jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Formal Models and International Studies

This article discusses the application of formal models in International Relations,and argues that international studies can benefit from using formal models,this embodies the following aspects: Through clarification of theoretical assumptions,formal models help researchers get a better understanding of the application sphere of theoretical conclusions.They can also help researchers make clear and reliable analysis upon the related mechanisms.Accumulation of knowledge can be achieved through series of models.Repetition in the processing of reasoning can be avoid largely through the application of formal models.This article also discusses the application of formal models in International Relations through a developing direction of rational choice,collective choice and game theory.

Topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Post-discharge surveillance and positive virus detection in two medical staff recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), China, January to February 2020

Since December 2019, 62 medical staff of Zhongnan Hospital in Wuhan, China have been hospitalised with coronavirus disease 2019. During the post-discharge surveillance after clinical recovery, swabs were positive in two asymptomatic cases (3.23%). Case 1 had presented typical clinical and radiological manifestations on admission, while manifestation in Case 2 was very mild. In conclusion, a small proportion of recovered patients may test positive after discharge, and post-discharge surveillance and isolation need to be strengthened.

Topic: COVID-19 diagnosis using AI
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Japan's international NGOs: a small but growing presence in Japan-China relations

Abstract Although home-grown NGO-type organisations have existed in Japan for a century or more, it has only been in the last two decades that significant numbers of Japanese NGOs have become active internationally, promoting international educational, cultural, scientific, economic and environmental co-operation. This is particularly noticeable in the case of Japanese NGOs’ activities in China. With the growth in China's economy, international trade and other activities, Japanese people have become increasingly sensitive to environmental, political and social problems within China. In addition to this are the perennial problems caused by the troubled history of relations between the two countries. To help address these issues, a large number of Japanese NGOs have been set up in recent years to focus on exchanges of people and ideas between China and Japan. In order to investigate the background and reasons for this situation, this article first charts the development of international NGOs in Japan, considering changes in Japan's civil society and international awareness. It then considers why Japanese NGOs have become active in China and what kinds of activities they are focusing upon in China.

Topic: Religion, Society, and Development
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Blindsight Mediated by an S-Cone-independent Collicular Pathway: An fMRI Study in Hemispherectomized Subjects

Abstract The purpose of our study was to investigate the ability to process achromatic and short-wavelength-sensitive cone (S-cone)-isolating (blue–yellow) stimuli in the blind visual field of hemispherectomized subjects and to demonstrate that blindsight is mediated by a collicular pathway that is independent of S-cone inputs. Blindsight has been described as the ability to respond to visual stimuli in the blind visual field without conscious awareness [Weiskrantz, L., Warrington, E. K., Sanders, M. D., &amp; Marshall, J. Visual capacity in the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation. Brain, 97, 709–728, 1974]. The roles of the subcortical neural structures in blindsight, such as the pulvinar and the superior colliculus, have been debated and an underlying neural correlate has yet to be confirmed. Using fMRI, we tested the ability to process visual stimuli that isolated the achromatic and short-wavelength-sensitive (S-)-cone pathways in three subjects: one control subject, one hemispherectomized subject with blindsight, and one hemispherectomized subject without blindsight. We demonstrated that (1) achromatic and S-cone-isolating stimuli presented to the normal visual hemifield of hemispherectomized subjects and to both visual hemifields of the control subject activated contralateral visual areas (V1/V2), as expected; (2) achromatic stimulus presentation but not S-cone-isolating stimulus presentation to the blind hemifield of the subject with blindsight activated visual areas FEF/V5; (3) whereas the cortical activation of the control subject was enhanced by an additional stimulus (achromatic and S-cone isolating) presented in the contralateral visual field, activation pattern of the subject with blindsight was enhanced by achromatic stimuli only. We conclude that the human superior colliculus is blind to the S-cone-isolating stimuli, and blindsight is mediated by an S-cone-independent collicular pathway.

Topic: Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Changing Governance of Local Economies

Abstract This book features case studies on national patterns of local production systems, focusing on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in France, Germany, Italy, and the UK. It is divided into three parts. Part I analyses the two cases that dominated the initial, 1980s industrial district literature: Emilia-Romagna and Baden Wurttemberg; and the machinery industry. Part II focuses on pre-crisis, large-firm, Fordist specialization. Part III presents examples of new industries where SME clusters are important: the biopharmaceutical industries around Oxford, the media sector in Cologne, information technology in Pisa, and computer technologies in Grenoble.

Topic: Italy: Economic History and Contemporary Issues
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Respiratory symptoms, lung function and cell surface markers in a group of hemp fiber processors

Background Hemp dust exposure is associated with byssinosis and accelerated lung loss in longitudinal studies. The immunological changes associated with hemp dust exposure are less well understood. Methods We studied a small group of current male hemp processors with a mean age of 43 years. Questionnaire data, lung function, serial FEV1 and blood were collected from all workers. Results In total, seven workers (64%) complained of at least one respiratory symptom (one with byssinosis). The mean percentage predicted FEV1 was 91.5, FVC 97.7, PEF 92.1, and FEF25–75 79.5. Serial FEV1 measurements in the two workers with work-related respiratory symptoms revealed a mean change in FEV1 on the first working day of −12.9%. This contrasted with +6.25% on the last working day. Respective values for the two workers without work-related symptoms were −1.4 and +3.2%. Conclusions Lung function changes and abnormalities in a profile of cell surface activation markers and antibodies were noted to relate to the presence of work-related respiratory symptoms, not seen in the control group. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:419–425, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Topic: Occupational exposure and asthma
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Facts on Direct-to-Consumer Food Marketing: Incorporating Data from the 2007 Census of Agriculture

Every 5 years, USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) engages in a comprehensive study of the U.S. farm economy, known as the Census of Agriculture. The Census examines various facets of farm ownership, structure, and production and marketing practices. Beginning with the 1997 Census, NASS has collected specific information from farm operators regarding their use of direct-to-consumer marketing outlets to sell food for human consumption, recognizing that many farmers are turning to direct-to-consumer sales as a way to increase their share of consumer food expenditures. This factsheet on direct marketing developments and trends is designed to provide an overview of the growing importance of direct marketing to U.S. farmers, in general, and to specific regions and States, in particular, by extracting and summarizing data from the 2007 Census of Agriculture, and comparing these data with those from 1997 and 2002. Among the issues examined in the factsheet are absolute changes in the value of direct marketed food products, the share of total agricultural sales for direct marketed food products, and the relative importance of direct marketing at regional and State levels.

Topic: Organic Food and Agriculture
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Mother's Day at county jail, 1952

3 images. Mother's Day at county jail, 9 May 1952. Lieutenant Frances O. Blumfeld; Sheriff Eugene Biscailuz; Dave Kenner (pianist); Lillian Roth.

Topic: Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Depressive mixed state: Evidence for a new form of depressive state in type I and II bipolar patients

BACKGROUND: A high proportion of unipolar and bipolar type II patients can present a depressive mixed state (DMX). This state is defined by an association of a major depressive episode with at least two specific hypomanic symptoms. This state seems underdiagnosed and this could have treatment implications. The aims of our study were: (i) to investigate the frequency of DMX in type I and II bipolar patients hospitalized for a severe or resistant depressive episode and (ii) to assess the therapeutic response in naturalistic conditions. METHODS: Forty-two consecutive bipolar patients referred by psychiatrists for a severe or resistant depressive episode were assessed using the French version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 (MINI 5.0), which assesses the suicide risk and provides DSM-IV diagnosis. The intensity of mood episodes was evaluated using the MADRS and Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale. One group of patients included patients presenting only depressive symptoms (ie, pure major depressive episode (MDE)), and the second group included patients with a major depressive episode and at least two specific hypomanic symptoms (DMX). RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (50%) had a pure MDE and 21 patients (50%) had a DMX. The treatment leading to recovery was very different in the two groups. Antidepressants were effective (77%) in MDE patients, whereas antipsychotics were effective (81%) in DMX. 38% of patients with a MDE also received a mood stabilizer versus 86% in the group of DMX. Five MDE patients (24%) and one DMX patient required electroconvulsive therapy. The suicidal ideations did not differ between the two groups (p = 0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Some mood episodes in bipolar patients (type I and II) are characterised by depressive and hypomanic symptoms but do not meet criteria for mixed episode as defined by DSM-IV. These episodes are often diagnosed as depressive states, but are worsened by antidepressants and often considered as resistant depression. They rapidly respond to antimanic treatment. New categories of mood disorders should take into account this particular mixed state.

Topic: Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Operational tools for large RTOs: assessment and needs

The present technology for operational tools of modern energy management systems were established in the wake of the 1965 blackout. This technology has served well the industry for quite some time. However, recent trends in the industry and especially the move towards large ISOs and RTOs have generated the need for drastic rethinking of the operational tools. The recent series of system blackouts culminated with the August 2003 northeast blackout and the Italian blackout, poses serious questions on the adequacy of the operational tools. This paper raises the questions: (a) are present operational tools adequate for the proper operation of large RTOs, (b) are the models and techniques meet present day requirements?, and (c) do present day operational tools take advantage of present day available technologies?.

Topic: Reservoir Engineering and Simulation Methods
Subfield: Ocean Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
UNCONVENTIONAL METHODS FOR LOCATING BURIED RADIOACTIVE WASTE

A former radiological disposal site, known as the Breckenridge Disposal Site is located near St. Louis, Michigan. Michigan Chemical Company (MCC) used the site for the disposal of process wastes containing thorium and uranium. The wastes were a byproduct of MCC’s rare earth extraction process, which used thorium- and uranium-bearing feedstocks. The solid waste resulting from the extraction process was a precipitate of insoluble materials known as filtercake. The filtercake contained much of the radioactivity from the process’ feedstock and was buried at the disposal site between 1967 and 1970 under a U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) license. Site evaluations conducted after the site’s closure found that the burial process used was improper. As a result, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission deemed in necessary to unearth and remove the buried filtercake material. Since there were no records or surface indications of the precise burial locations, standard systematic downhole sampling and analysis was employed. This proved to be of little benefit. Geophysical techniques were then employed to identify the locations of the buried material. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used but provided little indication of the filtercake. The site also had a non-radiological deep injection well. The spoils from the drilling of this well confounded GPR results. Other geophysical techniques, electromagnetic (EM) and magnetometry survey processes, were then used in the characterization process. The EM survey measures ground conductivity changes often caused by fill and detects accumulations of metallic objects. Magnetometry surveys measures local changes in the earth’s magnetic field that may be caused by buried ferrous objects. The EM and magnetometry surveys were successful in identifying nine waste locations on the site, which were all later verified using downhole sampling. Limited site remediation and extensive site trenching indicated that the magnetometry surveys were most useful.

Topic: Geophysical Methods and Applications
Subfield: Ocean Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Influence of Nitrogen Environment on the Surface of LM25 using GTA

Objective: The main aim of this project is to modify the surface of LM 25 ingot in order to have a refined microstructure, improvement in hardness and in the wear rate of the modified region. Methods: Surface modification of LM 25 is carried out using GTA method. Argon flow was minimised and simultaneously pure nitrogen (99.999%) was introduced into the environment. Microstructural observation was carried out using Zeiss Axiovert 25CA metallurgical microscope and the hardness was measured using Mitutoyo Vicker’s hardness testing machine. Wear test was carried out for the substrate and the modified region using pin-on-disc wear tester. EDAX analysis was carried out to find the presence of intermetalic compounds. Findings: From the microstructure, it was observed that there is grain refinement in the modified region. The hardness for the substrate was found to be 80.6 HV and 764.4 HV for the modified region. The wear rate in the substrate was 49.34x10-4 mm3 /m and 7.9x10-4 mm3 /m for the modified region. As the hardness increases, wear rate decreases. EDAX report confirms the presence of intermetalic compound in the form of silicon nitride (Si3 N4 ). The presence of the silicon nitride is not reported previously using GTA as heat source on surface modified LM25. The increase in the hardness and decrease in the wear rate is attributed to the presence of silicon nitride in the surface. Application/Improvements: Due to the presence of silicon nitride it can be used as an insulator and chemical barrier in electrical circuits etc. It can also have wider automobile and aeronautics applications as its hardness has increased.Keywords: GTA, Hardness, Microstructure, Surface Modification, Wear Rate

Topic: Metal and Thin Film Mechanics
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Link Between Substance Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women

Research has documented a high incidence of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance abuse. Women substance abusers, in particular, show high rates of this dual diagnosis (30% to 59%), most commonly deriving from a history of repetitive childhood physical and/or sexual assault. Rates for men are two to three times lower and typically stem from combat or crime trauma. Patients with both disorders are characterized by high severity on a multitude of psychological and treatment variables and use of the most severe drugs (cocaine and opioids). Treatment research on women is limited but suggests the possibility of retaining patients and achieving positive outcomes.

Topic: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
A Magnetic Core Voltage-to-Frequency Converter

In a Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM) telemetering system, there is a need for a subcarrier oscillator with these characteristics: 1) operating frequency a linear function of a dc input control voltage, 2) high input impedance, 3) square wave output with constant amplitude over the entire frequency range, and 4) frequency stability within one cycle during gated on-off operation. This paper describes a method for controlling the frequency of a square-loop magnetic core oscillator by means of a dc voltage to give a voltage-to-frequency converter with the above characteristics. Various design considerations are discussed; and a voltage controlled oscillator that operates from 15 to 5 kc as the input control voltage varies from 0 to +5 volts is used as the design example.

Topic: Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Features of the cardiovascular system performance of high school students of general secondary education institutions of different types

The formation of the cardiovascular system performance in high school students occurs under the influence of age-related physiological changes, hormonal fluctuations and psycho-emotional stress, and in conditions of impaired adaptation mechanisms this can increase the risk of developing somatic diseases in adulthood. The objective is to determine the features of the cardiovascular system performance of high school students studying in general secondary education institutions of various types. To assess the cardiovascular system performance, the Rufier test was used among 150 high school students from three Kyiv lyceums that differ in educational profile, form of organization of physical education and frequency of classes. It was found that boys have higher indicators of physiological endurance compared to girls, and the best results were recorded in students of the lyceum where physical education is held three times a week. The influence of gender, type of institution, frequency of classes and form of organization of lessons on the functional state of the cardiovascular system was revealed. The need for an individualized and differentiated approach to physical education, taking into account gender characteristics and educational load, is substantiated.

Topic: Human Health and Disease
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
DOI: 10.2298/AVB1206599K UDK 597.555.3:544.354-128.4:612.616. THE EFFECT OF CATIONS ON SPERM MOTILITY PERFORMANCE AND FERTILIZING ABILITY

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of saline solution containing cations (Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2) on sperm motility performance (duration of sperm motility and percentage of motile spermatozoa) and fertilizing capacity of sperm (fertilization rate, hatching rate, larvae length during hatching, larvae length during active feeding and survival rate) in silver carp. The results suggested that solutions containing ions did not improve the duration of sperm motility. The same was observed for the percentage of motile spermatozoa. Fertilization rate influenced by solutions containing Ca+2, and other ions could not affect this parameter. The results showed that hatching rate was higher in solutions containing 99 mEq/L NaCl, 2 mEq/L MgCl2 and 2, 4 mEq/L CaCl2 respectively. Also, survival rate was higher in the solution containing 2 mEq/L MgCl2 and 36 mg/dL KCl respectively. With regard to the obtained results, it was concluded that using appropriate activation medium can improve quality of fish sperm and subsequently increases artificial reproduction performance.

Topic: Reproductive biology and impacts on aquatic species
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Understanding Cooperative Advertising Participation Rates in Conventional Channels

Cooperative advertising plans feature prominently in marketing programs in conventional channels and make up the majority of marketing funds in some product categories. Available data show that cooperative plans vary greatly with respect to their principal feature: the participation rate offered by manufacturers (the fraction of the reseller's advertising costs that the manufacturers pick up). The authors develop two formal models to study the effects of advertising “spillovers,” differentiation across competing retailers, and differentiation across competing manufacturers on the participation rate. The models show that more generous participation rates are called for with less targetable media, less differentiated retailers, more differentiated brands, and more upscale products within a category. The authors sketch out a managerial decision framework that incorporates these findings and offer some suggestions for empirical research.

Topic: Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences