jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Three Dimensional Characterization of Deformation Twins Using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction

Hexagonal closed-packed (HCP) metals have been extensively used in various industrial sectors, eg, zirconium in nuclear industry, magnesium in transportation industry, and titanium in aerospace industry. Understanding deformation mechanisms of HCP metals is crucial for developing predictive models that can be used for performance and failures analysis of engineering components. The two main deformation modes in HCP polycrystals are slip and twinning. While deformation by slip is well understood, many fundamental questions about twinning are still remained unanswered. The aim of this research is to employ a novel experimental technique, three-dimensional synchrotron X-ray diffraction, on two different HCP metals and acquire a statistical data that can help us understand fundamentals of deformation twinning. After a literature review in chapter two, the steps used for preparing samples, conducting the experiment, and post-processing the collected diffraction patterns are explained in chapter 3. The results of the experiments on zirconium and magnesium samples are provided and discussed in chapters 4, and 5, respectively. This is followed by conclusions and future work. By updating and developing new procedures for grain matching, more than 19000 grains are investigated individually. It is shown for the first time that twin variant selection is preferential in the plastic zone, yet not at the early stages of plasticity. It is shown that due to local and macroscopic stress configurations, twins in zirconium are generally relaxed along the loading direction, but not in magnesium. In this thesis, the very first in-situ cyclic compress-tension experiment on magnesium was conducted where twinning and de-twinning were fully observed in 3D. Understanding the mechanism of twin nucleation and propagation can help us update our existing numerical models and improve our predictions.

Topic: Magnetic Properties of Alloys
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Semantic relations in information science

This chapter examines the nature of semantic relations and their main applications in information science. The nature and types of semantic relations are discussed from the perspectives of linguistics and psychology. An overview of the semantic relations used in knowledge structures such as thesauri and ontologies are provided, as well as the main techniques used in the automatic extraction of semantic relations from text. The chapter then reviews the use of semantic relations in information extraction, information retrieval, question-answering and automatic text summarization applications.

Topic: Advanced Text Analysis Techniques
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Physical and Physiological Demands of Intercounty Camogie During Competitive Match-Play

Abstract Duggan, JD, Byrne, P, Malone, S, Cooper, S-M, and Moody, J. The physical and physiological demands of intercounty camogie during competitive match-play. J Strength Cond Res 38(9): e510–e520, 2024—The aim of this study was to determine the physical and physiological demands of intercounty camogie match-play between positions and halves of play. Data were collected from 28 players during 18 competitive games using global positioning systems (10-Hz) and heart rate monitors (2.4-GHz). The study demonstrated that intercounty camogie players covered a total distance (TD) (m ± SD ) of 6,040 ± 628 m, relative distance (RD) of 83 ± 13 m·min −1 , and maximum speed of 25 ± 1 km·h −1 . Furthermore, the players covered a mean sprint distance of 214 ± 112 m and 14 ± 6 sprints. Players' mean heart rate (HRmean) and HRmax was 138 ± 23 b·min −1 and 164 ± 20 b·min −1 , respectively. There were decrements between halves in TD ( p &lt; 0.01 , ES = −0.45), RD ( p &lt; 0.01 , ES = −0.45), maximum speed ( p &lt; 0.05 , ES = −0.18), HRmax ( p &lt; 0.05 , ES = −0.23), running ( p &lt; 0.01 , ES = −0.34), high-speed running ( p &lt; 0.01 , ES = 0.34), sprinting ( p &lt; 0.01 , ES = −0.10), HRmax ( p &lt; 0.05 , ES = −0.23), and HRmax % ( p &lt; 0.05 , ES = −0.24). Midfielders covered a greater TD compared with full-forwards ( p &lt; 0.05, ES = −0.38) and half-forwards ( p &lt; 0.05 , ES = −0.38). Full-backs covered a significantly lower RD than midfielders ( p &lt; 0.05 , ES = −1.2), half-backs compared with full-forwards ( p &lt; 0.05 , ES = 1.14), and half-forwards compared with full-forwards ( p &lt; 0.05 , ES = 1.15). Full-forwards covered significantly less RD when compared with half-backs ( p &lt; 0.05 , ES = −1.14), midfielders ( p &lt; 0.05 , ES = −1.47), and half-forwards ( p &lt; 0.05 , ES = −1.15). The findings provide physical and physiological values on the match demands of intercounty camogie match-play.

Topic: Sports Performance and Training
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Differential N termini in epithelial Na<sup>+</sup> channel δ-subunit isoforms modulate channel trafficking to the membrane

The epithelial Na + channel (ENaC) is a heteromultimeric ion channel that plays a key role in Na + reabsorption across tight epithelia. The canonical ENaC is formed by three analogous subunits, α, β, and γ. A fourth ENaC subunit, named δ, is expressed in the nervous system of primates, where its role is unknown. The human δ-ENaC gene generates at least two splice isoforms, δ 1 and δ 2 , differing in the N-terminal sequence. Neurons in diverse areas of the human and monkey brain differentially express either δ 1 or δ 2 , with few cells coexpressing both isoforms, which suggests that they may play specific physiological roles. Here we show that heterologous expression of δ 1 in Xenopus oocytes and HEK293 cells produces higher current levels than δ 2 . Patch-clamp experiments showed no differences in single channel current magnitude and open probability between isoforms. Steady-state plasma membrane abundance accounts for the dissimilarity in macroscopic current levels. Differential trafficking between isoforms is independent of β- and γ-subunits, PY-motif-mediated endocytosis, or the presence of additional lysine residues in δ 2 -N terminus. Analysis of δ 2 -N terminus identified two sequences that independently reduce channel abundance in the plasma membrane. The δ 1 higher abundance is consistent with an increased insertion rate into the membrane, since endocytosis rates of both isoforms are indistinguishable. Finally, we conclude that δ-ENaC undergoes dynamin-independent endocytosis as opposed to αβγ-channels.

Topic: Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
CORRELATION OF MUSCLE PATHOLOGY WITH CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS IN MOTOR NEURON DISEASE

Quadriceps femoris muscle biopsy was performed in 29 cases of motor nueron disease, consisting of 17 cases of amyotrophic latemal sclertosis (ALS) and 12 cases of spinal progressive muscular atrophy (SPMA). The average age was 61 years for ALS and 51 years for SPMA. Small angulated fibers were demonstrated in all of the patients, including those with only little clinical evidence of muscle weakness. Group atrophy, significant muscle fiber atrophy and the appearance of targetoid fibers, characteristic of the degenerative process, were more prominent in ALS and/or those with rapid progression of the disease, while signs indicating regeneration, such as type grouping and the appearance of hypertrophic fibers, were more prominent in SPMA and/or those with slow progression. Type II grouping was more frequently seen than type I grouping in all subgroups. A possibility was considered that the prognosis of motor neuron disease might largely depend on the degree of type II regeneration.

Topic: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Biological study of naphthalene derivatives with antiinflammatory activities

Abstract In this study, 18 synthetic naphthalene derivatives were tested for their inhibitory effects on the activation of neutrophils stimulated with N ‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP) or phorbol myristic acetate (PMA). Some of these compounds showed significant antiinflammatory activities. In general, esterification of 1‐naphthalene to compound 14 (2‐hydroxymethyl‐1‐naphthol diacetate; TAC) enhanced the antioxidant activity. Compound 15, N,N ‐bis(2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthylmethyl) amine, has moderate inhibitory activity on neutrophils stimulated with fMLP as compared to Mannich bases of naphthylene derivatives. Either substitution at 1 or 2 position, except TAC, disfavored the inhibitory effects evoked by PMA stimulation. The influence of these compounds on the release of granule enzyme lysozyme‐induced by fMLP was measured. TAC had the highest potency on the inhibition of lysozyme release from rat neutrophil degranulation. The effects of TAC on ionic currents in a mouse neuroblastoma and rat glioma hybrid cell line, NG105‐18, were also investigated with the aid of the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique. TAC caused an inhibitory effect on voltage‐dependent L‐type Ca 2+ current ( I Ca,L ) with an IC 50 value of 0.8 µM. The inhibitory effect of TAC on I Ca,L may not be caused by its inhibition of superoxide formation. Such an effect may, also in part, affect neuronal function. Drug. Dev. Res. 60:261–269, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The EU Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Knowledge Gateway

Abstract Issue/ problem Unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, alcohol and tobacco use are leading risk factors for non-communicable diseases. They are all modifiable and health promotion policies can support that. Description of the problem However, information overload, controversies and uncertainties, budget constraints and difficulties in balancing disparate interests are common challenges that can hamper action by policy makers in the field of public health. To support them, the European Commission has created the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Knowledge Gateway. It is a reference point for independent and reliable information to assist policy making; it summarises both the data and knowledge needed to support prioritisation of public health policies and justify investments in health promotion. Results The Knowledge Gateway currently covers the areas of nutrition, physical activity, alcohol, marketing of foods and beverages, and related societal impacts such as disease burden and health inequalities. These topics have been prioritised by Member States representatives and policy makers. The content is organised into concise, well-structured briefs which include definition of each issue, health related effects, and examples of policy recommendations and implemented policies. The high-quality source documents are selected in a tiered approach and are mainly authored or endorsed by authoritative public health organisations. Lessons Judging by the positive feedback received, the Knowledge Gateway is being used widely across Member States and stakeholders. The content of the Knowledge Gateway will be further expanded to support other health priorities such as mental health promotion. Policy makers have a unique, trusted “one-stop-shop” with high quality information to support, justify and strengthen the development of public health policies and health promotion. Key messages The use of reliable authoritative information for the development of public health policies can support the prevention of major non-communicable disease risk factors. The EU Knowledge Gateway is a unique reference point of reliable, independent information to support policy making in the area of public health.

Topic: Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Identifying autonomic nervous system dysfunction in acute cerebrovascular attack by assessments of heart rate variability and catecholamine levels

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate changes in the autonomic nervous system caused by cerebral lesions due to acute stroke. We assessed heart rate variability and catecholamine levels in lieu of stroke lesion localization. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 stroke patients and 31 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were measured on the first, third, and seventh days following the stroke event. Heart rate variability was evaluated with time-domain and frequency-domain analyses via 24-hour Holter monitor recordings. Results: On the first and third day following the stroke, norepinephrine levels were significantly higher in all patient groups as compared to controls. Epinephrine levels on the first, third and seventh days after the stroke were significantly higher in patients with lesions in the right middle cerebral artery territory than controls. In frequency-domain analysis, patients with right middle cerebral artery territory lesions had greater low frequency and low frequency to high frequency ratio values than controls. Time-domain analysis revealed significant decreases in the standard deviation from the mean for 5-minute 288 R-R intervals in patients with lesions in the right middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery territory when contrasted with controls. Patients with lesions in the right middle cerebral artery territory demonstrated the highest increase in the percentage of consecutive R-R intervals differing by more than 50 ms (pNN50) as compared to the control group. Conclusion: These findings indicate that autonomic dysfunction favoring an increase in sympathetic activity occurs in acute stroke patients.

Topic: Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Study on the Number of Claims in Professional Reparations Liability Insurance of Certified Public Accountant

공인회계사 전문직업인 배상책임보험은 피보험자인 회계사가 회계업무를 수행하던 중 과실로 인하여 법률상 손해배상책임을 부담함으로써 입게 되는 손해를 보상하는 전문직 배상책임보험이다. 전문직 서비스의 증가와 더불어 의뢰인의 권리의식은 향상되면서 전문직업인들의 업무 중 과실로 인해 의뢰인과 분쟁이 발생하는 사례가 늘어가고 있고, 이로 인해 배상책임보험의 수요도 확대되어 가고 있다. 그런데 전문직업인 배상책임보험의 대부분이 영문약관을 기준으로 작성되어 있어, 약관의 해석과 관련한 분쟁이 발생하고 있다. 이런 상황에서 최근 공인회계사 전문직업인 배상책임보험에 대한 의미있는 대법원 판결(이하 ‘대상판결’이라 한다)이 선고되어, 본 논문에서는 이를 살펴보았다. 대상판결은 회계법인인 원고와 보험회사인 피고 사이의 분쟁으로, 공인회계사 전문직업인 배상책임보험에서 보험사고(이하 ‘클레임’이라 한다)의 개수를 몇 개로 보아 자기부담금을 몇 회 공제할 것인지가 쟁점이었다. 이 사건 보험의 ‘클레임’이 회계법인인 원고의 회계감사 과실로 인한 손해배상책임이라는 점은 명확하나, 보상한도와 자기부담금 공제를 위한 ‘클레임의 개수’를 어떻게 인정할 것인지가 문제 되었다. 이에 대해 1심, 항소심, 상고심은 모두 2개 사업연도에 행해진 원고의 회계감사행위의 과실을 기준으로 2개의 클레임으로 본다고 판단하였다. 이에 본 논문에서는 대상판결의 사실관계 및 소송의 경과를 살펴보고, 공인회계사 전문직업인 배상책임보험에서 ‘클레임’과 ‘자기부담금’의 의의에 대해 살펴본 후, 이 사건 보험의 ‘클레임 개수’에 대한 대법원의 판단을 차례로 검토하였다.

Topic: Marine and Coastal Research
Subfield: Ocean Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Starch granule initiation is controlled by a heteromultimeric isoamylase in potato tubers

Starch granule initiation is not understood, but recent evidence implicates a starch debranching enzyme, isoamylase, in the control of this process. Potato tubers contain isoamylase activity attributable to a heteromultimeric protein containing Stisa1 and Stisa2, the products of two of the three isoamylase genes of potato. To discover whether this enzyme is involved in starch granule initiation, activity was reduced by expression of antisense RNA for Stisa1 or Stisa2. Transgenic tubers accumulated a small amount of a soluble glucan, similar in structure to the phytoglycogen of cereal, Arabidopsis , and Chlamydomonas mutants lacking isoamylase. The major effect, however, was on the number of starch granules. Transgenic tubers accumulated large numbers of tiny granules not seen in normal tubers. These data indicate that the heteromultimeric isoamylase functions during starch synthesis to suppress the initiation of glucan molecules in the plastid stroma that would otherwise crystallize to nucleate new starch granules.

Topic: Food composition and properties
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Vital Sign Detection of FMCW Radar Based on Improved Adaptive Parameter Variational Mode Decomposition

Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar has become increasingly popular for contactless vital sign detection. In this article, an improved adaptive parameter variational mode decomposition (IAPVMD) algorithm is proposed for FMCW radar vital sign detection. The proposed IAPVMD algorithm can adaptively select the mode number and penalty coefficient of the variational mode decomposition (VMD) by using the energy loss rate and mode discrimination result as evaluation criteria. With the optimal decomposed parameters, the reliable and accurate reconstruction of respiration and heartbeat signals can be obtained. The experimental results show that the proposed IAPVMD algorithm achieves the estimation accuracy of respiration rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) with the mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.6 and 2.1 bpm. Compared to the existing ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN), successive VMD (SVMD), and adaptive parameter VMD (APVMD) algorithms, the proposed IAPVMD algorithm can provide more accurate and robust RR and HR for different human subjects, different aspect angles, and distances between the radar and the human subject.

Topic: Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Peer Review #3 of "Depression and insomnia among healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis (v0.2)"

Introduction.Healthcare professionals plays a great role in the struggle against COVID-19.They are highly susceptible to COVID-19 due to their responsibilities.This susceptibility directly affects their mental health status.Comprehensive evidence on prevalence of depression and insomnia during this pandemic is vital.Thus, this study aims to provide the pooled prevalence of depression and insomnia, and their associated factors during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and methods.This systematic review and meta-analysis follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.Studies were searched from PubMed, Cochrane Library, CrossRef, African Journals Online and Google Scholar databases from the occurence of the pandemic to June 2022.Study selection, data extraction and methodological quality assessment were done by two authors independently.The I² statistics was used for testing heterogeneity.A random effect model was used.Stata version 16.0 was used for statistical analysis.Results.Eight studies were incorporated for this systematic review and meta-analysis.From 7 studies the pooled prevalence of depression was 40% (95% CI (0.23-0.57);I 2 = 99.00%;P=0.00).From 3 studies the pooled prevalence of insomnia was 35% (95% CI (0.13-0.58);I 2 = 98.20;P=0.00).Associated factors of depression on healthcare workers (HCWs) were being female pooled AOR: 2.09; 95% CI (1.41-2.76),been married (pooled AOR=2.95;95% CI (1.83, 4.07)).Due to limited studies available on the factors associated with insomnia, it is impossible to pool and associated factors were presented in narrative synthesis.Conclusion.COVID-19 is highly associated with the prevalence of depression and insomnia among healthcare professionals in Ethiopia.The pooled prevalence of depression and insomnia were significantly higher among healthcare professionals.Appropriate psychological counseling package should be realized for health care workers (HCWs) in order to recover the general mental health problems.Trial registration.

Topic: COVID-19 and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Selective Detection of Dengue Virus Serotypes Using Tandem Toehold-Mediated Displacement Reactions

Dengue virus (DENV) is the most common human arboviral infection worldwide and can present with severe clinical manifestations. Timely DENV detection improves clinical outcomes, and identification of the DENV serotype (DENV-1-4) may provide beneficial epidemiologic data to inform the initiation of control measures. Here, DENV RNA-triggered, enzyme-free tandem toehold-mediated displacement reactions were developed to identify and serotype DENV in RNA controls and contrived samples through the amplification of a fluorescent signal detected by the use of a fluorescent scanner and a confocal microscope. Each DENV serotype was detected selectively using both imaging methods. In addition, a 384-well plate was used to prepare an array for diagnosis of the four DENV RNA serotypes from contrived clinical samples. The four serotypes of dengue virus were detected using novel enzyme-free amplification reactions, which are more facile than amplification using reverse transcriptase PCR.

Topic: Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Murine CXCR-4 is a functional coreceptor for T-cell-tropic and dual-tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

The human chemokine receptor hCXCR-4 serves as a coreceptor for T-cell-tropic (T-tropic) and dual-tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have isolated a homolog of hCXCR-4 from a murine T-cell cDNA library and have examined its ability to function as an HIV-1 coreceptor. mCXCR-4 was found to be 91% identical to the human receptor at the amino acid level, with sequence differences concentrated in extracellular domains. Surprisingly, coexpression of both hCD4 and mCXCR-4 on either simian or murine cell lines rendered them permissive for HIV-1-induced cell fusion, indicating that mCXCR-4 is a functional HIV-1 coreceptor. As with hCXCR-4, coreceptor function was restricted to T-tropic and dual-tropic HIV-1 strains. Ribonuclease protection analysis indicated that mCXCR-4 mRNA was expressed in only two of six murine cell lines tested. In contrast, Northern blot analysis of human and mouse tissues revealed that CXCR-4 is widely expressed in both species in vivo. Overall, these data suggest that the reported lack of susceptibility of hCD4+ murine cells to HIV-1 infection in vitro is, at least in part, due to a lack of mCXCR-4 expression rather than a lack of coreceptor function.

Topic: HIV Research and Treatment
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Twenty Years of Industrial Therapy in Britain

During the early 1950s, reemergence into the community remained a pipe dream for chronic psychotic patients in Britain. Hospitals provided no realistic rehabilitation; occupational therapy was poorly developed, and departments, where they existed, were (with a few exceptions) poorly housed and staffed. The main sources of employment were the hospital service and maintenance departments, in which there was no attempt to provide training and the possibility of exploitation was so great as to render the patients* work often antitherapeutic. All this was becoming more obvious as social and medical developments led increasingly to a liberalization of hospital conditions. Newly admitted patients were discharged more rapidly; but chronic patients, whose living conditions, at least, were gradually improving, remained immovable. Then, as now, extra -hospital arrangements for work rehabilitation and training were inappropriate to t;he needs of mental patients. Short assessment for 8-12 weeks in industrial rehabilitation units

Topic: Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences