jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Introduction of NDN with Comparison to Current Internet Architecture based on TCP/IP

the years number of people using Internet has escalated. The primary motive of the Internet has been revised. To deal with this drastic change, network architecture has to be redesigned considering future trends. The future architecture of Internet can be developed only after scrutinizing various aspects of current Internet architecture. Thus study of strengths and weaknesses of existing architecture will guide the learners to build a robust future architecture of Internet. This paper represents comparative study of TCP/IP model of existing architecture and Name Data Networking approach of Content Centric Networking of proposed model. This paper discusses fundamental factors such as approaches to current and future architectural model, Packet formats and differences in security mechanisms of these models. once a video goes viral, it receives large number of requests from different parts of the world simultaneously. To be able to satisfy such high number of requests simultaneously, implementation of latest multicast algorithms is required. NDN architecture handles such situations effectively as it is multipoint to multipoint protocol unlike TCP/IP. Internet model of TCP/IP is based on the conversation between two machines. This conversation requires addresses of source and destination machine. Todays internet model is not best suited for information dissemination. The proposed model of NDN is implemented using Content Centric Networking approach. In this architecture the content is named. The objective of NDN architecture is to efficiently handle the issues that current internet architecture faces. This future architecture promises better utilization of bandwidth, aims to improve throughput and decrease the network traffic generated during the transfer of popular web content. In this paper detail comparison of existing TCP/IP model and proposed NDN model is given. This paper will aid the reader to comprehend fundamental differences between current internet architecture and future internet architecture. This Paper represents a comparison of two architectures in a simplified manner. It includes basic functioning approach and architectural components of both the systems. It emphasizes on distinguishing factors between TCP/IP and NDN model. Packet formats and Security implementations are also discussed in this paper. By the end of this paper reader will have a clear understanding of how these architectures differ.

Topic: Caching and Content Delivery
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
SOCIOPATH: In Whom You Trust?

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et a ̀ la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Topic: Access Control and Trust
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Child Disability and Mothers' Labour Market Participation in Cameroon

Abstract This study seeks to evaluate the effect of a child's disability on the mothers' labour market participation capturing heterogeneity according to mother's level of education. It uses data from the 2011 Demographic and Health-National Mutiple Indicators Cluster Survey (DHS-MICS) of Cameroon. In order to allow for endogeneity bias and the fact that a disability may impose various types of constraints on a family, two disability indicators were constructed. These distinguish between children with a healthcare-cost-intensive disability and those with a time-intensive one. The results obtained show that having a child whose disability requires high healthcare expenditures increases the probability that a non-graduated mother will be employed by 12%, and that she will work full-year by 3% and seasonally by 6%. Where the child's disability imposes time constraints, the probability of working all the year for the non-graduated mother is reduced by 14%. No significant effect is found for graduated mothers. It is important, therefore, that policymakers take account of the variety of costs imposed by a child's disability and heterogeneous effects according to mother's level of education.

Topic: Retirement, Disability, and Employment
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Early Debates

This chapter provides an account of how <italic>organilleros</italic> elicited public anger because their activity did not fit into any of the social aid categories that had been in place since the late eighteenth century. Social aid in Spain relied on a clear-cut distinction between deserving and undeserving poor in order to rationalize the distribution of limited resources and reduce mendicancy on the streets. <italic>Organilleros</italic> could not, strictly speaking, be considered idle, since they played music, but their activity required no specific skills and was regarded with suspicion as a surrogate form of begging. The in-betweenness of the <italic>organillero</italic> caused further anger as it challenged attempts to establish a neat distinction between public and private spaces. On one hand, <italic>organillo</italic> music penetrated the domestic space, which conduct manuals of the nineteenth century configured as female; on the other, it brought women into the public space, which those manuals configured as male.

Topic: Spanish Literature and Culture Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
On the nature of data collection for soft-tissue image-to-physical organ registration: a noise characterization study

In image-guided liver surgery (IGLS), sparse representations of the anterior organ surface may be collected intraoperatively to drive image-to-physical space registration. Soft tissue deformation represents a significant source of error for IGLS techniques. This work investigates the impact of surface data quality on current surface based IGLS registration methods. In this work, we characterize the robustness of our IGLS registration methods to noise in organ surface digitization. We study this within a novel human-to-phantom data framework that allows a rapid evaluation of clinically realistic data and noise patterns on a fully characterized hepatic deformation phantom. Additionally, we implement a surface data resampling strategy that is designed to decrease the impact of differences in surface acquisition. For this analysis, n=5 cases of clinical intraoperative data consisting of organ surface and salient feature digitizations from open liver resection were collected and analyzed within our human-to-phantom validation framework. As expected, results indicate that increasing levels of noise in surface acquisition cause registration fidelity to deteriorate. With respect to rigid registration using the raw and resampled data at clinically realistic levels of noise (i.e. a magnitude of 1.5 mm), resampling improved TRE by 21%. In terms of nonrigid registration, registrations using resampled data outperformed the raw data result by 14% at clinically realistic levels and were less susceptible to noise across the range of noise investigated. These results demonstrate the types of analyses our novel human-to-phantom validation framework can provide and indicate the considerable benefits of resampling strategies.

Topic: Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Identification of Zebra Chip Tolerant Diploid and Tetraploid Potato Genotypes with Good Processing Quality

Zebra chip (ZC) disease, caused by the bacteria ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso), and vectored by the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Šulc.) causes significant yield and quality losses in potatoes. Potatoes infected with the Lso bacteria make chips with zebra-like patterns that are unacceptable for consumers. Currently, insecticides are applied to minimize plant contact with the potato psyllids. The use of tolerant potato cultivars is being considered as an important part of an integrated approach to manage the disease and reduce insecticide use. Comprehensive screening of commercial and breeding clones over multiple years indicated that very little resistance was available in chipping clones. The objective was to screen additional tetraploid clones containing introgressions from crop wild relatives and also a collection of diploid clones derived from recurrent selection to identify tolerance to Lso that could be incorporated in potato breeding programs. Artificial infestation with Lso-infected psyllids was conducted in greenhouse controlled and field experiments isolated from natural insect presence. \nTubers were chipped and evaluated for chip quality and ZC score. Insect mortality and egg numbers were counted to characterize insect response. Among diploids with good chipping quality and low ZC score, one highly tolerant diploid clone (DD853-02) and two tolerant clones (CC831-03 and DD812-02) were identified. Among tetraploid potatoes with good chipping quality and low ZC score, some members of the A07781 and TX12484 families showed promising tolerance in the field and greenhouse. The findings indicate that genetic tolerance to ZC is available in potatoes with high chip quality and could be used for future breeding work.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Resistance
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Treatise on English Teaching Android Applications

Mobile phones have an indispensable role in the wide extensive growth of communication. The advent of the mobile operating system called Android, currently developed by Google, plays god for myriad conducive communication in the fields of commerce, medicine, engineering, technology and education. To state its role in education, there are umpteen teaching learning apps existing in the Google play store for a free- download to our android mobiles. Deploying one's discretion in making the right choice of downloading the tutorial apps from the play store is indeed, possible with minimal technical knowledge and an attitude for learning. Factually speaking, technology aided English teaching is end-focused and it is result oriented. Moreover, the noteworthy advantage of android aided English teaching is the availability of extensive English teaching apps for discrepant levels of learners namely Beginner, Intermediate and Advanced. Precisely, learning English from BBC besides, getting prepared for competitive exams like TOEFL and IELTS are made easy through these apps available in android mobile phones. In fact, this article is an effort to edify the possibility of enhancing one's English language proficiency exclusively through the regular access of learner to some of the effective English teaching android applications.

Topic: Mobile Learning in Education
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Sleep‐related Breathing Disorders

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) generally refers to two separate but occasionally related entities, namely, obstructive and central sleep apnoea (OSA and CSA, respectively). For both types of apnoea, the main indication for treatment is symptom control although the safety profile of the key interventions means the threshold for starting treatment need not be high. Primary CSA is an uncommon diagnosis of exclusion, representing less than 5% of sleep clinic patients assessed for SDB. Nocturnal pulse oximetry is a useful line test given it is portable, user-friendly and most commonly used used in patients' homes without supervision. Several drugs have been investigated, attempting to exploit various pharmacological mechanisms to reduce respiratory events and/or improve symptoms. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is the cornerstone of OSA syndrome (OSAS) treatment. It is applied using a nasal or face mask, connected via tubing to an electric pump.

Topic: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Potential Reduction of Stress Levels and Improving Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) Growth Performance with Probiotic Application

The aim of this research was to find the most effective type of probiotic for the growth, survival, and stress resistance of L. vanamei. L. vanamei shrimp measuring PL 13 with a density of 2 fish/L of water were used as subjects for this research, which was conducted at the Poniang Beach Fish Seed Center from July 27 to September 24, 2023. This study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) and consisted of four treatments and three repetitions, namely the operational standard, Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., and a combination of Bacillus sp. and Lactobacillus sp. with a dose of 20 ml/kg mixed into feed containing 30% protein. The results of the study showed that the use of probiotics had no significant impact (p &gt; 0.05) on the growth and survival of L. vanamei.

Topic: Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A new prosthetic device for full bladder control

The design and testing of a versatile, implantable eight-channel urinary prothesis developed to restore a normal bladder function for patients with spinal-cord injuries are described. The main application of the device is the stimulation of particular nerves in the sacral roots. The intensity, the format and the timing of the current pulses available at the channel outputs are easily programmable. Those parameters are received transdermally by the implanted device in 13-bit blocks. The information is either loaded into internal registers for immediate processing or stored in an external implantable memory for a deferred processing. A miniaturized (4.51 mm*4.51 mm) implant has been implemented in 3- mu m CMOS full-custom technology, using a total of 12753 transistors. Tests have confirmed the functionality of the chip.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The AI Annotator: Large Language Models’ Potential in Scoring Sustainability Reports

To explore the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) as AI Annotators in the domain of sustainability reporting, this study establishes a systematic evaluation methodology. We use the specific case of European football clubs, quantifying their sustainability reports based on the sport Positive matrix as a benchmark to compare the performance of three state-of-the-art models (i.e., GPT-4o, Qwen-2-72b-instruct, and Llama-3-70b-instruct) against human expert scores. The evaluation is benchmarked on dimensions including accuracy, mean absolute error (MAE), and hallucination rates. The results indicate that GPT-4o is the top performer, yet its average accuracy of approximately 56% shows it cannot fully replace human experts at present. The study also reveals significant issues with overconfidence and factual hallucinations in models like Qwen-2-72b-instructon. Critically, we find that by implementing further data processing, specifically a Chain-of-Verification (CoVe) self-correction method, GPT-4o’s initial hallucination rate is successfully reduced from 16% to 10%, while accuracy improved to 58%. In conclusion, while LLMs demonstrate immense potential to streamline and democratize sustainability ratings, inherent risks like hallucinations remain a primary obstacle. Adopting verification strategies such as CoVe is a crucial pathway to enhancing model reliability and advancing their effective application in this field.

Topic: Public Relations and Crisis Communication
Subfield: Communication
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Radiation from the galaxy and supergalaxy at 250 megacycles per second

. A survey of the cosmic radio radiation at 250 megacycles per second in the Centaurus-Virgo-Coma Berenices- Ursa Major region reveals an extended radio source of low brightness that corresponds approximately in position to the equatorial plane of the supergalaxy. Graphs are presented in which the position of the radio source is compared with contours based on the distribution of the Shapley-Ames galaxies.

Topic: Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Myocardial contrast echocardiography for the assessment of left ventricular function.

Assessment of regional and global left ventricular (LV) function is important in the management of patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease. Echocardiography is widely used to provide vital parameters of LV function such as ejection fraction, wall motion score indices, LV volumes and regional wall motion assessment. Despite advances in image quality some images may still be inadequate for accurate assessment of LV function. The advent of intravenous contrast agents consisting of microbubbles have allowed improved endocardial definition leading to better assessment of global and regional function. This together with advances in low power imaging techniques allow less microbubble destruction and hence smaller doses of contrast agent. Improved endocardial definition has also lead to advances in techniques for the automated quantification of LV function. As a result contrast enhanced echocardiography may become the gold-standard in the assessment of wall motion and LV function.

Topic: Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Estimation of flow mediated vasodilation of the radial artery

Preceding atherosclerosis is endothelial dysfunction. There is therefore interest in the application of non-invasive clinical tools to assess endothelial function. There are commercially available ultrasound scanners to measure flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery using 10–12 MHz linear array probes, however the attainable precision in estimating the changes in artery dilation does not exceeds 0.2 mm, far beyond the required one. We have introduced a high frequency scanning schemes 25–35MHz encoded (Golay) wobbling type imaging without Doppler (uScan developed in our lab, thick film wide bandwidth transducer, 50 microns axial resolution) and 20 MHz ultrasound (Ultrasonix) with 20 MHz pulsed Doppler attached to the linear array. The FMD results were normalized using AUC of shear rate at the radial artery wall.

Topic: Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Production and Properties of α‐Amylase from<i>Penicillium chrysogenum</i>and its Application in Starch Hydrolysis

Fungi were screened for their ability to produce alpha-amylase by a plate culture method. Penicillium chrysogenum showed high enzymatic activity. Alpha-amylase production by P. chrysogenum cultivated in liquid media containing maltose (2%) reached its maximum at 6-8 days, at 30 degrees C, with a level of 155 U ml(-1). Some general properties of the enzyme were investigated. The optimum reaction pH and temperature were 5.0 and 30-40 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme was stable at a pH range from 5.0-6.0 and at 30 degrees C for 20 min and the enzyme's 92.1% activity's was retained at 40 degrees C for 20 min without substrate. Hydrolysis products of the enzyme were maltose, unidefined oligosaccharides, and a trace amount of glucose. Alpha-amylase of P. chrysogenum hydrolysed starches from different sources. The best hydrolysis was determined (98.69%) in soluble starch for 15 minute at 30 degrees C.

Topic: Enzyme Production and Characterization
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Acute Limb Ischaemia Due to Focal Brachial Artery Aneurysms Complicating Brachiocephalic Arteriovenous Fistula Ligation: Two Recent Case Reports

Introduction True brachial artery aneurysms are rare, typically occurring secondary to trauma. In this report, we describe two recent cases of patients who presented acutely with upper limb ischaemia due to brachial artery aneurysms. Both patients presented many years after brachiocephalic arteriovenous (AV) fistula ligation in the ipsilateral limb. Report Two male patients, aged 60 and 63 years, respectively, were seen acutely with symptoms of upper limb ischaemia. They had both undergone ligation of AV fistulae many years earlier having received functioning transplants. Subsequently, both patients were found to have true brachial artery aneurysms, which were bypassed in both instances using great saphenous vein grafts. Discussion Patients undergoing ligation of AV fistulae should receive interval surveillance imaging to detect potential aneurysmal dilatation of upper limb vessels. Little is known about the incidence of aneurysm formation after AV fistula ligation; given the increasing number of patients undergoing dialysis, and hence the burgeoning number of patients who may receive transplants, it is important that upper limb ischaemia is pre-empted by appropriate follow-up.

Topic: Vascular Procedures and Complications
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Computer‐Aided Development of New Nonlinear Optical Materials

Abstract Exploring new nonlinear optical (NLO) materials is an urgent need for advanced photoelectric technologies. However, the discovery of new materials with targeted properties is time‐consuming, and involves various challenges by the traditional trial‐and‐error experiments. Recently, the theoretical prediction‐guided structural design has been demonstrated as a feasible way for efficiently developing new NLO materials, and a large number of NLO candidates with excellent optical properties have been explored. To promote the development of high‐performance NLO materials, this review provides a summary on the exploration of new NLO materials aided by computer, with a particular emphasis on the state‐of‐the‐art research advances that including crystal structure predictions, optical &amp; thermal property calculations, high‐throughput screening of NLO materials with or without machine learning; and the progress achieved in the computer‐assisted design and development of new deep ultraviolet (DUV), ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR) NLO materials in various material systems: oxide, chalcogenide, nitride, and halide. Finally, the opportunities and forthcoming challenges in the fascinating field are discussed.

Topic: Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Technological Development and Medical Productivity: The Diffusion of Angioplasty in New York State

A puzzling feature of many medical innovations is that they simultaneously appear to reduce unit costs and increase total costs.We consider this phenomenon by examining the diffusion of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)-a treatment for coronary artery disease-over the past two decades.We find that growth in the use of PTCA led to higher total costs despite its lower unit cost.Over the two decades following PTCA's introduction, however, we find that the magnitude of this increase was reduced by between 10% and 20% due to the substitution of PTCA for CABG.In addition, the increased use of PTCA appears to be a productivity improvement.PTCAs that substitute for CABG cost less and have the same or better outcomes, while PTCAs that replace medical management appear to improve health by enough to justify the cost.

Topic: Healthcare Policy and Management
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences