jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Mines: The Local Welfare Effects of Mineral Mining in Developing Countries

Do residents of mining communities face health-wealth trade-offs? We conduct the first extensive investigation assessing this question using micro-data from communities near about 800 mineral mines in 44 developing countries. Mining communities enjoy a substantial medium term rise in asset wealth (0.3σ), but experience a nine percentage point increase in anemia among adult women, and a five percentage point increase in the prevalence of stunting in young children. Both of these health impacts have previously been linked to metal toxicity - and in particular, exposure to high levels of environmental lead. Benefits and costs are strongly concentrated in the immediate vicinity (5km) of the nearest mine. We find no systematic evidence of general ill health, and we observe health impacts only near mines of a type where lead pollution is to be expected. Identification is based on a mine-level and mother-level panel, and in the cross-section, on group effects. A novel instrumental variable serves as a cross-sectional robustness check. To make plausible that the observed health impacts are due to pollution, we develop difference-in-difference tests based on the known association of certain mine types with lead pollution, and based on the pathophysiology of lead toxicity. Our results represent the first comprehensive assessment of the local welfare impacts of mining in developing countries, and add to the evidence suggesting that communities near industrial centers in developing countries face information or cost constraints that limit their choice sets.

Topic: Mining and Resource Management
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Fate of X-Ray Induced Chromosomal Rearrangements Introduced into Laboratory Populations of Drosophila melanogaster

Several lines of Drosophila melanogaster of various geographic origins were subjected to intensive inbreeding for over 60 generations. At that point and periodically thereafter, small samples of adult males were taken from some of the inbred lines and irradiated. As a consequence of the irradiation, various types of chromosome structural rearrangements were induced in the sperm of these males; 30 chromosomal rearrangements were subsequently recovered and cytologically identified. Members of each culture that contained a newly-induced rearrangement--one of either 15 paracentric, or 9 pericentric inversions or 6 translocations--were mated to nonirradiated members of each of the other inbred lines to initiate a series of populations that initially contained known frequencies of a specific rearrangement and that also possessed varying degrees of genic dissimilarity between the chromosomes of each pair of founding lines. After eight or nine generations, larval salivary gland chromosome samples taken from each population were examined in order to determine the frequency of structural heterozygotes within the populations after having been subjected to the effects of "natural" selection. From these data it was seen that paracentric inversions were considerably more able to maintain structurally polymorphic populations than either the pericentric inversions or translocations. From the observed frequencies of the paracentric inversions in populations it was subsequently shown that: (a) individuals structurally heterozygous for a two-break paracentric inversion suffer from an average selective disadvantage of 0.35--relative to non-inversion homozygotes--due to the breakage of the chromosomes; this disadvantage was seen to be counteracted to varying degrees by the amount of genic heterozygosity included within the inverted segment; (b) there is a curvilinear relationship between the length of the inverted segment and structural heterozygote fitness; this relationship likewise varies with the amount of genic heterozygosity included within the inverted segment; (c) individuals structurally heterozygous for chromosomes of unrelated origins maintain almost 50% more genic hybridity--per small chromosome segment-than do those whose chromosomes came from the same mass culture of flies; and (d) from the relative success of the paracentric inversions in maintaining structurally polymorphic populations it was concluded that the genes contributing to fitness heterosis are well-scattered among the chromosome arms of this species.

Topic: Insect Resistance and Genetics
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Review of Facial Thermography Assessment for Vital Signs Estimation

Estimated vital signs might include a variety of measurements that can be used in detecting any abnormal conditions by analyzing facial images from continuous monitoring with a thermal video camera. To overcome the limitless human visual perceptions, thermal infrared has proven to be the most effective technique for visualizing facial colour changes that could have been reflected by changes in oxygenation levels and blood volume in facial arteries. This study investigated the possibility of vital signs estimation using physiological function images converted from thermal infrared images in the same ways that visible images are used, with a need for an efficient extractor method as correction procedures that have used datasets that include images with and without wearing glasses or protective face masks. This paper, summarize thermal images using advanced machine learning and deep learning methods with satisfactory performance. Also, we presented the evaluation matrices that were included in the assessment based on statistical analysis, accuracy measures and error measures. Finally, to discuss future gaps and directions for further evaluations.

Topic: Infrared Thermography in Medicine
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On the medical-health tourism potential of Lankaran–Astara economic geographical region

The development of health and medical tourism in Lankaran Astara economic-geographic region is&#13;\ndescribed in the article. For this, features of health and medical tourism demand, opportunities and potentials of&#13;\nits development are researched. Opportunities of this field and potentials of health and medical tourism for preindependence&#13;\nperiod of Azerbaijan Republic are analyzed and measured. There are attempts to open up&#13;\nperspectives of medical tourism in Lankaran astara economic-geographic region through using existing&#13;\nopportunities

Topic: Global Healthcare and Medical Tourism
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
The Reality of Groups

This chapter begins with a definition of the group which, while admittedly imprecise, will at least provide readers with a few signposts to guide them through the terrain ahead. The discussion then turns to the question of the relationship between the individual and the group. The chapter explains how people's behaviour can change dramatically and suddenly once groups come to the fore psychologically. Tajfel, followed by Turner, suggested that it is governed by changes in the way people see themselves, in their self-concepts. According to these theorists, the self-concept can be considered as having two components: personal identity and social identity. The chapter also talks about the social identity approach. This is that group processes are not just things that happen to people as group members, but they are also frequently the means by which they act on the world to change it.

Topic: Social and Intergroup Psychology
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Event-Driven Optimal Feedback Control for Multiantenna Beamforming

Transmit beamforming is a simple multiantenna technique for increasing throughput and the transmission range of a wireless communication system. The required feedback of channel state information (CSI) can potentially result in excessive overhead especially for high mobility or many antennas. This work concerns efficient feedback for transmit beamforming and establishes a new approach of controlling feedback for maximizing throughput under a constraint on the average feedback rate. The feedback controller using a stationary policy turns CSI feedback on/off according to the system state that comprises the channel state and transmit beamformer. Assuming channel isotropy and Markovity, the controller's state reduces to two scalars. This allows the optimal control policy to be efficiently computed using dynamic programming. Consider the unquantized feedback channel free of error, where each feedback instant pays a fixed price. The corresponding optimal feedback control policy is proved to be of the threshold type. This result holds regardless of whether the controller's state space is discretized or continuous. Under the threshold-type policy, feedback is performed whenever a state variable indicating the accuracy of transmit CSI is below a threshold, which varies with channel power. The practical quantized feedback channel is also considered. The optimal policy for quantized feedback is proved to be also of the threshold type. The effect of CSI quantization is shown to be equivalent to an increment on the feedback price. Moreover, the increment is upper bounded by the expected logarithm of one minus the quantization error. Finally, simulation shows that feedback control increases throughput of the conventional periodic feedback by up to 0.5 bit/s/Hz without requiring additional bandwidth or antennas. © 2010 IEEE.

Topic: Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Adaptive Control of IoT/M2M Devices in Smart Buildings using Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) are becoming essential for many applications. One of the most emblematic IoT/M2M applications is smart buildings. The current Building Automation Systems (BAS) are limited by many factors, including the lack of integration of IoT and M2M technologies, unfriendly user interfacing, and the lack of a convergent solution. Therefore, this paper proposes a better approach of using heterogeneous wireless networks consisting of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Mobile Cellular Networks (MCNs) for IoT/M2M smart building systems. One of the most significant outcomes of this research is to provide accurate readings to the server, and very low latency, through which users can easily control and monitor remotely the proposed system that consists of several innovative services, namely smart parking, garden irrigation automation, intrusion alarm, smart door, fire and gas detection, smart lighting, smart medication reminder, and indoor air quality monitoring. All these services are designed and implemented to control and monitor from afar the building via our free mobile application named Raniso which is a local server that allows remote control of the building. This IoT/M2M smart building system is customizable to meet the needs of users, improving safety and quality of life while reducing energy consumption. Additionally, it helps prevent the loss of resources and human lives by detecting and managing risks.

Topic: IoT-based Smart Home Systems
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Intercultural Communication in the Courtroom

Bertil Cottier’s chapter explores the doctrine of ordre public, which allows judges to block the ‘import’ of unacceptable foreign customs and traditions and which has received significant attention in the context of enhanced international relations at the personal and social level, including interethnic marriages and mass immigration. The ordre public doctrine is examined in respect of issues pertaining to family law and succession law, two domains where its impact is most significant since marriage, divorce, filiation and inheritance are deeply rooted in social and religious values. Special attention is paid to the clash, generated by increasing immigration from Muslim countries, between Islamic legal institutions such as polygamy and repudiation and Western principles of equality and non-discrimination.

Topic: Interpreting and Communication in Healthcare
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Insights into the Perplexing Nature of the Bonding in C<sub>2</sub> from Generalized Valence Bond Calculations

Diatomic carbon, C2, has been variously described as having a double, triple, or quadruple bond. In this article, we report full generalized valence bond (GVB) calculations on C2. The GVB wave function-more accurate than the Hartree-Fock wave function and easier to interpret than traditional multiconfiguration wave functions-is well-suited for characterizing the bonding in C2. The GVB calculations show that the electronic wave function of C2 is not well described by a product of singlet-coupled, shared electron pairs (perfect pairing), which is the theoretical basis for covalent chemical bonds. Rather, C2 is best described as having a traditional covalent σ bond with the electrons in the remaining orbitals of the two carbon atoms antiferromagnetically coupled. However, even this description is incomplete as the perfect pairing spin function also makes a significant contribution to the full GVB wave function. The complicated structure of the wave function of C2 is the source of the uncertainty about the nature of the bonding in this molecule.

Topic: Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Analysis and modelling of biophysical processes from single-particle tracking data

Super-resolution single-particle tracking provides a huge amount of new data about biological systems. Here we describe statistical methods and data analysis techniques to extract relevant biophysical features from SPT data, reconstructing the dynamics of amyloid beta aggregates in cells. Then, we consider a model describing the motion of molecules on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and present the results of numerical simulations that allowed to estimate for the first time the timescale of redistribution of material on the ER.

Topic: Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance after trauma: insulin signaling and glucose transport

Surgical trauma induces peripheral insulin resistance; however, the cellular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. We examined the effects of surgical trauma on insulin receptor signaling and glucose transport in skeletal muscle, a tissue that plays a predominant role in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Surgical trauma was induced by intestinal resection in the rat. Receptor phosphorylation was not altered with surgical trauma. Phosphotyrosine-associated phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase association was increased by 60 and 82% compared with fasted and fed controls, respectively ( P &lt; 0.05). Similar results were observed for insulin receptor substrate-1-associated PI 3-kinase activity. Insulin-stimulated protein kinase B (Akt kinase) phosphorylation was increased by 2.2-fold after surgical trauma ( P &lt; 0.05). The hyperphosphorylation of Akt is likely to reflect amplification of PI 3-kinase after insulin stimulation. Submaximal rates of insulin-stimulated 3- O-methylglucose transport were reduced in trauma vs. fasted rats by 51 and 38% for 100 and 200 μU/ml of insulin, respectively ( P&lt; 0.05). In conclusion, insulin resistance in skeletal muscle after surgical trauma is associated with reduced glucose transport but not with impaired insulin signaling to PI 3-kinase or its downstream target, Akt. The surgical trauma model presented in this report provides a useful tool to further elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the development of insulin resistance after surgical trauma.

Topic: Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Analysis of pesticide residues in drinking water samples using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled to a gas chromatography-electron-capture detector (GC-ECD)

The headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) method with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, 100 μm) fiber is a cost-effective technique for the determination of different pesticide residues in environmental and biological samples followed by a gas chromatography-electron-capture detector (GC-ECD). In the present study more than 147 water samples collected in and around Lucknow city were analyzed. The method detection limits and recovery percentages were found in the ranges of 0.05–0.20 μg/L and 87.1–95.3% respectively. The average concentration of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in water samples within the city were ranged between 0.258–0.829 μg/L and 0.143–0.294 μg/L respectively. Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in highway water samples ranged between 0.261–2.80 μg/L and 0.129–0.53 μg/L. Pyrethroid pesticides were not found in any of the water samples tested. The levels of pesticide residues were compared with their MRL values recommended by the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA), Government of India (1954).

Topic: Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Ways forward in the study of translanguaging

In their highly interesting contributions, the many commentators on my keynote (Treffers-Daller, 2025) highlight a wide range of aspects of the concept of translanguaging, its theoretical underpinnings and the ways in which it can be operationalised in pedagogical research. I am most grateful to all the colleagues who have been willing to critically reflect on these issues, and have also highlighted points of (dis)agreement with my views. In this final word, I will begin with a discussion of the theoretical assumptions, before moving onto issues of pedagogy.

Topic: Multilingual Education and Policy
Subfield: Linguistics and Language
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Stepback: Enhanced Disentanglement for Voice Conversion via Multi-Task Learning

Voice conversion (VC) modifies voice characteristics while preserving linguistic content. This paper presents the Stepback network, a novel model for converting speaker identity using non-parallel data. Unlike traditional VC methods that rely on parallel data, our approach leverages deep learning techniques to enhance disentanglement completion and linguistic content preservation. The Stepback network incorporates a dual flow of different domain data inputs and uses constraints with self-destructive amendments to optimize the content encoder. Extensive experiments show that our model significantly improves VC performance, reducing training costs while achieving high-quality voice conversion. The Stepback network's design offers a promising solution for advanced voice conversion tasks.

Topic: Speech Recognition and Synthesis
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Climbing beans in Uganda: A perspective of smallholder farmers on their determinants, associated challenges and implications for research

In many parts of the world including Uganda climbing beans are mostly grown in highland areas where population density is high and land is limiting. The objective of this study was to contribute to understanding the current status of the factors affecting productivity of climbing beans among smallholder farmers in Uganda. Kisoro and Kabale districts in the South West were selected for the study. Primary data was collected based on 150 households selected randomly in each district in January and June, 2014. In both districts, climbing beans was ranked as a major crop enterprise for income (72.7%). Most of the interviewed households (84 and 92%) in Kisoro and Kabale respectively appreciated that the major advantage of climbing beans was suitability to areas with limited land. The study revealed practices that seem to integrate the different factors and the various components within each factor promoting ecological or interrelatedness in the production system. Lack of staking materials was ranked by the majority (Kisoro 45% and Kabale 59%) as the most important constraint. Common bean diseases (49%) and pests (45%) were highly ranked in Kisoro as compared to Kabale (13 and 22%). Labour scarcity was ranked by the majority of farmers in Kabale (49%) as compared to Kisoro (19%). Given the importance of climbing beans in the two districts, the study recommends their continued and sustainable intensification. Key words:&nbsp; Common bean, cropping system, ecological, food security, highlands, legume, staking. &nbsp

Topic: Plant pathogens and resistance mechanisms
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Digital Geologic Map of the Sonsela Butte 4 SE Quadrangle, Arizona and New Mexico (NPS, GRD, GRE, CACH, SOBT digital map)

the digital geologic map of the sonsela butte 4 se quadrangle arizona and new mexico is composed of gis data layers complete with arcmap 9 2 layer lyr files two ancillary gis tables a windows help file with ancillary map text figures and tables a fgdc metadata record and a 9 2 arcmap mxd document that displays the digital map in 9 2 arcgis the data were completed as a component of the geologic resource evaluation gre program a national park service nps inventory and monitoring i m funded program that is administered by the nps geologic resources division grd source geologic maps and data used to complete this gre digital dataset were provided by the following u s geological survey detailed information concerning the sources used and their contribution the gre product are listed in the source citation sections s of this metadata record sobt_metadata txt available at http nrdata nps gov cach nrdata geology gis sobt_metadata xml all gis and ancillary tables were produced as per the nps gre geology gis geodatabase data model v 2 0 available at http science nature nps gov im inventory geology geologygisdatamodel cfm the gis data is available as a 9 2 personal geodatabase sobt_geology mdb and as shapefile shp and dbaseiv dbf table files the gis data projection is nad83 utm zone 12n that data is within the area of interest of canyon de chelly national monument

Topic: Archaeology and Natural History
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Measles Outbreaks in a Population with Declining Vaccine Uptake

Measles is a highly infectious and potentially dangerous disease. Before mass vaccination was started in the United Kingdom, measles caused an average of 100 deaths per year (1). Since the introduction of vaccination, vaccine uptake has risen from around 50 % in 1968 to 76 % in 1988. After the introduction of the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine in 1988, vaccine uptake rose rapidly to a national average of 91 % by 1998 (2), at which time the alleged side effects of the MMR vaccine began to be widely discussed. Although all of the claims of serious side effects have been refuted, there has been a decline in the uptake of the MMR vaccine in the United Kingdom leading to a growing pool

Topic: Virology and Viral Diseases
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences