jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
66‐1: <i>Invited Paper:</i> Display Performance Standards: Clearing up OEM and Consumer Confusion

The PC display market has evolved rapidly in recent years, with new technologies and capabilities like high dynamic range (HDR), motion blur reduction and ultra‐high variable refresh rates being introduced at a rapid rate. However, when it comes to choosing a display, consumers are often at a disadvantage. How can they better understand the capabilities of each display, and trust the specs provided by the manufacturer? For display OEMs, having consistent, measurable display performance parameters around which to qualify and promote their products is also beneficial to product development and commercialization. For the past six years, the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) has released multiple front‐of‐screen performance standards to help consumers and OEMs meet these needs. This paper will review the compliance test specifications for several of these standards, including the newest update to VESA's HDR standard, DisplayHDR v1.2, which will be launched in the first half of 2024.

Topic: Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Relationship between Cardiovascular Fitness and Body Mass Index to Student Achievement in 5th Grade Hispanic Children of the Lower Rio Grande Valley of South Texas

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship between cardiovascular fitness, body mass index and academic performance in 547 Hispanic children in 5th grade from a Rio Grande Valley school district. The dependent variable, academic performance, was measured by children’s gain score on the STAAR Progress Measure for Reading and Math assessments. The independent variables of physical fitness were measured by scores on cardiovascular fitness and body mass index from the FITNESSGRAM assessment. The statistical and data analysis method used by this study utilized multiple regression. The results revealed that body mass index was correlated with academic performance. Body mass index accounted for a statistically significant variance in math gains while time did not explain any significant variance in math. There was no correlation between reading gains and time and body mass index. The results by weight group revealed a significant correlation between time and reading gains for the normal weight group and a significant correlation between body mass index and math gains for the obese group. These results suggest that at grade 5, consideration be given to body mass index levels of Hispanic children from low-income backgrounds.

Topic: Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Risk management of photovoltaic power plants using a novel fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method based on prospect theory: A sustainable development approach

Due to limited fossil fuel resources and their negative environmental impacts, investment in solar photovoltaic energy has been increasing markedly. Benefiting from photovoltaic systems to fulfill the demand for energy is accompanied by various risks that must be considered. This research studies photovoltaic power plants and their supply chains. In particular, it proposes a new framework for risk management of them based on the five dimensions of sustainable development. This framework employs a combination of the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) and the proposed fuzzy election based on relative value distances (FERVD) method to assess and prioritize risks. This proposed fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (FMCDM) method relies on prospect theory and fuzzy logic. The research benefits from literature review and expert interviews for the identification of risks. Expert opinions are also used for the assessment, prioritization, analysis, and treatment of these risks. The results indicate that 70% of total risks and 57% of critical risks are imposed on the supply chain from outside a power plant. Moreover, it is shown that economic risks, that account for 37% of total risks and 86% of critical risks, are by far the most significant threats to this industry, followed by technical and institutional risks. It is also demonstrated that photovoltaic energy has minimal adverse impacts on social and environmental dimensions of sustainability.

Topic: Multi-Criteria Decision Making
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Radiative transport and preheat calculations of laser irradiated aluminum targets

Calculations of the preheat of the cold region of an aluminum target by X-rays from the coronal region are presented. The computation was carried out by means of our 1-D hydrodynamics code, PLASMOR, which takes into consideration non-LTE steady state atomic physics. The radiation from the plasma is divided into 40 energy groups: 20 continuous groups (recombination + bremsstrahlung) from hv = 300 eV up to hv = 100 keV, and 20 lines, mainly (but not only) He-like and H-like lines. The hot coronal region is assumed to be optically thin to all radiation. The photoabsorption in the cold portion proceeds through the photo-ionization effect, and variations with density and temperature are taken into account by means of a simplified model. Black body radiative transport in the cold portion is also included. The effects of the radiation on the shock wave propagation as well as its influence on the density and temperature distribution in the shock compressed region were studied for trapezoidal and Gaussian laser pulse shapes.

Topic: Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Microfiltration-adsorption hybrid system in organics removal from water

A series of experiments was conducted with a Millipore flat plate microfiltration module modified to incorporate in-line powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition. In-line PAC was mixed continuously through a spiral mixing device for a predetermined time prior entering a membrane unit. The results showed that this system is excellent in removing fulvic acid (FA). This system provides to sufficient contact time for PAC to adsorb organics compared to the system with in-line adsorbent addition. More than 85% of FA was removed from water containing 8 mg/l of FA. To achieve this following conditions were used:.(i) a velocity gradient G (mixing intensity) of 160.4 s–1; (ii) a hydraulic residence time (mixing time) of 4 minutes; (iii) a PAC dose of 260 mg/l; and (iv) membrane pore size of 0.22 μm. In case of low FA concentration (e.g. 1.2 mg/l) in water, the removal efficiency was almost 100%. The removal efficiency also increased with the increase of mixing intensity and mixing time. The permeate flux slightly improved when a membrane of pore size 0.22 μm was used with shorter hydraulic residence time and lower PAC concentration. This paper presents a mathematical model developed based on surface diffusion. The model successfully predicted the performance of this hybrid system.

Topic: Membrane Separation Technologies
Subfield: Water Science and Technology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Hyperolius hutsebauti: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group

Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

Topic: Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
X-Ray Diffraction Study on Microstructure of Li2O-TeO2 Glasses.

Li2O-TeO2系ガラスは, 密度, 屈折率および誘電率の大きな物質で, 赤外線透過率の高い材料としても知られており, 最近ではこのガラス系を通信用材料として利用することに多くの関心が集まっている. しかし, 材料設計する上で必要となるそのガラス構造については分光学的観測に基づく解析のみで, 回折法により詳細に解析された例は見当たらない. そこで, 15mol%Li2・85mol%TeO2および25mol%Li2・75mo1%TeO2の2種のガラスを試料とし, それらの短範囲構造をX線回折法により解析した. 得られた動径分布関数の解釈にあたっては, 強度比較法に基づいて考察し, 以下の結論を得た. (1) アルカリテルライトガラスにおいて酸素が四配位したTeO4三方両錐体の結合の中には,0.18nm程度の短い結合と0.20nm程度の長い結合の2種類が存在する. (2) 網目構造を形成する単位としては, TeO4 (三方両錐体) および酸素が三配位したTeO3 (三方錐体) があり, Li2の添加量の増加に伴い,TeO4(三方両錐体)から非架橋酸素を含む多面体を経てTeO3 (三方錐体) へと移行すると考えられる. (3) Te原子上の孤立電子対は, ガラスの網目構造を形成する上で個々の結合には関与していない.

Topic: Glass properties and applications
Subfield: Ceramics and Composites
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Mahatma Gandhi and His Idea of Basic Education: An Historical Appraisal

In spite of his other preoccupations-political, social, economic, and religious; Mahatma Gandhi’s interest in education had always been profound and abiding. Gandhiji’s philosophy of education was not the upshot of any study of modern or ancient educational movements in India or elsewhere. This educational theory is ‘original’, ‘new’ and ‘epoch making. It evolved out of his wide and long experiences of the political, social and economic life of his country. Therefore it was apposite for his motherland. Gandhi realized that at an early age education was therapy for all the ills and evils with which contemporary India had been afflicted. This paper aims to understand and review Gandhian principle of basic education though the writing of Gandhi himself. His several books on education help this essay to review and assess the significance of his ideas of basic education from a historical perspective, which not only changed the educational system of India, but ushered in a social revolution. Keywords: Mahatma Gandhi, Basic Education, Nail Talim, Handicrafts, Social Change.

Topic: Indian History and Philosophy
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Laparoscopic resection of the ventral area of segment 8 and segment 4a by intrahepatic Glissonean approach

Although a temporary portocaval shunt (TPCS) improves hemodynamic stability during liver transplantation, the role of TPCS is controversial. We assessed the effects of TPCS in patients undergoing living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) with a difficult total hepatectomy.We analyzed outcomes by means of retrospective review of 116 LDLTs performed in our institution from May 2011 to October 2013; among these, 33 recipients received TPCS (group I) and 83 did not (group II). We performed TPCS in a high-risk group, such as those with severe perihepatic adhesions, severe retrohepatic adhesions to the vena cava, or massive bleeding during total hepatectomy. Patient demographics and intraoperative and postoperative variables were reviewed.No significant differences were observed in the perioperative variables except intraoperative blood loss. The transfusion requirement and operative time in group I were similar to those in group II despite the higher blood loss and more complicated cases. Hemodynamic status and the vasopressor requirement during the operation were similar between the 2 groups. We also compared 2 subgroups to evaluate the effects of TPCS more precisely in the high-risk patients: subgroup A (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score [MELD], >20) and subgroup B (MELD, ≤20). The intraoperative requirements for platelet concentrate and epinephrine during the early reperfusion phase in subgroup A were significantly lower than those in subgroup A without TPCS.TPCS was a safe and useful procedure to improve hemodynamic status and postoperative LDLT outcomes in high-risk and select patients.

Topic: Organ Transplantation Techniques and Outcomes
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Audit of bloodborne virus infections in injecting drug users in general practice.

Two hundred and ninety patients attending a single general practice in Edinburgh were known to have used illegal drugs, 145 of whom were identified as past or present injectors. Data on bloodborne virus infections and immunisation against hepatitis B virus (HBV) were gathered during 1998, attempts were made to improve the level of testing for bloodborne viruses and immunisation against HBV, and follow up was carried out between October 1999 and February 2000. One hundred and fifteen patients were studied in detail. Evidence of previous HBV infection was found in 31 of 71 tested in 1998 (44%) and 40 of 99 tested at follow up (40%). In 1998 54 out of the 75 tested for hepatitis C antibodies (72%) were positive compared with 73 out of 108 (68%) at follow up. Twenty-six of the 80 tested for HIV antibodies were positive in 1998 (33%) and 26 of 105 at follow up (25%). Large numbers of injecting drug users in our study were found to be not immune to hepatitis B and required immunisation. An abbreviated protocol for immunisation was devised, including post vaccination checks and boosting as necessary. Hepatitis C testing was requested after counselling in most cases, resulting in important and positive interventions. Prevention opportunities for all three bloodborne viruses were identified.

Topic: Hepatitis B Virus Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Morphological-anatomical structure and photosynthetic characteristics of needles with different ages on vege-tative and reproductive branches of <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> trees.

We compared the differences of morphological, anatomical structure and photosynthetic performance of the current-year and one-year-old needles on reproductive and vegetative branches of 40-year-old Korean pine (<i>Pinus koraiensis</i>) trees under full light during the fruiting period of June, July and August. We further analyzed the correlation between various needle indexes of different branch type and needle ages. The results showed that, except stomatal density, needle width and central cylinder area, the other morphological, anatomical structure indexes and moisture content of current-year needles showed significant differences among different months, while the variables of one-year-old needles showed no difference across months. The length of current-year needles in July and August was significantly greater than that in June by 91.0%-110.1% and 122.2%-131.5%, respectively, while the speci-fic needle area was significantly lower by 32.8%-40.9% and 44.8%-52.5%, respectively. The xylem area was significantly higher by 47.3%-70.8% and 75.9%-105.7%, and the phloem area was significantly higher by 29.2%-30.0% and 64.3%-73.2%, respectively. The net photosynthetic rate (<i>P</i><sub>n</sub>) of current-year and one-year-old needles showed opposite trend across different months, with the <i>P</i><sub>n</sub> of current-year needles in July and August was 17.1%-39.8% and 40.3%-51.5% higher compared to June, while the <i>P</i><sub>n</sub> of one-year-old needles in July and August decreased by 40.1%-56.9% and 45.2%-46.1%, respectively. There were significant differences in length and <i>P</i><sub>n</sub> of needles between reproductive and vegetative branches. The current-year needle length on reproductive branches in June and July was significantly shorter than those on vegetative branches by 16.4% and 28.1%. The <i>P</i><sub>n</sub> of current-year and one-year-old needles on reproductive branches was significantly lower than those on vegetative branches by 23.1% and 20.4%, respectively. Capture efficiency of excitation energy in PSⅡ reaction center (<i>F</i><sub>v</sub><i>'/F</i><sub>m</sub><i>'</i>) and <i>P</i><sub>n</sub> of current-year needle on reproductive and vegetative branches, as well as the intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration of current-year needles on vegetative branch were closely correlated with other morphological and anato-mical structure indices, except for stomatal density, while one-year-old needles showed weak correlations. Needle age was the primary factor causing differences in morphological and anatomical structures and photosynthetic performance indices of needles, while branch type only significantly affected needle length and <i>P</i><sub>n</sub>.

Topic: Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Endometrial adenocarcinoma coexisting with an intrauterine pregnancy: a case report.

A rare case of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium discovered during curettage for incomplete abortion was presented and 12 similar cases in the literature were reviewed. In 7 of the 12 patients, a complication of pregnancy led to the discovery of the tumor. In the remaining five, the pregnancy occurred in patients known to have endometrial carcinoma. Most of the cases were well differentiated and minimally invading the myometrium. The pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis were described.

Topic: Endometrial and Cervical Cancer Treatments
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Laser Techniques in the Study of Drug Photochemistry<sup>¶</sup>

ABSTRACT This review describes the application of different laser time‐resolved techniques, such as time‐resolved fluorescence, phosphorescence and laser flash photolysis, to elucidate the mechanism of drug photodegradation. The assignment of transient species based on their luminescence or absorption spectra and based on their reactivity to various quenchers is illustrated. The mathematical expressions used in fitting measured transient decays over time are also discussed. Practical situations found in the literature and relevant to drug photodegradation illustrate different examples. The importance of laser power, concentration and absorbance of the ground state, as well as other parameters intrinsic to laser techniques are discussed.

Topic: Photochemistry and Electron Transfer Studies
Subfield: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Equitability of Dependence Measure

Measuring dependence between two random variables is very important, and critical in many applied areas such as variable selection, brain network analysis. However, we do not know what kind of functional relationship is between two covariates, which requires the dependence measure to be equitable. That is, it gives similar scores to equally noisy relationship of different types. In fact, the dependence score is a continuous random variable taking values in $[0,1]$, thus it is theoretically impossible to give similar scores. In this paper, we introduce a new definition of equitability of a dependence measure, i.e, power-equitable (weak-equitable) and show by simulation that HHG and Copula Dependence Coefficient (CDC) are weak-equitable.

Topic: Mental Health Research Topics
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Strategy and Forces.

US interests will be threatened often in the decade to come. Defeating these varied threats will require forces which are flexible in design, deployability, and employment and which are led by commanders who are flexible in thought. This memorandum deals with the need for flexible forces (forces which can respond across a spectrum of threats). Also examined are certain dilemmas faced by those who would structure a flexible force. The dilemmas considered are: NATO-non-NATO tension: coalition versus individual action; nuclear versus conventional forces; and modernization versus readiness. Finally, consideration is given to several choices which should be considered by the force builder. These are: heavy versus light forces; possible use of prepositioned equipment in areas other than Central Europe; and revised allocation of defense funds to improve strategic deployability. (Author)

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Synthèse de l'Orn<sup>8</sup>‐vasopressine et de l'Orn<sup>8</sup>‐oxytocine

Abstract Orn 8 ‐vasopressin and Orn 8 ‐oxytocin have been synthesized and their biological activities compared with those of arginine‐vasopressin and lysine‐vasopressin and of arginine‐vasotocin and lysine‐vasotocin, respectively. The replacement of the arginine or lysine residues by an ornithin residue to not considerably affect the oxytocic and pressorie activities.

Topic: Chemical Reactions and Isotopes
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Preschool Children’s Acquisition of Compounds

Abstract This chapter reviews some of the important findings in children’s acquisition of compounds. It focuses on what children have to learn about compounds, and takes a brief look at some important cross-linguistic variation in compounds. Children’s ability to create novel forms in their target language is impressive and their ability to form novel compounds is no exception. Children can use novel compound nouns with a variety of meanings from early on, sometimes with meanings that they are unlikely to have heard before.

Topic: Language Development and Disorders
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Inner Space/Outer Space

This article discusses the relationship between inner space (the mind/consciousness) and perceptions of outer space (the extraterrestrial) in Western psychedelic cultures. In particular, it analyses the writings and lectures of Terence McKenna, the most influential psychedelic thinker since the 1960s. Assimilating a broad range of ideas taken from esotericism, shamanism, and science fiction, McKenna became the principal architect of an occult theory of psychedelic experiences referred to here as psychedelic ufology. The article further argues that McKenna was formatively influenced by the ideas of Carl Jung and that, as such, much subsequent psychedelic ufology tends to be Jungian.

Topic: Psychedelics and Drug Studies
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Global Burden of Diabetes, 1995–2025: Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of diabetes and the number of people with diabetes who are ≥20 years of age in all countries of the world for three points in time, i.e., the years 1995, 2000, and 2025, and to calculate additional parameters, such as sex ratio, urban-rural ratio, and the age structure of the diabetic population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Age-specific diabetes prevalence estimates were applied to United Nations population estimates and projections for the number of adults aged ≥20 years in all countries of the world. For developing countries, urban and rural populations were considered separately RESULTS Prevalence of diabetes in adults worldwide was estimated to be 4.0% in 1995 and to rise to 5.4% by the year 2025. It is higher in developed than in developing countries. The number of adults with diabetes in the world will rise from 135 million in 1995 to 300 million in the year 2025. The major part of this numerical increase will occur in developing countries. There will be a 42% increase, from 51 to 72 million, in the developed countries and a 170% increase, from 84 to 228 million, in the developing countries. Thus, by the year 2025, &amp;gt;75% of people with diabetes will reside in developing countries, as compared with 62% in 1995. The countries with the largest number of people with diabetes are, and will be in the year 2025, India, China, and the U.S. In developing countries, the majority of people with diabetes are in the age range of 45–64 years. In the developed countries, the majority of people with diabetes are aged ≥65 years. This pattern will be accentuated by the year 2025. There are more women than men with diabetes, especially in developed countries. In the future, diabetes will be increasingly concentrated in urban areas. CONCLUSIONS This report supports earlier predictions of the epidemic nature of diabetes in the world during the first quarter of the 21st century. It also provides a provisional picture of the characteristics of the epidemic. Worldwide surveillance of diabetes is a necessary first step toward its prevention and control, which is now recognized as an urgent priority.

Topic: Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences