jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Hodgkin’s Disease and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

In the United States there are about 7,500 new cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD) per year. The age distribution is bimodal in that the peak incidences are at approximately 25 and 80 years of age. HD usually presents as a localized lymph node enlargement and progresses in an orderly manner (contiguous rather than hematogenous dissemination). However, any organ, including the bone marrow, liver, lung, pericardium, pleura, skin, bone, and the central nervous system, can be involved. Patients may present with "B" symptoms (Table 1), pruritus, jaundice, ascites, and dysphagia. The fever may have a cyclic pattern, with several days of fever alternating with afebrile periods (Pel-Ebstein fever). Some patients with HD complain of alcohol-induced pain in areas of diseased lymph nodes. Laboratory abnormalities may include cytopenias, leukocytosis, eosinophilia, abnormal liver function tests, and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Paraneoplastic manifestations associated with HD include lipoid (minimal change) nephrosis, demyelinating neuropathy, and cerebellar syndromes.

Topic: Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Fluctuations in Babcock‐Leighton Dynamos. II. Revisiting the Gnevyshev‐Ohl Rule

The Gnevyshev-Ohl rule refers to a pattern of alternating higher and lower than average solar cycle amplitudes observed in the sunspot number record. In this paper, we show that such a pattern arises naturally in Babcock-Leighton models of the solar cycle as a consequence of the long time delay built into the dynamo regenerative loop. This is investigated using a simple but well-validated iterative map formulation, as well as a seasoned two-dimensional axisymmetric kinematic dynamo model. The good agreement between the results obtained via these two very different modeling approaches offers confidence that Gnevyshev-Ohl-like patterns of cycle amplitude fluctuations are a robust feature of this class of solar cycle models.

Topic: Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
MHD and Double Diffusion Effects on Heat and Mass Transfer in Non-Darcy Fluid Flows Over a Vertical Plate

In the present paper we investigate double diffusion effects on mixed convective heat and mass transfer over a Newtonian vertical plate. Diffusion and chemical reaction terms are considered in the energy and concentration equations. A similarity transformation was used to convert governing non linear partial differential equations into ordinary. The dimensionless governing equations are solved numerically by using fourth-order Runge–Kutta integration scheme along with shooting technique. Detailed results for various physical parameters like velocity, temperature and concentration fields as well as the heat and mass transfer rates have been presented. In the absence of Magnetic and double diffusion effects our results are good in agreement with the results in the literature.

Topic: Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Human adjustments and social vulnerability to volcanic hazards: the case of Furnas Volcano, São Miguel, Açores

Abstract Following a review of recent developments by social theorists, concerned with the policy and practice of natural hazard reduction it is argued that neither the so-called dominant nor the radical perspectives, are sufficient on their own to answer the questions now being addressed by applied volcanologists during the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. In order to make useful recommendations to policy-makers, which are both reliable assessments of eruption risk and at the same time sensitive to probable interactions of future eruptions with the physical environment of the study region and its peoples, a conflation of traditional hazard analysis and vulnerability analysis is required. This view is tested by means of a case study of evacuation planning at Furnas Volcano in the Açores. As well as supporting the argument from theory, this example leads to the proposition that research on evacuation planning and civil defence should proceed in an ordered sequence. First hazard analysis (i.e. hazard mapping) should be carried out in the traditional manner. Next possible interactions with the physical environment should be specified and a preliminary plan of evacuation routes drawn up. Before detailed recommendations about the logistics of evacuation are made, however, it is vital that such factors as the demographic, socio/economic and cultural/behavioural characteristics of the population at risk are fully considered.

Topic: Disaster Management and Resilience
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Psychosocial interventions in emergencies: theoretical models and their ethical and political implications in the Venezuelan context. The case of UNICEF.

This dissertation presents an analysis of the models of psychosocial processes structuring UNICEF’s psychosocial intervention after the emergency caused by the floods in Venezuela during 1999, and some of their political and ethical implications. I discuss how UNICEF’s intervention in the shelter of Fuerte Tiuna, in Caracas, provides a context in which discourses and practices construct the disaster as an event of a particular type, affording particular positions to those affected by it, and presenting the intervention as a reparative response that engages in different ways with these constructions. Specific issues explored by this dissertation include how practices and discourses construct the disaster and its impact on persons and communities; the nature of the psychosocial intervention; the subject; and the different forms of expertise involved in the intervention. Further, it examines how the intervention-as-designed is implemented and how the actual contact with the beneficiary population generates changes not only in the implementation itself, but also in the conceptual frameworks displayed by UNICEF. The analysis presents UNICEF’s psychosocial intervention as a practice that is simultaneously material and discursive. The participation of experts, the use of specific resources, the deployment of techniques and their devices, the organisation of time and space within the intervention, can all be considered as supporting certain notions of the disaster, its impact and its solution, which organise the models of the psychosocial. The main issues that appear as relevant for the analysis are related to the way in which the intervention constructs the disaster as a psychosocial problem; the appeal to the notion of trauma to explain the impact on those affected; the disciplinary, ethical and political implications of the different forms of understanding suffering in the Venezuelan contemporary context and how the notions put forward by UNICEF’s intervention engage with the social dynamics in Venezuela, in particular with the processes associated with the social and political polarisation.

Topic: Conflict, Peace, and Violence in Colombia
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Pharmacogenetics, therapeutic drug management offer new insights into treating pain

As the personalized medicine movement continues to slowly build momentum, the field of pain management is among the latest to benefit from technology used to tailor treatments to individual patients. Personalized medicine, in the form of therapeutic drug management and pharmacogenetics, is emerging as a way for pain management specialists to improve patients’ quality of life, said Paul Jannetto, an assistant professor of pathology at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee. Pharmacogenetics and therapeutic drug management “provide the only objective measure of pain management physicians have to treat a patient,” he said on July 30 at the American Association for Clinical Chemistry annual meeting in Washington, D.C. Jannetto, citing statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), said 25% of Americans suffered from a daylong bout of pain during the previous month in one survey. About 10% of Americans reported having dealt with pain that lasted over a year, according to CDC statistics.

Topic: Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Julian B. Rotter

Julian B. Rotter spent 50 years developing and refining his social learning theory of personality. A cornerstone of his theory is the emphasis he gives to how our experiences (i.e. learning) and our perceptions and beliefs (i.e. cognitive processes) about the present situation are interrelated in determining our individual responses to life's challenges. Rotter is best known for his theoretical development of the personality construct of the internal-external locus of control of reinforcement, along with his psychometric efforts in the construction and validation of the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale. Throughout his career, Rotter emphasized the relationship between scientific research and clinical applications in the development of his social learning theory of personality.

Topic: Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
Subfield: General Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
VALUE OF CLINICAL, LABORATORY PARAMETERS AND ANALYSIS OF RETINAL VASCULARIZATION IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH PORTAL HYPERTENSION

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Portal hypertension is one of the complications of cirrhosis and is associated with numerous systemic manifestations, including renal, brain, pulmonary, cardiac and vascular changes. In routine ophthalmological examinations performed at our service, we observed that some children diagnosed with portal hypertension had increased retinal vascular tortuosity. OBJECTIVE: 1. To evaluate the presence of retinal vascular abnormalities (vascular tortuosity) in children diagnosed with portal hypertension; 2. To investigate the association between retinal vascular tortuosity and the presence of gastroesophageal varices in these children; 3. To evaluate the use of clinical and laboratory parameters to predict the presence of gastroesophageal varices in children with portal hypertension. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional and observational study that included patients aged &lt;18 years with a diagnosis of portal hypertension. The participants included were submitted to dilated fundus examination and fundus photography with Visucam (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) device. Besides, clinical and laboratorial data were collected from the patients’ medical records. RESULTS: A total of 72 patients were included in this study, and 36% of them had an increase in retinal vascular tortuosity. Platelet count (P=0.001), bilirubin dosage (P=0.013) and aspartate transaminase dosage (AST) (P=0.042) were associated with the presence of gastroesophageal varices in digestive endoscopy. There was no association between retinal vascular tortuosity and the presence of gastroesophageal varices (P=0.498). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that platelet count, bilirubin dosage, and aspartate transaminase dosage were associated with the presence of gastroesophageal varices in digestive endoscopy. Regarding the retinal findings, we found that there was an increase in retinal vascular tortuosity in 36% of pediatric patients, but no association was found with the presence of gastroesophageal varices.

Topic: Liver Disease and Transplantation
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Managing Supplier-Manufacturer Closed-Loop Supply Chain Considering Product Design and Take-Back Legislation

Facing a growing amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), a recent recast of the WEEE directive has put a specific reuse target for manufacturers, aiming to reduce environmental pollution and incentivize a green product design. In this paper, in order to examine whether the above two goals can be achieved by setting a specific reuse target, we have modelled a closed-loop supply chain consisting of a supplier (the leader) and a manufacturer (the follower) with the constraint of a mandated remanufacturing target. In this model, the supplier determines the level of interchangeability in product design and the wholesale price of the key component. The manufacturer buys the key components from the supplier and makes production and remanufacturing decisions under the requirement of a mandated remanufacturing target. We have investigated the supply chain’s members’ optimal decisions and analyzed the impact of the mandated remanufacturing target on the optimal profits of the supply chain’s members and consumer surplus, and finally, we have explored the environmental implications of the mandated remanufacturing target. We found that the supply chain’s members’ optimal decisions are affected by the mandated remanufacturing target and the cost of the new component. In terms of the economic implications of the mandated remanufacturing target, we have demonstrated that the increase in the mandated remanufacturing target has negative effects on the profits of the supply chain’s members and consumer surplus. Regarding the goal of incentivizing green product design, we found that the mandated remanufacturing target cannot always incentivize the supplier to implement product design that is beneficial to remanufacturing. From the perspective of the environment, we further indicate that more stringent mandated remanufacturing targets may bring an undesirable environmental outcome.

Topic: Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor Has Insulinotropic Activity in Human Fetal Pancreatic Cells

Fetal mesenchyme-derived factors are likely to play an important role in pancreatic islet development and growth. We have used primary cultures of human fetal pancreatic tissue to identify growth factors that have morphogenic, mitogenic, and insulinotropic activity. The formation of islet-like cell clusters (ICCs) during a 6-day culture was stimulated two- to threefold by hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, and to a lesser extent by keratinocyte growth factor (FGF-7) and insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II). In contrast, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) had a strong inhibitory effect. The ICCs formed during HGF/SF stimulation consisted mainly of epithelial cells, whereas FGF-2-induced ICCs were predominantly nonepithelial. Furthermore, although both FGF-2 and HGF/SF increased the total insulin content of the cultures, only HGF/SF increased the insulin content per DNA. Quantitatively, HGF/SF stimulated a 2.3-fold increase in the proportion of insulin-positive cells and a 3-fold higher number of replicating β-cells. Blocking of the IGF-I receptor inhibited ICC formation but did not affect their insulin content. Immunoneutralizing TGF-β resulted in increased cell growth and insulin content, indicating the presence of an endogenous inhibitory TGF-β activity in the model system. Our results suggest that HGF/SF may be an important component of the fetal mesenchyme-derived factors responsible for pancreatic islet development. HGF/SF also may prove valuable for supporting the in vitro growth of islet cells.

Topic: Pancreatic function and diabetes
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
CCDC 2151778: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pharmacotherapy in Parkinson’s disease: case studies

Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder with the particular feature of having various available treatments with proven efficacy. However, no treatment is curative. Recent trial results provided data for the discussion about the potential disease-modifying effect of new drugs as well as of other therapeutic strategies. The changing clinical phenotype following the progression of the disease multiplies the number of treatment targets and makes the application of recommendations from guidelines or other treatment algorithms to the individual patient a complex task. In the present manuscript, we discuss the treatment management of three case studies illustrating different stages of disease with distinct phenomenology. The proposed therapeutic alternatives are discussed based on the best data available; that is, treatment guidelines, clinical trial results or observational data.

Topic: Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Unliganded Acetate Kinase from Thermatoga Maritima

Acetate kinase (AK) catalyses the reversible transfer of the  phosphate group from ATP to one of the oxygen atoms of the carboxylate group in acetate to form acetyl phosphate. Acetate kinase a dimeric protein from the thermophilic organism, Thermatoga maritima, was cloned and expressed in E. coli. AK was purified in three steps using anion exchange, hydrophobic, and gel filtration chromatography. It crystallized only at 50°C. The crystals diffracted poorly, had high mosaicity as they were subjected to temperature shock between looping out and freezing. To obtain better quality crystals at lower temperatures the purification procedure was modified to include a Heparin affinity step along with anion exchange and hydrophobic chromatography steps. Crystals from this preparation grew at 20°C. A crystal grown in 36% MPD, 100mM CHES-9.5 and 50mM CaCl2 diffracted to 3.3Å. A data set with 97.9% completeness was solved by molecular replacement using structure (1G99) of AK from Methanosarcina Thermophila, a member of the ASKHA (acetate and sugar kinases/Hsc70/actin) family. Ten monomers were found in the asymmetric unit and crystal structure was refined to R-factor and R-free of 19.7% and 24.3%, respectively. Each monomer in the apo enzyme contained two domains. The two active site histidines (H122 and H179) found in the ASKHA family of enzymes were located 10Å apart compared to 6Å found in the binary complex in presence of ADP in 1G99. Further, the two domains in the apo enzyme appeared to be farther apart than what was reported to be found in the binary complexes suggesting that a major conformational change occurs when nucleotides bind to the apo-enzyme. This research was supported by NIH grant RO1-GM57056 and NSF CAREER award 99-84919-MCB.

Topic: Enzyme Structure and Function
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Protein structure prediction: selecting salient features from large candidate pools.

We introduce a parallel approach, "DT-SELECT," for selecting features used by inductive learning algorithms to predict protein secondary structure. DT-SELECT is able to rapidly choose small, nonredundant feature sets from pools containing hundreds of thousands of potentially useful features. It does this by building a decision tree, using features from the pool, that classifies a set of training examples. The features included in the tree provide a compact description of the training data and are thus suitable for use as inputs to other inductive learning algorithms. Empirical experiments in the protein secondary-structure task, in which sets of complex features chosen by DT-SELECT are used to augment a standard artificial neural network representation, yield surprisingly little performance gain, even though features are selected from very large feature pools. We discuss some possible reasons for this result.

Topic: Machine Learning in Bioinformatics
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Enhancing Crystallization and Toughness of Wood Flour/Polypropylene Composites via Matrix Crystalline Modification: A Comparative Study of Two β-Nucleating Agents

Incorporation of short wood fillers such as wood flour (WF) into polypropylene (PP) often results in a marked reduction of toughness, which is one of the main shortcomings for WF/PP composites. This research reports a facile approach to achieve toughening of WF/PP composites via introducing self-assembling β-nucleating agents into PP matrix. The effect of two kinds of nucleating agents, an aryl amide derivative (TMB5) and a rare earth complex (WBG II), at varying concentrations on the crystallization and mechanical properties of WF/PP composites was comparatively investigated. The results showed that both nucleating agents were highly effective in inducing β-crystal for WF/PP, with β-crystal content (kβ) value reaching 0.8 at 0.05 wt% nucleating agent concentration. The incorporation of TMB or WBG significantly decreased the spherulite size, increased the crystallization temperature and accelerated the crystallization process of WF/PP. As a result of PP crystalline modification, the toughness of composites was significantly improved. Through introducing 0.3 wt% TMB or WBG, the notched impact strength and strain at break of WF/PP increased by approximately 28% and 40%, respectively. Comparatively, although WF/PP-WBG had slightly higher Kβ value than WF/PP-TMB at the same concentration, WF/PP/TMB exhibited more uniform crystalline morphology with smaller spherulites. Furthermore, the tensile strength and modulus of WF/PP-TMB were higher than WF/PP-WBG. This matrix crystalline modification strategy provides a promising route to prepare wood filler/thermoplastic composites with improved toughness and accelerated crystallization.

Topic: Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
''The ageless'' - Age-disputed unaccompanied minor asylum seekers - caught between constructions of childhood and adulthood

Age-disputed unaccompanied minor asylum seekers (UMAs) are a group of undocumented young people who have received increased attention both in the media and by scholars during the last decade. Due to heightening numbers of UMAs seeking asylum throughout Europe, governments have increased their use of age assessments to establish UMAs unknown age so that they receive accurate treatment, rights, and care. Norway makes use of medical and nonmedical age assessments, often based on x-rays of the carpus, teeth, and visual assessments conducted by professionals, to find UMAs’ approximate age. This thesis explores how relevant actors connected to the Norwegian asylum field understand and construct UMAs and their unknown age. It considers how hegemonic understandings of age becomes determining in situating UMAs within or outside childhood. Moreover, the thesis scrutinizes how prevalent discourses connected to UMAs becomes relevant regarding UMAs access to legal rights. As age assessment is a particularly contested practice, gaining knowledge about the rationale behind how and why UMAs are perceived as they are, become pertinent. Drawing on the findings from this study, UMAs are constructed on the basis of constructed knowledge stemming from the global North. Moreover, UMAs voices are rarely taken into consideration when their age is disputed. Thus, their opportunity to participate in matters concerning themselves becomes absent.

Topic: Migration, Refugees, and Integration
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences