jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Foundlings and Fictional Form: Eliza Haywood mothers <i>Tom Jones</i>

The conventional view of Eliza Haywood's later career has been that she followed the new 'moral' turn in fiction in the 1740s, of which Samuel Richardson and Henry Fielding were the chief exponents. However, Fielding's plot in Tom Jones (1748-9) can be shown to be inspired and influenced by Haywood's The Fortunate Foundlings (1744) and Life's Progress through the Passions: Or, the Adventures of Natura (1748). Fielding's dialogue with the reader in Tom Jones, one of the novel's most distinctive features, is modelled on Haywood's dialogue with the reader in The Female Spectator (1744-46). Haywood's and Fielding's works are both politically engaged and both serve partisan causes. They share constructions of gender and sexuality but differ sharply on the issues of courtship and marriage. For Fielding the possible power given to women in the courtship plot of salon romances must be averted, and for him, as a Whig in the Puritan tradition, marriage represents the ideal end-goal. Haywood is sceptical about the possibility of happy marriages for women, and she favours continental and Tory traditions.

Topic: Literature: history, themes, analysis
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
[Epidemiologic situation of rubella in Italy 20 years after the introduction of the vaccine].

Rubella vaccination has been introduced in USA in 1969: it was addressed to all the newborn and to women in childbearing age. In 1970 it was offered in Europe to schoolgirls aged 11-14 and to women of reproductive age. The purposes were identical--namely to eliminate the incidence of CRS--in spite of the different strategies adopted: in fact the American vaccination programme tried to reach this aim in eradicating the disease, while in Europe special attention was given to the possibility of reduce morbidity in childbearing age. After 20 years we can try to verify if these objects have been attained. Recent data (MMWR, 1987) show that rubella morbidity in USA has dropped considerably (incidence rate in 1966 = 24.3; in 1986 = 0.2) and incidence rate for CRS decreased accordingly from 0.90 (1969) to 0.32. Nevertheless we must underline that 47.5% of cases in USA from 1984 to 1986 were seen in person older than 20, and serologic studies have shown that infection susceptibility, in the postpuberal population, is the same that in prevaccinal era (10-20%). Many evaluation of efficacy of vaccinal strategies have been carried out in Europe, always showing a smaller number of women of reproductive age susceptible toward infection, together with a reduced probability of exposure during pregnancy. In European countries, were rubella vaccination has been offered only to women, morbidity has not changed appreciably. In Italy rubella vaccination has not been introduced at the same time and with the same extension in all regions: for this reason it is not possible to evaluate efficacy of this vaccination policy on a whole. Considering ISTAT data from 1971 to 1987 we can identify epidemic outbreaks in 1973, 1978, 1982 (of limited intensity) and 1984; practically every six years, as they took place before vaccination era; if we take into account case notified between 1971 and 1981 in the different age groups (table 1) we can see that the higher prevalence is always in the 6-13 years age group. Vaccination has not modified the epidemiologic trend of the disease. However, considering only the class toward whom vaccination was addressed from the beginning, that is women of reproductive age, that can have had the possibility to be vaccinated in prepuberal years at school or in another occasion, after serologic screening, in adult life, we can notice substantial differences in infection susceptibility in comparison with prevaccinal era, that was about 10-20% (Galli, 1982).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Topic: Virology and Viral Diseases
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On higher-order affine distributions

The aim of the paper is to provide a discussion on the notion of nonlinear interaction between scales. This notion is extremely important in the study of nonlinear physical phenomena, such as the study of the energy cascade in fully developed turbulence in fluids. The discussion is centered on the temptative definition of higher-order time-multiscale distributions. A simple answer which we call the biscalogram enlightens the main difficulty arising in our attempt to define nonlinear interactions between scales. Some simulations illustrate that point. Furthermore, two different classes of higher-order time-multiscale distributions are proposed, the first one based on a set of affine covariance properties, the other on a set of invariance-covariance properties.

Topic: Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Current vaccine candidate of toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite belonging from the phylum Apicomplexa, known for causing toxoplasmosis. The disease has a global presence, affecting about one-third of the world’s population. The parasite infects various intermediate hosts, including humans and other warm-blooded mammals, with cats serving as the definitive hosts. Its life cycle is complex, featuring a sexual phase in the definitive host and an asexual phase in intermediate hosts. Toxoplasmosis can leads severe neurologic, ocular, and systemic diseases in neonates and immunocompromised individuals. In immunocompetent individuals, the infection is typically asymptomatic, forming dormant tissue cysts in immune-privileged sites such as the muscles and brain. During pregnancy, toxoplasmosis poses significant health risks, potentially causing severe birth defects or miscarriage, and a major concern for immunocompromised hosts. Current control measures are inadequate, highlighting the need for effective vaccines. The initial host defense against T. gondii occurs at the intestinal mucosa, where cytokines and chemokines released by intestinal epithelial cells facilitate the migration of inflammatory cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. Developing a vaccine that can enhance this mucosal immunity is crucial for preventing toxoplasmosis. Therefore, the development of vaccines against T.gondii is a promising alternative mechanism to prevent toxoplasmosis. This review aims to present the current status of vaccine candidates against Toxoplasma gondii.

Topic: Toxoplasma gondii Research Studies
Subfield: Parasitology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Performativity, measurement and research: A critique of performance-based research funding in New Zealand

Over the past two decades, tertiary education in New Zealand has undergone some
significant changes. One recent development with far-reaching implications for
educational research is the introduction of a Performance-Based Research Fund (PBRF).
Initiated by a Labour-led government but foreshadowed by the White Paper on tertiary
education policy released under the previous National administration, the PBRF system
is ostensibly designed to recognise and reward (through increased funding) those
institutions performing at the highest levels in their research activities. The PBRF was
introduced in 2003 following a careful review of similar schemes in the UK, Hong
Kong and other countries. The results of the first round, released in 2004, attracted
considerable attention in educational communities and the popular media. A second
(partial) round is scheduled for 2006.

Topic: Evaluation and Performance Assessment
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Single-Myb-histone proteins from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>: a quantitative study of telomere-binding specificity and kinetics

Proteins that bind telomeric DNA modulate the structure of chromosome ends and control telomere function and maintenance. It has been shown that AtTRB (Arabidopsis thaliana telomere-repeat-binding factor) proteins from the SMH (single-Myb-histone) family selectively bind double-stranded telomeric DNA and interact with the telomeric protein AtPOT1b (A. thaliana protection of telomeres 1b), which is involved in telomere capping. In the present study, we performed the first quantitative DNA-binding study of this plant-specific family of proteins. Interactions of full-length proteins AtTRB1 and AtTRB3 with telomeric DNA were analysed by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay, fluorescence anisotropy and surface plasmon resonance to reveal their binding stoichiometry and kinetics. Kinetic analyses at different salt conditions enabled us to estimate the electrostatic component of binding and explain different affinities of the two proteins to telomeric DNA. On the basis of available data, a putative model explaining the binding stoichiometry and the protein arrangement on telomeric DNA is presented.

Topic: Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Characterizing correlations among disease severity measures in osteochondral tissues from osteoarthritic knees

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disease with biologic, biomechanical, and clinical heterogeneity among patients. Relationships among OA tissue metabolism, histopathology, and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition have not been well characterized. It was hypothesized that moderate ( r = .4‐.69) to strong ( r &gt; .7) correlations exist among these different measures of disease severity in osteochondral tissues from OA knees. Joint surfaces were obtained from patients (n = 6) undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Osteochondral explants (n = 136) were created and cultured for 3 days. Culture media were collected for biomarker analyses, and tissue was assessed for viability, histological scoring, and ECM composition. Correlations among media biomarker concentrations, histological scoring, ECM composition, and viability were determined using a Spearman correlation. GRO‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8, and MCP‐1 showed strong positive correlations to each other, and moderate positive correlations to NO, PGE2, and MMP‐2. Total MMP activity, MMP‐9, and MMP‐13 had strong positive correlations to each other, and moderate positive correlations to MMP‐1. MMP‐2 had a moderate to strong positive correlations to histological scores (total and cartilage structure) and collagen content. MMP‐2, IL‐6, IL‐8, and MCP‐1 had moderate negative correlations, and MMP‐9 had a moderate positive correlation, to viability. GRO‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8, and MCP‐1 had moderate positive correlations to collagen content. MMP‐9, MMP‐13, and total MMP activity had moderate negative correlations to tissue GAG. The data suggest links among proinflammatory and degradative pathways are present in OA osteochondral tissues. Further characterization of these links have the potential to delineate mechanisms of disease and diagnostic and therapeutic targets for knee OA.

Topic: Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Whartonia atracheata Taufflieb & Mouchet 1959

Whartonia atracheata Taufflieb & Mouchet, 1959 Whartonia atracheata Taufflieb & Mouchet, 1959: 243, pl. 7. Whartonia atracheata – Zumpt 1961: 178. Holotype No data. Distribution Cameroon (Yaoundé). Host Hipposideros caffer.

Topic: Vibration Control and Rheological Fluids
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Establishing Mobility Measures to Assess the Effectiveness of Night Vision Devices: Results of a Pilot Study

In preparation for an evaluation of night vision devices, an exploratory study was conducted to gain initial experience with the sensitivity of chosen mobility measures under night conditions. The measures included cane contacts and object recognition distances. Results provide preliminary evidence that these two measures may be sensitive to the effects of a night vision device.

Topic: Safety Warnings and Signage
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Drug companies must provide "unbiased information" to patients, say MEPs

Governments would have to ensure that “objective, unbiased information” about prescription drugs is made available to the public under legislation now being drafted by the European parliament.

The information would have to include a summary of product characteristics, the labelling and package leaflet, and a publicly accessible version of the drug’s assessment report. The data would have to be available electronically on dedicated websites established by national authorities and in printed form.

The obligation was introduced into the draft legislation last week by the European parliament’s environment committee as part of moves to provide …

Topic: Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Data from Altered Cell-Cycle Control, Inflammation, and Adhesion in High-Risk Persistent Bronchial Dysplasia

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Persistent bronchial dysplasia is associated with increased risk of developing invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung. In this study, we hypothesized that differences in gene expression profiles between persistent and regressive bronchial dysplasia would identify cellular processes that underlie progression to SCC. RNA expression arrays comparing baseline biopsies from 32 bronchial sites that persisted/progressed to 31 regressive sites showed 395 differentially expressed genes [ANOVA, FDR ≤ 0.05). Thirty-one pathways showed significantly altered activity between the two groups, many of which were associated with cell-cycle control and proliferation, inflammation, or epithelial differentiation/cell–cell adhesion. Cultured persistent bronchial dysplasia cells exhibited increased expression of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), which was associated with multiple cell-cycle pathways. Treatment with PLK1 inhibitor induced apoptosis and G&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;–M arrest and decreased proliferation compared with untreated cells; these effects were not seen in normal or regressive bronchial dysplasia cultures. Inflammatory pathway activity was decreased in persistent bronchial dysplasia, and the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate was more common in regressive bronchial dysplasia. Regressive bronchial dysplasia was also associated with trends toward overall increases in macrophages and T lymphocytes and altered polarization of these inflammatory cell subsets. Increased desmoglein 3 and plakoglobin expression was associated with higher grade and persistence of bronchial dysplasia. These results identify alterations in the persistent subset of bronchial dysplasia that are associated with high risk for progression to invasive SCC. These alterations may serve as strong markers of risk and as effective targets for lung cancer prevention.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Significance:&lt;/b&gt; Gene expression profiling of high-risk persistent bronchial dysplasia reveals changes in cell-cycle control, inflammatory activity, and epithelial differentiation/cell–cell adhesion that may underlie progression to invasive SCC. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Res; 78(17); 4971–83. ©2018 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Interstitial Lung Diseases and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Impossibility and Changed and Unforeseen Circumstances

Journal Article Impossibility and Changed and Unforeseen Circumstances Get access James Gordley James Gordley *Shannon Cecil Turner Professor of Jurisprudence, School of Law, University of California at Berkeley Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Journal of Comparative Law, Volume 52, Issue 3, Summer 2004, Pages 513–530, https://doi.org/10.2307/4144477 Published: 01 July 2004

Topic: Conflict of Laws and Jurisdiction
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
There is more to service carrier-grade quality than quality of service (QoS), or Has George Washington been telling the truth?

In spite of the optimism of the recent years, packet-based comprehensive communication is still not a reality. Among others, significant technical roadblocks are standing in the way of such a reality. This paper develops a taxonomy of the domain and positions the research opportunities that exist across this domain. Significant breakthroughs in the areas outlined in the paper are necessary to enable the advent of comprehensive and ubiquitous packet-based communication with high service quality. Of course, the required economic and social considerations are outside the scope of this paper.

Topic: Advanced Optical Network Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Devolution: the disunited kingdom

The British state appears to be under pressure from both above and below. While some fear British national sovereignty is threatened by the growth of a European superstate (see Chapter 16), others suggest that it could disintegrate into smaller component parts in response to demands for further devolution and decentralisation. It cannot be assumed simply that the British state will go on for ever, in its present form with its current boundaries. In this chapter we review some of the pressures threatening the unity of the United Kingdom. We examine the variously expressed nationalist pressures in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, culminating in very different forms of devolution for each area, with considerable but as yet unclear implications for the future of the British state and the majority nation, England. We conclude with a brief analysis of alternative scenarios.

Topic: Political Systems and Governance
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The research-intensive university in a glonacal higher education system: the creation of the world-class university in China

The paper employs a glonacal agency heuristic to explore how certain research-intensive Chinese universities exercise agency in response to global and national impacts in creating the world-class university. Two global forces (international scholarly discussions on the world-class university and global university rankings) and one national force (China's Double First-Class Project) are considered. Through an in-depth document analysis of 41 Chinese research-intensive universities' strategic plans, it is revealed that the universities have designed mainly three strategies to reply to the impacts. The first is to actively embrace global impacts, while looking for national supports for the embracement; the second is to partly draw on global forces while taking into account national considerations; and the third is to primarily draw on national forces while being minimally influenced by global forces. The three strategies point to possible ways for non-Western universities to balance global and national influences in their development, and reflect potential contributions of universities, as local organisational agencies, to global higher education.

Topic: Higher Education Governance and Development
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Plasma-free Anisotropic Etching of GaN

We demonstrate doping and growth dependent photo-enhanced metal-assisted chemical etching of homoepitaxial n-GaN on HVPE GaN substrates. Etch rate is comparable to or better than using RIE and there is no degradation of band-edge emission.

Topic: GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Differences in the Mode of Action of Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl between Barnyardgrass and Yerbadetajo

Barnyardgrass (a monocotyledon) and yerbadetajo (a dicotyledon) are the most troublesome weeds in rice fields in China. The synthetic auxin herbicide florpyrauxifen-benzyl can effectively control both weeds. The objective of this research was to clarify modes of action of florpyrauxifen-benzyl in barnyardgrass and yerbadetajo. Our results showed that yerbadetajo was more sensitive to florpyrauxifen-benzyl than barnyardgrass: the 50% growth rate inhibition in barnyardgrass and yerbadetajo was 4.14 and 0.38 g a.i. ha−1, respectively. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl induced the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and abscisic acid (ABA) in yerbadetajo within 24 h, while in barnyardgrass, the highest production occurred at 12 h and decreased at 24 h. ACC and ABA levels in yerbadetajo at 24 h of treatment were significantly higher than those in barnyardgrass at any time. There were less differentially expressed genes related to ethylene and ABA synthesis in barnyardgrass than in yerbadetajo. There were five genes induced to increase by florpyrauxifen-benzyl in barnyardgrass and eleven genes in yerbadetajo. More ACC oxidase genes (ACO) were induced in barnyardgrass and more ACC synthesis genes (ACS) in yerbadetajo, especially three ACS3 (&gt;30 fold). We speculated that differences in gene expression caused differences in ethylene and ABA production, leading to differences in phytotoxicity.

Topic: Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Effectiveness of Practicing Self-Care Module on Activities of Daily Living (ADL) among Patients with Schizophrenia in a Selected Hospital

Schizophrenia is a clinical syndrome of very serious and persistent neurobiological brain disease with profoundly disruptive psychopathology that results in severe, impairment in the lives of an individual, family and community. Patients need to depend on the family members or health care team members to meet their self-care needs. The present study determined the effectiveness of practicing self-care module on Activities of daily living (ADL) among patients with schizophrenia in selected hospital. During the study period, totally 30 patients with schizophrenia between the age group of 21-40yrs participated in this study. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the participants. After obtaining consent, data has been collected from subjects with observational checklist. Subjects were given training for seven hours per day. Post test was conducted after 7days. Descriptive, paired t test and chi-square test were used to analyze the data. The finding of the study depicts evidence of significant difference between pre and posttest at the level of P&lt;0.01, so the self-care module helped them in their Activities of daily living to the maximum extent. There was a statistically significant difference in pre and post-test on level of performance in relation to Personal hygiene, personal grooming, communication, responsibilities and over all the level of P&lt;0. 001.The study highlighted that, the need of retraining ADL for patients with schizophrenia is mandatory by the psychiatric nurses in hospital setting.

Topic: Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Aortitis syndrome (Takayasu's arteritis) with cataract and elevated serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor: Case report

The aortitis syndrome is a chronic inflammatory process that affects the aorta and its primary branches. Patients with aortitis syndrome exhibit various ocular changes. We present a patient in whom cataract was the initial objective finding. The serum concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor, a cytokine that affects neovascularization, and vasopermeability, was elevated before the initiation of prednisolone treatment. Cataract should be considered as a possible characteristic initial finding in patients with aortitis syndrome. Vascular endothelial growth factor may be involved in the progression of aortitis syndrome.

Topic: Vasculitis and related conditions
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences