jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Resistance to methotrexate in thymidylate synthetase-deficient mutants of cultured mouse mammary tumor FM3A cells.

Growth inhibition by methotrexate (MTX) of a cultured mouse mammary carcinoma FM3A line and its mutants deficient in thymidine kinase and thymidylate synthetase was studied under a variety of conditions. In medium containing 10 microM thymidine, the thymidylate synthetase-deficient mutants were slightly more resistant to MTX than the wild-type line and the thymidine kinase-deficient mutant. The addition of both 10 microM thymidine and 50 microM hypoxanthine to the medium completely eliminated the inhibition by MTX of the wild-type and thymidylate synthetase-deficient mutants but had no effect on inhibition of the thymidine kinase-deficient mutant. Thus, addition of either thymidine or purine alone was not sufficient to protect FM3A cells against the growth inhibitory effect of MTX. In contrast, addition of a small amount of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to medium containing 10 microM thymidine caused an increase of several orders of magnitude in the resistance of thymidylate synthetase-deficient mutants to MTX but did not affect that of the wild-type line. Wild-type cells became almost as resistant to MTX as did the mutant cells by addition of 1 microM 5-fluorodeoxyuridine as well as a small amount of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate with thymidine. These results show directly that thymidylate synthetase is essential in determining the cytotoxicity of MTX by modulating the intracellular tetrahydrofolate pool.

Topic: Colorectal Cancer Treatments and Studies
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Supplementary Fig. S1 from Proteasome inhibitor PS-341 (VELCADE) induces stabilization of the TRAIL receptor DR5 mRNA through the 3′-untranslated region

Supplementary Fig. S1 from Proteasome inhibitor PS-341 (VELCADE) induces stabilization of the TRAIL receptor DR5 mRNA through the 3′-untranslated region

Topic: Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Pyrrhonian Skepticism

Abstract Skepticism poses a central challenge in epistemology, but its opponents focus on Cartesian or Academic skepticism, whereas almost all actual defenders of skepticism are Pyrrhonians who suspend belief about Cartesian skepticism and its denial. To remedy this imbalance, this volume explores the history of Pyrrhonian skepticism and then looks at objections to Pyrrhonian skepticism and its relation to other alternatives in contemporary epistemology.

Topic: Classical Philosophy and Thought
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Photoreceptors in Chemotrophic Prokaryotes: The Case of <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. Revisited

Abstract A comprehensive description of blue light using flavin ( BLUF ) photosensory proteins, including preferred domain architectures and the molecular mechanism of their light activation and signal generation, among chemotrophic prokaryotes is presented. Light‐regulated physiological responses in Acinetobacter spp. from environmental and clinically relevant strains are discussed. The twitching motility response in A. baylyi sp. ADP 1 and the joint involvement of three of the four putative BLUF ‐domain‐containing proteins in this response, in this species, is presented as an example of remarkable photoreceptor redundancy.

Topic: Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Study‐Worship‐Service Project

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsErwin L. Shaver∗∗ Congregational Education Society. ∗ Congregational Education Society.Otto Mayer∗∗ Minister of Religious Education, The Eliot Church, Newton, Mass. ∗ Minister of Religious Education, The Eliot Church, Newton, Mass.C. Ivar Hellstrom∗∗ Director of Religious Education at the First Presbyterian Church, East Orange, N. J., where the work described in this article is being carried forward. ∗ Director of Religious Education at the First Presbyterian Church, East Orange, N. J., where the work described in this article is being carried forward.Frank E. Duddy∗∗ Director of Religious Education First Congregational Church, Toledo. ∗ Director of Religious Education First Congregational Church, Toledo.Frank E. Butler∗∗ Director of Religious Education, Central Church, Providence, R. I. ∗ Director of Religious Education, Central Church, Providence, R. I.

Topic: Religious Education and Schools
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Investigation of Ballistic Behavior of Agricultural Waste Doped Hybrid Composite Plates in Vacuum Infusion Method

Vakum infüzyon yöntemi, balistik kompozit malzemelerinüretiminde, uçak parçalarının onarımında ve katmanlı hibrit kompozitmalzemelerin üretiminde kullanılır. Bu çalışmada kayısı çekirdeği kabuğu tozu,fındık kabuğu tozu, ceviz kabuğu tozu ve grafen nanotozu katkılı tabaka içerenhibrit kompozit malzemelerin üretimi vakum infüzyon yöntemi ile yapılmıştır.Saf grafen nanopowder eklenmiş ve farklı kabuk tozu eklenmiş katmanlı hibritkompozit numuneler üretildi. Daha sonra üretilen hibrit kompozit numunelerbalistik deneylere tabi tutulmuştur. Güvenlik nedeniyle, yalnızca balistik testsonuçlarının fotoğraflarının paylaşılmasına izin verilmiştir.

Topic: High-Velocity Impact and Material Behavior
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Physical properties, storage stability, and consumer acceptability for sourdough bread produced using encapsulated kombucha sourdough starter culture

Abstract This study aimed to produce sourdough bread using an encapsulated kombucha sourdough starter culture without the addition of baker's yeast. The bioactive metabolites of kombucha sourdough starter and sourdough starter without kombucha were identified using 1 H‐NMR analysis with multivariate analysis. The physical properties, including loaf volume, specific loaf volume, firmness, and water activity were determined following standard methods. The shelf life and consumer acceptability of the bread were also being evaluated. The principal component analyses showed the presence of 15 metabolites in kombucha sourdough starter. The major compounds that contributed to the differences from sourdough starter without kombucha were alpha‐aminobutyric acid, alanine, acetic acid, riboflavin, pyridoxine, anserine, tryptophan, gluconic acid, and trehalose. The encapsulated kombucha sourdough starter increased the loaf volume (976.7 ± 25.2 mL) and specific loaf volume (4.38 ± 0.12 mL/g) compared to yeast bread. Thus, significant ( P &lt; 0.05) reduction was observed in the crumb firmness (116.07 ± 6.28 g) compared to traditional sourdough bread and yeast bread. The encapsulated kombucha sourdough starter extended the shelf life of bread by 5 to 10 days at room temperature. The sourdough bread prepared using the encapsulated kombucha sourdough starter demonstrated significantly ( P &lt; 0.05) higher taste and overall acceptability scores compared to the other bread. The findings indicate that the encapsulated kombucha sourdough starter is promising to produce functional sourdough bread with extended shelf life and improved quality. Practical Application Encapsulated kombucha sourdough starter culture that appropriately refreshed can be used primarily as a dough leavening agent in the bread industry without the addition of baker's yeast. This starter culture applied in sourdough bread production extended the shelf life and improved the biological function of sourdough bread.

Topic: Tea Polyphenols and Effects
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Jordan Form and Quantum Tomography

In this brief article we indicate a connection between Jordan normal form of a square matrix and the stroboscopic approach to quantum tomography. We show that the index of cyclicy of a generator of evolution, which receives much attention in the stroboscopic tomography, can be defined and computed by referring to the Jordan decomposition of a square matrix. The result presented in this work shows a relation between terminology from quantum tomography and linear algebra.

Topic: Quantum Mechanics and Applications
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Simulation study on desulfurization of sintering flue gas in a dense flow absorber

A numerical simulation of a dense flow absorber with Fluent software was performed to study the effects of the flue gas rectifier system and the chain agitator on the flow field and turbulent flow of flue gas,the trajectory of circulating ash and the pressure loss of the dense flow absorber.The optimal layout form of the baffle plate was determined under the simulated condition.It is found that the chain agitator obviously amplifies the turbulent kinetic energy inside the dense flow absorber,while the increase of revolving speed cannot obviously improve the whole turbulent intensity of flue gas.The double-deck chain agitator can enlarge the area with high turbulent intensity and retard turbulent dissipation.Under this condition,the desired speed of the double-deck chain agitator is 100r·min-1.Meanwhile,the uniform distribution of flue gas inside the dense flow absorber and the gas-solid sufficient contact can be realized,most of particles are involved in internal recycling,and a small quantity of particles enter the dust catcher.The pressure loss of the system is approximately 200 Pa.

Topic: Industrial Gas Emission Control
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A New Species and a New Record of the Weevil Genus Ceutorhynchus Germar from Western Chukotka (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchini)

Two species of the weevil genus Ceutorhynchus Germar have been added to the list of 13 species of the family Curculionidae known from the vicinity of Pevek City, Western Chukotka: Ceutorhynchus seniculus C. Brisout, formerly known in Chukotka only from the Anadyr River basin, and Ceutorhynchus arcticus Korotyaev, sp. n., closely related to the trans-Palaearctic C. cochleariae (Gyll.) but differing in a set of characters typical of the northern species, e.g., convex body with coarser sculpture and darker vestiture. Ceutorhynchus cochleariae is recorded for the first time from the southern Russian Far East based on a single female from Khabarovsk Territory in the Senckenberg-Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. This is the first local fauna in the tundra zone including four Ceutorhynchus species.

Topic: Coleoptera Taxonomy and Distribution
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Fear of negative evaluation augments negative affect and somatic symptoms in social-evaluative situations

The aim of this study was to determine whether fear of negative evaluation (FNE) moderates effects of eye contact on mood, bodily symptoms and physiological activity during social-evaluative situations. Facial blood flow, skin conductance, heart rate and respiration rate were recorded in 42 participants while they sang a children's song, while they were observed or made direct eye contact with the experimenter, and while they listened to an audiotape of themselves singing. Physiological responses were similar in high and low FNE groups. However, differences lay in the perception of bodily symptoms and ratings of negative affect, with the high FNE group reporting greater ratings. In addition, prior eye contact enhanced the perception of bodily symptoms in the high FNE group when they listened to the audiotape. Concern about the social consequences of displaying bodily disturbances such as trembling, blushing and sweating may explain these findings.

Topic: Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Clinical Features and Extraintestinal Manifestations of Crohn Disease in Children

Perianal diseases and manifestations were present in more than half of Korean pediatric CD patients at diagnosis. Inspection of the anus should be mandatory in Korean children with suspicious CD, as perianal fistulas, abscesses, and anal skin tags may be the first clue to the diagnosis of CD.

Topic: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Sensor Technology Integration and Intelligent Decision Making in an Industrial Prototype for Herring Roe Grading

Abstract The automated grading of non-uniform products, such as fruit, cuts of meat, and other discrepant goods is an ongoing problem. In some areas technical advances in have permitted the on-line, single-criteria sorting of millions of items per minute. However, for many non-uniform products, especially those for which a multi-factor decision about overall quality is required, grading is still done substantially by hand. Herein, we describe the development and integration of sensor technology for Herring Roe Grading. Size, shape, firmness/texture and weight all play key roles in determining the grade of each roe skein. These variables are subjective both in the way they are determined by humans, and in the way they affect the grade of a skein. Thus, an “intelligent” decision-making system was used to determine the final grade of the product. The system uses a fuzzy-logic knowledge base developed through acquisition of knowledge from grading experts and off-line experiments.

Topic: Meat and Animal Product Quality
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Governance and Restructuring of Commercial Banks

Banking reform in transition economies has been discussed controversially for the past decade and is likely to be a crucial policy issue for at least the next decade to come. Whereas some of the advanced reform countries have made substantial headway with regard to banking reform, some countries still have a long way to go. The recent currency crisis in Russia, for instance, has rendered almost the entire banking sector insolvent and has burdened policymakers with the task of creating an efficient financial system from scratch. The relevant policy issues are numerous: the problem of non-performing loans on the balance sheets of commercial banks has to be dealt with, the macroeconomic implications of banking reform need to be considered, an appropriate regulatory framework needs to be chosen and enforced, and the optimal sequence of internal and external financial liberalization must be selected. Eventually, reforms must solve the complicated issue of how to establish proper incentive, i.e. corporate governance mechanisms, in the banks and how to ensure an efficient intermediation between savers and investors.

Topic: Banking stability, regulation, efficiency
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
A New Benchmark and Method for the Evaluation of Chest Wall Detection in Digital Mammography

CAD systems have shown good potential for improving breast cancer diagnosis and anomaly detection in mammograms. A basic enabling step for the utilization of CAD systems in mammographic analysis is the correct identification of the breast region. Therefore, several methods to segment the pectoral muscle in the medio-lateral oblique (MLO) mammographic view have been proposed in the literature. However, currently it is difficult to perform and objective comparison between different chest wall (CW) detection methods since they are often evaluated with different evaluation procedures, datasets and the implementations of the methods are not publicly available. For this reason, we propose a methodology to evaluate and compare the performance of CW detection methods using a publicly available dataset (INbreast). We also propose a new intensity-based method for automatic CW detection. We then utilize the proposed evaluation methodology to compare the performance of our CW detection algorithm with a state-of-the-art CW detection method. The performance was measured in terms of the Dice's coefficient similarity, the area error and mean contour distance. The proposed method achieves yielded the best results in all the performance measures.

Topic: Digital Radiography and Breast Imaging
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The environmental protection path of world cultural heritage sites from the perspective of circular economy

This article aims to study the environmental protection issues of world cultural heritage sites from the perspective of circular economy. This article uses big data analysis methods, using surveys, interviews, statistics and other techniques to investigate people's understanding of the circular economy and the environmental protection of world cultural heritage sites. The results show that about 55% of college students have only a little understanding of circular economy, about 58% of college students believe that the environmental protection of world cultural heritage sites is very necessary; at the same time, 64.5% of people can fully realise the importance of environmental protection. In addition, most people believe that the environmental protection of world cultural heritage sites can effectively protect world cultural heritage, promote economic development, sustainable social development, and improve social civilisation.

Topic: Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
CCDC 2217613: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pappenheim Cytomorphologic Method (MGG) - Useful Aid in Clinical Endodontics

Svrha je rada pronaci objektivnu metodu koja se može primjeniti u klinickom radu, a kojom bi se moglo dokazati da svaki ograniceni upalni periapikalni proces (KPUP) nije radikularna cista, te da se može izlijeciti dobro izvedenom endodontskom terapijom, odnosno ispitati mogucnost primjene citoloskih metoda u endodnciji.

Topic: Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
The Mechanical Behavior Of Bone Cement In Thr In The Presense Of Cavities

In this work we analyze three-dimensionally using the finite element method, the level and the Von Mises stress equivalent distribution induced around a cavity and between two cavities located in the proximal and distal bone cement polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The effects of the position around two main axes (vertical and horizontal) of the cavity with respect to these axes, of the cavity - cavity interdistance and of the type of loading (static) on the mechanical behavior of cement orthopedic are highlighted. We show that the breaking strain of the cement is largely taken when the cement in its proximal-lateral part contains cavities very close adjacent to each other. This work highlights not only the effect of the density of cavities, in our case simulated by cavity-cavity interdistance, but also the nature of the activity of the patient (patient standing corresponding to static efforts) on the mechanical behavior of cement.

Topic: Orthopaedic implants and arthroplasty
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
When opposing is unifying: from multiple discursive values of the pronoun "on" to a unique potential meaning

This study analyses the internal and external oppositions for the linguistic sign on, where this notion is used on a metalinguistic level, in Gustave Guillaume’s psychomecanical perspective. On the one hand, this notion consists of the opposition of two paradigms, indefinites and personals, with which on shares semantical and syntactical characteristics. On the other hand, it reveals, by an internal opposition within the sign itself, the various notional components based on its potential meaning. Thus, the ordination of those components juxtaposes two categories: person and number. Those parameters appear under the form of discursive values or effective meaning. Furthermore, the position of these values is organized by a double tension movement that ranges from the 3rd to the 1st person and passes through the plural 3rd person and the double persons. This movement represents the potential meaning of on in language, illustrated by a radical binary tensor.

Topic: Linguistics and Discourse Analysis
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Synthesis of 1‐Arylmethyl‐2‐(cyanomethyl)aziridines and Their Ring Transformation into Methyl N‐(2‐Cyanocyclopropyl)benzimidates.

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

Topic: Cyclopropane Reaction Mechanisms
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Studies on the immune status of calves with chronic inflammation and thymus atrophy

The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ where the primary T cell repertoire is generated. Thymus atrophy is induced by various conditions, including infectious diseases, glucocorticoid treatment, and poor breeding management. Cattle with thymus atrophy tend to exhibit weak calf syndrome, a condition in which approximately half of neonates die shortly after birth. Calves with thymus atrophy that survive the first month typically contract chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we analyzed the populations of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and thymocytes in calves with thymus atrophy. In addition, we evaluated polarization of master gene and cytokine mRNA expression in peripheral blood CD4<sup>+</sup> cells in the calves. The population of CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> cells in thymus of the calves with thymus atrophy was lower than that of control calves. IL10 mRNA expression in peripheral blood CD4<sup>+</sup> cells of calves with thymus atrophy was significantly lower than that of control calves. TBX21 mRNA expression in peripheral CD4<sup>+</sup> cells of thymus atrophy calves was tended to be higher than that of the control group. In addition, FOXP3 mRNA expression in peripheral CD4<sup>+</sup> cells of the thymus atrophy calves was tended to be lower than that of the control calves. Thymus atrophy calves exhibited chronic inflammatory disease leading, in severe situations, to conditions such as pneumonia with caseous necrosis. These severe inflammatory responses likely are due to decreases in IL10 mRNA expression, impairing control of macrophages, one of the main cell fractions of natural immunity.

Topic: Immune Cell Function and Interaction
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Cheeger constant of curved strips

We study the Cheeger constant and Cheeger set for domains obtained as strip-like neighborhoods of curves in the plane. If the reference curve is complete and finite (a “curved annulus”), then the strip itself is a Cheeger set and the Cheeger constant equals the inverse of the half-width of the strip. The latter holds true for unbounded strips as well, but there is no Cheeger set. Finally, for strips about noncomplete finite curves, we derive lower and upper bounds to the Cheeger set, which become sharp for infinite curves. The paper is concluded by numerical results for circular sectors.

Topic: Advanced Mathematical Modeling in Engineering
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences