jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Heterostructures Based on g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/CuI as a Photoactivated Support for Pt Nanoparticles toward Efficient Photoelectrocatalytic Methanol Oxidation

The elaborate design and construction of a noble metal/semiconductor heterostructure have ignited tremendous interest in the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) field thanks to the efficacious charge separation and high-reactive activity. Herein, ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets are decorated with CuI and Pt nanoparticles to construct a ternary composite photoelectrocatalyst for a direct methanol fuel cell via a facile approach. It is noted that the introduction of CuI, a typical hole transport channel, significantly improves the catalytic performance and long lifetime stability. More importantly, compared to dark conditions, the assistance of visible light remarkably promoted the current density, anti-poisoning ability, stability, and active area of Pt/g-C3N4/CuI. Efficacious electron transfer and high charge separation efficiency acquired through the formation of heterostructures and the photoelectric synergistic catalytic process are responsible for the significant improvement of photocatalytic performance. The present work provides a hopeful pathway to design a heterostructure catalyst with superior catalytic properties for applications in PEC fields.

Topic: Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques
Subfield: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Eumycetoma causative agents are inhibited in vitro by luliconazole, lanoconazole and ravuconazole

Abstract Introduction Eumycetoma is a subcutaneous mutilating disease that can be caused by many different fungi. Current treatment consists of prolonged itraconazole administration in combination with surgery. In many centres, due to their slow growth rate, the treatment for eumycetoma is often started before the causative agent is identified. This harbours the risk that the causative fungus is not susceptible to the given empirical therapy. In the open‐source drug program MycetOS, ravuconazole and luliconazole were promising antifungal agents that were able to inhibit the growth of Madurella mycetomatis , the most common causative agent of mycetoma. However, it is currently not known whether these drugs inhibit the growth of other eumycetoma causative agents. Materials and methods Here, we determined the in vitro activity of luliconazole, lanoconazole and ravuconazole against commonly encountered eumycetoma causative agents. MICs were determined for lanoconazole, luliconazole and ravuconazole against 37 fungal isolates which included Madurella species, Falciformispora senegalensis , Medicopsis romeroi and Trematosphaeria grisea and compared to those of itraconazole. Results Ravuconazole, luliconazole and lanoconazole showed high activity against all eumycetoma causative agents tested with median minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.008–2 µg/ml, 0.001–0.064 µg/ml and 0.001–0.064 µg/ml, respectively. Even Ma . fahalii and Me. romeroi , which are not inhibited in growth by itraconazole at a concentration of 4 µg/ml, were inhibited by these azoles. Conclusion The commonly encountered eumycetoma causative agents are inhibited by lanoconazole, luliconazole and ravuconazole. These drugs are promising candidates for further evaluation as potential treatment for eumycetoma.

Topic: Actinomycetales infections and treatment
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
African American Sacred and Secular Identities in Mississippi’s Piney Woods

Abstract This chapter explores sacred and secular identities of African Americans in the Piney Woods of Mississippi. The experiences of people close to these folk traditions illustrate the historical and current structure of some African American identities in the Piney Woods, and how those identities have been maintained and transformed over the years. It is argued that both sacred and secular music gatherings are central to how African Americans have constructed and maintained identities in the past and in modern times, despite dramatic social and economic changes.

Topic: Race, History, and American Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Financial incentives to promote citizen investment in low-carbon and resource-efficient assets

If the ambitious objectives of the international community, as set out in the Paris Agreement of December 2015, are to be met, rapid decarbonisation is required over the coming decades, particularly in developed countries. Many industrialised countries are incentivising the uptake of low-carbon and resource efficient technologies such as waste-to-energy, wind, solar photovoltaic (PV), and biomass heating systems, which alone have the potential to make a very substantial contribution to global decarbonisation by 2050 (IEA, 2015). It is notable that these technologies are particularly attractive to local citizen investors who are acting individually, as a member of a community group or as party to a project by a professional developer (Enzensberger et al., 2003). This is because of their maturity, modularity, high reliability, the simplicity of the energy generation process and availability of technical service providers (Yildiz, 2014). These technologies, however, face a number of barriers when it comes to widespread deployment; this means that their full potential cannot not realised. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), policy must address these barriers to enable the full theoretical potential for mitigation to be realised. As illustrated in Figure 1.1, these barriers are not just technical and economic, but also relate to socio-economic, regulatory and institutional factors (IPCC-WGIII, 2001, p. 752). The focus of this report is on addressing two of the key barriers identified in the IPCC typology: financial barriers (and the consequent investment shortfall in low-carbon technologies (LCTs) (section 1.2)), and lack of social support among citizens for low-carbon transition (section 1.3). These barriers are discussed in turn, focusing on the potential for citizen investment to address them.

Topic: Social Acceptance of Renewable Energy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Classification of underwater broadband bio-acoustics using spectro-temporal features

Large scale freshwater monitoring networks can passively capture sound for species detection or classification. The sheer volume of acoustic recordings in such systems requires in-network classification. Most of the recent work on bio-acoustic in-network classification targets narrowband or short-durations signals, which renders it unsuitable for classifying species that emit broadband short-duration signals. This paper proposes a method for broadband sound based classification for large scale aquatic monitoring networks. The method is based on the extraction of a small set of spectral and temporal features. We collect empirical fish sounds, using the case study of the spotted tilapia (Tilapia mariae) which is an invasive freshwater fish species in Australia, and extract spectral and temporal features with our method. We then evaluate the classification accuracy and precision of these features for detecting tilapia sounds against the performance of existing narrowband sound features. The results show that using logistic regression with our limited feature set yields the best performance. Surprisingly, performance slightly improves when we downsample the signal from 44.1 to 16 kHz, indicating that our method is well-suited for classification on embedded devices. We quantify the computational benefits of our approach for enabling broader long-term in-situ species tracking in underwater environments.

Topic: Music and Audio Processing
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Morocco's finances will come under increasing strain

Significance This reflects the impact of the Ukraine conflict on world commodity prices, as well as the damage wrought by climate change on Morocco's water resources and agriculture. The government is coming under pressure to increase social spending and benefits to help households to cope with inflation now at levels not seen in decades. Impacts Fuel prices are a toxic issue for the government. Morocco’s external financial position has weakened as the cost of imports has risen. The rising cost of living may push more Moroccans to try their luck in Europe.

Topic: Russia and Soviet political economy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Use of Two Sulfonyl Urea Herbicides in Lowbush Blueberry

SUMMARY The continuous use of the broad spectrum herbicide hexazinone since 1981 has resulted in many changes to the weedy flora of lowbush blueberry fields, including shifts to hexazinone-tolerant species. Many of these occur in patches and could best be controlled by selective, foliar herbicide treatments. Preliminary assessments of several sufonyl urea (SU) herbicides indicated that tribenuron (Spartan or Express 75% DF) was effective against some important weed species with little risk to the crop. Long-term control (> 95%) of eastern bracken [Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn], yellow loosestrife [Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP], speckled alder [Alnus incana (L.) Moench], common wild rose (Rosa virginiana Mill.) and several others was obtained with mid summer, prune-year foliar applications of tribenuron at 0.2 g L_1 water with 0.2% Agral 90. Screening trials targeting black bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens Willd.), currently the most serious weed problem in Nova Scotia blueberry fields, indicated that SU's with activity against grasses were also effective against this weed, and a 1:1 commercial mixture of nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron (Ultim DF) was selected for further work. Summer and fall prune-year applications of nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron at 0.031 g L_1 water with 0.2% Agral 90 generally provided > 90% control, except when plants were stressed by drought. Although blueberry plants were injured (< 20% injury) when sprayed directly with these SU herbicides, there was little effect on plants in the understory following applications to weeds. Both herbicides have become registered for use in lowbush blueberry in Canada for control of the above species.

Topic: Berry genetics and cultivation research
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Identity formation and the political power in the late Ottoman Empire and early Turkish Republic

This article examines the reasons, consequences and penetration ways of the nationalist movement in the lands that made up the Ottoman Empire. But if many academics have studied this issue and offered an agreed vision of the disruptive effect that nationalism had in the heart of the Ottoman Empire, an evaluation of the impact and consequences that this process had in the population and the political configuration of the new states that appeared after the end of the Turkish domination has not been made. This complicated process, distinguished by the ethnical conflicts in the Balkans and Anatolia in the late Ottoman Empire, led to the elimination of certain ethnical groups from the central territory of the Turkish State, Anatolia, and to its foundation as principal consequence. This paper will focuse on the nature of political power in the Ottoman empire with the purpose of, first, exposing how transformation of the political power generate radically different resolution to ethnic conflict and its management and, secondly, demonstrating the impacts of imperial practices in dealing with multi-cultural society on inheritor nation-state practices in the Turkish case.

Topic: Balkans: History, Politics, Society
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Concerning 1e- transfer in reduction by dihydronicotinamide: reaction of oxidized flavin and flavin radical with N-benzyl-1,5-dihydronicotinamide.

The rates of reaction of 5-ethyl-3-methyllumiflavinium perchlorate and 5-ethyl-3-methyllumiflavinyl radical with a NADH analogue, N-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide, were measured anaerobically in tert-butanol and 5% acetonitrile/95% tert-butanol solutions at 30 degrees C. The biphasic kinetics observed for the reaction of flavin radical with dihydronicotinamide were interpreted in terms of both a 1e- and a 2e- mechanism; the former was found to be inadequate based on experimental requirements of the mechanism. The dihydronicotinamide reacts preferentially with oxidized flavin rather than flavin radical, even when the concentration of oxidized flavin is at a concentration 5 orders of magnitude less than that of radical. These studies show that the "hydride" reduction of oxidized flavin by BNAH is more facile than is the 1e- reduction of flavin radical by BNAH.

Topic: Radical Photochemical Reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
The voyage wherein Osepp Napea, the Moscouite Ambassadour, returned home into his Countrey, with his entertainment at his arrival at <i>Colmogro;</i> and a large description of the manners of the Countrey

The twelfth of Maye, in the yeere of our Lorde 1567 [1557], there departed from Grauesende foure good shippes, well appointed for Marehants, which were presently bound into the Baye of S. Nicholas, in Russia, with which shippes was transported or caried home one Osepp Gregoriwiche Napea, who was sent messenger from the Emperour and Great Duke of Moscouia. The foure shippes were these whose names followe, viz.:

Topic: Historical Art and Architecture Studies
Subfield: Conservation
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
CCDC 923820: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Gold Mining Industry: What gold price gives producers a worthwhile profit?

Annual gold production peaked in 2001 at 2650 metric tonnes. By 2006, it fell to 2475 metric tonnes, 6.6 % off the peak. For 2008, production is forecast at about 2400 tonnes. Over recent years, investment demand has been growing with concerns over current economic uncertainties. At the same time, Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) have developed an easy and economic way for investors, small and large, to buy, hold and sell gold. South Africa's output has fallen off by 41 % over the last ten years. Many South African mines are already working reefs as deep as 5000 metres below the ground. The costs of mining in these conditions are exceptionally high as beyond the high costs of access in and out of the shafts for men, machinery and materials substantial additional costs are incurred for safety and ventilation. Market participants tend to take a view on future gold prices in relation to what gold will be worth to buyers. Typically when investors and speculators are active, buyers market prices rise. However, with little prospect of substantial production increases and every chance of demand growth, the prices that reward producers must be considered.

Topic: Mining Techniques and Economics
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Influence of sand grain size and nest microenvironment on incubation success, hatchling morphology and locomotion performance of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at the Chagar Hutang Turtle Sanctuary, Redang Island, Malaysia

The nest microenvironment affects hatching and emergence success, sex ratios, morphology, and locomotion performance of hatchling sea turtles. Sand grain size is hypothesised to influence the nest microenvironment, but the influence of sand grain size on incubation of sea turtle eggs has rarely been experimentally tested. At the Chagar Hutang Turtle Sanctuary, Redang Island, Malaysia, green turtle (Chelonia mydas) nests were relocated to sands with different sand grain sizes on a natural beach to assess whether grain size affects nest temperature, oxygen partial pressure inside the nest, incubation success, hatchling morphology and hatchling locomotion performance. Green turtle nests in coarse sand were cooler; however, hatching success, nest emergence success, oxygen partial pressure, incubation length and hatchling size were not influenced by sand particle size. Nests in medium-grained sands were warmest, and hatchlings from these nests were better self-righters but poorer crawlers and swimmers. Hatchling self-righting ability was not correlated with crawling speed or swimming speed, but crawling speed was correlated with swimming speed, with hatchlings typically swimming 1.5–2 times faster than they crawled. Hence, we found that sand particle size had minimal influence on the nest microenvironment and hatchling outcomes.

Topic: Turtle Biology and Conservation
Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pulse train frequency demodulation by a muscle-load system

An important question in motor control is how low-pass filtering by a muscle-load system is divided between the active state process and muscle-load mechanics. The authors obtained the frequency response of a muscle-load system (treated as a single motor unit) using a low-rate pulse-train stimulus. Load acceleration twitches were detected and RMS displacements calculated from power spectra. Frequency response and other mechanical data indicate third-order, linear mechanics, in combination with active state pulses of about 20-ms duration. Comparable results were obtained for an intact muscle-limb system of man, using RMS displacements and surface EMG amplitude ratios obtained at different frequencies of voluntary oscillation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Muscle activation and electromyography studies
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Improving yield and reliability of FIB modifications using electrical testing

Focused Ion Beam technology has two main areas of application for ICs: modification and preparation for technological analysis. The most solicited area is modification. This involves physically modifying a circuit by cutting lines and creating new ones in order to change the electrical function of the circuit. IC planar technologies have an increasing number of metal interconnections making FIB modifications more complex and decreasing their changes of success. The yield of FIB operations on ICs reflects a downward trend that imposes a greater number of circuits to be modified in order to successfully correct a small number of them. This requires extended duration, which is not compatible with production line turn around times. To respond to this problem, two solutions can be defined: either, reducing the duration of each FIB operation or increasing the success rate of FIB modifications. Since reducing the time depends mainly on FIB operator experience, insuring a higher success rate represents a more crucial aspect as both experienced and novice operators could benefit from this improvement. In order to insure successful modifications, it is necessary to control each step of a FIB operation. To do this, we have developed a new method using in situ electrical testing which has a direct impact on the yield of FIB modifications. We will present this innovative development through a real case study of a CMOS ASIC for high-speed communications. Monitoring the electrical behavior at each step in a FIB operation makes it possible to reduce the number of circuits to be modified and consequently reduces system costs thanks to better yield control. Knowing the internal electrical behavior also gives us indications about the impact on reliability of FIB modified circuits. Finally, this approach can be applied to failure analysis and FIB operations on flip chip circuits.

Topic: Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
DETECTION OF CROSS-MATING BETWEEN TWO GENERATIONS OF THE CUTTLEFIH SEPIA OFFICINALIS BY SPERM RESERVOIR ANALYSIS

This study concerns the reproductive cycle of Sepia officinalis living in southern Brittany and about mating between the two-year classes of breeders living there. The reproductive cycle is partly similar to that proposed by Mesnil (1977). The less important Sepia ofpicinalis group, which realised its cycle in one year, come, in all likelihood, from the early broods of the large group II breeder (GIIB) females. The group I breeder (GIB) females, which arrive later in the breeding area, would generate the long life cycle individuals. But, considering that GIB females are in minority and less fecund than larger GIIB females, it is not possible that they generate, on their own, all the long life cycle recruits. Obviously, part of GIIB offspring reproduce also during the second year.

Topic: Cephalopods and Marine Biology
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Antagonistic potential of Fusarium oxysporum as an endophyte isolated from Horse-chestnut tree in the management of Rhizoctonia solani under in-vitro conditions

Symbiotic relationships are established by endophytic microorganisms with their host, resulting in the provision of diverse advantages, such as protection against plant pathogens. Soil-borne pathogens have become a devastating source of infection in many plant species. The environmentally friendly approaches are scare in managing these soil-borne pathogens. This study was aimed to manage one soil-borne pathogen (Rhizoctonia solani) by employing another fungal endophyte (Fusarium oxysporum) via mean inhibition zone technique. The fungal endophyte was isolated from horse-chestnut tree leaves. The R. solani was extracted from the vegetable’s plants showing typical symptoms of root rot and damping off. Both endophyte and pathogen were grown on suitable culture media. The antagonistic activity of collected endophyte for soil-borne pathogen was checked via mean inhibition zone technique under in-vitro condition. The diversity indices and isolation frequency analysis revealed that this tree specie has versatile endophytic range. The results from the dual culture experiment assessing the antagonistic activity of endophyte against the soil-borne pathogen (R. solani) revealed a significant (P &amp;lt;0.001) impact of the endophyte, evaluation times, and the interaction between endophyte and evaluation times on the size of the pathogen colony. The endophyte exhibited a substantial decrease in pathogen development compared to the control, except between days 11 and 15 after inoculation. The data indicate that F. oxysporum contains endophytic potential, which might be investigated for potential biocontrol agents against other soil-borne diseases.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences