jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Women and their ‘uncontrollable impulses’: The medicalisation of women's crime and differential gender sentencing

Abstract This present study was initiated to explore the general consensus of opinion that female offenders are medicalised more frequently than male offenders and receive a relative excess of psychiatric intervention in the judicial response to their crimes. A comparison was drawn between 29 female and 29 male homicide offenders sentenced in the Supreme Court of Victoria during the period 1985–1991 to determine if differential gender sentencing patterns were evident. While a clear indication of a discrepancy was found, it did not affect all women. A significantly large number of women who had killed their spouse or child received a psychiatric or noncustodial order (62%) while the majority of women who killed non familial victims (38%) and committed more male‐like crimes (gain, revenge, confrontation) went to gaol. This latter group, however, with few exceptions, received lower custodial sentences than the males in either group almost all of whom were incarcerated (90%). None of the male offenders in the sample received a psychiatric disposition with medical orders. Two intellectually disabled males received bonds.

Topic: Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Tax Reform, Economic Emancipation of Women, and PublicPolicy Formation in The Netherlands 1980‐1992: A Public Choice Approach

Reconsiders tax reform and economic emancipation of women with respect to public policy formation in The Netherlands. In particular, investigates the attempts of organised interest groups of the Dutch women′s liberation movement during the 1980s to influence the public policy process on tax form. The theory of public choice is applied as a theoretical framework for this case study of The Netherlands. The analysis starts with an overview of the issues at stake in the tax reform debate in The Netherlands. Organised women′s interest groups have a specific viewpoint on these issues. These viewpoints are expressed in the public policy process by various lobby mechanisms and political arenas in the Dutch political‐economic system. The attempts to influence these mechanisms and arenas in favour of women′s interests appear to have been rather unsuccessful in the 1980s. The Dutch policy process can be characterised by the so‐called “barrier model”. Various barriers in the Dutch policy process offer an explanation for the relative failure of the organised women′s interest groups to influence the tax reform process in The Netherlands. This explanation may also be valid for similar cases in other West European countries, where the same issues of tax reform and women′s emancipation are at stake and where the public policy process has the same characteristics. Finally, formulates some policy recommendations to overcome the barriers in the public policy process on tax reform.

Topic: Dutch Social and Cultural Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Measuring the effectiveness of quality assurance systems in the construction industry

Many large construction companies in the UK are now operating a quality assurance (QA) system to ISO 9000, yet there seems to be no available evidence that they have developed any way of measuring the “effectiveness” of their systems in meeting prescribed quality objectives. This paper discusses the difficulties faced in attempting to develop a model in the form of a matrix to measure the effectiveness of QA systems.

Topic: Occupational Health and Safety Research
Subfield: Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Tourism Mobility at the Summer Olympic Games Rio 2016

Sports tourism as a segment is growing exponentially in Brazil. The sports mega-events that occurred in the period from 2007 to 2016 helped strengthen this sector significantly. This article examined tourism mobility during the Summer Olympic Games Rio 2016, hosted by the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This study expands the understanding of the relationship between tourism and city infrastructure, therefore being relevant to academics, professionals of the area, and to the whole society due to its multidisciplinary field. The existence of a relationship between means of transportation and the Olympic regions as well as tourist attractions for a possible legacy was observed. Data were collected from official sources, field research, and through participant observation and semistructured interviews. Data were coded and analyzed. The results indicate that the city was overall successful in its execution of sufficient mobility. New means of transportation were added and others updated. Bus rapid transits (BRTs) were the main use of mass transport to Olympic sites. However, a lack of public transport access was observed for the touristic sites.

Topic: Sport and Mega-Event Impacts
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Antiangiogenic Therapy of Colorectal Cancer: State of the Art, Challenges and New Approaches

Advanced colorectal cancer is the first tumor type for which an antiangiogenic agent, namely bevacizumab, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for therapy in humans; it has been in use since February 2004. This review paper summarizes and discusses the results obtained with this agent and highlights the main open or controversial issues on antiangiogenic therapy, taking into account that the clinical results obtained are below the expectations, particularly in the adjuvant setting.

Topic: Colorectal Cancer Treatments and Studies
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Library of Congress Film Essay: Atomic Cafe

Produced and directed by Kevin Rafferty, Jayne Loader and Pierce Rafferty, the influential film compilation "The Atomic Cafe" provocatively documents the post-World War II threat of nuclear war as depicted in a wide assortment of archival footage from the period (newsreels, statements from politicians, advertisements, training, civil defense and military films). This vast, yet entertaining, collage of clips serves as a unique document of the 1940s-1960s era and illustrates how these films—some of which today seem propagandistic or even patently absurd ("The House in the Middle")—were used to inform the public on how to cope in the nuclear age.

Topic: Nuclear Issues and Defense
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
<i>Lambiella arenosa</i>, a new species from the coastal Oregon dunes

The Lambiella caeca group of North America is a poorly known group of diminutive epiphytes with black lecideine apothecia occurring on conifer bark. We describe a new species in this group, L. arenosa, which occurs on Pinus contorta on the dunes of the Oregon coast. Both Lambiella caeca and L. arenosa share a black disk with raised, thin, persistent, often flexuose, black margins, an internally dark exciple that is thin and even, a thin, usually dark brown epithecium, and branched paraphyses that are moniliform in the upper part with K. The easiest characters to differentiate them are the smaller spores (averaging 8–11 μm long) and more conspicuous thallus of L. caeca, in contrast to somewhat larger spores (averaging over 11 μm long) and endosubstratal thallus in L. arenosa. While the known ranges of L. arenosa and L. caeca s.str. do not overlap (hyperoceanic West Coast for L. arenosa, boreal for L. caeca s.str.), a third group of specimens is problematic. Currently, we lack the data to establish whether previously sequenced members of the L. caeca group from western North America belong to L. caeca, L. arenosa, or additional undescribed species.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Frequency of interruptions to prolonged sitting and postprandial metabolic responses in young, obese, Chinese men

This study aimed to examine the effects of 3-min light-intensity walking every 30 min (3-min) and 6-min light-intensity walking every 60 min (6-min) compared with prolonged sitting (SIT) on the postprandial metabolic responses in young, centrally obese, Chinese men. Twenty-one Chinese men with central obesity (age, 23 ± 4 years; body mass index, 29.8 ± 3.2 kg·m<sup>-2</sup>; waist circumference, 98.7 ± 7.1 cm; mean ± SD) underwent three 6-h experiments with a 7-day washout period, SIT, 3-min, and 6-min, in randomized order. Compared with SIT, neither walking condition showed differences in total and net incremental area under the curve (tAUC and iAUC, respectively) for glucose, insulin, nor non-esterified fatty acids. The tAUC and iAUC for triglycerides for the SIT condition (10.8 [9.3, 12.2] and 4.4 [3.7, 5.1] mmol·h·L<sup>-1</sup>, respectively; mean [95% confidence interval]) was higher than 3-min (10.4 [9.0, 11.8] and 3.8 [3.3, 4.3] mmol·h·L<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, both <i>P</i>s <0.05) and 6-min (9.6 [8.1, 11.0] and 3.5 [2.9, 4.2] mmol·h·L<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, both <i>P</i>s <0.01) conditions. Interrupting prolonged sitting regardless of frequency-reduced postprandial triglycerides. A higher volume of physical activity may be required to obtain greater glycaemic benefits in young Chinese men with central obesity.

Topic: Physical Activity and Health
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Comparison of Visual-Perceptual and Visual-Motor Skills Between Palestinian and Israeli Children

Abstract PURPOSE. This pioneer study examines the visual-motor and visual-perceptual performance of Israeli and Palestinian children, and makes comparisons among these respective populations according to age, place of residence, and parental education. In addition, the study evaluates the validity of standardized assessment tools for use with Palestinian children, with the view of establishing a sound assessment battery for this underserved population. METHODS. Participants included 101 Israeli and 125 Palestinian children from kindergarten, first grade, and second grade who underwent visual-motor and visual-perceptual tests. RESULTS. Significant differences were found between the two cultural groups in all assessments. Results also refer to grade, place of residence, and parents’ education variables. CONCLUSIONS. Although culture influences children’s performance, children from different societies should be screened and, when necessary, evaluated and treated in order to enable their optimal functioning at school. The validity of the assessment tools used, expressed in the ability to differentiate between Israeli and Palestinian children, should be further studied in order to suggest that these assessments may be considered as part of an evaluation battery for determining the school readiness and ability to advance in grade level among Palestinian children.

Topic: Writing and Handwriting Education
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Automating database construction

This paper introduces a methodology for automating database construction in which Problem Statement Language (PSL) statements are translated into Data Definition Language (DDL) statements of a Data Base Management System (DBMS). These two commercially available software tools, when linked together, encompass the database construction life cycle from requirement specification to implementation of a target database system via the DBMS software.

Topic: Advanced Database Systems and Queries
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A new species of the genus Pseudodepasophilus Voss, 1942 (Coleoptera, Rhynchitidae) from China

A new species, Pseudodepasophilus friedmani Legalov, sp. nov. from Yunnan is described and illustrated. This new species differs from P. blandulus (Voss, 1942) in the yellow-brown elytra, thicker and shorter rostrum, wide pronotum with more rounded sides, wide elytra, shorter antennae, and form of the sclerites of the endophallus. It is the first record of the genus Pseudodepasophilus Voss, 1942 from Yunnan.

Topic: Coleoptera Taxonomy and Distribution
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Methods for averaging irregular respiratory flow profiles in awake humans

Respiratory flow profiles have been of interest as an output of the respiratory controller. In determining average flow profiles, however, previous methods that align individual breaths in the time domain are susceptible to distortions caused by the great variability, both between breaths and within breaths. We aimed to develop a method for determining typical flow profiles that circumvents such distortions. Our method aligns different breaths by phase of respiratory cycle, which is defined as the angle associated with the point on the normalized flow-volume diagram (a phase-plane plot). Over a number of breaths, median values for flow, volume, and elapsed time from the start of the breath at each phase angle are determined. Because these estimates are mutually semi-independent and in general violate the laws of mass balance, an adjustment was performed such that the volume was precisely the time integral of the flow. The method produced typical flow profiles with characteristics that were significantly closer to the mean values obtained from the individual cycles than those obtained by the technique of Benchetrit and co-workers (Benchetrit G, Shea SA, Dinh TP, Bodocco S, Baconnier P, and Guz A, Respir Physiol 75: 199–210, 1989), which reconstructs the typical flow profile from Fourier coefficients.

Topic: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
“Going through the Seven Circles of Hell–Joyfully, à la Motl”: Sholem Aleichem’s Missing Film Script about Motl the Cantor’s Son

From the summer of 1913 to the spring of 1914 Sholem Aleichem wrote several film scripts, basically in Russian, that were never published and some of them were lost. The article deals with a short, English-language cinema synopsis discovered among the writer’s papers in the archives of the Tel Aviv Sholem Aleichem House, Little Motl Goes to America, which Sholem Aleichem prepared based on one of the missing screenplays, The Adventures of Lucky Motl. The synopsis was translated into English in 1915 by Ben-Zion Goldberg (who was to become a prominent American Jewish journalist and Sholem Aleichem’s son-in-law) at the request of a certain motion picture studio. This contact with the American movie-making industry was broken off and developed no further, but the writer was very active in promoting Motl in the American cinema until the last days of his life. The synopsis provides scholars with a missing link in the genesis of Sholem Aleichem’s well-known work, The Adventures of Motl, the Cantor’s Son.

Topic: Cinema and Media Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) does not induce thromboxane A2 generation in human platelets

by LIBS6 and fibrinogen, without affecting primary aggregation, although full irreversible aggregation was impaired. 1But inhibition of full, irreversible aggregation by wortmannin did not impair thromboxane A 2 accumulation in response to LIBS6 plus fibrinogen.These data suggest that the close platelet-to-platelet contact that is brought about by platelet aggregation (primary or full) is not sufficient to generate thromboxane A 2 and depends on signaling from the ADP receptors.Hence we disagree with the interpretation of Cattaneo et al of the previously published results from several laboratories.We stand by our interpretation of our results that outside-in signaling from both the integrin ␣IIb␤3 and the P2 receptors is required for ADP-induced thromboxane A 2 generation in platelets.We agree with Cattaneo et al that ADP-induced thromboxane generation is greatly enhanced and can be seen in most healthy individuals when extracellular calcium is decreased to micromolar levels.

Topic: Platelet Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Strategy and synergy: two levels of equilibrium control during movement. Effects of the microgravity].

Equilibrium is ensured during forward or backward upper trunk movements by displacing the hip and knee simultaneously in opposite directions. When fast movements are performed, a muscle synergy characterized by the early activation of a set of trunk, thigh and leg muscles precedes the onset of the kinematic changes. The question which is addressed concerns the possibility that two levels of equilibrium control might exist during upper trunk movements: the strategy level, which is relatively invariant, is characterized by the displacement in opposite directions of the upper and low segments, and the muscle synergy level at which the strategy is implemented, which may be adaptable to the environmental constraints. When upper trunk movements are performed under microgravity with the subject's feet fixed to the floor of the space cabin, the displacement of upper and lower body segments in opposite directions still occurs, although this is no longer necessary to maintain the equilibrium. This kinematic strategy seems to be aimed at regulating the centre of inertia position with respect to the feet. The muscle synergies associated with these kinematic changes are modified, however, under microgravity. After returning to the ground, the previous synergies do not reappear immediately, but only after a few days. This suggests that a short period of learning is needed to change the synergy. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that two levels of equilibrium control actually exist during upper trunk movements, the strategy level, which is kinematic and invariant, and the synergy level, which is adaptable to the environmental constraints through a short learning process.

Topic: Spaceflight effects on biology
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
OL-043 Passive immunotherapy for influenza A H5N1 virus infection with equine hyperimmune globulin F(ab')2 in mice

Background
Avian influenza virus H5N1 has demonstrated considerable pandemic potential. Currently, no effective vaccines for H5N1 infection are available, so passive immunotherapy may be an alternative strategy. To investigate the possible therapeutic effect of antibody against highly pathogenic H5N1 virus on a mammal host, we prepared specific equine anti-H5N1 IgGs from horses vaccinated with inactivated H5N1 virus, and then obtained the F(ab')2 fragments by pepsin digestion of IgGs.

Topic: Influenza Virus Research Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Dynamic susceptibility of a reentrant ferromagnet

The temperature, frequency, and magnetic-field dependence of the susceptibility of the standard reentrant ferromagnet (${\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.20}$${\mathrm{Ni}}_{0.80}$${)}_{75}$${\mathrm{P}}_{16}$${\mathrm{B}}_{6}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{3}$ has been investigated by ac-susceptibility measurements. In general the magnetic response is strongly nonlinear in the magnitude of the applied field h, but a distinct low-field region is found, h${\mathit{h}}_{0}$, where the dynamic susceptibility does not depend on the magnitude of the field. Thus, ac-susceptibility or zero-field-cooled magnetization measurements in low enough fields, h${\mathit{h}}_{0}$, allow studies of the inherent zero-field dynamics of reentrant ferromagnets. A dynamic scaling analysis of low-field dynamic susceptibility data near the ferromagnetic to reentrant spin-glass transition indicates a transition to a true spin-glass phase. Magnetic aging, another signature of spin-glass dynamics, is shown to exist in the reentrant spin-glass phase by low-field time-dependent zero-field-cooled magnetization measurements. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

Topic: Theoretical and Computational Physics
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Spatially intermittent polymerization

Abstract A novel reactor has been designed which permits the precise determination of absolute rate constants in photoinitiated free‐radical vinyl polymerization. A solution of monomer and initiator flows through a dark tubular reactor past regularly spaced slots through which light shines. The alternating dark and light regions produce spatially intermittent polymerization (SIP) and make the system analogous to the well‐known rotating‐sector technique. However, the SIP reactor has the advantage of producing large volumes of reaction product, at low conversion, suitable for analysis of both conversion and molecular weight. This supplies the necessary data, from a single set of experiments, for the simultaneous determination of the rate constants for propagation and termination. Experimental data are reported at 25°C for methyl methacrylate which indicate that k p = 315 I./mole‐sec, independent of polymer molecular weight, and k t is dependent on molecular weight especially at low molecular weight, approaching a lower value of k t = 30 × 10 6 I./mole‐sec at a molecular weight of 10 6 . For styrene, measurements being made only at high molecular weight, k p = 74 ± 5 and k t = 37 ± 0.3 × 10 6 l./mole‐sec at 25°C.

Topic: Advanced Polymer Synthesis and Characterization
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Larynx

Objective: To report a single institutional series of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx (NCL), a very rare yet aggressive tumor. To review the management of NCL, including discussion of clinical behavior, treatment outcome, and prognosis. Method: A retrospective chart review of high-grade laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinomas at a single institution, including small- and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. A total of 8 patients with high-grade NCL treated at our institution from 1992 to 2014 were identified. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 65.5 years (range, 43-80). Five patients were male. Two patients had a known smoking history. Primary tumor location was supraglottic in 7 patients and glottic in 1 patient. Primary treatment consisted of surgery alone (3 patients), radiotherapy alone (1 patient), combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy (1 patient), and surgery followed by postoperative chemoradiotherapy (3 patients). Locoregional recurrence followed by distant metastasis occurred in 6 patients. Median overall survival was 44.0 months (95% CI, 3-62.0). Conclusion: High-grade NCL is a rare diagnosis. Compared to well- and moderately differentiated NCL, high-grade NCL has a far more aggressive clinical course and associated with a worse prognosis. To our knowledge, this is the largest series of patients with high-grade NCL treated at a single institution. Prompt diagnosis and multimodality therapy including elective neck dissection may improve survival.

Topic: Ear and Head Tumors
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences