jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Instability of quasi-geostrophic vortices in a two-layer ocean with a thin upper layer

We examine the stability of a quasi-geostrophic vortex in a two-layer ocean with a thin upper layer on the f -plane. It is assumed that the vortex has a sign-definite swirl velocity and is localized in the upper layer, whereas the disturbance is present in both layers. The stability boundary-value problem admits three types of normal modes: fast (upper-layer-dominated) modes, responsible for equivalent-barotropic instability, and two slow baroclinic types (mixed- and lower-layer-dominated modes). Fast modes exist only for unrealistically small vortices (with a radius smaller than half of the deformation radius), and this paper is mainly focused on the slow modes. They are examined by expanding the stability boundary-value problem in powers of the ratio of the upper-layer depth to the lower-layer depth. It is demonstrated that the instability of slow modes, if any, is associated with critical levels, which are located at the periphery of the vortex. The complete (sufficient and necessary) stability criterion with respect to slow modes is derived: the vortex is stable if and only if the potential-vorticity gradient at the critical level and swirl velocity are of the same sign. Several vortex profiles are examined, and it is shown that vortices with a slowly decaying periphery are more unstable baroclinically and less barotropically than those with a fast-decaying periphery, with the Gaussian profile being the most stable overall. The asymptotic results are verified by numerical integration of the exact boundary-value problem, and interpreted using oceanic observations.

Topic: Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Carbon-Centered Strong Bases in Phosphonium Ionic Liquids

Phosphonium ionic liquids (PhosILs), most notably tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium decanoate (PhosIL-C(9)H(1)9COO), are solvents for bases such as Grignard reagents, isocyanides, Wittig reagents (phosphoranes), and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). The stability of the organometallic species in PhosIL solution is anion dependent. Small bases, such as hydroxide, react with the phosphonium ions and promote C-H exchange as suggested by deuterium-labeling studies. A method to dry and purify the ionic liquids is described and this step is important for the successful use of basic reagents in PhosIL. NHCs have been generated in PhosIL, and these persistent solutions catalyze organic transformations such as the benzoin condensation and the Kumada-Corriu cross-coupling reaction. Phosphoranes were generated in PhosIL, and their reactivity with various organic reagents was also tested. Inter-ion contacts involving tetraalkylphosphonium ions have been assessed, and the crystal structure of [(n-C(4)H(90)(4)P][CH(3)CO(2).CH(3)CO(2)H] has been determined to aid the discussion. Decomposition of organometallic compounds may also proceed through electron-transfer processes that, inter alia, may lead to decomposition of the IL, and hence the electrochemistry of some representative phosphonium and imidazolium ions has been studied. A radical derived from the electrochemical reduction of an imidazolium ion has been characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Topic: N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Prevention and Initial Management of HIV Infection

Since July 2017, when In the Clinic last addressed management of HIV infection, there have been meaningful improvements in our ability to prevent HIV and to manage patients living with HIV. New approaches to preexposure prophylaxis and more effective treatments have made the elimination of HIV infection a feasible goal. The federal "Ending the HIV Epidemic" initiative aims at a 90% reduction in new HIV diagnoses by 2030. This article provides updated information on how clinicians should use these improvements to manage their patients who are at risk for HIV infection or are newly diagnosed with HIV.

Topic: HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Multi-Faceted Assessment of Children with Selective Mutism: Challenges and Practical Suggestions

The multi-faceted nature of Selective Mutism (SM), and its comorbidity with other disorders, necessitates a comprehensive assessment process. However, evaluating children with SM presents significant challenges, including difficulties in building rapport, establishing an accurate diagnosis, and conducting formal psychological and neuropsychological assessments. This paper explores the key obstacles in assessing children with SM and provides practical recommendations for overcoming these challenges. Effective strategies for reducing anxiety during assessments include extended rapport-building phases, playful and engaging interactions, and the strategic use of parental involvement. Additionally, given the variability in SM symptoms across different settings, a multi-informant and multi-method assessment approach—including clinical observation, structured interviews, and standardized parent- and teacher-report measures—is recommended. This paper also discusses adaptations for formal testing, particularly in cognitive, language, and neurodevelopmental assessments, where SM-related speech avoidance can interfere with standardized evaluations. Nonverbal assessment tools, modifications to testing environments, and alternative response formats are proposed as potential solutions. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of differentiating SM from overlapping conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder and language impairments, to ensure accurate diagnosis and intervention planning. By implementing tailored assessment strategies, clinicians and researchers can improve diagnostic accuracy and better understand the unique needs of children with SM. This, in turn, can inform individualized treatment plans, enhance educational placement decisions, and support the overall well-being of children with SM.

Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Endometriosis and an increased risk of malignancies

Introduction: Endometriosis is a common gynaecological disorder associated with pelvic pain and sub-fertility, affecting 7–15% of women of reproductive age. The disease is defined as the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity, primarily on pelvic organs. The aetiology of endometriosis is still uncertain. The disease rarely causes mortality, however, it may have a significant impact on a patient's quality of life. Moreover, several studies have consistently shown that endometriosis is associated with a higher risk of some types of malignancies.Results: Endometriosis shares several molecular characteristics with invasive cancer, such as inflammation, tissue invasion, angiogenesis, dysfunction of immune cells and pro-survival features. Studies have shown that ovarian cancer, especially clear cell, endometrioid and serous, has been associated with endometriosis. Furthermore, the risk of cancer of the uterine cervix has shown to be decreased and the results on the risk of the cancers of uterine corpus or breast are inconsistent. Among non‐gynecological cancers, melanoma of the skin, non‐Hodgkin‐lymphoma, brain and thyroid cancers have also been associated with endometriosis.Conclusions: Research results indicate that women with endometriosis have an increased risk for some types of malignancies, therefore, they should be under strict gynecological control, even many years after menopause. Further research is needed to prove the real risk of different types of malignant tumors among women with endometriosis. In addition, it is necessary to establish periodic examination schedules among these patients in order to prevent certain types of malignancies.

Topic: Endometriosis Research and Treatment
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Pragmatic Conventions: A Frame for a Theory of Action and Interaction

In this article, I recommend pragmatic conventions, combining G. H. Mead's philosophy of meaning and ongoing reconstruction of the self with Lewis's model of conventions, as a frame for sociological theory. Convention can be understood as a formal model of negotiated order. The frame is evaluated in terms of its consistency with neurophysiological evidence. Giddens's claim to have eliminated the tension between agency and social structure in his structuration theory is disputed. Elements of structuration theory are found to be inconsistent with empirical evidence and to be unintelligible as a result of crucial internal contradictions. Implications of the argument for rational choice theory are briefly indicated.

Topic: Philosophy and History of Science
Subfield: History and Philosophy of Science
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Psychoanalytic process and thought: Convergence of Bion and Matte‐Blanco

Using the convergence between Bion and Matte-Blanco, in this article the author attempts to stress the view of the psychoanalytical method as promoter of expansion of the ability of the patient to think his emotional experiences. After a brief résumé of the ideas of both Bion and Matte-Blanco, certain points of congruence between the two are emphasised: the way of perceiving the range of phenomena observed by psychoanalysis, intuition as a method for observing this field, the feelings as the raw material for thinking, and the importance of the concept of infinity in psychoanalysis. The way in which the ideas of Matte-Blanco assist in the understanding of Bion's propositions is highlighted. Following these correlations, the author discusses certain questions pertinent to the psychoanalytical method and proposes a model in which the analyst acts as a mediator/catalyst in the process of revision of the ways in which the patient has organised his emotional experiences and the theories constructed to support these hypotheses. Samples of clinical material are presented.

Topic: Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Internal and external corporate governance mechanisms in the context of the emerging market

This review paper highlights the internal and external corporate governance mechanisms in the State of Kuwait. It sheds light on the legal environment by which Shari’ah is a major source of legislation. Since culture is influenced by religion, the ownership structure is, therefore, affecting legislation. Further, it discusses the market for corporate control, which is an important determinant of corporate governance external mechanism. Due to regional geopolitical instability, disruption of the full implementation of corporate governance and code of ethics is prevalent. Nevertheless, Kuwait is on the right path for the reinforcement of corporate governance and its code of ethics.

Topic: Islamic Finance and Banking Studies
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Lithic projectiles and other chipped lithic industry of Nitra Culture. Gender and technology

Kořeny socialně stratifikovane spolecnosti rozvinute doby bronzove středni Evropy vychazi z turbulentniho vývoje zavěru eneolitu a casne doby bronzove. Nitranska kultura je významným elementem v tomto procesu. Význam kamenne stipane industrie je v těchto mimořadných obdobich poněkud nepravem zastiněn rozvijejicim se uplatněnim nejprve měděných a vzapěti bronzových výrobků a jejich apriorniho potencialu reflektovat spolecenske postaveni svých nositelů. Kamenna industrie pochazejici z rozsahlých pohřebisť nitranske kultury zkoumaných v minulem stoleti je nyni re-analyzovana pomoci kombinace modernich metod a přistupů. Nove vyhodnoceni přinasi nove informace o operovani s kamennou surovinou v různých fazich jejiho životniho cyklu, v souvislostech s věkovými skupinami i pohlavim zemřelých. Jsou identifikovany dřive nerozpoznane typy nastrojů i cele toolkity, stejně jako řada polotovarů, ktere svědci o výrobnich postupech i rozsiřeni těchto znalosti a zkusenosti v populaci. Soucasti komplexniho výzkumu je i nove studium nejatraktivnějsiho morfotypu kamenne industrie nitranske kultury – kamenneho projektilu a jeho praktickeho uplatněni. Komparovany jsou dva nejrozsahlejsi soubory z pohřebisť nitranske kultury, tj. Mýtna Nova Ves a Holesov – Zdražilovska. Tato komparace skýta dalsi informace o regionalnich odlisnostech odrazů socialni struktury, tradic i výrobnich praxi.

Topic: Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Integrating the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure and Rorschach Composite Measures for exploring psychopathological patterns of mental functioning.

This study addressed the exploration of a multimethod psychodynamic assessment and its relation to psychopathological patterns. The study applies the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP; Shedler, J., &amp; Westen, D., 2006, Personality diagnosis with Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP): Bridging the gulf between science and practice. In P. D. M. Task Force (Ed.), Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (pp. 573–613). Silver Spring, MD: Alliance of Psychoanalytic Organizations.) and three composite Rorschach measures to a sample of 72 outpatients with various Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Axis I diagnoses (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–IV–TR). Washington, DC: Author.): The Ego Impairment Index (EII-2; Viglione, D. J., Perry, W., &amp; Meyer, G. J., 2003, Refinements in the Rorschach Ego Impairment Index incorporating the Human Representational Variable. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81, 149–156. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA8102_06), measuring maladaptive ego functions; and two derivations of the Reality-Fantasy Scale (RFS; Tibon, S., Handelzalts, J. E., &amp; Weinberger, Y., 2005. Using the Rorschach for exploring the concept of transitional space within the political context of the Middle East. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 2, 40–57. doi:10.1002/aps.30): the RFS-P, measuring proneness to fantasy (lowered negative scores) as compared to concrete thinking (elevated positive scores); and the RFS-S, measuring dissociative proneness. Consistent with the literature, in this study, the multimethod assessment revealed modest unilinear associations, if any, between each of the Rorschach indices and the SWAP scales. However, regression analyses showed that the joint use of the EII-2 and the RFS-P explained a substantial portion of the variance in the SWAP scales that indicate inhibition and avoidance (obsessive personality disorder score and Avoidant Q factor, respectively). Furthermore, when used with the RFS-S, the EII-2 was able to significantly explain variance in the SWAP scales that indicate interpersonal detachment (schizotypal personality disorder score and Schizoid Q factor). The implications of these results for clinical practice will be discussed.

Topic: Psychological Testing and Assessment
Subfield: Applied Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
A high rectification efficiency Si<sub>0.14</sub>Ge<sub>0.72</sub>Sn<sub>0.14</sub>-Ge<sub>0.82</sub>Sn<sub>0.18</sub>-Ge quantum structure n-MOSFET for 2.45 GHz weak energy microwave wireless energy transmission

The design strategy and efficiency optimization of a Ge-based n-type metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (n-MOSFET) with a Si 0.14 Ge 0.72 Sn 0.14 –Ge 0.82 Sn 0.18 –Ge quantum structure used for 2.45 GHz weak energy microwave wireless energy transmission is reported. The quantum structure combined with δ -doping technology is used to reduce the scattering of the device and improve its electron mobility; at the same time, the generation of surface channels is suppressed by the Si 0.14 Ge 0.72 Sn 0.14 cap layer. By adjusting the threshold voltage of the device to 91 mV, setting the device aspect ratio to 1 μm/0.4 μm and adopting a novel diode connection method, the rectification efficiency of the device is improved. With simulation by Silvaco TCAD software, good performance is displayed in the transfer and output characteristics. For a simple half-wave rectifier circuit with a load of 1 pf and 20 k Ω , the rectification efficiency of the device can reach 7.14% at an input power of –10 dBm, which is 4.2 times that of a Si MOSFET (with a threshold voltage of 80 mV) under the same conditions; this device shows a better rectification effect than a Si MOSFET in the range of –30 dBm to 6.9 dBm.

Topic: Photonic and Optical Devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Abstract 5256: Toward biomarkers discovery: Profiling triple-negative breast cancer cells by cell-SELEX

Abstract Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a high heterogeneous group of tumors with a distinctly aggressive nature and high rates of relapse. So far, the lack of any known targetable proteins has not allowed a specific anti-tumor treatment, thus the identification of novel agents for specific TNBC recognition and treatment is desperately needed. Nucleic acids aptamers are emerging as the most promising candidates for targeting tumor cells. They are also termed "chemical antibodies" because their form unique tertiary structures, which allow specific binding to their target molecules. Recently, by cell-SELEX integrated to advanced Next Generation Sequencing and bioinformatics, we isolated a panel of six nuclease-resistant RNA aptamers able to bind at high affinity to TNBC cells, discriminating them from both normal cells and non-TNBC breast cancer cells, and interfere with their growth as mammospheres. Also, they diversify TNBC histological specimens in a tissue microarray without recognizing samples from both ER+, PR+, HER2+ breast cancers and normal adjacent tissues. Here, short versions of the aptamers have been generated, by truncating their length from 84 nt up to nearly 30 nt, which preserve efficacious targeting and anti-tumor properties as the parental moieties. In order to identify the targets of the above aptamers, which might be important surface cancer biomarkers crucial for the malignant phenotype, different biochemical approaches are harnessed that include aptamer-mediated affinity purification coupled to Mass Spectrometry and/or antibody array for human soluble receptors. Binding analyses on recombinant proteins, cells or tissues are used to verify the putative targets. Results obtained so far indicate that the target of one of the six aptamers is a secreted protein tightly and specifically associated to TNBC cell surface and with a poor prognosis. This protein identification and the functional role of its targeting by the aptamer will be shown here in detail. The proposed cell-targeting aptamer strategy could provide an important new avenue for selective TNBC therapy. Citation Format: Simona Camorani, Francesco Leonetti, Francesca Collina, Monica Cantile, Gerardo Botti, Antonella Zannetti, Monica Fedele, Laura Cerchia. Toward biomarkers discovery: Profiling triple-negative breast cancer cells by cell-SELEX [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5256.

Topic: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Serving Nationalist Ideologies: Health Professionals and the Violation of Women's Rights: The Case of Apartheid South Africa

Feminists have critiqued biomedicine as a form of patriarchy that controls female bodies, disregarding women's inherent rights to dignity and bodily integrity. The health professions have also been criticized for their role in maintaining particular global power relations through their support of conservative money market agendas that often violate the human rights of those in the "developing" world. The great majority of South African health professionals and their institutions supported the apartheid state in its violation of the basic human rights of black people. This chapter discusses how the complementary relationship between bioethics and human rights was severely compromised by the South African health profession during apartheid, focusing specifically on reproductive agendas and policies to explore the complex interconnections between science and biomedicine, patriarchy and racist nation building. It concludes by presenting the examples of unethical practices by health professionals that led to violations of women's rights.

Topic: South African History and Culture
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Crew Safety Provisions for Cargo Aircraft

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This document recommends provisions for crew safety and survival which are intended to apply to cargo or combination aircraft and equipment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Risk and Safety Analysis
Subfield: Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
La legítima defensa en Derecho Internacional Penal: análisis de sus elementos con particular referencia a los crímenes de guerra

The present investigation analyzes the elements of self-defense in International Criminal Law with particular reference to war crimes. In that regard, article 31.1, subsection C, of the Rome Statute is examined to demonstrate that self-defense in relation with crimes against humanity, genocide and aggression protects the person who exercise it and a third person, but in relation with war crimes, its protection also covers, without precedent, property. Nevertheless, this could be contrary to International Humanitarian Law.

Topic: Criminal Justice and Penology
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Biermer Disease in an Unusual Neurological Presentation without Anemia: A Case Report

Background: Biermer disease is a megaloblastic disease caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. It is a rare clinical entity especially in subsahara Africa. Case presentation: We report the case of a 45 years old female patient who consulted for a one month history of generalised muscle cramps, weakness and numbness of all four limbs. Physical examination was relevant for a poor gait, poor coordination of both upper and lower limbs, a positive Romberg sign, normal muscle tone in all four limbs, reduced pallesthesia and deep tendon reflexes, abolished plantar reflexes. Paraclinical investigations revealed macrocytosis without anemia, a low cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) level with a normal folic acid level, an atrophic corporeofundic mucosa which upon pathological analysis revealed a chronic atrophic gastritis with no Helicobacter pylori infection. Anti-intrinsic factor antibodies were positive while anti parietal cells antibodies were negative. The diagnosis of Biermer disease was considered and the patient did well on vitamin B12 supplementation. Conclusion: Though a rare disease, Biermer disease should be considered in a patient who consults for polyneuropathy even in the absence of anemia.

Topic: Folate and B Vitamins Research
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences