jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Recommended Crew Systems Functionality for a Mars Ascent Vehicle as a Function of Flight Duration

In many human Mars exploration architectures, a Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) is used at the end of a surface stay to transport crew from the Martian surface to a waiting in-space transportation vehicle. It is possible for this transportation vehicle to be placed in any of several different Mars orbits, the selection of which drives the flight duration of the MAV from launch to docking and the amount of propellant required on the transportation vehicle to reach the same orbit. This paper identifies existing NASA standards and supplies habitability subject matter expert recommendations for the human habitation capabilities of the MAV as a function of flight duration. Living and working functions that may potentially be carried aboard a MAV are assessed. Flight durations considered include up to 8 hours, 8-24 hours, 1-2 days, 2-3 days, 3-4 days, and 4-7 days, which book end flight durations necessary to reach the transportation vehicle at different possible Mars orbits. This analysis will determine if there are key durations that serve as significant break points in required MAV capability.

Topic: Space Exploration and Technology
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Role of mathematical modeling in low-level radioactive waste management

With increased experience in shallow land burial of radioactive wastes, there is general recognition of the need for improved practices to reduce the release of radioactivity to the biosphere. One approach is to use mathematical models to gain insights into the impact of possible preventive and corrective engineering measures. Two deterministic models of hydrologic processes have been examined. On a watershed scale, a unified hydrologic model has been applied to the White Oak Creek Watershed in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Comparison of predicted and observed streamflow at the basin outlet are favorable. The model has been applied to evaluate the consequences of a disposal area development, operation, and management; including clear-cutting of forested areas, installing near-surface infiltration-reduction seals, and surface water diversion channels. On a localized scale, a near-surface infiltration-reduction seal has been studied using a finite-element model for subsurface flow. The model has been used to calculate spatial moisture content and velocity distributions near the seal. Model results show how the path of infiltrating rainwater is altered. 7 figures.

Topic: Graphite, nuclear technology, radiation studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
1-(2,4-Dichlorobenzoyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)thiourea

The title compound, C14H8Cl4N2OS, shows the typical geometric parameters of substituted thio­urea derivatives. The dihedral angle formed by the two benzene ring planes is 38.39 (7)°. The crystal packing is characterized by N—H⋯O and N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds.

Topic: Crystal structures of chemical compounds
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effects of Parental Diet on Nutritional Composition of Yolk and Metabolic Programming in Southern Flounder

Fatty acids play a critical role in cellular functions and are vital to the growth and development of fish during early stages of life. The nutrients available to fish embryos and early larvae are dependent on recent maternal diet in certain fish species, including Southern Flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Variations in maternal diet can result in subsequent changes to metabolic functioning of offspring, such as capacity for nutrient absorption, which is indicative of metabolic programming. The aim of this study was to (1) investigate the effects of the maternal diet on the fatty acid profiles of eggs, and (2) determine whether Southern Flounder exhibit metabolic programming in the form of measured differences in larval fatty acid composition between spawns from two maternal diet treatment groups (shrimp or sardine). Results demonstrated direct diet-egg relationships for 11 fatty acids, with the majority of these fatty acids being higher in the shrimp diet and corresponding eggs. Analyses of larval fatty acid composition, however, did not reveal significant differences in any of the 27 fatty acids measured for any of the three larval stages sampled. Therefore, there was no evidence of metabolic programming in Southern Flounder based on comparisons of larval fatty acid composition among parental diet treatments. This contrasts with prior studies that provided evidence for metabolic programming in marine teleosts.

Topic: Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Soilscape Analysis of Contrasting Glacial Terrains in Wisconsin

Abstract Two Woodfordian glaciated regions in Wisconsin were analyzed to determine the impact of variable loess thickness and contrasting till texture on soil pattern and landscape properties. Each region consisted of a ground moraine/end moraine/outwash plain landform sequence. Data were compiled from soil and topographic maps. In addition to using standard methods of soilscape analysis, I used a natural soil drainage index, calculated from taxonomic data, to determine regional variability and pattern of soil wetness. Results indicate that soilscape variation within each region was large. There were no statistically significant differences, therefore, that could be attributed to known soil-forming processes or to parent material variability. Stratifying the data by geomorphic subregion rather than by region reduced the within-unit soil variability and resulted in numerous significant soilscape differences between subregions. The implication is that soilscape variability is large at the regional scale but converges rapidly with decreasing size of study area.

Topic: Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
In vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Syzygium aromaticum

The flower bud of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) is one of the most important drugs used in indigenous medicine in India, especially in Unani medicine. Syzygium aromaticum is an effective remedy for various ailments, and it is used as anti-gas activity, anticoagulant activity, mucus clearing activity and anesthetic activity. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts of Syzygium aromaticum against two gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas sp. and Proteus vulgaris were investigated by paper disc diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis of aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts of Syzygium aromaticum revealed the presence of saponins, carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, lipids, sterols and alkaloids. The present investigation revealed that acetone and ethanol extracts had more potent activity than the aqueous extract.

Topic: Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Comprehensive Analysis for Crime Prediction in Smart City Using R Programming

With the advancements in the technology, we are stepping forward to the future of Smart Cities. But sill we have a large number of hurdles to achieve that vision. One such problem faced by our society is the large number of crimes happening across cities. So, it is very cardinal that we find solutions to this problem. The aim of this paper is to scrutinize the crimes history in a city and derive insights which would lead to better public safety decisions. In this paper, the crime data of City of Baltimore is used. Firstly, the data collection phase of data analysis followed by a brief introduction to data cleaning is explained in this paper. Then an exploratory analysis is carried out in this paper based on R programming. Tableau is used to generate visualizations from this data. This paper will briefly discuss the process of data analysis and conclude the important insights based on this analysis.

Topic: Crime Patterns and Interventions
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
2321. FluMex: A New Clinical Severity Index in Mexican Hospitalized Patients with Influenza

Abstract Background Influenza virus infection is frequently characterized by a complex clinical behavior and outcomes can be fatal. There are many published scoring methods aimed for pulmonary infections and sepsis severity nevertheless they lack adequate sensitivity and specificity in patients with Influenza. Methods From 2013 to 2018, hospitalized patients from five hospitals from the Christus Muguerza health group from Monterrey, Mexico who had a positive rapid influenza-test and/or positive PCR for Influenza virus were enrolled. Risk factors for severity and mortality were evaluated calculating odds ratio with a binary logistic regression model and were adjusted for other factors. The new index was then compared with pneumonia severity scores by assessing area under the curve(AUC), sensitivity and specificity. Results We analyzed data from 125 patients hospitalized with confirmed Influenza infection. Less than 1% had received the corresponding seasonal influenza vaccine. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension (HT) were the most prevalent comorbidities. Odds ratios were significant for age &gt; 65 years, body mass index (BMI) &gt; 30, T2D, HT, pulsoximetry &lt; 90%, respiratory rate &gt; 22 per minute, altered mental status, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) &gt; 19 mg/dL, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and an abnormal chest X-ray. The FluMex score was applied to a control group of 125 admitted patients with confirmed Influenza infection. AUC was 0.63 (CI 95%, 0.52–0.74; P &lt; 0.05) for severity and 0.90 (IC 95%, 0.83–0.97; P &lt; 0.05) for mortality, showing better predictive performance than other pneumonia and sepsis scores such as CURB-65, PSI, CROMI, SIRS, SOFA, qSOFA and ILI (Table 1). Conclusion The FluMex scoring system can be a useful tool for patients with suspected Influenza infection in predicting severity and mortality, helping to improve care and resource management. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Topic: Influenza Virus Research Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Sodium channels implement a molecular leaky integrator that detects action potentials and regulates neuronal firing

Voltage-gated sodium channels play a critical role in cellular excitability, amplifying small membrane depolarizations into action potentials. Interactions with auxiliary subunits and other factors modify the intrinsic kinetic mechanism to result in new molecular and cellular functionality. We show here that sodium channels can implement a molecular leaky integrator, where the input signal is the membrane potential and the output is the occupancy of a long-term inactivated state. Through this mechanism, sodium channels effectively measure the frequency of action potentials and convert it into Na+ current availability. In turn, the Na+ current can control neuronal firing frequency in a negative feedback loop. Consequently, neurons become less sensitive to changes in excitatory input and maintain a lower firing rate. We present these ideas in the context of rat serotonergic raphe neurons, which fire spontaneously at low frequency and provide critical neuromodulation to many autonomous and cognitive brain functions.

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Organizational Strategies to Promote Research-Based Practice

Research-based practice is necessary for the consistent achievement of cost-effective, quality patient outcomes. Several organizational strategies can be implemented to facilitate research-based practice. These strategies, divided into six major categories and further organized at the individual, unit, and institutional levels, are believed to be most effective when comprehensively addressed and implemented

Topic: Health Sciences Research and Education
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Urinary Effects of Routine Urethral Catheterisation during Elective Caesarean Section in Enugu, Nigeria: A Randomised Controlled Study

Introduction: Routine urinary catheterisation during elective caesarean section is a common practice. However, this practice involves some urinary bladder morbidities. Aim: To determine the effect of non-catheterisation of the urinary bladder on the incidence of significant bacteriuria and other perioperative urinary bladder morbidities during elective caesarean section in Enugu, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A multicentre, non-inferiority randomised controlled study was conducted. The study centres were the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Mother of Christ Specialist Hospital (MOCSH), and Blessed Assurance Specialist Hospital (BASH), all in Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria. A total of 264 eligible consenting term pregnant women who had a caesarean section in these three specialist centres in Enugu, Nigeria over a one-year period were recruited and they completed the study and their results were analysed. Study group (A) did not receive urethral catheterisation while the control group (B) had urethral catheterisation on the operating table and the catheters were removed 24 hours after the surgery. Clean catched urine samples were collected from each participant 72 hours after the surgery for urine microscopy and culture. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of significant bacteriuria 72 hours postoperatively while the secondary outcome measures included incidence of intraoperative bladder injury (accidental cystostomy), primary postpartum haemorrhage and urinary retention. Results: Nine (6.8%) women in the non-catheter group (n=132) had significant bacteriuria as against 17 (12.9%) women in the catheter group (n=132), (Relative Risk (RR)=0.5 (95% CI: 0.24-1.14) p=0.098). Urinary retention was observed in 10.6% (14/132) of the non-catheter group while there was no case of urinary retention in the control group (p&lt;0.001). There was neither a case of accidental cystostomy nor postpartum haemorrhage in either group. Conclusion: Non-catheterisation of the urinary bladder during elective caesarean section had no significant relationship with the incidence of significant bacteriuria in Enugu, Nigeria. Rather, it was associated with postoperative urinary retention when compared to women who had a urinary catheter.

Topic: Urinary Tract Infections Management
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Disconnect in Stakeholders' Perceptions from Emerging Realities of Teledensity Growth in Africa's Least Developed Countries

With the dynamic and meteoric rise in teledensity diffusion across Sub Saharan Africa, one would expect a departure in the perceptions of stakeholders as they relate to the Bernt and Weiss framework that identifies organizational, financial, technological, and geographical factors as the key impediments to teledensity growth. The findings of this research show that there is disconnect between current happenings and perception of stakeholders. Specifically, there is no change in stakeholders’ perceptions with respect to the framework mentioned above. However, historical and recent teledensity data from Africa’s Least Developed Countries illustrate that the model is inconsistent with the emerging realities in these countries, and that it may be getting obsolete. This leads us to conjecture that in this new dispensation, there may be some emerging factors, issues, constraints, and opportunities that may be of greater importance to understanding telecommunications capabilities in these countries and the world at large.

Topic: ICT Impact and Policies
Subfield: Media Technology
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Study on optimization of maize irrigation scheduling in Shaanxi Province

With the impact of climate change in recent years, the instability of precipitation and the increase of evaporation have made water resources in Shaanxi Province more and more stressed. How to maintain stable economic development while ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture within the limited water resources has become an important issue facing Shaanxi Province. This paper analyzes the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of maize irrigation water requirement in Shaanxi Province based on meteorological data and obtains the ideal irrigation water requirement. However, considering the agricultural water scarcity issue in this region, this paper establishes different water scarcity scenarios, adopts the Jensen model to construct an objective function aimed at minimizing crop yield reduction, and solves it using a genetic algorithm to obtain the optimized maize irrigation scheduling under different water scarcity scenarios. The results analysis indicates the following: (1) The effective rainfall in Shaanxi Province from 1960 to 2019 shows a slight upward trend, while the maize water requirement and maize irrigation water requirement shows a downward trend. (2) The spatial distribution of maize irrigation water requirement in Shaanxi Province decreases gradually from north to south. High-value areas are mainly distributed in the northern regions of Yulin City and Yan’an City in Shanbei. Low-value areas are distributed in Ankang City in Shannan. (3) In the face of water scarcity, spring maize should ensure water use during the middle growth period, fast development period, and initial growth periods. Under the same water scarcity conditions, the yield reduction rate is the highest in Guanzhong, followed by the Shannan, and the lowest in Shanbei. This paper aims to provide a scientific and reasonable optimization plan for maize irrigation in Shaanxi Province by calculating and analyzing the maize irrigation water requirement in Shaanxi Province, combined with optimization tools such as genetic algorithms, to address the challenges brought by water resource constraints.

Topic: Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
TRUCKING FUEL TAXES AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY IN PRIMARY GRAIN TRANSPORTATION

A tax on fuel is one of the primary mechanisms for reducing truck transport externalities such as greenhouse gas emissions, road damage, congestion, and accidents. The economic efficiency properties of a fuel tax are examined for the farm-to-elevator grain trucking sector--a sector for which the road damage externality is often severe. Because trucking volumes cumulate more rapidly near the delivery points, marginal external cost is generally not proportional to distance. Further, noncompetitive FOB pricing by grain buyers implies that road tax discounts to offset price markups should be independent of location. In both cases, a fuel tax is not capable of efficiently addressing the externality. With discriminatory pricing by buyers, "cross-hauling" emerges and the optimal fuel tax is unexpectedly high because the buyer passes on only a portion of the tax to the farmer. In a simple example with discriminatory pricing, the optimal fuel tax reduces excess average trucking distance by less that 50%.

Topic: Transportation Planning and Optimization
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Statistical Characterization of the Effects and Interactions of Small and Large Mistuning on Multistage Bladed Disks

Abstract As turbomachinery systems continue to push the limits of modern technology, the modeling techniques being developed also continue to push modern computational limits. While modeling the pristine system during the design process is important, it is equally important to model behavior of mistuned systems, due to wear or manufacturing processes. This work carries out a statistical analysis on a two-stage system consisting of integrally bladed rotors. Various forms of large geometric mistuning, such as missing mass, bends, and dents, are considered. These forms of large mistuning are based on previously reported damage seen in actual engines that have ingested volcanic ash. This work also aims to investigate the interaction of these large mistuned systems with various levels of small mistuning to further understand this complex interaction. For every case studied, a reduced-order model (ROM) will be constructed that includes the effects of small and large mistuning. Large mistuning will only be applied to a single sector of a single stage. Random patterns of small mistuning will be applied to each case of large mistuning after which a modal analysis and a forced response analysis are run. By observing the energy distribution of each mode for the mistuned system, a qualitative trend can be created between various types and levels of large mistuning and the impact they have on changing the dynamics of the multistage system. The amplification factors from the forced response analyses help in understanding the impact small mistuning has when coupled with large mistuning and when the effects of small mistuning dominate over the large mistuning effects.

Topic: Bladed Disk Vibration Dynamics
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Characterisation of the shielding effectiveness of loaded equipment enclosures

We extend a simple and versatile model of shielding effectiveness of an equipment enclosure and aperture to include the effects of loading the enclosure with various structures. Average parameters for the permittivity and conductivity are used to represent the presence of printed circuit boards in the model. A method for the inclusion of wire interconnections in the model is also presented.

Topic: Electromagnetic Compatibility and Measurements
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR DIFFERENT USES IN DWELLING AND ITS ESTIMATION FORMULAS : Study of energy consumption in residential buildings from the viewpoint of life style on the basis of national scale surveys Part 1

Related surveys were carried out in summer of 1992 and winter of 1993 on energy consumption, indoor climate and life style in residential buildings. Samples of the surveys consist of three types of residential buildings, i.e., detached houses, condominiums and apartments. They are located in eight city areas of broad climatic conditions. Life style factors were measured with questionnaires, indoor temperature was measured in each living room for at least a week with originally designed automatic temperature recorder, and energy consumption data other than that of kerosene was obtained from supply companies. The data of kerosene was obtained in the questionnaires. In this paper, actual energy consumption for difference uses in thirty-nine resi-dential building groups are estimated with the same procedure. Determinant factors of energy consumption for heating, cooling,domestic hot water, lighting etc. and cooking are analyzed, and as a result estimation formulas are obtained.

Topic: Energy, Environment, Agriculture Analysis
Subfield: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Radiographic profile of the first cervical vertebra.

Lateral cephalographs from 220 normal adolescent white orthodontic patients, and of individuals with craniofacial dysostosis and oculodento-osseous dysplasia were studied. Variations were observed in the morphology of the posterior margins of the superior articular processes, vertebral artery canals being present in 8%. Posterior arch dehiscence was found in eight individuals, including seven cases in the midline. Three patients had accessory ossicles above the posterior arch of the atlas, and two showed evidence of fusion of the second and third cervical vertebrae. The profile of the atlas was well outside the normal range in both syndromes studied.

Topic: Craniofacial Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences