jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review of Digital Marketing in South Africa

This chapter investigates the extent of digital marketing usage in South Africa, its perceived impact, and factors that influence its adoption in the South African context. The methodology adopted is the systematic review using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) framework. The results show that digital platforms currently used include mobile marketing (SMS) and social media platforms. The findings suggest that SMS-based marketing may be appealing to other market segments but not to young adults. The findings further suggest that social media marketing has had a significant influence on the purchase intentions among South African millennials (Generation Y). Moreover, the findings suggest that marketers, in their quest to influence customer purchasing decisions, should consider the knowledge that social media followers have regarding a subject matter (such as a product), and make an effort to educate those followers on the subject (or product) before suggesting a purchase.

Topic: Digital Marketing and Social Media
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Contribution of Morphine and Morphine-6-Glucuronide to Respiratory Depression in a Child

A morphine plasma concentration/respiratory rate relationship has been described for both adults and children although that of its metabolite, morphine-6-glucuronide, remains uncertain. We describe this relationship in a child with end-stage renal failure who received repeat morphine administration over two days. An E MAX model for additive morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide respiratory effects described respiratory rate better than models describing either alone. Failure to clear morphine-6-glucuronide renally led to respiratory depression episodes occurring later than those predicted by modelling morphine levels only. These findings support the use of alternative analgesics (e.g. fentanyl) that are cleared by non-renal pathways and have no active metabolites in patients with end-stage renal disease.

Topic: Poisoning and overdose treatments
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Star quality: celebrity casting in London West End theatres

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the practice of casting celebrity performers in London West End theatres. The paper uses the literature on celebrity to explore the impact that casting a celebrity has on the London theatre audience. Design/methodology/approach – The pervasiveness of celebrity culture forms the background and starting point for this research. In the first phase, theatre managers, directors and producers were interviewed to explore their views on the practice of celebrity casting. In the second phase, an audience survey was conducted. The approach taken is exploratory and is intended to illuminate the conditions under which a successful celebrity-focused strategy can be constructed. Findings – A distinction between fame and celebrity was drawn by both theatre professionals and audiences, with celebrity status being seen as something that is created by media exposure and being in the public eye. This is in contrast to fame, which is earned by being famous for something, or some achievement. Theatre audiences are more likely to be attracted by celebrities who have theatrical expertise and not by someone known simply through film, television or the all-pervasive gossip columns. Celebrities with a background in theatre and film were seen to strongly draw audiences to the theatre, as opposed to those with a background in reality TV shows, search-for-a-star shows or for being half of a famous couple. Originality/value – The paper is focused on the theatre and makes an original contribution to the current discussion of the power wielded by celebrities. It is the first empirical research on this aspect of the theatre business. Its contribution lies in understanding audience members’ interpretation and understanding of celebrity to ascertain the extent to which they perceive celebrities as credible to perform theatre. This is based on a differentiation between their mediated fame and expertise. It is helpful and useful information for producers when deciding whether or not to cast a celebrity and to which audiences that the celebrity might appeal.

Topic: Gender, Feminism, and Media
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
CARPAL TUNNEL RELEASE WITH A LIMITED PALMAR INCISION: CLINICAL RESULTS AND PILLAR PAIN AT 18 MONTHS FOLLOW-UP

Limited open carpal tunnel release was performed in 58 hands (44 patients) using a single 1.5 cm palmar incision according to the technique described by Lee and Strickland. 1 The patients were assessed at regular intervals after surgery for hand functions and subjective symptoms, in particular pillar pain. There was rapid wound recovery with minimal post-operative pain and scarring, and return to functional activities within four weeks. At an average follow-up of 18 months (range 14–24 months), 91% of patients had complete or significant resolution of hand paraesthesia. No patient required further surgery. However, pillar pain was found in 48% of hands at four weeks, 21% at 12 weeks, 12% at six months, 9% at 12 months and 7% at the last follow-up. The significance of the incidence of pillar pain is discussed.

Topic: Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The digital frontiers of fisheries governance: fish attraction devices, drones and satellites

High seas fisheries remain one of the least transparent global production practices. Distance from shore, coupled with the highly mobile nature of fish stocks, has put attention on new monitoring, control and surveillance technologies to collect spatially referenced data on the location of fishing vessels, gears and even fish stocks and eradicate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing activity. Faced with their nascent implementation, research is yet to address how these technologies are reconfiguring the roles and responsibilities of public and private actors involved in fisheries management, including who collects and controls fisheries related information. In this paper, we compare three monitoring, control and surveillance technologies that are gaining traction in fisheries; the use of private fish attraction devices in oceanic tuna fisheries, unmanned public drones for marine surveillance and global satellite monitoring of fishing vessels. In doing so, we question how different configurations of actors are structuring flows of information and with what effect on sustainability performance of high seas fisheries. We also explore how these technologies configure new (and imagined) geographies of high seas fisheries which challenge existing modes of fisheries management.

Topic: Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Example-Based Depth Generation from Single Image for 3D Content

2D plus depth is the most convenient way of representing 3D content. Unlike traditional methods of depth map generation which recovers precise geometry from multiple images, this paper presents an example-based method for automatically creating a layered 3D depth map from a single photograph. In our method, example-based background matching is used to identify the closest background and segment the foreground. Then, we do the foreground objects detection and project these objects into perspective using their location. In the end, we provide a thorough quantitative result of our algorithm on a set of real photos which confirms the benefits of our integrated approach. Therefore, a single image can be the content for 3D world.

Topic: Advanced Vision and Imaging
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Oscillation Criteria of Fourth-Order Differential Equations with Delay Terms

The aim of this paper is to derive oscillation criteria of the following fourth-order differential equation with delay term r x z ′ ′ ′ x γ ′ + ∑ i = 1 n q i x f z η i x = 0 , under the assumption ∫ x 0 ∞ r − 1 / γ s d s = ∞ . The results are based on comparison with the oscillatory behaviour of second-order delay equations and the generalised Riccati transformation. Not only do the provided theorems provide an entirely new technique but also they vastly improve on a number of previously published conclusions. We give three examples to illustrate our findings.

Topic: Nonlinear Differential Equations Analysis
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Case Study : A class E power amplifier for ISO-14443A

This paper reports on the design and implementation of a class E push-pull amplifier in order to increase the reading range of an ISO-14443A RFID system. With the aid of classical design formulas and some alterations due to parasitic and intrinsic capacitances, a working implementation was made that can provide the loop with an amplified modulated current wave. © 2009 IEEE.

Topic: Advanced Power Amplifier Design
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Spelt: Agronomy, Quality, and Flavor of Its Breads from 30 Varieties Tested across Multiple Environments

Spelt ( Triticum aestivum L. ssp. spelta ) is an old hulled wheat currently receiving renewed interest of consumers, bakers, millers, and farmers. Our objectives were (i) to assess the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic and quality traits together with the flavor and odor of breads, (ii) to investigate correlations among these traits, and (iii) to draw conclusions for spelt breeding targeting improved yield, quality, and flavor of end products. Therefore, we investigated 30 spelt varieties in up to six field locations and determined important agronomic parameters and numerous quality traits, as well as flavor and odor of breads made from all varieties. As for the closely related bread wheat ( T. aestivum L. ssp. aestivum ), protein and gluten content were tightly correlated in spelt, but both were only moderately correlated with protein quality. The correlation between the sedimentation volume determined either with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDSS) or according to Zeleny was very high ( r = 0.94, p &lt; 0.001). However, SDSS differentiated the spelt varieties better and is thus proposed for future spelt breeding and evaluations. We determined a significant genetic variation for bread flavor with a heritability of 0.56. Furthermore, this flavor was not correlated with traits important for spelt breeding, i.e., protein quality and agronomy. Thus, future breeding can simultaneously target improved yield, bread‐making quality, and a more aromatic bread flavor of new spelt varieties, which would also be of interest for bread and durum wheat ( Triticum durum Desf.). These findings highlight the need of an intensified interdisciplinary research to develop faster methods for flavor and odor evaluation of breads.

Topic: Wheat and Barley Genetics and Pathology
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Seven / Exporting and Acclimatizing Regional Planning Models to the Tropics

Abstract Chapter 6 focuses on the place of "mountains" in the colonial project. In the first place, the colonial power optimized its occupation and control of the territories it had claimed by identifying and mapping all the landforms that served as natural ramparts and obstacles to free movement. Second, it circumscribed populations judged singular from the start, using the mountain environment as a social indicator and as a vehicle for naturalizing the peoples encountered there. The category of "the mountaineer" proved, once again, to be useful for this purpose, for qualifying both local people living in the mountains and mostly Western mountain climbers who were to promote oropolitics in the Himalayas, the Caucasus and the Andes.

Topic: Migration, Health, Geopolitics, Historical Geography
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Polysaccharide Fraction of Green Seaweed Codium fragile Extract (Suringar, 1867)

Marine seaweeds are a renewable source that possess different biological activities. The current study investigated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and selected biological activites of the polysaccharide fraction of methanol crude from Codium fragile (Family: Codiaceae). Dried seaweed was extracted with 70% methanol and the polysaccharide fraction was separated. Total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) contents were determined using standard methods. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin (protein) denaturation, trypsin (proteinase) inhibitory and membrane stabilisation assays, while antioxidant activity was conducted using DPPH radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. TPC, TFC values were 21.01±0.90 μg GE/g, 24.14±4.50 μg QE/g, respectively. Ferric ion reducing power recorded as 10.84±0.58 μg TE/g and IC50 value of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 1685.3±4.4 μg/ml and less effective than Trolox standard (IC50=10.4±0.4 μg/ml). IC50 values of albumin (protein) denaturation was 506.2±1.8 μg/ml and less effective than Aspirin standard (29.3±0.5 μg/ml). Anti-inflammatory potential according to the trypsin (proteinase) inhibitory assay and membrane stabilisation assay were 65.4±0.4 μg/ml and 3027.6±4.7 μg/ml, respectively and these values were less effective than that of diclofenac sodium standard (IC50=14.2±0.5 μg/ml). According to the results, the polysaccharide portion showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity compared to antioxidant properties. Hence further investigations on anti-inflammatory properties and isolation of active compounds are warranted. Keywords: Codium fragile, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Polysaccharide, Green algae

Topic: Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Divided Hearts: The Presbyterian Journey through Oklahoma History. By Michael Cassity and Danney Goble. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2009. xx + 340 pp. $24.95 cloth.

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Topic: Archaeology and Natural History
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Utility Based Comparison of Some Models of Exchange Rate Volatility

When estimates of variances are used to make asset allocation decisions, underestimates of population variances lead to lower expected utility than equivalent overestimates: a utility based criterion is asymmetric, unlike standard criteria such as mean squared error. To illustrate how to estimate a utility based criterion, we use five bilateral weekly dollar exchange rates, 1973-1989, and the corresponding pair of Eurodeposit rates. Of homoskedastic, GARCH, autoregressive and nonparametric models for the conditional variance of each exchange rate, GARCH models tend to produce the highest utility, on average. A mean squared error criterion also favors GARCH, but not as sharply.

Topic: Monetary Policy and Economic Impact
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
BALANCE-EQUATION THEORY FOR STEADY-STATE RESISTIVITY

The balance-equation theory of nonlinear resistivity [X.L. Lei and C. S. Ting, Phys. Rev. B 32, 1112 (1985)] is viewed. We call attention to the significance of its choice of the initial state as one in which the electrons exhibit a thermal equilibrium distribution with respect to their center of mass which is moving at a velocity equal to their average drift velocity in the presence of an electric field. Because of this, the process making the system approach the steady state is pure thermalization without the need for any momentum relaxation. The thermalization time, i.e., the time for the system to approach the steady state, is limited by intercarrier couplings. This justifies the validity of the original results of Lei and Ting for large-number-carrier systems in the limit of weak impurity and phonon scatterings.

Topic: Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Congenital anterior glottic webs: a retrospective review of 59 cases with management and outcomes

Background: Congenital anterior glottic webs are rare anomalies which present with a wide spectrum of symptoms and are managed in endoscopic and open approaches. We present 37 years of a single centre experience in the management of congenital anterior laryngeal webs to establish which factors may influence outcomes.Methods: A retrospective review looking at all anterior laryngeal webs managed at a quaternary referral centre across four decades. Patient demographic information, clinical signs, symptoms, co-morbidities, and management was recorded and outcomes analysed.Results: A total of 59 patients were identified as having an anterior glottic web. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome was diagnosed in 61% of patients. Lower grade webs were commonly managed conservatively or with endoscopic division, while higher grade webs were managed by external laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR). There was an association with recurrence and revision surgery with the grade of web. We found no associations with recurrence and revision surgery with age at diagnosis, age at time of first surgical procedure, sex, surgical technique or underlying genetic abnormality.Conclusions: Congenital anterior glottic webs should be suspected when the neonate or young infant presents with dysphonia or respiratory distress. Diagnosis should be made on direct visualisation, and consideration for genetic analysis and cardiac workup should be made given the high association with congenital anterior glottic webs. Endoscopic surgical division should be reserved for low grade webs and open procedures for high grade webs irrespective of sex, age and underlying genetic condition.

Topic: Tracheal and airway disorders
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Short-term versus long-term benzodiazepine therapy

Anxiety syndromes are poorly defined and classified and none of the systems at present in use is entirely satisfactory: some attempt to define anxiety states purely in terms of symptoms, while others do so by viewing anxiety as the product of interactions between external events and innate tendencies. Whatever scheme is used, however, it is essential that the type and level of anxiety is assessed before undertaking drug treatment. In general, tranquillizers such as benzodiazepines are more effective in lessening acute or chronic sustained levels of anxiety than peaks, as in panic attacks. With sustained levels of anxiety, long-acting benzodiazepines such as diazepam and clorazepate are usually preferred, while episodic anxiety normally responds best to shorter-acting drugs such as oxazepam or lorazepam. Short-term use of benzodiazepines is justified in patients with severe symptomatic distress and/or impairment of ability to cope. Long-term use is only justified in patients with chronic severe anxiety in which the symptomatic relief and improved functioning outweigh the risk of dependence.

Topic: Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
&lt;title&gt;Media processing using streams&lt;/title&gt;

Media applications are characterized by large amounts of available parallelism, little data reuse, and a high computation to memory access ratio. While these characteristics are poorly matched to conventional microprocessor architectures, they are a good fit for modern VLSI technology with its high arithmetic capacity but limited global bandwidth. The stream programming model, in which an application is coded as streams of data records passing through computation kernels, exposes both parallelism and locality in media applications that can be exploited by VLSI architectures. The Imagine architecture supports the stream programming model by providing a bandwidth hierarchy tailored to the demands of media applications. Compared to a conventional scalar processor, Imagine reduces the global register and memory bandwidth required by typical applications by factors of 13 and 21 respectively. This bandwidth efficiency enables a single chip Imagine processor to achieve a peak performance of 16.2GFLOPS (single-precision floating point) and sustained performance of up to 8.5GFLOPS on media processing kernels.

Topic: Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques
Subfield: Hardware and Architecture
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Image quality affects deep learning reconstruction of MRI

The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) process is susceptible to a wide range of artifacts caused by various sources. In some cases, artifacts might be confused with pathology. In addition, state-of-the-art dynamic MR reconstruction algorithms are iterative in nature, causing longer reconstruction times. Recently, deep learning has been applied to MRI reconstruction and produces high quality images at high acceleration rates. Since deep learning highly depends on training data, the quality of training images must not be ignored. This article demonstrates how noisy images in the training data affect the quality of MR reconstruction. The proposed method modifies the loss function of the neural network to prefer higher quality target images by using a weighted loss function. In this paper mean squared error loss is used, but the approach can be extended to other types of loss function. Using still frames from cardiac MRI's, this approach is compared to existing approaches that discard noisy training data or ignore these quality differences. Even a basic weighting strategy improves the deep learning reconstruction quality over such methods.

Topic: Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Improvement of sexual behavior and semen quality by therapeutic approach and zinc supplementation on Karan Fries

Sub-fertility is one of the major concerns in crossbred bulls as 42.98% bulls are getting culled due to sub- fertility problems therefore, a study was planned on 18 Karan Fries bulls producing poor quality semen or not mounted. They were randomly grouped into 3 treatment groups of 6 animals each and 2 normal bulls were kept as control. Sexual behavior and semen quality were studied during pre-therapy (1 month), therapy (90 days) and post- therapy (90 days) period. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. During therapy period, first group treated with 10 g of herbal product orally, second group with 0.0082 mg of GnRH intramuscularly at 10 days interval and third group with 80 ppm of zinc for 90 days for each group. The results depicted that herbal and GnRH treatment significantly reduced the reaction time, whereas herbal, GnRH treatment and zinc supplementation significantly improved the libido score and reduced per cent of non-mounts during the therapy and post-therapy period. The volume of semen and level of testosterone improved in all treatments groups. Herbal, GnRH treatment and zinc supplementation increased the average number of good and medium quality ejaculates/month/bull and maximum efficiency achieved during the treatment period. There was increase in percent live sperm and decrease in abnormality in herbal treated and zinc supplemented group. Therefore, it can be concluded that GnRH therapy, herbal treatment and zinc supplementation will be effective to overcome the sub-fertility problem in crossbred bulls.

Topic: Reproductive Physiology in Livestock
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences