jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE KNAPSACK PROBLEM

This paper treats the multiple-choice (continuous) knapsack problem P: maximize Σ^^n__<i=1> Σ^^<m_i__<j=1>c_<ij>x_<ij>subject to (1) Σ^^n__<i=1> Σ^^<m_i__<j=1>c_<ij>x_<ij>&les; b, (2) 0&les; x_<ij>&les; 1,i = 1,2 ,...,n,j=1,2,.... m_i and (3) at most one of x _<i1> , x _<i2>,..., x _<im_i> is positive for i = 1, 2,..., n, where n, m_i are positive integers ancl a_<i1>, c_<i1>, b are nonnegative real numbers. Two approximate algorithms and an exact branch-and-bound algorithm are proposed, by making use of the property that the LP relaxation of P provides considerably accurate upper and lower bounds of the optimal value of P. Although the multiple-choice knapsack problem is known to be NP-complete, computation results are quite encouraging. For example, approximate solutions withing 0.001% of the optimal values are obtained in less than one second (on FACOM 230/60) for problems with n = 1000 and m_i = 2, which are randomly generated from the uniform distribut[on. Exact optimal solutions of these problems with n = 500 and m_i = 2 are also obtainedin less than 0.2 seconds (on FACOM M190).

Topic: Optimization and Packing Problems
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Adaptive code modulation for 2D optical memories

Volumetric and page oriented optical storage systems have a great potential for high data density and high speed through page oriented data access (Haichuan Zhang et al, Proc. 18th IEEE Symp. Mass Storage Sys., 2001). However, in order to be practical, they have to maintain data integrity using error correction and modulation codes. The coding comes at a cost of spatial overhead of codeword size over the source data size, and processing time overhead for encoding and decoding. Our proposed adaptive modulation scheme strives to minimize both overheads. It achieves utilization of 74% with constant time complexity, which is competitive with other recently proposed schemes for page-oriented memories.

Topic: Advanced Data Storage Technologies
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Phaseolus vulgaris G12641

Plant Genetic Resource.<br>Taxonomy: Phaseolus vulgaris<br>Common name(s): beans<br>Other names: Cejon<br>Conserved by: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Colombia<br>Local sample unique identifier: G12641<br>Method of creation: Acquisition<br>Date: 1979-01-01<br>Historical: No<br>Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace<br>MLS status: Included

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Novel Pathogenic TUBA1A Variant in a Croatian Infant Is Linked to a Severe Tubulinopathy with Walker–Warburg-like Features

Tubulinopathies are associated with malformations of cortical development but not Walker–Warburg Syndrome. Intensive monitoring of a Croatian infant presenting as Walker–Warburg Syndrome in utero began at 21 weeks due to increased growth of cerebral ventricles and foetal biparietal diameter. Monitoring continued until Caesarean delivery at 34 weeks where the infant was eutrophic. Clinical assessment of a progressive neurological disorder of unknown aetiology found a macrocephalic head and markedly hypoplastic genitalia with a micropenis. Neurological examination showed generalized hypotonia with very rare spontaneous movements, hypotonia-induced respiratory insufficiency and ventilator dependence, and generalized myoclonus intensifying during manipulation. With clinical features of hypotonia, lissencephaly, and brain malformations, Walker–Warburg Syndrome was suspected; however, eye anomalies were absent. Genetic trio analysis via whole-exome sequencing only identified a novel de novo mutation in the TUBA1A gene (NM_006009.4:c.848A&gt;G; NP_006000.2:p.His283Arg) in the infant, who died at 2 months of age, as the likely cause. We report a previously unpublished, very rare heterozygous TUBA1A mutation with clinical features of macrocephaly and hypoplastic genitalia which have not previously been associated with the gene. The absence of eye phenotypes or mutations in Walker–Warburg-associated genes confirm this as not a new presentation of Walker–Warburg Syndrome but a novel TUBA1A tubulinopathy for neonatologists to be aware of.

Topic: RNA regulation and disease
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Clinical Studies of Lumbar Canal Stenosis Associated with Heavy Work. Post Operative Review of Farm Workers.

Clinical, radiological and surgical studies have been made of 57 farmers who were operated upon for degenerative lumbar canal stenosis (Group A) and degenerative spondylolisthesis (Group B). The improvement rate was excellent in both groups.(Group A: 75.6%, Group B: 71.7%). The improvement rate in abdominal and back muscle strength was lower in cases with postoperative kyphosis than in those with postoperative lordosis. Cases with a slip angle of less than 0 degrees postoperatively showed less improvement and a lower abdomminal and back muscle strength than those with an angle of 0 degrees or more. Disappearance of lumbar lordosis, local kyphotic alignment, low strength of abdominal and back muscles are unfavourable factors influencing return to farm work.

Topic: Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Evaluation of IL-6 and IL-8 in Tear Fluid of Sulfur Mustard Gas-Exposed Patients with Eye Lesions

The purpose of this study is to compare the levels of IL-6, 8 in tear fluids of people exposed to mustard gas in the war between Iraq and Iran who had the chronic dry-eye symptoms compared to the normal group. In this study, 25 of the patients who were exposed to mustard gas and had chronic dry eye symptoms were compared to 25 patients as control group, consisting of 25 people who had common chronic dry eye symptoms with blepharitis and 25 healthy people as normal group. The levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in tear fluid of people of these three groups were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results for levels of IL-6 (P = 0.002) and IL-8 (P = 0.001) in tear fluid of patients in comparison with normal group show a significant increase. The differences were considered statistically significant at P

Topic: Ocular Surface and Contact Lens
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Higher Order Cognitive Skills Training in Support of Contemporary Military Operations

The nature of global conflict is changing. Since 2001, the United States has openly engaged in an unconventional military conflict defined by a range of counterterrorism, counterinsurgency, peacekeeping, and infrastructure-building initiatives. To excel within this environment, the US military has adopted new strategic approaches, such as Full-Spectrum and Enhanced Company Operations. Such paradigms share a striking commonality: Much greater emphasis is now being placed on individual personnel's higher-order cognitive skills. This paper outlines the operational requirements that create a demand for efficient, deployable higher-order skills training. The paper also includes a discussion about current efforts aimed at developing instructional technology that can help meet these training needs.

Topic: Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Molecular pathogenesis of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza: the role of the haemagglutinin cleavage site motif

Summary The emergence of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza has caused a heavy socio‐economic burden through culling of poultry to minimise human and livestock infection. Although human infections with H5N1 have to date been limited, concerns for the pandemic potential of this zoonotic virus have been greatly intensified following experimental evidence of aerosol transmission of H5N1 viruses in a mammalian infection model. In this review, we discuss the dominance of the haemagglutinin cleavage site motif as a pathogenicity determinant, the host‐pathogen molecular interactions driving cleavage activation, reverse genetics manipulations and identification of residues key to haemagglutinin cleavage site functionality and the mechanisms of cell and tissue damage during H5N1 infection. We specifically focus on the disease in chickens, as it is in this species that high pathogenicity frequently evolves and from which transmission to the human population occurs. With &gt;75% of emerging infectious diseases being of zoonotic origin, it is necessary to understand pathogenesis in the primary host to explain spillover events into the human population. © 2015 The Authors. Reviews in Medical Virology published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.

Topic: Influenza Virus Research Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The relationship of clinical classification to "ras" oncogene expression in primary lung cancer.

原発性肺癌の腫瘍最大径およびTNM分類とras癌遺伝子発現の関係を抗ras p21モノクローナル抗体rp-35を用いて免疫組織学的に検討した.その結果, 原発巣腫瘍最大径が30mmを越える腺癌および扁平上皮癌はいずれも30mm以下のものに比べてrp-35に対して高反応性であった (P<0.01).TNM分類T因子では, T2およびT3症例はT1症例に比べてrp-35に対して高反応性であった (p<0-01).N因子およびM因子は明らかな関係を示さなかった.以上, 腫瘍最大径およびTNM分類T因子とras p21発現の間に相関を認めた.

Topic: Neuroblastoma Research and Treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Ca2Ga2SiO7‐Nd3+. A Novel Active Inorganic Material for Powerful Solid‐ State Lasers and Some of Its Physical Properties

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Topic: Solid State Laser Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A “Gold‐centric” implementation of open access: Hybrid journals, the “Total cost of publication,” and policy development in the UK and beyond

This paper reports analysis of data from higher education institutions in the UK on their experience of the open‐access (OA) publishing market working within a policy environment favoring “Gold” OA (OA publishing in journals). It models the “total cost of publication”—comprising costs of journal subscriptions, OA article‐processing charges (APCs), and new administrative costs—for a sample of 24 institutions. APCs are shown to constitute 12% of the “total cost of publication,” APC administration, 1%, and subscriptions, 87% (for a sample of seven publishers). APC expenditure in institutions rose between 2012 and 2014 at the same time as rising subscription costs. There was disproportionately high take up of Gold options for Health and Life Sciences articles. APC prices paid varied widely, with a mean APC of £1,586 in 2014. “Hybrid” options (subscription journals also offering OA for individual articles on payment of an APC) were considerably more expensive than fully OA titles, but the data indicate a correlation between APC price and journal quality (as reflected in the citation rates of journals). The policy implications of these developments are explored, particularly in relation to hybrid OA and potential of offsetting subscription and APC costs.

Topic: scientometrics and bibliometrics research
Subfield: Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Identification of a novel endogenous long non-coding RNA that inhibits selenoprotein P translation

Abstract Selenoprotein P (SELENOP) is a major plasma selenoprotein that contains 10 Sec residues, which is encoded by the UGA stop codon. The mRNA for SELENOP has the unique property of containing two Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) elements, which is located in the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR). Here, we coincidentally identified a novel gene, CCDC152, by sequence analysis. This gene was located in the antisense region of the SELENOP gene, including the 3′UTR region in the genome. We demonstrated that this novel gene functioned as a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that decreased SELENOP protein levels via translational rather than transcriptional, regulation. We found that the CCDC152 RNA interacted specifically and directly with the SELENOP mRNA and inhibited its binding to the SECIS-binding protein 2, resulting in the decrease of ribosome binding. We termed this novel gene product lncRNA inhibitor of SELENOP translation (L-IST). Finally, we found that epigallocatechin gallate upregulated L-IST in vitro and in vivo, to suppress SELENOP protein levels. Here, we provide a new regulatory mechanism of SELENOP translation by an endogenous long antisense ncRNA.

Topic: Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Home language and literacy environments at the age of four: determinants and their relation to reading comprehension up to age nine (<i>Ambientes de lenguaje y alfabetización inicial en el hogar a los cuatro años: determinantes y relación con comprensión lectora hasta los nueve años</i>)

This study determines (a) which factors of the parenting context, the child and their mothers are associated with environments that differ in their home literacy environment in a Chilean low-SES sample of 53-month-old children, and (b) whether reading comprehension at second and fourth grade is predicted by the socialization in the literacy environment. First, it found that the factors of maternal educational level and cognitions and the child’s task orientation and prosocial behaviour are related to the type of home literacy environment. Likewise, it found that the type of literacy environment predicts reading comprehension at age seven, with a major difference of one standard deviation between the two types of literacy environments. A similar distribution was found at age nine. This article discusses the implications of these results in informing early interventions in disadvantaged socioeconomic levels.

Topic: Literacy and Educational Practices
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Politické myšlení Judith Butlerové

My thesis is focused on critical analysis of political thought of American philosopher Judith Butler. Butler is concerned with the relationship between individual identity and collective subjectivity, and her works - which caused many critical reactions - represent one of the most interesting discussion in the field of feminist political philosophy. Butler is mainly concerned with the question, how various political strategies (eg. feminism) could be based on common interests of various agents, and not on their supposedly stable identity (eg. sex and gender). Her criticism of unproblematized "natural" identities is important not only to the constitution of any individual identity, but also for the notion of the political dimension of a collective subject. The introductory chapters of my thesis are concerned with early thought of Butler, mainly with her critical relationship to the "second wave" feminism, and with her notion of the performative constitution of gender identity. Next chapters explore the shift in her thinking from analysis of gender and sex towards more general themes of political thought: nation, race, class, universalism, state censorship, possibility of resistance or emergence of a collective subject without stable unifying principle. I also try to analyze selected critical...

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
STUDIES ON THE FRAGMENTATION OF DITERPENE QUINONES RELATED TO TANSHINONE UNDER ELECTRON IMPACT——THE OBSERVATION OF AN UNUSUAL (M-O) FRAGMENT ION

The fragmentation behavior of a series of diterpene quinones related to tanshinone,isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge,Salvia przewalskii Maxim.Var.mandarinorum Stib.and Salvia trijuga Diels,Was studied by low and high resolution mass spectrometry.The general fragmentation pathways of these compounds were proposed.An unusual loss of oxygen atom directly from the molecular ion was observed in cases of some hydroxy-substituted analogs.A comparison of the spectra of przewaquinone B(2) and hydroxytanshinone Ⅱ-A(7) with those of their derivatives,such as acetates (3,6) and quinoxalines (13,14),coupled with high resolution data and metastable measurement by defocusing technique,allowed us to postulate that the oxygen lost originates from the hydroxyl group as a result of intramolecular group interaction with the neighboring quinone functionality.

Topic: Traditional Chinese Medicine Analysis
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Treatment of Migraine Headache by Hypnosis and Behavior Therapy: A Case Study

A supramolecular system in which the concentration of a molecule is buffered over several orders of magnitude is presented. Molecular buffering is achieved as a result of competition in a ring–chain equilibrium of multivalent ureidopyrimidinone monomers and a monovalent naphthyridine molecule which acts as an end-capper. While we previously only considered divalent ureidopyrimidinone monomers we now present a model-driven engineering approach to improve molecular buffering using multivalent ring–chain systems. Our theoretical models reveal an odd–even effect where even-valent molecules show superior buffering capabilities. Furthermore, we predict that supramolecular buffering can be significantly improved using a tetravalent instead of a divalent molecule, since the tetravalent molecule can form two intramolecular rings with different “stabilities” due to statistical effects. Our model predictions are validated against experimental 1H NMR data, demonstrating that model-driven engineering has considerable potential in supramolecular chemistry. &lt;br/&gt;

Topic: Pain Management and Placebo Effect
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
They still like to get a letter – Patient preference for follow-up after radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation

Background: Several studies have shown that phone calls are an effective but resource-intensive follow-up (FU) method to collect patient reported data (PROM) after discharge from hospital. No studies regarding FU methods are available for patients treated by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for atrial fibrillation (AF). We wanted to examine the recent practice and resource needs for telephone contact.Method: In a 4-month period, we called 167 patients scheduled for RFA of AF on their mobile telephones. We registered the number of attempts needed to reach patients (maximum 3 times). In addition to medical issues, 70 of the patients were asked how they would like to answer FU questions after RFA.Results: Of the 167 patients, we received 96 responses (57%) on the first dialling attempt, 35 responses (21.%) on the second dialling attempt and no responses (n=36) on the third dialling attempt (22%). Of the 167 patients, 131 (78.4%) responded. Of these 167 patients, 135 were men. Regarding patient preference for FU, 50 (71.4%) favoured a questionnaire with a stamped return envelope. Conclusion: As in other patient groups, we demonstrate that telephone FU in AF patients is a resource-intensive task. For sufficient data quality, a higher response rate is required.Conclusion: As in other patient groups, we demonstrate that telephone FU in AF patients is a resource-intensive task. For sufficient data quality, a higher response rate is required.

Topic: Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Membrane Lipid Biosynthesis As a Potential Therapeutic Target in Multiple Myeloma

Abstract Abstract 1836 Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most prominent phospholipid in mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes. The rate-limiting step in PC synthesis through the Kennedy pathway is the conversion of phosphocholine + cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to cytidine diphosphocholine, (CDP)-choline, via the enzyme CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) (see figure). Multiple myeloma (MM) cells may be particularly dependent on this biosynthetic reaction because of their high consistent level of ER stress and requirement to continuously replenish ER membranes. Indeed, CCT-null mice have a defect in differentiation of B lymphocytes to plasma cells and deficiencies in Ig synthesis. To test whether this pathway remains critical in survival of malignant MM cells, we exposed MM cell lines to an inhibitor shown to inhibit CCT activity, HexPC. HexPC induced apoptosis in all MM cell lines in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The addition of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), presumably converted to PC independently of the Kennedy pathway, completely rescued MM cell apoptosis. In contrast, similar concentrations of LPC in the same cell lines could not rescue apoptosis induced by bortezomib. An additional intervention to inhibit phosphatidylcholine synthesis, namely inducing pyrimidine starvation, also resulted in MM cell apoptosis and down-regulation of CDP-choline levels. Apoptosis of MM cells induced by HexPC was associated with induction of ER stress as shown by enhanced phosphorylation of IRE1 and eIF-2alpha. This ER stress was also prevented when LPC was added to HexPC although LPC could not prevent similar ER stress induced by bortezomib. These results underscore the importance of this phosphatidylcholine synthesis pathway in MM cells and provide new targets for future therapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Topic: Biochemical and Molecular Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Identification of syllables in noise: Electrophysiological and behavioral correlates

This study was designed to characterize the effect of background noise on the identification of syllables using behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Twenty normal-hearing adults (18–30years) performed an identification task in a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm. Stimuli consisted of naturally produced syllables /da/ and /ga/ embedded in white noise. The noise was initiated 1000ms before the onset of the speech stimuli in order to separate the auditory event related potentials (AERP) response to noise onset from that to the speech. Syllables were presented in quiet and in five SNRs: +15, +3, 0, −3, and −6dB. Results show that (1) performance accuracy, d′, and reaction time were affected by the noise, more so for reaction time; (2) both N1 and P3 latency were prolonged as noise levels increased, more so for P3; (3) /ga/ was better identified than /da/, in all noise conditions; and (4) P3 latency was longer for /da/ than for /ga/ for SNR 0 through −6dB, while N1 latency was longer for /ga/ than for /da/ in most listening conditions. In conclusion, the unique stimuli structure utilized in this study demonstrated the effects of noise on speech recognition at both the physical and the perceptual processing levels.

Topic: Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences