jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Stability of adaptive congestion-controllers for high bandwidth connections

In this paper we use fluid-models to look at the adaptation of congestion-controllers to achieve higher throughputs and utilizations in high bandwidth connections. We first parameterize the congestion-controllers using a parameter called the multiplicative decrease parameter and study the adaptation of the congestion-controllers in terms of adapting this parameter. We then linearize the system to study the local stability properties and provide design rules for choosing the parameters of the congestion-controllers. We assume a general network topology and arbitrary round-trip delays in the analysis. Simulations that show the throughput increase that can be achieved using such adaptive congestion-controllers are also presented.

Topic: Network Traffic and Congestion Control
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cervical cancer screening of female of rural community of Nepal: Knowledge, attitude and practices

Purpose and Objectives: Cervical cancer is leading female cancer in Nepal. Despite the existence of effective screening using Pap smear, the uptake of screening is poor. This is mainly due to lack of knowledge, lack of availability of services in rural area and low priority of women’s health issue. Objectives of this study were to determine the baseline information about the knowledge of cervical cancer and explore attitude and practice of Pap smear screening among the women of rural community of Nepal. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional population based descriptive study of female attending free health camp in different rural community of Nepal organized by Nepal Cancer Hospital was conducted using self-administered questionnaire to elicit information on demographic characteristics, knowledge, screening behaviors and determinants of cervical cancer. Knowledge is elicited about eligibility for screening and screening interval according to American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines. Practices are evaluated as having ever been screened themselves. Attitudes referred to the various reasons for not getting screened themselves. Results: A total of 500 women participated in this study, out of which 44.4% (228) were either illiterate or just educated up to primary school. Mean age of participates were 40.6±10.3 yrs. 47.4% (238) of women married before age of 18 and 57% (258) women had their first childbirth before age of 21 years. Only 33.8% (169) female knew that cervical cancer is preventable and is curable in early stage. Although 42.6% (213) women heard about Pap smear, only 38.2% (191) knew about eligibility of screening and 11% (55) knew about screening interval. However, knowledge of risk factors for cervical cancer was found in 8.2% (41). About 26.8% (134) women had done Pap test at least once. The most common reason for not doing Pap test is they never heard about it (41.8%: 209). The other reason includes do not know where to do (9.6%: 48); never adviced by doctor (9%: 45); embarrassment (2.4%: 12); fear of finding out cancer (3.2%: 16) and do not have any symptoms (2.4%: 12). Conclusions: The study revealed low cervical cancer knowledge and poor screening behavior among the women. This may be suggestive of even poorer awareness and screening and practices among older women who are less educated or with no education.

Topic: Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Hormonal Regulation of Response to Oxidative Stress in Insects—An Update

Insects, like other organisms, must deal with a wide variety of potentially challenging environmental factors during the course of their life. An important example of such a challenge is the phenomenon of oxidative stress. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of adipokinetic hormones (AKH) as principal stress responsive hormones in insects involved in activation of anti-oxidative stress response pathways. Emphasis is placed on an analysis of oxidative stress experimentally induced by various stressors and monitored by suitable biomarkers, and on detailed characterization of AKH’s role in the anti-stress reactions. These reactions are characterized by a significant increase of AKH levels in the insect body, and by effective reversal of the markers—disturbed by the stressors—after co-application of the stressor with AKH. A plausible mechanism of AKH action in the anti-oxidative stress response is discussed as well: this probably involves simultaneous employment of both protein kinase C and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate pathways in the presence of extra and intra-cellular Ca2+ stores, with the possible involvement of the FoxO transcription factors. The role of other insect hormones in the anti-oxidative defense reactions is also discussed.

Topic: Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Acercándose al mundo campesino

The preferential option for the poor is an evangelical challenge for all the disciples of Jesus. It implies a process of assuming the cause of the poor, of solidarity in their struggle and of approaching their world. In many sectors of the continent there is a great effort by pastoral agents to pitch their tent in the midst of the poor, to live discipleship from a life side by side with the poor. In this article I would like to describe some key points of the experience in the peasant community and its implications in the construction of the Church.

Topic: Religious and Theological Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Figure 4 in Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species

Figure 4. Plantar view of left hindfoot of Megalomys desmarestii (NHM 50.11.30.6). Scale bar: 1 cm.

Topic: Andrographolide Research and Applications
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
NUMBER OF PHOSPHORUS DISSOLVING BACTERIA IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF WINTER WHEAT INOCULATED WITH RHIZOBIUM RADIOBACTER

The paper presents the results of three-year studies aimed to determine the influence of presowing seeds inoculation with Rhizobium radiobacter on the number of phosphorus dissolving bacteria in the rhizosphere of winter wheat. The increase of the number of phosphorus mobilizing microorganisms in root zone of plants at tillering stage under the influence of inoculation was observed.

Topic: Agricultural Productivity and Crop Improvement
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Effects of Lifestyle Intervention on Plasma Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Obese Adults

Accumulating evidence linking trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has prompted interest in developing therapeutic strategies to reduce its production. We compared two lifestyle intervention approaches: hypocaloric versus eucaloric diet, combined with exercise, on TMAO levels in relation to CVD risk factors. Sixteen obese adults (66.1 ± 4.4 years, BMI (body mass index): 35.9 ± 5.3 kg/m2, fasting glucose: 106 ± 16 mg/dL, 2-h PPG (postprandial glucose): 168 ± 37 mg/dL) were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of exercise (5 days/week, 80–85% HRmax (maximal heart rate)) plus either a hypocaloric (HYPO) (−500 kcal) or a eucaloric (EU) diet. Outcomes included plasma TMAO, glucose metabolism (oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps for glucose disposal rates (GDR)), exercise capacity (VO2max, maximal oxygen consumption), abdominal adiposity (computed tomography scans), cholesterol, and triglycerides. Results showed that body composition (body weight, subcutaneous adiposity), insulin sensitivity, VO2max, and cholesterol all improved (p &lt; 0.05). HYPO decreased the percentage change in TMAO compared to an increase after EU (HYPO: −31 ± 0.4% vs. EU: 32 ± 0.6%, p = 0.04). Absolute TMAO levels were not impacted (HYPO: p = 0.09 or EU: p = 0.53 group). The change in TMAO after intervention was inversely correlated with baseline visceral adipose tissue (r = −0.63, p = 0.009) and GDR (r = 0.58, p = 0.002). A hypocaloric diet and exercise approach appears to be effective in reducing TMAO. Larger trials are needed to support this observation.

Topic: Diet and metabolism studies
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Safety and usefulness of a novel short track sliding balloon catheter

The novel STS balloon catheter can be safely applied in routine coronary intervention with minimal complications. In addition, this catheter could be useful for performing the kissing balloon technique with a small-caliber guiding catheter and distal anchoring technique with a single guidewire.

Topic: Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Light-controlled smart nanotubes based on the orthogonal assembly of two homopolymers

Two homopolymers can orthogonally self-assemble into pseudo-copolymer based on terminal host–guest interactions, and these supramolecular copolymers further fabricate one-dimensional nanotubes in water. By applying alternate UV/visible light, the aggregates can reversibly assemble and disassemble by means of the association and disassociation of active connection.

Topic: Supramolecular Self-Assembly in Materials
Subfield: Biomaterials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
An Evaluation of a Canine Welfare Education Intervention for Primary School Children

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a canine welfare education intervention, “Mr T’s Tickles Workshop,” for improving 8- to 9-year-old children’s canine emotion recognition, their belief about canine sentience, their knowledge of canine welfare needs, their attitudes toward cruelty to canines, and their attachment to pets. “Mr T’s Tickles Workshop” was a one-off intervention comprising a 1.5-hour workshop of welfare activities delivered to whole classrooms online. The workshop consisted of three activities: (1) a canine emotion recognition task, (2) creating a “box of comfort” of care equipment for older dogs, and (3) creating a memory jar of positive memories for children. A 2 × 2 mixed factorial design was used for the quantitative evaluation of this study. Factor one was the phase of testing (time), a repeated-measure variable (pre-test versus post-test), and factor two was the between-subject variable conditions (intervention versus control group). A sample of 120 children aged 8–9 years from five primary school classes (4 intervention classes and 1 control class) from one school participated in the study. The results showed that children in the intervention group improved significantly more than the children in the control group in terms of children’s canine emotion recognition from pre-test to post-test. There was no change in attitudes that intentional cruelty is acceptable in the intervention group; these attitudes worsened in the control group. Finally, the qualitative content analysis of children’s responses showed that feedback on the intervention was highly positive. The findings indicate that age-appropriate canine welfare education can effectively enhance children’s canine emotion recognition and attitudes toward intentional cruelty.

Topic: Human-Animal Interaction Studies
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Biochemotherapy of melanoma.

Based on the observation of a small proportion of long-term responses the use of biotherapy or biochemotherapy is currently preferred in many institutions as first line treatment in stage IV melanoma, but still the outcome for patients with stage IV melanoma is unsatisfactory. Various interleukin 2 (IL-2) dosing schedules and combinations with interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) have been tested in patients with advanced melanoma in phase I and II studies. The response rate reported with cytokines alone (IL-2 as a single agent or in combination with IFN-alpha) varies from 10-41%. Subsequently, biochemotherapy regimens combining IL-2, IFN-alpha and chemotherapy have been evaluated in phase II trials suggesting improved response rates. Recent randomised trials have investigated the role of biochemotherapy as compared to biotherapy alone or as compared to chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced melanoma. So far, none of the approaches has been proven to confer a survival benefit and thus the uniform desire is to include as many patients as possible into controlled clinical trials. Therefore current trials are under way trying to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy alone by adding histamine or vaccines to IL-2.

Topic: Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
A New Public Release of the GIZMO Code

We describe a major update to the public GIZMO code. GIZMO has been used in simulations of cosmology; galaxy and star formation and evolution; black hole accretion and feedback; proto-stellar disk dynamics and planet formation; fluid dynamics and plasma physics; dust-gas dynamics; giant impacts and solid-body interactions; collisionless gravitational dynamics; and more. This release of the public code supports: hydrodynamics (using various mesh-free finite-volume Godunov methods or SPH), ideal and non-ideal MHD, anisotropic conduction and viscosity, radiative cooling and chemistry, star and black hole formation and feedback, sink particles, dust-gas (aero)-dynamics (with or without magnetic fields), elastic/plastic dynamics, arbitrary (gas, stellar, degenerate, solid/liquid material) equations of state, passive scalar/turbulent diffusion, large-eddy and shearing boxes, self-gravity with fully-adaptive force softenings, arbitrary cosmological expansion, and on-the-fly group-finding. It is massively-parallel with hybrid MPI+OpenMP scaling verified up to &gt;1 million threads. The code is extensively documented, with test problems and tutorials provided for these different physics modules.

Topic: Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Efficient heuristics for simulating rare events in queuing networks

In this thesis we propose state-dependent importance sampling heuristics to estimate the probability of population overflow in queuing networks. These heuristics capture state-dependence along the boundaries (when one or more queues are almost empty) which is crucial for the asymptotic efficiency of the change of measure. The approach does not require difficult (and often intractable) mathematical analysis or costly optimization involved in adaptive importance sampling methodologies. Experimental results on tandem, parallel, feed-forward, and a 2-node feedback Jackson queuing networks as well as a 2-node tandem non-Markovian network suggest that the proposed heuristics yield asymptotically efficient estimators, sometimes with bounded relative error. For these queuing networks no state-independent importance sampling techniques are known to be efficient.

Topic: Probability and Risk Models
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Foreign Direct Investments’ Impact on Economic Growth in Serbia

As a main input for economic growth and competitiveness, foreign direct investments (FDI) remain one of the most important sources in both emerging and developing countries. This study emphasizes the importance of FDI into Serbia's economy by analysing the forecasts between FDI, GDP, the unemployment rate and global competitive index (GCI). In this paper, authors focussed on a comparison of FDI inflows from China, Russia and the EU countries. According to the multiplicative and seasonal aspects of trend analysis considered, projections show a gradual increase in GDP, FDI, competitive ranks and a decrease in the unemployment rate for the following 5 years. These results shed light on the future potential directions under which investment and other public policies should be created. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

Topic: Regional Development and Management Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Fundamental limit of gate oxide thickness scaling in advanced MOSFETs

The statistical distribution of the direct tunnel leakage current through the ultrathin gate oxides of MOSFETs induces significant fluctuations in the threshold voltage and the transconductance when the gate oxide tunnel resistance becomes comparable to the gate poly-Si resistance. By calculating the measured tunnel current based on multiple scattering theory, it is shown that the threshold voltage and the transconductance fluctuations will be problematic when the gate oxide thickness is scaled down to about 0.8 nm.

Topic: Semiconductor materials and devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
MHD stability of tokamak plasmas

This paper will give an overview of the some of the methods which are used to simulate the ideal MHD properties of tokamak plasmas. A great deal of the research in this field is necessarily numerical and the substantial progress made during the past several years has roughly paralleled the continuing availability of more advanced supercomputers. These have become essential to accurately model the complex configurations necessary for achieving MHD stable reactor grade conditions. Appropriate tokamak MHD equilibria will be described. Then the stability properties is discussed in some detail, emphasizing the difficulties of obtaining stable high {beta} discharges in plasmas in which the current is mainly ohmically driven and thus demonstrating the need for tailoring the current and pressure profiles of the plasma away from the ohmic state. The outline of this paper will roughly follow the physics development to attain the second region of stability in the PBX-M device at The Princeton Plasmas Physics Laboratory.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Stochastic models for objects and images in oncology and virology: application to PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling and COVID-19 disease

<b>Purpose:</b> The goal of this research is to develop innovative methods of acquiring simultaneous multidimensional molecular images of several different physiological random processes (PRPs) that might all be active in a particular disease such as COVID-19. <b>Approach:</b> Our study is part of an ongoing effort at the University of Arizona to derive biologically accurate yet mathematically tractable models of the objects of interest in molecular imaging and of the images they produce. In both cases, the models are fully stochastic, in the sense that they provide ways to estimate any estimable property of the object or image. The mathematical tool we use for images is the characteristic function, which can be calculated if the multivariate probability density function for the image data is known. For objects, which are functions of continuous variables rather than discrete pixels or voxels, the characteristic function becomes infinite dimensional, and we refer to it as the characteristic functional. <b>Results:</b> Several innovative mathematical results are derived, in particular for simultaneous imaging of multiple PRPs. Then the application of these methods to cancers that disrupt the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway and to COVID-19 are discussed qualitatively. One reason for choosing these two problems is that they both involve lipid rafts. <b>Conclusions:</b> We found that it was necessary to employ a new algorithm for energy estimation to do simultaneous single-photon emission computerized tomography imaging of a large number of different tracers. With this caveat, however, we expect to be able to acquire and analyze an unprecedented amount of molecular imaging data for an individual COVID patient.

Topic: Cell Image Analysis Techniques
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Sources: Introduction to the World’s Major Religions

accentuates the colonial development of Canada and the United States, and Colonial America highlights current historical thought on the colonial period in the United States Furthermore, Iberia and the Americas deals exclusively with the imperial powers of Spain and Portugal.One final notable difference is that Colonial America and Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies both devote individual articles to blacks as well as offer entries on slavery and related topics.In contrast, Iberia

Topic: Religion and Society Interactions
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Agroecology on the periphery: A case from the Maya-Achí territory, Guatemala

In this paper we examine processes of scaling agroecological practices in the Maya-Achí territory of Guatemala. We compare the Achí case to other examples documented in the literature and the key factors, or "drivers," reported as important if not essential for scaling to occur. We find that the Achí scase is complex with regard to these drivers. Factors such as constructivist learning/teaching methods, favorable public policies, and strong social fabric appear to be weak, absent, or even negative. This is due in part to the violence and repression of the 1980s, which resulted in the assassination of 20 percent of the population by the military and paramilitaries, leaving the territory socially fragmented. Projects incorporating agroecology (revalorization of ancestral practices, seed saving, elimination of external inputs, strengthening soil health, increasing/guarding agrobiodiversity) are viewed as a potential strategy to aid in community recovery, and are promoted by local associations as well as by international institutions and NGOs. While social and cultural recuperation were initially hypothesized as primary causes for the adoption of practices, we encounter a range of additional and complex factors, such as the expectation of economic benefits and the presence of aid and development organizations. By analyzing these drivers and barriers we contribute to the ongoing debate over how agroecological practices may be scaled-out, particularly in regions exhibiting less than ideal conditions.

Topic: Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences