jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Oxidation and assimilation of atmospheric methane by soil methane oxidizers

The metabolism of atmospheric methane in a forest soil was studied by radiotracer techniques. Maximum (sup14)CH(inf4) oxidation (163.5 pmol of C cm(sup-3) h(sup-1)) and (sup14)C assimilation (50.3 pmol of C cm(sup-3) h(sup-1)) occurred at the A(inf2) horizon located 15 to 18 cm below the soil surface. At this depth, 31 to 43% of the atmospheric methane oxidized was assimilated into microbial biomass; the remaining methane was recovered as (sup14)CO(inf2). Methane-derived carbon was incorporated into all major cell macromolecules by the soil microorganisms (50% as proteins, 19% as nucleic acids and polysaccharides, and 5% as lipids). The percentage of methane assimilated (carbon conversion efficiency) remained constant at temperatures between 5 and 20(deg)C, followed by a decrease at 30(deg)C. The carbon conversion efficiency did not increase at methane concentrations between 1.7 and 1,000 ppm. In contrast, the overall methane oxidation activity increased at elevated methane concentrations, with an apparent K(infm) of 21 ppm (31 nM CH(inf4)) and a V(infmax) of 188 pmol of CH(inf4) cm(sup-3) h(sup-1). Methane oxidizers from soil depths with maximum methanotrophic activity respired approximately 1 to 3% of the assimilated methane-derived carbon per day. This apparent endogenous respiration did not change significantly in the absence of methane. Similarly, the potential for oxidation of atmospheric methane was relatively insensitive to methane starvation. Soil samples from depths above and below the zone with maximum atmospheric methane oxidation activity showed a dramatic increase in the turnover of the methane assimilated (&gt;20 times increase). Physical disturbance such as sieving or mixing of soil samples decreased methane oxidation and assimilation by 50 to 58% but did not alter the carbon conversion efficiency. Ammonia addition (0.1 or 1.0 (mu)mol g [fresh weight](sup-1)) decreased both methane oxidation and carbon conversion efficiency. This resulted in a dramatic decrease in methane assimilation (85 to 99%). In addition, ammonia-treated soil showed up to 10 times greater turnover of the assimilated methane-derived carbon (relative to untreated soil). The results suggest a potential for microbial growth on atmospheric methane. However, growth was regulated strongly by soil parameters other than the methane concentration. The pattern observed for metabolism of atmospheric methane in soils was not consistent with the physiology of known methanotrophic bacteria.

Topic: CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
Subfield: Environmental Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Electrochemical attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy in far- and deep-ultraviolet regions

Recently, we developed a novel attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopic system in far- and deep-ultraviolet (FUV and DUV) regions that operates under electrochemical conditions in order to investigate the electronic states of materials near the electrode surface. We succeeded to record the FUV-DUV spectra of various ionic liquids systematically using the ATR-FUV-DUV spectroscopy and theoretically assign the obtained spectra based on quantum chemical calculations. Subsequently, upon application of voltage to an ionic liquid consisting of imidazolium cations and iodide anions, electronic transition spectra in the 150−450 nm range varied. In particular, absorbance due to charge transfer from the anion to the cation drastically increased at positive potentials. According to the molecular dynamics simulations, the density of iodide anion near the electrode surface drastically changed depending on the electrode potential, which contributed to the spectral changes. Now, this technique is applied for organic semiconductor materials.

Topic: Photochemistry and Electron Transfer Studies
Subfield: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Multi-scale Semantic Prior Features Guided Deep Neural Network for Urban Street-view Image

Street-view image has been widely applied as a crucial mobile mapping data source. The inpainting of street-view images is a critical step for street-view image processing, not only for the privacy protection, but also for the urban environment mapping applications. This paper presents a novel Deep Neural Network (DNN), multi-scale semantic prior Feature guided image inpainting Network (MFN) for inpainting street-view images, which generate static street-view images without moving objects (e.g., pedestrians, vehicles). To enhance global context understanding, a semantic prior prompter is introduced to learn rich semantic priors from large pre-trained model. We design the prompter by stacking multiple Semantic Pyramid Aggregation (SPA) modules, capturing a broad range of visual feature patterns. A semantic-enhanced image generator with a decoder is proposed that incorporates a novel cascaded Learnable Prior Transferring (LPT) module at each scale level. For each decoder block, an attention transfer mechanism is applied to capture long-term dependencies, and the semantic prior features are fused with the image features to restore plausible structure in an adaptive manner. Additionally, a background-aware data processing scheme is adopted to prevent the generation of hallucinated objects within holes. Experiments on Apolloscapes and Cityscapes datasets demonstrate better performance than state-of-the-art methods, with MAE, and LPIPS showing improvements of about 9.5% and 41.07% respectively. Visual comparison survey among multi-group person is also conducted to provide performance evaluation, and the results suggest that the proposed MFN offers a promising solution for privacy protection and generate more reliable scene for urban applications with street-view images.

Topic: Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The effect of pandemic conditions on financial success rankings of BIST SME industrial companies: a different evaluation with the help of comparison of special capabilities of MOORA, MABAC and FUCA methods

Considering COVID-19 pandemic conditions from an MCDM perspective, the change in the ranking positions of the companies before and during the pandemic conditions has become more critical for many researchers and especially financial decision-makers. In this study, different from other studies, a new methodological procedure was followed. For the first time, an MCDM method was chosen among the alternatives with an objective point of view, and the application was continued. In other words, the final performance evaluation is based on the results of this chosen method. In the first step, the financial performance of companies traded in the BIST SME Industry, which is the application area of the study, was calculated with three different MCDM methods (MOORA, MABAC and FUCA). In the second step, the ranking correlations between the calculated financial performance scores and the stock return in the current period were compared with the Spearman method. Finally, in the third step, based on this indirect objective reference verification result (as it is the most appropriate and successful), the necessary financial analyzes were made with the FUCA method. According to the findings, the FUCA method correlated higher with the stock return before and during the pandemic than the other MCDM methods. According to these results, when a performance comparison is made between before and during pandemic conditions, three changes become prominent: the most successful companies, the companies' overall ranking, and the favourite sectors have entirely changed for the base periods. This innovative procedure has been proposed for the first time in the literature and has been successfully applied.

Topic: Multi-Criteria Decision Making
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Lived Experience of Brazilian Immigrants in Connecticut and Crimmigration

Crimmigration, or the criminalization of immigration that intensified after the attacks of September 11, 2001, has impacted the lives of many immigrants living in the United States. After 9/11 there was an acceleration of the merger of immigration law and criminal law, and its enforcement, at the local, state, and federal levels. These restrictive laws have resulted in the increased incarceration, detainment, and mass deportation of immigrants throughout the United States. This qualitative study focused on the lived experience of Brazilian immigrants living in Connecticut. A critical phenomenological design was used to understand how crimmigration and other factors such as the economy shapes the lived experiences of Brazilian immigrants. Twenty participants were interviewed twice (for a total of 40 interviews). Seven themes emerged from participants’ interviews centered on: immigration experiences (initial and subsequent), trabalho (work), crimmigration, discrimination, emotions, transnational social networks, and racial/ethnic identity. Brazilians are economic migrants coming to the United States in search of a better life. Brazilians’ experiences with work in the United States are a central facet of their “lived experience.” Participants’ work experiences are molded by historical and political events Walter J. Belsito—University of Connecticut, 2016 shaping the national debate on immigration. This study also argues that crimmigration in the United States poses one of the most important human rights challenges today. Critical race theory posits that crimmigration is primarily directed at the growing Latino population of the United States. As agents of change committed to social justice on behalf of oppressed and vulnerable populations, social workers are in a unique position to advocate for immigrants affected by crimmigration, to fight for the human rights of immigrant families and their children torn apart by crimmigration, and to be at the forefront of the immigration debate in the United States.

Topic: Migration and Labor Dynamics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Effect of Personality on Team Performance: An Interpersonal Knowledge Interaction Perspective

A large number of studies has shown that there are significant relationships among personality, interpersonal knowledge interaction and team performance. But in exiting researches the perspective is generally static and the framework is not comprehensive enough. On the basis of summarizing and generalizing related works, a new thought is put forward to bridge the gaps of present studies. From the perspective of interpersonal knowledge interaction, this paper takes the point that personality has a direct effect on interpersonal knowledge interaction and then influences team performance. We regard team as a complex adaptive system. Through computational experiment method, this paper sets up an "artificial team" in computer and utilizes agents in "artificial team" to simulate members in real team. Thereupon we take the interaction that is impacted by personality between agents as the simulation of interpersonal knowledge interaction between members in the real team. By analyzing the effect of personality on interpersonal knowledge interaction, this paper figures out how personality influences the team performance.

Topic: Team Dynamics and Performance
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Cryptanalysis of a Partially Blind Signature Scheme or How to Make $100 Bills with $1 and $2 Ones. Financial Cryptography 2006

Abstract. Partially blind signature scheme is a cryptographic primitive mainly used to design efficient and anonymous electronic cash systems. Due to this attractive application, some researchers have focused their interest on it. Cao, Lin and Xue recently proposed such a protocol based on RSA. In this paper we first show that this protocol does not meet the anonymous property since the bank is able to link a signature with a user. We then present a cryptanalysis of this scheme. In practical appli-cations, a consequence would be the possibility for an attacker to forge, for example, valid $100 bills after the withdrawal of only two bank notes of $1 and $2.

Topic: Cryptography and Data Security
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Data collection and refinement statistics.

&lt;p&gt;The numbers in parentheses represent values for the highest resolution shell.&lt;/p&gt;a&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;sym&lt;/sub&gt; = Σ|&lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;−〈&lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;〉|/Σ&lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt; where &lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; is the intensity of the &lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;th observation and 〈&lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;〉 is the mean intensity of the reflections.&lt;/p&gt;b&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;work&lt;/sub&gt; = Σ||&lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;obs&lt;/sub&gt;|−|&lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;calc&lt;/sub&gt;||/Σ|&lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;obs&lt;/sub&gt;| where &lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;calc&lt;/sub&gt; and &lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;obs&lt;/sub&gt; are the calculated and observed structure factor amplitude, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Ion Channels and Receptors
Subfield: Sensory Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Recovery of ecosystems pollution by contaminants of potential concern using phytoremediation techniques

Abstract Phytoremediation is a technology that uses plants to break down, remove, and immobilize contaminants in surface water, shallow groundwater, and sediment to achieve cost savings compared with conventional treatments. This study describes a marshy land on an explosives manufacturing site in India that consistently reported elevated concentrations of nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, perchlorate, and lead (contaminants of potential concern—CoPC). The study also illustrates the potential for addressing the human health and environmental risks associated with the explosives manufacturing industrsy in India using innovative, sustainable, and carbon-neutral techniques. This work focuses on reconstructed marshy lands, desedimentation, microwatershed management, and phytoremediation using Phragmites and Vetiveria species (also known as vetiver) to reduce contaminants in surface water and groundwater, improve stormwater management and carbon capture, and increase natural capital like biodiversity. The results obtained during the trial indicate that the selected indigenous species are effective and can be used to remediate sediment and shallow groundwater for many CoPC in tropical climates. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1987–2002. © 2024 SETAC Key Points The results obtained during the trial indicate that the selected indigenous species are effective and can be used to remediate sediment and shallow groundwater for many CoPC in tropical climates. If we drew a life cycle based on this study, it would be as follows: contaminants deposited to nature (soil) are extracted by plants (natural, no chemical intervention), and as the plants uptake the contaminants, they are harvested and turned into compost, which can again return to the soil (nature). This approach can reduce contaminants in both sediment and water, and is a low-cost and environmentally friendly remediation alternative to more traditional methods.

Topic: Plant responses to water stress
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Age-Related Changes in the Signal Value of Tears

Emotional tears may be uniquely human and are an effective signal of distress in adults. The present study explored whether tears signal distress in younger criers and whether the effect of tears on observers is similar in magnitude across the life span. Participants rated photographs of crying infants, young children, and adults, with tears digitally removed or added. The effectiveness of tears in conveying sadness and eliciting sympathy was greatest for images of adults, intermediate for images of children, and least potent for images of infants. These findings suggest that the signal value of tears varies with the age of the crier. The results may shed light on the functional significance of crying at different stages of human development.

Topic: Infant Health and Development
Subfield: Pharmacy
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Research on Support Vector Machines Method Modeling for Rice Potassium Nutrition Diagnosis

A machine learning method was used to establish a diagnostic model of potassium nutrition for rice obtained from image processing techniques.In this study, super hybrid rice "Liangyoupeijiu" was used as experimental object to set up four kinds of rice cultivation experiments at different potassium fertilization levels, the image data of a total of 1920 groups of the 1st leaves and the 2nd leaves, the 3rd leaves, and their corresponding sheaths were obtained by scanning with a scanner.Nineteen rice characteristic indexes were obtained.Support vector machine was used to establish the diagnostic model of potassium nutrition in nineteen rice characteristic indexes, and to diagnose and identify the potassium nutrition in rice.The experimental results show that the identification method based on image processing and SVM is suitable for the diagnosis of potassium nutrition of the 3rd leaves in rice young panicle differentiation stage with an accuracy of 89%, which provides a reliable and universal method for studying the recognition of potassium nutrition in rice and can meet the needs of agronomic research.

Topic: Fault Detection and Control Systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Safe Posterior Sampling for Constrained MDPs with Bounded Constraint Violation

Constrained Markov decision processes (CMDPs) model scenarios of sequential decision making with multiple objectives that are increasingly important in many applications. However, the model is often unknown and must be learned online while still ensuring the constraint is met, or at least the violation is bounded with time. Some recent papers have made progress on this very challenging problem but either need unsatisfactory assumptions such as knowledge of a safe policy, or have high cumulative regret. We propose the Safe PSRL (posterior sampling-based RL) algorithm that does not need such assumptions and yet performs very well, both in terms of theoretical regret bounds as well as empirically. The algorithm achieves an efficient tradeoff between exploration and exploitation by use of the posterior sampling principle, and provably suffers only bounded constraint violation by leveraging the idea of pessimism. Our approach is based on a primal-dual approach. We establish a sub-linear $\tilde{\mathcal{ O}}\left(H^{2.5} \sqrt{|\mathcal{S}|^2 |\mathcal{A}| K} \right)$ upper bound on the Bayesian reward objective regret along with a bounded, i.e., $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}\left(1\right)$ constraint violation regret over $K$ episodes for an $|\mathcal{S}|$-state, $|\mathcal{A}|$-action and horizon $H$ CMDP.

Topic: Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Commentary “Treatment of Large and Giant Residual and Recurrent Vestibular Schwannomas”

See also: Treatment of Large and Giant Residual and Recurrent Vestibular SchwannomasSkull Base 2007; 17(02): 109-117DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-953510

Topic: Meningioma and schwannoma management
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Phosphorylated troglitazone activates PPAR and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis

Phosphorylation of a-tocopherol produces an entity with enhanced antiatherogenic properties. Troglitazone, an a-tocopherol derivative of a 2,4-thiazolidinedione nucleus, is an antidiabetic agent that shows fatal idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, a property not shared by later agents. We investigated the effects of phosphorylation of troglitazone (to yield &amp;quot;phosphoglitazone&amp;quot;) on the biochemical pharmacologic properties of troglitazone. We investigated its ability to act as a PPARy agonist and to inhibit 2 atherogenic properties of vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC)-proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis. PPARy activity was assessed in a transfection assay. Proliferation was assessed by [H]-thymidine incorporation and cell counting and proteoglycan synthesis by [S]-sulfate incorporation using human vSMCs stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF; 50 ng/mL) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-b (2 ng/mL). Phosphoglitazone was a full agonist for PPARy with a potency and efficacy similar to troglitazone. Phosphoglitazone also inhibited cell proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis with potency similar to troglitazone. We conclude that phosphorylation retains the pharmacologic activity of troglitazone while decreasing its lipophilicity and therefore potentially its toxicity. A phosphorylated derivative of a 2,4-thiazolidinedione warrants further investigation as a potential new therapeutic agent for the treatment of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.

Topic: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Theoretical Results on WR Instabilities

The instabilities of WR stars are discussed in the framework of both the quasi-adiabatic and non-adiabatic methods. We show that a very careful treatment of stellar opacities is necessary. Both methods show that WR stars, with little or no H left, are vibrationally unstable in the fundamental radial mode due to the ε-mechanism, confirming earlier results by Maeder (1985). Thus, from the point of view of stability, WR stars are fundametally different from O stars. Our new analysis also supports our previous view that WR stars evolve, keeping at the edge of vibrational instability.

Topic: Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Specification for Performance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils

This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety of operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment. Automotive engine oils are classified in three general arrangements: S, C, and Energy Conserving. These arrangements are further divided into categories with performance measured as follows: SH, SJ, SL, SM, CF-4, CF, CF-2, CG-4, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4, Energy Conserving associated with SJ, and Energy Conserving associated with SL. Different bench and chemical tests shall be performed to help evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance.

Topic: Vehicle emissions and performance
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences