jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Disarticulation and chains of equivalence: agonism and non-sectarian movements in post-war Beirut

Divided cities are characterised by intergroup contestation over the wider issue of state legitimacy. Violent conflict has left a legacy of segregation, weak public services and clientelistic networks. Debates and practices for conflict management in divided cities centre on accommodationist or integrationist approaches. While accommodationist methods seek to recognise and accommodate ethnosectarian divisions within public institutions, it risks intensifying ethnosectarian polarisation and empowering elites to deepen control over communities. Integrationist methods, alternatively, aim to foster shared identities and relationships between groups, but are too optimistic in assuming that divisions can be overcome through rational deliberation. As an alternative, I deploy Mouffe’s theory of agonistic conflict to show how various non-sectarian movements contest the hegemony of a sectarian system that reproduces exclusion and inequality. To this end, I use key dimensions of agonism – ‘rearticulation/disarticulation’ and ‘chains of equivalence’– to analyse different types of non-sectarian actors and successive waves of protest, known as ‘You Stink’ and the ‘Thawra’, in post-war Beirut.

Topic: Middle East Politics and Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Reliability-Based Marginal Cost Pricing Problem

This chapter is concerned with first-best marginal cost pricing (MCP) in a stochastic network with both supply and travel demand uncertainty and perception errors within the travelers’ route choice decision processes. To account for the travelers’ perception error, moment analysis is adopted in this chapter to derive the mean and variance of total perceived travel time of the network. We then developed a Perceived Risk-Based Stochastic Network Marginal Cost Pricing (PRSN-MCP) model. Furthermore, in order to illustrate the effect of incorporating both stochastic supply and demand into the PRSN-MCP model, the calculation of the PRSN-MCP model is divided up into four scenarios under different simplifications of network uncertainties. Numerical examples are also provided to demonstrate the importance and properties of the proposed model. The main finding is that ignoring the effect of stochastic travel demand, capacity degradation, and travelers’ perception error may significantly reduce the performance of the first-best MCP tolls, especially under high traveler’s confidence and network congestion levels.

Topic: Transportation Planning and Optimization
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Step Forward: Malaysian Ideas for Political Change

Malaysian ideas for political change have been articulated by diverse societal groups and communities. The emerging civil society in Southeast Asia is reflected in Malaysia through the power struggles of old and new political parties and movements. Within this setting, the coalition of Islamic and non-Islamic parties is one of the most striking phenomena that can be observed. The paper addresses the question of theoretical parameters that can be applied to analyse the critical juncture at which Malaysia and other Southeast Asian nation-states have arrived at the turn of the century (1999 to 2001). The approach used in the paper is to analyse the interplay of domestic and international influence factors in order to explain the current political discourse in Malaysia.

Topic: Asian Studies and History
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Supplementary Figure 3 from CDK1-Mediated SIRT3 Activation Enhances Mitochondrial Function and Tumor Radioresistance

&lt;p&gt;Western blot of mitochondrial acetylated proteins from irradiated MDA-231 or U87 cells harboring wild-type or Thr150/Ser159 mutant SIRT3.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Crassostrea angulata

Crassostrea angulata (Lamarck, 1819) Common name: Portuguese oyster (Figs. 3 D-F) Gryphaea angulata Lamarck, 1819: 198. Crassostrea angulata Ranson, 1967: 127-199; Lam, 2003: 107-108, Pls. 3-6. Material examined. – Holotype – right valve only (length 103 mm)(MNHM, no registration number, from Lamarck’s collection), no locality, coll. Sallé, 1819. Description. – Hong Kong individuals up to ~ 60mm in height. Shell outline variable with usually spatulate to oval individuals. Attachment area of left valve depends on the substratum. Both valves concave with left more deeply cupped and hence a deep umbonal cavity. Both valves have dichotomous radial ribs from the umbo; the tops of the ribs are well-rounded and radial ribs with growth squamae are recognisable on both valves. The older part of the right valve, i.e. the dorsal surface, is usually eroded. Wavy plications along the shell margins reflect the positions and height of the ribs. No chomata. Adductor muscle scar reniform, anterodorsal border concave and close to the postero-ventral shell margin from the centre of the valve. External coloration of both valves is variable from white and light purple with deep purple lines radiating from the umbo. Internally, the shell is white with patches of chalky deposits and hollow chambers. The muscle scar is colourless with occasional purple growth lines. Distribution. – This species originated in Taiwan and was introduced into Portugual and Spain for cultivation. It is one of the important commercial oyster species in Taiwan and Western Europe. Although this species is cultured in Taiwan extensively, it occurs as wild populations and in low abundance in Hong Kong. Only two bays with constant freshwater inputs, i.e. Hoi Ha Wan and Tai Tam Bay, have been identified as local habitats. Remarks. – The shell and anatomy of this species cannot be distinguished morphologically from Crasssotrea gigas. The C. angulata specimens collected from Hong Kong have been genetically identified using mitochondial DNA sequences. Crassostrea angulata from Hong Kong (this study) and Portugal [GenBank accession number AF152567] (O’ Foighil et al., 1998) showed an intraspecific K2P sequence divergence value of 0.43%. Hong Kong C. angulata morphologically resembles and occurs in low abundance at the same shore level as the rock oyster, Saccostrea cucullata. This may be why C. angulata has not been recorded from Hong Kong hitherto. The two can be distinguished by examining the eroded dorsal side of the right valve. Alternate white calcareous and brown conchiolin layers are exposed in S. cucullata whereas only white calcareous layers occur in C. angulata.

Topic: Marine Bivalve and Aquaculture Studies
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Comparing and Forecasting Performances in Different Events of Athletics Using a Probabilistic Model

Though athletics statistics are abundant, it is a difficult task to\nquantitatively compare performances from different events of track, field, and\nroad running in a meaningful way. There are several commonly-used methods, but\neach has its limitations. Some methods, for example, are valid only for running\nevents, or are unable to compare men's performances to women's, while others\nare based largely on world records and are thus unsuitable for comparing world\nrecords to one other. The most versatile and widely-used statistic is a set of\nscoring tables compiled by the IAAF, which are updated and published every few\nyears. Unfortunately, these methods are not fully disclosed. In this paper, we\npropose a straight-forward, objective, model-based algorithm for assigning\nscores to athletic performances for the express purpose of comparing marks\nbetween different events. Specifically, the main score we propose is based on\nthe expected number of athletes who perform better than a given mark within a\ncalendar year. Computing this naturally interpretable statistic requires only a\nlist of the top performances in each event and is not overly dependent on a\nsmall number of marks, such as the world records. We found that this statistic\ncould predict the quality of future performances better than the IAAF scoring\ntables, and is thus better suited for comparing performances from different\nevents. In addition, the probabilistic model used to generate the performance\nscores allows for multiple interpretations which can be adapted for various\npurposes, such as calculating the expected top mark in a given event or\ncalculating the probability of a world record being broken within a certain\ntime period. In this paper, we give the details of the model and the scores, a\ncomparison with the IAAF scoring tables, and...\n

Topic: Sports Analytics and Performance
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Morphological Observations and Biochemical Properties of Abnormal Porcine Muscle in Usual or Experimental Slaughter

In pale soft exudative (PSE) musculature, muscle cells shrank and the endomysium was broken down 90minutes after slaughter. In dark firm dry (DFD) musculature, no shrinking of muscle cells was observed even 24hours after slaughter.Sarcomeres of the myofibrils prepared from normal, PSE and DFD porcine muscles were in relaxation, in contraction, and in contracting tendency, respectively. On the plate of SDS-gel electrophoresist, w o unexplained bands were found in PSE muscle and Experimental group I. The denaturation of myosin was considered to have occurred in these muscles by a rise in temperature of the carcass

Topic: Meat and Animal Product Quality
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
On the fine spectrum of the second order difference operator over the sequence spaces \ell_p and bv_p, (1 &lt; p &lt; \infty)

In general, it is well known the behaviors of the symmetric tri-band matrices on the Hilbert spaces. But the symmetric tri-band matrices have different the behavior on the Banach spaces. The main purpose of this work is to determine the fine spectra of the operator U(s, r, s) defined by symmetric tri-band matrix over the sequence spaces {\ell}_p and bvp.

Topic: Approximation Theory and Sequence Spaces
Subfield: Statistics and Probability
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
The<i>Y</i>Band at 1.035 Microns: Photometric Calibration and the Dwarf Stellar/Substellar Color Sequence

We define and characterize a photometric bandpass (called "Y") that is centered near 1.035 μm, in between the traditionally classified "optical" and "infrared" spectral regimes. We present Y magnitudes and Y−H and Y−K colors for a sample consisting mostly of photometric and spectral standards, spanning the spectral type range sdO to T5 V. Deep molecular absorption features in the near‐infrared spectra of extremely cool objects are such that the Y−H and Y−K colors grow rapidly with advancing spectral type especially from late M through mid‐L, substantially more rapidly than J−H or H−K, which span a smaller total dynamic range. Consistent with other near‐infrared colors, however, Y−H and Y−K colors turn blueward in the L6–L8 temperature range, with later T‐type objects having colors similar to those of warmer M and L stars. Y−J colors remain constant at 1.0 ± 0.15 mag from early‐L through late‐T dwarfs. The slope of the interstellar reddening vector within this filter is A_Y = 0.38A_V. Reddening moves stars nearly along the YHK dwarf color sequence, making it more difficult to distinguish unambiguously very low mass candidate brown dwarf objects from higher mass stars seen, e.g., through the Galactic plane or toward star‐forming regions. Other diagrams involving the Y band may be somewhat more discriminating.

Topic: Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
A rare case of cerebral proliferative angiopathy with acute cerebral infarction and facial capillary malformation

We are describing a case of a 14-year-old girl who developed acute cerebral infarction which was documented on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI). On detailed evaluation, diagnosis of cerebral proliferative angiopathy (CPA) was made. Incidentally, she had capillary malformation on the forehead contralateral to cerebral vascular malformation. To our knowledge, this is the first case of CPA in the literature where DWI abnormality was due to acute cerebral infarction.

Topic: Vascular Malformations Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Internationalization, Strategic Behavior, and the Small Firm: A Comparative Investigation

Previous research on the internationalization of the small firm explored the relationship between the adoption of a global orientation and strategic thinking. However, there was a difference in opinion between those arguing that there is a positive relationship between the two variables and others who contended that small firms may internationalize by adopting a passive or reactive approach to the external environment. Within this context, this study sets out to further the discussion by comparing the experience of small enterprises with their medium and large-scale counterparts. In doing so, it draws upon the findings of a survey of 1,000 internationalized enterprises located in the main urban conurbations of England. The results suggest that overall there is little disparity in strategy development among internationalized enterprises of different sizes. However, whereas the incidence of strategic behavior among medium and large businesses increases with the complexity of international operations, this is not the case for small firms.

Topic: International Business and FDI
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Clinical Diagnoses, Psychopathology, and Neurocognitive Tests in Children Referred for Scholastic Difficulties and Their Parents

Objectives：This study examined the prevalence of psychiatric problems in children with scholastic difficulties who had been referred for mental health services from the Office of Education in Ulsan Metropolitan City. Methods：Child psychiatrists evaluated the referred children using the DSM-IV. Evaluation tools included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III, the Children's Depression Inventory, the Korean form of the State-trait anxiety Inventory for children, the ADHD rating. Results：Seventy-six children consisting of 64 boys (84.2%) and 12 girls (15.8%) participated in the study. The average age was 10.3 (SD=0.93) years old. Approximately 74% of the children referred for scholastic difficulties were diagnosed with mental retardation. The Axis I diagnosis among these children were ADHD (86.8%), depression (21.1%), learning disorder (9.2%), communication disorder (4.8%), pervasive developmental disorder (3.6%), internet addiction (1.3%), and mood disorder (1.3%). Their overall measure according to the Child Depression Inventory was 22.7 (SD=16.8), that for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children was 33.3 (SD=7.9)/32.4 (SD=9.5), and that for the ADHD rating scale was 18.9 (SD=10.9). Conclusion：These results suggest that many children with scholastic difficulties have both complex psychiatric and educational problems.

Topic: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The regulating effect of cholesterol derivatives isolated from human sera on lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin.

Cholesterol derivatives, including 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol (7 alpha-HC), 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol (7 beta-HC), and 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC), were isolated from the Cohn fraction IV-I of normal human sera and were shown to be the moieties responsible for the suppression of lymphocyte proliferation. When 5-10 micrograms/ml of 7 alpha-HC, 7 beta-HC or 7-KC were added in vitro to lymphocyte cultures, incorporation of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) into the lymphocyte DNA was suppressed by about 50% when compared with the control. When 10-50 mg/kg/day of 7 alpha-HC, 7 beta-HC and 7 KC were administered in vivo to skin grafts on rats, the prolongation of skin grafts was observed. The concentration of 7-KC in cancer patient sera was 2 to 3 times the amount in normal pooled human sera.

Topic: Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Fabrication and Investigation of Bioceramic Scaffolds by a Polymer Sponge Replication Technique

Abstract Initially, hydroxyapatite powder was produced using the wet participation method. The x-ray diffraction and particle size analysis were performed after the preparation method of the powder. Using polymer replication technique to produce scaffolds of HAP with structural and physical properties appropriate to human trabecular bone. The microstructure and chemical bonding of the pours scaffolds were investigated by using XRD spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) after the sintering at temperture1300 °C for 2 hours. The synthesized scaffold was soaked in medium of the simulated body fluid (SBF) in order to evaluate bioactivity. From the results, it was observed that the scaffolds were contained open and interconnected pores with porosity range between 72-75 %. In addition, SEM morphology analysis was indicated high bioactivity of pours scaffolds due to the creation of apatite layer on its surfaces were observed after soaking 7days in SBF media.

Topic: Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Teacher Characteristics and the Selection of Teachers as Consultees.

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the process by which school consultants select the teachers with whom they consult. Research participants were 14 certificate or doctoral matriculants in a school psychology program. A questionnaire was adminstered to all consultants consisting of ranking and rating items. Consultants were asked to: (1) list all the teachers in their consultation placement; (2) to name in rank order the two teachers they perceived as best meeting the academic and socio-emotional needs of children and the two teachers perceived as worst meeting these needs; (3) to name the two teachers most receptive to change and the two teachers least receptive to change; (4) to name the two teachers for whom they had the most personal liking and the two teachers for whom they had the least personal liking; and (5) to rate the most preferred teacher-consultee and the least preferred teacher-consultee on a nine-point scale in comparison with the other teachers in their placement school. The data indicate that the consultants most prefer to work with teachers who are classified as most able to meet socio-emotional needs of children, most receptive,to change, and most likeable. It appears that the teachers most in need of assistance are not selected for consultation. (MM)

Topic: Educational and Psychological Assessments
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The Carob Tree: Botany, Horticulture, and Genetic Resources

The carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua L, is a characteristic constituent of the evergreen, "maquis" and "garigue" vegetation type in low-altitude areas in the Mediterranean Basin. All over these territories, this dioecious and thermophilous tree has been extensively cultivated for its pods. These trees are used for both human consumption and as a sugar-rich animal feed. However, currently the main interest is seed production for gum extraction from the endosperm, which is used as a stabilizer in numerous commercial food products. Most cultivars are female, and require the presence of pollen donors in the orchards. The carob is mainly insect-pollinated (flies, bees, and wasps), but is also wind-pollinated, depending on the habitat. The carob tree shows some outstanding features, like rusticity and drought resistance, and produces under reduced orchard management, and thus is well suited for part-time farming. Carob's main limitation is its frost sensitivity. In addition, modern carob orchards start bearing earlier (fourth year after budding) than traditional carob plots, and they increase yield steadily in response to minimum cultural care and deficit irrigation. This crop has received little attention until now, but currently it is being reemphasized as an alternative in dryland (500 mm) or in supplementary drip irrigation areas with a Mediterranean climate for diversification and revitalization of coastal agriculture. This chapter describes carob's economic importance worldwide and their genetic resources and it also reviews various aspects of its taxonomy, botany, origin, ecology, properties, uses, diversity, and breeding. All the life cycle descriptions are referred to the northern hemisphere climatic conditions. In addition, a full account of the crop-producing areas, agronomy, limitations, industry market, and prospects is presented.

Topic: Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Multichannel Time-Tagged Time-Resolved (TTTR) Model\nfor Quantification of Oligomer Concentrations Based on Antibunching\nEffect

Molecule/protein\naggregation causes many devastating and incurable\ndiseases in human bodies. For example, studies have revealed that\nprotein oligomers formed at the early stage are toxic and may be mostly\nresponsible for some diseases. In the fundamental research, differentiation\nof different protein oligomers and quantification of the concentrations\nare important and challenging. Here, we have developed a multichannel\ntime-tagged time-resolved (TTTR) confocal fluorescence model based\non antibunching effect to solve the problem. The key point of the\nmodel is that &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;-oligomers labeled with &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;-dyes cannot emit more than &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; photons at one time.\nBy assuming that all labeling dyes behave perfectly as noninteractive\nindividual dyes, the analytic relationship between photon-emission\nprobability and oligomer concentrations has been derived. Simulations\nhave been carried out to verify the model, in which differentiation\nand concentration quantification of up to tetraoligomers can be realized\nwith a relative error &lt;10% in an eight-channel TTTR confocal setup\nwith eight single-photon detectors.

Topic: Genetic and Environmental Crop Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences