jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Risks of Climate Change from Infectious Diseases

The World Health Organization has concluded that the climatic changes that have occurred since the mid-1970s could already be causing annually over 150,000 deaths and five million disability-adjusted life-years (DALY), mainly in developing countries.The less developed countries are, ironically, those least responsible for causing global warming.Many health outcomes and diseases are sensitive to climate, including: heat-related mortality or morbidity; air pollution related illnesses; infectious diseases, particularly those transmitted, indirectly, via water or by insect or rodent vectors; and refugee health issues linked to forced population migration.Yet, changing landscapes can significantly affect local weather more acutely than long-term climate change.Land-cover change can influence micro-climatic conditions, including temperature, evapo-transpiration and surface run-off, which are key determinants in the emergence of many infectious diseases.To improve risk assessment and risk management of these synergistic processes (climate and land-use change), more collaborative efforts in research, training and policy-decision support, across the fields of health, environment, sociology and economics, are required.

Topic: Climate Change and Health Impacts
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Regulatory Considerations

Abstract The rapidly increasing cost of new drug development has led to unprecedented pressures on sponsors to concentrate largely on human clinical trials. The ICH S7a guideline recommends that a standard set of safety pharmacology (SP) studies be conducted prior to the initiation of preclinical trials on a new drug substance. The article discusses preclinical drug development studies considered necessary to effectively characterize the pharmacology, pharmacokinetic, and toxicology profiles of drug candidates.

Topic: Animal testing and alternatives
Subfield: Small Animals
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
Phase Behaviorand Microscopic Mechanisms of Separationof <i>n</i>‑Hexane and Methylcyclopentane Mixtureswith Deep Eutectic Solvents

<i>n</i>-Hexane is widely used in industry, and methylcyclopentane is often generated as a byproduct during its production. The small boiling point difference (3.08 K) between these two compounds makes their separation challenging using traditional distillation methods. Extractive distillation, known for its high efficiency and energy savings, is effective in separating azeotropic and near-azeotropic mixtures. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs), a new class of green solvents, have shown promise in chemical separations. This study investigates the use of DESs as potential entrainers for the separation of <i>n</i>-hexane and methylcyclopentane in extractive distillation. The COSMO-SAC model was used to select two DESs: DES1 (tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB):decanoic acid = 1:2) and DES2 (TBAB:oleic acid = 1:3). Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for the ternary system (<i>n</i>-hexane-methylcyclopentane-DES) were measured at 101.3 kPa. The results showed that both DESs effectively separated <i>n</i>-hexane and methylcyclopentane at a 25 mol % concentration, with DES1 demonstrating superior performance. The VLE data were fitted using the Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) model, yielding satisfactory results. Quantum chemistry calculations further elucidated the molecular mechanisms behind the superior separation performance of DES1.

Topic: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Unquiet Lives: Marriage and Marriage Breakdown in England, 1660-1800

Based on vivid court records and newspaper advertisements, this 2003 book is a pioneering account of the expectations and experiences of married life among the middle and labouring ranks in the long eighteenth century. Its original methodology draws attention to the material life of marriage, which has long been dominated by theories of emotional shifts or fashionable accounts of spouses' gendered, oppositional lives. Thus it challenges preconceptions about authority in the household, by showing the extent to which husbands depended upon their wives' vital economic activities: household management and child care. Not only did this forge co-dependency between spouses, it undermined men's autonomy. The power balance within marriage is further revised by evidence that the sexual double standard was not rigidly applied in everyday life. The book also shows that ideas about adultery and domestic violence evolved in the eighteenth century, influenced by new models of masculinity and femininity

Topic: Historical Economic and Social Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Clinical Features, Outcomes, and Molecular Characteristics of Community- and Health Care-Associated Staphylococcus lugdunensis Infections

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a major cause of aggressive endocarditis, but it is also responsible for a broad spectrum of infections. The differences in clinical and molecular characteristics between community-associated (CA) and health care-associated (HA) S. lugdunensis infections have remained unclear. We performed a retrospective study of S. lugdunensis infections between 2003 and 2014 to compare the clinical and molecular characteristics of CA and HA isolates. We collected 129 S. lugdunensis isolates in total: 81 (62.8%) HA isolates and 48 (37.2%) CA isolates. HA infections were more frequent than CA infections in children (16.0% versus 4.2%, respectively; P = 0.041) and the elderly (38.3% versus 14.6%, respectively; P = 0.004). The CA isolates were more likely to cause skin and soft tissue infections (85.4% versus 19.8%, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). HA isolates were more frequently responsible for bacteremia of unknown origin (34.6% versus 4.2%, respectively; P &lt; 0.001) and for catheter-related bacteremia (12.3% versus 0%, respectively; P = 0.011) than CA isolates. Fourteen-day mortality was higher for HA infections than for CA infections (11.1% versus 0%, respectively). A higher proportion of the HA isolates than of the CA isolates were resistant to penicillin (76.5% versus 52.1%, respectively; P = 0.004) and oxacillin (32.1% versus 2.1%, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). Two major clonal complexes (CC1 and CC3) were identified. Sequence type 41 (ST41) was the most common sequence type identified (29.5%). The proportion of ST38 isolates was higher for HA than for CA infections (33.3% versus 12.5%, respectively; P = 0.009). These isolates were of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCC mec )type IV, V, or Vt. HA and CA S. lugdunensis infections differ in terms of their clinical features, outcome, antibiotic susceptibilities, and molecular characteristics.

Topic: Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Histamine-lnduced Villous Damage in the Rat Duodenum

A single s.c. administration of histamine dose-dependently (5-20 mg/kg) induced villous damage of the proximal duodenum in 24-hr fasting rats. Time course studies indicate that histamine (20 mg/kg) induced severe exfoliation of the epithelial cells at the villous tips of the duodenal mucosa 0.5 hr after administration. The damage, however, tended to heal with time, and recovery was nearly complete 8 hr later. This villous damage was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with sodium bicarbonate given orally or Cimetidine, omeprazole and NC-1300 given subcutaneously. Histamine (20 mg/kg) significantly stimulated gastric acid secretion and lowered the intraduodenal pH for 1 hr. Gastric content was significantly greater than that in the control group for 1 hr after histamine administration, probably due to stimulated gastric secretion and delayed emptying. We conclude that a single administration of histamine induces microscopical duodenal damage by stimulation of gastric acid secretion, but the damage heals with time, probably as a result of the short periods of acid stimulation and delayed emptying.

Topic: Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Subfield: Gastroenterology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Integrating a unification-based semantics in a large scale Lexicalised Tree Adjoining Grammar for French

In contrast to LFG and HPSG, there is to date no large scale Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) equiped with a compositional semantics. In this paper, we report on the integration of a unification-based semantics into a Feature-Based Lexicalised TAG for French consisting of around 6 000 trees. We focus on verb semantics and show how factorisation can be used to support a compact and principled encoding of the semantic information that needs to be associated with each of the verbal elementary trees. The factorisation is made possible by the use of XMG, a high-level linguistic formalism designed to specify and compile computational grammars and in particular, grammars based on non-local trees or tree descriptions.

Topic: Natural Language Processing Techniques
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Global sex differences in personality: Replication with an open online dataset

Abstract Objective Sex differences in personality are a matter of continuing debate. In a study on the United States standardization sample of Cattell's 16PF (fifth edition), Del Giudice and colleagues (2012; PLoS ONE, 7, e29265) estimated global sex differences in personality with multigroup covariance and mean structure analysis. The study found a surprisingly large multivariate effect, D = 2.71. Here we replicated the original analysis with an open online dataset employing an equivalent version of the 16PF. Method We closely replicated the original MG‐MCSA analysis on N = 21,567 U.S. participants (63% females, age 16–90); for robustness, we also analyzed N = 31,637 participants across English‐speaking countries (61% females, age 16–90). Results The size of global sex differences was D = 2.06 in the United States and D = 2.10 across English‐speaking countries. Parcel‐allocation variability analysis showed that results were robust to changes in parceling (U.S.: median D = 2.09, IQR [1.89, 2.37]; English‐speaking countries: median D = 2.17, IQR [1.98, 2.47]). Conclusions Our results corroborate the original study (with a comparable if somewhat smaller effect size) and provide new information on the impact of parcel allocation. We discuss the implications of these and similar findings for the psychology of sex differences.

Topic: Personality Traits and Psychology
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Model and prediction relationship of sound velocity and porosity of seafloor sediments

The relationship between sound velocity and porosity in seafloor sediments is widely utilized for predicting or inverting sediment acoustical and physical parameters. This paper analyzes the theoretical relationship between sound velocity and porosity using the General Model of Sound Speed (GMSS). The GMSS model elucidates an empirical equation relationship in the form of a quadratic fitted polynomial based on actual measurement data from the South China Sea. The accuracy of the GMSS model and the regression empirical equation are found to be consistent, as demonstrated by the relative error, absolute error, and standard deviation of the sound velocity predictions. Our findings suggest that if the scattering of measured data is inherent to seafloor sediment, the empirical equation fails to adequately explain sediment variations and lacks broad applicability for accurate prediction and calculation. Additionally, we observe that a ± 5% relative error in porosity has minimal impact on the application of the GMSS model and empirical equations for predicting sound velocity errors. However, the empirical equation, relying solely on the porosity parameter, inadequately accounts for sound velocity scattering in seafloor sediments with the same porosity due to inherent limitations. In contrast, the GMSS model can incorporate additional physical parameters beyond porosity to better explain and predict sound velocity in seafloor sediments scattering in seafloor sediments with the same porosity, albeit with increased complexity. This paper provides an analytical method and theoretical foundation for inverting or predicting the relationship between sound velocity and porosity of seafloor sediments.

Topic: Underwater Acoustics Research
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Study with Fluorescent Antibody of Fate of Intradermally Injected Proteins in Rabbits.

1. In the rabbit, intradermally injected crystalline egg albumin and bovine gamma globulin are taken up by histiocytic cells both locally and in the peripheral and medullary sinuses of the draining lymph node. Considerable quantities remain extracellular and presumably diffuse away to be dealt with elsewhere in the body. Polymorphonuclear cells, though present in considerable numbers, are not found to contain intact antigen. 2. In the draining node many lymphoid cells containing antigen are seen in the peripheral portions of the lymphoid nodules. 3. Egg albumin disappears much more quickly than bovine gamma globulin from the injected skin site and the draining node. 4. Passive sensitization and to a greater extent sensitization with Freund's adjuvants result in a slowing of both antigens' disappearance from skin and node. Adjuvant sensitized animals also show speeding up and intensification of phagocytosis of antigen in both localities.

Topic: Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Molecular Approaches for the Screening of Novel Enzymes

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Use of Nucleic Acid Probes to Detect Enzyme-coding Genes in Cultivated Microorganisms Current Knowledge and Applications Limitations of Probe Technology and the Need for Innovative Approaches The Microbial Metagenome: a Resource of Novel Natural Products and Enzymes Accessing the Uncultivated Biodiversity: the Community DNA Concept Unravelling Metabolic Function: the BAC Strategy Analysis of Metagenomic Libraries: Activity versus Sequence-driven Strategy, Enrichment for Specific Genomes and Application of High-throughput Screening Methods Follow-up of the Metagenome Harvest Concluding Remarks

Topic: Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Research on Current Situation and Its Future of Frequency Regulation Mode of China Southern Power Grid

Existing frequency regulation modes applied in China Southern power grid are analyzed and the defects of these modes,such as the coordination of frequency regulation in whole grid,the action of frequency regulation by dispatching center of China Southern power grid,the coordination of primary frequency regulation with secondary frequency regulation,management method of control performance standard(CPS) and control strategy of automatic generation control(AGC),are pointed out.Through the analysis on frequency regulation modes for interconnected power grid and according to actual conditions and development planning of China Southern power grid,the future frequency regulation modes for China Southern power grid are proposed.

Topic: Power Systems and Renewable Energy
Subfield: Energy Engineering and Power Technology
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Study on the related factors affecting the circadian rhythm of blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension

This study explored the related factors affecting the circadian rhythm of blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. According to blood pressure rhythm, 1007 patients with essential hypertension were divided into dipper (n = 332) and non-dipper group (n = 675). Age, gender, height and other basic information were collected, BMI was calculated, and FPG, TG, TC and other indicators were recorded. Meanwhile, carotid ultrasound, office BP, central hemodynamic parameters, and other indicators were recorded. Logistic regression was used. In comparison, dSBP, dDBP, nSBP, nDBP, nocturnal systolic blood pressure and nocturnal diastolic blood pressure drop rate, 24 hSSD, 24 hDSD and dSSD were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The results showed no distinct differences in CSP, CDP, CPP, AP, Aix and AIx75 in CAP between two groups (P > 0.05). Log regression analysis showed that for every increase in nocturnal SBP, dipper hypertension was more likely to occur than non-dipper hypertension. Circadian rhythm of blood pressure of hypertension in patients with essential hypertension is mainly the influence of circadian blood pressure and nocturnal blood pressure drop rate, especially for the nocturnal systolic blood pressure, so effective control of blood pressure at night could make the circadian rhythm of blood pressure tend to be in dipper type distribution.

Topic: Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Towards Collaborative and Dynamic Spectrum Sharing via Interpretation of Spectrum Access Policies

This paper describes some of the challenges that need to be addressed in order to develop collaborative spectrum-sharing systems. The importance of these challenges stems from the assumption that rules for spectrum sharing can change after the deployment of radio networks and that the whole system must be able to adapt to them. To address such a requirement, we used a policy-based approach in which transmissions are controlled by a policy interpreter system, and the policies can be modified during system operation. Our primary goal was to develop a prototype of such a system. In this paper, we outline the implementation of policy interpretation, automatic generation of transmission opportunities in case a request for transmission is denied by the policy reasoner, and the generation of rendezvous channels for the synchronization of otherwise asynchronously running software-defined radios.

Topic: Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
LHD imp02 #152207.1 (analyzed)

Line intensities of Lyman-alpha and some impurity ions to monitor impurity behaviors, which use 20cm normal incidence monochromators, grazing incidence monochromator, and interference filter + photomultipliers (or + APD), for CIV, OVI, HI, FeXVI, CIII and OV.

Topic: Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Swine Barns, Evaluation of Atroban (PERMETHRIN) Treated Cords for House Fly Control, 1979

Abstract Two swine barns with heavy house fly populations were selected to test 3% Atro ban-treated orlon yarn cords for house fly control in early August. Three foot lengths of cords were suspended vertically from the ceiling of each barn. One cord was suspended for every 70 ft2 of surface area In one barn and at 1/140 ft2 in the other barn. A similar swine barn in the area served as an untreated check. House fly populations were monitored twice weekly during the first 3 weeks and weekly thereafter. The number of fly specks left overnight on 2 x 11 inch white paper strips plus the number of adult flies resting on 1 M2 areas were used in evaluating the results.

Topic: Forensic Entomology and Diptera Studies
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Comparison of selective enrichment and plating media for <i>Salmonella</i> isolation from broiler carcasses

Abstract Salmonella detection and isolation rely on different selective enrichment media, which can influence which serovars are detected. The objective of this study was to compare Salmonella recovery from broiler carcass rinses using three different selective enrichment protocols and three differential plating agars. Eight prechill broiler carcasses were collected at a commercial slaughter facility. Each carcass was subjected to whole carcass rinse procedure in buffered peptone water (BPW). An aliquot of the rinse and whole carcasses in the remaining rinse were incubated as a pre‐enrichment before subculturing in selective enrichment broths (Rappaport Vassiliadis [RV], Tetrathionate Hajna [TT], and TT to RV in series [TT‐to‐RV]). Enriched samples were streaked on the three differential agars (Hektoen Enteric [HE], Brilliant Green Sulfa [BGS], and Xylose‐Lysine‐Tergitol‐4 [XLT‐4]). Salmonella was isolated from all eight carcasses. Considering all sample preparations as independent subsamples, Salmonella was detected in 88% (128/144) of subsamples with a 100% recovery from the TT‐to‐RV enrichment, and 92 and 71% from RV and TT broths, individually. A high concordance in recovery on BGS versus XLT‐4 agar plates was observed compared to HE versus BGS and HE versus XLT‐4 plates. These data suggest that choice of pre‐enrichment method, selective enrichment medium, and differential agar can influence the recovery of Salmonella from poultry samples.

Topic: Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
[Long-term results analysis of mastoidectomy for chronic otitis media].

RM, CWUM and CWDM have all advantages, but the indication must be selected carefully. The effect of CWDM is better than that of RM and CWUM for the long-term results in these cases.

Topic: Ear Surgery and Otitis Media
Subfield: Otorhinolaryngology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Locating Media in Cultural Theories

This paper examines means of facilitating research on media as a critical component of contemporary culture based on assessments of recent publications on media. The primary target is in the fundamentally heuristic value of social theories relative to the topic. Based on semiotics, practice, and, to a much lesser degree, speech act theory, analysts generate constructs wherein media often deviate from the conceptual horizons in respective schemes. Reading Derrida’s views on speech act theory suggests that an endeavor to resolve the mismatch demands the decomposition of core concepts of a theory. Just as Anderson’s formulation casts a delicate light on the use of semiotics in media research, media prefigured through the lenses of the performative forces us to rethink its presence in everyday occurrence as a problematic unthought. The paper concludes that the application of speech act theory to media is a plausible solution to the problems so far encountered if accompanied by historical perspectives on the formation of illocutionary acts.

Topic: Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Imagination, Inference, Intimacy: The Psychology of <i>Pride and Prejudice</i>

A novel is based on suggestions from which readers construct characters and events in an imagined story world. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen's suggestions derive from 3 sets of cues: (a) characters’ utterances; (b) thoughts of characters, of the narrator, and even of readers; and (c) narrated depictions of settings, characters, actions and events. Tracing people's simulations of stories offers a route into the psychology of imagination, in which readers make inferences about what happens in a story. Austen invites intimacy with readers by metonymy, playfulness, and irony. Her novel does not seek to persuade; it communicates indirectly and with ambiguity. Among psychological effects of literary art such as Pride and Prejudice, readers can become better able to empathize and understand other people, and better able to understand and change themselves. For psychology, imaginative engagement in the simulations of fiction may be as important as empirical findings of causes of behavior.

Topic: Media Influence and Health
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences