jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Spectral Variations of Cyg X-1 in the Hard State Studied with ASCA Data

Abstract Spectral variations of Cyg X-1 in the hard state have been studied on two time scales of about $10^{4} \,\mathrm{s}$ and 1 s using ASCA archive data. The energy spectrum was well fit by a model consisting of a multicolor blackbody expected from an optically-thick accretion disk and a broken power-law, with absorption by interstellar matter. The broken power-law component was found to change its normalization on both time scales, while keeping the spectral shape unchanged, whereas the multicolor blackbody component varies only on a time scale of $10^4 \,\mathrm{s}$. From this clear separation of the time variabilities, the two spectral components can be considered to be two real substances reflecting two respective emission processes different from each other. We found from a careful comparison of the disk parameters that the innermost radius in the hard state is a few times larger than that in the soft state, even if the uncertainty in a ratio of the observed color temperature to an effective temperature is taken into account. It is suggested that an optically-thin disk exists inside the optically-thick disk in the hard state and that the broken power-law component comes from the optically-thin inner disk.

Topic: Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Transport Quality Profiles of European Cities Based on a Multidimensional Set of Satisfaction Ratings Indicators

A monitoring system of perceived quality of transport services at the city level is proposed on the basis of a set of 92 indicators covering various travel modes and considering the viewpoints of different groups. Special emphasis was given to public transport, bicycles, pedestrians, and travelers with special needs (e.g., commuters, visitors, mobility-challenged or communication-impaired travelers). Indicators were found through principal component analysis from a set of satisfaction ratings elicited through a survey in eight European cities, implemented within the METPEX research project, a measurement tool to determine the quality of passenger experience. Benchmarking values were computed for all indicators to provide the analyst with some initial guidance. All indicators were then visualized through a dashboard that could give policy makers a synthetic overview of the main areas where perceived quality and accessibility were above or below average. At the same time, joint consideration of indicators from different dimensions of the evaluation exercise—by travel means, by traveler profile, by phase of the journey experience—provided additional insights on specific issues that would be overlooked in a coarser-quality assessment activity.

Topic: Urban Transport and Accessibility
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
EMIC-ETIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE V-M-O REALIZATION OF THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, ARELLANO UNIVERSITY- PASAY CAMPUS

The vision, mission, and objectives (VMO) of an educational institution form the cornerstone of its operations, guiding its academic programs and initiatives. The effective realization of these statements hinges on the institution's structure and the extent to which both internal and external stakeholders understand and embrace their essence. This study aims to assess the degree of realization of the VMO statements from both an internal (EMIC) and external (ETIC) perspective, focusing on understanding behaviors and personalities. Utilizing a descriptive research design, data collection, analysis, and tabulation were conducted to capture the prevailing perspectives of the respondents. The findings indicate that the Vision-Mission-Objectives of Arellano University were either fully realized or largely realized, with no evidence suggesting a lack of realization from the EMIC-ETIC perspective. Consequently, there were no significant differences observed in the respondents' perspectives, indicating a consistent understanding and alignment with the VMO of Arellano University. However, the study highlights the need for enhanced communication and engagement to reinforce the vision and mission of the School of Education, Arellano University. It emphasizes the importance of inclusive activities involving all stakeholders and adequate funding to ensure the sustainability of these efforts.

Topic: Organizational Strategy and Culture
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Tutorial on nonlinear backstepping: Applications to ship control

The theoretical foundation of nonlinear backstepping designs is presented in a tutorial setting. This includes a brief review of integral backstepping, extensions to SISO and MIMO systems in strict feedback form and physical motivated case studies. Parallels and differences to feedback linearization where it is shown how so-called "good nonlincarities" can be exploited in the design are also made.

Topic: Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pathological changes produced by coronary embolization with metallic mercury in the dog.

Pathological studies of myocardium at intervals up to one year after embolization of the left circumflex coronary artery in dogs have shown that the changes are those of a granulomatous myocarditis and arteritis rather than infarction, and suggest that this technique does not provide a suitable model for the study of acute infarction or chronic ischaemic heart disease.

Topic: Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Network Analysis of Medical Claims Data Suggests Network-Based, Regional Targeting and Intervention Delivery Strategies to Increase Access to Office Based Opioid Treatment (OBOT) for Opioid Use Disorder (OUD)

Opioid overdose and Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) statistics underscore an urgent need to significantly expand access to evidence-based OUD treatment. Office Based Opioid Treatment (OBOT) has proven effective for treating OUD. However, limited access to these treatments persists. Recognizing the need for significant investment in clinical, behavioral, and translational research, the Indiana State Department of Health and Indiana University embarked on a research initiative supported by the “Responding to the Addictions Crisis” Grand Challenge Program. This brief presents recommendations based on existing research and our own analyses of medical claims data in Indiana, where opioid misuse is high and treatment access is limited. The recommendations cover target providers, intervention focus, priority regions, and delivery methods.

Topic: Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Ethical Economy of Customer Coproduction

In this article, the author argues that customer coproduction should be understood as an expression of a large-scale trend toward the increasing power and relevance of social production. Social production consists in the self-organized systems of (mostly immaterial) production that have evolved around the diffusion of networked information and communication technologies. An analysis of the genealogy of social production is shared; this includes tracing it to the process of re-mediation of social relations put in motion by the expansion of the capitalist economy into the fields of culture and consciousness and the concomitant socialization of production relations. The author then argues that social production, including customer coproduction, follows a very particular economic logic—that is, an ethical economy where value is related to social impact rather than monetary accumulation. A detailed analysis of the logic of this ethical economy is offered; it draws out some implications for the successful management of ever more customer-centric brands, whereby the consumers are directly involved in the processes that add value.

Topic: Service and Product Innovation
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
EEG source imaging during continuous viewing of natural movies

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive neuroimaging tool which can be used to measure brain activity with excellent temporal resolution. By solving the so-called ‘inverse problem’, one can not only study the time-course of activation during a particular task, but also identify the location of the underlying neural sources in the brain. Usually, these methods are applied to averaged data obtained from EEG recordings during which volunteers perform a given, usually brief (0.1-5s) task over many dozens repetitions. This averaging across many brief trials results in clearer responses, as artifactual or randomly occurring events (noise, eye blinks, eye wanderings, etc) will be reduced. Here, we take a radically new approach, and ask whether one can obtain reliable source localization associated to a particular stimulus feature (such as visual contrast) when using complex natural stimuli presented over long periods of time. We made EEG recordings (64 channels) in 7 subjects who passively watched 2 minute long segments from different commercially available movies (the segments were repeated 20 times). We then developed a method based on independent component analysis (ICA) to reject EEG artifacts due to blinks, subject movement, etc. Source localization of this artifact-free data was calculated at each time point of the movie using low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). We then calculated the correlation coefficient between variations in the EEG source strength in over 6000 voxels within the brain with variations in movie contrast. As expected, we found that visual contrast in the movie mapped specifically to voxels within area V1, thus showing that a feature that varies continuously in its strength can be reliably mapped onto the cortical region involved in its processing. These findings open a new approach to mapping brain function with a high temporal resolution and allow the localization of a multitude of brain areas based on a single experiment using uncontrolled, natural stimuli.

Topic: EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Lateral Stress Sensor Based on an In-Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer and Fourier Analysis

A novel lateral stress sensor based on a compact in-fiber Mach&#x2013;Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and Fourier analysis is proposed and demonstrated. The in-fiber MZI is formed by cascading two offset splicing joints. The interference occurs between the copropagating fundamental core and cladding modes. The influence of offset value on the performance of modal interferometer, including the extinction ratio and insertion loss, has been experimentally investigated. The spatial spectra of the proposed in-fiber interferometers with different interference lengths are analyzed by Fourier transform. An in-fiber interferometer with an interference length of 30 mm has been fabricated for lateral stress measurement. The performance of the lateral stress sensor is investigated in a spatial frequency domain by Fourier transform of the corresponding transmission wavelength spectra. The responses of intensity peaks to different lateral stresses are analyzed in the spatial frequency domain. The sensitivity of the in-fiber MZI-based lateral stress sensor is as high as 0.00455/<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu\text{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. The proposed lateral stress sensor possesses the advantages of simple and compact structure, high sensitivity, ease of manufacture, and low cost, and it will provide a simple and effective method for detecting the slight fiber deformation induced by lateral stress.

Topic: Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
CCDC 735672: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Does the Candidate Matter? Comparing the Voting Choice of Early and Late Deciders

Candidate personality traits have long been recognized as influential in the determination of voting choice. However, little is understood of how the perception of candidates' traits influences different categories of voters. Based on a large‐scale electoral‐panel survey (ITANES, ITAlian National Election Studies), the present study investigated whether the voting choice of early and late deciders differentially relied on candidate traits. Results showed that after considering the influence of ideology and economy assessment, candidate traits still influenced the voting choice of early deciders and, even more, of late deciders. However, while early deciders took into account both incumbent and challenger traits, late deciders mainly relied on incumbent traits. Political sophistication moderated this effect, with high‐sophisticated early deciders relying even more on the challenger, and low‐sophisticated late deciders relying even more on the incumbent. The distinction between incumbent and challenger is discussed as a key variable in explaining the role of candidate traits in the choice of voters differing as to voting decision time and political sophistication.

Topic: Electoral Systems and Political Participation
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Integrasi Matematika dan Filsafat Pendidikan Islam

This article explores the nature of the philosophy of Islamic education and its integration with the philosophy of mathematics in the learning process. The philosophy of Islamic education is rooted in the Qur’an and As-Sunnah and is further reinforced by the thoughts of Muslim philosophers. It encompasses three main aspects: ontology (the nature of existence), epistemology (the sources and methods of acquiring knowledge), and axiology (values and purposes). Islamic education aims not only to shape individual character but also to build a holistic educational system based on Islamic values. In this context, education is not merely a process of knowledge transfer but a means of fostering moral and spiritual development in learners. On the other hand, the philosophy of mathematics from the perspective of Islamic education emphasizes that mathematics is not solely an exact science of arithmetic, but also a discipline closely related to ethical and moral values in Islam. Mathematics is viewed as part of the divine order of Allah’s creation, reflecting His greatness. Therefore, the integration of Islamic educational philosophy and mathematical philosophy in learning offers a deeper approach to mathematical concepts. This approach not only enhances students’ cognitive understanding of the material but also instills spiritual awareness and values of faith and piety. By combining scientific and religious aspects, the learning process becomes more systematic, meaningful, and aligned with the comprehensive goals of Islamic education.

Topic: Educational Research and Methods
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Palaeoenvironmental Framing of the<i>O Areal</i>Roman Saltworks and Related Anthropogenic Activities in North-western Iberia

The NW Iberian city of Vigo contains buried structures of a Roman salinae that follow the ancient coastline. To investigate its environmental legacy, we studied two pedo-sedimentary profiles at the O Areal saltworks to reconstruct human activities during and after the salinae use, as well as framing them within the last two millennia of climate variability. The bottom layer consists of organic-rich sands, with marine palynomorphs, confined within the saltworks' structures that operated during the Early Roman Empire, when the demand in fish-salted products increased and the salting industry fluorished on the Atlantic coast of Iberia. During the Late Roman Empire, salt production at the O Areal may have ended, coeval with the development of a marsh with hydro-hygrophyte vegetation and the salting industry demise. The Roman environment also experienced intense agropastoralism that triggered water eutrophication. After Roman times, a dune phase sealed the archaeologicl structures. The overall trend points to a shift from a marine to a terrestrial setting coeval to known periods of climate variability. Therefore, humans and climate impacted the coast during the last two millennia, including the very intense Roman-period saltworks, agriculture and livestock. Roman times climate would have also influenced the saltworks' establishment and abandonment.

Topic: Maritime and Coastal Archaeology
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Women's expatriate careers: losing trust in organisational equality and diversity policy implementation?

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how female expatriates interpret the effectiveness of practical implementation of equality/diversity policies, trusting this to support their expatriate careers. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional, qualitative research approach draws upon in-depth semi-structured interviews with 14 human resources equality/diversity policy implementers and 26 current female expatriates in two oil and gas firms. Findings Early-career stage female expatriates believe that equality/diversity policy implementation will support their international careers. At the most senior levels, women expatriates highlight unequal treatment breaching their trust in delivery of equality/diversity principles to support their expatriate career progression. Research limitations/implications Longitudinal research is needed to assess how early-career women expatriates' willingness to trust in organisational equality/diversity principles alters as their careers progress, and the effects of any changing trust relations on their contributions to organisational strategic objectives. Larger senior female expatriate samples are needed to research links between trust relations and turnover. Practical implications Organisations must weigh up benefits from using transparent expatriate selection processes versus less formal mechanisms, if informal processes are not to undermine espoused equality interventions. Unconscious bias training should form part of wide-ranging programmes to tackle discrimination. Senior managerial action with embedded accountability is needed. Originality/value Exploring the rhetoric and reality of equality/diversity policy implementation on women comprising a minority expatriate group, this research demonstrates women expatriates' early-career trust in gender equality falls away as they first recognise and then accept diminishing female expatriate senior grade representation and the implications for their expatriate careers. Should turnover result, this could detrimentally affect organisational expatriate gender diversity objectives.

Topic: Gender Diversity and Inequality
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Development of New Preventive and Therapeutic Vaccines for Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease that has been responsible for the death of one billion people in the last 200 years. Until now, the only vaccine approved for the prevention of TB is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which is prepared by attenuating <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i>. However, one of the limitations of BCG is that its preventive effect against pulmonary TB varies from person to person. Therefore, there arises a need for a new TB vaccine to replace or supplement BCG. In this review, we have summarized the findings of current clinical trials on preventive and therapeutic TB vaccine candidates. In addition, we have discussed a novel vaccination approach using the cell-based vaccine presenting early secretory antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6), which is a potent immunogenic antigen. The role of ESAT-6 in hosts has also been described.

Topic: Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN EDUCATING AND IMPROVING THE ORAL HEALTH STATUS IN CHILDREN

Social media is an integral part of the communal fabric of todays world, from which health care is not excluded. Communication plays a vital role in breaking down barriers between the patient and dental health professional, and in strengthening the treatment alliance. It is increasingly becoming popular as a useful tool for health care providers to motivate and encourage patients of all ages groups and social backgrounds.

Topic: Dental Research and COVID-19
Subfield: General Dentistry
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
735 Progress in Clinical Development of Dexanabinol for Traumatic Brain Injury

Biegon, Anat PhD; Knoller, Nachshon MD; Kassem, Nadim MD; Levi, Lion MD; Razon, Nisim MD; Reichenthal, Eli MD; Rappaport, Zvi H. MD; Schickler, Michael PhD; Shoshan, Igal MD

Topic: Poisoning and overdose treatments
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Overview of ovarian masses

Background: To study the incidence, clinical presentation and histopathological pattern of ovarian masses in patients attending Department of gynaecology in a tertiary center in Tamil Nadu.Methods: Retrospective analysis of 77 cases from March 2015 to March 2016.Results: The total incidence of ovarian masses was 8.5%. Among the ovarian masses 23.37%were non-neoplastic lesions and71.4% were benign, 3.6%were borderline and 21.8% were malignant. All the malignant tumours were seen between 30-60yrs of age.Conclusions: Ovarian neoplasms were thrice the incidence of non-neoplasm. Among the neoplastic lesion, benign neoplasms were common and the commonest was serous cystadenoma and the commonest malignant tumour was serous cyst adenocarcinoma.

Topic: Ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Incorporating the pricing decisions into the dynamic fleet management problem

Abstract This paper presents a model to coordinate the pricing and fleet management decisions of a freight carrier. We consider a setting where the loads faced by the carrier over a certain time horizon are deterministic functions of the prices. We want to find what prices the carrier should charge so that its pricing and fleet management decisions jointly maximize the profits. Our solution approach is an iterative one. At each iteration, we solve the fleet management problem with fixed prices, and then, adjust these prices by using the primal-dual solution to the fleet management problem so as to obtain ‘better’ prices. Computational experiments show that our approach yields high-quality solutions and can efficiently be applied on large problems.

Topic: Supply Chain and Inventory Management
Subfield: Management Information Systems
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences