jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ELL: Extendable Library Language

The authors summarize an approach that considers reuse as a higher-level specification method with its own environment. A prototype for semiautomatic software generation has been developed by combination of a reuse process with knowledge of an application domain in terms of objects, functions, templates, and rules. The prototyped reuse environment is described with emphasis on the Extendable Library Language (ELL). ELL allows users to input the specification of their systems in terms of different components of the library. In conjunction with the reuse environment, ELL provides for incremental decomposition of the missing library components into lower-level, and combination of the components of the library that generate the code for the missing module.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques
Subfield: Software
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Responsible Agricultural Mechanization Innovation for the Sustainable Development of Nepal’s Hillside Farming System

Agricultural mechanization in developing countries has taken at least two contested innovation pathways—the “incumbent trajectory” that promotes industrial agriculture, and an “alternative pathway” that supports small-scale mechanization for sustainable development of hillside farming systems. Although both pathways can potentially reduce human and animal drudgery, the body of literature that assesses the sustainability impacts of these mechanization pathways in the local ecological, socio-economic, cultural, and historical contexts of hillside farms is either nonexistent or under-theorized. This paper addresses this missing literature by examining the case of Nepal’s first Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Policy 2014 (AMPP) using a conceptual framework of what will be defined as “responsible innovation”. The historical context of this assessment involves the incumbent trajectory of mechanization in the country since the late 1960s that neglected smallholder farms located in the hills and mountains and biased mechanization policy for flat areas only. Findings from this study suggest that the AMPP addressed issues for smallholder production, including gender inequality, exclusion of smallholder farmers, and biophysical challenges associated with hillside farming systems, but it remains unclear whether and how the policy promotes small-scale agricultural mechanization for sustainable development of agriculture in the hills and mountains of Nepal.

Topic: Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Ratio of Two Successive Optical Densities from the Roche HIV-1 Monitor Test as a Measure of Accuracy of Estimates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA Concentration

ABSTRACT In the Roche Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor Test, the ratio of the optical density used to estimate the RNA concentration and the optical density of the preceding or the following dilution can be used to identify specimens with inaccurate results which should be retested. We present an algorithm for the identification of such results.

Topic: HIV Research and Treatment
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
GLUT1 deficiency syndrome: A case report with a novel SLC2A1 mutation

Introduction. GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1 DS, OMIM 606777) is a metabolic brain disorder caused by mutations in SLC2A1 gene (chromosome 1) encoding glucose transporter type 1 located on blood-brain membrane. The ?classic? phenotype in children includes early onset generalized farmacoresistant epilepsy, developmental delay, complex movement disorders and acquired microcephaly. However, there are milder phenotypes without epilepsy which could be seen in older children. The ketogenic diet is a treatment of choice. Case report. We present a four-yearold female patient with farmacoresistant generalized epilepsy, paroxysmal dystonic posturing, ataxia, hypotonia, developmental delay (motor, attention and speech disturbances), and microcephaly. The genetic testing revealed a novel point mutation at c.156T &gt; A (p.Y52X) in exon 3 of SLC2A1 gene. The patient responded excellent on ketogenic diet. Conclusion. GLUT1 DS is treatable, and likely to be under-diagnosed neurological disorder. The ketogenic diet is resulting in good control of seizures in the patients, and it has certain benefit for the neurodevelopmental disability.

Topic: Diet and metabolism studies
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Indications for major hepatectomy and combined procedures for advanced gallbladder cancer

Abstract Background The clinical impact of major hepatectomy for advanced gallbladder cancer is currently unclear. Methods Patients who underwent resection for stage II, III or IV gallbladder cancer were enrolled. The surgical outcomes of patients who underwent major hepatectomy were compared with those of patients treated with minor hepatectomy and those with unresectable gallbladder cancer. The clinical impact of major hepatectomy and combined advanced procedures such as portal vein resection or pancreatoduodenectomy for advanced gallbladder cancer were evaluated. Results A total of 96 patients were enrolled; 29 patients underwent major and 67 had minor hepatectomy. The overall morbidity rate was higher in the major hepatectomy group (55 versus 27 per cent; P = 0·022). There were no deaths after major hepatectomy. Overall survival was better in the major hepatectomy group than in the group of 15 patients with unresectable disease (median survival 17·7 versus 11·4 months; P = 0·003). In a subgroup analysis of the major hepatectomy group, liver metastasis (P = 0·038) and hepatic arterial invasion (P = 0·017) were independently associated with overall survival. Overall survival in patients with liver metastasis (P = 0·572) or hepatic arterial invasion (P = 0·776) was comparable with that in the unresectable group. However, overall survival among patients with lymph node metastasis (P = 0·062) or following portal vein resection (P = 0·054) or pancreatoduodenectomy (P = 0·011) was better than in the unresectable group. Conclusion Major hepatectomy combined with portal vein resection or pancreatoduodenectomy, if necessary, may be considered in the treatment of advanced gallbladder cancer, especially in selected patients without liver metastasis or hepatic arterial invasion.

Topic: Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Studies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Agglutination of African Primate and Rodent Erythrocytes by Adenoviruses, Reoviruses, and Enteroviruses

African nonhuman primate and rodent erythrocytes were tested for agglutination by adenoviruses, reoviruses, and enteroviruses. Squirrel erythrocytes were agglutinated by reovirus serotypes and adenovirus types 3, 11, 16, and 21. Adenoviruses also agglutinated brazza monkey erythrocytes to the same titers as those obtained with either rhesus or grey monkey cells. Prototype reovirus types 1 and 2 agglutinated grey monkey erythrocytes to much lower titers than either squirrel or human group O red cells. Among the enteroviruses tested, only echovirus types 7 and 12 agglutinated grey, red-tail, brazza, and rhesus monkey erythrocytes. The specificity of agglutination of squirrel, grey, and brazza monkey erythrocytes by reoviruses, echoviruses, and adenoviruses, respectively, was confirmed by hemagglutination-inhibition tests. The titers obtained were similar to those obtained with erythrocytes usually used in these tests. Erythrocytes of bush babies, potto unstriped grass mice, swamp rat, rusty-nosed rat, bush rat, harsh-furred mice, soft-furred rat, and giant rat were not agglutinated by adenoviruses, reoviruses, or enteroviruses.

Topic: Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Magnesium Sulfate versus Tramadol as Adjuvants to Lidocaine in Intravenous Regional Anesthesia for Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Study

Background: Intravenous regional anesthesia [IVRA] is a simple and effective anesthetic method for providing regional anesthesia of the upper limbs during carpal tunnel release surgery [CTRS]. However, the procedure is associated with significant postoperative pain and adjuvant analgesic agents are recommended. The Aim of The Work: This study aimed to compare the analgesic effects of magnesium sulfate and tramadol when added to lidocaine for IVRA during CTRS. Methods: In this double-blinded, randomized clinical trial, 60 ASA I-II patients eligible for elective CTRS with IVRA were randomly allocated into one of 3 groups. The first group [lidocaine group] received IVRA with 40 ml lidocaine 0.5%. The second group [lidocaine + tramadol group] received IVRA with40 ml 0.5% lidocaine and tramadol 1mg/kg. The third group [lidocaine + magnesium sulphate group] received IVRA with 40 ml 0.5% lidocaine and magnesium sulfate 10 mg/kg and normal saline. Outcome parameters included time to onset of sensory and motor block, time to onset of tourniquet pain, need of intra-operative analgesia, intraoperative consumption of fentanyl, duration of postoperative analgesia and pain intensity were noted in each patient. Results: Comparison between the studied groups regarding the outcome parameters. The Lidocaine + Tramadol and the Lidocaine + Magnesium groups achieved better performance in all the studied parameters in comparison to the Lidocaine group. In addition, Lidocaine + Tramadol groups had significantly better performance in comparison to the Lidocaine + Magnesium group. No significant differences were reported between the studied groups regarding post-operative complications Conclusions: Use of tramadol and magnesium sulphate as adjuvants to lidocaine achieved better performance in all the studied parameters in comparison to the lidocaine only. In addition, tramadol had significantly better performance in comparison to magnesium sulphate without significant side effects.

Topic: Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Active Learning Strategies in Higher Education in the Arab World

Through this chapter there is reflection on using active learning strategies for agricultural education in the Arab world. There are difficulties with utilizing specific active learning strategies that encourage student learning and achieve important graduate attributes. Changing teacher and faculty perceptions about learning strategies and focusing on students' higher order thinking requires a lot of training, orientation, and mind shifting. Learning through specific active learning techniques, such as vocational, simulation, case studies, and using technology, supports student learning. It is particularly important to use instructional ways that encourage deep learning and analysis with agricultural problems and deficits. Professional development and hands-on learning changes perceptions of teachers through agricultural education in the Arab world. Many aspects relevant to using active learning in agricultural education perfectly in Arab world countries are clarified.

Topic: Innovative Teaching Methods
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Accuracy of liver stiffness, spleen stiffness, and <scp>LS</scp>‐spleen diameter to platelet ratio score in detection of esophageal varices: Systemic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract Background and Aim There is increasing evidence of non‐invasive measurement using elastography such liver stiffness (LS), spleen stiffness (SS), and LS‐spleen diameter to platelet ratio score (LSPS) for detection of esophageal varices (EV); however, data regarding comparison between these three parameters are limited. Methods We performed a systemic review and meta‐analysis of studies evaluating performance of LS, SS, and LSPS for detection of EV and high risk/clinically significant EV (HREV). Pooled sensitivity, specificity, log diagnostic odd ratio (LDOR), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of LS, SS, and LSPS for detection of EV and HREV were analyzed and compared. Publication bias was assessed by Deeks' funnel plot. Results SS and LSPS were superior to LS for detection of EV with higher sensitivity (0.90 and 0.91 vs 0.85), specificity (0.73 and 0.76 vs 0.64), LDOR (3.24 and 3.35 vs 2.26), and AUC (0.899 and 0.851 vs 0.817). For HREV, SS had the highest sensitivity (0.87) followed by LS (0.85) and LSPS (0.82); however, SS had the lowest specificity (0.52), LDOR (2.09), and AUC (0.807) whereas LSPS had the highest specificity (0.77), LDOR (2.74), and AUC (0.861). Conclusion For detection of EV, we prefer using LSPS and SS over LS when available, while LS, SS, and LSPS cannot be recommended for detection of HREV due to their moderate sensitivity and specificity.

Topic: Liver Disease and Transplantation
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Warming and elevated CO<sub>2</sub> intensify drought and recovery responses of grassland carbon allocation to soil respiration

Abstract Photosynthesis and soil respiration represent the two largest fluxes of CO 2 in terrestrial ecosystems and are tightly linked through belowground carbon (C) allocation. Drought has been suggested to impact the allocation of recently assimilated C to soil respiration; however, it is largely unknown how drought effects are altered by a future warmer climate under elevated atmospheric CO 2 (eT_eCO 2 ). In a multifactor experiment on managed C3 grassland, we studied the individual and interactive effects of drought and eT_eCO 2 (drought, eT_eCO 2 , drought × eT_eCO 2 ) on ecosystem C dynamics. We performed two in situ 13 CO 2 pulse‐labeling campaigns to trace the fate of recent C during peak drought and recovery. eT_eCO 2 increased soil respiration and the fraction of recently assimilated C in soil respiration. During drought, plant C uptake was reduced by c. 50% in both ambient and eT_eCO 2 conditions. Soil respiration and the amount and proportion of 13 C respired from soil were reduced (by 32%, 70% and 30%, respectively), the effect being more pronounced under eT_eCO 2 (50%, 84%, 70%). Under drought, the diel coupling of photosynthesis and SR persisted only in the eT_eCO 2 scenario, likely caused by dynamic shifts in the use of freshly assimilated C between storage and respiration. Drought did not affect the fraction of recent C remaining in plant biomass under ambient and eT_eCO 2 , but reduced the small fraction remaining in soil under eT_eCO 2 . After rewetting, C uptake and the proportion of recent C in soil respiration recovered more rapidly under eT_eCO 2 compared to ambient conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that in a warmer climate under elevated CO 2 drought effects on the fate of recent C will be amplified and the coupling of photosynthesis and soil respiration will be sustained. To predict the future dynamics of terrestrial C cycling, such interactive effects of multiple global change factors should be considered.

Topic: Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Particle Swarm trade-off curve analysis for bi-objective optimization

In engineering design optimization, derivatives are computationally expensive and/or unreliable, therefore evolutionary optimization techniques are preferred, such as Particle Swarm Optimization. Particle Swarm Optimization is still young in development and is being expanded to many different areas such as equality constrained optimization problems and multi-objective optimization. This paper proposes a new algorithm to determine a Pareto Front with a single two case equation. The new algorithm combines Domination Theory from Multi-Objective Optimization with Swarm Theory to determine a well represented Pareto Front by performing a single optimization simulation.

Topic: Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Search for Meaning and Morality in the Works of Cormac McCarthy

This thesis examines the work of Cormac McCarthy, in which I will argue against assertions that McCarthy's work is nihilistic in that he presents a world in which life is meaningless. I will analyze three of McCarthy's novels, one from each of the common categorizations of his work: Child of God (Appalachian period), Blood Meridian, or the Evening Redness in the West, and The Road (Western period), and The Road. Through this analysis, I will conclude that McCarthy's novels are not nihilistic; instead, McCarthy's novels contain strong allusions to the existential philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, Friedrich Nietzsche and Soren Kierkegaard. In Child of God, Lester Ballard's madness is analogous to Sartre's idea of living in bad faith. Blood Meridian also contains allusions to Sartre's philosophy while engaging the philosophy of Nietzsche. Blood Meridian's protagonist, the kid, exemplifies Sartre's ideas on essence and morality, whereas the antagonist, Judge Holden, espouses theories on morality akin to Nietzsche's idea of master and slave morality. Finally, in my examination of The Road, I will show how the novel's main characters, the father and son, parallel Kierkegaard's Fear and Trembling, in which Kierkegaard discusses the nature of faith in the face of the absurd through his analysis of the biblical story of Abraham and Isaac. Ultimately, I will conclude that McCarthy's work does not suggest that life is meaningless; instead, it suggests that the individual creates meaning, as the existential philosophies of Sartre, Nietzsche, and Kierkegaard assert.

Topic: Modern American Literature Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Martians, Sleepers, Time Travellers and Hearts of Darkness

It was H. G. Wells's anonymous article on An Outcast of the Islands in the Saturday Review on 16 May 1896 that was the catalyst for his friendship with Conrad. Wells was already well known as a writer of scientific fantasies, due to the publication the previous year of The Time Machine, but, as Parrinder and Philmus point out, his literary ambitions went well beyond this. He was a perceptive and witty critic who dealt mercilessly with the 'sentimental fiction and romantic fantasy which made up the major proportion of the literary diet of the 1890s': 'No other reviewer of his time was so consistently successful in sifting the good from the bad and in recognising new talent' (Parrinder and Philmus 2). Conrad was one such talent, and Wells's review of his second novel caused Frank Harris's assistant on the Saturday Review, H. Blanchamp, to inform Wells that 'The Editor … asks me to tell you that he thinks it one of the best pieces of literary criticism in the English Language' (Parrinder and Philmus 48 [ellipses in original]). This was high praise indeed: the prodigally talented Wells was delighted, and remembered it to the end of his days.1

Topic: Joseph Conrad and Literature
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Reconciling Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism in Global Justice.

In exploring how to decisively address global poverty the question of what should be the content of nations’ global justice duties has been debatable. Nationalism has usually been regarded as incompatible with cosmopolitanism. It is against extending principles of social justice to the entire globe as cosmopolitanism demands on the grounds that the global context lacks the special attachments that generate national solidarity which is regarded as what ensures distributive justice realizable. For nationalism there cannot be motivation for global distributive justice since this solidarity is only national. As such the nationalist perspective holds that only humanitarian obligations constitute global justice duties. Nationalists also restrict global justice duties to humanitarian assistance due to the fact that nations have a moral obligation to respect another nation’s political culture’s values manifested in the type of national policies they pursue. For nationalists fulfilling the moral requirement of mutual respect of nations’ political cultures would entail letting nations face the consequences of their preferred choices which in some cases lead to poverty. Only when a humanitarian crisis looms do other nations have moral obligations of helping out. Cosmopolitanism agrees with the idea of respecting nations’ right to self-determination and letting nations face consequences of their choices. However it demands the precondition that the background context in which the self-determination is exercised should be just and fair. This demands that before nations respect poor nations’ political cultures the global cooperation which interferes with the exercise of self-determination should be rid of its interference tendencies that negatively restrict nations’ choices. It further demands that nations’ political cultures that are harmful to individuals by subjecting them to poverty ought to be reformed. What cosmopolitanism demands is that there should be a new understanding of nationalism with respect to the individual as the ultimate unit of moral concern. It also regards the lack of solidarity on the globe context as a resolvable challenge that would be faced in the implementation of global justice in the non-ideal real life. It does not in any way invalidate the moral worth of cosmopolitan principles of justice.

Topic: Political Philosophy and Ethics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Breakthrough in Brain Tumor Diagnosis: A Cutting-Edge Hybrid Depthwise-Direct Acyclic Graph Network for MRI Image Classification

Both adults and children are at risk of dying from brain tumors. On the other hand, prompt and precise detection can save lives. Early detection is necessary for a proper diagnosis of a brain tumor, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used in this context. To assist in the early diagnosis of sickness, neuro-oncologists have used Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) in a number of ways. In this study, proposed a hybrid Depthwise-Direct Acyclic Graph Network (D-DAGNET)-based deep learning was developed to distinguish between cancers and non-tumors. Three processes make up this method: pre-processing, classification, and feature extraction. Pre-processing methods used in this study included contrast enhancement and image shrinking. The MRI picture is processed to get the wavelet and texture properties and used to build a classifier. Using MRI scans, the proposed hybrid Depthwise-Direct Acyclic Graph Network (D-DAGNET) model classifies two types of brain tumors: tumor and non-tumor. Performance criteria such as accuracy (ACC), specificity (SP), and sensitivity (SE) are used to assess the suggested hybrid Depthwise-Direct Acyclic Graph Network (D-DAGNET) model. Based on 850 images, the studies yielded a 99.54% categorization accuracy demonstrate that the suggested hybrid Depthwise-Direct Acyclic Graph Network (D-DAGNET) model beats the most advanced methods.

Topic: Brain Tumor Detection and Classification
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences