jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
C&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;net: A Cross-Layer Quality of Service (QoS) Architecture for Cognitive Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Cognitive Radio (CR) improves utilization of the overall radio spectrum through dynamic adaptation to local spectrum availability. In CR networks, unlicensed or Secondary Users (SUs) may operate in underutilized spectrum owned by the licensed or Primary Users (PUs) conditional upon PU encountering acceptable interference levels. A Cognitive Wireless Ad Hoc Network (CWAN) is a multihop self-organized and dynamic network that applies CR technology. The research into Quality of Service (QoS) in CWAN is still in its infancy. To date, no attempt has been made to model a QoS architecture as a unified solution for CWAN and so this is the focus of this paper. We present a novel QoS architecture called C <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> net for CWAN based on a cross-layer approach. C <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> net provides service prioritization to different traffic types in the presence of nodal mobility and PUs. The main objective is to provide stable QoS assurance to high priority flows. This is realized by a number of distributed features of C <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> net including topology management, congestion control, scheduling, and dynamic channel selection. The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, to present the architectural framework based on Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS) for C <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> net. Secondly, to discuss the challenges and open issues posed by the intrinsic complexities of CWAN to spark new research interests in this field.

Topic: Wireless Networks and Protocols
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Single-Embryo Transfer Should Be Performed in All IVF Cycles

Implementation of single embryo transfers in IVF has helped to reduce number of multiple pregnancies and the risks inherent with these conceptions. However, employing a blanket policy for all patients to have a single embryo transfer is inappropriate. In those with good prognosis single embryo transfers should be common practice, however those with a poorer prognosis may benefit from a double embryo transfer, such as those with advanced maternal age and recurrent implantation failure. Denying patients this option can be detrimental to their success rates, going against their patient autonomy and could be deemed unethical. There is conflicting evidence regarding cost-effectiveness between double embryo transfer and single embryo transfer and further studies are required to evaluate the true cost-effectiveness. A shared decision-making approach needs to be employed between Clinicians and patients, with both sides taking responsibility. With the question for debate being, should we consider multiple pregnancies an adverse outcome?

Topic: Assisted Reproductive Technology and Twin Pregnancy
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Radical bicyclization of 1,6-enynes with sulfonyl hydrazides by the use of TBAI/TBHP in the aqueous phase

A novel 5- exo-dig /6- endo-trig bicyclization of 1,6-enynes with sulfonyl hydrazides in the aqueous phase using the cheap and available tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI)– tert -butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) combined system is reported.

Topic: Sulfur-Based Synthesis Techniques
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Relation of the Amount of Circulating Endothelial Cells in Peripheral Blood and the Serum Level of VEGF in Tumor Patients

Objective: To analyze the circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and circulating endothelial precursors (CEPs) in peripheral blood of tumor patients. Methods: CECs and CEPs were enumerated in 57 tumor patients and 15 healthy controls by 3-color flow cytometry. The serum level of angiogenesis related cytokines(VEGF, bFGF)was determined by ELISA method. Results: In tumor patients, mean value of CECs and CEPs was (0.378±0.047)% and (0.059±0.013)% respectively. The serum level of VEGF and bFGF were (295.58±59.56) ng/L and (28.73±7.40) ng/L. The amount of CECs/CEPs positively correlated with the serum level of VEGF and bFGF. Conclusions: The CECs/CEPs and serum level of VEGF and bFGF of tumor patients was higher than those of normal controls. VEGF and bFGF may participate into the course of endothelial progenitors mobilization.

Topic: Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
“My Story for My Better Self”: Love, Loss, and Working Through in the Diary of Elizabeth Barrett Browning

An approach to the diary as more than a private record, but a psychologically meaningful act and object, is demonstrated by a close reading of the diary of the English poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Attending to both formal and thematic aspects, this study attempts to illustrate the variable uses of diary-keeping, as well as to identify its uses of specific importance to this particular diarist. The more expansive and profound insight thus gained into the poet's life and work points to the potential of a psychoanalytic approach to such uniquely intimate documents. Evidence is offered to support the position that Browning's diary served important integrating functions during a critical period of her life: modulating overwhelming affect, organizing experiences beyond her control, and serving as a concrete symbol of preservation in the face of accumulative painful losses. The diary-keeping was a self-therapeutic endeavor, mediating and metabolizing these losses into a work of mourning as the poet elaborated and memorialized them.

Topic: Autobiographical and Biographical Writing
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Pre-apartheid African land ownership and the implication for the current Restitution Debate in South Africa

Swart grondbesit in die voor-apartheidsera en die implikasies daarvan vir die huidige debat rondom die herstel van grondregte
Hierdie artikel neem plase in swart besit in die eertydse Transvaal onder die loep. Die outeur ontleed hoe swart grondbesitters hulle belange teen die aanslae van hulle blanke bure en die regering beskerm het. Daarbenewens toon die outeur aan hoe die swartmense na 1913 volgehou het om toestemming te vra om grond aan te koop, en soms onwillige staatsamptenare oorgehaal het om aankope goed te keur. Derdens val die klem op die kwessie van skuld en hoe amptenare van die Department van Naturellesake gepoog het om swartmense teen die oproeping van hulle verbande by te staan. Die hoofdoel van die artikel is om die ingewikkelde verhoudinge tussen die staatsamptenare en die swart grondbesitters toe te lig in 'n poging om aan te toon dat die Mandela-regering omsigtig te werk sal moet gaan wanneer die eise van swart grondbesitters, wat moontlik voor die aanvang van die apartheidsera hulle grond verloor het, evalueer word.
This article focuses on African owned farms in the Transvaal. The author examines how African landowners defended their interests against pressures from their white neighbours or the government. In addition, the author demonstrates how Africans showed persistence in seeking permission to buy land after 1913, sometimes maneuvering reluctant government officials into approving a purchase. A third emphasis is on the topic of debt and how officials of the Native Affairs Department tried to help Africans avoid foreclosure. The ultimate aim of the article is to emphasize the complicated relationship between government officials and African landowners in an effort to suggest that the Mandela government must use caution as it evaluates claims from African owners who may have lost their land before the apartheid era.

Topic: Legal Issues in South Africa
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Economic and Social Interactions in the Piedmont Village Tradition-Mississippian Boundarylands of Southeastern North America, AD 1200–1600

This research seeks to understand the economic and social interaction patterns among dispersed Piedmont Village Tradition communities in the North American Southeast, AD 1200–1600. Piedmont Village Tradition communities lived adjacent to Mississippian societies and have been categorized as a peripheral society because of this spatial relationship. We examine economic behaviors by constructing fall-off curves of local versus nonlocal lithic material proportions at settlement sites and examining the reduction behaviors and tool types at sites. The results support a possible gateway model for the acquisition and distribution of nonlocal materials that linked spatially proximate communities. To examine social interaction patterns, we conducted a Brainerd-Robinson analysis of ceramic attributes from six sites and combined our results with work by Rogers (1993). The results show sites with stylistic similarities are not the same sites that share lithic resources. We conclude that these spatially non-overlapping artifact patterns result from a heterarchical social organization with a high degree of independence between economic and social interactions. Finally, we contextualize our results within the current knowledge of Mississippian and Piedmont Village Tradition societies in the region to broaden the discussion of gateways in reciprocity-based economies, societies traditionally thought of as peripheral to complex societies, and coalescence.

Topic: Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Constituting ethnic difference : an ethnography of the Portuguese immigrant experience in Vancouver

Ethnic groups are a visible feature of Canadian society. That this is so indicates that there must be methods for making them recognizable as well as methods of accounting for that visible difference. In this thesis, I am concerned to explicate the socially organized practices which constitute particular members and groups in society as different from other members and groups. The argument presented is that it is the practices of all members of society which constitute this difference, rather than the difference being an attribute of any particular ethnic, or immigrant group. The work proceeds in two ways. First, the constitution of ethnic difference, located in the theoretical literature, is investigated. It is demonstrated that the theoretical formulations rest on an unexplicated common-sense understanding of ethnic groups and their members as different. Second, observations and descriptions of the everyday lived relations of Portuguese immigrants are analyzed. The observations include interviews with social service workers, taped discussions of participants at a conference on multiculturalism, as well as interviews with Portuguese immigrants themselves. This second source of data provides an understanding of how difference is constituted in descriptions and explanations of ethnic phenomena in Vancouver. Through the use of a method of analysis derived from Marx and developed for sociology by Smith, I have focussed the ethnography on the socially organized practices which constitute ethnic difference in Vancouver. The enactment of ethnicity in the theoretical literature, in the fieldwork, and in the observations, explanations, descriptions and accounts are treated a6 data for the analysis of the method by which ethnic difference is constituted socially. It is demonstrated that descriptions which reference cultural origin, like those which reference personality factors, disattend to the constitution of social location in Vancouver. Cultural descriptions are a method of constituting immigrant/ethnic difference. The location of immigrant/ethnic groups and their members within a particular social organization is recreated at every moment in the descriptions and other activities of members of society within the family, labour force and social service delivery system of Vancouver society.

Topic: Canadian Identity and History
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Spatiotemporal Variations in Crustal Seismic Anisotropy Surrounding Induced Earthquakes Near Fox Creek, Alberta

Abstract This study analyzes earthquake recordings from four near‐source (&lt;10 km) stations near Fox Creek, Alberta, a region known for hydraulic fracturing‐induced seismicity. We examine the spatiotemporal variations of focal mechanisms and seismic anisotropy in the sedimentary strata. The focal mechanisms of surrounding earthquake swarms are generally consistent with the strike‐slip mechanism of the M L 4.6 earthquake, favoring a flower type of fault structure. The NE‐SW‐orientated fast splitting direction, determined from the shear wave splitting measurements, reflects the combined effects of (1) N‐S faults and (2) NE‐SW time‐dependent hydraulically stimulated fractures. The latter effect dominates the apparent anisotropy during the days leading to the mainshock, while its contributions are reduced by 60–70% after the mainshock. Loss of fluid into the fault damage zone, which causes the closure of fractures, is responsible for the observed spatiotemporal variation of seismic anisotropy near the hydraulic fracturing well.

Topic: earthquake and tectonic studies
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Physical and functional interactions between TMC1 and LHFPL4/5 in cochlear hair cells

The channel that governs mechanotransduction (MT) by hair cells in the inner ear has been investigated intensively for 4 decades, but its precise molecular composition remains enigmatic. Transmembrane channel–like protein 1 (TMC1) was recently identified as a component of the MT channel, and lipoma HMGIC fusion partner–like 5 (LHFPL5) is considered to be a part of the MT complex and may functionally couple the tip link to the MT channel. LHFPL4, a tetranspan membrane protein sharing extremely high similarity with LHFPL5, is reported to be expressed in hair cells but its function is still unknown. As components of the MT complex, TMC1 and LHFPL5 are expected to interact with each other and both locate at the lower end of the tip link in hair cells. In addition, an early study sug...[ Read more ]

Topic: Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics
Subfield: Sensory Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
A Systematic Review of Molecular and Biological Tumor Markers in Neuroblastoma

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review, and where possible meta-analyses, of molecular and biological tumor markers described in neuroblastoma, and to establish an evidence-based perspective on their clinical value for the screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of patients. Experimental Design: A well-defined, reproducible search strategy was used to identify the relevant literature from 1966 to February 2000. Results: A total of 428 papers studying the use of 195 different tumor markers in neuroblastoma were identified. Small sample sizes, poor statistical reporting, large heterogeneity across studies (e.g., in cutoff levels), and publication bias limited meta-analysis to the area of prognosis only; MYCN, chromosome 1p, DNA index, vanillylmandelic acid:homovanillic acid ratio, CD44, Trk-A, neuron-specific enolase, lactate dehydrogenase, ferritin, and multidrug resistance were all identified as potentially important prognostic tools. Conclusions: This systematic review forms a knowledge base of the tumor markers studied thus far in neuroblastoma, and has identified some of the most important prognostic markers, which should be considered in future research and treatment strategies. Importantly, the review has also highlighted some general problems across primary tumor marker studies, in particular poor and heterogeneous reporting. These need to be addressed to allow better clinical interpretation and enable more appropriate evidence-based reviews in the future. In particular, collaboration of cancer research groups is needed to enable bigger sample sizes, standardize methods of analysis and reporting, and facilitate the pooling of individual patient data.

Topic: Neuroblastoma Research and Treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Both Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Can Stimulate Naive CD8 T Cells In Vivo to Proliferate, Develop Effector Function, and Differentiate into Memory Cells

Abstract The generation of T cell immunity requires the acquisition and presentation of Ag on bone marrow-derived APCs. Dendritic cells (DC) are believed to be the most potent bone marrow-derived APCs, and the only ones that can stimulate naive T cells to productively respond to Ags. Because macrophages (MΦ) are bone marrow-derived APCs that are also found in tissues and lymphoid organs, can acquire and present Ag, and can express costimulatory molecules, we have investigated their potential to stimulate primary T cell responses in vivo. We find that both injected MΦ and DCs can migrate from peripheral tissues or blood into lymphoid organs. Moreover, injection of peptide-pulsed MΦ or DCs into mice stimulates CD8 T cells to proliferate, express effector functions including cytokine production and cytolysis, and differentiate into long-lived memory cells. MΦ and DCs stimulate T cells directly without requiring cross-presentation of Ag on host APCs. Therefore, more than one type of bone marrow-derived APC has the potential to prime T cell immunity. In contrast, another bone marrow-derived cell, the T lymphocyte, although capable of presenting Ag and homing to the T cell areas of lymphoid organs, is unable to stimulate primary responses. Because MΦ can be very abundant cells, especially at sites of infection and inflammation, they have the potential to play an important role in immune surveillance and the initiation of T cell immunity.

Topic: Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Osteopathic vs. chiropractic education: a student perspective.

This study compares nationwide survey results from 506 second year students of 11 osteopathic schools and 881 students from the first and second academic year (third term/fourth quarter) of eight chiropractic colleges. Each student was given a questionnaire regarding his/her perspective on the education he/she was receiving. Both populations were questioned about whether or not they came from an osteopathic/chiropractic family, their application process, the efficacy of osteopathic manipulative therapy (OMT)/chiropractic adjustments, their first year attitude concerning the efficacy of OMT/chiropractic adjustments, the integration of osteopathic/chiropractic principles into the curriculum and the justification for separate health care professions. Osteopathic and chiropractic students entered their respective professions from nonosteopathic/non-chiropractic families. Although both populations selected their profession as a first and primary choice, chiropractic students were more substantially represented. Upon entering their program, osteopathic students were not convinced, but had an open mind concerning the effectiveness of osteopathic manipulative therapy (OMT), and were divided as to whether there is enough of a distinction between DOs and MDs to justify separate professions. Chiropractic students, on the other hand, entered their program convinced that chiropractic adjustments are effective, and saw a clear distinction between the roles of chiropractic physicians and medical doctors.

Topic: Innovations in Medical Education
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A New Approach to Feasibility Risk Assessment within Transport Infrastructure Appraisal

This paper introduces a new approach of applying feasibility risk assessment within transport project infrastructure appraisal. The procedure is based upon quantitative risk analysis and Monte Carlo simulation in combination with conventional cost-benefit analysis converting deterministic benefit-cost ratios (BCRs) into stochastic interval results. Recent research has proven that particularly input based impacts such as construction cost and demand forecasts (travel time savings) often are respectively underestimated and overestimated creating so-called Optimism Bias. Decision-makers and stakeholders are, hereby, often basing their decisions on wrongful material. The presented approach to transport infrastructure appraisal is to include uncertainties and risks in the evaluation. Correspondingly, the handling of uncertainties and risk within transport project assessment are often made up by sensitivity tests producing deterministically based output values. Research has proven that traditional sensitivity analysis seldomnly captures the total variability especially as concerns the costs and demands estimated in the pre-stage of the evaluation. Therefore, this paper introduces an approach to decision support based upon so-called reference class forecasting using historical information from similar past projects. The scheme is made evident through a brand new database sample (UPD: the UNITE Project Database) which contains almost 200 specific European transport infrastructure projects. Hence, the approach will be tested and further explored upon a fixed case example depicting a new fixed link between Elsinore (Denmark) and Helsingborg (Sweden) revealing a severe decrease in economical return including relevant UPD information. Finally, a conclusion and perspective of the further work will be discussed.

Topic: Construction Project Management and Performance
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Bulk soybean grain mass temperature in warehouses with isolated vents and vent-exhaust combined systems

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to compare the temperatures in the mass of bulk soybeans ( Glycine max ) in warehouses with isolated vents and vent-combined exhaustion. A completely randomized design was used, with two treatments and ten repetitions. Treatments consisted of warehouse with curved vents and warehouse with curved + static exhaust vents. Each repetition contained the average of all readings in three days in all cables of the warehouse part under study, totaling 10 repetitions per month. The variable analyzed was the temperature in the grain mass in the lower, middle and upper parts of the warehouse from January to May 2012. The environment temperature and humidity were also registered. Static hoods, along with curved vents on the roof of the warehouse showed a tendency to reduce the temperature of the soybean mass with decrease in environmental temperature and increase in relative environmental humidity.

Topic: Insect Pest Control Strategies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences