jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Stability analysis of p-kinks in a 0-p Josephson junction

&lt;p&gt;We consider a spatially nonautonomous discrete sine-Gordon equation with constant forcing and its continuum limit(s) to model a 0-pi Josephson junction with an applied bias current. The continuum limits correspond to the strong coupling limit of the discrete system. The nonautonomous character is due to the presence of a discontinuity point, namely, a jump of pi in the sine- Gordon phase. The continuum model admits static solitary waves which are called pi-kinks and are attached to the discontinuity point. For small forcing, there are three types of pi-kinks. We show that one of the kinks is stable and the others are unstable. There is a critical value of the forcing beyond which all static pi-kinks fail to exist. Up to this value, the (in)stability of the pi-kinks can be established analytically in the strong coupling limits. Applying a forcing above the critical value causes the nucleation of 2pi-kinks and -antikinks. Besides a pi-kink, the unforced system also admits a static 3pi-kink. This state is unstable in the continuum models. By combining analytical and numerical methods in the discrete model, it is shown that the stable pi-kink remains stable and that the unstable pi-kinks cannot be stabilized by decreasing the coupling. The 3pi-kink does become stable in the discrete model when the coupling is sufficiently weak.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Where Is the Normative Proof? Assumptions and Contradictions in ML Fairness Research

Across machine learning (ML) sub-disciplines researchers make mathematical assumptions to facilitate proof-writing. While such assumptions are necessary for providing mathematical guarantees for how algorithms behave, they also necessarily limit the applicability of these algorithms to different problem settings. This practice is known--in fact, obvious--and accepted in ML research. However, similar attention is not paid to the normative assumptions that ground this work. I argue such assumptions are equally as important, especially in areas of ML with clear social impact, such as fairness. This is because, similar to how mathematical assumptions constrain applicability, normative assumptions also limit algorithm applicability to certain problem domains. I show that, in existing papers published in top venues, once normative assumptions are clarified, it is often possible to get unclear or contradictory results. While the mathematical assumptions and results are sound, the implicit normative assumptions and accompanying normative results contraindicate using these methods in practical fairness applications.

Topic: Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Engineering probiotic <i>Escherichia coli</i> Nissle 1917 to block transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance genes by exploiting a type I CRISPR-Cas system

ABSTRACT Many multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have evolved through the accumulation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Although the potential risk of probiotics as reservoirs of ARGs has been recognized, strategies for blocking the transfer of ARGs while using probiotics have rarely been explored. The probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) has long been used for treating intestinal diseases. Here, we demonstrate frequent transfer of ARGs into EcN both in vitro and in vivo , raising concerns about its potential risk of accumulating antibiotic resistance. Given that no CRISPR-Cas system was found in natural EcN, we integrated the type I-E CRISPR-Cas3 system derived from E. coli BW25113 into EcN. The engineered EcN was able to efficiently cleave multiple ARGs [i.e., mcr-1 , bla NDM-1 , and tet (X)] encoding enzymes for degrading last-resort antibiotics. Through co-incubation of EcN expressing Cas3-Cascade and that expressing Cas9, we showed that the growth of the former strain outcompeted the latter strain, demonstrating a better clinical application prospect of EcN expressing the type I-E CRISPR-Cas3 system. In the intestine of a model animal (i.e., zebrafish), the engineered EcN exhibited immunity against the transfer of CRISPR-targeted ARGs. Our work equips EcN with immunity against the transfer of multiple ARGs by exploiting the exogenous type I-E CRISPR-Cas3 system, thereby reducing the risk of the spread of ARGs while using it as a probiotic chassis for generating living therapeutics. IMPORTANCE To reduce the development of antibiotic resistance, probiotics have been considered as a substitute for antibiotics. However, probiotics themselves are reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study introduces a new strategy for limiting the spread of ARGs by engineering the typical probiotic strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), which has been used for treating intestinal diseases and developed as living therapeutics. We also demonstrate that the type I CRISPR-Cas system imposes a lower growth burden than the type II CRISPR-Cas system, highlighting its promising clinical application potential. Our work not only provides a new strategy for restricting the transfer of ARGs while using probiotics but also enriches the genetic engineering toolbox of EcN, paving the way for the safe use and development of probiotics as living therapeutics.

Topic: CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Modelling B2C e-businesses in fast-growing industries using system dynamics

Most existing econometric studies have approached the issue of internet-based Business-to-Consumer (B2C) operation by analysing one or two specific relations. Few studies have examined the entire dynamics of online (internet-based B2C) and offline (traditional brick and mortar) operation in fast-growing industries. Taking the System Dynamics (SD) perspective, this paper offers a comprehensive conceptual model (i.e., causal loop diagrams) that portrays dynamic processes of simultaneously running online and offline businesses in fast-growing industries. Major functional areas such as R&D, manufacturing, marketing, product delivery, after sales service, online store construction, and online versus offline customer interflow are included in the causal loop diagram. Five reinforcing loops and three balancing loops plausibly influencing corporate performance are identified and discussed. Implications of the conceptual model for researchers and practitioners in fast-growing industries are also discussed.

Topic: Innovation Diffusion and Forecasting
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Effects of foliar fertilizers on grain quality by using SPAD chlorophyll meter

On-farm field experiments were conducted in 2013 around Hungary to evaluate the effect of natural foliar fertilizer applications on spelt yield and grain quality. Four different &#13;\nfoliar applications and a control field were compared to monitor the efficiancy of the treatments.

Topic: Crop Yield and Soil Fertility
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
IMAGES OF GERMANY/RUSSIA AND THE GERMANS/RUSSIANS IN THE HETEROSTEREOTYPED CONCEPTIONS OF RUSSIAN AND GERMAN STUDENTS

The article presents results of the surveys carried out in Germany and in Russia in 2000-2011 to research the Russians’ and Germans’ ethnic stereotyped conceptions. The research method is a free associative description, the respondents are university students. The article gives a comparative analysis of the most frequent associations of Russian and German students with the stimuli-words “Germany/Russia” and “Germans/Russians”. It also presents the results of the content-analysis of the associations based on their thematic belonging to the following categories – history, geography, people, politics, economics, culture, language, etc. The author states prevailing negative image of Russia in Germany, abundance of a little attractive conception about Russia as a country of eternal winter, disorder, poverty of the most people against the background of richness of the oligarchs, a rather authoritarian political regime. One of the central places in the image of Russia occupies vodka and drunkenness of the Russians. The image of Germany in Russia consists of a negative image of the military past and some idealization of the present. Most respondents consider Germany to be developed, civilized, successful, almost a fairy tale country. In dynamics however there is a trend to decrease this idealization. The results of the survey can be used to develop different Russian-German projects and to improve the students’ intercultural education.

Topic: Language, Communication, and Linguistic Studies
Subfield: Communication
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Measurement of the Natural Contents of RaD (Pb210) and RaF (Po210) in Human Bone—Estimates of Whole-Body Burdens

The natural RaD (Pb210) concentration in man has been determined from measurement of the RaF (Po210) in bone samples obtained from surgery and autopsy of unexposed individuals, mostly from Illinois. About 63 per cent of the RaD is in the skeleton in apparent equilibrium with RaF and, within a factor of 2, it is uniformly distributed in the skeleton. The average RaD concentration found in 128 bone samples was 0.146 ± 0.020 pc/g ash as compared to an average Ra226 concentration of 0.037 ± 0.007 pc/g ash. Little correlation between the two nuclides was observed. The average RaD concentrations in the skeleton were 0.161 pc/g ash in men and 0.119 pc/g ash in women. These concentrations were generally higher in trabecular than in cortical bone, 0.184 and 0.105 pc/g ash, respectively. No particular correlation was found between the residence histories of the donors and the RaD concentrations in their skeletons. Calculations based on some of the metabolic parameters of lead and on the known concentrations of Ra226, Rn222 and RaD in the human biosphere, show food and air to be the major contributors of RaD in the subjects studied. The RaDEF decay chain is shown to contribute a radiation dose to the human skeleton more than double that from Ra226 and about equal to that from Ra226 and Ra228 combined.

Topic: Radioactivity and Radon Measurements
Subfield: Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Egypt’s Arabism: Aḥmad Ḥasan az-Zayyāt: From Islam’s Community to the wide Pan-Arab Nation in the 1930s and 1940s

Az-Zayyāt often felt strong supra-Arab Islamic community emotions in topical contemporary contexts and perpetuated themes about pristine classical Islam from the old pre-World War I type of political pan-Islamism in Egypt. He carried forward Al-Afġānī’s identification with the world-wide military conquests of the early Muslim Arabs, and the universalist Islamic states (empires) that they founded almost overnight. This supra-Middle Eastern scope of the classical Arabs’ role posed problems for the rigorous territorialization of an Arab nation indispensable for a viable Arab nationalism in Egypt.

Topic: Islamic Studies and History
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Gluten challenge in children with coeliac disease. With special reference to dose dependence and impact on growth markers and growth hormone secretion

Coeliac disease is a prevalent food intolerance in both children and adults, in which ingestion of gluten causes inflammation of the small intestine. This inflammation resolves upon gluten withdrawal, and gluten challenge induces relapse of enteropathy in susceptible individuals. To identify the impact of gluten dose upon the manifestations of coeliac disease, the outcomes of two defined gluten doses were compared using gluten challenges of fixed duration. The aims were to evaluate the effects of the two gluten doses on the small intestinal mucosa and on serological markers. Further aims were to explore the effects of these doses on symptoms, signs and liver function tests and to investigate whether the development of symptoms has an impact on gluten consumption. A symptom score (SS) and an enteropathy score (ES) were developed as instruments for evaluating dose differences. The impact of gluten challenge on growth markers and growth factors was explored and the relationship to other clinical parameters was evaluated, including spontaneous growth hormone (GH) secretion. The results showed the degree of enteropathy to be dose dependent, but anti-gliadin antibody (AGA) or endomysium antibody (EmA) levels were not. Ninety-four percent of the children relapsed within 4 weeks. The symptom score increased with increased gluten dose. Symptoms were common and correlated with the degree of enteropathy. There was a sex difference with more conspicuous change of weight and serum albumin in girls. The patients adapted their gluten consumption with respect to the prescribed dose and symptoms. A reduction of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) was observed. Part of the reduction of IGF-I was correlated with the development of enteropathy. Gluten challenge was however not associated with a reduction of spontaneous GH secretion.These studies demonstrate that lower gluten doses and a shorter duration than in previous studiesof gluten challenge may be used to confirm coeliac disease. Gluten doses of 0.2 g/kg/d may be used for gluten challenge in patients with "classic" presentation of coeliac disease.

Topic: Celiac Disease Research and Management
Subfield: Gastroenterology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Consulting of Class-wide Positive Behavior Support in Elementary School: Improving Teacher Implementation of Universal Intervention and Children’s Expected Behavior

In this study, in order to verify the effect of Class-wide positive behavior support based on the consulting model, the difference between the teacher's universal intervention ability and the student's expected behavior change rate with and without counseling was confirmed. To this end, the experimental group was provided with universal intervention through consulting after teacher training, and the comparison group was provided with teacher-led intervention after only teacher training. As a result of the study, the universal intervention implementation fidelity of teachers in the experimental group, who was initially involved in consulting, was higher than in the comparison group. However, as consulting was provided to the comparison group after that, it was found that the average of the two groups became the same at the end of the intervention. At the beginning of the intervention, the experimental group showed a steeper increase in the slope in expected behavior than the comparison group, and this effect remained even after the intervention was terminated and withdrawn. These results suggest the significant effect of universal intervention based on the consulting model and the importance of early intervention in the teacher's positive behavior support performance.

Topic: Child Development and Education
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Noordhoff Craniofacial Foundation—Online Operative Syllabus and Video Review

From the Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital Geral Santa Casa da Misericordia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Received July 13, 2017, and accepted for publication, after revision August 23, 2017. Conflicts of interest: None declared. Reprints: Lee Seng Khoo, MD, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital Geral Santa Casa da Misericordia do Rio de Janeiro, R. Santa Luzia, 206 - Castelo, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 20020-022, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected].

Topic: Cleft Lip and Palate Research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
&lt;title&gt;Discrete Approach To Inverse Scattering In Two Dimensions&lt;/title&gt;

We describe an algorithm for two-dimensional inverse scattering that is based on a finite element approximation of the scalar Helmholtz equation. The algorithm is iterative, so that nonlinearity in the direct scattering can be accounted for, but computationally, the method is slow and, at present, is limited to small problems. Nevertheless, model simulations indicate that the algorithm can produce accurate reconstructions in cases where high-resolution linear methods cannot be applied.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Topic: Geophysical Methods and Applications
Subfield: Ocean Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Unitarians and the Construction of History and Biography, 1740-1820

In his biographies of Lorenzo de’ Medici and Pope Leo X, the Liverpool Unitarian William Roscoe (1753-183) explored a mutually-dependent relationship between individuals and the political structure within which they lived. Roscoe recorded that history and biography were regarded as distinct genres, but he saw the roots of change in history as grounded both in the political structure and in the human mind and thus integrated the two, investigating change in history through a physiological understanding of the human mind and the nature of personal identity. The Unitarian concept of the soul as a part of the divine spirit, as having no sex, affected their attitude to gender relations: all individuals had both male and female attributes in varying degrees, on a single continuum. Thomas Reid saw a possibility of philosophical integration between matter and spirit, and mind and body were being brought together in physiological terms as Descartes dualism was discarded. In this context we can set the Liverpool concept of the need for balance in the individual and in society. Unitarianism also contributed to a sense of alienation, privileging balance and integration. There is a synergy between Rousseau's description of the inevitability of democratic forms declining into slavery and Roscoe's description of the subversion of Lorenzo's democratic Florence into Leo's oligarchic city. So too with Liverpool: despite a wide franchise in the 17th century, by the mid 18th century control was in the hands of a small group of High Anglican Tories, albeit constantly disputed. This political and religious position, exposed through the biographies, mapped out a route for change led by the presence of liberty and the reasoned control of the passions.

Topic: American Constitutional Law and Politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Boolean is Dead, Long Live the Boolean! Natural Language versus Boolean Searching in Introductory Undergraduate Instruction

Boolean logic can be a difficult concept for first-year, introductory students to grasp. This paper compares the results of Boolean and natural language searching across several databases with searches created from student research questions. Performance differences between databases varied. Overall, natural search language is at least as good as Boolean searching. With evidence that students struggle to grasp Boolean searching, and may not use it even after instruction, it could be left out of first-year instruction, freeing up valuable class time to focus on concepts such as question development and source evaluation. As the Framework for Information Literacy does not specifically address Boolean operators, the authors suggest it should have less prominence in first-year Information Literacy instruction.

Topic: Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Appearance of serum antibodies to rat yolk‐sac carcinomas during the latent period prior to primary tumor development

Abstract Rat yolk‐sac tumors were induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) displacement of the visceral yolk sac in fetectomized W/Fu rats. Serum was obtained from each female rat prior to the pregnancy preceding the tumor‐inducing procedure and then once a month during the induction period. The sera were analyzed for the presence of antibodies binding to cultured cells of one of the yolk‐sac tumors. Sera were also assayed for complement‐dependent cytotoxic antibodies on tumor cells. In rats that developed tumors, antibodies reacting specifically with the target tumor cells could be detected in all of 10 rats. Antibodies appeared before tumor detection in all animals but one, and in 6 rats as early as 11 to 25 weeks prior to tumor detection. Nine rats developed antibodies demonstrable in the binding assay and in 6 of those the antibodies appeared 8 to 25 weeks before the tumor became palpable. Analysis of the isotypes of the Ig that bound to tumor cells showed that IgG1 and lgG2b were most frequently present. In one rat lgG2a antibodies appeared one month before tumor detection followed by IgG1 and lgG2b antibodies detectable 4 weeks later. IgG2c and IgM antibodies were not detected in any of the rats. At dilution 1/10, sera of all 10 rats showed specific cytotoxicity to the tumor cells in the presence of added rabbit complement. In 9 of these animals antibodies were demonstrated 1 to 4 months prior to tumor detection.

Topic: Animal Virus Infections Studies
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Using Design Science Research to develop Online Enhanced Pharmaceutical Care Services

The ePharmaCare project aims at assessing the potential of eHealth services for the provision of pharmaceutical services interacting actively with patients. The results presented here focus on the first three steps of Design Science Research Methodology. A mixed methods approach was used with an online survey to collect data on use of information technologies in community pharmacy, followed by an exploratory observational time and business processes study, which use the shadowing method to identify and assess the opportunity to lunch online services. Combining this with the Service Experiment Blueprint and the D&amp;aacute;der method an enhanced pharmaceutical service was designed. Next, an artifact is developed and a prototype is implemented to demonstrate the value of online pharmaceutical services' delivery. This new service could represent a new perspective for pharmaceutical services integration within the health system.

Topic: Information Systems Theories and Implementation
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A general solution of the ripple-averaged kinetic equation (GSRAKE)

A general solution of the ripple-averaged kinetic equation, GSRAKE, is presented and used to investigate neoclassical transport in the model magnetic field of a simple stellarator. No assumptions are made as to the relative sizes of the collision frequency, nu , and poloidal precessional frequency, as, so that the solution is valid throughout the entire long-mean-free-path regime. Separate but fully self-consistent treatments of both localized and non-localized particles are provided; the interaction between these two classes of particles is accounted for through a set of appropriate physical boundary conditions. All drift terms present within the framework of the ripple-averaged theory are included; in particular, for localized particles Omega theta = Omega E+ Omega Del B is comprised of both the E*B and Del B precessional frequencies. The solution is thus equally valid in the Omega E>> Omega Del B and the Omega E=0 limits of standard neoclassical theory. A detailed comparison of results with those of the FLOCS code is undertaken; estimates of neoclassical transport coefficients obtained from several codes are also presented. Agreement of results is found in all of these comparisons, GSRAKE requiring but a tiny fraction of the computational time necessary for the other codes.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences