jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
10.1063/5.0121174.3

It is important to accurately identify and measure in-focus droplets from shadowgraph droplet images that typically contain a large number of defocused droplets for the research of multiphase flow. However, conventional in-focus droplet identification methods are time-consuming and laborious due to the noise and background illumination in experimental data. In this paper, a deep learning-based method called focus-droplet generative adversarial network (FocGAN) is developed to automatically detect and characterize the focused droplets in shadow images. A generative adversarial network framework is adopted by our model to output binarized images containing only in-focus droplets, and inception blocks are used in the generator to enhance the extraction of multi-scale features. To emulate the real shadow images, an algorithm based on the Gauss blur method is developed to generate paired datasets to train the networks. The detailed architecture and performance of the model were investigated and evaluated by both the synthetic data and spray experimental data. The results show that the present learning-based method is far superior to the traditional adaptive threshold method in terms of effective extraction rate and accuracy. The comprehensive performance of FocGAN, including detection accuracy and robustness to noise, is higher than that of the model based on a convolutional neural network. Moreover, the identification results of spray images with different droplet number densities clearly exhibit the feasibility of FocGAN in real experiments. This work indicates that the proposed learning-based approach is promising to be widely applied as an efficient and universal tool for processing particle shadowgraph images.

Topic: Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Doing things differently: an appreciation of Meltzer’s contribution

In this paper I wish to draw attention to aspects of Donald Meltzer’s ways of working which characterised his practice as a psychoanalyst and which I consider important in appreciating his originality. Several central themes are described and elaborated including: the central relevance of child analysis and the unity of child and adult analysis; the value of working in a clinical group with colleagues; the revision of psychoanalytic theory; joint research and writing projects; Meltzer’s recognition of the power of infant observation as a tool for learning; the commitment to a wider psychoanalytic culture; the particular contribution to the Tavistock child psychotherapy training. Examples from Meltzer’s written archive, both his books and papers, are used to demonstrate and illuminate these themes, alongside clinical material from child psychotherapy work brought to the author’s attention in supervision.

Topic: Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Critical appraisal of the “cytokine storm” concept in new coronavirus disease COVID-19. Review

Introduction. Novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is characterized by systemic hyper-inflammation with elevated inflammatory cytokines referred to cytokine storm. It has been recognized as a leading cause of severe COVID-19 and its progression to multi-organ failure. Objectives. To make a synthesis if the literature sources and to critical appraise “cytokine storm” concept in COVID-19. Results. While comparisons have been made between COVID-19 cytokine storm and other kinds of cytokine storm such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and cytokine release syndrome, the pathogenesis of cytokine storm has not been clearly elucidated yet. Furthermore, many clinical evidences have indicated the importance of anti-inflammatory immunomodulation therapy in severe COVID-19. Although a number of studies have been conducted on target immunomodulatory therapy for severe COVID-19, no specific recommendations have been made yet. Moreover, there are some evidence against cytokine storm as pivotal pathogenetic mechanism for clinical deterioration in COVID-19 patients. Conclusion. There are enough evidence supporting cytokine response impairment as one of leading cause of COVID-19 progression to multiorgan failure. However, cytokine response abnormalities couldn’t explain clinical deterioration in some patients, so further studies are needed to find possible alternative pathogenetic mechanisms.

Topic: Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders Research
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A simple FPGA-based current sharing topology based on the one-comparator counter-based PWM control strategy

In this paper, a simple FPGA-based current sharing control topology is presented based on one-comparator counter-based control strategy and is applied to a two-phase buck converter. Without any analog-to-digital converter (ADC), good current tracking performances as well as fast transient load responses are easy to realize. Experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

Topic: Advanced DC-DC Converters
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Construction and characterization of a knock-down RNA interference line of <i>OsNRPD1</i> in rice ( <i>Oryza sativa</i> ssp <i>japonica</i> cv Nipponbare)

In plants, RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is a silencing mechanism relying on the production of 24-nt small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by RNA POLYMERASE IV (Pol IV) to trigger methylation and inactivation of transposable elements (TEs). We present the construction and characterization of osnrpd1 , a knock-down RNA interference line of OsNRPD1 gene that encodes the largest subunit of Pol IV in rice ( Oryza sativa ssp japonica cv Nipponbare). We show that osnrpd1 displays a lower accumulation of OsNRPD1 transcripts, associated with an overall reduction of 24-nt siRNAs and DNA methylation level in all three contexts, CG, CHG and CHH. We uncovered new insertions of known active TEs, the LTR retrotransposons Tos17 and Lullaby and the long interspersed nuclear element-type retrotransposon Karma. However, we did not observe any clear developmental phenotype, contrary to what was expected for a mutant severely affected in RdDM. In addition, despite the presence of many putatively functional TEs in the rice genome, we found no evidence of in planta global reactivation of transposition. This knock-down of OsNRPD1 likely led to a weakly affected line, with no effect on development and a limited effect on transposition. We discuss the possibility that a knock-out mutation of OsNRPD1 would cause sterility in rice. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Crossroads between transposons and gene regulation’.

Topic: Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Survival following decompressive hemicraniectomy for hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome: case report

Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy (HHE) is an uncommon epileptic syndrome that affects young children. Typical management includes early initiation of benzodiazepines to abate the initial seizure activity quickly. Patients in whom epilepsy develops require prolonged use of antiepileptic agents. Herniation due to diffuse cerebral edema from HHE is rare; however, decompressive craniectomy has been described as a lifesaving measure. The authors present the case of a patient in whom a decompressive craniectomy was performed. They advocate a proactive approach in the detection and management of cerebral edema in HHE causing intracranial hypertension. In HHE cases that exhibit radiographic evidence of malignant cerebral edema (although not previously described in this disease, but similar to the setting of stroke and trauma), the authors advocate early neurosurgical consultation and evaluation for insertion of an intracranial pressure monitor for those patients who do not have a reliable neurological examination (i.e., Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤ 8).

Topic: Epilepsy research and treatment
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Patience Cube Testbed Environments in Virtual and Real Environments and Subject’s Behavioral Strategy Analysis across Both Environments

Learning from demonstration(LfD)은 피실험자의 시연 동작 데이터를 기반으로 머신러닝 에이전트를 구현하는 방법론 중 하나이다. 동일한 시작 조건 아래에서 다양한 피실험자로부터 또는 반복적인 시행으로부터 시연 데이터를 획득할 필요가 있을 때는, 가상 환경에서 시연 데이터를 획득하는 것이 더 효율적이다. 이때 가상 환경에서의 피실험자의 시연을 주어진 상황(state)에 따른 행동(action) 전략으로 간주하려면, 가상 환경에서 획득한 데이터가 실제 환경에서 측정한 데이터와 차이가 없음이 전제되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 가상 환경과 실제 환경에서 주어진 시각운동(visuomotor) 태스크에 대해 사람이 같은 행동 전략을 생성한다는 것을 통계적으로 검증한다. 먼저 21명의 피실험자로부터, 가상 환경과 실제 환경에서 patience cube를 수행할 때, 근전도 데이터와 기구학적 데이터를 획득하였다. 다음으로 가상/실제(virtual/real) 환경을 요인(factor)으로 하여 획득된 데이터에 대한 paired t-test 검증을 수행하였다. 이를 통해, 사람이 patience cube를 수행할 때 있어, 두 환경에서 피실험자의 행동 전략과 관계된 물리량들에 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 없음이 검증되었다. 결과적으로, 가상환경에서 획득된 피실험자의 patience cube 수행 데이터를 현실 세계의 로봇 시스템의 LfD를 위한 학습에 적용할 수 있는 타당성을 확인하였다.

Topic: Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Sex, Sectarians and Secularists: Condoms and the Interests of Children

The article explores the status of litigation concerning condom availability programs and the context in which that litigation arises. Focusing on federal constitutional issues, it critiques judicial decisions which, while acknowledging the potential harm AIDS presents to adolescents, nonetheless evaluate the claims of parents opposing condom-accessibility programs and find that privacy-based constitutional interests outweigh state interests in attempting to provide young people with protection from the possibility of deadly infection.

Topic: American Constitutional Law and Politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Creative Firms as Change Agents in Creative Spaces

Abstract This paper focuses attention on a quantitative analysis of the creative sector. After a selective and concise literature review, it discusses three important methodological advances, viz. a spatial-econometric approach, a non-parametric business performance analysis based on Data Envelopment Analysis, and finally, a comprehensive and integrated modelling framework in which a so-called ‘Flying Disc’ model is used as a tool for specifying and estimating a Structural Equations Model. The paper offers finally some concluding remarks.

Topic: Cultural Industries and Urban Development
Subfield: Urban Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Making Natural Products Supernatural

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ARTICLES ASAPPREVThe HubNEXTMaking Natural Products SupernaturalAdvances have made modifying natural products possible, but chemists have just scratched the surface.Alla KatsnelsonAlla KatsnelsonMore by Alla KatsnelsonCite this: ACS Cent. Sci. 2024, XXXX, XXX, XXX-XXXPublication Date (Web):May 14, 2024Publication History Published online14 May 2024https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscentsci.4c00695https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.4c00695newsACS Publications© 2024 American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under CC-BY 4.0. License Summary*You are free to share (copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or format and to adapt (remix, transform, and build upon) the material for any purpose, even commercially within the parameters below:Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license.Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator.View full license*DisclaimerThis summary highlights only some of the key features and terms of the actual license. It is not a license and has no legal value. Carefully review the actual license before using these materials. This publication is Open Access under the license indicated. Learn MoreArticle Views-Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (3 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Antimicrobial agents,Bacteria,Chemical structure,Molecules,Pharmaceuticals Get e-Alerts

Topic: Chemical synthesis and alkaloids
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
On the mechanism of reorientational and structural relaxation in supercooled liquids: The role of border dynamics and cooperativity

Molecular dynamics simulation and analysis based upon the many-body potential energy landscape (PEL) are employed to characterize single molecule reorientation and structural relaxation, and their interrelation, in deeply supercooled liquid CS2. The rotational mechanism changes from small-step Debye diffusion to sudden large angle reorientation (SLAR) as the temperature falls below the mode-coupling temperature Tc. The onset of SLAR is explained in terms of the PEL; it is an essential feature of low-T rotational dynamics, along with the related phenomena of dynamic heterogeneity and the bifurcation of slow and fast relaxation processes. A long trajectory in which the system is initially trapped in a low energy local minimum, and eventually escapes, is followed in detail, both on the PEL and in real space. During the trapped period, “return” dynamics occurs, always leading back to the trap. Structural relaxation is identified with irreversible escape to a new trap. These processes lead to weak and strong SLAR, respectively; strong SLAR is a clear signal of structural relaxation. Return dynamics involves small groups of two to four molecules, while a string-like structure composed of all the active groups participates in the escape. It is proposed that, rather than simple, nearly instantaneous, one-dimensional barrier crossings, relaxation involves activation of the system to the complex, multidimensional region on the borders of the basins of attraction of the minima for an extended period.

Topic: Material Dynamics and Properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Chapter 8 Urban disaster risk management in Kathmandu

Nepal's urban population is estimated to be around 15 percent. This is a tremendous increment considering that the urban population some 50 years back was just around 3 percent. The rapid increase in urban population in the last five decades has resulted in unplanned and haphazard urban growth. Urbanization causes a shift in employment, from the agricultural sector to the nonagricultural sector. However, in Nepal, despite the increase in the urban population, the economy is still largely dictated by the agricultural sector. Urbanization is creating and adding new risks to the existing risks from natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and flooding. Building a culture of safety is the key to building resilience of communities to disasters and the involvement of the community in managing risks is instrumental in reducing the adverse impacts of these disasters. Public awareness in dealing with disasters and in responding to emergency situations can save a great number of lives.

Topic: Disaster Management and Resilience
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[Exchange mechanism of chromosome loss].

Frequencies of induced losses of autosome 2, free arm of autosome 2 and simultaneous losses of two free arms of autosome 2 were determined as 3.25 x 10(-3), 2.78 x 10(-3), 0.84 x 10(-3), respectively. High frequency of simultaneous losses of two chromosomes may have pointed to the exchange nature of the chromosome losses. The similarity of frequencies of half-translocations in heterochromatin of autosome 2 and frequencies of the losses observed show that the chromosome losses are the consequence of exchanges in chromosomal heterochromatin.

Topic: DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Pennsylvania Sentencing Data, 1977, 1980, 1983

This data collection contains information on sentencing decisions in Pennsylvania for three years: 1977, 1980, and 1983. The 1977 data are based on separate 12-percent random samples of sentences selected from each of Pennsylvania's 67 counties. The 1980 data were collected in 23 of Pennsylvania's 67 counties. The sampling strategy varied by county, and a description is included in the codebook. The 1983 data are based on sentencing guideline forms submitted to the Commission by sentencing judges. The data include sentences imposed for felony and misdemeanor offenses, excluding driving under the influence. All three files contain demographic information, including defendant's sex, race, age, prior record, offense charge, sentences imposed, weapon usage, victim information, and socioeconomic status.

Topic: Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Geometry and Dynamics for Markov Chain Monte Carlo

Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods have revolutionised mathematical computation and enabled statistical inference within many previously intractable models. In this context, Hamiltonian dynamics have been proposed as an efficient way of building chains which can explore probability densities efficiently. The method emerges from physics and geometry and these links have been extensively studied by a series of authors through the last thirty years. However, there is currently a gap between the intuitions and knowledge of users of the methodology and our deep understanding of these theoretical foundations. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive introduction to the geometric tools used in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo at a level accessible to statisticians, machine learners and other users of the methodology with only a basic understanding of Monte Carlo methods. This will be complemented with some discussion of the most recent advances in the field which we believe will become increasingly relevant to applied scientists.

Topic: Markov Chains and Monte Carlo Methods
Subfield: Statistics and Probability
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Bone density measured by photon scattering. I. A system for clinical use

A system for the routine measurement of the density of the os calcis is described. Measurements are made of the number of photons scattered by the bone from a 153Sm photon beam. The first results from human subjects are presented.

Topic: Bone health and osteoporosis research
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Discovery of a Chlorophyll Binding Protein Complex Involved in the Early Steps of Photosystem II Assembly in <i>Synechocystis</i>

Abstract Efficient assembly and repair of the oxygen-evolving photosystem II (PSII) complex is vital for maintaining photosynthetic activity in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. How chlorophyll is delivered to PSII during assembly and how vulnerable assembly complexes are protected from photodamage are unknown. Here, we identify a chlorophyll and β-carotene binding protein complex in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 important for formation of the D1/D2 reaction center assembly complex. It is composed of putative short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase Ycf39, encoded by the slr0399 gene, and two members of the high-light-inducible protein (Hlip) family, HliC and HliD, which are small membrane proteins related to the light-harvesting chlorophyll binding complexes found in plants. Perturbed chlorophyll recycling in a Ycf39-null mutant and copurification of chlorophyll synthase and unassembled D1 with the Ycf39-Hlip complex indicate a role in the delivery of chlorophyll to newly synthesized D1. Sequence similarities suggest the presence of a related complex in chloroplasts.

Topic: Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
P3‐398: Cognitive ztimulation during hospitalization improves global cognition of older Taiwanese patients

Cognitive decline occurs in 16-35.5% of older hospitalised patients. Specific in-hospital interventions such as cognitively stimulating activities might combat cognitive decline. However, evidence supporting such interventions is limited. We reported a pilot study conducted to determine the effects of cognitively stimulating activities in older patients undergoing elective hip and/or knee replacement. For this randomised controlled pilot trial, 50 older patients (90% women with a mean age of 72.8 years) were recruited from three orthopaedic wards at a tertiary medical centre in Taiwan. While hospitalised, participants in the intervention group received a daily nurse-led cognitive-stimulation intervention. The comparison group received usual care. All participants’ cognitive function was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination scores at admission, discharge, and 1 month after discharge. The incidence of cognitive decline by hospital discharge, defined as >2-point decline in cognitive function score, was significantly lower (P < 0.05) for the intervention group (12%) than the usual care group (44%). The intervention group also had better cognitive function scores following hospitalisation. Upon discharge, participants in the intervention group scored 1.28 cognitive function points higher than at admission while scores of participants in the usual care declined 0.76 points (P < 0.05). Improvement in cognitive status persisted for the intervention group (+1.33 points) versus usual care (-0.26 points) (P < 0.05) at 1 month after discharge. This nurse-led, daily 20- to 30-minute cognitive-stimulation intervention benefited global cognitive function among older patients undergoing elective hip and/or knee replacement. The benefit persisted at 1 month after discharge.

Topic: Cardiac, Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Productivity Commission Inquiry Report into Mental Health<i>—</i>A Commentary from a Health Economics Perspective

Abstract The Productivity Commission's Inquiry Report into Mental Health makes extensive recommendations to improve population mental health as a means of further enhancing productivity and economic growth. While providing an invaluable high‐level vision for reforming current mental health and social systems at a programmatic level, it lacks supporting evidence that would guide implementation of specific recommendations. We discuss important methodological considerations used to measure the output of the mental health sector and present clinical and cost‐effectiveness evidence, supporting selected recommendations. We suggest the development of a broad‐based health technology assessment process to facilitate consistent decision making across health and other government sectors.

Topic: Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences