jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The ionization of organic molecules by slow positrons

The ionization of organic molecules by positrons having energies above and below their positronium-formation thresholds is reviewed. The sensitivity of sub-positronium-ionization yields to chemical and structural properties of the molecules is discussed, and possible mechanisms for ionization and fragmentation are suggested. Plans are presented for future experiments to further elucidate mechanisms and to search for evidence of positronium compound formation.

Topic: Muon and positron interactions and applications
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Turning gene function ON and OFF using sense and antisense photo-morpholinos in zebrafish

To understand the molecular mechanisms of development it is essential to be able to turn genes on and off at will and in a spatially restricted fashion. Morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) are very common tools used in several model organisms with which it is possible to block gene expression. Recently developed photo-activated MOs allow control over the onset of MO activity. However, deactivation of photo-cleavable MO activity has remained elusive. Here, we describe photo-cleavable MOs with which it is possible to activate or de-activate MO function by UV exposure in a temporal and spatial manner. We show, using several different genes as examples, that it is possible to turn gene expression on or off both in the entire zebrafish embryo and in single cells. We use these tools to demonstrate the sufficiency of no tail expression as late as tailbud stage to drive medial precursor cells towards the notochord cell fate. As a broader approach for the use of photo-cleavable MOs, we show temporal control over gal4 function, which has many potential applications in multiple transgenic lines. We demonstrate temporal manipulation of Gal4 transgene expression in only primary motoneurons and not secondary motoneurons, heretofore impossible with conventional transgenic approaches. In another example, we follow and analyze neural crest cells that regained sox10 function after deactivation of a photo-cleavable sox10-MO at different time points. Our results suggest that sox10 function might not be critical during neural crest formation.

Topic: Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Idea of „People’s Poland” and its Adherents. People’s and Socialist vision of the Independent Polish State – Some Critical Remarks

In this essay I present a book titled Ludowa i socjalistyczna wizja niepodległej Polski [ People’s and Socialist vision of the Independent Polish State ], edited by Janusz Gmitruk and Tadeusz Skoczek. It is a collection of papers which are focused on different aspects of history of modern socialist and peasant movements in Poland during first half of 20th century. I argue, that the idea of „People’s Poland”, currently strictly associated with propaganda of communist „Polish People’s Republic” (1944/45–1989), has deeper historical roots and played a key role in political imagination of democratic and pro-independence movements. In this essay I offer not only a critical review of articles collected in the book, but also try to propose new, potentially promising perspectives for further research on history of mass and plebeian political movements.

Topic: Polish Historical and Cultural Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition on left ventricular compliance in obese mice with type II diabetes

Introduction: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCMP) is a leading cause of cardiac morbidity and mortality. DCMP is characterized by left ventricular (LV) tissue remodeling and by LV diastolic dysfunction, causing LV filling disturbances. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) is a membrane-bound protease, expressed in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells, responsible for the breakdown of several cardio-active peptides. DPP-IV inhibitors are novel drugs for the treatment of type II diabetes. This study investigates the effects of sitagliptin (SITA), an orally active inhibitor of DPP-IV, on LV structure and function in obese diabetic mice. Results: Obese male type II diabetic mice (Leprdb/db, n=24) were treated with SITA (300 mg/kg/day in drinking water) or vehicle during 8 weeks. SITA impaired more than 85% of serum DPP-IV activity but had no effect on fasting glucose levels. SITA reduced cardiomyocyte size (p<0.05) and minimally affected LV collagen fraction. Invasive hemodynamic cardiac recordings in anesthetized diabetic mice at varying preloads showed that SITA increased LV stroke volume (p<0.005), cardiac output (p<0.005), LV stroke work (p<0.001) and LV compliance (p<0.05), whereas LV end-systolic elastance and preload-recruitable stroke work remained unchanged. In addition, in vitro analyses showed that the resting tension of cardiomyocytes in SITA-treated diabetic mice was lower than in vehicle-treated diabetic mice. This observation was consistent with the intensified phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein titin (p<0.001), the significantly increased myocardial concentrations of cGMP, and the increased activity of protein kinase G (PKG) in myocardial samples of SITA-treated diabetic mice. Finally, activation of PKG in samples of control diabetic mice decreased the resting tension of cardiomyocytes from vehicle-treated diabetic mice, but had no effect on cardiomyocytes from SITA-treated mice. Conclusion: In obese diabetic mice, in absence of hypoglycaemic effects, DPP-IV inhibition by SITA improves global LV performance and LV compliance. These effects seem at least partially mediated by stimulatory effects of SITA on the myocardial cGMP-PKG pathway and, hence, on the phosphorylation status of titin and the hereto coupled cardiomyocyte stiffness modulus.

Topic: Peptidase Inhibition and Analysis
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
New physics searches with LUX and LZ

The frontier of experimental particle physics research, especially astroparticle physics, frequently involves the detection of signals that are both rare (fewer than an event per year per kilogram), and small (energy depositions at the keV scale). A prime example is the direct search for dark matter, although other signatures for new physics are also being sought, such as axions and various neutrino signals. The key technology that has evolved to meet this challenge is that of the ultra low background two-phase time projection chamber, deployed deep underground. The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) instrument was a leading
device of this type. Now dismantled to make way for its successor, analysis of legacy data continues. The main scientific results of LUX are presented. With 50 times larger fiducial (usable) mass, and increased background rejection power, LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is presently under construction and is due to take first data in 2020. It will have a sensitivity at least two orders of magnitude beyond current best limits for the leading dark matter candidates. An overview of the LZ experiment is presented.

Topic: Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Chiral Auxiliaries as Docking/Protecting Groups in Biohydroxylation: The Hydroxylation of Enantiopure Spirooxazolidines Derived from Cyclopentanone UsingBeauveria bassiana ATCC 7159

The aim of this work was to explore the scope and limitations of chiral docking/protecting groups as chiral auxiliaries in the biohydroxylation of unactivated methylene groups. As a model compound, cyclopentanone 1 was reacted with a range of enantiomerically pure amino alcohols 2a−n as well as 7a and b, varying substituents R1 and R2. The resulting chiral spirooxazolidines 3a−n as well as 8a and b were exposed to the fungus Beauveria bassiana ATCC 7159 and the resultant hydroxylated products were characterised. Introducing chirality into the substrate before the fermentation was found to have a major effect on the course of the biohydroxylation relative to the achiral analogue 3a (Table 1, entry 1). The nature of R1/R2 influenced both the product yield and the optical purity of the products (e.g. Table 1, entry 2). In addition, the absolute configuration of the final product 6 could be dictated solely by the nature of the docking/protecting group used (compare entry 8 with entry 9). Concerning the chain length of R1/R2, it was found that hydroxylation only took place in the cyclopentane ring when the heterocyclic ring was substituted with a methyl, ethyl or isopropyl (entries 2−5, 8, 9, 15, and 16). With increasing chain length, where R1/R2 are propyl, isobutyl or sec-butyl groups, a mixture of products was obtained in which the hydroxyl group was either on the cyclopentane ring or on the side-chain (entries 10−14).

Topic: Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Globalization and discursive regulation: new public management

The process of globalization is very much, but not exclusively, a question of transnational flows of people, goods and ideas. As a prerequisite for these transnational flows, and as an integral part of the modern form of globalization, institutions of governance develop new features. Not only is there an increase in the number, size and variance of transnational institutions, but the typical form of contemporary governance and its institutions are under pressure to accommodate globalization: it would be hard, for example, to create flows across borders if identities and categories of things flowing were all still constructed along national lines. Accordingly, ’de-nationalization’ is part of the globalization process.

Topic: European Union Policy and Governance
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Control approaches for a cylinder wake by electromagnetic force

The reduction of drag force and suppression of vortex shedding on a circular cylinder in electrically poorly-conducting water can be realized by utilizing the Lorentz forces. In order to control the cylinder wake effectively, three kinds of control approach, i.e. open-loop, closed-loop and optimal control methods, are proposed and discussed in the present paper. Constant Lorentz forces are used in the open-loop control process, and Lorentz forces are varied to target the zero total drag or the zero pressure drag coefficients during the control process in two closed-loop control procedures. The purpose of optimal flow control is to determine controls that effectively tailor the flow, and the key element of an optimal flow control is the minimization of a cost functional that provides a quantitative measure of the objective. Numerical simulation of the theoretical models is performed in the exponential–polar coordinates system, from which it has been shown that the above three methods can suppress the vortex shedding successfully; moreover, during the control process, the optimal control needs less energy than the closed-loop control method targeting a zero total drag or pressure drag coefficients.

Topic: Fluid Dynamics and Vibration Analysis
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
O1 Investigating mitochondrial dysfunction in juvenile dermatomyositis

Background: Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare, chronic, severe idiopathic autoimmune disease whereby patients present with proximal muscle weakness and skin rash.Patients show variable response and are exposed to numerous adverse effects to standard treatment of immunosuppressants and corticosteroids.There is currently a lack of biomarkers which correlate with the disease.Quantifying mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may be a potentially useful biomarker for clinical JDM diagnosis or a predictor of prognosis or therapeutic response.This study aims to investigate whether mtDNA levels are abnormally elevated in JDM as a possible indicator of mitochondrial damage, and to investigate the potential correlation between plasma mtDNA levels and clinical measures of clinical severity.Methods: Plasma samples were obtained from healthy adults (n ¼ 6), healthy children (n ¼ 6) and JDM patients (n ¼ 59) enrolled in the JDM Cohort and Biomarker Study (JDCBS); DNA was then extracted.mtDNA was quantified by MT-CO3 gene levels per ml of plasma by standard curve quantitative PCR.For the longitudinal samples of n ¼ 7 JDM patients, MT-CO3 levels from plasma samples collected across different time points were compared to clinical data available, obtained from the JDCBS.Measures of clinical severity of disease include Modified Disease Activity Scores (DAS) measuring skin disease activity, Physician's Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) measuring global disease activity and Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale (CMAS) measuring muscle strength.Results: Significantly higher levels of mtDNA were detected in JDM plasma samples compared to healthy children (p ¼ 0.027).When healthy adult plasma samples were included in the analysis, there was an age-related effect in the levels of mtDNA observed, whereby plasma samples of healthy adults showed higher levels of mtDNA compared to that of healthy children (p ¼ 0.0209).Interestingly, the disease effect became no longer significant.For the longitudinal analysis, there was evidence of qualitative correlation between mtDNA levels and disease severity for some of the patients.Better correlation was seen with Modified DAS and Physician's VAS, and flares seemed to correlate with increased mtDNA levels.Some patients showed increasing mtDNA levels despite being on treatment, suggesting that the therapy may not be targeting mitochondrial damage or may even be exacerbating the condition.Conclusion: Pathogenesis of JDM is poorly understood, but current research in the JDCBS suggests the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction.This study has identified mtDNA as a novel biomarker for JDM disease and highlighted the need for novel therapies, possibly targeting mitochondrial damage.

Topic: Inflammatory Myopathies and Dermatomyositis
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Distribution of 1,4-dioxane by combined inhalation plus oral exposure routes in rats

1,4-Dioxane is used in large amounts by industry. Human exposure to 1,4-dioxane is via both air and water. Recently we reported that the toxicity of chloroform is enhanced when exposure is by multiple exposure routes rather than a single exposure route. In this study, rats were exposed simultaneously to 1,4-dioxane by two routes, inhalation and oral, and the distribution of 1,4-dioxane in the blood, lung, liver, brain, kidney and abdominal fat of rats were determined. To assess the contribution of each route, unmodified 1,4-dioxane (DX) was administered by inhalation and deuterated 1,4-dioxane (DX-d8) was administered orally, and DX and DX-d8 were analyzed by mass spectrometer (MS). Exposure by both inhalation and oral administration resulted in DX and DX-d8 concentrations in the blood and tissues which were higher than when exposure was by either inhalation or oral administration alone. The distribution of 1,4-dioxane in the combined inhalation plus oral administration conformed with its physicochemical properties and the tissue partition coefficients. Our results support the well accepted tenet that when investigating the toxicity of a chemical, the route of exposure is an important consideration, and in addition, our results suggest that when exposure is by multiple routes, exposure by one route may, to some extent, have an affect on exposure by the second route.

Topic: Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Unstabilization Energies and an Improved Empirical alculation of Isomerization Energies in Gaseous Paraffin Hydrocarbons at 0°K

長鎖基準の原則に基づいて0°K気体パラフィン炭化水素分子内の不安定化エネルギー項を共有結合間の相互作用として取り扱い,つぎの経験式によってC-C結合(n-1)個をへだてる結合間の不安定化エネルギー項Rnを制度よく表示しうること,を見いだした。Rn=20.48/4x kcal/molただし,syn-1,4位炭素上の結合間にはR'4=0.1756,syn-1,5位またはcis-1,4の結合間にはR'5(＝R4Cl8)=-0・2111kcal/molの修正パラメーターをそれぞれR4およびR5のかわりに使用する。本報では本式がn≧3の範囲で成立することを支持する根拠を示し,同時にパラフィン分子におけるこのパラメーターの緩和の異性化変分{ΣRn(n≧3)}iso-nを異性化エネルギーから減じることによって単分岐形式に対してY=-4.03±0.17keal/mol,geminal-分岐形式に対してX=-11.90±0.16kcal/molの値を導びき,この数値はその分岐形式のみによって定まる定常性のものであることを示した。以上の考察からわれわれはパラメクーター6個用いる0°K気体オクタンまでのパラフィン分岐異性体31個(ネオペンタンを除く)の異性化エネルギーを計算する改良経験則を導びいた。ΔHi={EY}iso-n+{ΣX}iso-n+{ΣRn(n≧3)}iso-n kcal/mol本経験則は平均誤差±0.20kcal/mol(ネオペンタンを含めて±0.22kcal/mol)の従来の加成則では達しえなかった精度を有している。

Topic: Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Estimates of Genetic Parameters for Sexual and Compositional Maturity in Gilts

Crossbred gilts (n = 210) from 12 Duroc and 12 Landrace sires farrowed in six bimonthly farrowing groups were performance tested at the University of Georgia Swine Center. From these gilts, 50 females were selected for extremes in early (12) or late (13) sexual maturity (as measured by age at first detectable estrus); or, for early (13) or late (12) compositional maturity (as measured by backfat at the 10th rib adjusted to a 105-kg basis). Selected females were mated to farrow litters in bimonthly farrowing groups from March 1983 to May 1985. From these litters 370 gilts were tested. Biweekly measurements were taken for weight and fat depth 5 cm off the midline at the 10th rib from 27 to 105 kg. When a pen of four gilts averaged 105 kg they were moved from the test facility to pasture lots. Estrous detection began when the females reached 70 kg and continued until 75% of a test group had cycled. The genetic parameters were estimated by two methods: 1) regression of daughter's performance on dam's performance and 2) the ratio of the response difference of the daughters from the high-low selected dams. Heritability estimates for backfat at 105 kg were .56 ± .10 and 1.32 ± .40; heritability estimates of age at first estrus were .11 ± .10 and .24 ± .28, respectively, for the two methods of estimation. The estimated genetic correlations between backfat and age at puberty were .11 ± .28 and .90 ± .08, respectively. Offspring of females selected for early puberty cycled at an earlier age with more fat than offspring of females selected for late puberty. Offspring of females selected for low backfat were leaner and cycled at an earlier age than offspring of females selected for more backfat.

Topic: Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Immunolocalization of <i>Drosophila</i> eye‐specific diacylgylcerol kinase, <i>rdgA</i> , which is essential for the maintenance of the photoreceptor

The Drosophila retinal degeneration A (rdgA) mutant has photoreceptor cells that degenerate within a week after eclosion. The degeneration starts with the disruption of the subrhabdomeric cisternae (SRC), which are the organelles essential for the transport of phospholipids to the photoreceptive membranes. Our previous biochemical and molecular studies suggested that the rdgA gene encodes an eye-specific diacylglycerol kinase (DGK). In this study, we show that retinal degeneration is prevented by the introduction of the eye-DGK gene in the rdgA mutant genome, suggesting that the DGK activity is crucial for the maintenance of the photoreceptor. Furthermore, by immunohistochemical analysis, we have demonstrated that the rdgA protein is predominantly associated with the SRC, suggesting that the conversion from diacylglycerol (DG) to phosphatidic acid (PA) most actively occurs in SRC. The analysis of the eyes of mutants homozygous for rdgA and eye-protein kinase C mutations indicates that retinal degeneration is caused by the deficiency of PA rather than excessive accumulation of DG. From these data, we conclude that the production of PA in the SRC membranes is essential for the maintenance of the photoreceptor.

Topic: Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Innovative 3-D Printing Processing Techniques for Flexible and Wearable Planar Rectennas

This work demonstrates the use of a low-cost, lossy, flexible substrate processed by novel 3-D printing techniques which significantly mitigate its intrinsic losses, thus providing performance comparable to those of traditional substrates. These processing techniques are applied to both microstrip and coplanar waveguide structures; they are first derived theoretically, starting from the electromagnetic theory of modes propagation, then numerically validated by full-wave analysis, and finally experimentally verified. The design of a miniaturized 868 MHz rectenna, adopting a coplanar-fed patch antenna based on the proposed fabrication approach, is presented. By means of nonlinear/electromagnetic co-design, the antenna is directly matched to the rectifier. A 30-dB power range starting from -20 dBm is considered. Direct matching allows to get rid of a dedicated matching network and its associated losses, resulting in a slight efficiency increase and a significant reduction of the overall dimensions. Finally, the 3-Dprinted prototype is presented: the overall rectenna performance proves that design freedom enabled by 3-D printing paves the way to the use of low-cost flexible dielectric materials, even with poor electromagnetic properties, to realize wearable battery-free wireless nodes.

Topic: Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Estimates of Ripple-Density Resolution Based on the Discrimination From Rippled and Nonrippled Reference Signals

Rippled-spectrum stimuli are used to evaluate the resolution of the spectro-temporal structure of sounds. Measurements of spectrum-pattern resolution imply the discrimination between the test and reference stimuli. Therefore, estimates of rippled-pattern resolution could depend on both the test stimulus and the reference stimulus type. In this study, the ripple-density resolution was measured using combinations of two test stimuli and two reference stimuli. The test stimuli were rippled-spectrum signals with constant phase or rippled-spectrum signals with ripple-phase reversals. The reference stimuli were rippled-spectrum signals with opposite ripple phase to the test or nonrippled signals. The spectra were centered at 2 kHz and had an equivalent rectangular bandwidth of 1 oct and a level of 70 dB sound pressure level. A three-alternative forced-choice procedure was combined with an adaptive procedure. With rippled reference stimuli, the mean ripple-density resolution limits were 8.9 ripples/oct (phase-reversals test stimulus) or 7.7 ripples/oct (constant-phase test stimulus). With nonrippled reference stimuli, the mean resolution limits were 26.1 ripples/oct (phase-reversals test stimulus) or 22.2 ripples/oct (constant-phase test stimulus). Different contributions of excitation-pattern and temporal-processing mechanisms are assumed for measurements with rippled and nonrippled reference stimuli: The excitation-pattern mechanism is more effective for the discrimination of rippled stimuli that differ in their ripple-phase patterns, whereas the temporal-processing mechanism is more effective for the discrimination of rippled and nonrippled stimuli.

Topic: Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences