jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pakistan’s “Tribal” Pashtuns, Their “Violent” Representation, and the Pashtun <i>Tahafuz</i> Movement

The tribal Pashtuns of Pakistan, based in the Afghanistan–Pakistan border region, have historically been portrayed as “violent” and “warrior-like,” both in the colonial and contemporary literature. However, a brief review of archival literature suggests that oriental representation of tribal Pashtuns is based on various generalizations that were formed and propagated during the British military expeditions against the tribal Pashtuns. Moreover, these generalizations and stereotypes against the tribal Pashtuns have persisted since Pakistan’s independence in 1947. Recent developments in Pakistan’s Pashtun tribal belt, with various tribes convening Jirga meetings, condemning and countering militant activities and protesting against the state’s injustices explain the importance and desire for peace among the tribal Pashtuns. Finally, a brief analysis of the recently started Pashtun Tahafuz (protection) movement (PTM), an indigenous peace and human rights movement involving both men and women, and its nonviolent nature also reinforces the importance of peace for the tribal Pashtuns.

Topic: Politics and Conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
ICT Drivers of Intelligent Enterprises

With the evolution of information technologies (IT), systems, applications, and professional IT tools to drill and to analyze data generated in organizations, a discussion about intelligent enterprise has been ongoing. The way which and how data and information are processed is vital for any significant improvement in any organization today. The concept of an intelligent enterprise has its source in the science of management and is particularly correlated with the following issues: intelligent information systems, intelligent information and communications technology (ICT) solutions for enterprise management, business intelligence (BI), a learning organization, knowledge management, and intellectual capital management. An intelligent enterprise is able to turn raw data into useful organization knowledge using business intelligent solutions with in-depth analytical capabilities. Intelligent organizations much more often than other organizations are planning to implement ICT solutions to support management processes. Respondents believe that the vast majority of companies plan to implement electronic document flow, databases and data warehouses, and intranet.

Topic: Business and Economic Development
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Bioactivity Screening and Chemical Characterization of Biocompound from Endophytic Neofusicoccum parvum and Buergenerula spartinae Isolated from Mangrove Ecosystem

The discovery of biomolecules has been the subject of extensive research for several years due to their potential to combat harmful pathogens that can lead to environmental contamination and infections in both humans and animals. This study aimed to identify the chemical profile of endophytic fungi, namely Neofusicoccum parvum and Buergenerula spartinae, which were isolated from Avecinnia schaueriana and Laguncularia racemosa. We identified several HPLC-MS compounds, including Ethylidene-3,39-biplumbagin, Pestauvicolactone A, Phenylalanine, 2-Isopropylmalic acid, Fusaproliferin, Sespendole, Ansellone, Calanone derivative, Terpestacin, and others. Solid-state fermentation was conducted for 14–21 days, and methanol and dichloromethane extraction were performed to obtain a crude extract. The results of our cytotoxicity assay revealed a CC50 value &gt; 500 μg/mL, while the virucide, Trypanosoma, leishmania, and yeast assay demonstrated no inhibition. Nevertheless, the bacteriostatic assay showed a 98% reduction in Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Our findings suggest that these endophytic fungi species with distinct chemical profiles represent a promising niche for further exploring new biomolecules.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Non-diagnostic coronary artery calcification and stenosis: a correlation of coronary computed tomography angiography and invasive coronary angiography

Background Heavy coronary artery calcification (CAC) impairs diagnostic accuracy of coronary computed tomography angiography (cCTA) and is considered to be a major limitation. Purpose To investigate the effect of non-evaluable CAC seen on cCTA on clinical decision-making by determining the degree of subsequent invasive testing and to assess the relationship between non-evaluable segments containing CAC and significant stenosis as seen in invasive coronary angiography (ICA). Material and Methods The study comprised of 356 patients who underwent cCTA and subsequent ICA within 2 months between 2005 and 2009. Clinical reports were reviewed to identify the indications for referral to ICA. In a subset of 68 patients where non-diagnostic CAC on cCTA and significant stenosis on ICA were present in the same segment, we correlated and analyzed the underlying stenosis severity of the lesion on ICA to the cCTA. Lesions with CAC were analyzed in a standardized fashion by application of reading rules. Results Non-diagnostic CAC on cCTA prompted ICA in 5.6% of patients. CAC occurred at the site of maximum stenosis in segments with stenosis &lt;50% (95.9% [47/49]), 50–69% (82.4% [28/34]), 70–99% (64.5% [31/48]), and 100% (33.3% [1/3]). At the point of maximum calcium deposit, non-obstructive disease was present in 61.2%. Application of reading rules resulted in a 44% reduction in non-diagnostic cCTA reads. Conclusion Severe CAC may prompt further investigation with ICA. There is less CAC with increasing lesion severity at the point of maximum stenosis. Additional application of reading rules improved non-diagnostic cCTA reads.

Topic: Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Modification of Ginseng Insoluble Dietary Fiber by Enzymatic Method: Structural, Rheological, Thermal and Functional Properties

In this study, the effects of enzymatic modification using cellulase/xylanase on the composition and structural and functional properties of ginseng insoluble dietary fiber (G-IDF) were evaluated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microcopy showed that enzymatic extraction treatment caused obvious structural alterations in ginseng-modified (G-MIDF) samples, which exhibited more porous and completely wrinkled surfaces. Comparing the peak morphology of G-MIDF with untreated IDF using X-ray diffractometry, the G-MIDF sample exhibited split peaks at a 2θ angle of 23.71°, along with the emergence of sharp peaks at 28.02°, 31.78°, and 35.07°. Thermo-gravimetric analysis showed that G-MIDF exhibited a specified range of pyrolysis temperature and is suitable for food applications involving processing at temperatures below 300 °C. Overall, it was evident from rheograms that both G-IDF and G-MIDF exhibited a resemblance with respect to viscosity changes as a function of the shear rate. Enzymatic treatment led to significant (p &lt; 0.05) improvement in water holding, oil retention, water swelling, nitrite ion binding, bile acid binding, cholesterol absorption, and glucose absorption capacities.

Topic: Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Photochemische Cycloadditionen von 3‐Phenyl‐2<i>H</i>‐azirinen an Carbonsäurechloride. 35. Mitteilung über Photoreaktionen

Abstract Irradiation of 2, 3‐diphenyl‐2 H ‐azirine ( 1a ) and 1‐azido‐1‐phenyl‐propene, the precursor of 2‐methyl‐3‐phenyl‐2 H ‐azirine ( 1b ), in benzene, with a high pressure mercury lamp (pyrex filter) in the presence of acid chlorides yields the oxazoles 5a–d ( Scheme 2 ). Photolysis of 2, 2‐dimethyl‐3‐phenyl‐2 H ‐azirine ( 1c ) under the same conditions gives after methanolysis the 5‐methoxy‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐4‐phenyl‐3‐oxazolines 7a, b, d , while hydrolysis of the reaction mixture leads to the formation of the 1, 2‐diketones 8a, c, d ( Scheme 4 ). The suggested reaction path for all these reactions is a 1, 3‐dipolar cycloaddition of the photochemically generated benzonitrilemethylides 2 to the carbonyl double bond of the acid chlorides to give the intermediates 4 , followed by either elimination of hydrogen chloride or solvolysis ( Schemes 2 and 4 ). Irradiation of 1c in the presence of acetic acid anhydride leads via the intermediate 9 to the 5‐hydroxy‐3‐oxazoline 10 and the 5‐methylidene‐3‐oxazoline 11 ( Scheme 5 ).

Topic: Synthesis and Catalytic Reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Temperature‐dependent multi‐ion interactions in simple metals

Abstract An expression for the temperature‐dependent multi‐ion interactions in simple metals is obtained using the temperature Green's function. This expression gives a damping factor, exp (−π Tr / v F ) for the two‐body interaction, where T , v F , and r are the temperature, Fermi velocity, and the distance between two ions, respectively.

Topic: Thermodynamic and Structural Properties of Metals and Alloys
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
An Analysis of Factors Affecting the Job Stress of Firefighters

효과적인 조직운영을 위한 직무스트레스의 관리는 무엇보다 조직구성원이 지각하고 있는 직무스트레스 유발요인이 무엇인지를 파악하고, 직무로 발생하는 스트레스의 역기능을 최소화하거나 스트레스 요인을 제거함으로써 조직 효과성을 제고시킬 수 있는 연구가 필요하다. 연구의 결과 소방공무원의 직무스트레스에 대해 영향요인은 심리적 환경이 가장 영향력 있는 변수이며, 그 다음으로는 조직문화, 신체적 환경 순으로 나타났으며 행정업무와 인간관계는 통계적으로 유의미하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. Effective for the operation of fire department management of occupational stress than what organizational members perceive and to identify factors that would cause job stress. Dysfunction caused by job stress or minimize that by eliminating the stress factor that can enhance organizational effectiveness research is needed. The results of the study the impact on job stress of firefighters of the psychological environment of the most influential factor is the variable. Next, organizational culture, physical environment, orderly, and administration and human relations were not significant statistically.

Topic: Education, Safety, and Science Studies
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Beyond convexity: scanning 'non-convex polyhedra'

The enumeration of points contained in an algebraically-specified domain is one of the key algorithmic problems in the transformation of scientific programs. However, basic scanning algorithms accept only single convex polyhedra, requiring specialized techniques and causing run-time overhead if the set of points to enumerate is not convex. We review the existing approaches to the case of "regularly non-convex" domains, and present an algorithm for scanning arbitrary unions of polyhedra. For this, we propose to use nested loop sequences instead of perfect loop nests, and present an algorithm which generates nested loop sequences from unions of convex polyhedra.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Protein Degradation and Inhibitors
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Character Building and The Awareness on The Importance of Caring for The Earth

Environmental damage is getting worse in developing countries including Indonesia, so there is no guarantee that our children and grandchildren will live comfortably and safely in the years to come. The most fundamental thing that causes the rampant exploitation and destruction of the environment is the lack of awareness of the importance of caring for the earth. This awareness will grow along with beliefs and ideologies that become principles in people's lives. Destruction and exploitation of the earth cannot be stopped if the awareness and outlook on the meaning of the earth for human life are not grown starting from this very moment. Efforts to invite the public to respect and care for the environment often face resistance because it is propaganda. Literature has been proven to have the strength and ability to inspire, touch the human heart, move and foster awareness of the importance of caring for the earth and everything because humans and the earth are interdependent.

Topic: Educational Methods and Impacts
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Differences in Attitudes towards Immigration between Australia and Germany: The Role of Immigration Policy

This paper investigates the connection between national immigration policy and a society’s attitudes towards immigration. It argues that a country’s immigration policy framework plays an important role in the formation of attitudes towards immigration by shaping the local national context of the receiving country. It examines the influence of a country’s immigration policy framework by contrasting two countries – Australia and Germany – that developed remarkably different immigration policies in response to large immigration movements during the post-war period. We explore attitudes towards immigration on four dimensions: (1) the national economy, (2) the labour market, (3) the national culture, and (4) the level of immigrant influx. The analyses reveal three main findings. First, people in Australia tend to display more positive attitudes towards immigration than in Germany. Second, in both countries, attitudes towards immigration tend to be influenced in a similar way by an individual’s socio-economic background and feelings of national identity (in the form of nationalism and patriotism). Third, immigration policy represents a strong indicator of attitudes towards immigration. We found that the planned integrative immigration policy in Australia supports the formation of more positive attitudes towards immigration by influencing people’s perception on the economic and socio-cultural impacts of immigration.

Topic: Migration, Refugees, and Integration
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPEEDING ATTITUDES AND SPEEDING BEHAVIOUR

Surprisingly little research has assessed speeding in different contexts to the speeding behaviour of drivers. This paper reports a study which measured behavioural intentions and expectations, and self-reported and observed behaviour, to investigate their mutual relationships. The study also aimed to find out if the conventional theory of planned behaviour (TPB), supplemented by adding a measure of affect, could be used to predict behaviour as successfully as it has predicted intentions. The speeds of drivers were recorded; then the drivers were traced and interviewed, using a standard TPB questionnaire, to see how far their self-reported and observed behaviours corresponded. Measurements were taken in relation to three separate road contexts. For each context, significant, but not very large correlations were found between both types of behaviour. It was found possible to measure actual behaviour on the road, and link its observations with later attitude measures. For the covering abstract, see IRRD 899056.

Topic: Urban Transport and Accessibility
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Exponential stability for switched neural networks with time-varying delays

This paper is concerned with the problem of exponential stability for a class of switched neural networks with time-varying delays. Based on the average dwell time (ADT) technique, mode-dependent average dwell time (MDADT) technique and multiple Lyapunov-Krasovskii (LK) function approach, two conditions are derived to design switching signal and guarantee the exponential stability of the considered neural networks, which are delay-dependent and formulated by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, Numerical examples confirm the effectiveness and less conservativeness of the proposed methods.

Topic: Neural Networks Stability and Synchronization
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
DO INDEPENDENT BOARDS BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY? EXAMINING THE VOLUNTARY ADOPTION OF BOARD MONITORING MECHANISMS

We ask whether firms with an independent board of directors are more likely than firms without an independent board to adopt recommended corporate governance practices designed to enhance the board&amp;apos;s monitoring capabilities. Using hand-collected data from Canadian firms listed on both American and Canadian stock exchanges, we find that firms with both types of boards voluntarily adopt corporate governance practices and that independent boards are no more likely to adopt these practices than their non-independent counterparts. One exception to this statement is the formation of board committees. When boards are independent, the audit and compensation committees are far more likely to be staffed exclusively with independent directors. For other voluntary governance practices, the board&amp;apos;s ability to adopt recommended practices is sensitive to the presence of a controlling shareholder. 3

Topic: Corporate Finance and Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Computational studies on seven helix transmembrane receptors

Seven transmembrane receptors (7TMRs) represent the largest family of integral membrane proteins across the three kingdoms of life. They are involved in the vast majority (~80%) of signal transduction pathways across the cell membrane. They respond both to the electromagnetic field and ligands. Very importantly, more than one third of all current drugs target human 7TMRs, called G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). In recognition of the importance of this protein family, the 2012 Nobel Prize for Chemistry has been recently awarded to Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka for “their studies of G-protein coupled receptors.” However, detailed structural data on cellular pathways of 7TMRs is still limited. Hence, computational methods play an important role for structural predictions of 7TMRs as well as their binding to ligands. This thesis is devoted to characterize structure-function relationships in 7TMRs using a variety of computational approaches. We focus not only on the 7TMRs but also on their downstream effectors. First, we have used classical molecular dynamics (MD) to investigate different forms of the Sensory Rhodopsin II in Halobacterium salinarium (HsSRII). This receptor functions as a light sensor mediating repellent responses to the blue-green light. The results allow us to suggest that: (i) the alteration of charge distribution and the rearrangement of water molecules in the active site along with the interhelical hydrogen bond interactions play a key role for conformational changes associated to light absorption; (ii) two extracellular loops, a cytoplasmic loop and the C-terminus may participate to the activation of HsSRII. Next, we have developed a hybrid molecular simulation method called MM/CG to study 7TMR/ligand interactions. The accuracy of the method has been established by comparison with recent atomistic MD simulations on the 7TMRs, HsSRII and human beta2 Adrenergic Receptor. The MM/CG simulations turn out to reproduce the key structural features of the active site, as found also in MD simulations carried out by us and another research group lead by Prof. Ursula Roethlisberger (EPFL). Due to its low computational cost, this method can be applied to the study of a large number of GPCR-ligand complexes. As the final step of the thesis, we have extended the study to 7TMR’s downstream effectors including Adenylyl Cyclase III (ACIII) and Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated (CNG) ion channel, two proteins involved in the olfactory signaling cascade. By using homology modeling approaches, we have built (i) the cytoplasmic domain structure of human ACIII - in complex with human Galpha-subunit of olfactory system, and (ii) the P helix, S6 and the C-linker of CNG channel in the closed and open states. Specially, in the work of CNG channel, in combination with experimental studies, we have proposed the initial conformational changes of the C-linker, S6 and P-helix upon cyclic nucleotide binding.

Topic: Molecular Sensors and Ion Detection
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
DE FACTO PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND MNC LOCATION CHOICES.

This article discusses research into the influence of property rights on the location choices of multinational corporations. Laws relating to private property are analyzed in light of the enforcement capabilities of the host government. Issues of lax intellectual property law enforcement and the strictness of regulations effecting foreign direct investment are considered. The weakness of institutions in developing countries are considered as an influence governing corporate investment. The enforcement abilities of governments, as determined by low levels of corruption and effective regulation of business, are said to be determining factors in corporate investment.

Topic: Corporate Finance and Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
A Case of Giant Neurofibroma Arising from the Scalp

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF-1) is an inherited neurocutaneous disorder arising from the chromosome 17q with a prevalence of one in 4,000. Neurofibroma, Cafe-au-lait spots, freckles in axilla, Lisch nodule and bony dysplasia are features of NF-1. It is diagnosed preoperatively by history taking, physical examination, CT, MRI and intraoperatively by tissue biopsy. Scalp neurofibroma accompanying pain, motor disturbance, rapid growth, and suspicious of malignancy are indications for surgical removal. We present a case of NF-1 with two giant neurofibromas (1574 cm, 352 cm) on the left scalp in a patient suffering from a head injury after falling down. The neurofibromas were successfully removed after diagnosed by MRI and histology.

Topic: Neurofibromatosis and Schwannoma Cases
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences