jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Gesture Use by Chimpanzees (<scp><i>P</i></scp><i>an troglodytes</i>): Differences Between Sexes in Inter‐ and Intra‐<scp>S</scp>exual Interactions

Abstract Communication and social relationships are two of the most important aspects of primate life, but few studies have focused on linking these aspects in apes. There are some shared social pressures between the two sexes (e.g., kin selection, alliance formation, and protection against attack), but there are also differences (e.g., mate selection, dispersal, and social ranking systems). The aim of this study was to identify the communication strategies of the sexes with respect to their particular communication partner. I hypothesized the sexes use different strategies in their gestural communication based on their different social pressures. Specifically, males should have more positive intra‐sexual relationships than females because of high focus on male–male alliance formation and maintaining high social rank, both of which directly affect their mating opportunities and relationships with all other members of the group. On the other hand, females should have more positive inter‐sexual relationships due to the abuse they could receive from insubordination to males and because there is less focus on maintaining multiple, positive relationships with other females. Furthermore, because of differences in social pressures, males should have higher incidence of reassurance in same‐sex interactions than females because it should be more important for males to mitigate negative interactions. I analyzed the characteristics of the gesture repertoire and frequency of gesture use for each sex in each of four contexts: (1) aggression, (2) submission, (3) greeting, and (4) reassurance. I looked at intra‐sexual and inter‐sexual interactions, separately. I found that, indeed, males and females utilize different strategies of gestural communication. I also found that females, but not males, have a distinct gesture strategy for communicating with the opposite sex than for the same sex. This study shows there are distinct strategies utilized by the two sexes and these differences may be explained by their differing social pressures. Am. J. Primatol. 75:555‐567, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Topic: Primate Behavior and Ecology
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Tracking the separation of visual representations of face identity and emotional expression in real time

Leading models of face recognition assume that the processes of identity and emotional expression recognition occur in distinct cognitive and neural systems. Although there is strong evidence for the separation of these abilities, it is currently unclear whether this division occurs during visual-perceptual processing or at later modality-unspecific stages of face recognition. To track the time course of face identity and expression matching processes, and to find out when these processes separate during visual-perceptual stages of face recognition, we employed the N250r component as an event-related brain potential (ERP) marker of the match between visual working memory and perceptual representations. Two different face images were presented sequentially on each trial. In different tasks, participants had to decide whether either the identity or the expression of the two faces was the same or different. Changes or repetitions of the other task-irrelevant dimension (expression or identity) were varied orthogonally. In both the identity and expression matching tasks, the matching process, as reflected by N250r onset, started earlier when the irrelevant dimension was also repeated. N250r components to a matching task-relevant feature were delayed and attenuated when the task-irrelevant feature changed. Behavioural matching performance was also superior on trials where the currently irrelevant dimension was repeated. These findings demonstrate that face identity and expression are not processed independently. Even when only one of these dimensions is task-relevant, both are initially encoded in an integrated representation, and this can result in interference from the irrelevant dimension on visual-perceptual identity or expression matching processes. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015

Topic: Face Recognition and Perception
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Improving the Snakebite Envenoming First Aid Treatment of Farmers in Rural Areas of Indonesia: An Educational Intervention Program

Introduction: Snakebite Envenoming (SBE) cases are a worldwide health problem. Farmers have a big risk of becoming victims of SBE. SBE management is an issue that needs to be resolved due to a lack of information regarding the appropriate management of SBE. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of educational intervention programs on the knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy of farmers toward SBE management. Methods: The design of this study was a non-blinded cluster randomized controlled trial design, applied to 80 farmers in six subdistricts from rural areas of Indonesia. A multistage sampling was used to select participants. Data collection tools included a three-part questionnaire that consisted of demographics, knowledge, self-efficacy, and an observation checklist for SBE first aid practices for farmers. Education and training sessions were carried out for eight weeks for the intervention group by providing eight sessions of education and training activities. The effectiveness of the intervention was analyzed using a dependent t-test, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with p&lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results: The results of this study showed that there were significant differences in knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy (p&lt;0.05) of farmers in SBE first aid before and after the program. The intervention group showed better results compared to the control group after the follow-up. Conclusion: The educational intervention programs using the digital health education method with snakebite first aid applications have proven positive effect in increasing knowledge, attitudes, practices, and self-efficacy of SBE first aid among farmers.

Topic: Venomous Animal Envenomation and Studies
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Prediction for Ic degradation of superconducting strand under bending

Nb3Sn strand critical current (I-c) degradation is a basic issue strongly related to ITER operating performance. The developed analytical scheme predicting I-c degradation takes into account transverse resistivity and irreversibility of strand composite. Once compared to the measurements on three types of strands in periodic bending tests, this analytical prediction almost eliminates the difference between the measurements and widely existing previous models. As transverse resistivity gets closer to the experimental value, the prediction approaches the measurement remarkably. Additionally the classical outstanding experiment for strand in a steel tube simulating the practical operating situation is interpreted with this improved scheme. It is concluded that the discrepancy between Ekin's model result and the measurement is primarily due to the intrinsic transverse resistivity and irreversibility limit. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Topic: Superconducting Materials and Applications
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
High-strength self-consolidating concrete girders subjected to elevated compressive fiber stresses.

There are limited measurements documented in the literature related to long-term prestress losses in self consolidated concrete (SCC) members. Recorded test data have shown variations in mechanical property behavior of SCC compared to conventional high strength concrete (HSC) mixtures in the 8-12 ksi range. Over the past year, precast manufacturers such as Coreslab Structures, Inc., in Marshall, MO have experienced inconsistencies in camber behavior with SCC which may be attributed to mechanical property variations, but variation in stress may also be a contributing factor. Additionally, increasing the allowable fiber stress limit is desired for full utilization of materials and members, as long as structural performance is maintained. Furthermore, accurate prediction of time-dependant prestress losses is essential for determination of the effective prestress force, which affects serviceability prediction and structural performance. Further investigation is required.

Topic: Innovative concrete reinforcement materials
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Factors Influencing Adoption of and Adherence to Indoor Smoking Bans Among Health Disparity Communities

Objectives. We assessed current home smoking behaviors and secondhand smoke (SHS) levels among parents of children in low-income, racial/ethnic minority communities in Massachusetts. Methods. We used a cross-sectional design to assess home smoking rules, smoking status, cigarettes smoked in the home, and barriers and benefits to attaining a smoke-free home among 138 caregivers (mean age = 30.0 years; 92% women) of children aged 0 to 6 years, between April 2010 and September 2012. Indoor SHS was assessed using a nicotine dosimeter. Results. Households with no ban reported a higher weekly mean number of cigarettes smoked in the home (114 cigarettes/week) than homes with partial (71 cigarettes/week) or complete (30 cigarettes/week) bans (P &lt; .01). Smoking occurred outside more than inside homes with partial or complete bans. Air nicotine levels were positively associated with no household smoking ban, current smoking by the caregiver, and smoking indoors. Conclusions. Strategies to reduce home SHS should focus on a “complete” home smoking ban and smoking cessation. SHS mitigation strategies such as smoking outside were associated with lower SHS among participants unable to maintain a complete ban, and might enhance the likelihood of longer term success while immediately reducing home SHS.

Topic: Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Neonatal septicaemia in Benin City, Nigeria. A review of 74 cases.

Seventy four cases of neonatal septicaemia seen at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) over a 3-year period were analysed. The incidence was 6.1 per 1,000 live births. Fifty five percent of the infants were low birth weight. The predisposing perinatal problems were asphyxia, prolonged rupture of membrane and peripartum maternal fever. E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the most important aetiologic pathogens; both of which were associated with a high mortality rate. The overall mortality rate was 41.5%. On the basis of the organisms isolated and their sensitivity patterns, it is suggested that the initial treatment for neonatal septicaemia should include cloxacillin and gentamycin.

Topic: Neonatal and Maternal Infections
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Context modeling and constraints binding in web service business processes

Context awareness is a principle used in pervasive services\napplications to enhance their exibility and adaptability to\nchanging conditions and dynamic environments. Ontologies\nprovide a suitable framework for context modeling and reasoning. We develop a context model for executable business processes { captured as an ontology for the web services domain. A web service description is attached to a service context profile, which is bound to the context ontology. Context instances can be generated dynamically at services runtime and are bound to context constraint services. Constraint services facilitate both setting up constraint properties and constraint checkers, which determine the dynamic validity of context instances. Data collectors focus on capturing context instances. Runtime integration of both constraint services and data collectors permit the business process to achieve dynamic business goals.

Topic: Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
What do Communication Managers Do? Defining and Refining the Core Elements of Management in a Public Relations/Corporate Communication Context

This article presents the findings of the second stage of an international collaborative research program designed to map, explicate, and compare the main elements of the managerial role performed by communication/public relations practitioners working in a range of organizational settings and different cultural contexts. It builds on earlier qualitative research among U.K. and U.S. public relations practitioners designed to uncover the nature of the managerial roles they perform. In this study, a survey distributed to 900 U.K.-based communication practitioners was factor analyzed, revealing a five-factor interpretation, which suggests a more contemporary, empirically based conceptualization of key dimensions of the communication manager's role than currently offered by the traditional manager role typology advocated within the existing public relations roles literature.

Topic: Public Relations and Crisis Communication
Subfield: Communication
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
CXCR6-Mediated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagmSab Entry into Sabaeus African Green Monkey Lymphocytes Implicates Widespread Use of Non-CCR5 Pathways in Natural Host Infections

ABSTRACT African green monkeys (AGM) and sooty mangabeys (SM) are well-studied natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that do not progress to AIDS when infected with their species-specific viruses. Natural hosts of SIV express very low levels of the canonical entry coreceptor CCR5, and recent studies have shown that CCR5 is dispensable for SIV infection of SM in vivo and that blocking of CCR5 does not prevent ex vivo infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SM or vervet AGM. In both hosts, CXCR6 is an efficient entry pathway in vitro . Here we investigated the use of species-matched CXCR6 and other alternative coreceptors by SIVagmSab, which infects sabaeus AGM. We cloned sabaeus CD4 and 10 candidate coreceptors. Species-matched CXCR6, CCR5, and GPR15 mediated robust entry into transfected cells by pseudotypes carrying SIVagmSab92018ivTF Env, with lower-level entry through GPR1 and APJ. We cloned genetically divergent env genes from the plasma of two wild-infected sabaeus AGM and found similar patterns of coreceptor use. Titration experiments showed that CXCR6 and CCR5 were more efficient than other coreceptors when tested at limiting CD4/coreceptor levels. Finally, blocking of CXCR6 with its ligand CXCL16 significantly inhibited SIVagmSab replication in sabaeus PBMC and had a greater impact than did the CCR5 blocker maraviroc, confirming the use of CXCR6 in primary lymphocyte infection. These data suggest a new paradigm for SIV infection of natural host species, whereby a shared outcome of virus-host coevolution is the use of CXCR6 or other alternative coreceptors for entry, which may direct SIV toward CD4 + T cell subsets and anatomical sites that support viral replication without disrupting immune homeostasis and function. IMPORTANCE Natural hosts of SIV do not progress to AIDS, in stark contrast to pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-human and SIVmac-macaque infections. Identifying how natural hosts avoid immunodeficiency can elucidate key mechanisms of pathogenesis. It is known that despite high viral loads, natural hosts have a low frequency of CD4 + cells expressing the SIV coreceptor CCR5. In this study, we demonstrate the efficient use of the coreceptor CXCR6 by SIVagmSab to infect sabaeus African green monkey lymphocytes. In conjunction with studies of SIVsmm, which infects sooty mangabeys, and SIVagmVer, which infects vervet monkeys, our data suggest a unifying model whereby in natural hosts, in which the CCR5 expression level is low, the use of CXCR6 or other coreceptors to mediate infection may target SIV toward distinct cell populations that are able to support high-level viral replication without causing a loss of CD4 + T cell homeostasis and lymphoid tissue damage that lead to AIDS in HIV-1 and SIVmac infections.

Topic: HIV Research and Treatment
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
5 Attitudes Towards Tati Language Among its Native Speakers in Western Iran

This chapter presents the sociolinguistic profile of Tati language in Western Iran. In order to do so, at the first stage previous studies on language attitude with a specific focus on minority languages in Iran are reviewed. Thereafter, we offer an overview of the research on Tati language by both local and international scholars. Following this historical review, the rest of this chapter will deal with Tati in Western Iran. The main focus is on the attitudes of Tati native speakers towards Tati language as their mother tongue. To explore this issue, 188 male and female Tati speakers completed an online questionnaire. These voluntary participants were from a broad range of locales where Tati native speakers inhabit, including southern Qazvin and Eshtehard, Takestan, Esfarvarin, Zanjan, Boein Zahra, Sagz Abad, Vafs, Khalkhal, Klowr, Kejal, Danesfahan, Asalem, and Tarom. Futher to that, 10 participants were interviewed to further explore how Tati native speakers perceive their mother tongue. This chapter closes by discussing the findings from a sociolinguistic perspective and the importance of research on minority and endangered languages is also highlighted. Finally, some suggestions for future research in this regard are provided.

Topic: Linguistics and Cultural Studies
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Preparing Future Teachers to Respond to Stress: Sources and Solutions

Abstract The transition from student to teacher has its inherent stressors. However, this situation is exacerated by the abundance of stressors in the teaching profession. Teacher preparation programs may enhance their students' experiences during this transition by positioning them with information regarding the stressors unique to the teaching profession. Teacher preparation programs may help new teachers anticipate common stressors and factors that help mitigate these stressors resulting in lesser "fallout" common to the profession: high attrition, lowered efficacy and burnout. This paper identifies common sources of teacher stress, school-based factors that help mediate stress experienced by teachers, and promising preventive responses for teacher preparation programs.

Topic: Teacher Professional Development and Motivation
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Atomic simulations on the deformation mechanisms in nano-crystalline Ni–Al series Ni-based superalloy based on grain size, strain rate and temperature

Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations were used to investigate the tensile properties of nanocrystalline Ni–Al series Ni-based superalloy at different grain sizes (6.54–20 nm), strain rates (1 × 107–5 × 108 s−1) and temperatures (300–1000 K). Results indicate that plastic deformation of nanocrystalline Ni–Al series Ni-based superalloy was governed by stacking faults and FCC-to-HCP martensitic phase transformation, which was significantly different from twinning-dominated plastic deformation in nanocrystalline Ni. Nevertheless, the conventional Hall-Petch breakdown occurred at a critical grain size in both nanocrystalline Ni and Ni–Al series Ni-based superalloy. Moreover, the critical mean grain size was little influenced by the strain rate in the strain-rate range of 107 to 5 × 108 s−1. Strain rate sensitivity m was closely related to grain size and strain rate. Grains combination can be observed at lower strain rate, while at higher strain rate, GB diffusion was visible. Besides, flow stress and Young's modulus were both strongly affected by temperature, and an increase in temperature can accelerate GB diffusion and GB migration. The current study provides an atomic perspective on the deformation process and mechanisms in nanocrystalline Ni–Al series Ni-based superalloy, as well as new perspectives on designing novel superalloys with excellent mechanical properties.

Topic: Microstructure and mechanical properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
iTRAQ protein profile analysis of leaves and roots of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) differing in response to salt stress

<title>Abstract</title> Background Salinity is one of the most serious threat to agriculture worldwide. Sugar beet is an important sugar-yielding crop and has a certain tolerance to salt. However, the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in beta vulgaris are poorly understood. Proteomics can provide a new perspective and deeper understanding for the research of beet salt-tolerant. Results Here, leaves and roots were used to identify the differentially abundant protein species between salt-stress and control conditions in beta vulgaris. As a result, 70 and 76 DAPs were identified in leaves and roots, respectively. The functions were determined for the classification of the DAPs, mainly involved in cellular processes, environmental information processing, genetic information processing and metabolism. These processes can work cooperatively to reconstruct the favorable equilibrium of physiological and cellular homeostasis under salt stress. Some candidate DAPs are closely related to salt resistance such as choline monooxygenase, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and F-type H+-transporting ATPase. The expressional pattern of 10 DAPs encoding genes were consistent with the iTRAQ data. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that during adaptation of beet to salt stress, leaves and roots have distinct mechanisms of molecular metabolism regulation. This study provided some significative insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the response of higher plant to salt stress, and identified some candidate proteins against salt stress.

Topic: Plant responses to water stress
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
EPIDERMODYSPLASIA VERRUCIFORMIS

ABSTRACT A case of epidermodysplasia verruciformis in which most of the skin lesions gradually decreased during OK 432 therapy is reported. In correspondence with clinical improvement after this therapy, the T‐cell subpopulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes, which had decreased before OK 432 treatment, returned to the normal range, and the in vitro lymphocyte response to PHA also increased. The clinical regression of skin lesions appeared to be related to the recovery of general cell‐mediated immunity after OK 432 treatment.

Topic: Parvovirus B19 Infection Studies
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences