jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Turbulence transport mechanism in stable stratified flow. 1st Report: Characteristics of a thermal stratification wind tunnel and occurrence of internal gravity wave.

A controllable thermal stratification generator with 30 channels of heater arrangements, accompanied by a velocity-control unit was set in a settling chamber of a wind tunnel. A stratified flow field having a stepwise temperature distribution was realized, in which the maximum temperature gradient was about 2200K/m. The mean temperature and velocity distributions were quite uniform, and initially, the intensities of their fluctuations were satisfactorily small. Its bulk Richardson number of Rib = 7.39 × 10-3 sufficed the strongly stably stratified conditions. Velocity and temperature fluctuations increased downstream in the mixing layer. Spectrum analyses showed that the developing waves in the mixing layer were the internal gravity waves having frequencies not exceeding the Brunt-Vaisala frequency of N=5.56Hz.

Topic: Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Government Borrowing and Money Supply

Inquiry into the links between government borrowing and money supply boils down to a discourse on definitions and measures of money supply. Indian economists use the terms ‘money’, ‘money supply’ and ‘money stock’ synonymously. Above literature on definition of money supply reflects intellectual discourses and dialogues among economists, which need concrete shapes in form of measures of money supply, because concrete measures of money supply are more useful than abstract concepts for the purposes of modelling and forecasting.

Topic: Economic Theory and Policy
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Evaluating the accuracy and precision of sonographic fetal weight estimation models in extremely early‐onset fetal growth restriction

Abstract Introduction Birthweight is a critical predictor of survival in extremely early‐onset fetal growth restriction (diagnosed pre‐28 weeks’ gestation, with abnormal umbilical/uterine artery Doppler waveforms), therefore accurate fetal weight estimation is a crucial component of antenatal management. Currently available sonographic fetal weight estimation models were predominantly developed in populations of mixed gestational age and varying fetal weights, but not specifically tested within the context of extremely early‐onset fetal growth restriction. This study aimed to determine the accuracy and precision of fetal weight estimation in this population and investigate whether model performance is affected by other factors. Material and methods Cases where a growth scan was performed within 48 hours of delivery (n = 65) were identified from a cohort of extremely early‐onset fetal growth‐restricted pregnancies at a single tertiary maternity center (n = 159). Fetal biometry measurements were used to calculate estimated fetal weight using 21 previously published models. Systematic and random errors were calculated for each model and used to identify the best performing model, which in turn was used to explore the relationship between error and gestation, estimated fetal weight, fetal presentation, fetal asymmetry and amniotic fluid volume. Results Both systematic (median 8.2%; range −44.1 to 49.5%) and random error (median 11.6%; range 9.7‐23.8%) varied widely across models. The best performing model was Hadlock head circumference‐abdominal circumference‐femur length (HC‐AC‐FL), regardless of gestational age, fetal size, fetal presentation or asymmetry, with an overall systematic error of 1.5% and random error of 9.7%. Despite this, it only calculated the estimated fetal weight within 10% of birthweight in 64.6% of cases. There was a weak negative relation between mean percentage error with Hadlock HC‐AC‐FL and amniotic fluid volume, suggesting fetal weight is overestimated at lower liquor volumes and underestimated at higher liquor volumes ( P = 0.002, adjusted R 2 = 0.08). Conclusions Hadlock HC‐AC‐FL is the most accurate model currently available to estimate fetal weight in extremely early‐onset fetal growth restriction independent of gestation or fetal size, asymmetry or presentation. However, for 35.4% of cases in this study, estimated fetal weight calculated using this model deviates by more than 10% from birthweight, highlighting a need for an improved model.

Topic: Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
One-Loop Radiative Correction to the Triple Higgs Coupling in the Higgs Singlet Model

Though the 125 GeV Higgs boson is consistent with the standard model (SM) prediction until now, the triple Higgs coupling can deviate from the SM value in the physics beyond the SM (BSM). In this paper, the radiative correction to the triple Higgs coupling is investigated in the minimal extension of the SM by adding a real gauge singlet scalar. In this model there are two scalars $h$ and $H$, and both of them are mixing states of the doublet and singlet. Provided that the mixing angle is set to be zero, namely the SM limit, $h$ is the pure left-over of the doublet and its behaviour is the same as that of the SM at the tree level. However the loop corrections can alter $h$-related couplings. In this SM limit case, the effect of the singlet $H$ may show up in the $h$-related couplings, especially the triple $h$ coupling. Our numerical results show that the deviation is sizable. For $λ_{Φ{S}}=1$ (see the text for definition), the deviation $δ_{hhh}^{(1)}$ around threshold can be more than $20\%$ if mass of the new scalar is light. For $λ_{Φ{S}}=1.5,3$, the deviation $δ_{hhh}^{(1)}$ can reach above $30\%$ in the vicinity of threshold. For $λ_{Φ{S}}=-1$, $m_H$ can be light. The deviation $δ_{hhh}^{(1)}$ is negative in this case and can be even $-50\%$ in the threshold enhanced region. The radiative correction for the $hZZ$ coupling is from the counter-term, which is universal in this model and always with negative sign. $δ_{hZZ}^{(1)}$ is independent of the sign of $λ_{Φ{S}}$ and its typical size is $-0.2\%\sim-2\%$. When combining $hhh$ and $hZZ$ precision measurements together, parameter space of this model can be probed well including the sign and size of $λ_{Φ{S}}$.

Topic: Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas.

Preface Africa and the Americas 1. Africa in to the Americas? Slavery and Women, the Family and the Sexual Division of LaborNClaire Robertson Life and Labor 2. Women, Work, and Health under Plantation Slavery in the Untied StatesNRichard H. Steckel 3. Cycles of Work and of Childbearing: Seasonality in WomenOs Lives on Low Country PlantationsNCheryll Ann Cody 4. Slave Women on the Brazilian Frontier in the Nineteenth CenturyNMary Karasch 5. OLoose, idle and DisorderlyO: Slave Women int he Eighteenth-Century Charleston MarketplaceNRobert A. Olwell 6. Black Female Slaves and White Households in BarbadosNHilary Beckles 7. Black Homes, White Homilies: Perceptions of the Slave Family and of Slave Women in Nineteenth-Century BrazilNRobert W. Slenes 8. OSuffer with Them Till DeathO: Slave Women and Their Children in Nineteenth-Century AmericaNWilma King 9. Gender Convention, Ideals, and Identity Among Antebellum Virginia Slave WomenNBrenda E. Stevenson Slavery, REsistance, and Freedom 10. Hard Labor: Women, Childbirth and Resistance in British Caribbean Slave SocietiesNBarbara Bush 11. From Othe Sense of their SlaveryO: Slave Women and Resistance in Antigua, 1632ETH1763NDavid Barry Gaspar 12. Slave Women and Resistance in the French CaribbeanNBernard Moitt 13. Slave and Free Colored Women in Saint DomingueNDavid P. Geggus 14. Economic Roles of the Free Women of Color of Cap FrancaisNSusan M. Socolow 15. Urban Slavery, Urban Freedom: The Manumission of Jacqueline LemelleNL. Virginia Gould Selected Bibliography Celia E. Naylor-Ojurongbe Notes on Contributors Index

Topic: Caribbean history, culture, and politics
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Improving the Performance of Partitioning Methods for Crowd Simulations

Simulating the realistic behavior of large crowds of autonomous agents is still a challenge for the computer graphics community. In order to handle large crowds, some scalable architectures have been proposed. Nevertheless, the effective use of distributed systems requires the use of partitioning methods that can properly assign different sets of agents to the existing distributed resources. In this paper, we propose the improvement of the partitioning method for distributed crowd simulations by using irregular shape regions. Concretely, we propose the partition of the virtual world using convex hulls. The performance evaluation results show that the convex Hull method outperforms the rest of the considered methods in terms of both fitness function values and execution times, regardless of the movement pattern followed by the agents. These results show that the shape of the regions in the partition can improve the performance of the partitioning method, rather than the heuristic method used.

Topic: Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics
Subfield: Ocean Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Integrated AHP, Profile Matching, and TOPSIS for selecting type of goats based on environmental and financial criteria

Goat farm businessman should considered environmental and financial criteria in breeding their commodities. The environmental factors are temperature, humidity, rain intensity, and altitude. For financial criteria, used several sub criteria i.e NPV (Net Present Value), ROI (Return On Investment), BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio), PBP (Payback Period), and BEP (Break Event Point) to determine financial feasibility. This research aims to develop a decision support system for selecting type of goat to breed by combining AHP, Profile Matching, and TOPSIS. AHP method was used for calculating the weight, Profile Matching for environment suitability evaluation, and TOPSIS for producing a valid decision that represents the goat expert's decision. The result showed that three methods can be integrated, and an experimental results which was validated by expert show that Bligon goat had the highest preference value (0.8835847). This can be concluded that DSS decision was valid and it successfully represented expert’s consideration.

Topic: Livestock Farming and Management
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Understanding the Business Value: Towards a Taxonomy of Industrial Use Scenarios enabled by Cyber-Physical Systems in the Equipment Manufacturing Industry

The trend of digitalization provides new opportunities for industrial equipment manufactures as sensor technology and ubiquitous connectivity become part of the equipment. In particular, cyber-physical systems (CPSs) enable digital innovation for the industrial product and service business by improving operational efficiencies, facilitating innovative hybrid business models, and fuelling servitization in manufacturing. Despite the new opportunities, so far no research has been conducted to investigate and classify configurations and affordances of this new technology. To gain both a broad and in-depth understanding of use scenarios and added-value of CPSs for the service business in the equipment industry, a multi-method approach is chosen: a systematic literature review as well as case study research are conducted. Grounded in existing literature and based on empirical data of 45 use scenarios, we propose a taxonomy to classify use scenarios enabled by CPSs in the equipment industry. This work contributes to the theoretical body of knowledge by proposing a taxonomy of use scenarios enabled by CPSs. The taxonomy can be (1) leveraged to categorize use scenarios of CPSs in the equipment manufacturing industry and (2) used as a framework for further research. Practitioners can use the taxonomy to classify and compare use scenarios as well as identify business model archetypes.

Topic: Digital Transformation in Industry
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Primeron Mineral Taxation

The paper discusses options available to tax mineral extraction projects particularly in developing countries. A desirable government share of the economic rent generated from mineral extraction can be achieved through different tax and non-tax instruments. This gives some room to design a fiscal regime that will be attractive to investors while providing the government with a fair share of the economic rent. However, achieving this will require a careful assessment of the appropriate distribution of risk and reward between the investor and the government. Moreover, there is growing pressure on countries to provide increasingly lenient fiscal terms so as to remain competitive as global investment destinations

Topic: Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Context in systemic functional linguistics: towards scalar supervenience?

Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) has been described as an extravagant model of language with a bewildering array of technical terms, many of which seem, at first sight, to refer to the same concept (see Bateman, this volume). While, for proponents of other theories, this is seen as an unnecessary encumbrance, the reason for this extravagance lies in SFL’s uniqueness as an exotropic theory of language that locates ‘language in the social environment’ (Hasan 2005, 2009: 37). By this definition, Hasan is simultaneously differentiating SFL from formalist theories of language, which do not locate language in the social environment, and from general sociolinguistics, which does not claim to be an integrated theory of language.1 In line with this broad perspective, SFL aims to account in an integrated way for: meaningto-form relations within language (linguistics); the relationship between language as a social construct and its contexts of use (sociology); and the acquisition and development of the language system by individuals as members of social groups (social psychology). The key points uniting these themes are that language is learnt in context, is used in context by socialised speakers, and is altered as a system by its use in various contexts. Context is therefore a unifying element within the overall architecture of SFL, linking language as system and instance (langue and parole) to the material conditions of those who use it, in accordance with Halliday’s Marxist orientation towards language and linguistics.

Topic: linguistics and terminology studies
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
There and Back Again; Tolkien’s Recovery of Englishness Through Walking

This thesis examines the complex representation of walking in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. In his 1951 letter to his close associate Milton Waldman, Tolkien lamented the lack of a specifically English (as opposed to British) myth, and expressed his desire to create a mythology that he could dedicate to England. Tolkien’s novels, which are primarily structured around hobbits undertaking quests on foot, are an attempt to create this mythology. Through representing walking in all of its diversity, Tolkien engages with the politics and philosophy associated with the pedestrian mode. The genre of fantasy and Tolkien’s goal of creating a myth for England are closely tied to concepts that Tolkien calls “escape” and “recovery.” As in fantasy, walking involves a removal, or escape, from society in order to recover a truth. This study explores the interplay between the genre of fantasy and various modes of walking, and concludes with the assertion that the intersection between the two provides a space for Tolkien to create a mythology for the English.

Topic: Themes in Literature Analysis
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
It Hurts the Team Even More: Differences in Coverage by Sports Journalists of White and African-American Athletes Who Engage in Contract Holdouts

A textual analysis was conducted of newspaper articles written in the late summer of 2004 about the contract holdouts of quarterback Philip Rivers of the San Diego Chargers, who is white, and Kellen Winslow II, a tight end who plays for the Cleveland Browns. Winslow is African-American. Articles were written by sports journalists assigned to regularly cover the teams, as well as columnists for those news organizations. Journalists writing for Cleveland news organizations emasculated Winslow, treating him like a moody adolescent incapable of making significant decisions on his own. Any athlete takes a risk by confronting management, but this research suggests the risk is heightened for African-American athletes.

Topic: Sports, Gender, and Society
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Chemical-bromatological composition and in vitro ruminal kinetics of sugar cane silage with maniçoba

ABSTRACT. The objective this study was to evaluate the effect of maniçoba supplementation in sugar cane silage with respect to chemical-bromatological composition and the in vitro degradation kinetics of the silage. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (maniçoba levels: 0, 20, 30, and 40%) and six repetitions. Silage samples were analyzed for their chemical-bromatological composition, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, total digestible nutrients, in vitro gas production and degradability parameters. The silage with higher inclusion level had better bromatological composition (p &lt; 0.05) than the silage without maniçoba for CP, NDF, ADF and MM (6.49, 56.64, 38.66 and 4.52% versus 2.21, 70.96, 49.95 and 2.78%). Higher ME content (2.35 MJ kg-1 MS versus 1.85 MJ kg-1 MS), DE (2.87 Mcal kg-1 MS versus 2.25 Mcal kg-1 MS) and TDN (65.16% versus 51.11%), respectively. The highest values for gas production were also observed in silage with added maniçoba due to higher NFC content (34.87%). With an increase in the proportion of maniçoba, there was an increase in the soluble a fraction, b fraction, and thus a higher effective degradability of dry matter (46.56%). The addition of maniçoba improves the nutritive value of sugarcane silage.

Topic: Sugarcane Cultivation and Processing
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Fatty Acids Composition of Selected Malaysian Fishes

A comparative study on the fatty acids contents of three Malaysian marine fishes Tenualosa toli (Terubok), Rastrelliger kanagurta (Kembong), Stolephorus baganensis (Bilis) and three freshwater fishes Channa striatus (Haruan), Pangasius hypothalamus (Patin), Clarias macrocephalus (Keli) were carried out. Marine fishes showed more unsaturated fatty acids with 3, 4, 5 and 6 double bonds than in freshwater fishes. Two n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs); eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docasahaexaenoic acid (DHA) were found more in marine fishes PUFAs than in freshwater fishes. Based on the fatty acids content of DHA, EPA and arachidonic acid (AA), Stolephorus baganensis provides the best source of it (4.68%,10.5%, 4.68%) followed by Rastrelliger kanagurta (10.62%, 4.85%, 3.17%) and Tenualosa toli (9.93%, 2.50%, 0.16%). However, freshwater fishes showed small range of DHA (0.63% - 1.41%), EPA (0.11% - 0.25%) and AA (1.41% - 4.46%). Saturated fatty acids palmitic was the major fatty acid found in all fishes studied.

Topic: Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Electrical and Magnetic Circuit Coupling Using Surface Current Method

In this paper a new method for coupling between electric and magnetic circuit using surface current method (SCM) is proposed. In this method inductance of coils is calculated via SCM. SCM simulation results with 416 meshes are compared with analytical and finite element method with 1600 meshes that they are very close together.

Topic: Electric Motor Design and Analysis
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Generalized Oscillator Strength for 11S→21P Transition of Helium. Theory of Limiting Oscillator Strengths

Relative generalized oscillator strengths have been determined for the 11S→21P transition in helium as a function of momentum change of the colliding electron and normalized to the theoretical oscillator strength {calculated by Schiff and Pekeris [Phys. Rev. 134, A638 (1964) ]} at zero momentum change. The validity of the normalizing procedure is investigated theoretically and it is shown that the limit of the generalized oscillator strength at zero momentum change is equal to the optical oscillator strength for any atom or molecule at any incident energy regardless of whether the first Born approximation holds. The normalizing procedure is therefore justified. The results are compared with the experimental and theoretical oscillator strengths obtained by other investigators. The limiting relation for oscillator strengths is established under much more general conditions than in any previous research.

Topic: Atomic and Molecular Physics
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Surgical video recording with a modified GoPro Hero 4 camera

Lily Koo Lin Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, CA, USA Background: Surgical videography can provide analytical self-examination for the surgeon, teaching opportunities for trainees, and allow for surgical case presentations. This study examined if a modified GoPro Hero 4 camera with a 25 mm lens could prove to be a cost-effective method of surgical videography with enough detail for oculoplastic and strabismus surgery. Method: The stock lens mount and lens were removed from a GoPro Hero 4 camera, and was refitted with a Peau Productions SuperMount and 25 mm lens. The modified GoPro Hero 4 camera was then fixed to an overhead surgical light. Results: Camera settings were set to 1080p video resolution. The 25 mm lens allowed for nine times the magnification as the GoPro stock lens. There was no noticeable video distortion. The entire cost was less than 600 USD. Conclusion: The adapted GoPro Hero 4 with a 25 mm lens allows for high-definition, cost-effective, portable video capture of oculoplastic and strabismus surgery. The 25 mm lens allows for detailed videography that can enhance surgical teaching and self-examination. Keywords: teaching, oculoplastic, strabismus

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences