jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Collective decision-making in white-faced capuchin monkeys

In group-living animals, collective movements are a widespread phenomenon and occur through consensus decision. When one animal proposes a direction for group movement, the others decide to follow or not and hence take part in the decision-making process. This paper examines the temporal spread of individual responses after the departure of a first individual (the initiator) in a semi-free ranging group of white-faced capuchins ( Cebus capucinus ). We analysed 294 start attempts, 111 succeeding and 183 failing. Using a modelling approach, we have demonstrated that consensus decision-making for group movements is based on two complementary phenomena in this species: firstly, the joining together of group members thanks to a mimetic process; and secondly, a modulation of this phenomenon through the propensity of the initiator to give up (i.e. cancellation rate). This cancellation rate seems to be directly dependent upon the number of followers: the greater this number is, the lower the cancellation rate is seen to be. The coupling between joining and cancellation rates leads to a quorum: when three individuals join the initiator, the group collectively moves. If the initiator abandons the movement, this influences the joining behaviour of the other group members, which in return influences the initiator's behaviour. This study demonstrates the synergy between the initiator's behaviour and the self-organized mechanisms underlying group movements.

Topic: Primate Behavior and Ecology
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Structure of Gramicidin S (M + H + X)<sup>2+</sup> Ions (X = Li, Na, K) Probed by Proton Transfer Reactions

Proton transfer reactions of (M + 2H)2+ and (M + H + X)2+ ions (X = Li, Na, K) of gramicidin S with four reference bases are measured. From the kinetics of proton transfer, the apparent gas-phase basicities of the (M + H)+ and (M + X)+ ions are assigned values of 219.1 ± 2.8 and 223.3 ± 2.4 kcal/mol, respectively. We attribute the higher apparent basicity of the (M + X)+ ions to a larger separation between charges. From this difference in basicities is calculated a charge separation distance of ∼11.5 Å in the (M + H + X)2+ ions using a simple point charge model. This value is consistent with a structure in which the alkali metal ion is attached to the exterior surface of the peptide and is in excellent agreement with structures obtained by molecular modeling. Rates of proton transfer from (M + H + X)2+ to dipropylamine decrease as the size of the alkali metal ion increases. This indicates that the binding site is the same for each of these metal ions.

Topic: Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Purchase intention of frugal household appliances among generation y in Germany – modified tam approach

Frugal innovations are characterized by a focus on the core product functions, high product quality, and the reduction of raw material and financial resources across the entire value chain. They were initially developed for people in emerging countries and focused on the unmet needs of people at the bottom of the pyramid (BOP). Different researches show that frugal innovations could also be interesting for people in industrialized countries. Existing literature indicates that customers in developed countries have different acceptance factors for frugal innovations than customers in emerging countries. The present study refers to this gap. For the first research, potential users of Generation Y from Germany are used. This generation comprised a large consumer group of more than 15 million people. They are characterized by their interest in sustainable products and social fairness. Household appliances such as washing machines, dishwashers, or coffee machines are used as a potential product group for frugal innovation in developed countries like Germany. They have been an integral part of daily life in industrialized countries for many years, but they are expensive and often highly sophisticated with many functions. The basis for the study is the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) expanded based on the literature. A total of 12 hypotheses were derived and combined into a study model. The subject of the research was Generation Y in Germany. For model testing, a dataset of 463 participants was generated through an online survey from December 2020 to January 2021. A multi-equation structural model was created and evaluated with the variance-based procedure PLS-SEM to analyze the relationships. The results confirmed that even in the case of frugal household appliances, the opinion of third parties influences the usefulness and the purchase intention in Generation Y. Furthermore, there was an influence of environmental awareness on the attitude towards use. Despite the affinity for technological applications, the ease of use of a frugal household appliance was shown to influence the usefulness of frugal household appliances. Contrary to expectations, the performance expectations of household appliances and the possible price advantage did not influence usefulness within this consumer group. This study concluded with indications for future research approaches in this research area.

Topic: Innovation and Socioeconomic Development
Subfield: Business and International Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Workplace Social Support and Attitude toward Enterprise Resource Planning System

To respond to competitive environment, many organizations have invested in enterprise resource planning system in order to improve workflow and increase the efficiency of shared services for the last two decades. Nevertheless, most organizations often fail to utilize and explore the new information system's functionalities to achieve their expected objectives as promised. This brutal fact reveals implicitly that there is an urgent need to improve the knowledge of understanding why and how employees accept and use new information systems. Particularly, in many cases, the reasons for the new information system's failure are neglecting social factors and a lack of change management. In view of such, the main aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between workplace social support and employee's attitude toward enterprise resource planning system from the perspective of organizational change. Results from a sample of 334 respondents in Taiwan revealed that workplace social support not only influences employee's attitude towards enterprise resource planning system directly, but also exerts its influences indirectly via affective commitment to organization and affective commitment to change.

Topic: Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
Subfield: Information Systems and Management
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
ANAC044 orchestrates mitochondrial stress signaling to trigger iron-induced stem cell death in root meristems

While iron (Fe) is essential for life and plays important roles for almost all growth related processes, it can trigger cell death in both animals and plants. However, the underlying mechanisms for Fe-induced cell death in plants remain largely unknown. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) has previously been reported to regulate nitric oxide homeostasis to prevent Fe-induced cell death within root meristems. Here, we found that in the absence of GSNOR , exposure to high Fe treatment results in DNA damage–dependent cell death specifically in vascular stem cells in root meristems within 48 h. Through a series of time-course transcriptomic analyses, we unveil that in the absence of GSNOR , mitochondrial dysfunction emerges as the most prominent response to high Fe treatment. Consistently, the application of mitochondrial respiratory inhibitors leads to stem cell death in root meristems, and pharmacological blockage of the voltage-dependent anion channel that is responsible for the release of mitochondrial-derived molecules into the cytosol or genetic changes that abolish the ANAC017- and ANAC013-mediated mitochondrial retrograde signaling effectively eliminate Fe-induced stem cell death in gsnor root meristems. We further identify the nuclear transcription factor ANAC044 as a mediator of this mitochondrial retrograde signaling. Disruption of ANAC044 completely abolishes the GSNOR-dependent, Fe-induced stem cell death in root meristems, while ectopic expression of ANAC044 causes severe root stem cell death. Collectively, our findings reveal a mechanism responsible for initiating Fe-induced stem cell death in the root meristem, which is the ANAC044-mediated GSNOR-regulated mitochondrial stress signaling pathway.

Topic: Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Package Enhancement Study for the 120-mm M831E2 Cartridge

An engineering study to reduce the cost of the existing 120-mm, target practice-tracer (TP-T), M831 tank cartridge, is being conducted by ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ. The redesigned cartridge designated M831E2, is packaged in the standard PA116 metal can used for the M831 and is subject to standard test and evaluation command (TECOM) rough handling tests. Testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground, 16 to 18 Jan 92, showed the 7-ft packaged drop (containing the cartridge) at -46 deg C to be the most severe of the rough handling package tests. Both the M831 and M831E2 combustible cartridge case sustained damage. A package enhancement design and test were run to study the possible improvements that could be made to the internal packaging components of the PA116 container to improve the survivability of the combustible cartridge case in the 7-ft packaged drop test. A 6 lb/cubic foot crosslinked polyethylene foam support added to the PA116 container at the projectile/combustible case cap interface gave substantial improvement to the survivability of the cartridge case in the 7-ft -46 deg C packaged drop test.

Topic: High-Velocity Impact and Material Behavior
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Nanoporous structure characteristics of carbon materials for supercapacitors. Limited evaporation technique

The nanoporous structures of activated carbons and carbide derived carbons are investigated via the adsorption limited-evaporation method. Electrochemical properties of these structures used in the models of supercapacitors are analyzed. It has been found that porous structure parameters correlate with the specific characteristics of supercapacitors based on the mentioned materials.

Topic: Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Bayesian Estimation of Outstanding Claim Reserves

This paper presents a Bayesian approach to forecasting outstanding claims, either the total number of claims or the total amount, that is used for claims reserving. The assumption is made that there is complete information for one or two past years of origin and partial information for some development years of other years of origin. It also assumes payments are made annually and that the development of partial payments follows a stable payoff pattern from one year of origin to another. Two different models are presented: one for the number of claims (intensity) and one for claim amounts (severity). The advantage of using this procedure is that actuaries can derive the complete predictive distribution of the reserve requirements, from which, in turn, it is possible to obtain point estimates as well as probability intervals and other summary measures, such as mean, variance, and quantiles.

Topic: Probability and Risk Models
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Converting Bowling to Civic Involvement

This chapter provides evidence from San Francisco disputing the premise of Robert Putnam's critically acclaimed book, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, that social capital, especially the bridging variety, has declined all over the United States. It presents evidence that describes how the Filipino migrants' adaptive spirit, mediated through San Francisco churches, allows them to balance the competing social and civic responsibilities of new migrants, which include religious obligations and civic duties in both the United States and the Philippines. It uses two bayanihan case studies to illuminate more clearly how the adaptive spirits (or esprit de corps) of migrant faithful at Saint Patrick's Catholic Church in San Francisco and the Iglesia ni Cristo in Daly City are cultivated and channeled for the betterment of American society.

Topic: Diaspora, migration, transnational identity
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
On a Z_3-Graded Generalization of the Witten Index

We construct a realization of the algebra of the Z_3-graded topological symmetry of type (1,1,1) in terms of a pair of operators D_1: H_1 -&gt; H_2, and D_2: H_2 -&gt; H_3 satisfying [D_1D_1^\dagger,D_2^\dagger D_2]=0. We show that the sequence of the restriction of these operators to the zero-energy subspace forms a complex and establish the equality of the corresponding topological invariants with the analytic indices of these operators.

Topic: Protist diversity and phylogeny
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Local and Global Canonical Forms for Differential-Algebraic Equations with Symmetries

Abstract Linear time-varying differential-algebraic equations with symmetries are studied. The structures that we address are self-adjoint and skew-adjoint systems. Local and global canonical forms under congruence are presented and used to classify the geometric properties of the flow associated with the differential equation as symplectic or generalized orthogonal flow. As applications, the results are applied to the analysis of dissipative Hamiltonian systems arising from circuit simulation and incompressible flow.

Topic: Control and Stability of Dynamical Systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Structural abnormalities in the placenta

Genes regulate the development of fertilised egg into the inner cell mass (which will become the embryo, fetus and, eventually, baby) and the trophoblast (which will become the placenta).Defects in the genes that regulate these processes lead to a wide range of embryonic, fetal and neonatal defects, from minor cosmetic abnormalities, to such severe defects disasters that a pregnancy miscarries within a few days to weeks after fertilization.Since the placenta and fetus share the same genome, genetic defects in the fetus are often mirrored in the placenta as abnormal growth patterns.Abnormal growth pattern of the trophoblast layers, namely trophoblast invaginations, appear to be associated with genetic defects in the fetus.When these deep pits are cut in cross section they appear as trophoblast inclusions.Compared to the placentas from normal children there is a significantly increased frequency of trophoblast inclusions in cases of known chromosomal diseases, such as trisomy 21, 13 and 18, as well as triploidy.

Topic: Prenatal Screening and Diagnostics
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Prediction of energy dissipation in violent sloshing flows simulated by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

&lt;p&gt;The present work aims to investigate the use of fuel&nbsp;sloshing to reduce the design loads on aircraft wings. These are&nbsp;highly flexible structures that can deform significantly under a certain loading. Wings house the fuel tanks and generally carry&nbsp;an amount of fuel comparable in weight to that of their structural&nbsp;components. In the present research, the SPH model is adopted to investigate the damping effect of fuel sloshing on the dynamics of flexible wing-like structures. This represents a quite challenging&nbsp; task for SPH and more in general, for CFD tools, being the fuel&nbsp; tank under study subjected to vertical accelerations as high as&nbsp; 10g. The resulting flow is extremely complex due to the highly turbulent flow, the violent impacts, and the intense fragmentation of the air-liquid interface. The straightforward application of SPH&nbsp; to the problem suffers from some numerical issues, such as tensile instability. To this aim the recent &delta;-LES-SPH model is adopted. The focus of the analysis is on the energy balance of the mechanical system. In particular, the experiments in are reproduced in the numerical simulations comparing the flow evolution and the obtained forces and dissipated energy.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Информационно-аналитическое сопровождение государственной семейной политики

The article deals with the problem of the effectiveness of the state family policy. An important factor in optimizing the problem, according to the author, is its information and analytical support. We propose an original methodological approach to the scientific support of activity of subjects of family policy, the essence of which in the consideration of problems and their solutions through the prism of the category of "Family potential».

Topic: Plant Diversity and Evolution
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Abnormalities of coagulation in hypertensive patients with early renal failure: association with cardiovascular events

A prothrombotic state has been demonstrated in uremic patients undergoing conservative treatment or dialysis and could act as a cardiovascular risk factor in these patients. This study was performed in hypertensive patients with mild to moderate impairment of renal function to investigate at what stage of renal failure abnormalities of the coagulation system develop and whether these abnormalities are associated with increased prevalence of cardiovascular events in these patients. Renal function was assessed in 382 essential hypertensive patients by measurement of 24-hour creatinine clearance (Cr Cl), urinary protein excretion, and microalbuminuria. In these patients we assessed the prevalence of atherosclerotic disease and evaluated the overall function of the coagulation system by measurement of platelet counts, PT, PTT, antithrombin III, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2). Mild renal failure, as indicated by Cr Cl from 30 to 89 ml/min per 1.73 m2 of body surface area, was found in 168 of 382 patients. Age, blood pressure, duration of hypertension, and plasma concentrations of fibrinogen, D-dimer and F1+2 were significantly greater in hypertensive patients with mild renal failure than in those with normal renal function and this difference persisted after adjustment for potential confounders. Cr Cl was significantly and inversely correlated with plasma fibrinogen (rho= -0.260, P<0.001), D-dimer (rho=-0.334, P<0.001), and F1+2 (rho= -0.196, P<0.001) levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that plasma fibrinogen (F=6.31; P=0.009) and D-dimer (F=9.347; P=0.003) levels were correlated to renal function independent of age, blood pressure, duration of hypertension, triglyceride levels, urinary protein excretion, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The prevalence of coronary artery, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease was significantly greater in patients with mild renal failure than in those with normal renal function. Elevated levels of fibrinogen and D-dimer were associated with the presence of atherosclerotic disease independent of renal function and other risk factors. Thus, increased plasma levels of fibrinogen, D-dimer, and F1+2 are present in hypertensive patients with mildly decreased creatinine clearance, suggesting a prothrombotic state that may contribute to the risk for atherosclerotic disease at all levels of renal function.

Topic: Dialysis and Renal Disease Management
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Association between Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria in infra-gingival plaque and premature labor with low birth weight

Context: There are some discrepancies regarding the association between periodontal disease and preterm in the literature. Considering all periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is the most invasive bacterium in connective tissues, and the impact of its presence in the diverse microbial community of periodontal pathogens with a lower frequency is much greater than expected.Aim: This study investigated the association of Pg in infra-gingival plaque of preterm and low birth weight (PTLBW) mothers.Setting and Design: This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 89 women, who were referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Sari, Iran, in 2017.Materials and Methods: The samples were assigned by purposive method with 30 mothers had PTLBW newborns and 59 mothers had normal term and normal birth weight (NTNBW) neonates. The probing depth, bleeding on probing clinical attachment levels, plaque index, and gingival index were measured. A sample from the periodontal pocket was collected to distinguish the Pg in subgingival plaque by polymerase chain reaction.Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Mann–Whitney U and Chi-square test.Results: According to the periodontal indexes, 37.3% and 26.7% of the mothers in the NTNBW and PTLBW were diagnosed with periodontitis, respectively. Furthermore, Pg was detected in 30% and 20.3% of the cases in the PTLBW of NTLBW mothers. The amount of Pg in infra-gingival plaque was significantly higher in the PTLBW mothers than in the NTNBW (P = 0.016).Conclusion: The results indicated that the quantity of Pg could be considered a risk factor for PTLBW delivery.

Topic: Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
Subfield: Periodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
A dynamic threshold approach for skin segmentation in color images

This paper presents a novel dynamic threshold approach to discriminate skin pixels and non-skin pixels in color images.Fixed decision boundaries (or fixed threshold) classification approaches are successfully applied to segment human skin.These fixed thresholds mostly failed in two situations as they only search for a certain skin color range: 1) any non-skin object may be classified as skin if non-skin objects’s color values belong to fixed threshold range. 2) any true skin may be mistakenly classified as non-skin if that skin color values do not belong to fixed threshold range. Therefore in this paper, instead of predefined fixed thresholds, novel online learned dynamic thresholds are used to overcome the above drawbacks.The experimental results show that our method is robust in overcoming these drawbacks.

Topic: Image Enhancement Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
On Which Hand Should you Wear An Evil Eye Bracelet?

An evil eye bracelet is a typical style accessory that many individuals take pleasure in wearing. Nevertheless, it&amp;rsquo;s more than only a trend accessory and the way in which that you put on it could actually have different connotations. Quite simply, if you&amp;rsquo;re in search of emotional safety

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences