteristics; 6) marital status and parity; 7) relationship to intersex states; 8) laterality; 9) endometriosis; 10) previous hysterectomy; 11) previous oophorectomy; 12) relationship to other neoplasms; 13) thyroid disease; 14) mumps; 15) x-irradiation; 16) asbestosis; and 18) incessant ovulation. A review of literature on ovarian tumors in animals showed that animals have a much lesser incidence than humans and thus was attributed to the infrequency of tumors arising from the ovarian surface epithelium which in humans comprise the great majority of ovarian tumors. On the other hand the prevalence of ovarian cancer among egg-laying domestic fowls is attributed to the frequency of adenocarcinoma. Such data may be helpful in determining the etiology of certain types of ovarian cancer. Experimental ovarian tumors have been induced in animals by x-irradiation; ovarian grafting; ligature of blood vessels; partial castration; and progestrational steroids. The implications of these experiments in human problems are briefly discussed as are the need for more studies in the field of epidemiology of human ovarian cancer.

Topic: Ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Influence of the Heating Conditions on the Asphalt Compositions by Grey System Theory

This paper carried out the applications of grey system theory to correlate asphalt compositions and heating conditions which consist of asphalt mass, heating temperature and length of heating time. To clarify the influences of the heating conditions, the asphalt compositions were determined, including four generic components, namely asphaltenes, resins, aromatics and saturates, the total contents of asphaltenes and resins replaced by A value, the total contents of aromatics and saturates replaced by B value, and the ratio of A and B(A/B value). Results show that all the four generic components are affected obviously by different conditions and none of the four generic is affected by the largest. The component most affected by asphalt mass is A/B value. In additionally, A value is influenced mainly by the length of heating time while B value by heating temperature.

Topic: Grey System Theory Applications
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
An Integrated Product-Process Hierarchical Modeling Method for Development of Complex Assembly Manufacturing Systems

The development of assembly manufacturing systems of complex products, such as automotive vehicles, needs systematic approaches. This paper proposes a new development method based on hierarchical modeling of a complex product and its assembly processes. The method integrates product and process for assembly system development by decomposing a complex product according to its hierarchical architecture in a product domain and creating the respective assembly flows in a process domain. Based on the integrated product-process hierarchical model, this paper presents three steps of manufacturing system development: 1) to plan overall assembly system flow, 2) to configure subassembly lines, and 3) to design the functionality and processes of main assembly workstations. The paper demonstrates and discusses the first two steps of assembly system development with examples. This method can make assembly manufacturing development more systematic, standardized, and efficient. The method also promotes product design variety and modularity for DFM.

Topic: Product Development and Customization
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Creative Teaching Strategies for the Applied Social Sciences

The authors describe teaching strategies they have developed for graduate education in Educational Administration, Professional Counseling and Social Work. In these applied professions, adult learners are best served by active, engaged, and reflective teaching strategies. The strategies are based on principles of adult learning theory and cooperative learning and have been evaluated by students as valuable learning experiences. Three strategies, a symposium presentation, prevention program, and group budgeting project are described in term of design, structure, outcome and evaluation. Additional strategies are briefly described that utilize the latest technologies. The strategies aim to exemplify the process of teaching theory to practice in the chosen profession.

Topic: Communication in Education and Healthcare
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Impact of Genetic Polymorphism on Response to Therapy in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

In the last decades, the global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has reached pandemic proportions with derived major health and socioeconomic consequences; this tendency is expected to be further aggravated in the coming years. Obesity, insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes mellitus, sedentary lifestyle, increased caloric intake and genetic predisposition constitute the main risk factors associated with the development and progression of the disease. Importantly, the interaction between the inherited genetic background and some unhealthy dietary patterns has been postulated to have an essential role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Weight loss through lifestyle modifications is considered the cornerstone of the treatment for NAFLD and the inter-individual variability in the response to some dietary approaches may be conditioned by the presence of different single nucleotide polymorphisms. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the influence of the association between genetic susceptibility and dietary habits in NAFLD pathophysiology, as well as the role of gene polymorphism in the response to lifestyle interventions and the potential interaction between nutritional genomics and other emerging therapies for NAFLD, such as bariatric surgery and several pharmacologic agents.

Topic: Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A lower bound for permanents of (0,1)-matrices

Clearly the permanent function is invariant under permutations of rows and columns and under matrix transposition. An up-to-date account of the theory of permanents and an extensive bibliography on the subject is to be found in [2]. The permanent function plays an important part in combinatorics. In fact, the permanent of a (0, 1)-matrix (i.e., a matrix all of whose entries are 0 and 1) is the number of systems of distinct representatives for the corresponding configuration [7, p. 54]. It is therefore of considerable interest to determine the bounds for permanents of (0, 1)-matrices with prescribed row sums (and/or column sums). Let ri and cj denote the ith row sum and the jth column sum of A respectively, i.e.,

Topic: graph theory and CDMA systems
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Performance of various testing methodologies for detection of heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in bloodstream isolates.

Read the full review for this Faculty Opinions recommended article: Performance of various testing methodologies for detection of heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in bloodstream isolates.

Topic: Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
PBI-4050 reduces expression of fibrosis biomarkers in the BioMAP SAEMyoF primary human small airway epithelial cells and lung myofibroblasts system

PBI-4050 is a novel orally active compound which displays anti-inflammatory/anti-fibrotic activities and is presently in clinical phase II in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), in metabolic syndrome associated with diabetes, and in cystic fibrosis related diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of PBI-4050 in the BioMAP SAEMyoF primary human cell fibrotic lung disease model. The BioMAP SAEMyoF system is a co-culture of TGF-β/TNF-α-stimulated primary human small airway epithelial cells and lung myofibroblasts that models the biology of fibrotic lung diseases such as IPF. Protein biomarker expression levels relative to vehicle control were determined in cells treated with PBI-4050, and compared to treatments with the anti-fibrotic drug pirfenidone and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib. PBI-4050 key activities included a significant decrease of myofibroblast activation (α-SMA and N-cadherin) and of extracellular matrix production (collagen I and III). PBI-4050 also showed tissue remodeling (reduced MMP9 and PAI-1, increased MMP1) and inflammation-related (reduced I-TAC, M-CSF, MCP-1, IP-10) activities. Pirfenidone had a generally similar profile to PBI-4050, with the exception of increases in VCAM-1, MMP9 and TIMP-1 expression that were not obtained with PBI-4050 treatment. Unlike PBI-4050, nintedanib treatment did not result in reduced α-SMA, N-cadherin, and M-CSF expression, nor increased MMP1. Our results demonstrate that PBI-4050 reduces myofibroblast activation, extracellular matrix production and inflammation in a primary human cell system modeling fibrotic lung diseases, and is a potential novel therapy for the treatment of IPF.

Topic: Interstitial Lung Diseases and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Development and Validation of a Teacher's Praise Disposition Scale

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a teacher's praise dispositions scale(TPDS). On the basis of a literature review of praise, we developed 19 Likert-type items to measure praise dispositions of elementary and secondary school teachers. The developed scale was examined with 342 teachers. With an exploratory factor analysis we extracted 3 sub-factors of the scale consisted of 16 items; frequency, intention, and standard of praise. Cronbach's <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX> coefficients of sub-scales were from .60 to .85 and split-half reliabilities were from .60 to .84. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the suitability of three components model. It was found that some correlation coefficients, not all of them, between gratitude disposition and praise disposition were statistically significant. It suggested that teachers'praise disposition scale is related to gratitude disposition but is not the same scale. In conclusion, TPDS could be used to measure praise dispositions of teachers. However, for further validity and reliability, repeated research is necessary.

Topic: Education Practices and Challenges
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
How Nitrogen Doping Affects Hydrogen Spillover on Carbon-Supported Pd Nanoparticles: New Insights from DFT

The process of hydrogen spillover on metal nanoparticle decorated carbon surfaces has been discussed for many years due to its importance for heterogeneous catalysis and hydrogen storage. The present density functional theory (DFT) study supports recent experimental observations of the hydrogen spillover process. By use of model systems of carbon-supported palladium nanoparticles, the details of hydrogen spillover are investigated and the effects of nitrogen doping on such processes are elucidated. It is found that graphitic nitrogen atoms and water molecules significantly facilitate the hydrogen spillover reaction and serve as anchoring sites for the spillover hydrogen atoms.

Topic: Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
With liberty and development for all: Review Essay

The relation of liberty to development occupies the eight authors and editors of these seven books and additional authors of chapters within two of them. Their backgrounds and perspectives are diverse, ranging across psychology, education, law, history, and economics; encompassing dozens of European, Asian, African, and American cultures; and applying divergent conceptions of children and development. Most argue in various ways and for various reasons that liberty fosters development. Some add that development, in turn, fosters liberty, in a relation so close that freedom and development cannot be sharply distinguished. Works reviewed are: Richard M. Lerner, Liberty: Thriving and civic engagement among America’s youth. Sage Publications, 2004. Gloria Pipkin and ReLeah Cossett Lent, At the schoolhouse gate: Lessons in intellectual freedom. Heinemann, 2002. ReLeah Cossett Lent and Gloria Pipkin (Eds.), Silent no more: Voices of courage in American schools. Heinemann, 2003. Kevin W. Saunders, Saving our children from the First Amendment. New York University Press, 2003. Marjorie Heins, Not in front of the children: “Indecency,” censorship, and the innocence of youth. Hill and Wang, 2001. Cecilia von Feilitzen and Ulla Carlsson, Promote or protect? Perspectives on media literacy and media regulations: Yearbook 2003. The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media, 2004. Amartya Sen, Development as freedom. Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.

Topic: Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Alopecia Areata Symposium

Abstract: No dermatologic disorder poses so little threat to health and physical cotnfort and yet is so emotionally devastating as alopecia areata. Fortunately, the rate of spontaneous remission is high; nevertheless, management is problematic because of the considerable cosmetic disability imposed by extensive and visible hair loss, and the unpredictability of response to accepted therapeutic agents. Indeed, opinions vary as to whether or not any of the currently employed therapeutic modalities is effective, and there is remarkable diversity in approach to the patient with this problem. This symposium includes two lengthier articles on alopecia areata as well as several shorter commentaries on management by dermatologists with a special interest in this disorder.

Topic: Hair Growth and Disorders
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Evaluation of the abuse potential of difelikefalin, a selective kappa‐opioid receptor agonist, in recreational polydrug users

Abstract Difelikefalin, a selective kappa‐opioid receptor agonist with limited central nervous system penetration, is being developed for the treatment of chronic pruritic conditions. This randomized, double‐blind, active‐ and placebo‐controlled, four‐way crossover study was designed to evaluate the abuse potential of difelikefalin in healthy recreational polydrug users. Using a 4 × 4 Williams design, nondependent adult users of opioids and hallucinogens ( N = 44) were randomized to receive single intravenous (i.v.) injections of difelikefalin at supratherapeutic doses (5 and 15 mcg/kg); pentazocine (0.5 mg/kg), a schedule IV mu‐opioid partial agonist and kappa‐opioid receptor agonist; and placebo. The abuse potential of difelikefalin was compared with pentazocine and placebo using the maximal score (maximum effect [E max ]) of the Drug Liking visual analog scale (VAS; primary end point), along with multiple secondary end points of subject‐rated measures and pupillometry. Difelikefalin produced significantly lower Drug Liking VAS E max , and lower peak positive, sedative, and perceptual effects compared with pentazocine. These effects of difelikefalin were small, brief, and not dose‐dependent, although marginally greater than those observed with placebo. Neither dose of difelikefalin elicited significant negative or hallucinogenic effects. On end‐of‐session measures of overall drug liking and willingness to take the drug again, difelikefalin did not differ from placebo, indicating subjects neither liked nor disliked the effects overall and did not feel motivated to take the drug again. Consistent with its lack of mu agonist activity, difelikefalin did not induce miosis compared with pentazocine. All treatments were generally well‐tolerated. This study indicates that difelikefalin presents a low potential for abuse.

Topic: Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
A Parameter Correction Technique (PCT) for acoustic emission characterisation in large-scale composites

Acoustic emission (AE) has been extensively used for over 40 years for non-destructive evaluation of damage in different types of materials and structures. Damage identification is considered as one of many attractive attributes of this technique. Most studies in this field have been conducted on small-scale specimens by analysing the AE parameters recorded using different commercial AE acquisition systems directly. However, these AE parameters are affected by attenuation, superposition, material properties and complex geometry which can lead to incorrect input data in the analysis process, thus making accurate characterisation challenging. Furthermore, using AE for the Structure Health Monitoring (SHM) is highly dependent on the recorded parameter values for decision making on the integrity of the structure. This paper describes a novel solution to enable AE parameters to be “corrected” to account for the material properties and the geometry of the structure. The ‘‘Parameter Correction Technique (PCT)’’ utilises an artificial source; recording the relationship between the signal parameters and varying source amplitude from a number of locations, to create a multi-layer map to correct the recorded parameter value. A five-step description of the process is provided and practical results from an initial trial are presented. Initial trial results demonstrate a considerable improvement over the conventional parameters. Various artificial sources were used to assess the performance of the Parameter Correction Technique in a composite panel. The technique is demonstrated on a single parameter analysis (namely amplitude) and the correlation plot. In order to demonstrate the advantage of the PCT, the traditional AE parameters are presented side-by-side for comparison, which reveals a substantial improvement in parameter value accuracy. The effects of attenuation, anisotropy etc. have been eliminated using the new method. Moreover, it is proven that AE signal propagation path seriously affects the recorded AE parameters and cannot be ignored. Thus, the PCT is an effective technique that may be used to overcome signal propagation effects and correct the recorded qualitative parameters to provide a better discrimination of different sources types in composite materials.

Topic: Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences