jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
MRI sliding sign: Using MRI to assess rectouterine mobility in pelvic endometriosis

Abstract Introduction Surgical excision of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) is complex and associated with morbidity. Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in the preoperative workup. We sought to determine the utility of single sagittal T2‐weighted MRI motion sequence in the preoperative assessment of pelvic mobility in patients with endometriosis. Methods An observational study at a single tertiary public referral centre in Australia. Eighty‐one MRI studies from 1 May 2019 to 3 December 2019, were enrolled. Studies were included if they were performed to stage endometriosis, including a T2‐weighted motion series, adequately covering a uterus, cervix and rectum. Fifty‐seven studies met inclusion criteria. The reference standard was a contemporaneous transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) reporting on pelvic organ mobility. Three subspecialist radiologists were then blindly asked to identify, on the cine loop: rectouterine immobility, superficial endometriosis (pelvic bowel adhesions), rectosigmoid Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis (DIE). Fleiss’ Kappa assessed interobserver agreement. Consensus MRI sensitivity and specificity were estimated against the reference standard (TVUS). Results Median age was 35 years (range 19–51). Forty‐three cases had a contemporaneous TVUS; 14 reporting a sliding sign, 29 with fixed pelves. Interobserver agreement was ‘substantial’ ( k = 0.79) for absent MRI sliding sign and ‘almost perfect’ ( k = 0.90) for absence of DIE. Consensus MRI had 90% sensitivity (95% CI 73–98%) for pelvic immobility at TVUS (absent sliding sign). Interobserver agreement and consensus MRI sensitivity were higher for adhesions and immobility than normal findings. Conclusion An MRI motion sequence can identify patients with pelvic adhesions and immobility, helping determine surgical difficulty when TVUS is not diagnostic.

Topic: Endometriosis Research and Treatment
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Glycolipids of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Strain H37Rv Are Potential Serological Markers for Diagnosis of Active Tuberculosis

ABSTRACT A simple and cost-effective diagnostic tool (TB Screen Test) for the screening of patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis and for differentiation of those individuals from individuals without tuberculosis, other common infections, and healthy controls has been developed. The serological responses of purified mycobacterial glycolipid antigens were examined by a liposome agglutination assay. The assay was able to detect very low antiglycolipid antibody concentrations in the infected individuals. The sera from the tuberculosis patient group had significantly higher concentrations of antiglycolipid antibody than the sera from uninfected control subjects, with 94% sensitivity and 98.3% specificity. Glycolipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv antigens were isolated, purified, and characterized. After interchelation with liposome particles, these purified antigens specifically bound to the antiglycolipid antibodies present in the sera of patients with tuberculosis, resulting in the formation of a blue agglutination. This protocol clearly differentiates healthy controls and M. bovis BCG-vaccinated subjects from those with active tuberculosis. The resultant diagnostic tool, the TB Screen Test, is more economical and rapid (4 min) than other currently available products and can be used for the mass screening of a heavily afflicted population.

Topic: Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
MAPLIN MANAGEMENT ASPECTS -- AUTOMATION AND PASSENGER SERVICE

Managing in the 80's a new airport like Maplin will present a different challenge from that which faced the first managers of existing airports. Both the size and the technological content will be different. Objectives and management styles must be carefully chosen and defined, and the airport manager must ensure that the whole airport system gives a high level of passenger service. To do this he must know what the passenger really wants, not what he thinks the passenger wants. It will be difficult to permit large numbers of individual, autonomous organizations to operate in parallel without adversely affecting the level of passenger service. A large degree of automation throughout the whole airport system will be necessary if the maximum planned capacity, approximately 125 million passengers per annum, is to be achieved.

Topic: Aviation Industry Analysis and Trends
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Componential Theory of Creativity

The componential theory of creativity is a comprehensive model of the social and psychological components necessary for an individual to produce creative work. The theory is grounded in a definition of creativity as the production of ideas or outcomes that are both novel and appropriate to some goal. In this theory, four components are necessary for any creative response: three components within the individual – domainrelevant skills, creativity-relevant processes, and intrinsic task motivation – and one component outside the individual – the social environment in which the individual is working. The current version of the theory encompasses organizational creativity and innovation, carrying implications for the work environments created by managers. This entry defines the components of creativity and how they influence the creative process, describing modifications to the theory over time. Then, after comparing the componential theory to other creativity theories, the article describes this theory’s evolution and impact.

Topic: Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
A review of conservation agriculture research in South Africa

Conservation agriculture (CA) is advocated as a sustainable farming method to improve soil health, increase crop yields and food security, while reducing input costs. In South Africa, a country with low rainfall, limited agricultural lands and a large smallholder farming community, implementing CA is imperative. To investigate the research status of CA in South Africa, a systematic review of available literature was conducted. Conservation agriculture initiatives as captured in the form of peer-reviewed publications, reports, dissertations, proceedings and projects were collected. Relevant data, such as location, type of research, CA treatments implemented, duration of interventions, main results, limitations and challenges were recorded. Most literature were in the form of peer-reviewed publications (45%). The CA interventions mostly occurred as researcher-managed field trials (60%), followed by farmer-led trials. While the interventions were fairly scattered throughout the country, there was a poor correlation between major crop-producing areas and research focus. Conservation agriculture interventions generally had a positive effect on soil properties and crop yield. Important limitations include poor reporting, short trial periods and insufficient data collection. Local research involving farmers is needed to support best-management practices for different agro-ecological zones.

Topic: Agricultural Innovations and Practices
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Concentration of Bunker C Fuel Oil in the Waters of Chedabucto Bay, April 1971

The concentrations of Bunker C fuel oil in the waters of Chedabucto Bay in April 1971, 14 months after the Arrow disaster, were uniformly low, averaging 1.5 ppb. Comparison with other data indicates that concentrations in the bay have dropped more than an order of magnitude in the last year and now are at a level that is typical for the concentration of petroleum residues in the marine waters off Atlantic Canada. Although practically all of the Bunker C originating from the Arrow appears to be gone from the water column, oil coverage is still extensive in some inshore areas and considerable quantities of sedimented oil are probably present in the sediments of the bay.

Topic: Oil Spill Detection and Mitigation
Subfield: Pollution
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Discussion on whistling tones from the earth

Summary form only given, as follows. The Bell Telephone Laboratories sent an expedition last summer to Newfoundland for the purpose of measuring the interference picked up on an 8-mile submarine cable in order to determine the amount of interference which might be expected on a transatlantic telephone cable terminated there. The same expedition is engaged in similar measurements this year in Ireland. The "swishes" discussed by Dr. Barkhausen were noted in both locations both day and night and were received on a loop of wire as well as on several different types of submarine cables. They are of two types, one descending in pitch, as mentioned by Dr. Barkhausen, and the other type ascending in pitch. The range of frequencies covered by the swishes was found to lie usually between 700 and 2000 p.p.s. The individual swishes, however, did not often exceed an octave in range. Another type of musical interference not as yet described by other observers, and called "tweeks" by our engineers because of their characteristic sound, occur only at night. They appear to the ear to be highly damped oscillations the frequencies of which are generally in the range between 1600 and 2200 p.p.s. We have tried to explain these tweeks as the result of multiple reflections between the earth and the Heaviside layer of a single static discharge and believed that this explanation was substantiated by the fact that they were never noticed during the daylight hours when the Heaviside layer is believed to be a less efficient reflector than during the dark hours. This conflicts somewhat with Dr. Barkhausen's explanation of the formation of the swishes since they appear to have the same general characteristic when noted at any time during the day or night. It might be expected that any phenomenon depending on reflection from the Heaviside layer would show characteristics during the night differing noticeably from those observed during the day. A more complete description of these phenomena as noted in Newfoundland is given in E.T. Burton's letter published in Nature, July 12, 1930.

Topic: Scientific Research and Discoveries
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
An Axiom System for Feedback Centralities

In recent years, the axiomatic approach to centrality measures has attracted attention in the literature. However, most papers propose a collection of axioms dedicated to one or two considered centrality measures. In result, it is hard to capture the differences and similarities between various measures. In this paper, we propose an axiom system for four classic feedback centralities: Eigenvector centrality, Katz centrality, Katz prestige and PageRank. We prove that each of these four centrality measures can be uniquely characterized with a subset of our axioms. Our system is the first one in the literature that considers all four feedback centralities.

Topic: Game Theory and Applications
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[Relationship of the pKMR plasmids detected in Shigella circulating in the Krasnodar Territory to incompatibility groups].

Shigella strains showed that in 43.9 per cent of the strains this feature was controlled by conjugative R plasmids. On the whole these were the plasmids allotting the bacterial cell with resistance simultaneously to SmTcCm (37.1 per cent) and SmTc (17.1 per cent). The plasmids with other phenotypes were less frequent: SmApCm, 11.4 per cent, TcApCm, 8.6 per cent; SmTcApCm, 8.6 per cent; Tc, 8.6 per cent; Sm, 2.9 per cent; Cm, 2.9 per cent and TcCm, 2.9 per cent. The incompatibility groups of 19 plasmids were determined: Inc I zeta, 28.6 per cent; Inc zeta I and Inc B, 14.2 per cent; Inc FII, 8.6 per cent and Inc I alpha, 2.9 per cent.

Topic: Escherichia coli research studies
Subfield: Endocrinology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Implementation of Foundation Program under “Graduate Medical Regulations 2019” for first professional MBBS students at a Medical College located in western India - A transformative learning experience

<ns4:p>This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Introduction: Students enter new environment in medical colleges at around 17 years of age directly from school which can be challenging. Therefore, in Graduate Medical Regulations 2019 of India, attempt has been made to orient medical learners to MBBS program and provide them with requisite knowledge, communication, technical and language skills through a month-long foundation program. The purpose of this study is to share learning and to document feedback and best practices that would enhance the value and structure of the program in coming years. Methodology: Descriptive evaluation of the foundation program implemented at a medical college located in western India as per the guidelines of the Curriculum Implementation Support Program (CISP). This program was implemented by all medical colleges under the ambit of Medical Council of India from August 2019. Teaching-Learning Methods:Interactive sessions and assessment mainly based on reflective writing or by verbal/written feedback. To help in program evaluation and refinementa pretested semi-structured questionnaire administered to the students and faculty to gather their perceptions about various aspects of the course on a Likert scale of 1-5; 5-Strongly agree, 4-Agree, 3-Uncertain, 2-Disagree, 1-Strongly Disagree and three open-ended questions at the end of the course. Data was entered into Microsoft Excel 2007 and descriptive statistics utilized for interpretation of perceptions, themes and direct quotation used in the analysis. Take home Message: The enthusiasm, hard work and integrated effort by the faculty members who participated in the program were extremely important for the success of this course. It is learnt that the Foundation program highlights benefits, is a valuable vehicle for increasing students' overall confidence. There are challenges involved in operationalization viz; it requires more time and effort from faculty, at least in the initial phases of program development.</ns4:p>

Topic: Innovations in Medical Education
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Novel Mutation of Gene CBFA1/RUNX2

Abstract. Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia characterised by abnormal clavicles, patent sutures and fontanelles, supernumerary teeth, short stature, and a variety of other skeletal changes. The disease gene is CBFA1/RUNX2, which is mapped to chromosome 6p21. Inactivation of the CBFA1/RUNX2 gene by mutations is involved in the skeletal defects that occur in patients with CCD. CBFA1/RUNX2 controls the differentiation of precursor cells into osteoblasts and is essential for membranous as well as endochondral bone formation. In this study of a 14-yr-old boy with typical CCD phenotype, the authors found a novel CBFA1/RUNX2 gene mutation. All of the amplified segments from the patient’s CBFA1/RUNX2 gene were identical to those obtained in controls, except for the one spanning the exon 7 and intron/exon boundary regions. Direct sequencing of the PCR product showed a heterozygous T-to-A transition mutation at nucleotide 1182 in exon 7, leading to Y394X mutation. The predicted protein product lacks 128 amino acids, including part of the PST domain. Identification of this novel mutation constitutes a further step in elucidating the pathogenesis of this autosomal disorder.

Topic: Irish and British Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Herpetofauna of the Vicinity of Silifke

The number of herpetological studies about specific regions of Turkey are very limited compared to general herpetological studies. In an attempt to help fill this gap, a total of 89 specimens representing 11 reptile species were collected, for the first time, from two different localities in the vicinity of Silifke, and they were evaluated from the taxonomical point of view.

Topic: Spider Taxonomy and Behavior Studies
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Inequality and penality: The hidden side of a complex relationship

This article focuses on the close association between inequality and punishment observed over recent decades at a macro level, at least in some regions of the world. A review of the empirical literature first provides an overview of the different types of variables mobilized to try to understand this complex relationship. The aim of the empirical part is to explore the potential role of attitudes towards inequality in this relationship, on the basis of country-level data available for West European countries. The results do not support the idea that a more meritocratic ethos at the country level would create the connection between inequality and punishment. On the contrary, they suggest the persistence of a systemic link independently of attitudinal variables. However, by showing that, the greater the inequality, the more the population calls for redistributive intervention by the state, and the more it also calls for punitive intervention, the findings could suggest another pattern. This moves away from a rather deterministic perspective to highlight the room for manoeuvre for social change.

Topic: Income, Poverty, and Inequality
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Native aortic versus mitral valve infective endocarditis: a nationwide registry study

Background Native aortic and mitral valve infective endocarditis (AVE and MVE, respectively) are usually grouped together as left-sided native valve infective endocarditis (LNVE), while the differences between AVE and MVE have not yet been properly investigated. We aimed to compare AVE and MVE in regard to patient characteristics, microbiology and determinants of survival. Methods We conducted a retrospective study using the Swedish national registry on infective endocarditis, which contains nationwide patient data. The study period was 2007‒2017, and included cases were patients who had either AVE or MVE. Results We included 649 AVE and 744 MVE episodes. Staphylococcus aureus was more often the causative pathogen in MVE (41% vs 31%, p&lt;0.001), whereas enterococci were more often the causative pathogen in AVE (14% vs 7.4%, p&lt;0.001). Perivalvular involvement occurred more frequently in AVE (8.5% vs 3.5%, p&lt;0.001) and brain emboli more frequently in MVE (21% vs 13%, p&lt;0.001). Surgery for IE was performed more often (35% vs 27%, p&lt;0.001) and sooner after diagnosis (6.5 days vs 9 days, p=0.012) in AVE than in MVE. Several risk predictors differed between the two groups. Conclusions The microbiology seems to differ between AVE and MVE. The causative pathogen was not associated with mortality in AVE. The between-group differences regarding clinical presentation and predictors of survival indicate that it may be important to differentiate AVE from MVE in the treatment of LNVE.

Topic: Infective Endocarditis Diagnosis and Management
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
LMO-YOLO: A Ship Detection Model for Low-Resolution Optical Satellite Imagery

It has been observed that the existing convolutional neural network (CNN)-based ship detection models often result in high false detection rate in low-resolution optical satellite images. This problem arises from the following factors: 1) the current 8-b rescaling schemes make the images lose some important information about ships in low-resolution imagery; 2) the effective features of ships at low resolution are far fewer than those of ships at high resolution; and 3) the detection of low-resolution ships is more sensitive to object-background contrast variation. To solve these problems, a low-resolution marine object (LMO) detection YOLO model, called LMO-YOLO, is proposed in this article. First, a multiple linear rescaling scheme is developed to quantize the original satellite images into 8-b images; second, dilated convolutions are included in a YOLO network to extract object features and object-background features; finally, an adaptive weighting scheme is designed to balance the loss between easy-to-detect ships and hard-to-detect ships. The proposed method was validated by level 1 product images captured by the wide-field-of-view sensor on the GaoFen-1 satellite. The experimental results demonstrated that our method accurately detected ships from low-resolution images and outperformed state-of-the-art methods.

Topic: Remote-Sensing Image Classification
Subfield: Media Technology
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Mossberga Mosse: Excavating the Archives and Tracing Museum Ecologies

Bog bodies are rare finds occasionally revealed in connection with peat-cutting or excavation of drains. However, the record might be richer than formerly acknowledged, as earlier finds may survive as non-identified parts of museum collections, and have, therefore, been missed by researchers. This paper presents osteological finds from Mossberga bog on the island of Öland which were rediscovered in museum storage recently. It provides a case study that traces how the archaeological and antiquarian processes ‘tie together’ and ‘cut apart’ materials in what could be called museum ecologies. The assemblage includes human and non-human remains from a bog site and investigates how wetland archaeology is taken from excavation into the public domain. The relationships around this find are folded out, using radiocarbon dating, osteological analysis, archival materials and landscape descriptions to tie together and problematize stories of how the practice of depositing bodies in wetlands stretched across centuries.

Topic: Conservation Techniques and Studies
Subfield: Conservation
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Internationalisation of firms' research and development activities: the experience from European Union framework programs

This article draws attention to the 'innovation divide' of the firms from EU new and old member states in participating in framework programs similarly to the higher education and research actors. The article uses the eCorda database of European Commission (EC) with the cut-off date of 28 February 2017 and existing literature to dissect the main issues/debates regarding the participation of countries of EU13 in the 8th framework program called Horizon 2020. The article discusses, that the underlying challenges are related to lower competitiveness and strategic focus of firms; lower administrative and project-management capacities of firms; and weaker networking capacities and relational proximity with EU15 actors.

Topic: Regional Development and Policy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Vasoconstrictor response to EFS.

&lt;p&gt;EFS-induced vasoconstriction in endothelium-intact (A) and endothelium-removed (B) mesenteric segments from control, breast feeding (BF) and after BF rats. Results (Mean±S.E.M.) were expressed as a percentage of the initial contraction elicited by KCl. ANOVA P&lt;0.05 Control vs. BF; ANOVA P&lt;0.05 BF vs. After BF in both endothelium intact (A) and endothelium-removed (B) arteries. *P&lt;0.05 vs. control animals at each frequency; #P&lt;0.05 vs. BF group at each frequency (Bonferroni test). n = 10 animals each group.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Sugarcane Cultivation and Processing
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences