jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
On a system of rational difference equations

We investigate the global character of solutions of the system of difference equations xn+1=h+xn/a+yn, y n+1=yn/b+xn n=0, 1,... with positive parameters and non-negative initial conditions. © 2005 Taylor &amp; Francis Group Ltd.

Topic: Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Lansoprazole-Induced Osteoporosis via IP3R and SOCE Mediated Calcium Signaling Pathway

Abstract Background: Many clinical studies have shown a correlation between proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and osteoporosis or fractures. The purposes of this study were to establish a murine model of chronic oral administration of PPIs to verify whether PPIs caused bone metabolic impairment, and to investigate the relevant molecular mechanism underlying the effects of PPIs on MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblasts. Methods: Lansoprazole-induced bone loss model was employed to investigate the damage effects of PPIs. In vivo, immunohistochemistry and HE staining, micro-CT analysis, blood biochemical tests were used to evaluate the effect of lansoprazole on bone injury in mice. In vitro, the effects and related signaling pathway of lansoprazole on MC3T3-E1 cells were investigated by CCK8, EDU kit, flow cytometry, laser confocal, patch clamp, PCR and Western blotting, etc. Results: After 6 months of lansoprazole gavage in ICR mice, micro-CT results showed that compared with the vehicle group, the bone mineral density (BMD) of high-dose group was significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05), and the bone microarchitecture gradually degraded. Biochemical assay of bone serum found that blood calcium and phosphorus were both decreased (P&lt;0.01). We found that long-term administration of lansoprazole impairs skeletal function in mice. In vitro, we found that lansoprazole (LPZ) could cause calcium overload in MC3T3-E1 cells leading to apoptosis, and 2-APB, an inhibitor of IP3R calcium release channel and SOC pathway, efctively blocked calcium increase caused by LPZ, thus protecting cell viability. Conclusion: Long-term administration of LPZ induced osteoporotic symptoms in mice, and LPZ triggered calcium elevation in osteoblasts in a concentration dependent manner, intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] persisted at a high concentration thereby causing endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and inducing osteoblasts apoptosis.

Topic: Bone Metabolism and Diseases
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment Process on Deformation of Half Axle Gear After Heat Treatment

Based on the material thermodynamics and heat treatment commercial simulation software,and taking the actual heat treatment process of the half axle gear of the automobile into account,the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the deformation of the half axle gear is explored. Taking the 20CrMnTi half axle gear as the research object,by using the DEFORM software,the process of gear carburizing-quenching and deep cryogenic treatment is simulated,by using the JMATPRO software,the material performance database of 20CrMnTi half axle gear is established. The gear deformation information after gear carburizing-quenching and deep cryogenic treatment is obtained. The simulation results show that there is deformation after carburizing-quenching and the radial deformation affects the performance,that is,after the deep cryogenic treatment,the deformation range is reduced,while the radial deformation does not change.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Acute epididymitis and urinary tract anomalies in children

Correspondence to Mr Christopher R. Chapple, Urology Research Department, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK. Tel: +44 114 271 2791; fax: +44 114 279 8318 Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, UK

Topic: Testicular diseases and treatments
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Automatic Term Recognition Based on Data-Mining Techniques

We present a new method for automatic term extraction which is based on training datasets created to build inductive models for term identification. Existing approaches employ simple statistical and linguistic rules designed merely ad-hoc and are unable to utilize complex relations of linguistic units. In contrast to those approaches, our method does not require such manually ascribed rules of extraction. The data for our research is taken from the Czech National Corpus which is lemmatised and morphologically tagged. Statistical information (frequency, distribution etc.) is generated automatically and thus the only expert contribution needed is to label terms in the training dataset.The data mining software creates models that perform the extraction without any further human input. Additionally, feature ranking can serve as valuable aid for understanding of the extraction process and its future development and in terminology research.

Topic: Lexicography and Language Studies
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Litigating Together: Social, Moral, and Legal Obligations

In a post-Class Action Fairness Act world, the modern mass-tort class action is disappearing. Indeed, multi-district litigation and private aggregation through contracts with plaintiffs’ law firms are the new mass-tort frontier. But something’s amiss with this “nonclass aggregation.” These new procedures involve a fundamentally different dynamic than class actions: plaintiffs have names, faces, and something deeply personal at stake. Their claims are independently economically viable, which gives them autonomy expectations about being able to control the course of their litigation. Yet, they participate in a familiar, collective effort to establish the defendant’s liability. They litigate from both a personal and a collective standpoint. Current scholarship overlooks this inter-personal dimension. It focuses instead on either touting the virtues of individual autonomy or streamlining mass litigation to maximize social welfare. Both approaches fail to solve the unique problems caused by these personal dimensions: temptations for plaintiffs to hold out and thus derail settlements demanding near unanimity, outliers who remain disengaged from the group but free-ride off of its efforts, and subgroups within the litigation whose members compete for resources and litigation dominance to the group’s detriment. Accordingly, this Article has two principal objectives: one diagnostic, one prescriptive. The diagnosis is this: current procedures for handling nonclass aggregation miss the mark. Process isn’t just an exercise in autonomy or a handy crutch for enforcing substantive laws. Procedures can serve as a means for bringing plaintiffs together, plugging their individual stories into a collective narrative, making sense of that narrative as a community, reasoning together about the right thing to do, and pursuing that end collectively. Thus, the prescription is litigating together.

Topic: Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Cell-associated hypersensitivity studied in vitro.

There is an increasing body of evidence to suggest that cel lular immunity may be an important factor in host resistance to tumors (20, 21, 24). Investigation of this question has been slowed by the lack of a reproducible in vitro assay for cellular sensitivity to tumor antigens. This paper will review an in vitro method which has proven to be useful in the study of cellular sensitivity as it is related to delayed hypersensitivity to bacterial and other protein antigens, to autoimmunity, and to homograft reactions; it is hoped that this system may be adaptable to the study of tumor immunity. The in vitro technic used in these studies is based on a method described by George and Vaughan (17). Peritoneal exAodate cells obtained from guinea pigs exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity are placed in capillary tubes; the migration of these cells out of the tubes onto glass in culture chambers is inhibited when a specific antigen is placed in the chambers. The method is described in detail elsewhere (10). Early experiments demonstrated that PPD2 inhibited the migration of peritoneal exAodate cells obtained from animals with delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin, but it did not inhibit the migration of cells from normal animals. The im munologie specificity of the reaction was subsequently con firmed using other antigens. Cells from guinea pigs with de layed hypersensitivity to ovalbumin were inhibited from mi grating by ovalbumin but not by diphtheria toxoid; conversely, cells from toxoid sensitive animals were inhibited by toxoid but not by ovalbumin. Experiments using cells from animals sensitized by three different methods demonstrated that the inhibition of migra tion paralleled delayed hypersensitivity and not circulating antibody. One group of animals sensitized with antigen-anti body complexes in complete Freund's adjuvant by the method of Uhr et al. (33) had delayed hypersensitivity with no de tectable antibody; cells from these animals were inhibited by specific antigen. A second group was injected with antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant and exhibited both delayed hyper sensitivity and circulating antibody; cells from these animals were also inhibited by antigen. A third group, sensitized by antigen intravenously and intramuscularly, had good titers of circulating antibody but no delayed hypersensitivity; cells from these animals were not inhibited by antigen. Thus, cells

Topic: Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Phase II evaluation of aclarubicin in refractory adult acute leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.

Aclarubicin, a new anthracycline antibiotic, was used to treat 24 adult patients with refractory adult leukemia, using a total dose of 300 mg/m2 (75 mg/m2/day X 4). There were 20 patients with acute myelogenous and four with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Approximately two-thirds of the patients had a Karnofsky score of less than or equal to 2, and two-thirds had received two or more previous induction programs. Interim bone marrow evaluation was obtained in 18 of 30 remission induction courses and revealed marked hypocellularity in 14, inadequate specimens in three, and persistent disease in one. Seven patients received more than one course. Two patients refused further therapy. In patients with myelogenous leukemia, there were two complete remissions lasting 10 and 16 months and one partial remission lasting 4 1/2 months. There were no responders in patients with lymphoblastic leukemia. Toxicity included profound leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, moderate nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and mucositis. There were no cardiac symptoms associated with the drug infusion, but there were three late events possibly associated with anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Used in this dosage schedule, aclarubicin is an active, but toxic, agent in the acute myelogenous leukemias.

Topic: Cancer Treatment and Pharmacology
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Is the Journey to Work Explained by Urban Structure?

Basic to several key issues in current urban economic theory and public policy is a presumption that local imbalances between employment and residential sites strongly influence people's commuting patterns. We examine this presumption by finding the commuting pattern for the Los Angeles region in 1980 which would minimise average commuting time or distance, given the actual spatial distributions of job and housing locations. We find that the amount of commuting required by these distributions is far less than actual commuting, and that variations in required commuting across job locations only weakly explain variations in actual commuting. We conclude that other factors must be more important to location decisions than commuting cost, and that policies aimed at changing the jobs-housing balance will have only a minor effect on commuting.

Topic: Urban Transport and Accessibility
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Antiinvasive activity of hexadecylphosphocholine in vitro.

The antiinvasive and related effects of hexadecylphosphocholine (HePC), a newly synthesized antitumor phospholipid, were studied on malignant murine MO4 cells in vitro and compared to the effects produced by racemic - 1 - 0 - octadecyl - 2 - 0 - methylglycero - 3 - phosphocholine (ET-18-OCH3), the prototype of ether lipids. The effects on cell survival produced by both drugs, determined through the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide test, was moderate at the antiinvasive concentration of 30 micrograms for HePC and 10 micrograms for ET-18-OCH3 per ml. Growth in suspension culture and directional migration from MO4 spheroids explanted on solid substrate was reduced in the presence of 30 micrograms HePC per ml. Invasion of MO4 cells into precultured heart fragments (PHF) was variably inhibited in the presence of 30 micrograms HePC per ml, while the antiinvasive effect on two epithelial lines was more complete. Invasion was also inhibited in PHF pretreated with 30 micrograms HePC and 10 micrograms ET-18-OCH3 per ml for 48 hours followed by confrontation with MO4 spheroids in drug-free medium. This inhibition of invasion was maintained when PHF was pretreated and kept in drug-free medium for 7 days before confrontation with MO4 spheroids. It was our impression that this phenomenon was more obvious with ET-18-OCH3 than with HePC. After pretreatment of PHF followed by 7-day incubation in drug free-medium, a larger shift towards higher molecular weight of the N-linked cell surface glycosylpeptides (N-GP) was observed with ET-18-OCH3 than with HePC. Removal of terminal sialic acid moieties abolished the shift in PHF pretreated with HePC or ET-18-OCH3 followed or not by further incubation in drug-free medium. The antiinvasive effect on the malignant epithelial cells was complete at 30 micrograms HePC per ml. Areas of differentiation in close contact with the PHF were obvious. We concluded that both ET-18-OCH3 and HePC had antiinvasive activity in vitro. For MO4 cells, this antiinvasive activity was less variable with ET-18-OCH3 than with HePC.

Topic: Bone health and treatments
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Inhibition of water absorption in the intestine by Staphylococcus aureus delta-toxin

Water absorption in intestinal segments was monitored by measuring the concentration of polyethylene glycol, a nonabsorbable reference marker, in a balanced salt solution continuously perfused through the lumen. Staphylococcus aureus delta-toxin inhibited water absorption in rabbit jejunum and ileum perfused in vivo and in guinea pig ileum perfused in vitro. Cholera toxin also interfered with water absorption in guinea pig ileum maintained in vitro, but S. aureus enterotoxin B had no demonstrable effect on this tissue.

Topic: Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Magnetospirillum caucaseum sp. nov., Magnetospirillum marisnigri sp. nov. and Magnetospirillum moscoviense sp. nov., freshwater magnetotactic bacteria isolated from three distinct geographical locations in European Russia

Three strains of helical, magnetotactic bacteria, SO-1T, SP-1T and BB-1T, were isolated from freshwater sediments collected from three distinct locations in European Russia. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the strains belong to the genus Magnetospirillum. Strains SO-1T and SP-1T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum MS-1T (99.3 and 98.1 %, respectively), and strain BB-1T with Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1T (97.3 %). The tree based on concatenated deduced amino acid sequences of the MamA, B, K, M, O, P, Q and T proteins, which are involved in magnetosome formation, was congruent with the tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains SO-1T, SP-1T and BB-1T were 65.9, 63.0 and 65.2 mol%, respectively. As major fatty acids, C18 : 1ω9, C16 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0 and C18 : 0 were detected. DNA-DNA hybridization values between the novel strains and their closest relatives in the genus Magnetospirillum were less than 51.7 ± 2.3 %. In contrast to M. magnetotacticum MS-1T, the strains could utilize butyrate and propionate; strains SO-1T and BB-1T could also utilize glycerol. Strain SP-1T showed strictly microaerophilic growth, whereas strains SO-1T and BB-1T were more tolerant of oxygen. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization and physiological tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of the strains from each other as well as from the two species of Magnetospirillum with validly published names. Therefore, the strains represent novel species, for which we propose the names Magnetospirillum caucaseum sp. nov. (type strain SO-1T = DSM 28995T = VKM B-2936T), Magnetospirillum marisnigri sp. nov. (type strain SP-1T = DSM 29006T = VKM B-2938T) and Magnetospirillum moscoviense sp. nov. (type strain BB-1T = DSM 29455T = VKM B-2939T).

Topic: Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Masking Art Tradition as a Cultural Manifestation of Olugbobiri People of Nigeria

This paper sets out to examine masks and masked dancers, to explore their meaning and significance to the Olugbibiri people of Nigeria. The precise form, the performance and the symbolic relationships implied in its structure have received little attention. Hence, this study focuses on the study of the subject for the needed information. The objective is to provide more detailed account on the origin, types of masks and the performance of the masquerades. Qualitative research methodology was used to achieve the desired objectives. The study reveals that devotees of Ungozu are blessed with a wealth of children and finance, which fosters unity amongst families and individuals. Also, the commitment of devotees of Ungozu is fast fading due to Christianity and other alien religions. The study leads to a better understanding of the relationship between the spirit world and the physical world.

Topic: Fashion and Cultural Textiles
Subfield: Museology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The effect of curricular activities on learner autonomy: the perspective of undergraduate mechanical engineering students

This study researches how first-year engineering students perceived the influence of curricular activities on their own learning autonomy, measured with an adaptation of the Personal Responsibility Orientation to Self-direction in Learning Scale (PRO-SDLS). Participants were questioned to assess the influence of the teacher's role. The results indicate that learners' characteristics (motivation and self-efficacy) contribute more to learner autonomy (LA) than the teaching–learning transaction (control and initiative), as in the original PRO-SDLS validation. The most autonomous learners presented higher values in all LA components and dimensions, but the differences were greater in motivation and initiative. The participants with higher LA were not as dependent on the teacher, regarding assessment, the completion of classroom tasks and deadlines. Regardless of the degree of autonomy in learning, all participants viewed teachers as the main source of information. Therefore, LA plays an important role in teaching activities planning. Suggestions for adjustments and more flexible learning scenarios are formulated.

Topic: Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Oil palm breeding report on the visit to SOCFINDO (Indonesia), 9th to 26 September 1997

Le premier but de cette visite était de démarrer les essais génétiques 1998 du bloc Aek Lobur Timur, puis de poursuivre le programme d'amélioration de Bangun Bandar. Dans ce rapport on trouve les résultats des essais clonaux et leur analyse statistique, les résultats des essais génétiques concernant le comportement du matériel végétal vis-à-vis de Ganoderma, y compris les sélections Dura et Tenera/Pisifera

Topic: Oil Palm Production and Sustainability
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
[N(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>] [U<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>F<sub>13</sub>]×2H<sub>2</sub>O: A Novel Organically Templated Mixed‐Valent Uranium Oxyfluoride with a Hybrid Network Structure.

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Topic: Radioactive element chemistry and processing
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Sinus Augmentation and Simultaneous Implant Placement Success: Pilot Study (2008-2011).

Implant placement with simultaneous sinus augmentation was successful, and no differences were found between implants that were placed immediately and those that were delayed, which is similar to what has been found by previous studies. Patients reported being satisfied with the final cost of the implant restoration.

Topic: Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
A therapeutic programme for the rehabilitation of youth offenders

The judicial system is moving away from a retributive justice system to a more rehabilitative,&#13;\nrestorative justice system. Diverting youth offenders from the justice system by alternative&#13;\nsentencing options such as diversion programmes is one way of doing this. Jt was found that a&#13;\nneed exists for the development of a therapeutic programme for the rehabilitation of youth&#13;\noffenders in South Africa. The purpose of the study was to detennine the content of&#13;\ntherapeutic rehabilitation programme and subsequently to develop a provisional therapeutic&#13;\nprogramme for youth offenders.&#13;\nThe first part of the literature study summarized a number of theories used to explain the&#13;\nincidence of youth offence. The second part of the literature study discussed various risk&#13;\nfactors that could lead to youth offence. Thirdly, the juvenile justice system in South Africa&#13;\nwas discussed. Finally, the characteristics of effective rehabilitation programmes were&#13;\ndiscussed and a number of international and South African rehabilitation programmes were&#13;\nevaluated in tenns ofthese characteristics. In the literature study certain aspects for inclusion&#13;\nin a rehabilitation programme were identified. A list of topics that should be addressed by a&#13;\nrehabilitation programme was drawn up.&#13;\nA provisional therapeutic programme was compiled using the information gained from the&#13;\nliterature study and the needs for a programme as identified by staff members at the facility&#13;\nwhere the programme was to be conducted. The programme was based on experiential learning. lt included a number of activities that addressed the topics identified by the literature&#13;\nstudy. The provisional programme was evaluated in tenns of its short-term effectiveness and&#13;\nadjustments to the programme were made.&#13;\nThe adjusted programme was conducted at two other facilities and evaluated in tenns of its&#13;\nshort-term effectiveness by the researcher, the staff at these facilities and the youth who took&#13;\npart in the programme. Staff at the two facilities where the empirical study took place were&#13;\nasked to complete questionnaires to identify their needs with regards to a rehabilitation&#13;\nprogramme as well as background questionnaires on the youth who were taking part in the&#13;\nprogramme. Recommendations for further improvements of the programme were made.

Topic: Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences