jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Plagiarism, politics, science, sport: forced (?) parallels attempt

Polazeci od recentnih rasirenih primjera objeda za plagiranje visokopozicioniranih politicara u Njemackoj, Mađarskoj, Rumunjskoj i Hrvatskoj, rad pokusava rasclaniti slicnosti obrazaca ponasanja i etike pri plagiranju i u politici, pri cemu uzima u obzir izvorne ideale bavljenja politikom i njihovo dezavuiranje u modernoj praksi. U okviru druge pod-teme, pozornost se posvecuje slicnostima plagiranja u znanosti prema dopingu u sportu, sto zakljucke vodi prema sirem razmatranju uzroka epidemijskih zloporaba suvremene kliseizirane znanosti.

Topic: Doping in Sports
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Conventional and Organic Pig Fattening Farms

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing global problem and complicates successful treatments of bacterial infections in animals and humans. We conducted a longitudinal study in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania to compare the occurrence of ESBL-producing Escherichia (E.) coli in three conventional and four organic pig farms. ESBL-positive E. coli, especially of the CTX-M type, were found in all fattening farms, confirming that antimicrobial resistance is widespread in pig fattening and affects both conventional and organic farms. The percentage of ESBL-positive pens was significantly higher on conventional (55.2%) than on organic farms (44.8%) with similar proportions of ESBL-positive pens on conventional farms (54.3–61.9%) and a wide variation (7.7–84.2%) on organic farms. Metadata suggest that the farms of origin, from which weaner pigs were purchased, had a major influence on the occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli in the fattening farms. Resistance screening showed that the proportion of pens with multidrug-resistant E. coli was similar on conventional (28.6%) and organic (31.5%) farms. The study shows that ESBL-positive E. coli play a major role in pig production and that urgent action is needed to prevent their spread.

Topic: Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Rat intestinal amino acid balances after the administration of an oral protein load.

The intestinal amino acid balances in rats given an oral load of protein were measured three hours after the gavage. During that period, about one half of the nitrogen from the protein given appeared as net balance in the portal blood. The release of amino acids was not a continuous process, since two peaks of maximal intestinal efflux were found at 1 and 2.5 hours after gavage. This pattern followed that of portal blood flow with a 30 minute delay. Under prandial conditions, the intestine showed a net uptake of glutamine, aspartate, serine, threonine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine and valine. It also showed a net production of alanine, glutamate, ornithine skeleton (arginine + citrulline + ornithine) and ammonia. There was also a surge of taurine, attributed to reabsorption of secreted taurine conjugates. There was a net unchanged absorption of glycine, proline, lysine and histidine, with respect to their proportions in the protein administered. The results suggest that the amino acid metabolism in the intestine under prandial conditions is much less passive than is generally assumed. The intestinal action upon the luminal amino acids is not limited to absorption, but is directly implied in their transformation to complement the ensuing homeostatic action of the liver upon them.

Topic: Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Aquatic mating in pinnipeds: a review

The goals of this review are to summarize existing information available on aquatic mating strategies in pinnipeds. Considerable advances in knowledge concerning the reproductive strategies of aquatic mating pinnipeds have been made over recent years. Studies have showed that aquatic mating pinnipeds exhibit a range of evolutionary adaptations in their reproductive strategies that differ considerably from those of land-breeding species. However, clear gaps still exist, particularly amongst ice-breeding species. This review introduces the topic and then is divided into 1) techniques for studying aquatic mating pinnipeds, of which acoustic, telemetry, and genetic technologies are discussed, 2) evolutionary consequences of lactation and whelping habitat, 3) male reproductive strategies and, 4) conclusions and future research directions. Based on current evidence, aquatic-mating species are thought to maintain aquatic display areas using vocal and dive displays for the purpose of male–male competition and likely for the attractioon of females. Between species, mating behaviour ranges from lek mating, female defense polygyny, to the use of alternative mating tactics. Observed variations within species in mating behaviour appear to be linked to the influences of local habitat type and changes in female behaviour. Therefore, it is appropriate to reassess our knowledge concerning aquatic breeders and reflect how this alters the development of theories on the evolution of pinniped reproductive strategies.

Topic: Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluation of CT Image Guided Radiofrequency Ablation in the Management of Painful Bone Metastases Originating from NSCLC

Background: Pain palliation in patients with bone metastases is of great importance.The ideal treatment method has to be fast, safe, effective and tolerable for the patient.Objective: Evaluation of efficacy and safety of computed tomography (CT) guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as a treatment method of painful bone metastases originating from NSCLC. Materials and methods:A total of thirty two patients with painful bone metastases originating from NSCLC were included in our study (median age 67; range 35-88 years).Lesion diameter was between 2 and 6 cm (mean ± SD: 2.8±2cm).Pain was assessed in all patients with the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI).All patients were treated with RFA under CT guidance, under conscious sedation.RFAs were performed either with RITA Model 1500® electrosurgical generator with a seven-array multitined electrode or AMICA electrosurgical generator, depending on the lesion's size.Mean ablation time was 9.5 minutes.Technically successful ablation was considered when lesion was completely covered according to protocol.After each session a CT scan was performed in order to exclude complications.Patients were hospitalised up to 24 hours for clinical monitoring.Post-ablation assessment with BPI score and report of the use of analgesics was performed with telephone interview one, four and eight weeks after the ablation. Results:We observed significant decrease in the mean past day BPI score for worst pain, for average pain and for pain interference during daily life in comparison to pre procedural symptoms (P<0.001,paired t-test), one, four and eight weeks after treatment.There was also a marked decrease in the use of analgesics.None complication occurred.Conclusions: RFA appears to be a promising treatment method for painful bone metastases originating from NSCLC as it is a safe, fast, minimal invasive method with high efficacy and security.

Topic: Management of metastatic bone disease
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A semi‐analytical model of the influence of phytoplankton community structure on the relationship between light attenuation and ocean color

A model was developed to examine the influence of phytoplankton community structure on the relationship between diffuse attenuation and ratios of upwelling radiance. Shifts in phytoplankton communities were represented by changing mean optical properties as a function of chlorophyll ( C , mg m −3 ), consistent with large data sets from the field and laboratory. The product of cell size and internal pigment concentration, dc i , governs pigment packaging, which alters the specific absorption coefficients of phytoplankton ( , m 2 mgChl −1 ). Pigment packaging was parameterized as a function of C by combining the relationship between dc i and from phytoplankton cultures with that between and C from the field, using data for 675 nm, where absorption by accessory pigments is low. Changes in accessory pigmentation were approximated by quantifying residual variability in at other wavelengths, as functions of C , once the variability with dc i was taken into account. Absorption by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), detrital absorption, and scattering by particles were also parameterized as functions of C , so that bio‐optical relationships could be modeled as functions of trophic status. The model thus reconciled recognized relationships between optical properties and C with ecologically interpretable shifts in phytoplankton communities. Empirical relationships between diffuse attenuation and ocean color were well reproduced at low (0.5 mg m −3 ) to medium (10 mg m −3 ) C . Analysis of variability imposed by a range of dc i suggests that it may be possible to recognize phytoplankton communities with cell sizes and intracellular pigment concentration different from the central tendency, given a set of wavelengths which minimizes the influence of CDOM and detrital absorption.

Topic: Marine and coastal ecosystems
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Virtual Judgment Proofing: A Rejoinder

In the future, and to the greatest extent possible, Sara Lee will be a virtual company, putting its virtual name on things it doesn't make.'Before Manville, big businesses paid their tort liabilities.In its 1982 bankruptcy reorganization, Manville's investors lost nearly the entire value of the company-over $2 billion-to tort creditors.The damages from Union Carbide's 1984 release of toxic chemicals that killed 4000 people in Bhopal, India were estimated in the billions of dollars before the courts came to Union Carbide's rescue.The following year, A.H. Robins took a $2.5 billion hit from Dalkon Shield claimants, 4 and a Texas jury awarded Pennzoil $11 billion in a tort case against Texaco. 5 In 1989, the Exxon Valdez spilled oil that led to over $9 billion in judgments against Exxon. 6Now, the tobacco companies' tort liabilities are estimated in the hundreds of billions. 7These cases mark a historic shift in the nature and magnitude of liability.In Corporate Judgment Proofing,' Professor James J. White argues-and indeed claims to have proven empirically-that big businesses have erected no legal defenses in response.To do so, he argues, would have been futile.The companies' lenders and trading partners would not have permitted it. 9 The courts would have disregarded limited liability and deemed the companies' t

Topic: Corporate Insolvency and Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Access to Justice and Democratic Governance in Cameroon: Which Lessons in the Light of Constitutional Justice?

Through the constitutional law of January 18, 1996, Cameroon endowed itself with a constitutional justice. The question is to what extent do the mechanisms of access to constitutional justice contribute to the democratic governance of the country? To analyse this fact, it appears that the mechanisms of access to constitutional justice in Cameroon are highly prohibitive and deny the rule of law and participatory democracy; all things that are resolutely situated at the antipodes of a democratic governance.

Topic: European and International Law Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Direct and indirect antimicrobial effects of α-mangostin on pathogenic microorganisms

Objective: To test direct and indirect antimicrobial properties of α-mangostin towards a number of bacteria and fungi.
Methods: The experiment was carried out using broth microdilution and checkerboards methods. Activity of α-mangostin paired with an antibiotic was studied by calculating its fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC).
Results: The activity of all four bacteria towards ampicillin, penicillin G, streptomycin and tetracycline showed no interaction with the combination with α-mangostin where the FIC indexes were between the range of 0.5 4. Activity of doxycycline on Pseudomonas aeruginosa fell into other set of range, FICindex≥4 which is an antagonism.
Conclusions: The FIC index is far away in the range. The coupled antibiotic and α-mangostin is considered synergy in action if it lies in FICindex≤0.5 and it was found that the isolated compound, α-mangostin revealed very low synergistic antimicrobial effects when coupled with antibiotics.

Topic: Natural Compound Pharmacology Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Red Phosphorus/P25 Nanophotosensitizers Coated with Platelet Membrane for Enhancing Cancer Cells Photodynamic Therapy

Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which uses targeted photosensitizing drugs, has been regarded as a promising method for cancer therapy. In the present study, photosensitizer red phosphorus modified P25 nanophotosensitizers (P25‐RP) were generated, which were coated with platelet membrane (P25‐RP@PLT) extracted from platelet rich plasma. The biocompatibility of P25‐RP was demonstrated by cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) and optical microscope assay, more than 93 % cells in the concentration of 100 μg/ml of P25‐RP suspension after co‐incubation for 24 h were still kept alive. The antitumor performance of P25‐RP@PLT was evaluated via CCK‐8 assay, flow cytometry and fluorescence staining of live/dead cells. The experiment results showed that P25‐RP@PLT could ablate 55 % malignant tumor cells upon laser irradiation within 5 min, which was 10 % higher than P25‐RP alone against cancer cells. Mechanistically, the cancer cell toxicity of P25‐RP@PLT nanophotosensitizers was attributed to its heterojunction structure that broadens the absorption spectra, whereas PLT membrane coating technology allows for immune escape and selective adhesion capacity to cancer cells. This work provided a novel pathway on the design of novel visible‐light‐driven photosensitizer for cancer therapy.

Topic: Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Activation and habituation in olfaction—An fMRI study. NeuroImage 13: 547–560

This study investigated human BOLD responses in primary and higher order olfactory cortices following presentation of short- and long-duration odorant stimuli using a 3-T MR scanner. The goal was to identify temporal differences in the course of the response that might underlie habituation. A short-duration stimulus (9 s) consistently activated the primary olfactory cortex (POC). After a long stimulus (60 s), the temporal form of the response differed in different parts of the olfactory network: (1) The POC (piriform, entorhinal cortex, amygdala) and, interestingly, the hippocampus and, to a certain degree, the anterior insula show a short, phasic increase in the signal, followed by a prolonged decrease below baseline. (2) In the orbitofrontal cortex a sustained increase in activation was seen. This increase lasted approximately as long as the duration of odorant presentation (�60 s). (3) The mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and the caudate nucleus responded with an increase in signal which returned to baseline after approximately 15 to 30 s. The correlated biphasic hemodynamic response in the POC, hippocampus, and anterior insula during prolonged olfactory stimulation suggests that these three areas may interact closely with each other in the control of habituation. These results extend recent data which showed habituation of the rat piriform cortex and dissociation between the POC and the orbitofrontal cortex. © 2001 Academic Press Key Words: brain mapping; habituation; human; magnetic resonance imaging; neurons; physiology; odors; olfactory pathways; reaction time; odorant; physiological; stimulation

Topic: Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
Subfield: Sensory Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Contact Processes in Grinding

The relevance of investigating the problem of loading a diamond abrasive tool with a metallic binder to improve the efficiency of finishing treatment of a wide range of high-strength materials is addressed in the paper. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the formation of a greasy layer on the surface of diamond wheels in the treatment of high-strength materials are shown. In the theoretical part it is proposed to consider this phenomenon in terms of the equilibrium state of electrochemical potentials at the interface of a diamond wheel and the treated surface. Dependences are revealed that help to determine greasy layer values. The practical part of this work consists in electron-microscopic, spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction studies of wheel specimens with a metallic binder in diamond grinding. Based on the results obtained the composition and structure of a greasy layer are determined. A comparison of the experimental data with the calculated values confirms the adequacy of the proposed theory. The use of combined methods to improve the efficiency of machining high-strength materials is recommended. It can help to reduce the intensity of loading and to improve the cutting properties of diamond abrasive tools with a metallic binder

Topic: Advanced Surface Polishing Techniques
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Effect of Growth and Measurement Temperature on the Activity of the Alternative Respiratory Pathway1

Abstract A postulated role of the CN-resistant alternative respiratory pathway in plants is the maintenance of mitochondrial electron transport at low temperatures that would otherwise inhibit the main phosphorylating pathway and prevent the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species. This role is supported by the observation that alternative oxidase protein levels often increase when plants are subjected to growth at low temperatures. We used oxygen isotope fractionation to measure the distribution of electrons between the main and alternative pathways in mung bean (Vigna radiata) and soybean (Glycine max) following growth at low temperature. The amount of alternative oxidase protein in mung bean grown at 19°C increased over 2-fold in both hypocotyls and leaves compared with plants grown at 28°C but was unchanged in soybean cotyledons grown at 14°C compared with plants grown at 28°C. When the short-term response of tissue respiration was measured over the temperature range of 35°C to 9°C, decreases in the activities of both main and alternative pathway respiration were observed regardless of the growth temperature, and the relative partitioning of electrons to the alternative pathway generally decreased as the temperature was lowered. However, cold-grown mung bean plants that up-regulated the level of alternative oxidase protein maintained a greater electron partitioning to the alternative oxidase when measured at temperatures below 19°C supporting a role for the alternative pathway in response to low temperatures in mung bean. This response was not observed in soybean cotyledons, in which high levels of alternative pathway activity were seen at both high and low temperatures.

Topic: Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Experimental Validation of Numerical Simulation Model for No‐Load Hybrid Greenhouse Solar Dryer

ABSTRACT This study is concerned with the development of a finite element (FE) model using COMSOL Multiphysics for hybrid greenhouse dryers in humid subtropical climate of Ranchi, under no‐load condition. The temperature and humidity distribution in the dryer was visualized using the FE model and compared against experimental data to evaluate its reliability in simulating dryer behavior. The performance evaluation conducted under no load condition showed that the efficiency of the proposed dryer was 42.35% and maximum overall convective heat transfer coefficient was 6.27 W/m 2 °C. The temperature inside the dryer ranged from 55°C to 80°C, while the relative humidity ranged from 37% to 45%. The developed FE model using COMSOL Multiphysics software, shows a close agreement between experimental and predicted results with a lower statistical error. Overall, this study's findings suggest that the hybrid greenhouse dryer could be a useful tool for drying crops in humid subtropical climates and the FEM could be a valuable tool for future research.

Topic: Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Why study the UGP gene in grafted woody plants?

Grafting is a technique for cultivating commercial fruit species that guarantees genetic characteristics using selected clones. However, candidate genes involved in the re-establishment of grafted woody plants remain poorly understood. In this way, our manuscript aimed to present current knowledge on UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP) gene expression and its enzymatic activity (UGPase) by incorporating Brazilian wild to elucidate the role of “players” in re-establishing post-grafting in woody species. Considerable benefits were observed in grafted plants, explained by the correlation between gene expression, such as that of UGP, and UGPase biosynthesis and enzymatic activity. This enzyme is directly responsible for cell wall formation, which explains faster tissue formation in some grafting combinations than others. Besides, UGP promotes the re-establishment of the vascular connection in plant grafting, thus regulating short- and long-term grafting compatibility in woody plants. These crucial experiments are also highly relevant to many nurseries. In this study, we report that the Annona genus is a valuable plant model for studying plant grafting in wood species.

Topic: Plant Disease Management Techniques
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Two distinct oncornaviruses harbor an intracytoplasmic tyrosine-based basolateral targeting signal in their viral envelope glycoprotein

It has been clearly established that the budding of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), a lentivirus, occurs specifically through the basolateral membrane in polarized epithelial cells. More recently, the signal was assigned to a tyrosine-based motif located in the intracytoplasmic domain of the envelope glycoprotein, as previously observed on various other viral and cellular basolateral proteins. In the present study, expression of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) or Moloney murine leukemia virus envelope glycoproteins was used for trans-complementation of an envelope-negative HIV-1. This demonstrated the potential of oncornaviral retrovirus envelope glycoproteins to confer polarized basolateral budding in epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK cells). Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed the importance of a common motif encompassing at least one crucial membrane-proximal intracytoplasmic tyrosine residue. The conservation of a similar basolateral maturation signal in different retroviruses further supports its importance in the biology of this group of viruses.

Topic: T-cell and Retrovirus Studies
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences