jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
CORDEX-WRF v1.3: development of a module for the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to support the CORDEX community

Abstract. The Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) is a scientific effort of the World Climate Research Program (WRCP) for the coordination of regional climate initiatives. In order to accept an experiment, CORDEX provides experiment guidelines, specifications of regional domains, and data access and archiving. CORDEX experiments are important to study climate at the regional scale, and at the same time, they also have a very prominent role in providing regional climate data of high quality. Data requirements are intended to cover all the possible needs of stakeholders and scientists working on climate change mitigation and adaptation policies in various scientific communities. The required data and diagnostics are grouped into different levels of frequency and priority, and some of them even have to be provided as statistics (minimum, maximum, mean) over different time periods. Most commonly, scientists need to post-process the raw output of regional climate models, since the latter was not originally designed to meet the specific CORDEX data requirements. This post-processing procedure includes the computation of diagnostics, statistics, and final homogenization of the data, which is often computationally costly and time-consuming. Therefore, the development of specialized software and/or code is required. The current paper presents the development of a specialized module (version 1.3) for the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model capable of outputting the required CORDEX variables. Additional diagnostic variables not required by CORDEX, but of potential interest to the regional climate modeling community, are also included in the module. "Generic" definitions of variables are adopted in order to overcome the model and/or physics parameterization dependence of certain diagnostics and variables, thus facilitating a robust comparison among simulations. The module is computationally optimized, and the output is divided into different priority levels following CORDEX specifications (Core, Tier 1, and additional) by selecting pre-compilation flags. This implementation of the module does not add a significant extra cost when running the model; for example, the addition of the Core variables slows the model time step by less than a 5 %. The use of the module reduces the requirements of disk storage by about a 50 %. The module performs neither additional statistics over different periods of time nor homogenization of the output data.

Topic: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Simulating the soil carbon dynamics of<i>Pinus densiflora</i>forests in central Korea

Abstract We developed a simple forest soil carbon model (Korean Forest Soil Carbon model, KFSC) requiring a small number of parameters to evaluate the forest soil carbon stocks and dynamics. The KFSC was composed of live biomass (BIO), primary dead organic matter (DOM) (AWD: aboveground woody debris; BWD: belowground woody debris; ALT: aboveground litter; and BLT: belowground litter), and secondary DOM (HUM: humus and SOC: soil organic carbon). The KFSC was validated against six Pinus densiflora forests at Gyeonggi province in central Korea and validation results showed that the model predicted the AWD, ALT, and SOC stocks with high precision (r 2=0.90–0.98, slope = 0.95–0.98). We simulated 160 years of carbon dynamics of the P. densiflora forests in Gyeonggi province (11,607 ha) under alternative clear-cut intervals that had been taking place in the past (30, 50, and 80 years). Simulated total SOC stock ranged from 298.7 to 520.5 Gg C depending on the scenario and increased with time in all scenarios. The estimated total SOC stock was higher in the scenario of less frequent clear-cut, while its annual increment was higher in the scenario of more frequent clear-cut in the past. The KFSC will be useful, especially for simulating soil carbon dynamics in forests with scarce information, and has the potential to estimate soil carbon dynamics at a national scale by incorporating with geographical information system.

Topic: Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Detection of Protein-Bound Amino Groups in Plant Tissue by Schiff Base Formation and Azo Coupling

This account pertains to the detection of protein-bound amino groups in fresh, freehand sections of bean cotyledons. Two separate reagents were used: (A) p-aminobenz-aldehyde and (B) p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. Both of these compounds, by virtue of their free aldehyde groups, condensed with native amino groups to form their respective Schiff bases. The free amino groups of the resultant Schiff base with reagent A were diaz-otized and coupled with an arylamine, whereas the Schiff base produced in the sections treated with reagent B was treated with nitrous acid to yield its nitroso derivative which was finally coupled with H acid to produce a purple-red dye.

Topic: Biochemical and biochemical processes
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Spatial Distribution and Age Structure of Population as a Factor of Spatial Differentiation of Development of the Kuršumlija Municipality

Demographic development is characterized by pronounced depopulation, weakening demographic potential and aging of population. These resulted by increasing inbalances in the territorial distribution of population (drastically draining and fragmentation of rural settlements). Aim of this work is analysis of spatial distribution and age structure of population as a factor constraints of balanced development. Special attention is on the analysis of dispersion of population and settlements in altitude zones, and to research the causes and consequences of demographic emptying and quenching setelements of the municipality of Kursumlija.

Topic: Regional Development and Management Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Cambrian spiral-plated echinoderms from Gondwana reveal the earliest pentaradial body plan

Echinoderms are unique among animal phyla in having a pentaradial body plan, and their fossil record provides critical data on how this novel organization came about by revealing intermediate stages. Here, we report a spiral-plated animal from the early Cambrian of Morocco that is the most primitive pentaradial echinoderm yet discovered. It is intermediate between helicoplacoids (a bizarre group of spiral-bodied echinoderms) and crown-group pentaradiate echinoderms. By filling an important gap, this fossil reveals the common pattern that underpins the body plans of the two major echinoderm clades (pelmatozoans and eleutherozoans), showing that differential growth played an important role in their divergence. It also adds to the striking disparity of novel body plans appearing in the Cambrian explosion.

Topic: Echinoderm biology and ecology
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Fast Image Enhancement Based on Maximum and Guided Filters

Retinex theory gives an effective tool for adjusting the brightness of low-light image by factorizing its values in terms of illumination and reflectance. In this paper, a Retinex image enhancement algorithm is proposed based on maximum and guided filters to improve the brightness of low-light images. The illumination is calculated by the maximum filter and edge-preserving smoothed by the guided filter. Both subjective and objective tests show that our method can achieve better visual quality than other state-of-the-art. Furthermore, because of the high computational efficiency of the maximum and guided filters, our method runs more than 7× faster than other state-of-the-art.

Topic: Image Enhancement Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Unpaired Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Image Super-Resolution via Frequency-Aware Inverse-Consistency GAN

For optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images, a limited scanning rate leads to a trade-off between field-of-view (FOV) and imaging resolution. Although larger FOV images may reveal more parafoveal vascular lesions, their application is greatly hampered due to lower resolution. To increase the resolution, previous works only achieved satisfactory performance by using paired data for training, but real-world applications are limited by the challenge of collecting large-scale paired images. Thus, an unpaired approach is highly demanded. Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) has been commonly used in the unpaired setting, but it may struggle to accurately preserve fine-grained capillary details, which are critical biomarkers for OCTA. In this paper, our approach aspires to preserve these details by leveraging the frequency information, which represents details as high-frequencies ($\textbf{hf}$) and coarse-grained backgrounds as low-frequencies ($\textbf{lf}$). In general, we propose a GAN-based unpaired super-resolution method for OCTA images and exceptionally emphasize $\textbf{hf}$ fine capillaries through a dual-path generator. To facilitate a precise spectrum of the reconstructed image, we also propose a frequency-aware adversarial loss for the discriminator and introduce a frequency-aware focal consistency loss for end-to-end optimization. Experiments show that our method outperforms other state-of-the-art unpaired methods both quantitatively and visually.

Topic: Optical Coherence Tomography Applications
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Study on the Contrast between Cho Ji-hoon Buddhist Literature and Han Yong-un Buddhist Literature

이 글은 심훈의 장편소설들을 중심으로, 반복되는 검열 체험에 따른 작가의 대응 양상에 주목한 것이다. 심훈은 『동방의 애인』에서 사회주의 운동의 국제적 구도를 직접 드러냈고, 이는 『불사조』에 이르러 국내의 문제로 전환된다. 『영원의 미소』에서는 도시와 농촌 사이에서 실천적 선택을 요청하며, 『직녀성』에서는 여성 문제를, 『상록수』에서는 농촌 문제를 각각 끌어들였다. 심훈의 텍스트를 살아남게 하는 힘은 주로 축적된 검열 체험에서 나왔다. 비록 검열은 사회주의를 정면에서 다룬 첫 두 장편을 중단시켰지만, 사회주의를 이면에서 다룬 이후 세 편의 추적에는 실패했다. 식민지 조선의 참혹한 현실을 고발하여 일본의 통치를 비판하고 일본어 · 일본인 · 일본이라는 공간을 부정적 맥락으로 소비하는 것은 그의 일관된 전략이었다.BR 그렇기에 심훈이 여성 문제 · 농촌 문제를 다루었다 하여 그것만을 주목한다면 검열관뿐 아니라 독자 또한 심훈의 의도를 제대로 읽어내지 못하는 것이 된다. 심훈의 소설에는 소재적 불연속성 이면에 주제적 연속성의 층위가 존재하고 있었다. 심훈이 보여준 것과 심훈이 전달하고자 한 것을 함께 이해하는 독법이 필요하다. 심훈의 사례는 식민지 작가들의 일상적 체험과 맞닿아 있기에 중요한 것이기도 하다.

Topic: Chinese history and philosophy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Analyzing and Predicating PH value in Nature Rubber Solidification Process Using Multiple Regression Method

Abstract Acid coagulation is the most common process in nature rubber(NR) processing and the acid concentration in latex is a key factor that will decide the quality of processed rubber. In order to invalid the change of PH value processed with acid concentration on latex clots, a group division experiment is designed to obtain the data of PH value, smell and color in latex clots under different solidification time, mode, and temperature. Then a multiple regression model based on Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) is used to analyse and predicate the PH value in different conditions. The result shows that predication method can have a good result and the average relative error of PH value is 4.60%.

Topic: Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses
Subfield: Analytical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
The National Archives of Cameroon in Yaoundé and Buea

Even in learned journals on African and imperial history, few references have been made to the records contained in the archives in Cameroon, West Africa. Kamerun was a German colony (Schutzgebiet) from 1884-1916/19. In 1911, the Germans took over New Cameroon (Neu Kamerun), 295,000 km 2 of land of French Equatorial Africa, ceded during the second Morocco Crisis. After World War I this transaction was reversed and the German colony was separated into French and British League of Nations Mandates in 1919. These mandates were transformed into United Nations Trusteeships in 1946. Finally, French Cameroun became independent in 1960, and after a plebiscite in 1961, one part of the British Cameroons joined Nigeria and the other part reunited with the formerly French part, now the independent Federal Republic of Cameroon. Due to the involvement of three colonial powers in Cameroon, the national archives in Yaoundé and Buea are an excellent source for the colonial history of West Africa, allowing for a simultaneous analysis of German, French, and British files. Whereas the colonial files in the European archives mainly give us the point of view of high politics, the archives in Cameroon offer a different dimension. The files reveal the intricacies of the colonial system on the ground, and the problems with which the colonial administrator had to cope in the bush: How did one introduce European legal tender in a territory never touched by Europeans before? How did one cope with the colonial rivals, who were couching at the frontiers to take over the territory? How did one attempt to win peoples' hearts and minds day in and day out? What happened when the new colonial power took over a territory with an already developed administration from another colonial power, as it took place in Cameroon in 1911 and 1916/19? The national archives of Cameroon contain potential answers to these questions. Hence this paper will focus on the sources that are available for the colonial period in these archives.

Topic: African history and culture studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Epileptic fast oscillations and synchrony in vitro

Summary Very fast oscillations (VFOs; &gt;70–80 Hz) precede and superimpose upon electrographic seizures. Knowing the cellular mechanisms of VFOs may offer clues to therapy. In vitro models, and ultrastructural and network modeling data, suggest that VFOs are generated by electrical coupling between principal neurons, and that VFOs are favored by the suppression of chemical neurotransmission. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books ).

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Comment on bg-2023-47

<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Ecosystem manipulative experiments are one of the most powerful tools to understand terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change because they measure real responses in real ecosystems. However, their scope is limited in space and time due to cost and labour intensity. This makes generalising results from such experiments difficult, which creates a conceptual gap between local scale process understanding and global scale future predictions. Recent efforts have seen results from such experiments used in combination with dynamic global vegetation models, most commonly to evaluate model predictions under global change drivers. However, there is much more potential in combining models and experiments. Here, we discuss the value and potential of a workflow for using ecosystem experiments together with process-based models to enhance the potential of both. We suggest that models can be used prior to the start of an experiment to generate hypotheses, identify data needs and in general guide experimental design. Models, when adequately constrained with observations, can also predict variables which are difficult to measure frequently or at all, and together with the data can provide a more complete picture of ecosystem states. Finally, models can be used to help generalise the experimental results in space and time, by providing a framework in which process understanding derived from site-level experiments can be incorporated. We also discuss the potential for using manipulative experiments together with models in formalised model-data integration frameworks for parameter estimation and model selection, a path made possible by the increasing number of ecosystem experiments and diverse observation streams. The ideas presented here can provide a roadmap to future experiment - model studies.

Topic: Species Distribution and Climate Change
Subfield: Ecological Modeling
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
PECULIARITIES OF F. D. KRYUKOV’S PUBLICISM OF THE DON PERIOD (1918-1919)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the publicism of the Don writer F. D. Kryukov during the Civil War. The communicative strategies of the writer-journalist are analyzed. The features of creation of publicistic works with the media are revealed. The creative work of F. D. Kryukov of the Don period is characterized by the tragic worldview. It is established that the writer contrasts the philosophy of the apocalypse with the faith in the great destiny of the Cossacks, as well as the patriotic idea, the return to ethical old principles, based on the notions of the Fatherland, conscience and honor.

Topic: Discourse Analysis and Cultural Communication
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Assessment of various physiochemical treatments for the removal of dissolved and colloidal substances present in the TMP/Newsprint white waters and fungal enzymatic treated white water

This study has assessed the effects of using hydrogen peroxide, Fenton's reagent treatment and alum coagulation on the removal of organic dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) from TMP/Newsprint cloudy white water (MWW), fungal cultural filtrate (FCF) and fungal enzymatic treated white water (FWW). It was shown that employing hydrogen peroxide did not significantly remove the colour, even i f a high dosage (2% by wt/wt) of hydrogen peroxide was employed. Both the Fenton's reagent treatment and alum coagulation were effective in reducing detrimental components present in both the fungal cultural filtrate and the fungal enzymatic treated white water, without the requirement of either pH adjustment or the need for changed temperature. We confirmed that fungal enzymatic treatment played a key role in enhancing these two posttreatments. The presence of chelating agents was shown to be the major inhibitor of successful Fenton's reagent treatment of the MWW and FWW. The percentage removal of colour and of organic DCS components were increased up to 90% and 92% respectively of the Fenton's reagent treatment. When using alum coagulation, the removal rates of lignin, extractives and colour were 95%, 85% and 95% respectively. The zeta potential was shown to be the most dominant factor which affected efficient precipitation. The supernatants obtained after each of the treatments were virtually clear and only slightly coloured when compared to the original MWW and FWW samples.

Topic: Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
LHD 106RVUV #93138.1

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectroscopy diagnostics are applied to measure wavelength spectra including line emissions released from Ne ions ranging from low to high charge states simultaneously in a single discharge of the Ne-seeded divertor heat load reduction experiments in LHD.

Topic: Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Computational investigation of the atrio-ventricular node conduction: developing mouse transitional cells models

Cardiovascular diseases represent the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with atrial fibrillation playing a prominent role. The atrioventricular node (AVN), despite being a key component in regulating impulse conduction between atria and ventricles, remains only partially characterized, especially from a computational point of view. This work aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of AVN behavior through the reconstruction, calibration, and integration of interspecies electrophysiological models. We conducted a comparative analysis of two existing models: the rabbit model proposed by Inada et al., consisting of a family of three models, and the mouse model developed by Bartolucci et al. Starting from the N-type cell of Inada, we reconstructed the transition phenotypes (AN and NH) to study the structural and functional eects of the applied modifications. The same framework of modifications was then transferred and adapted to the mouse context to assess its reproducibility between species. Due to physiological and structural dierences between rabbit and mouse, direct repli- cation proved insucient. A preliminary calibration, supported by sensitivity analysis, was performed to adjust calcium-related parameters and activation thresholds, enabling the construction of two qualitatively stable mouse transitional cell models. Finally, the calibrated cells were embedded into a one-dimensional discrete AVN structure inspired by the Inada configuration. The results obtained provided insight into the feasibility of interspecies adaptation and the challenges of reproducing AVN dynamics in murine simulations.

Topic: Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Fiscal Policy and Employment in Advanced and Emerging Economies

This paper discusses tax and expenditure policy reforms to raise employment. Using data for 58 advanced and emerging economies, the paper provides a unified assessment of tax and expenditure measures that have usually been addressed separately. The focus is on incentives to increase labor demand and supply rather than on the impact of fiscal policy on employment through aggregate demand effects. It also discusses policies to improve the matching of labor supply and demand, and the principles which should guide the design of country-specific fiscal reforms to boost employment. A comprehensive set of tables on fiscal policies and labor market outturns for advanced and emerging economies is provided, permitting cross-country comparisons to facilitate the design of reform strategies.

Topic: Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences