jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Urinary tract infections in children with chronic kidney disease

Studies concerning urinary tract infection (UTI) in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are scarce. In CKD children a wide variety of underlying predisposing factors for UTI may be considered, such as age, gender, genetic factors, urinary obstruction, bladder, and bowel dysfunction, bladder catheterization, nephrolithiasis, altered local, and systemic immune status, frequent hospitalizations, and sexual activity in adolescents. General rules of UTI management in CKD children are similar to those used in children without CKD. However, there are some important peculiarities. Common symptoms of UTI may be mimicked by conditions typical for CKD (also post-transplant). Results of laboratory tests concerning detection of pathogenic microorganisms and an inflammatory response in the urinary tract may be misleading because of uremic environment. The aim of UTI treatment must involve not only rapid recovery from complaints, elimination of pathogenic microorganisms from urinary tract, prevention of related complications, but also the prevention of further impairment of kidney function. Dosage of drugs should be adjusted to the estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) rate, calculated from the current serum creatinine and body length according to the Schwartz formula. Nephrotoxic drugs are contraindicated. Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria generally is not recommended, however it should be considered in same cases. Studies on pathophysiological mechanisms of UTI in children with different stages of CKD are needed. Future research should also concern optimization of UTI therapy in order to preserve renal function.

Topic: Pediatric Urology and Nephrology Studies
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An examination of the fundamentals of road lighting for pedestrians and drivers

The current principles of road lighting design are well established and have been adopted in a number of lighting design standards. This paper questions the basis of these principles and looks at some of the anomalies and problems of current road lighting design practice. The development of road lighting for pedestrians is examined, and the benefits of having a relevant visual task are explored. The paper concludes by suggesting that the fundamentals of road lighting need further examination.

Topic: Impact of Light on Environment and Health
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Anaesthetic Management of a Patient with Sub-Valvular Aortic Stenosis for Emergency Lower Segment Caesarean Section

Sub-valvular aortic stenosis (SAS) occurs due to a fibrous membrane or a muscular narrowing causing left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The physiological changes of pregnancy may exacerbate the cardiac condition posing significant challenges for anaesthesia and surgery. A 34 years primigravida, with 32 weeks gestation, a known case of sub-valvular aortic stenosis presented in the emergency room in view of leaking/bleeding per-vagina. Risk factors such as tachycardia, decrease in afterload, preload and increased left ventricle contractility lead to exacerbation of the obstruction and should be avoided. We report a successful anaesthetic management of her lower segment cesarean section while balancing the physiological changes of pregnancy superimposed by pathology of the disease.

Topic: Cardiovascular Issues in Pregnancy
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A vulnerability analysis: Theorising the impact of artificial intelligence decision-making processes on individuals, society and human diversity from a social justice perspective

The article examines a number of ways in which the use of artificial intelligence technologies to predict the performance of individuals and to reach decisions concerning the entitlement of individuals to positive decisions impacts individuals and society. It analyses the effects using a social justice lens. Particular attention is paid to the experiences of individuals who have historically experienced disadvantage and discrimination. The article uses the university admissions process where the university utilises a fully automated decision-making process to evaluate the capability or suitability of the candidate as a case study. The article posits that the artificial intelligence decision-making process should be viewed as an institution that reconfigures the relationships between individuals, and between individuals and institutions. Artificial intelligence decision-making processes have institutional elements embedded within them that result in their operation disadvantaging groups who have historically experienced discrimination. Depending on the manner in which an artificial intelligence decision-making process is designed, it can produce solidarity or segregation between groups in society. There is a potential for the operation of artificial intelligence decision-making processes to fail to reflect the lived experiences of individuals and as a result to undermine the protection of human diversity. Some of these effects are linked to the creation of an ableist culture and to the resurrection of eugenics-type discourses. It is concluded that one of the contexts in which human beings should reach decisions is where the decision involves representing and evaluating the capabilities of an individual. The legislature should respond accordingly by identifying contexts in which it is mandatory to employ human decision-makers and by enacting the relevant legislation.

Topic: Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Quantity implicatures in reference understanding

Gundel, Hedberg and Zacharski (1993) propose a framework whereby different referring forms conventionally signal different cognitive statuses on an implica-tional 'givenness hierarchy'. Interaction of the hierarchy with Grice's Maxim of Quantity gives rise to scalar implicatures which further constrain the choice among forms and their interpretations when necessary conditions for more than one form are met. Wilson (1992) and Matsui (1995) show that reference assignment for NPs introduced by the definite article is constrained within Relevance Theory by the automatic selection of an interpretation that yields adequate contextual effects for minimal processing effort. This paper proposes that an optimal account of how people understand the intended referent of an NP must appeal to both the Givenness Hierarchy and Relevance Theory. Such an account still requires the first part of the Quantity Maxim, however, either as a socially based assumption or as part of the Principle of Relevance itself

Topic: Language, Metaphor, and Cognition
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
My land? Your land? Scotland?—understanding sectoral similarities and differences in Scottish land use visions

Understanding agreement and differences between land use visions forms a first step for assessing and comparing alternative pathways towards a sustainable future. This study presents an analysis of 20 semi-structured interviews with representatives of the principal land use sectors in Scotland. The aim was to understand what, in their ideal vision, they would want rural Scotland to look like in 2050. Inductive content analysis was used to identify similarities and differences amongst interviewees. There was general agreement on the following: the importance of the environment; the wish for more partnerships, dialogue and collaboration; the desire for society to be more engaged and aware about land use; and a strong need for short-, medium- and long-term policies helping to achieve these goals. The most notable differences relate to land ownership and governance. The outcomes form a basis for further facilitated discussions, emphasising common ground and exploring where, how and to what degree land use sectors can prepare and plan in the light of uncertainties posed by Brexit and climate change. The method was effective for understanding commonalities and differences between stakeholder groups and is transferable to other countries or regions.

Topic: Rural development and sustainability
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Methods of concrete accelerated carbonation test: a review

Developing a method to predict the behavior of cementitious materials against natural carbonation, which causes degradation in reinforced concrete structures, has been an area of interest for researchers. Although the natural process is gradual and takes years to manifest, accelerated carbonation tests have been devised to simulate this process in a shorter duration. Nevertheless, various factors have an influence on the accuracy of these tests, in predicting natural carbonation, including CO2 concentration, humidity, temperature, type of cement and aggregate, curing time, and duration of exposure to CO2. This review emphasizes the significance of considering these factors when using accelerated carbonation tests to evaluate the durability of concrete and to prevent corrosion. Taking these factors into account can help ensure that designers estimate the service life of concrete structures accurately and that appropriate measures are taken to mitigate any potential damage caused by natural carbonation.

Topic: Concrete and Cement Materials Research
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Electron transport across complex oxide heterointerfaces

Deze these is het eerste verschenen werk dat het gebruik van BEEM om heet elektron transport in complexe oxide heterostructuren te bestuderen, demonstreert. Belangrijke transportparameters van LSMO zoals de hete elektron attenuatie-lengte en de energieafhankelijkheid zijn succesvol verkregen. Dit werk kan verder uitgebouwd worden naar studies van andere complexe oxides zoals ruthenates en multiferroics. Een belangrijke conclusie in deze these is de sterke bijdrage van polaronbotsingen,naast electron-electron botsingen, aan de attenuatie-lengte in zulke transitie metaaloxides. Er is recent veel interesse in device structuren gebaseerd op heet elektron transport zoals photovoltaische effecten in multiferroics of ferroelektrischetunneling elektroweerstand. De gebruikte benadering van ‘non-equilibrium’ transport is ook interessant voor theoretici, waar het gebruikt kan worden om ‘equilibrium self-energie’ correcties, veroorzaakt door correlaties, te meten. De unieke mogelijkheid om met deze techniek elektronen transport te visualiseren en kwantificeren in verborgen lagen en grensvlakken is zeer belangrijk voor het ontwerpen en begrijpen van transport in elektronische oxide devices, dit werk is een eerste demonstratie in deze richting.

Topic: Magnetic and transport properties of perovskites and related materials
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
RMSEs for the four activities.

&lt;p&gt;Root mean square error (RMSE) differences between OpenPose on monocular images and marker-based optical motion capture system during A) finger abduction and adduction, B) radial walking, C) finger metacarpophalangeal flexion, and D) thumb opposition. Each colour represents a different participant.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Cassava research and cyanide
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
LHD fir_FJ #60724.1 (analyzed)

The timing of the first fringe jump in the far-infrared (FIR) laser interferometer. When the phase change suddenly jumpes by more than one fringe (2π), the interferometer can no longer continuously track the phase shift value, and this phenomenon is called a fringe jump.

Topic: Data Quality and Management
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Driver Fatigue Level Prediction

Public transport networks (PTNs) are difficult to use when the user is unfamiliar with the area they are traveling to. This is true for both infrequent users (including visitors) and regular users who need to travel to areas with which they are not acquainted. In these situations, adequate on-trip navigation information can substantially ease the use of public transportation and be the driving factor in motivating travellers to prefer it over other modes of transportation. However, estimating the localization of a user is not trivial, although it is critical for providing relevant information. I assess relevant design issues for a modular cost-efficient user-friendly on-trip Navigation service that uses position sensors. By helping travellers move from single occupancy vehicles to public transportation systems, communities can reduce traffic congestion as well as its environmental impact. Here, I describe our efforts to increase the satisfaction of current public transportation users and help motivate more people to ride. I can help existing riders and encourage new riders by enhancing the usability of public transportation through good transit traveller information systems. The motivation for every location-based information system is: “To assist with the exact information, at right place in real time with personalized setup and location sensitiveness”. LOCATION-BASED services are increasingly important for modern mobile devices such as the Smartphone. An important feature of a modern mobile device is that it can position itself. Not only for use on the device but also for remote applications that require tracking of the device. Furthermore, tracking has to robustly deliver position updates when faced with changing conditions such as delays due to positioning and communication, and changing positioning accuracy. The realized system tracks pedestrian targets equipped with GPS-enabled devices. The face, an important part of the body, conveys a lot of information. When a driver is in a state of fatigue, the facial expressions, e.g., the frequency of blinking, are different from those in the normal state. In this project, we propose a system called DriCare, which detects the drivers’ fatigue status, such as blinking, and duration of eye closure, using video images, without equipping their bodies with devices. Owing to the shortcomings of previous algorithms, we introduce a new face-tracking algorithm to improve the tracking accuracy. Further, we designed a new detection method for facial regions based on 68 key points. Then we use these facial regions to evaluate the drivers’ state. By combining the features of the eyes and mouth, DriCare can alert the driver using a fatigue warning.

Topic: Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Implementation of Random Linear Network Coding using NVIDIA&amp;apos;s CUDA toolkit

Abstract. In this paper we describe an efficient GPU-based implementation of random linear network coding using NVIDIA&amp;apos;s CUDA toolkit. The imple-mentation takes advantage of the highly parallel nature of modern GPUs. The paper reports speed ups of 500 % for encoding and 90 % for decoding in comparison with a standard CPU-based implementation.

Topic: Cooperative Communication and Network Coding
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Organic carbon – how much is stored in ice-rich permafrost?

Rapid changes are observed in the Polar Regions. With ongoing climate change, the Arctic will continue to warm approximately twice as fast as the lower latitudes. Vast areas of the Arctic are affected by permafrost where degradation processes such as thermokarst and thermal erosion are expected to increase considerably. Large areas in Alaska and Siberia are covered by ice-rich permafrost, such as yedoma permafrost. These deposits reach a thickness up to 50 m and include large ice-wedges. Thus, warming can trigger deep thaw processes which can mobilize organic carbon well below 1 m soil depth. Consequently, permafrost carbon storage is becoming increasingly vulnerable with ongoing permafrost thaw. Undisturbed yedoma deposits are characterized by relatively high quality organic carbon stored and are presumably highly susceptible for future degradation. We aim to identify the quantity and quality of the organic matter, in order to improve the estimates of the rate and amount of organic carbon that can be released from permafrost thaw with warming.

Topic: Climate change and permafrost
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Multiple myeloma cell survival relies on high activity of protein kinase CK2

Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous cellular serine-threonine kinase that regulates relevant biologic processes, many of which are dysregulated in malignant plasma cells. Here we investigated its role in multiple myeloma (MM). Analysis of MM cell lines and highly purified malignant plasma cells in patients with MM revealed higher protein and CK2 activity levels than in controls (normal in vitro-generated polyclonal plasma cells and B lymphocytes). The inhibition of CK2 with specific synthetic compounds or by means of RNA interference caused a cytotoxic effect on MM plasma cells that could not be overcome by IL-6 or IGF-I and that was associated with the activation of extrinsic and intrinsic caspase cascades. CK2 blockage lowered the sensitivity threshold of MM plasma cells to the cytotoxic effect of melphalan. CK2 inhibition also resulted in impaired IL-6-dependent STAT3 activation and in decreased basal and TNF-α-dependent IκBα degradation and NF-κB-driven transcription. Our data show that CK2 was involved in the pathophysiology of MM, suggesting that it might play a crucial role in controlling survival and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics of malignant plasma cells.

Topic: Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
One size fits all? Mixed methods evaluation of the impact of 100% single-room accommodation on staff and patient experience, safety and costs

Background and objectives There is little strong evidence relating to the impact of single-room accommodation on healthcare quality and safety. We explore the impact of all single rooms on staff and patient experience; safety outcomes; and costs. Methods Mixed methods pre/post ‘move’ comparison within four nested case study wards in a single acute hospital with 100% single rooms; quasi-experimental before-and-after study with two control hospitals; analysis of capital and operational costs associated with single rooms. Results Two-thirds of patients expressed a preference for single rooms with comfort and control outweighing any disadvantages (sense of isolation) felt by some. Patients appreciated privacy, confidentiality and flexibility for visitors afforded by single rooms. Staff perceived improvements (patient comfort and confidentiality), but single rooms were worse for visibility, surveillance, teamwork, monitoring and keeping patients safe. Staff walking distances increased significantly post move. A temporary increase of falls and medication errors in one ward was likely to be associated with the need to adjust work patterns rather than associated with single rooms per se. We found no evidence that single rooms reduced infection rates. Building an all single-room hospital can cost 5% more with higher housekeeping and cleaning costs but the difference is marginal over time. Conclusions Staff needed to adapt their working practices significantly and felt unprepared for new ways of working with potentially significant implications for the nature of teamwork in the longer term. Staff preference remained for a mix of single rooms and bays. Patients preferred single rooms.

Topic: Patient Satisfaction in Healthcare
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Production, composition, and manufacturing properties of milk from grazing cows fed on a formaldehyde-treated sunflower seed supplement

Eight cows in each of four treatment groups grazed regulated areas of green oats and consumed either 0, 1.3, 2.5 or 3.1 kg of a formaldehyde-treated sunflower seed supplement (FSS) per head per day. The digestible energy content of the rations was balanced with hammer-milled barley. Milk fat percentages and milk fat yields were higher from cows fed on FSS, responses being in proportion to the amount of FSS eaten. Protein percentages were significantly lower in milk from cows fed on FSS. Milk and protein yields did not differ significantly between treatments. The linoleic acid (C18:2) content of milk fat was three to five times as high in cows fed on FSS as in those not fed on FSS. The stability to oxidation and the rennet curd firmness of the milk decreased as the percentage of C18:2 in milk fat increased. Changes in the heat stability of milk were associated with the introduction of FSS feeding. Plasma cholesterol levels increased with increasing intakes of FSS. Milk of high C18:2 content can be produced by dairy cows fed on FSS and grazed on green oats. The milk readily oxidizes and its properties for cheese and skim milk powder manufacture are altered.

Topic: Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Tungiasis and bed bugs

This chapter examines tungiasis and bed bugs. In recent years, increased ecotourism and international travel to tropical countries has produced a growing incidence of infestations formerly limited to certain regions. Tungiasis is a common ectoparasitic infestation that occurs mainly in the tropics, particularly where poverty and poor standards of basic hygiene exist. Despite recent progress in the treatment and prevention of tungiasis, diagnosis can present a challenge to those unfamiliar with the disorder, especially when happening in nonendemic countries. Standard therapy for tungiasis consists of surgical extraction of the embedded parasite under sterile conditions, followed by appropriate care of the resulting wound. Meanwhile, many physicians are unfamiliar with bedbugs and their bites. Awareness of the possibility of infestation is important to institute correct medication and parasite control measures.

Topic: Dermatological diseases and infestations
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences