jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Quantifying movements of corrosion products in reinforced concrete using x-ray attenuation measurements

Corrosion of steel reinforcement, embedded in concrete, may substantially degrade concrete structures due to the expansive nature of corrosion products. Expansion of corrosion products cause tensile stresses to develop and cracks to form in concrete. Extensive research has focused on corrosion-induced damage of concrete, typically by monitoring and quantifying the formation of cracks in concrete surrounding corroding reinforcement. Based on the type of experimental data numerous corrosion-induced damage models have been developed. One common conclusion from these models is that a certain amount of corrosion products move into the concrete without generating tensile stresses and cracks in the concrete. Typically, corrosion products are thought to occupy pores, interfacial defects, and/or air voids located near the concrete-steel interface and stresses develop only after filling of these pores. Further, the amount of corrosion products the concrete can accommodate is directly related to model predictions of time-tocracking. While some have attempted to measure the size of the region where corrosion products are accommodated using destructive and invasive approaches, additional techniques are needed to more accurately assess this vital parameter. This paper describes the use of x-ray attenuation measurements to monitor and quantify the movements of reinforcement corrosion products into mortar surrounding corroding reinforcement. Corrosion is induced by application of direct current to the embedded reinforcement. X-ray attenuation measurements are also capable of detecting cracks. Therefore, this approach provides a direct measurement of the amount and location of reinforcement corrosion products required to induce cracking. Results of a parametric investigation on the impact of water-to-cement ratio (0.30, 0.40, and 0.50) and corrosion rate are presented. Results from this non-destructive experimental approach should provide further insights for the modelling of reinforcement corrosion and corrosion-induced damage of concrete structures.

Topic: Concrete Corrosion and Durability
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
MORPHOLOGICAL, PATHOGENIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri ISOLATES FROM MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri (FOC) is considered as one of the major factors of low productivity in chickpea. The present study was conducted to determine the morphological, pathogenic and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variability of twenty isolates of FOC collected from the Maharashtra State of India, along with four reference isolates corresponding to four known FOC races. Pathogenicity of each isolate was confirmed using the wilt susceptible chick-pea genotype JG-62. The mycelia of all the isolates were septate, hyaline and profusely branched. All the FOC isolates produced micro- and macro-conidia in pure culture within seven days after inoculation. Based on the abilities of the isolates to cause dis-ease on an international set of chickpea differentials and genetic variability estimated by the RAPD technique, these 24 isolates were grouped into two pathotypes, i.e. pathotype I and pathotype II.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
LHD DTS #933388.1

Digitally synchronized timing distribution system (DTS) has been developed for the LHD fusion plasma measurements, which delivers a 10MHz synchronous clock with the master trigger message through the tree-structured optical fiber links from the master modulator to multiple demodulators to output pre-programmed divided clocks and delayed triggers

Topic: melanin and skin pigmentation
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Nature and strength of C-H center dot center dot center dot O interactions involving formyl hydrogen atoms: computational and experimental studies of small aldehydes

Structural and electronic properties of C-H center dot center dot center dot O contacts in compounds containing a formyl group are investigated from the perspective of both hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions, in a systematic and graded approach. The effects of a-substitution and self-association on the nature of the formyl H-atom are studied with the NBO and AIM methodologies. The relative dipole-dipole contributions in formyl C-H center dot center dot center dot O interactions are obtained for aldehyde dimers. The stabilities and energies of aldehyde clusters (dimer through octamer) have been examined computationally. Such studies have an implication in crystallization mechanisms. Experimental X-ray crystal structures of formaldehyde, acrolein and N-methylformamide have been determined in order to ascertain the role of C-H center dot center dot center dot O interactions in the crystal packing of formyl compounds.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Fin de siècle

Referring to the end of the 19th century, Fin de siècle not only represents a specific historical moment but also a part of the sensibility and of the cultural production of the period. It is particularly challenging to define fin de siècle within the artistic world, as it neither corresponds to a movement around a leading figure, nor to an amalgamation of shared and promulgated aesthetic principles (there is no manifesto laying claim to fin-de-sièclism). The term appears for the first time at the end of the 1880s. In its French form, it has imposed itself ever since on most Western-European languages (e.g., English, German). Fin de siècle crystalizes certain anxieties that are typical of this era: the period is characterized by a particular striving for modernity, while at the same time it is also perceived as an end. This explains why the fin de siècle mentality has often been closely related to decadence (or decadentism) to which it is, however, not limited: symbolism, aestheticism or even art nouveau all fall within fin de siècle. The fin de siècle mind-set is marked by an ensemble of shared features, in particular an ambivalent fear for the end.

Topic: French Literature and Criticism
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
РERCUTANEОUS ENDOSCOPIC GASTROSTOMY- ADVANCED INTERVENTION FOR ENTERAL NUTRITION

Summary. One of the first experience with рercutaneоus endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in the Russian Federation ispresented in this article. Object: taking into account the results obtained by authors to give the detail description of PEGprinciples to surgeons and endoscopists for further more extended introduction of this intervention in the clinical practice. Key words: рercutaneоus endoscopic gastrostomy, enteral nutrition, nutritional support, gastroduodenoscope.Методика выполнения следующая. ЧЭГ выполняется врачомхирургом и врачомэндоскопистом в условиях операционной с обязательным условием затенения. Далее, в полном объеме приводим текст переведенной нами инструкции фирмыизготовителя по ус˛тановке ЧЭГ (методика “pull”), а также иллюстрации иэндофоторгафии проведенных нами вмешательств.Считаем это чрезвычайно важным, так как представленные в отечественной литературе описания по установке ЧЭГ носят отрывочный и, в особенности, дляхирургов и эндоскопистов, не доступный для последующего воспроизведения характер.Инструкция по установке ЧЭГ (с комментариямиавторов):1. Проверить комплект на предмет наличия повреждений. Если упаковка повреждена, то комплект не использовать.2. Больного поместить в положение “на спине”.Используйте специальную защитную салфетку (

Topic: Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
In vivo evaluation of pressure head and flow rate estimation on a continuous-flow artificial heart

For monitoring or control of a fully implantable TAH, we should avoid using special sensors that may lose reliability and biocompatibility. Instead of direct measurement of pressure head and flow rate of a centrifugal blood pump, the authors previously proposed a method of estimating these measurements. The method uses an auto-regressive exogenous (ARX) model whose inputs are supplied power, rotational speed and the gain constant expressing the relationship between the two. The gain constant was introduced to compensate for reduction in accuracy caused by the change in blood viscosity or vascular dynamics. In this study, to ascertain the adequacy of the proposed method, an acute animal experiment was carried out using an adult goat equipped with a TAH consisting of two centrifugal pumps. The results indicated that the ARX model identified even in a mock circulation could estimate flow rate in the recipient accurately enough, although estimation accuracy of pressure head was not high.

Topic: Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Black Box Identification of Earth's Climate System

Climate models allow simulating and evaluating the responses of Earth's climate to imbalance factors (known as forcing factors): human, volcanic and solar activities. The purpose of this paper is to assess the respective contributions of these factors only from observations, modern or paleoclimatic, without resorting to any a priori quantification of energy flows generated by forcing factors, nor of the coefficients of sensitivity of global temperatures to these energy fluxes. For this purpose, an energy balance model is calibrated from classical identification techniques (in the sense of systems theory). It is a black box approach, i.e. based exclusively on observations. Despite the diversity and relative inaccuracy of the models obtained, the simulated contributions of the forcing factors are found to be incompatible with the generally accepted levels. The sensitivity to solar activity appears to be underestimated in a ratio up to 6 or 15; volcanic activity is overestimated at least in a ratio of two. More importantly, the contribution of human activity to recent warming could be negligible compared to that of the internal climate variability. These results are based on objective probabilities, directly derived from observations, which in science prevail over any theoretical speculation. Although they must obviously be received with caution, they cannot be ignored, and we conclude by giving some explanations to the deviations from the prevailing consensus.

Topic: Global Energy and Sustainability Research
Subfield: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Materials Data on ScP2H5O9 by Materials Project

ScP2H5O9 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sc3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ScO6 octahedra that share corners with six PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Sc–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.17 Å. There are two inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent ScO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 27–58°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.53–1.61 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent ScO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 30–55°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.52–1.59 Å. There are five inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.01 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.01 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.02 Å) and one longer (1.59 Å) H–O bond length. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.04 Å) and one longer (1.63 Å) H–O bond length. There are nine inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Sc3+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Sc3+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one P5+ and one H1+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H1+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Sc3+ and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Sc3+ and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one P5+ and one H1+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Sc3+ and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Sc3+ and one P5+ atom.

Topic: X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Calculation of the Scattering Constant from the Theory of Multiple Scattering

The expressions for the mean spatial and projected angles of multiple scattering are obtained using the distribution function for multiple scattering derived by Nigam, Sundaresan and Wu, and compared with those of Moli\`ere. It is shown that Moli\`ere's calculations involve the approximation of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c}\ensuremath{\surd}B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. The distribution function of Nigam et al. is found to give correction terms which are proportional to powers of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c}\ensuremath{\surd}B$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c}\ensuremath{\surd}B\mathrm{ln}(\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c}\ensuremath{\surd}B})$.

Topic: Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Computation of Volume Reverberation Coefficient.

In detonating explosives at 600 feet the receiving system has hardly time to recover from the direct shock wave before the surface reflection arrives. Hence, good volume reverberation data will be measured after the surface reflection arrival. Also, back scatter from the surface will be significant until the angle of incidence to the surface becomes small.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Health Policy and Practice / Sante: politique et pratique medicale After-Hours Radiology Consultation in an Academic Setting, 2005-2009

After-hours radiology is an increasingly frequent topic for discussion and debate within the medical community; in the academic community, this topic centers around the role of the ‘‘on-call’’ radiology resident. Academic and nonacademic centres have been experiencing ballooning workloads and have had to introduce new and creative work paradigms to accommodate this extra burden [1]. Results of one representative study reported an increase in after-hours utilisation of computed tomography (CT) by 59%, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by 51%, and ultrasound by 30% over a 4-year period [2]. Furthermore, the use of crosssectional imaging, particularly CT, is increasing at a rate that far exceeds emergency department (ED) volumes and acuity [3]. Not only is the volume and breadth of on-call imaging growing, there is increasing pressure for ‘‘stat’’ or contemporaneous reports. These realities place a significantly increasing and changing load on radiology residents, who typically manage the department after hours. Hence, to optimally prepare residents for on-call commitments as well as to allocate manpower and resources optimally, it is important to be aware of the trends and variations in the current after-hours radiology landscape. This information would be particularly useful to the University of Western Ontario’s Diagnostic Radiology Residency program planners. The purpose of this study was to assess for any significant trends with regard to on-call radiology consultations in a Canadian academic health care setting (London Health Sciences Centre and St. Joseph’s Health Care in London, Ontario) between 2005 and 2009. Specifically, the following questions were analysed: � Has there been a significant increase in total number of after-hours radiology consultations? If so, by how much? Is there any variation based on modality? � Is there any variation based on the month? � Is there any variation based on day of the week? � Is there any variation based on resident level of training?

Topic: Radiology practices and education
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Altering the structures of 3D supramolecular assemblies from melamine and cyanuric acid derivatives in water

We characterized two 3D supramolecular structures formed from derivatives of cyanuric acid and melamine in water. Introduction of one methyl group in melamine disrupts H-bonding and alters the arrangement of the layers in these structures.

Topic: Melamine detection and toxicity
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Artificial Reefs

The artificial reef is a vital submerged structure used to improve marine biological conditions and fishery resources. An artificial reef, with its different designs and structures, reshapes the local flow field by creating upwelling flow, decelerating flow, and back eddy. The shift in flow might result in nutrient exchange in the water and an increase in local primary production. Artificial reefs have been built all around the world, but there is no standardised technique for determining the effect range of an artificial reef.

Topic: Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Transplantation of pancreatic beta-cells prevents development of hypothalamic obesity in rats.

The present experiments have tested the hypothesis that ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions enhance insulin secretion by neural mechanisms. Rats were made diabetic by injecting streptozotocin to destroy their own pancreatic beta-cells. Subsequently, transplants of fetal pancreatic tissue were placed under the renal capsule. VMH lesions were placed in rats whose diabetes was cured with transplants as well as sham-transplanted animals. The animals were followed for 4 wk. The lesioned rats with pancreatic transplants gained no more weight than the sham-operated controls. There was no significant rise in insulin in the transplanted rats after VMH lesioning, but the VMH lesioned rats with intact pancreatic tissue showed the expected rise in insulin. Food intake rose 71% in the VMH lesioned rats with intact beta-cells, but only 23% in the VMH lesioned rats with transplants. Hypertrophy of the pancreatic islets was also observed in the VMH lesioned rats with an intact pancreas, but was not found in the VMH lesioned rats with a transplanted pancreas. Thus, transplantation of pancreatic tissue beneath the renal capsule of diabetic rats prevented the characteristic hyperphagia, hyperinsulinemia, and obesity in VMH lesioned rats whose pancreas was free from intact innervation. The results support the hypothesis that neural mediation of the rise in insulin is the primary factor in the development of hypothalamic obesity.

Topic: Pancreatic function and diabetes
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Development of a co‐designed, evidence‐based, multi‐pronged strategy to support normal birth.

Abstract Australia's caesarean section (CS) rate has been steadily increasing for decades. In response to this, we co‐designed an evidence‐based, multi‐pronged strategy to increase the normal birth rate in Queensland and reduce the need for CS. We conducted three workshops with a multi‐stakeholder group to identify a broad range of options to reduce CS, prioritise these options, and achieve consensus on a final strategy. The strategy comprised of: universal access to midwifery continuity‐of‐care and choice of place of birth; multi‐disciplinary normal birth education; resources to facilitate informed decision‐making; respectful maternity care and positive workplace culture; and establishment of a Normal Birth Collaborative.

Topic: Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Assemblage of 38 Ganoderma Strains Based on Combined rDNA ITS and Partial β-Tubulin Gene Sequences

Thirty-eight fungal strains,representing eight species of Ganoderma,obtained from Chinese sources and elsewhere,were separated into nine groups based on an analysis of combined rDNA ITS and partial β-tubulin gene sequences.The delineated groups were coincident with taxonomic species assignments except in the case of strains GL11 and GL81,which had been identified as G.lucidum but exhibited closer similarity with G.oerstedii.Our data suggested this methodology can be used for the preliminary assignment of newly isolated Ganoderma strains.

Topic: Fungal Biology and Applications
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
"Do I Look Okay?": Unpacking the Relations Between Body Image, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Mental Health

Body image dissatisfaction leads to an array of social and mental health adverse effects among youth and young adults. The purpose of this dissertation study is to assess the relations between self-reported body image satisfaction and bullying victimization, depression, and anxiety among youth and young adults across self-identified sexual orientation and gender identity subgroups. Individuals who self-identify as belonging to sexual and/or gender minority groups are at higher risk for experiencing higher levels of body image dissatisfaction and, in turn, psycho-social consequences. Data were collected from youth (ages 13-18) and young adults (ages 19-25) who participated in a larger, international research study. The current study found that individuals who identified as questioning their sexual orientation, those who identified as transgender, and participants’ aged 13-19 reported lower body image satisfaction. Additionally, lower body image satisfaction was associated with elevated depressive and anxious symptomatology. Interaction effects between body image dissatisfaction and sexual identity on mental health symptomatology were found for depressive symptomatology and for anxious symptomatology solely in young adults. This research advances empirical literature by being one of the first to examine psychosocial outcomes of body image differences across multiple self-identified sexual orientation and gender identity subgroups. Implications for research and clinical practice as well as study limitations are discussed.

Topic: Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences