jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Einfluss einkettiger Lipide auf das Monooxygenasesystem der Humanleber

Cytochrome P4503A4 is the most important P450 enzyme for drug metabolism in humans because it participates in the metabolism of the majority of drugs with known metabolic pathways. The effect of single-chain phospholipids on CYP3A4 was studied using in vitro preparations of recombinant human CYP3A4 and recombinant human NADPH-Cytochrome P450 reductase incorporated into a binary vesicular phospholipid system of dilauroyl-phosphatidyl-choline and phosphatidyl-serine. Enzyme activity was measured with a direct fluorometric assay using dibenzylfluorescein and the resulting fluorescent product fluorescein. CYP3A4 was inhibited by the myristic acid derivative myristoylcarnitine, IC(50) 25 microM; palmitoyl-L-carnitine, IC(50) 6 microM; monoacyl-sn-glycero-3phospho-[1-D-myoinositol] (L-a-lysophosphatidylinositol), IC(50) 6 microM; L-a-lysophosphatidylcholine (monoacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), IC(50) 2.7 microM; oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid), IC(50) 3 microM, arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid), IC(50) 6 microM; phytanic acid (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid), IC(50) 5 microM. Oleic acid and L-a-lysophosphatidylcholine show competitive inhibition and dissociation coefficients of 1.49 and 2.79 microM, respectively. CYP3A4 was activated by the lauric acid derivative lauroylcarnitine, AC(50) 20 microM; 2-monopalmitoylglycerol, AC(50) 7.5 microM; 2-monooleoylglycerol (2-monoolein), AC(50) 1.9 microM. Whereas AC(50) values depend on the solubility of each lipid, IC(50) values depend on the substrate dibenzylfluorescein. Unsaturated lipids inhibit more than saturated lipids and the inhibitory effect of saturated lipids decreases with the number of carbon atoms. In vitro findings are extrapolated to the likely in vivo situation and an inhibitory effect is suggested for all alkylphosphocholines. It is concluded that modulation of CYP3A4 by single-chain lipids occurs in the micromolar range.

Topic: Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Studies on cucumber mosaic virus

The symptoms of cucumber mosaic, which was noted in Tokyo in 1950, consisted mainly of mosaic and chlorotic spots on the leaves. Characteristic symptoms of yellow mottle or green warts on the fruits, as described by Doolittle and other investigators in U.S.A., were not observed. Greenhouse experiments showed that the virus was readily transferred by mechanical inoculation using earborundum, or by aphids, viz. Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii or through dodder, Cuscuta japonica, but not transmitted by cucumber beetle, Aulacophora femoralis. Tests for seed transmission yielded negative results. The virus was capable of infecting hosts including 26 species of 11 families in 34 species of 13 families tested. On cucumber, muskmelon, zinnia, tobacco, tomato, spinach, corn, Commelina nudiflora, etc., systemic infection was obtained inducing the symptoms of mosaic, veinclearing, veinbanding and less frequently malformation of the leaves. Loca lnecrotic spots were developed on the inoculated leaves of watermelon, Cucumis Melo var. Conomon, cowpea (black seeded), broadbean, pea, sesame, Tetragonia expansa, Chenopodium album, etc. The virus was infectious after heating at 60° for 10 minutes. Tolerance to dilution varied according to tests from 1:1000 to 1:5000. Inactivation by aging in vitro was 2 to 4 days at room temperature. As a result of comparison of the symptoms, host range and physical properties, the virus under consideration is regarded to be identical with Cucumis virus 1 (Marmor cucumeris Holmes). The apparent mild symptoms of cucumber may be attributed to the tolerance of the Japanese varieties to the virus.

Topic: Plant Virus Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
PREDICTION OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT USING A TRANSFER FUNCTION MODEL AND THE CONVECTION-DISPERSION EQUATION

The convection-dispersion equation (CDE) is the most commonly used process representation for describing solute movement through soils. A transfer function is a model for studying complex soil systems in a simple way by characterizing the output flux as a function of the input flux. Extensive solute transport data from a laboratory experiment conducted through long soil columns were used to validate the intrinsic assumptions of the CDE and the transfer function. Analyses of the experimental data showed that the observed dispersion coefficient increased with the travel distance for both homogeneous and heterogeneous soils. The dispersion coefficients had a two-order change within the 1250-cm soil columns and were described using a linear function of the solute travel distance. At the same travel distance, the dispersion coefficients in the heterogeneous soil column were about 50 times higher than those in the homogeneous soil. The experimental data better supported the assumptions of the transfer function than those of the CDE. An excellent linear relationship was found between the mean of log of the travel time and log of the travel distance. In turn, the relationship well described the scale-dependent dispersion coefficients of the homogeneous and heterogeneous soil columns. The convection-dispersion equation and the transfer equation were utilized to predict solute transport in homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media. Compared with the experimental data, the transfer function predicted solute transport in the porous media much more accurately than did the CDE for these examples. In addition, the soil spatial variability had a less profound effect on the transfer function predictions than on the CDE predictions.

Topic: Soil and Unsaturated Flow
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Pre-Columbian City

This chapter attempts to visualize how Tenochtitlan may have looked and functioned before the Spanish invasion. This usually assumed barbaric society with a culture of sacrificing thousand of captives for the blood-thirsty Aztecs was truly a civilized city by any criteria used to define civilizations such as the existence of bureaucracy, sophisticated agricultural technology, ceremonials and monumental architecture. Aztec Tenochtitlan was built and has been civilized more than 2,000 years ago. This ancient Mexican city started in the year Two Reed, it proliferated into stone-built city larger than Europe and had functions and bureaucracy similar to that of the sixteenth century Madrid. In terms of agriculture, the Aztec city has sophisticated agricultural technology—the <italic>chinampas</italic> which provided for the Aztecs and which provided insight into the <italic>chinampa</italic> ownership history of this ancient civilization. Complex architectural buildings also graced the Aztec civilization before the invasion of the Spaniards. Palaces, temples and avenues were dominant in this old Mexican civilization. These buildings were characterized by their complex decorations of serpents, murals and sculpture celebrating the state, its rulers, its gods and their conquests.

Topic: Latin American history and culture
Subfield: Visual Arts and Performing Arts
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
SH410739.07FU

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.

Topic: Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Evolution and oncological outcomes of a contemporary radical prostatectomy practice in a <scp>UK</scp> regional tertiary referral centre

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological trends, over a 10‐year period, in robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy ( RALP ) in a UK regional tertiary referral centre. Patients and Methods In all, 1 500 consecutive patients underwent RALP between October 2005 and January 2015. Prospective data were collected on clinicopathological details at presentation as well as surgical outcomes and compared over time. Results The median (range) age of patients throughout the period was 62 (35–78) years. The proportion of preoperative high‐grade cases (Gleason score 8–10) rose from 4.6% in 2005–2008 to 18.2% in 2013–2015 ( P &lt; 0.001). In the same periods the proportion of clinical stage T3 cases operated on rose from 2.4% to 11.4% ( P &lt; 0.001). The median prostate‐specific antigen ( PSA ) level at diagnosis did not alter significantly. Overall, 11.6% of men in 2005–2008 were classified preoperatively as high‐risk by National Institute for Health and Care Excellence criteria, compared with 33.6% in 2013–2015 ( P &lt; 0.001). The corresponding proportions for low‐risk cases were 48.6% and 17.3%, respectively. Final surgical pathology showed an increase in tumour stage, Gleason grade, and nodal status over time. The proportion of pT 3 cases rose from 43.2% in 2005–2008 to 55.5% in 2013–2015 ( P &lt; 0.001), Gleason score 9–10 tumours increased from 1.8% to 9.1% ( P &lt; 0.001) and positive nodal status increased from 1.6% to 12.9% ( P &lt; 0.001) between the same periods. Despite this, positive surgical margin rates showed a downward trend in all pT groups across the different eras ( P = 0.72). Conclusion This study suggests that the patient profile for RALP in our unit is changing, with increasing proportions of higher stage and more advanced disease being referred and operated on. However, surgical margin outcomes have remained good.

Topic: Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A simultaneous comparison of the cells of blood, renal hilar and thoracic duct lymph in the dog

Abstract A simultaneous morphological and quantitative profile was obtained of the cells of blood, thoracic duct, and renal hilar lymph in the dog. Monolayer cytocentrifuged preparations were used to determine the number, type, and size of cells in the three compartments. The cell count of renal lymph was not related to that of blood or thoracic duct lymph. There was a greater percentage of lymphoid cells in the afferent lymph than could be accounted for by the random movement of cells from the blood to the lymph. Thus, there appeared to be a selective transit of cells from blood to lymph. Monocytes and neutrophils were largely absent from the thoracic duct lymph; however, eosinophils were present. Cells were observed in hilar lymph that were characteristic of cells subjected to antigenic stimulation. It was concluded that lymphocytes have a preferential pathway from blood to lymphatic and in the course of this pathway they undergo a change which is consistent with an active immunological role.

Topic: Animal health and immunology
Subfield: Small Animals
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
Alginate polyelectrolyte lonotropic gels. XIII geometrical aspects for chelation in metal alginate complexes related to their physico‐chemical properties

Abstract Electrical conductance measurements showed that monovalent, trivalent and tetravalent metal alginate complexes possess electrical conductivities in the order of semiconductors, whereas divalent and hexavalent metal alginate electrical conductivities lic in the range of insulators. X‐Ray diffraction indicated that these metal alginate complexes are amorphous in nature. Two geometrical structures for chelation between the functional groups and the interdiffused metal ions have been suggested: a non‐planar geometrical structure for the mono‐, tri‐ and tetravalent metal alginates, and a planar geometry for the divalent and hexavalent metal alginates.

Topic: Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Nearly optimal vector quantization via linear programming

(c) 1992 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works.

Topic: Advanced Data Compression Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cote d'Ivoire: a case study on the impact of HIV / AIDS on health services and households.

Two recent research studies sponsored by the European Commission show that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is having a major impact upon Cote d'Ivoire's public health services and household financial resources. With regard to HIV/AIDS, Cote d'Ivoire is the worst affected of all West African countries. As of 1996, Cote d'Ivoire had an overall HIV infection prevalence of 10%. While researchers expect the prevalence to rise, public health services are now meeting only less than 20% of the demand for HIV-related care in Abidjan. The supply of essential drugs has improved only at the center, not in the outlying regions of the country. The public health system needs to be decentralized in order to accommodate the 70% of total demand for HIV-related care expected outside of Abidjan by 1999. Meanwhile, other illnesses are being displaced from the public health system as HIV-related care consumes a growing proportion of public health resources. Households in which someone has HIV/AIDS spend twice as much as other households upon health care, with 80% of those resources going to the person with AIDS. The amount of money spent upon HIV/AIDS activities in Cote d'Ivoire has been rising steadily since 1995, and is expected to reach US$14 million in 1997.

Topic: HIV/AIDS Impact and Responses
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Neolepidozia praenitens E. D. Cooper, Phytotaxa

Neolepidozia praenitens (Lehm. et Lindenb.) E.D.Cooper, Phytotaxa 97 (2): 57, 2013 (see Cooper et al. 2013). BASIONYM: Jungermannia praenitens Lehm. et Lindenb., Nov. Stirp. Pug. 6: 27, 1834 (see Lehmann 1834).

Topic: Bryophyte Studies and Records
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Effects of &lt;i&gt;Aloe vera&lt;/i&gt; L. Leaf Extract on Some Physiological and Cytogenetical Parameters in &lt;i&gt;Allium cepa&lt;/i&gt; L. Seeds Germinated under Salt Stress

The present study was performed to evaluate the role of Aloe vera L. leaf extract (AvLE) on some physiological and cytogenetical parameters of Allium cepa L. seeds exposed to salinity. The radicle length of the seeds germinated in the medium with AvLE alone increased as compared with ones of the control seeds germinated in distilled water medium, while their radicle number and fresh weight reduced according to the control. In addition, the germination percentage of the mentioned seeds statistically was the same as the control seeds. Furthermore, the seeds germinated in the media containing 0.1 mg/L AvLE alone showed a significant increase of mitotic index, although they exhibited a higher number of chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus (MN) formation as compared with the seeds germinated in control conditions. On the other hand, salt stress considerably inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of A. cepa. Moreover, salinity markedly decreased the mitotic index in root tip meristems of the seeds and increased the number of chromosomal aberrations. The negative effect of salt on the seed germination, seedling growth, mitotic activity and MN formation was alleviated in dramatically varying degrees by AvLE application. In contrast, the detrimental effects of salt on the chromosomal aberrations greatly increased with this treatment. Consequently, we reported that the application of AvLE alone induced chromosomal aberrations and MN formation, which are an indicator of genotoxicity, and had cytotoxic activity in normal conditions. However, the frequency of MN is greatly reduced in root tip cells of the seeds germinated in the medium containing 0.1 mg/L AvLE +0.15 M NaCl.

Topic: Plant tissue culture and regeneration
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Figure S6 from Toll-like Receptor Signaling–deficient Cells Enhance Antitumor Activity of Cell-based Immunotherapy by Increasing Tumor Homing

&lt;p&gt;OAd-MSC WT and OAd-MSC TLR4−/− show similar expression of cell membrane receptors in vitro&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Immune Response and Inflammation
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Proctologic Problems in Children

In a study of 700 children with anorectal complaints, anal stenosis, redundant rectal mucosa, fissures, fistula in ano, cryptitis, colitis, and polyps were diagnosed in all but 20%. In this 20%, two thirds of whom were seen for constipation, no organic cause for the complaint could be found. An anorectal examination should be a part of every physical examination of the newborn, infant, and child. Careful examination of the distal bowel is indicated in all instances of gastrointestinal complaints. All too often, many of these infants and children are treated for intestinal colic, milk allergy, and emotional problems when definite pathological abnormality amenable to correct treatment was present.

Topic: Congenital gastrointestinal and neural anomalies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Effect of the Addition of Oat Flour in Low-Fat Chicken Nuggets

The objective of this study was to develop low-fat chicken nuggets with the inclusion of Oat Flour (OF) and assess the cooking yield, textural properties, sensory properties and proximate composition. Chicken nuggets were prepared with the addition of 0%, 10% and 20% of OF over and above the quantity of meat. The cooking yield was significantly higher in the nuggets containing OF. The increased OF level significantly increased the hardness and adhesiveness; however, the cohesiveness, springiness and resilience significantly decreased with no significant difference between the treatments. No significant difference in the gumminess and chewiness values was noted. The juiciness score increased, whereas the texture and flavor scores and overall acceptability decreased with the increased levels OF inclusion. The increased OF levels resulted in a significant increase in moisture, crude fiber and gross energy and a decrease in the percentage of crude protein and fat. Hence, acceptable dietary fiber-enriched low-fat chicken nuggets can be made with the addition of up to 10% OF over and above the amount of chicken meat.

Topic: Food and Agricultural Sciences
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Analysis of ESTs for alternatively spliced 3′ and 5′ splice sites reveals optimal exon size in vertebrates

In vertebrates most exons are small surrounded by much larger introns. Due to this architecture, splice sites are initially recognized across the exon in what is known as exon definition. Here we examine the relative usage of 3,000 pairs of alternative 3′ splice sites and 2,000 pairs of alternative 5′ splice sites in the human genome. We find that within an optimal exon length window &gt;50 &lt;250 nts, there is a positive correlation between splice site strength and splice site usage. However, when one splice site is located inside of this exon length and the other is not, the splice site inside of the optimal exon length is preferred regardless of splice site strength. Our analysis reveals that splice sites within an optimal exon size are preferentially used when compared to splice sites outside of this optimal size. We conclude that a constraint of exon size is a fundamental parameter that dictates splice site usage. Because the spliceosome eventually forms across the intron, it is believed that intron definition is the predominant mode of splice site recognition for introns smaller than 250 nucleotides in length. However, in a subset of our alternative splice sites, in which one splice site is exon defined and the other is intron defined, the exon defined splice site is preferentially used, suggesting that exon recognition is the default mode of splice site recognition in vertebrates. NIH

Topic: RNA Research and Splicing
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
E3 ubiquitin ligase neural precursor cell‐expressed developmentally downregulated gene 4 motivates FOXA1 ubiquitination and restrains proliferation of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma cells via the Wnt/β‐Catenin pathway

Abstract Neural precursor cell‐expressed developmentally downregulated gene 4 (NEDD4) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that recognizes substrates via protein–protein interactions and takes part in tumor development. This study aims to clarify NEDD4's functions in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and its downstream mechanisms. Collection of 53 DLBCL tissues and adjacent normal lymphoid tissues, and detection of NEDD4 and Forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1) in the tissues were conducted. The selection of DLBCL cells was for FARAGE, and test of cells' advancement was after transfection. Analysis of NEDD4 and FOXA1's link, and test of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway were implemented. In vivo tumor xenograft experiments were put into effect. Detection of the pathological conditions of tumor tissues and the positive Ki67 in the family was implemented. It came out NEDD4 was reduced in DLBCL tissues and cell lines, and FOXA1 was elevated; Enhancing NEDD4 or repressing FOXA1 refrained DLBCL cells' advancement; NEDD4 could combine with FOXA1 and trigger its ubiquitination and degradation; NEDD4 inactivates the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway by motivating FOXA1 ubiquitination; NEDD4 enhancement refrained DLBCL growth in vivo. In conclusion, the E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 accelerates FOXA1 ubiquitination but refrains DLBCL cell proliferation via the Wnt/β‐Catenin pathway.

Topic: Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences