jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Aplastic Anemia Following Chloramphenicol Therapy Still Happens!

To the Editor.— Chloramphenicol is still the drug of choice for treatment of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae b meningitis, brain abscess,1 Rocky Mountain spotted fever in severely ill patients and young children, and typhoid fever. Intravenous oral and intraocular routes of administration have been widely used. Smith and Webber2 have recently reviewed the pharmacology of chloramphenicol. Reversible erythroid suppression is dose related and more common in children. Genetic predisposition of the stem cell to inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis is thought to be the explanation for the "idiosyncratic" chloramphenicol-induced bone marrow aplasia, although Daum et al3 reported a probable dose-related case.

Topic: Blood disorders and treatments
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Late Quaternary palaeoecological and palaeoclimatological reconstruction in the Gutaiului Mountains, northwest Romania

Abstract Macrofossil, pollen, lithostratigraphy, mineral magnetic measurements (SIRM and magnetic susceptibility), loss‐on‐ignition, and AMS radiocarbon dating on sediments from two former crater lakes, situated at moderate altitudes in the Gutaiului Mountains of northwest Romania, allow reconstruction of Late Quaternary climate and environment. Shrubs and herbs with steppe and montane affinities along with stands of Betula and Pinus , colonised the surroundings of the sites prior to 14 700 cal. yr BP and the inferred climatic conditions were cold and dry. The gradual transition to open Pinus – Betula forests, slightly higher lake water temperatures, and higher lake productivity, indicate more stable environmental conditions between 14 700 and 14 100 cal. yr BP. This development was interrupted by cooler and drier climatic conditions between 14 100 and 13 800 cal. yr BP, as inferred from a reduction of open forests to patches, or stands, of Pinus, Betula, Larix, Salix and Populus . The expansion of a denser boreal forest, dominated by Picea , but including Pinus , Larix , Betula , Salix , and Ulmus started at 13 800 cal. yr BP, although the forest density seems to have been reduced between 13 400 and 13 200 cal. yr BP. Air temperature and moisture availability gradually increased, but a change towards drier conditions is seen at 13 400 cal. yr BP. A distinct decrease in temperature and humidity between 12 900 and 11 500 cal. yr BP led to a return of open vegetation, with patches of Betula, Larix, Salix , Pinus and Alnus and individuals of Picea . Macrofossils and pollen of aquatic plants indicate rising lake water temperatures and increased aquatic productivity already by ca. 11 800 cal. yr BP, 300 years earlier than documented by the terrestrial plant communities. At the onset of the Holocene, 11 500 cal. yr BP, forests dominated by Betula, Pinus and Larix expanded and were followed by dense Ulmus forests with Picea, Betula and Pinus at 11 250 cal. yr BP. Larix pollen was not found, but macrofossil evidence indicates that Larix was an important forest constituent at the onset of the Holocene. Moister conditions were followed by a dry period starting about 10 600 cal. yr BP, which was more pronounced between 8600 and 8200 cal. yr BP, as inferred from aquatic macrofossils. The maximum expansion of Tilia , Quercus, Fraxinus and Acer between 10 700 and 8600 cal. yr BP may reflect a more continental climate. A drier and/or cooler climate could have been responsible for the late expansion (10 300 cal. yr BP) and late maximum (9300 cal. yr BP) of Corylus . Increased water stress, and possibly cooler conditions around 8600 cal. yr BP, may have caused a reduction of Ulmus , Tilia , Quercus and Fraxinus . After 8200 cal. yr BP moisture increased and the forests included Picea , Tilia , Quercus and Fraxinus . Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Topic: Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Fixed Schedule for in Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer : Comparison of Outcome between the Short and the Long Protocol

This study sought to evaluate whether a short or long protocol would be preferable for simplification of a fixed-schedule for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) program without negatively affecting the pregnancy rate per cycle. All women were allocated, according to the ovarian stimulation protocol, into two groups. In Group 1 for the short protocol (41 occasions), the patients were treated with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) before pituitary desensitization using buserelin from cycle day 1. In the Group 2 for the long protocol (106 occasions), the patients received hMG after pituitary desensitization achieved with buserelin. The day and time of ovum pickup (OPU) was fixed as a Wednesday. Ovarian stimulation was started on Monday, 10 days before the day of OPU, with a daily dose of 225 IU/hMG for the following 7 days. Ovulation was induced with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on Tuesday, and OPU was performed on Wednesday; ET was carried out on Friday. No significant differences were found between the two groups in the incidence of canceled cycles [group 1: 7.3%(3/41), group 2: 2.8%(3/106)], mean number of oocytes recovered (6.4± 4.0, 5.8± 5.1), the fertilization rate [40.6%(106/261), 44.3%(272/614)], or the pregnancy rate per cycle [19.5%(8/41), 18.9%(20/106)]. These findings indicate that treatment with buserelin/hMG/hCG with either a short or long protocol is useful for a fixed-schedule IVF-ET program.

Topic: Ovarian function and disorders
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Humane Hypocrisies

This chapter examines the contradiction between the values that many people claim to hold and their actual behavior, and how the system of producing animals as commodities under capitalism maintains their exploitation through construction of various myths, by the criminalization of animal activists, and by the pretense that those who oppress and exploit nonhuman animals are the victims of those activists. The chapter critiques the fetishization of animal body parts as commodities and advertising and industry propaganda that conceal actual relations of production and structural violence, and rejects the exculpatory narratives embraced by consumers, neo-welfarists, post-humanist academics, and do-it-yourself slaughter enthusiasts. It exposes the hypocrisy at the heart of the so-called "humane" use of non-human animals, showing that the humane myth is essentially a speciesist reaffirmation that the violent domination and murder of others is legitimate. Various rhetorical techniques (such as claims that nonhuman animals embrace their deaths, demonization of animal advocates, use of euphemisms, arrogation of victimhood) are examined. The chapter maintains that vegan animal rights activists present the rational alternative to this confused and hypocritical behavior: We must end the institutionalized exploitation of nonhuman animals and stop regarding them merely as property and resources for our use.

Topic: Geographies of human-animal interactions
Subfield: Geography, Planning and Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Unsupervised Brain Anomaly Detection in MR Images

Many brain anomalies are associated with abnormal asymmetries. To detect and/or segment such anomalies in brain images, most automatic methods rely on supervised learning. This requires a large number of high-quality annotated training images, which is lacking for most medical image analysis problems. In contrast, unsupervised methods aim to learn a model from unlabeled healthy images, so that an unseen image that breaks priors of this model, i.e., an outlier, is considered an anomaly. This paper addresses the development of solutions to leverage unsupervised machine learning for the detection/analysis of abnormal brain asymmetries related to anomalies in magnetic resonance (MR) images. Experimental results on 3D MR-T1 images from healthy subjects and patients with a variety of lesions show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed unsupervised approaches for brain anomaly detection.

Topic: Brain Tumor Detection and Classification
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Design, synthesis, biological evaluations and in silico studies of N-substituted 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives as potential a-glucosidase inhibitors

Diabetes mellitus is considered as one of the principal global health urgencies of the twenty first century. In the present investigation, novel <i>N</i>-substituted 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized by spectral techniques. All the newly synthesized <i>N</i>-substituted 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives were tested for <i>in vitro</i> α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and compounds <b>A-12 and A-14</b> were found to be the most potent which were further subjected to <i>in-vivo</i> disaccharide loading test. The most potent compound was also found to be non-toxic in cytotoxicity studies. Further, docking studies were carried out to investigate the binding mode and key interactions with amino acid residues of α-glucosidase. Molecular dynamic simulations studies for the compounds acarbose, <b>A2, A12, and A14</b> were done with α-glucosidase protein. Further, ΔG was calculated for acarbose, A2, A12, and A14. <i>In silico</i> studies and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) prediction studies were also executed to establish the 'druggable' pharmacokinetic profiles. Here, we have developed novel <i>N</i>-substituted TZD analogues with different alkyl groups as <i>α</i>-glucosidase inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Topic: Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Expansion microscopy: enabling single cell analysis in intact biological systems

There is a need for single cell analysis methods that enable the identification and localization of different kinds of biomolecules throughout cells and intact tissues, thereby allowing characterization and classification of individual cells and their relationships to each other within intact systems. Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a technology that physically magnifies tissues in an isotropic way, thereby achieving super‐resolution microscopy on diffraction‐limited microscopes, enabling rapid image acquisition and large field of view. As a result, ExM is well‐positioned to integrate molecular content and cellular morphology, with the spatial precision sufficient to resolve individual biological building blocks, and the scale and accessibility required to deploy over extended 3‐D objects like tissues and organs.

Topic: Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Difluoroalkylation of (Hetero)Arylborons with Unactivated 1‐Bromo‐1,1‐difluoroalkanes.

Abstract In the Ni‐catalyzed cross‐coupling between (hetero)arylborons and unactivated bromodifluoroalkanes the combination of a bidentate bipyridine‐based ligand, and a monodentate pyridine‐based ligand provides an efficient catalytic system to prepare difluoroalkylated arenes.

Topic: Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Optimization problem formulation framework with application to engineering systems

Abstract Engineering systems require considering technical, social, economic, and environmental issues on a large and interconnected scale. Addressing engineering systems problems challenges the limits of analytic methods; this paper focuses on optimization as the method. Traditional normative optimization addresses objective trade‐off issues by quantifying the relationships among decision‐maker choices and system performance. Engineering systems can present options and trade‐offs that are outside traditional analysis boundaries and often require different domain expertise. The usual response is to expand the frame of analysis, relying on expert heuristic rules of thumb to make the task manageable. However, these heuristics can create irrelevant constraints, lead to cognitive biases, or result in unnecessarily suboptimal solutions. This paper presents an initial framework to encourage explicit examination of decisions made when framing and formulating an engineering systems‐relevant optimization problem. This includes consciously determining when to keep heuristics for efficiency and when to replace them with a more normative approach. The paper provides two examples that use optimization in two different roles. The first uses an optimization problem in a simulation tool that predicts future CO 2 emissions from commercial aviation for scenarios with different technology and economic inputs. The second example is based on an actively controlled wind turbine and demonstrates how a reasonable‐seeming heuristic for defining the objective can lead to a result that is suboptimal in terms of the true system performance objective. These examples demonstrate the explicit examination of the framing and formulation to achieve a good combination of normative and heuristic approaches.

Topic: Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Monoclonal antibodies: new agents for cancer detection and targeted therapy.

Antibodies directed against markers on cancer cells are gaining in importance for the purpose of targeting diagnostic and therapeutic agents. In the past, this approach has had very limited success principally because the classical methods for producing antibodies from blood serum of animals immunized with cancer cells or extracts were unsatisfactory. The situation has changed dramatically since 1975 following the design of procedures for "immortalizing" antibody-producing cells (lymphocytes) by fusing them with cultured myeloma cells to form hybridomas which continuously secrete antibodies. Since these hybridomas produce antibodies coded for by a single antibody-producing cell, the antibodies are called monoclonal. Building on these advances in biomedical research, it is now possible to reproducibly manufacture monoclonal antibodies on a scale suitable for use in cancer detection and therapy.

Topic: Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Moment-type estimation for Type-I censored samples

The article concerns the problem of parameter estimation for Type-I censored data using general estimating equations. It proposes a new class of estimators that are analogs to the estimators obtained by the method of moments for complete samples. It is proved that the proposed estimators are exactly the maximum likelihood estimators in the class of distributions from the exponential family. The asymptotic properties of the presented estimators are compared to the maximum likelihood ones. The obtained results are presented jointly with a simulation study and computational examples.

Topic: Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications
Subfield: Statistics and Probability
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
The glue that holds the community together? Sport and sustainability in rural Australia

Drawing on the author's research in northwest Victoria, Australia, this essay examines the forms of capital that are created in and through rural sport as well as the processes of social inclusion and exclusion that structure access to social networks and to the resources these networks contain. In the face of economic and social changes that affect the region, rural sport participants view local sport clubs as vital community hubs fostering social cohesion, local and regional identities and a shared focus and outlet. Sporting competitions in northwest Victoria also contribute to cultural and economic capital for some participants, and to relatively limited stocks of linking social capital. While the creation and transference of these capitals are to a large degree regulated by wider social divisions, structural changes in the area present increased opportunities for other people, including young women, to take on leadership roles and to develop new skills and knowledge through sport participation.

Topic: Sport and Mega-Event Impacts
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) remains one of the most serious yet often overlooked complications of blood transfusion, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. It manifests as acute respiratory distress and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema within 6 hours of transfusion, requiring immediate recognition and intervention. However, diagnosing TRALI is complex, as its clinical presentation overlaps with other causes of acute lung injury, and its underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This review examines the global burden of TRALI, shedding light on underreporting issues, particularly in resource-limited settings where surveillance systems are inadequate. It explores both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent pathways, focusing on neutrophil activation, inflammatory mediators, and donor-specific factors that drive TRALI pathogenesis. While leukoreduction and improved donor selection have contributed to risk reduction, challenges persist, including the absence of standardized diagnostic criteria, gaps in data from low-income regions, and a lack of reliable biomarkers for early detection. Despite advances in understanding TRALI, more research is needed to refine diagnostic tools, enhance blood product safety, and develop targeted preventive strategies. By addressing these gaps, we can improve transfusion safety and patient outcomes on a global scale, ensuring that life-saving transfusions do not come with life-threatening risks.

Topic: Blood transfusion and management
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Population study of ischemic heart disease socio-psychological risk factors in male population of Novosibirsk].

A close correlation between psychosocial factors and ischemic heart disease necessitate intensification of the preventive programs aimed at weakening of influence of psychosocial factors on the population. Otherwise no reduction in ischemic heart disease incidence in population can be expected.

Topic: Human Health and Disease
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A study on industrial communication networking: Ethernet based implementation

Recent enhancement of the industrial communications and networking are possible to apply in Ethernet networks system at all levels of industrial automation, especially in the controller level whereby the data exchanges in real-time communication is mandatory. This paper is about a study on the development of industrial communications network based on the Ethernet protocol and thus implement it into Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) system. The purpose of this paper is to overcome real-time communication in which the accessibility of data exchange is very difficult in terms of retrieving data from other stations and time consuming. The Ethernet module is installed onto supervisory OMRON PLC to integrate several of stations in the CIM-70A system which is located at Robotic Laboratory in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). The workability of this communication technique is analyzed and compared with the conventional serial communication which widely used in automation networking systems. It is found that, the Ethernet protocol approach through the communication and integration of CIM system can be accessed easily and available to be upgraded at the management and enterprise levels of industrial automation system.

Topic: Network Time Synchronization Technologies
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
It’s a Man’s World: Does Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in the Elderly Male Confer an Additional Risk on Survival?

BACKGROUND: Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in a well-selected population is a highly successful procedure, with one-year survival rates reported to be as high as 90%. Advanced age is considered to be a contraindication. Survival rates in patients &gt;60 years of age appear to be comparable with those of younger patients. However, little objective data exist on the outcomes of patients &gt;65 years of age undergoing OLT. OBJECTIVE: To review the outcomes of OLT in the Irish National Transplant Unit in patients &gt;65 years of age and to compare outcomes with patients ≤65 years of age. Second, to identify any factors that may provide valuable prognostic information regarding outcomes. METHOD: Patients &gt;65 years of age who underwent OLT since the inception of the National Liver Unit in 1993 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Medical records were reviewed. Survival was compared with the overall cohort using the Kaplan-Meier technique. Independent variables between the two groups were assessed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Between January 1993 and December 2009, 551 patients underwent 639 transplants in the Irish National Liver Transplant Unit. Forty-three transplants were performed in 40 patients &gt;65 years of age. Unadjusted one- and three-year survival rates for the elderly cohort were 77.8% and 64.5%, respectively. This compared with 93% and 85%, respectively, in the unselected cohort. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, a significant benefit in survival was observed in patients ≤65 years of age (P=0.017). Similarly, when adjusted for sex, a significant difference was noted between the groups. Male patients &gt;65 years of age had poorer survival compared with their female counterparts &gt;65 years of age and all patients ≤65 years of age (P=0.02). There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to preoperative variables such as bilirubin, creatinine and sodium levels, and Model for End-stage Liver Disease score. A significant difference was seen in male patients &gt;65 years of age with more than one comorbidity, compared with female patients and male patients ≤65 years of age. CONCLUSION: Male sex was associated with poorer survival in patients &gt;65 years of age undergoing OLT. Multiple comorbidities in elderly male patients should be considered a relative contraindication in patients being assessed for OLT.

Topic: Liver Disease and Transplantation
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences