jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Procedures, Jurisdictions and Records: Building the French Empire in the early eighteenth century

During the first half of the eighteenth century, law, paperwork and legalities were unifying vehicles in the development of a French empire. The empire was a structure dealing with civilians (sailors, planters, merchants, craftsmen) supporting economic activities overseas. Courts, law and paperwork contributed to establishing royal authority over new territories through their status as key institutions supporting people in their private dealings and disputes. The daily routine of jurisdictions and legalities were milestones in the advent of an overseas empire that became a proper political formation before the Seven Years War. This article looks into three main moments: the expansion of paperwork and jurisdictions under Louis XIV; the process of lawmaking and differentiating colonies from France, until the Regency; and finally the collection of, and attempts to harmonise, local colonial regulations by Maurepas and his agents.

Topic: Colonialism, slavery, and trade
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Growth characteristics and productivity of cold-tolerant Kowinearly Italian ryegrass in the northern part of South Korea

The objective of this research is to evaluate differences in growth characteristics and productivity between Kowinearly and Florida 80 Italian ryegrass varieties in regions with severely cold winters. This research was carried out in Suwon (in central South Korea) and Yonchun (in northern South Korea) during the 2002-2006 growing seasons. Kowinearly is a diploid variety with green leaf colour and a semi-prostrate growth habit in autumn and a semi-erect one in spring. There were differences among the varieties in terms of cold tolerance, heading date, and forage yield in Yonchun. The winter field survival of Kowinearly was 85%, while that of Florida 80 was 43%. The dry matter yield of Kowinearly in Yonchun was 9,662 kg/ha, which was 31% more than that of Florida 80. In Suwon, the heading date of Kowinearly was May 7, which was 2 days later than that of Florida 80. In Yonchun, Kowinearly's heading date was May 12, 1 day earlier than that of Florida 80. These results indicate that Kowinearly has good cold tolerance, and that in spring, it starts growth earlier than Florida 80, because of its higher cold tolerance. Key words: Italian ryegrass, Kowinearly, cold tolerance, new variety, forage crop

Topic: Agriculture, Soil, Plant Science
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Random quotients of mapping class groups are quasi-isometrically rigid

We prove several rigidity properties for random quotients of mapping class groups of surfaces, namely whose kernel is normally generated by the n-th steps of finitely many independent random walks. Firstly, we generalise a celebrated theorem of Ivanov's: every automorphism of the corresponding quotient of the curve graph is induced by a mapping class. Next, we show that, if a finitely generated group is quasi-isometric to a random quotient, then the two groups are weakly commensurable. This uses techniques from the world of hierarchically hyperbolic groups: indeed, in the process we clarify a proof of Behrstock, Hagen, and Sisto on the quasi-isometric rigidity of mapping class groups, which might possibly be applied to other hierarchically hyperbolic groups. Finally, we show that the automorphisms groups of our quotients, as well as their abstract commensurators, coincide with the groups themselves. Our results hold for a wider family of quotients, namely those whose kernel act by sufficiently large translations on the curve graph. This class also includes quotients by suitable powers of a pseudo-Anosov element.

Topic: Geometric and Algebraic Topology
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Variation Due to Leaf Structural, Chemical, and Physiological Traits

Changes in leaf internal structure may affect leaf optical properties to varying degrees in different parts of the solar spectrum, but they are most evident in the near infrared (NIR) where absorption by pigments is minimal. The mesophyll anatomy of leaves of terrestrial plants is highly variable. To illustrate the effect of such variability on leaf optical properties, Gausman et al. (1971c) selected 11 species displaying a wide range of internal structures (compact, dorsiventral, isolateral, and succulent) and thicknesses.

Topic: Remote Sensing in Agriculture
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Spatial and temporal changes in dry spells in a Mediterranean area: Tuscany (central Italy), 1955–2017

Abstract Global change affects precipitation and small modifications in rainfall regimes could compromise water availability, especially in areas characterized by a strong seasonality and a climate ranging from dry sub‐humid to semi‐arid. Drought, in particular, is a creeping phenomenon defined as an important temporary decrease in water availability below the expected value in a certain period and a specific area. Among the different methodologies for analysing drought periods, one of the most used is the evaluation of dry spells. The aim of this study is to investigate spatial and temporal changes in dry spells in Tuscany during the period 1955–2017, by using daily precipitation data. Changes in the number of dry days, maximum duration and 75th percentile of the duration of the dry spells were investigated. Three precipitation thresholds were selected: 1, 5 and 10 mm. The analyses were carried out at annual, September–May, September–November and December–May level. Theil–Sen nonparametric method was used to estimate the slope; Mann–Kendall test and a modification of it, which applies a trend‐free pre‐whitening (TFPW) method to the series having a serial correlation, were applied to look for statistically significant trends. The drought indicators showed increasing trends (some significant) especially at December–May and to a lesser extent at the annual and September–May level; the most pronounced increases were found in the southernmost areas of Tuscany. During September–November period, on the other hand, a prevalence of decreasing trends (rarely significant), with less pronounced decreases in the south of the region, were observed. Mediterranean area is considered a climate change “hot‐spot” from the viewpoint of vulnerability. An increase in long‐lasting dry spells, especially in southern Tuscany, can exacerbate the problems linked to water management and demand.

Topic: Hydrology and Drought Analysis
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
P4‐327: SUBTHRESHOLD LEVEL TAU DEPOSITION OCCURS PRIOR TO SUBTHRESHOLD AMYLOID DEPOSITION IN COGNITIVELY NORMAL ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS

Contrary to the widely accepted hypothesis that amyloid triggers a cascade of events leading to Alzheimer's dementia, histopathological evidence suggests deposition of tau prior to the deposition of amyloid. In this study, we expect to investigate in-vivo evidence of a subthreshold level of tau deposits occurring prior to amyloid deposition using a tau tracer with sub-nanomolar affinity to tangles. For this study, we included 65 cognitively normal elderly individuals from the McGill TRIAD cohort who were scanned with [18F]AZD4694 and [18F]MK-6240 (standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) based on the cerebellum grey matter and inferior cerebellum grey matter as the reference regions respectively). The individuals were categorized into 2 groups based on their amyloid positivity (A-, n=35; A+, n=30). All individuals in the amyloid-negative group were negative for tau as well. For both categorizations, a visual rating was used. Cross-correlation networks (26 cortical ROIs) based on tau and amyloid was generated correcting for age and gender. Bootstrap sampling (n=100) was used to remove any sample bias. A nested stochastic block model analysis was used to identify community structures present in the networks. In the amyloid-negative group (tau-negative), the network analysis did not show any cortical association of amyloid deposition [Fig 1a], whereas tau deposition showed a clear organization [Fig 1b]. Any organization of amyloid deposition was only present in the amyloid-positive group [Fig 1c]. The community analysis indicated the subthreshold tau organization can be represented with 2 communities; one including superior, middle temporal regions, parietal and frontal regions; the other with inferior temporal, parahippocampal cortices, precuneus and cingulate [Fig 1f].

Topic: Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Pseudorapidity distribution and cluster formation in 50 and 400 GeV/<i>c</i> hadron–nucleus interactions

From the study of the pseudorapidity, η, distributions of charged shower particles produced in 50 GeV/c π − – nucleus and 400 GeV/c proton (p)–nucleus collisions, and their dependence on various parameters, the maxima of η distributions are noticed to shift towards smaller values of η with increasing N g . Bimodality in the η distributions for all N g groups has been observed to be completely absent in 50 GeV/c π − – nucleus interactions. Furthermore, the value of [Formula: see text] is found to decrease monotonically with increasing N g , N s , and N h . The dispersions of the rapidity distributions D(η) do not, however, demonstrate any tendency of appreciable change with increasing N g , except in the region of small N g values. Finally, study of rapidity-gap length distributions reveals that the two-particle short-range correlations play a dominant role while the contribution of long-range correlations seems to be quite small.

Topic: High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Molecular characterization and function analysis of the rice OsDUF1191 family

Many proteins in public databases are recognized as proteins with domains of unknown function (DUF). DUF1191 is such a protein family that consists of plant proteins with unknown function. In this study, we analyzed the basic information of four OsDUF1191 members (OsDUF1191.1–OsDUF1191.4) in rice Nipponbare. OsDUF1191 family members can be divided into four categories by phylogenetic analysis. In order to find out whether these members have tissue-specific expression preference, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction to examine the expression in 15 distinct rice tissues. We found that OSDUF1191.1 was preferentially expressed in the roots. The expression of the four OsDUF1191 members under various abiotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA) conditions was also examined. The expression of OsDUF1191.4 was significantly (p < 0.01) upregulated under heat stress conditions. Overexpression of OsDUF1191.4 in Escherichia coli led to a significant enhancement of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, and improved bacterial resistance to heat stress. The results can provide new insights into the function of the OsDUF1191 family in rice.

Topic: Trace Elements in Health
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Work, Labor, and Action: Work Experience in a System of Flexible Production

Abstract Since 1987 the Institute of Labour Studies of the International Labour Organization in Geneva has been examining the changing size distribution of firms in industrial economies. At the heart of the Institute’s work is a set of commissioned papers reviewing the evolution of small businesses in nine countries. The papers collect both quantitative evidence and qualitative material, drawn largely from case studies of industrial regions where small business has been particularly prominent. The papers confirm the general impression of policymakers and practitioners that in all of these countries there has been a trend, since the 1970s, toward smaller business units. This represents a reversal of the trends of earlier postwar decades, which in some countries can be traced back to the nineteenth century, toward large business units (Sengenberger and Loveman, 1987). Most surprising, however, is the finding that many small businesses —or at least the industrial districts that are constituted by them —exhibit a dynamism in the creation of new products and in the evolution of productive technology which we conventionally associated with large corporate organizations.

Topic: Firm Innovation and Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Recovery of a curved surface using a finite element method.

This paper described a new scheme of 3D object modeling using a finite element method. When designing a curved surface, We need to consider the following processes. First, various regions on a curved surface are transformed into flattened forms. Second, a curved surface is recovered from the flattened form. Third, the corresponding curved surfaces have to be made based on modified flattened shapes. we have already proposed a method to develop any curved surface using the finite element method. In this paper, We deal with recovery of 3D shapes from flattened ones and some additional information. Examples about a body of axial symmetrical revolution and a shoes model are presented as typical and practical applications to illustrate the method that recovers 3D curved surface based on FEM.

Topic: 3D Shape Modeling and Analysis
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Method to orient cardiac tissue specimens for uniaxial mechanical testing with long axis parallel to sarcomeres

Muscle tissue is strongly anisotropic, and uniaxial tests of muscle are typically performed by stretching parallel to the myofiber direction. Dissection of a properly aligned cardiac muscle specimen for such uniaxial biomechanical tests is often a difficult task. When tissue samples are derived from a frozen block of myocardium excised from the ventricular wall, there are often few superficial clues to the underlying orientation of the sarcomere chains. Moreover, the direction of the sarcomeres changes as one travels through the thickness of the heart wall, and this further complicates the task. A technique for dissecting a small specimen with proper myofiber orientation is demonstrated below, in particular, for uniaxial stress/strain analysis of non-contracting myocardial tissue.

Topic: Cardiac Structural Anomalies and Repair
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Differential expression of HAUS8 in cancer of the cervix.

Almost all cervical cancers are caused by infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) (1-3); the transcriptional features that distinguish the gene expression programs of HPV-induced cancers from that of other solid tumors resulting from non-viral abrogation of tumor suppression remain incompletely defined. We mined published and public microarray datasets (4, 5) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the level of the transcriptome genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with the most common type of cervical cancer, cervical squamous cell carcinoma. We found significant differential expression of the gene encoding HAUS augmin-like complex subunit 8, HAUS8, when comparing tumor tissue from the human cervix to the tissue of origin. HAUS8 mRNA was present at significantly higher quantities in tumors of the cervix as compared to normal tissues from the cervix. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of HAUS8 in tumors of the cervix was correlated with overall survival in patients with cervical cancer. HAUS8 expression changes may be important for the initiation or progression of cancer of the cervix in humans.

Topic: Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Virtual Experimental Learning Platform Based on Web3D

With the concept of mixing real teaching and virtual learning environment,a powerful virtual experimental learning platform with Web3D interactivity is proposed.It is based on project SpiderGL and free from plug-in installation.The platform will render users a strong sense of immersion,and has a good two-way interactivity,scalability,and secure reliability.

Topic: Simulation and Modeling Applications
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cytokine Expression, Cytoskeleton Organization, and Viability of Sim-a9 Microglia Exposed to Staphylococcus Aureus-Derived Lipoteichoic Acid and Peptidoglycan

In these experiments, SIM-A9 microglia were exposed to Staphylococcus aureus cell wall components lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN) at a concentration of 5 ug/mL for six, twelve, eighteen, and twenty-four hours and the cytokine expression, cytoskeleton organization, and cell viability of the cells were observed. Following LTA and PGN exposure, TNF-a; secretion increased at each time interval and was highest observed at 24 hours. No significant IL-10 secretion was detected. Over the 24 hour period, cell viability and cytotoxicity of LTA and PGN treatment groups were not significantly different from the control, indicating the observed inflammatory cytokine response was not due to cell death. These data suggest that LTA and PGN play a predominantly inflammatory role in the first twenty-four hours of S. aureus CNS infection.

Topic: Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Cistercian Monasteries of Ireland: An Account of the History, Art, and Architecture of the White Monks in Ireland from 1142 to 1540

A comprehensive account of Cistercian art and architecture from 1142 until 1536-1540, the period of the dissolution, documents the surviving materials found at the 21 remaining monasteries; originally there had been 33. The building and architectural history is discussed, as well as the craftsmanship of the stone sculpture, illumination, and metalwork, even though ateliers were not associated with the order. Chapters cover the foundation and construction of the monasteries, planning and layout, church architecture from 1142 to 1400, Holycross and the 15th-century revival, vaulting, tower building, cloisters and domestic buildings, stone sculpture, decoration and furnishings, and maintenance and preservation of facilities after the dissolution. One appendix is a note on conservation and another contains a select group of molding profiles from Irish Cistercian houses.

Topic: Historical Studies of British Isles
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Goals of Care Among Parents of Children Receiving Palliative Care

Importance While knowing the goals of care (GOCs) for children receiving pediatric palliative care (PPC) are crucial for guiding the care they receive, how parents prioritize these goals and how their priorities may change over time is not known. Objective To determine parental prioritization of GOCs and patterns of change over time for parents of children receiving palliative care. Design, Setting, and Participants A Pediatric Palliative Care Research Network’s Shared Data and Research cohort study with data collected at 0, 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months in hospital, outpatient, or home settings from April 10, 2017, to February 15, 2022, at 7 PPC programs based at children’s hospitals across the US. Participants included parents of patients, birth to 30 years of age, who received PPC services. Exposures Analyses were adjusted for demographic characteristics, number of complex chronic conditions, and time enrolled in PPC. Main Outcomes Parents’ importance scores, as measured using a discrete choice experiment, of 5 preselected GOCs: seeking quality of life (QOL), health, comfort, disease modification, or life extension. Importance scores for the 5 GOCs summed to 100. Results A total of 680 parents of 603 patients reported on GOCs. Median patient age was 4.4 (IQR, 0.8-13.2) years and 320 patients were male (53.1%). At baseline, parents scored QOL as the most important goal (mean score, 31.5 [SD, 8.4]), followed by health (26.3 [SD, 7.5]), comfort (22.4 [SD, 11.7]), disease modification (10.9 [SD, 9.2]), and life extension (8.9 [SD, 9.9]). Importantly, parents varied substantially in their baseline scores for each goal (IQRs more than 9.4), but across patients in different complex chronic conditions categories, the mean scores varied only slightly (means differ 8.7 or less). For each additional study month since PPC initiation, QOL was scored higher by 0.06 (95% CI, 0.04-0.08) and comfort scored higher by 0.3 (95% CI, 0-0.06), while the importance score for life extension decreased by 0.07 (95% CI, 0.04-0.09) and disease modification by 0.02 (95% CI, 0-0.04); health scores did not significantly differ from PPC initiation. Conclusions and Relevance Parents of children receiving PPC placed the highest value on QOL, but with considerable individual-level variation and substantial change over time. These findings emphasize the importance of reassessing GOCs with parents to guide appropriate clinical intervention.

Topic: Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Aggregating rods: applications to angiogenesis

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from splitting or sprouting of pre-existing ones, is a fundamental mechanism for many processes in normal physiology (wound healing) as well as in disease (tumor growth and metastasis). During the first stages of angiogenesis, the cells organize into vascular networks; we would like to undestand how individual behavior of the cells affects their collective motion during this phenomenon. We present and discuss a numerical model that reproduces the formation of such structures; we then proceed to propose a mathematical framework in which our model could be further analyzed.

Topic: Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences