jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Shift in tree species changes the belowground biota of boreal forests

Summary The replacement of native birch with Norway spruce has been initiated in Norway to increase long‐term carbon storage in forests. However, there is limited knowledge on the impacts that aboveground changes will have on the belowground microbiota. We examined which effects a tree species shift from birch to spruce stands has on belowground microbial communities, soil fungal biomass and relationships with vegetation biomass and soil organic carbon (SOC). Replacement of birch with spruce negatively influenced soil bacterial and fungal richness and strongly altered microbial community composition in the forest floor layer, most strikingly for fungi. Tree species‐mediated variation in soil properties was a major factor explaining variation in bacterial communities. For fungi, both soil chemistry and understorey vegetation were important community structuring factors, particularly for ectomycorrhizal fungi. The relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the ectomycorrhizal : saprotrophic fungal ratio were higher in spruce compared to birch stands, particularly in the deeper mineral soil layers, and vice versa for saprotrophs. The positive relationship between ergosterol (fungal biomass) and SOC stock in the forest floor layer suggests higher carbon sequestration potential in spruce forest soil, alternatively, that the larger carbon stock leads to an increase in soil fungal biomass.

Topic: Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Size Effect of Nanoscale Powders on the Polarization of the BCZT Piezoceramic: A Pyroelectric and Fatigue Perspective

Solid state synthesis route was employed to form Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.1Ti0.9O3 powder. The calcined powder was high energy ball milled at different milling speeds to get powders of different particle sizes. XRD pattern of the ceramics made from these powders show the presence of pure perovskite. This paper deals with a systematic study of the pyroelectric and the fatigue properties of the ceramics. The room temperature pyroelectric coefficient (p) attains the minimum value p = 0.119X10−8 C cm−2 K−1 for the ceramic made from the powder milled at 250 rpm. The fatigue was also found to be minimum for the same ceramic samples.

Topic: Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Dissociation kinetics of the estrogen receptor immobilized by hydroxylapatite

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDissociation kinetics of the estrogen receptor immobilized by hydroxylapatiteWillem De Boer and Angelo C. NotidesCite this: Biochemistry 1981, 20, 5, 1285–1289Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00508a037https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00508a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views51Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Topic: DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Doctrine of Quasi-Mutual Assent - Has it become the General Rule for the Formation of Contracts? The Case of &lt;i&gt;Pillay v Shaik&lt;/i&gt; 2009 4 SA 74 (SCA)

The doctrine of quasi-mutual assent is undoubtedly part of our South African law and has been affirmed and applied in a number of leading decisions. The purpose of this note is to offer a critical analysis of the application of the doctrine in the case of Pillay v Shaik 2009 4 SA 74 (SCA). It is argued that the primary basis of contractual liability in South Africa has always been and still remains consensus ad idem as determined in terms of the rules relating to offer and acceptance It is also argued that the doctrine is not an answer to failure by the parties to comply with self-imposed formalities and/or the prescribed manner of acceptance of an offer for the valid formation of contracts. Based on the aim of the incorporation of the doctrine in our law, coupled with its application in previous court decisions, it is concluded that its application in the case of Pillay v Shaik was wrong and sets a bad precedent.KEYWORDS: formation of contracts; doctrine of quasi-mutual assent; prescribed mode of acceptance; offer and acceptance; self-imposed formalities.

Topic: Legal Issues in South Africa
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Cointegration

In this chapter the case where there are a number of non-stationary series driven by common processes is considered. It was shown in the previous chapter that the underlying behaviour of time series may follow from a range of different time series processes. Time series models separate into autoregressive processes that have long-term dependence on past values and moving average (MA) processes that are dynamic but limited in terms of the way they project back in time. In the previous chapter the issue of non-stationarity was addressed in a way that was predominantly autoregressive, that is stationarity testing via the comparison of a difference stationary process under the null with a stationary autoregressive process of a higher order under the alternative. The technique is extended to consider the extent to which the behaviour of the discrepancy between two series is stationary or not. In the context of single equations, a Dickey-Fuller test can be used to determine whether such series are related, and when they are this is called cointegration. When it comes to analysing more than one series then the nature of the time series process driving the data becomes more complicated and the number of combinations of non-stationary series that are feasible increases.

Topic: Monetary Policy and Economic Impact
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Parabolic flows on complex manifolds

We prove C ∞ convergence for suitably normalized solutions of the parabolic complex Monge-Ampère equation on compact Hermitian manifolds. This provides a parabolic proof of a recent result of Tosatti-Weinkove. Additionally, let X = M x E where M is an m-dimensional Kähler manifold with negative first Chern class and E is an n-dimensional complex torus. We obtain C ∞ convergence of the normalized Kähler-Ricci flow on X to a Kähler-Einstein metric on M. This strengthens a convergenc°e result of Song-Weinkove and confirms their conjecture

Topic: Geometry and complex manifolds
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS OF EMBELIA RIBES CHURNA FORMULATION USING HPLC-PDA AND HPTLC METHODS

Embelia ribes Burm f., known as Vidanga, is a medicinal herb in Indian traditional medicine. It is used as an anthelmintic mainly against tapeworms. In the present study, RP-HPLC-PDA and HPTLC methods have been developed for chemical fingerprint analysis for extracts of Embelia ribes churna formulation. The main active ingredient was isolated and used as a chemical marker for analysis of formulation. HPLC method showed good regression (0.9989) and the recovery of the embelin was in the range of 99.61- 101.2%. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 1.94 0g/ml and 5.891 0g/ml, respectively. Similarly, HPTLC method showed good regression (0.9994) and the recovery of the embelin was in the range 99.09- 100.21%. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 61.28 ng/spot and 185.71 ng/spot, respectively. Both the developed methods were validated as per ICH guidelines. The results of the study revealed that both HPLC-PDA and HPTLC methods are simple, sensitive and reliable for quantitative and chemical fingerprint analysis, moreover, for the quality evaluation of Vidanga.

Topic: Bioactive Compounds and Antitumor Agents
Subfield: Toxicology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Estimating the State of Charge of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on the Transfer Function of the Voltage Response to the Current Pulse

There are several methods for estimating the SoC of lithium-ion batteries that use electrochemical battery models or artificial intelligence and intelligent algorithms. These methods have numerous advantages but are complex and computationally intensive. This paper presents a new method for estimating the SoC of lithium-ion batteries based on identifying the transfer function of the measured battery voltage response to the charging current pulse. It is assumed that the transfer function of the battery changes with the state of charge. In the learning phase, a reference table of known SoCs and associated transfer functions is created. The parameters of these transfer functions form the reference points in hyperspace. In the phase of determining the unknown SoC of the battery, the parameters of the measured transfer function form a point in hyperspace that is compared with the reference points of the transfer functions for known SoCs. The unknown SoC of the battery at the particular measurement time is obtained by finding the two reference points closest to the point of unknown SoC using the Euclidean distance and a linear interpolation based on this distance. The method is simple, computationally undemanding, insensitive to measurement noise, and has high accuracy in SoC estimation.

Topic: Advanced Battery Technologies Research
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Detecting System Anomalies in Multivariate Time Series with Information Transfer and Random Walk

Detecting major system anomalies with observed multivariate time series requires not only the characteristics of each time series but also the status of the entire time series dynamics. Therefore, we propose a method that can detect substantial anomalies by generating a transfer network and an influence network from a multivariate time series. To form a transfer network, each vertex represents a single time series. Each edge indicates the strength of the information flow between each pair of time series using transfer entropy. With the transfer network, we exploit the random walk approach to calculate the affinity score between two vertices and create an influence network that reflects both the direct and indirect influences. In our experiment, we show the efficacy of the proposed method using simple synthetic time series networks and the real data set such as world stock indices and key performance indicators of the SAP HANA in-memory database system.

Topic: Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Genome-Based Resource for Molecular Cardiovascular Medicine

Background Large-scale partial sequencing of cDNA libraries to generate expressed sequence tags (ESTs) is an effective means of discovering novel genes and characterizing transcription patterns in different tissues. To catalogue the identities and expression levels of genes in the cardiovascular system, we initiated large-scale sequencing and analysis of human cardiac cDNA libraries. Methods and Results Using automated DNA sequencing, we generated 43 285 ESTs from human heart cDNA libraries. An additional 41 619 ESTs were retrieved from public databases, for a total of 84 904 ESTs representing more than 26 million nucleotides of raw cDNA sequence data from 13 independent cardiovascular system–based cDNA libraries. Of these, 55% matched to known genes in the Genbank/EMBL/DDBJ databases, 33% matched only to other ESTs, and 12% did not match to any known sequences (designated cardiovascular system–based ESTs, or CVbESTs). ESTs that matched to known genes were classified according to function, allowing for detection of differences in general transcription patterns between various tissues and developmental stages of the cardiovascular system. In silico Northern analysis of known gene matches identified widely expressed cardiovascular genes as well as genes putatively exhibiting greater tissue specificity or developmental stage specificity. More detailed analysis identified 48 genes potentially overexpressed in cardiac hypertrophy, at least 10 of which were previously documented as differentially expressed. Computer-based chromosomal localizations of 1048 cardiac ESTs were performed to further assist in the search for disease-related genes. Conclusions These data represent the most extensive compilation of cardiovascular gene expression information to date. They further demonstrate the untapped potential of genome research for investigating questions related to cardiovascular biology and represent a first-generation genome-based resource for molecular cardiovascular medicine.

Topic: RNA modifications and cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Can COVID-19 bring about 20/20 acuity in education scholarship in South Africa?

This leading article to this special issue on “COVID-19: Opportunity to rethink and to restructure education in the world” is an overarching position paper, drawing on contributions made in papers in this issue, to argue the case that there is a compelling need to overhaul education research, in South Africa in particular, and that the COVID-19 pandemic has created an opportunity to do so. The South African education scene is surveyed and the survey reveals enormous challenges along all three dimensions of education supply: quantitative, qualitative and equality. The education sector in South Africa is clearly in need of guidance from the education research community. Education research activity, globally and in South Africa in particular, is surveyed and found to be seriously wanting in terms of the lack of theory, autochthonous and a unified, coherent theory, the small scale and fragmented nature of many research projects, the lack of practical impact, education scholars eschewing subscription to and building a normative superstructure in their research and the concrete problems of the education faculty regarding heavy teaching loads and difficulty in attracting funding for education research. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the ravages it has brought to education have created the need and the opportunity to urgently and enthusiastically attend to these desiderata in Education scholarship.

Topic: Educational Theory and Curriculum Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
An ecological framework for understanding HIV- and AIDS-related stigma among Asian American and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men living in the USA

Despite the fact that HIV- and AIDS-related stigma is consistently identified as an impediment to HIV prevention, a multilevel conceptualisation of HIV- and AIDS-related stigma continues to be poorly understood. The role of multilevel HIV- and AIDS-related stigma in the HIV prevention and intervention behaviours of Asian American and Pacific Islander who have sex with men in the USA is particularly overlooked. Psychology has contributed significantly to the identification of individual or interpersonal level factors influencing HIV- and AIDS-related stigma, while sociology has contributed to a more societal perspective. This dichotomy has led to the absence of a multilevel conceptual framework for analysing the HIV- or AIDS-related stigma experienced by Asian American and Pacific Islander who have sex with men in the USA. In this paper, we argue for need to develop such a model which is culturally grounded and bridges the individual, interpersonal and societal conceptualisations of stigma prominent in the social science literature. To that end, we use Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory to explore the manifestation of HIV stigma at the micro, meso and macro levels and how these might impact on HIV testing and HIV service utilisation among Asian American and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men. We conclude by identifying some practice and research implications.

Topic: HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Improved design of hammerhead ribozyme for selective digestion of target RNA through recognition of site-specific adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is an endogenous regulatory mechanism involved in various biological processes. Site-specific, editing-state–dependent degradation of target RNA may be a powerful tool both for analyzing the mechanism of RNA editing and for regulating biological processes. Previously, we designed an artificial hammerhead ribozyme (HHR) for selective, site-specific RNA cleavage dependent on the A-to-I RNA editing state. In the present work, we developed an improved strategy for constructing a trans -acting HHR that specifically cleaves target editing sites in the adenosine but not the inosine state. Specificity for unedited sites was achieved by utilizing a sequence encoding the intrinsic cleavage specificity of a natural HHR. We used in vitro selection methods in an HHR library to select for an extended HHR containing a tertiary stabilization motif that facilitates HHR folding into an active conformation. By using this method, we successfully constructed highly active HHRs with unedited-specific cleavage. Moreover, using HHR cleavage followed by direct sequencing, we demonstrated that this ribozyme could cleave serotonin 2C receptor ( HTR2C ) mRNA extracted from mouse brain, depending on the site-specific editing state. This unedited-specific cleavage also enabled us to analyze the effect of editing state at the E and C sites on editing at other sites by using direct sequencing for the simultaneous quantification of the editing ratio at multiple sites. Our approach has the potential to elucidate the mechanism underlying the interdependencies of different editing states in substrate RNA with multiple editing sites.

Topic: RNA regulation and disease
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Influence of the Corrosion Surrounding on Surface Quality of Grounded Hardened Steels

This paper deals with study of surface quality changes of hardened steels that grounded with given cutting conditions. The samples of hardened steels are in corrosion chamber dynamic loaded by dynamic force and we observed changes of surface quality in parameters of surface roughness, residual stresses and material portion of profile. Aim of this experiment is evaluate of surface quality in depend on influence of corrosion surrounding and using different cutting conditions during grinding of hardened steels samples.

Topic: Advanced machining processes and optimization
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Generaliced Set-valued Variational Inclusion with Error Term

This paper studied a new generalized set-valued variational inclusions : 0∈N(w,y)+A(z,u),which included many variational inclusions studied by others in recent years. Using the resolvent technique, we established the equivalence between the generalized set-valued variational inclusions and the fixed point problems, and some perturbed iterative algorithms, proved that its proximate solution converge to its exact solution in real Hilbert space. Our results improve and generalized many known corresponding algorithms and results.

Topic: Optimization and Variational Analysis
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Jacob's Ladder Reading Comprehension Program

The Jacob's Ladder Reading Comprehension Program: Nonfiction targets reading comprehension skills in high-ability learners by moving students through an inquiry process from basic understanding to critical analyses of texts using a field-tested method developed by the Center for Gifted Education at William & Mary. Students in grade 3 will be able to comprehend and analyze any nonfiction reading passage after completing the activities in this book. Using skill ladders connected to individual readings related to essays, articles, comparison documents, infographics, and other nonfiction texts, students move from lower order, concrete thinking skills to higher order, critical thinking skills. All of the books, geared to increasing grade levels, include high-interest readings, ladders to increase reading skill development, and easy-to-implement instructions. The ladders include multiple skills necessary for academic success, covering language arts standards such as sequencing, cause and effect, classification, making generalizations, inference, understanding emotion, using and thinking about words, and recognizing themes and concepts. Optional Student Workbook Packs In addition to this teacher's guide, companion student workbooks are available for Science and Math, Social Studies, and Fiction/Nonfiction Comparisons. The student workbooks feature ample room for student responses and notes, make reviewing and providing feedback on student work easier than ever, provide students with an easy-to-use reference to use during discussions, and save time, as there is no need to reproduce student handouts. Grade 3

Topic: Education and Critical Thinking Development
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences