jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Oak trees are elemental carbon sinks in urban ecosystems: patterns and drivers

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Cities represent a significant source of atmospheric elemental carbon (EC), a minor constituent of particulate matter (PM) but a major climate-forcing agent and air pollutant. Urban trees scavenge PM and regulate material fluxes to the ground. As such, urban trees represent potentially important sinks&amp;amp;#8212;not only for PM but also for EC&amp;amp;#8212;in urban landscapes. Here we assess the magnitude and spatiotemporal drivers of EC removal by trees in urban atmospheres. We quantified foliar EC accumulation by, as well as throughfall EC flux under, the canopy of two oak species (&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Quercus stellata&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;: post oak; &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Quercus virginiana&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;: live oak), which are widespread across the southern United States. Sampling was conducted from March 2017 to March 2018 across the City of Denton, a city at the northern edge of the Dallas-Forth Worth metropolitan area in Texas. Over the year-long study period, we found that post oak tree canopies accumulated two times more EC (0.53 mg EC m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; leaf d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) than live oak trees (0.22 mg EC m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; leaf d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;), with 95% of EC depositing to leaf surfaces as opposed to leaf waxes. Throughfall EC fluxes were also greater under post oak (0.15 mg EC m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) compared to live oak (0.12 mg EC m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) canopies, but these differences between post oak and live oak were far less pronounced than for foliar EC accumulation. These results suggest that considerable amounts of dry-deposited EC are retained in post oak canopies, reducing species differences in throughfall EC fluxes. Our findings also revealed strong, albeit, contrasting seasonal patterns for foliar EC accumulation and throughfall EC fluxes. For both tree species, EC accumulation on canopy surfaces increased, whereas throughfall EC fluxes decreased from spring to fall, providing additional evidence that EC retention on canopy surfaces results in decreased EC fluxes to the ground. In summary, our findings show that urban oak trees scavenge considerable amounts of EC from the atmosphere and that the magnitude of accumulation and delivery to soil vary by species and season. This research highlights the potential for urban trees and forests to contribute to climate and air quality mitigation.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Topic: Plant responses to elevated CO2
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Shared challenges in object perception for robots and infants

Abstract Robots and humans receive partial, fragmentary hints about the world's state through their respective sensors. These hints—tiny patches of light intensity, frequency components of sound, etc.—are far removed from the world of objects which we feel and perceive so effortlessly around us. The study of infant development and the construction of robots are both deeply concerned with how this apparent gap between the world and our experience of it is bridged. In this paper, we focus on some fundamental problems in perception which have attracted the attention of researchers in both robotics and infant development. Our goal was to identify points of contact already existing between the two fields, and also important questions identified in one field that could fruitfully be addressed in the other. We start with the problem of object segregation: how do infants and robots determine visually where one object ends and another begins? For object segregation, both the fields have examined the idea of using ‘key events’ where perception is in some way simplified and the infant or robot acquires knowledge that can be exploited at other times. We propose that the identification of the key events themselves constitutes a point of contact between the fields. Although the specific algorithms used in robots do not necessarily map directly to infant strategies, the overall ‘algorithmic skeleton’ formed by the set of algorithms needed to identify and exploit key events may in fact form the basis for mutual dialogue. We then look more broadly at the role of embodiment in humans and robots, and see the opportunities it affords for development. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Topic: Tactile and Sensory Interactions
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Optimised multikernels based extreme learning machine for face recognition

Extreme learning machine (ELM) is a simple and efficient learning algorithm for regression and classification problems, because of its better generalisation performance. Though ELM is fast due to its mild optimisation constraints, the classification accuracy of basic ELM and its variants depend on the choice of kernel. Thorough investigations need to be done on conventional kernel-based classification algorithms to optimise the selection of kernels, which is essential for the good performance of a classifier. As different kernels have different feature extraction capability, a general framework to formulate an optimal kernel based on the concept of multiple kernels learning has been described in this paper. In the proposed approach, linearly combined base kernels have been used as the kernel matrix function which is non-static in nature. The values of coefficients used for combination can be tuned according to the application. Experiments on various face image datasets clearly reveal that the adoption of proposed framework can achieve better results than ELM and kernel ELM.

Topic: Machine Learning and ELM
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Fairness in Missing Data Imputation

Missing data are ubiquitous in the era of big data and, if inadequately handled, are known to lead to biased findings and have deleterious impact on data-driven decision makings. To mitigate its impact, many missing value imputation methods have been developed. However, the fairness of these imputation methods across sensitive groups has not been studied. In this paper, we conduct the first known research on fairness of missing data imputation. By studying the performance of imputation methods in three commonly used datasets, we demonstrate that unfairness of missing value imputation widely exists and may be associated with multiple factors. Our results suggest that, in practice, a careful investigation of related factors can provide valuable insights on mitigating unfairness associated with missing data imputation.

Topic: Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Front Cover: Uncertainty Quantification of Reactivity Scales (ChemPhysChem 8/2022)

The Front Cover image contrasts single-valued reactivity parameters and distributions thereof. The latter allow chemists to better assess relative reactivity and, therefore, support synthesis planning (artwork by Prof. Ricardo A. Mata). More information can be found in the Research Article by Jonny Proppe and Johannes Kircher.

Topic: Lanthanide and Transition Metal Complexes
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Effect of bacterial toxins on the GTPase activity of transducin from bovine rod outer segments].

The effects of choleragen- and pertussis toxin (PT)-induced ADP-ribosylation on the GTP-binding protein transducin (TD) from retinal rod outer segments (ROS) have been studied. It has been shown that both toxins cause inhibition of the TD GTPase activity. PT inhibited the GTPase by 30-40% in "native" ROS and by 70-80% in homogeneous TD. Choleragen, in contrast with PT, had no effect on the GTPase activity of homogeneous TD, but was as effective as PT in membrane preparations. The effects of both toxins on the GTPase activity of TD were found to be dependent on the chemical structure of the guanyl nucleotide present in the vehicle. The data obtained suggest that PT and choleragen differ in their specificity for the TD-guanyl nucleotide complex. The former can interact with free TD as well as with the TD-GDP complex, while the latter affects only the TD-GTP complex.

Topic: Cancer Research and Treatments
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
STANDARDS FOR USER-DRIVEN APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT

Abstract Users may now be more proficient in developing their own applications, but they aren't equally knowledgeable about the importance of using and following computer standards. Creating these standards is still the job of IS staff members, who should keep in mind that users are willing to use standards if they meet the particular needs of the various user departments.

Topic: Big Data and Business Intelligence
Subfield: Management Information Systems
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Wearable Dual-band Frequency Reconfigurable Patch Antenna for WBAN Applications

A wearable dual-band patch antenna is presented which can adjust its frequency for WBAN applications.Frequency reconfiguration is achieved by the antenna through the utilization of the switching properties of a PIN diode.Produced using a Rogers Duroid material with semi-flexible properties, the antenna has a size of 0.33λ 0 × 0.35λ 0 × 0.012λ 0 .Initially resonating at 5.8 GHz, a slot in the shape of an inverted letter U is included to introduce a dual-band operation at 2.4 GHz.By controlling the PIN diode's ON and OFF states, the antenna can switch between single-band (ISM 5.8 GHz) and dual-band (ISM 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz) operations.The antenna exhibits a bi-directional radiation pattern at 2.4 GHz and a directional pattern at 5.8 GHz.In the ON state, the antenna achieves a peak gain and total efficiency of 4.84 dBi, 5.87 dBi, 92.5%, and 92.7% at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively.In the OFF state at 5.8 GHz, a peak gain and total efficiency of 6.01 dBi and 91.8% are measured.To evaluate its suitability for WBAN applications, the antenna's performance is assessed by measuring SAR values on a human tissue model.At 2.4 GHz, the SAR values for 1/10 g of human tissue are 0.411/0.177W/kg respectively.Similarly, at 5.8 GHz, the SAR values are 0.438/0.158W/kg respectively.The SAR values comply with the established standards of the FCC and ICNIRP for both resonance frequencies for human tissue weighing 1/10 g.Overall, the antenna boasts a compact size, acceptable SAR values, and satisfactory gain and efficiency across all operating bands, surpassing previous works.It also benefits from a simplified design employing a single switch, and the antenna remains a suitable choice for WBAN applications considering its other advantageous characteristics mentioned above.

Topic: Wireless Body Area Networks
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ventriculoatrial Shunt Versus Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) is usually the primary choice for cerebrospinal fluid shunting for most neurosurgeons, while ventriculoatrial shunt (VAS) is a second-line procedure because of historical complications. Remarkably, there is no robust evidence claiming the superiority of VPS over VAS. Thus, we aimed to compare both procedures through a meta-analysis. METHODS: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, the authors systematically searched the literature for articles comparing VAS with VPS. The included articles had to detail one of the following outcomes: revisions, infections, shunt-related mortality, or complications. In addition, the cohort for each shunt model had to encompass more than 4 patients. RESULTS: Of 1872 articles, 16 met our criteria, involving 4304 patients, with 1619 undergoing VAS and 2685 receiving VPS placement. Analysis of revision surgeries showed no significant difference between VAS and VPS (risk ratio [RR] = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.9-1.34; I 2 = 84%, random effects). Regarding infections, the analysis also found no significant difference between the groups (RR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.36-1.25; I 2 = 74%, random effects). There was no statistically significant disparity between both methods concerning shunt-related deaths (RR = 2.11, 95% CI: 0.68-6.60; I 2 = 56%, random effects). Included studies after 2000 showed no VAS led to cardiopulmonary complications, and only 1 shunt-related death could be identified. CONCLUSION: Both methods show no significant differences in procedure revisions, infections, and shunt-related mortality. The literature is outdated, research in adults is lacking, and future randomized studies are crucial to understand the profile of VAS when comparing it with VPS. The final decision on which distal site for cerebrospinal shunting to use should be based on the patient's characteristics and the surgeon's expertise.

Topic: Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Temperature-dependent study of the kinetics of Ta(a4F3/2) with O2, N2O, CO2 and NO

M. L. Campbell and K. L. Hooper, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1997, 93, 2139 DOI: 10.1039/A700915A

Topic: Catalysis and Oxidation Reactions
Subfield: Catalysis
Field: Chemical Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Network versus portfolio structure in financial systems

The question of how to stabilize financial systems has attracted considerable attention since the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. Recently, Beale et al. ("Individual versus systemic risk and the regulator's dilemma", Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 12647-12652, 2011) demonstrated that higher portfolio diversity among banks would reduce systemic risk by decreasing the risk of simultaneous defaults at the expense of a higher likelihood of individual defaults. In practice, however, a bank default has an externality in that it undermines other banks' balance sheets. This paper explores how each of these different sources of risk, simultaneity risk and externality, contributes to systemic risk. The results show that the allocation of external assets that minimizes systemic risk varies with the topology of the financial network as long as asset returns have negative correlations. In the model, a well-known centrality measure, PageRank, reflects an appropriately defined "infectiveness" of a bank. An important result is that the most infective bank need not always be the safest bank. Under certain circumstances, the most infective node should act as a firewall to prevent large-scale collective defaults. The introduction of a counteractive portfolio structure will significantly reduce systemic risk.

Topic: Banking stability, regulation, efficiency
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
New Systematic Route to Mixed-Valence Triiron Clusters\nDerived from Dinuclear Models of the Active Site of [Fe–Fe]-Hydrogenases

A novel\nreaction pathway to synthesize the linear trinuclear clusters\n[Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(CO)&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;(κ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;-diphosphine)­(μ-dithiolate)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;] via the direct reaction of the dinuclear hexacarbonyl precursor\n[Fe&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(CO)&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;(μ-dithiolate)] with the mononuclear\nspecies [Fe­(CO)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(κ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;-diphosphine)­(κ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;-dithiolate)] has been developed with diphosphine (dppe) and\ndithiolate (pdt = propanedithiolate) (&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;) or adt&lt;sup&gt;Bn&lt;/sup&gt; ({SCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;}&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NBn = azadithiolate) (&lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;). A crystallographic study was carried out on &lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt; and\nMössbauer spectroscopy, and DFT calculations have been used\nto describe the electronic and structural properties of &lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;. The electrochemical properties of &lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt; in the absence\nand in the presence of a weak acid have been the subject of a preliminary\ninvestigation.

Topic: Metalloenzymes and iron-sulfur proteins
Subfield: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Limits of structure and function: Education policy, administration, and reform in a Guatemalan municipality

Guatemala's record on implementation of education reforms does not encourage optimism. After more than a century of being proclaimed an urgent priority, something approaching universal access to primary school has only been achieved within the past decade. Universal access to secondary school remains a distant goal, while reforms mandated by the 1985 Constitution and 1996 Peace Accords have not resulted in necessary increases in budget allocations, decentralization, or implementation of linguistically and culturally appropriate pedagogical materials and methods. This study explores barriers to implementation of education reforms in Guatemala. Following presentation of secondary data to describe the gravity of Guatemala's "education problem," legal underpinnings of important reform initiatives of recent decades are analyzed. Qualitative primary data explores barriers to effective administration and reform implementation in the large rural municipality of Chichicastenango. The intent of this case study is to reveal how participants in municipal-level school administration – parents, teachers, and district supervisory staff – collectively perceive each other, and how their perceptions affect education delivery. The study notes several ways that underfunding limits effective administration and reform. A central conclusion is that all parties involved in local level school administration are most favorably inclined to aspects of the educational system over which they exercise the most control. For parents who prioritize education, this usually includes passive support and acceptance of educators, curricula, and pedagogical methods used at the school their children attend, but a negative view of teachers in general; for teachers, it means reluctance to change civil service rules that protect employment security but impede effective education, and may also include a desire not to subject themselves to greater supervisory control by local communities; frustrated district supervisors take a rather fatalistic and nonchalant attitude toward reform policies, while routinely cutting administrative corners to avoid conflicts with teachers and directors over whom they have only weak protocols for control. In general, the three sectors have diverse agendas that are sometimes incompatible, and provide little or no incentive to collectively embrace the most recent underfunded education policies, few of which have much chance of surviving beyond each new presidential administration.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Machine Translation and Automatic Post-Editing in Translation of Business Letters and Contracts

In this article the feasibility of the translation of the business letters and contracts through Google Translate as the web-based machine translation program and Grammarly and LanguageTool as the automatic post-editors and also the quality level of the final output of the machine translation and automatic post-editing in comparison with the human translation are studied. The researchers conducted a careful comparative content analysis with both a qualitative and a quantitative design. After comparing the final output of the machine translation and post-editing with the reference materials, the researchers found that the above-mentioned texts can be translated through machine translation and post-editing only under the supervision of a professional translator, and testing the null hypothesis by using t-test indicated that there was a significant difference between this kind of translation and human translation based on the data obtained from this research.

Topic: Translation Studies and Practices
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Pathologic role of peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 in pulmonary artery remodeling.

Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 is crucial for cell proliferation, but its role in pulmonary artery remodeling (PAR) is unclear. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the expression and contribution of Pin1 in PAR. Treatment with Pin1 inhibitor Juglone or Pin1-specific siRNAs ameliorated the expression of Pin1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) <i>in vitro</i>, and Juglone treatment arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase. Treatment with transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) also enhanced Pin1 expression and PASMC proliferation. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that Pin1 and PCNA expression levels were increased and positively correlated with each other in PAR samples from humans and monocrotaline-treated Sprague-Dawley rats; these proteins were mainly localized in arteries undergoing remodeling, as well as inflammatory cells, and hyperplastic bronchial epithelial cells. Intraperitoneal injection of Juglone also led to morphologic and hemodynamic changes in PAR rats. Additionally, PAR rats displayed higher serum and lung TGF-β1 levels compared with controls, while administration of Juglone to PAR rats suppressed serum and lung TGF-β1 levels. The findings in this study suggest that TGF-β1 and Pin1 constitute a positive feedback loop, which plays an important role in the pathophysiology of PAR.

Topic: Signaling Pathways in Disease
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
182 Posterior Micro-Endoscopic Discectomy vs. ACDF for Single-level Radiculopathy

McGirt, Matthew J MD; Dyer, E Hunter MD; Coric, Domagoj MD; Chotai, Silky MD; Asher, Anthony L MD, FACS; Adamson, Tim E MD

Topic: Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Financial Literacy: Impact on Student Success

Financial literacy has proven to be an essential skill for young adults to help in achieving success and reaching one’s potential. Many studies find that those with a stronger background in financial literacy are more likely to demonstrate positive behaviors, both financially and in other areas. This study will attempt to draw a link between Bryant University students’ background in financial literacy and benefits within the college classroom. Specifically, my study will look at whether having a stronger background in financial literacy leads to increased confidence in the classroom, decreased accounting anxiety, and superior academic performance. The study uses primary data gathered by administering a survey to 300 Bryant undergraduate students. The results of this study can be used by students and faculty alike in determining and cultivating a potential driver of success for students.

Topic: Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences