jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The battle against ocean acidification in the United States

This chapter addresses the legal and policy responses to ocean acidification in the United States. Existing federal law is inadequate to address the ecological threat of ocean acidification. Regulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and climate change continues to be a very controversial issue in the United States. Moreover, carbon emissions are created in every country and for the most part cannot be regulated by US environmental laws. As the second largest emitter, the United States has an opportunity to take globally significant action. The Trump Administration denied the science of climate change and aggressively rolled back and eliminated rules intended to reduce carbon emissions. President Joe Biden has promised to fulfil his ambitious campaign pledge that the United States reach carbon neutrality by 2050. Since getting elected he has continued to put climate change as one of his top priorities. He plans to hold a global climate summit within his first 100 days in office, rejoin the Paris Agreement, and create 10 million clean energy jobs. He has proposed 500,000 new electric vehicle charging stations, the construction of 1.5 million new energy-efficient homes and public housing units, and the creation of a civilian climate corps to carry out climate and conservation projects. Biden has also pledged to have the United States on the path to protecting 30 per cent of its lands and waters and oceans by 2030 and join this 30x30 global campaign.

Topic: Climate Change and Geoengineering
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Influence of Seismic Input in the Oblique Direction on the Strong-Column Weak-Beam Mechanism for RC Frame

In current seismic design code of each country in the world, the mainstream of earthquake input for calculating the building is to use X and Y directions conveniently. The X and Y directions are the main axis of the building, and the strong-column weak-beam damage mechanism has been considered only followed to these main axis. However the building response in the oblique direction is higher than in the main axis, and the frequency in the oblique direction of the building is higher than the X or Y direction as well. Moreover the column usually connects with two beams in the orthogonal directions and the strength ratio of the column to beams in the oblique direction is less than in X or Y direction. Therefore it could be the major reason to cause the column-plastic-hinge damage mechanism during the earthquake. In this paper, it is discussed how the seismic input in the oblique direction influence on the strong-column weak-beam damage mechanism for RC frame through the perspectives of the dimensional mechanical analysis, cyclic loading experiment and the finite element analysis for the dimensional column-beam joint, and then proposed that considering the seismic input in the oblique direction is necessary in the future structural design in order to reach the actual strong-column weak-beam mechanism.

Topic: Structural Load-Bearing Analysis
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
[6]‐Shogaol, a Novel Chemopreventor in 7,12‐Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene‐induced Hamster Buccal Pouch Carcinogenesis

Oral cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Despite advances in chemotherapy for the cancer management, the survival rate has not yet been improved. Dietary nutrient has been receiving a lot of attention and interest in the chemotherapeutic development. [6]‐Shogaol is a major bioactive compound identified in ginger that possesses many pharmacological properties. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of [6]‐shogaol on 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene‐induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis. Oral squamous cell carcinoma induced in HBP by painting with 0.5% 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), thrice in a week for 16 weeks. We observed 100% tumour incidence, decreased levels of lipid peroxidation, antioxidant, and phase II detoxification enzymes (GST, GR and GSH) in DMBA‐induced hamsters. Further, enhanced activity of phase I enzymes (cytochrome p450 and b5) and over‐expression of mutant p53, Bcl‐2 and decreased expression of wild type p53 and Bax were noticed in DMBA‐induced hamsters. Our results indicated that [6]‐shogaol (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight) treated with DMBA‐painted hamsters, considerably reversed tumour incidence, improved antioxidant status, phase II detoxification enzymes, and also inhibit lipid peroxidation and phase I enzymes. Moreover, [6]‐shogaol inhibits mutant p53 and Bcl‐2 expression and significantly restored normal p53, Bax levels. Thus, we concluded that [6]‐shogaol prevents DMBA‐induced HBP carcinogenesis through its antioxidant as well as modulating apoptotic signals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Topic: Ginger and Zingiberaceae research
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
An investigation of the relationship between tear meniscus height and the subjective severity of ocular symptoms in keratoconus

Keratoconus is a debilitating disease in which the cornea does not develop its characteristic round shape but develops into a conical form affecting both functional vision as well as ocular comfort. Depending on the severity of the keratoconus as well as the presence of any associated conditions, keratoconic individuals may complain of various symptoms that include discomfort, irritation, dryness, reflex tearing and foreign body sensation. There are various subjective and objective measures that can be used to determine the severity of these symptoms. A subjective method that is widely used is the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) which has been shown to be fairly accurate when diagnosing dry eye disease; however, these symptoms do not correlate with objective measures of dry eye. Research has revealed the various structural and biochemical changes that take place within a keratoconic cornea; however, the tear dimensions of keratoconic subjects have not been extensively investigated. It is possible that the symptoms experienced by many keratoconic individuals might be linked to alterations within the quantity of the tears of these patients. The present study compared the symptoms experienced by keratoconic individuals with the symptoms of control patients. The differences in tear meniscus heights between keratoconic individuals and those of control individuals were also compared using the Oculus Keratograph 4 (OK4). The results of the study show the absence of a relationship between the subjective symptoms experienced and the height of the tear meniscus.

Topic: Ocular Surface and Contact Lens
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[A dynamic observation on serum cytokine and immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM) in patients with esophageal cancer].

The IL-8 might accelerate the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer, and the IL-2 might restrain. The positive correlation between the level of IgA and the patients with esophageal cancer is observed in this study; the immune maladjustment of IL-2, IL-8 and IgA might be correlative to esophageal cancer, and the IL-2, IL-8 and IgA levels might be an available index for the severity of esophageal cancer, Which may be of some help for clinic practitioners to judge the progress, curative effect and prognosis of the cancer.

Topic: Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
LHD ECEI2 #139027.1

The electron cyclotron emission (ECE) imaging to determine the electron temperature profile by measuring the intensity of each frequency of ECE. This system uses a wide-band two-dimensional horn-antenna mixer array (HMA) whose frequency response is between 50 and 110 GHz and the ECE signal is selected using a 95 GHz local oscillator and a 93 GHz high-pass filter.

Topic: Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
MULTICULTURAL UKHUWAH CONCEPT: The Study of Various Signification on Ukhuwah Perspective of Islamic Elite Religion in Pasuruan District

The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the meaning and categorization of ukhuwah based on KH. Ahmad Shiddiq, namely Ukhuwwah Islamiyyah, Ukhuwwah Wathaniyyah, and Ukhuwwah Basyariyyah in the perspective of the Islamic elite of Pasuruan Regency. This research is using qualitative methodology with a phenomenological approach, unstructured and open interview data collection methods, moderate participatory observation, and documentation. Furthermore, the analysis and interpretation of data according to Miles and Huberman (1984) through the following steps: a). Data reduction, b). Display data, and c). Conclusion drawing/ verification. For data validity, using triangulation techniques or methods and triangulation of data or sources. This research is important to look for alternative narratives from phenomenon of the politicization of ukhuwah narrow one. This article is the first in discussing the various perspectives of Islamic religious elites in interpreting and implementing ukhuwah and formulating the concept of multicultural ukhuwah.

Topic: Islamic Studies and Radicalism
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[Expression of human CGT52TGT MBL mutant in CHO cells and analysis of the expression product].

The CGT52TGT point mutation of MBL gene does not affect the secretion of its product, but a Cys introduced by the mutation could form another disulfide bond which may disrupt the structure of MBL molecule as well as its function.

Topic: CAR-T cell therapy research
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Bayesian Estimation of the Threshold of a Generalised Pareto Distribution for Heavy-Tailed Observations

In this paper, we discuss a method to define prior distributions for the threshold of a generalised Pareto distribution, in particular when its applications are directed to heavy-tailed data. We propose to assign prior probabilities to the order statistics of a given set of observations. In other words, we assume that the threshold coincides to one of the data points. We show two ways of defining a prior: by assigning equal mass to each order statistic, that is a uniform prior, and by considering the worth that every order statistic has in representing the true threshold. Both proposed priors represent a scenario of minimal information, and we study their adequacy through simulation exercises and by analysing two applications from insurance and from finance.

Topic: Financial Risk and Volatility Modeling
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Do wild-caught Drosophilids cooperatively forage?

<title>Abstract</title> Animals often form organized cooperative foraging groups, where individual members must adhere to specific rules to maintain cohesiveness. These groups face the challenge of managing potential intruders, who may or may not assist in foraging. In semi-liquid food environments, Drosophila larvae learn to synchronize their movements into clusters, which are thought to make feeding more efficient. Individuals who do not synchronize with the group are excluded from the cluster. Whether clustering behavior occurs in wild-caught larvae, and if so, the extent of their selectivity in group membership, remains unknown. Here, we show that clustering occurs across a number of Drosophilid species, and the capacity to join different clusters varies both between and within species. We collected and observed a larval cluster from rotting fruit in the field, yielding seven Drosophilid species. Subsequent tests for clustering on five stable lines from this collection and 20 other inbred wild-caught lines revealed that all species, except D. suzukii, exhibit clustering behavior. Each line demonstrates varying capacities to become members of different clusters. Additionally, combinations of wild species with lab benchmark strains give varied outcomes in resultant adult fitness. The ability to co-cluster varies between and within species boundaries. However, fly lines that cluster with another tend to impart fitness both to themselves and their host. Our findings demonstrate that multiple species of fly larvae can co-cluster, with variations in clustering ability likely due to genetic factors. This behavior tends to confer mutual benefits to cluster members, suggesting significant ecological implications in Drosophila communities.

Topic: Insect behavior and control techniques
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Effects of changing environmental rules: Kitsault molybdenum mine, Canada

The Kitsault mine was reopened briefly in 1981–82, after prior operations in 1967–72. Initial oceanographic assessments showed that a submarine tailings disposal (STD) system similar to that at Island Copper Mine would function to produce a tailings density current that would deposit on the fjord bed. There was substantial community interest and action during the final years of the development at a time when new pollution controls were being developed in Canada. The STD system essentially met its design criteria, but new oceanographic instrumentation at the time showed some contribution of tailings at the outfall discharge point to a naturally present mid‐water turbidity layer. The first intensive postclosure monitoring of ecosystem rehabilitation following STD use anywhere in the world was undertaken between 1983 and 1989. Soon after closure in 1983, pore waters in the submerged deposited tailings were observed to be enriched in molybdenum, which must have supported an efflux of the metal to the overlying water. The indicated flux would have been too small to have had a measureable effect on the Mo inventory in the deep waters and, furthermore, was predicted to diminish with time. The only detected biological impact was on the fiord benthos in the deposition area. Although benthos were present in the tailings deposits by 1983, there were differences between the tailings and nontailings areas. Some differences remained in 1986 and 1989. Great variability of the benthos in the reference area paralleled that in the tailings area.

Topic: Marine Biology and Ecology Research
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
<i>In Vitro</i>Synthesis of Mycorrhizae Between Presumed Specific and Nonspecific<i>Pinus</i>+<i>Suillus</i>Combinations

Mycorrhizal synthesis was successful between Pinus resinosa and Suillus americanus, S. brevipes (two isolates), S. luteus, and S. neoalbidipes, and between Pinus strobus and Suillus americanus, S. brevipes (two isolates), S. granulatus, S. pictus, and S. punctipes. Mycorrhizae formed by all combinations were similar in that all had multiple dichotomous branches, hyphae and hyphal strands with microscopic, pigmented, surface incrustations surrounding the mycorrhizae and roots, and in the mantle organization. Mycorrhizae differed in the macroscopic color of the mantle and surrounding hyphae and hyphal strands, the amount of hyphal surface incrustation present, the organization of individual hyphae in the mantle layers, the width of the mantle, the presence of clamp connections, and the amount of radial elongation of cortical cells. Data on additional diagnostic characters must be collected and evaluated for value in the identification of mycobionts of field-collected mycorrhizae.

Topic: Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
An Experimental Analysis on Latency Improvement of Cloud-Based Fleet Management System

This paper presents the Cloud-based Fleet Management System (FMS) which increases the operation efficiency of the mining companies. By relocating the FMS servers from the isolated mining sites to the cloud, benefits such as fast initial deployment, extended accessibility, and remote dispatching can be achieved. A prototype with WAN acceleration technology is established between Canada and Japan. It confirmed the feasibility of the cloud-based FMS through response time evaluation.

Topic: Collaboration in agile enterprises
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-24): Preliminary Evidence of Psychometric Validity of the Brazilian Version

Abstract The PCQ-24 is the main international measure for assessing psychological capital (PsyCap) in organizational contexts. In order to evaluate its adaptation to the Brazilian context, this study aimed to verify preliminary evidences of its psychometric validity. Data collection was conducted online with 749 employees from all regions of Brazil. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine the quality of fit of the second-order factor structure of PCQ-24. The fit indicators were satisfactory (χ2= 742.10, χ2/df= 4.01, p&lt; .001, SRMR= .05, CFI= .91, GFI= .90, TLI= .90, RMSEA= .06). Cronbach’s alpha was .92 and the composite reliability coefficient was .95; in addition, a multigroup confirmatory factorial analysis, comparing male and female participants, demonstrated that the scale is adequate for both groups. These results indicate, in a preliminary way, the validity of PCQ-24 as a measure of psychological capital in the Brazilian labor context.

Topic: Resilience and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Metamorphic Testing for Quality Assurance of Protein Function Prediction Tools

Proteins are the workhorses of life and gaining insight on their functions is of paramount importance for applications such as drug design. However, the experimental validation of functions of proteins is highly-resource consuming. Therefore, recently, automated protein function prediction (AFP) using machine learning has gained significant interest. Many of these AFP tools are based on supervised learning models trained using existing gold-standard functional annotations, which are known to be incomplete. The main challenge associated with conducting systematic testing on AFP software is the lack of a test oracle, which determines passing or failing of a test case; unfortunately, due to the incompleteness of gold-standard data, the exact expected outcomes are not well defined for the AFP task. Thus, AFP tools face the \emph{oracle problem}. In this work, we use metamorphic testing (MT) to test nine state-of-the-art AFP tools by defining a set of metamorphic relations (MRs) that apply input transformations to protein sequences. According to our results, we observe that several AFP tools fail all the test cases causing concerns over the quality of their predictions.

Topic: Protein Structure and Dynamics
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
GIS-BASED FOR LAND EVALUATION IN SOME AREAS AT WEST OF NILE DELTA

Land suitability evaluation is one of the most effective methods for favorable agricultural land use planning and evaluating the suitability of land for a specific crop.The purpose of the current study is to use GIS and Automated Land Evaluation System (ALES) to evaluate the land capability and crop suitability for various soils and biophysical conditions.The current study was carried out to demonstrate the usefulness of GIS technologies coupled with soil data to evaluate crop suitability for obtaining sustainable cropping systems in the studied area.As input, the model requires soil data for an assessment of the study area, 16 representative soil profiles were used to collect soil samples from different layers depth.The capability evaluation gives four capability orders for agricultural and reclamation land capability, (Class I, good; Class II, moderate, Class III, weak and Class IV, marginal).Moreover, the evaluation model gives four limiting factors suborders, which are topography (t), soils (l), erosion risks (r), and bioclimatic deficiency (b).The suitability of selected field crops indicated that, wheat varied from highly suitable to permanent not suitable in different study areas.Suitability of maize is similar to wheat crop.Selected vegetable crops, tomato and onion are ranged from highly to permanent not suitable.Land suitability of selected fruits, Apple is suitable for marginally suitability for cultivation in different development areas.On the other hand, fig and olive is highly suitable for the most of the area.

Topic: Soil and Land Suitability Analysis
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Immunosuppression in Viral Infections

Viruses may cause immunosuppression by a variety of mechanisms. This review delineates four categories. First, immunosuppression can result from the direct effects of viral replication on lymphocyte functions. Either all classes of lymphocytes can be affected, as occurs in measles, or the effect can be restricted to a cell subtype, as is the case with human T cell-lymphotropic virus type III. Second, the activity of soluble factors of viral or host origin released from infected cells can affect immunosuppression. A third mechanism results from viral infection of macrophages and affects the function of these cells in natural and acquired immunity. Finally, immunosuppression may result from viral triggering of an imbalance in immune regulation, which culminates in the overactivity of suppressor cells. A detailed knowledge of the mechanisms by which viruses are involved in immunosuppression may help in the design of strategies to reverse the effect.

Topic: T-cell and Retrovirus Studies
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effects of Virtual Pet and Exercise on Virtual-Pet Assisted Activity

In recent years, about 15% of the working population have mental disorders. It causes low productivity, absence, and unemployment due to illness. Treatment of mental disorders takes a long time, so routine precautions are essential. One of the ways to prevent mental disorders is to get healing through interaction with animals. However, this method has not been widely accepted due to the difficulties of handling animals. To solve these problems, in the previous study, we introduced a virtual pet as an alternative to animals by using virtual reality (VR) technology, which is three-dimensional stereoscopic, and we verified that this system gained short-term psychological and physiological benefits. However, it was unclear which factors positively affected users. Therefore, this paper investigates whether the virtual pet factor or body movement factor affected users’ psychological and physiological aspects. As a result of an experiment, it is confirmed that both the virtual pet factor and the body movement factor positively affect users. In addition, the user’s subjective evaluation implies that the interaction with a virtual pet’s interest in the system.

Topic: Human-Animal Interaction Studies
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences