jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Credit Rating Changes in Latin American Stock Markets

Our objective is to examine whether a rating change or Credit Watch announcement has a significant impact on Latin American stock prices. We conducted an event study to analyze stock market reaction to such news in the four major Latin American economies: Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico. We find similar results to thosepreviously observed in the literature, wherein the impact is quite significant for rating downgrades but less relevant for rating upgrades and Credit Watches. We also run cross section regressions to investigate which variables best explain the impact rating changes announcements have on stock prices in these countries. The results indicate that the most significant variable is the absolute change in the number of notches for downgrades. We conclude that credit ratings are relevant information in Latin America.

Topic: Credit Risk and Financial Regulations
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Detection and Lateralization of Interaural Differences of Time and Level by the Blind

The performance of blind Ss differed from that of sighted Ss on an auditory task in which both binaural cues were present, but in opposition. When the task was lateralization, the blind Ss relied more heavily on interaural time information than on interaural intensity differences, but, unlike sighted Ss, this occurred independent of their relative sensitivities to each of the two cues when presented separately in detection or lateralization tasks.

Topic: Tactile and Sensory Interactions
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Seismic Fragility Analysis of Base Isolated Structure Subjected to Near-fault Ground Motions

In order to better evaluate the performance of the base isolated structure under the near-fault earthquakes, this paper takes into consideration an existing engineering case study in China as the prototype, and uses OpenSEES platform to establish the nonlinear finite element model of the base isolated structure. The nonlinear response of the isolated structure under the near-fault earthquake is analyzed. The incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method is used to calculate the damage probability of the structure under the near-fault earthquake, and the fragility curve of the base isolated structure is established. The fragility equation is obtained by nonlinear regression, and the error of fragility equation is analyzed. The results show that the maximum value of the inter-story drift of the upper structure under the action of near-fault earthquake is significantly greater than that under the action of far-fault earthquake. With the increase of seismic intensity, the damage probability of base isolated structure increases nonlinearly, and the maximum response value of horizontal displacement of bearing and inter-story drift of superstructure increases generally. In addition, the exceeding probability of the fragility curve based on PSDA is greater than that based on EDP criterion. When the sample points of the two methods are the same, the exceeding probability points calculated based on PSDA can be regarded as accurate values. The fragility curve based on PSDA may overestimate the exceeding probability to some extent, and the overestimation may be enlarged with the increase of failure stage.

Topic: Vibration and Dynamic Analysis
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Infrared thoracoscopic pulmonary segmentectomy with intravenous indocyanine green administration using preoperative simulation

Abstract Infrared thoracoscopy with intravenous indocyanine green administration is one of the useful methods to identify an appropriate intersegmental line during thoracoscopic pulmonary segmentectomy. In this procedure, we have introduced preoperative simulation to calculate the distance between the target tumour and intersegmental plane using Ziostation2 (Ziosoft, Tokyo, Japan) to ensure sufficient surgical margin without palpation. By using this preoperative simulation, we obtained sufficient surgical margin in a patient with a 16-mm part-solid nodular shadow undergoing infrared thoracoscopic upper division (S1–3) segmentectomy of left upper lobe with intravenous indocyanine green administration. The discrepancy between the virtual and the actual surgical margin was &amp;lt;10 mm. This preoperative simulation can help us obtain sufficient surgical margin without palpation of the tumour in infrared thoracoscopic segmentectomy.

Topic: Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Eigenproblem Translated for Alignment of Molecules

Molecular conformation as a subproblem of the geometrical shaping of the molecules is essential for the expression of biological activity. It is well known that from the series of all possible sugars, those that are most naturally occurring and usable by living organisms as a source of energy—because they can be phosphorylated by hexokinase, the first enzyme in the glycolysis pathway—are D-sugars (from the Latin dextro). Furthermore, the most naturally occurring amino acids in living cells are L-sugars (from the Latin laevo). However, a problem arises in dealing with the comparison of their conformers. One alternative way to compare sugars is via their molecular alignment. Here, a solution to the eigenproblem of molecular alignment is communicated. The Cartesian system is rotated, and eventually translated and reflected until the molecule arrives in a position characterized by the highest absolute values of the eigenvalues observed on the Cartesian coordinates. The rotation alone can provide eight alternate positions relative to the reflexes of each coordinate.

Topic: Enzyme Structure and Function
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A summary of domain structures and signaling motifs of the various vertebrate Fc receptors.

&lt;p&gt;The Ig-like domains are depicted as filled circles with color-coding according to the similarities in sequence based on phylogenetic analyses &lt;a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096903#pone.0096903-Fayngerts1" target="_blank"&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096903#pone.0096903-Guselnikov1" target="_blank"&gt;[58]&lt;/a&gt;. The domain type D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 show a relatively conserved pattern in most tetrapods and have therefore been color-coded in red dark blue, yellow, light blue and green. A phylogenetic analysis of all the individual domains presented in figure 5 and a few additional receptors are presented in supplementary &lt;a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096903#pone.0096903.s005" target="_blank"&gt;figure S4&lt;/a&gt;. The color-coding in figure 5 is based on this supplementary figure. The extracellular regions, the transmembrane regions and cytoplasmic tails are not to scale in order to show the positions of potential signaling motifs like ITAMs (green boxes) and ITIMs (red boxes), which regulate the biological function the Fc receptors. Non-consensus ITIMs are also indicated as boxes with half red half white. Some of the intracellular proteins contain C-terminal mucin-like regions that are depicted as blue triangles.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Genetic and Environmental Crop Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Synthesis of Ag@carbonized Polymer Dots and their Electrochemical Sensing of miRNA

Abstract Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is a cationic polymer with a lot of amino groups in its molecular structure that is secure, sterile, and biocompatible. However, it is difficult for PEI molecules to be directly applied in electroanalysis due to their poor electroactivity. Herein, the PEI‐based carbonized polymer nanodots (CPDs) with core‐shell structure were prepared by hydrothermal method using PEI as the precursors. The results showed that the as‐prepared PEI‐based CPDs can not only exhibit the unique properties of carbon nanodots but also inherit the properties of PEI. Subsequently, based on the strong coordination interaction between the abundant amino groups on the surface of PEI and silver ions, the electroactive Ag@carbonized polymer dots (Ag@CPDs) were prepared. Furthermore, to investigate the electrochemical behaviors and application of Ag@CPDs, the DNA molecule (double‐stranded and single‐stranded DNA) was taken as an example. It was found that the interaction of DNA with Ag@CPDs had a significant influence on the current intensity of Ag@CPDs. Based on this phenomenon, a sensitive electrochemical technique for miRNA detection was established and effectively employed to detect miRNA in human serum samples based on the discriminating effect of Ag@CPDs towards ssDNA probes and ssDNA probe/miRNA complex (dsDNA).

Topic: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Neopetrocyclamines A and B, Polycyclic Diamine Alkaloids from the Sponge Neopetrosia cf exigua

ABSTRACT: Two new polycyclic alkaloids, neopetrocycl-amines A and B (1 and 2), along with the known metabolites papuamine (3) and haliclonadiamine (4), were isolated from the Indonesian sponge Neopetrosia cf exigua. Neopetrocycl-amine A contains a formamidinium moiety, a rare functional group. While these compounds share the same basic biosynthetic building blocks, the size of the ring system differs in 1 and 2 because of the formamidinium moiety. Biological evaluations of 1−4 revealed that papuamine is cytotoxic against glioblastoma SF-295 cells (GI50 = 0.8 μM). Polycyclic diamine alkaloids are characteristic of marinesponges in the order Haplosclerida. To date, over 120 such alkaloids have been reported, most isolated from four families of Haplosclerida (Callyspongiidae, Chalinidae, Niphatidae, and Petrosiidae).1 This class of alkaloids is proposed to be derived from ammonia, propenal, and long-chain dialdehydes as the universal building blocks.2 Due to the structural complexity and biological activity of polycyclic diamine alkaloids, these compounds have attracted a great deal of interest from natural product chemists.1 Extensive studies on an extract derived from the Indonesian sponge Neopetrosia cf exigua (Kirkpatrick, 1900) (order Haplosclerida, family Petrosiidae) have led to the isolation of two new alkaloids, neopetrocyclamines A and B (1 and 2), along with two known alkaloids, papuamine (3) and haliclonadiamine (4).3,4 Herein, we report the structure elucidation of 1 and 2. Neopetrocyclamine A (1) was isolated as an optically active yellow oil. The HR-ESITOFMS data for 1 provided a molecular ion of m/z 381.3269 [M]+. This datum defined a molecular formula of C26H41N2 +, which suggested 1 contained 7.5 double-bond equivalents and a positive charge. Seven sp2 carbons (δC‑14 132.4; δC‑15 128.8; δC‑17 129.6; δC‑18 134.0; δC‑24 133.5; δC‑25 124.3; δC‑28 155.0) were observed in the

Topic: Marine Sponges and Natural Products
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Long-Time Simulations on High Resolution Meshes to Model Calcium Waves in a Heart Cell

A model for the flow of calcium on the scale of one heart cell is given by a system of time-dependent reaction-diffusion equations coupled by nonlinear reaction terms. Calcium ions enter into the cell at release units distributed throughout the cell and then diffuse. At each release unit, the probability for calcium to be released increases along with the concentration of calcium, thus creating a feedback loop of waves regenerating themselves repeatedly. The validation of this model requires simulations on the time scale of several repeated waves and on the spatial scale of the entire cell. This requires long-time studies on spatial meshes that need to have a high resolution to resolve the positions of the calcium release units throughout the entire cell. We detail the development of a special-purpose numerical method and parallel implementation for this problem. Parallel performance studies demonstrate the scalability of the implementation on a distributed-memory cluster with low-latency interconnect. Convergence studies verify convergence to analytical expectations and confirm the appropriateness of all numerical parameters. Application studies on the desired time and length scales confirm that the model exhibits the desired feedback mechanism for calcium currents through the release units at suitable high levels, but the long-time studies demonstrate also that the current model with its present parameters leads to excessive calcium concentrations over time. This phenomenon could only be observed using a computational method able to reach laboratory scale final times for a domain on the scale of a complete cell.

Topic: Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Legal incompetents' need for guardians in Florida.

This study assesses the alleged need for guardians in Florida. A survey of the state's 74 public receiving facilities, community mental health centers, and clinics; 30 private receiving facilities; 11 Aging and Adult district offices; Developmental Services institutional and residential placements; and six state mental hospitals revealed that 11,147 persons in Florida reportedly need a legal guardian. The limitations, implications, and possible policy responses to this alleged need are discussed.

Topic: Medical Malpractice and Liability Issues
Subfield: Pharmacy
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Table_1_Functional Characterization of an Amaranth Natterin-4-Like-1 Gene in Arabidopsis thaliana.docx

&lt;p&gt;The functional characterization of an Amaranthus hypochondriacus Natterin-4-Like-1 gene (AhN4L-1) coding for an unknown function protein characterized by the presence of an aerolysin-like pore-forming domain in addition to two amaranthin-like agglutinin domains is herewith described. Natterin and nattering-like proteins have been amply described in the animal kingdom. However, the role of nattering-like proteins in plants is practically unknown. The results described in this study, obtained from gene expression data in grain amaranth and from AhN4L-1-overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana plants indicated that this gene was strongly induced by several biotic and abiotic conditions in grain amaranth, whereas data obtained from the overexpressing Arabidopsis plants further supported the defensive function of this gene, mostly against bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. GUS and GFP AhN4L-1 localization in roots tips, leaf stomata, stamens and pistils also suggested a defensive function in these organs, although its participation in flowering processes, such as self-incompatibility and abscission, is also possible. However, contrary to expectations, the overexpression of this gene negatively affected the vegetative and reproductive growth of the transgenic plants, which also showed no increased tolerance to salinity and water-deficit stress. The latter despite the maintenance of significantly higher chlorophyll levels and photosynthetic parameters under intense salinity stress. These results are discussed in the context of the physiological roles known to be played by related lectins and AB proteins in plants.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Nutritional Studies and Diet
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Block Graph Neural Networks for tumor heterogeneity prediction

Accurate tumor classification is essential for selecting effective treatments, but current methods have limitations. Standard tumor grading, which categorizes tumors based on cell differentiation, is not recommended as a stand-alone procedure, as some well-differentiated tumors can be malignant. Tumor heterogeneity assessment via single-cell sequencing offers profound insights but can be costly and may still require significant manual intervention. Many existing statistical machine learning methods for tumor data still require complex pre-processing of MRI and histopathological data. In this paper, we propose to build on a mathematical model that simulates tumor evolution (Ożański (2017)) and generate artificial datasets for tumor classification. Tumor heterogeneity is estimated using normalized entropy, with a threshold to classify tumors as having high or low heterogeneity. Our contributions are threefold: (1) the cut and graph generation processes from the artificial data, (2) the design of tumor features, and (3) the construction of Block Graph Neural Networks (BGNN), a Graph Neural Network-based approach to predict tumor heterogeneity. The experimental results reveal that the combination of the proposed features and models yields excellent results on artificially generated data ($89.67\%$ accuracy on the test data). In particular, in alignment with the emerging trends in AI-assisted grading and spatial transcriptomics, our results suggest that enriching traditional grading methods with birth (e.g., Ki-67 proliferation index) and death markers can improve heterogeneity prediction and enhance tumor classification.

Topic: AI in cancer detection
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluation of Ozonated Water as a Potential Intervention to Reduce Salmonella and Indicator Organisms on Raw Chicken Wing Sections

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effective-ness of ozonated water to reduce Salmonella and aerobic plate counts (APCs) on raw chicken wing sections. Sam-ples were inoculated with a cocktail of five poultry-borne Salmonella strains (mean 6.3 ± 0.3 log10 CFU/ml rinsate). The chicken wing sections (51.3 ± 12.4 g) were treated with ozonated water at three concentrations (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 ppm) and three exposure times (15, 30, and 45 s) by either immersion or direct application (directly from a hose). Tap water was used as control, and the experi-ments were performed in triplicate with three wings per treatment. Salmonella reductions with ozonated water ranged from 0.3 ± 0.1 to 0.7 ± 0.1 log10 CFU/ml rinsate. APC reductions with ozonated water ranged from 0.3 ± 0.1 to 1.8 ± 0.7 log10 CFU/ml rinsate. Reductions were numerically higher, although not significantly, with ozonat-ed water than with tap water. Ozone concentration had a significant effect (P = 0.003) on Salmonella reductions in immersion treatment. Although Salmonella reductions on chicken wing sections were considered marginal, future work should focus on evaluating longer exposure times and ozone concentrations on the microbiological quality of raw chicken parts, possibly as part of a multihurdle antimicro-bial approach.

Topic: Insect and Pesticide Research
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Understanding quality of life within occupational therapy intervention research: A scoping review

Introduction There is little consensus regarding the meaning of quality of life ( QOL ) within occupational therapy literature. Measurement of QOL has varied in both research and practice. This scoping review explored the definitions and measures used within occupational therapy quantitative intervention research to evaluate QOL as an outcome. Methods The review was completed by searching six databases using occupational therapy‐related and QOL ‐related terms. Data were extracted from each article and authors performed descriptive statistics to establish trends for both definitions and measures. Results Eighteen publications met the inclusion criteria. Seven articles included a definition of QOL . Most authors defined QOL as a multidimensional construct, comprised of varying domains. Fourteen different standardised measures and two non‐standardised measures were utilised. Conclusions A clear conceptualisation of QOL that incorporates occupational therapy values such as client‐centredness and holism is needed to advocate for the profession's role in health care and to encourage the development of suitable outcome measures.

Topic: Occupational Therapy Practice and Research
Subfield: Occupational Therapy
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Efficacy of Selective Nerve Root Block for Different Types of Lumbar Disc Herniation: Study Protocol for a Single-Blind, Prospective Cohort Study

Hongping Tan,1,&ast; Jing Zhou,2,&ast; Yijin Pu,1 Lin He,1 Liu Wang3 1Department of Pain Management, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Liu Wang, Email painless@sr.gxmu.edu.cnBackground: Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common cause of low back pain and radiculopathy. Selective Nerve Root Block (SNRB) has been widely used as a treatment for LDH; however, its efficacy across different types of LDH remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy of SNRB in treating various LDH subtypes, classified according to the Michigan State University (MSU) classification system, and to explore its potential as a safe and minimally invasive percutaneous treatment option.Methods: This is a single-blind, Prospective Cohort Study. A total of 200 patients diagnosed with LDH will be recruited and allocated into 10 groups (20 patients per group) based on their MSU classification (1-A, 1-B, 1-C, 2-AB, 2-A, 2-B, 2-C, 3-AB, 3-A, and 3-B). All patients will receive SNRB treatment under fluoroscopic guidance. Primary outcomes will include the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain intensity. Secondary outcomes will include the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), health-related quality of life (Short Form-36, SF-36) and average weekly analgesic consumption. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year post-treatment.Discussion: This study will provide high-quality evidence on the efficacy of SNRB in different LDH subtypes, classified according to the MSU system. The findings will guide clinical decision-making and promote the adoption of SNRB as a minimally invasive, safe, and effective treatment option for LDH.Trial Registration: This clinical trial is registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry platform (ChiCTR) at https://www.chictr.org.cn/index.html, identifier: ChiCTR2200067212.Keywords: lumbar disc herniation, selective nerve root block, prospective cohort study, pain management, MSU classification

Topic: Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Characterization and model of 4-terminal RF CMOS with bulk effect

Special test structures using separated source and bulk contacts with the 3/sup rd/ GSG probe for the substrate bias are described. These test structures allow characterizing 4-terminal MOSFETs with a standard two-port Network Analyzer. The high-frequency behavior of bulk effect in MOSFETs is studied at different bias conditions for a 0.18 /spl mu/m RF CMOS technology. Measurement result of RF NMOSFET shows that a good accuracy of the 4-terminal RF MOSFET modeling is achieved. The validity and accuracy of our approach is verified and analyzed from two-port Y-parameter results.

Topic: Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences