jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Should the Pythagorean Theorem Actually be Called the 'Pythagorean' Theorem

This paper investigates whether it is reasonable to bestow credit to one person or group for the famed theorem that relates to the side lengths of any right-angled triangle, a theorem routinely referred to as the âPythagorean Theoremâ. The author investigates the first-documented occurrences of the theorem, along with its first proofs. In addition, proofs that stem from different branches of mathematics and science are analyzed in an effort to display that credit for the development of the theorem should be shared amongst its many contributors rather than crediting the whole of the theorem to one man and his supporters.

Topic: History and Theory of Mathematics
Subfield: Theoretical Computer Science
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Climate Changes Focus of Research on Effects of Nuclear War

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTClimate Changes Focus of Research on Effects of Nuclear WarSoot and dust injected into atmosphere from nuclear blasts likely to cause major temperature decreases, other climatic changesRUDY M. BAUMView Author Information C&EN San FranciscoCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1983, 61, 51, 16–17Publication Date (Print):December 19, 1983Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 19 December 1983https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v061n051.p016Copyright © 1983 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views7Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (234 KB) SUBJECTS:Climate,Environmental modeling,Ozone depletion,Particulate matter Get e-Alerts

Topic: Nuclear Issues and Defense
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Narrative Jag

In this essay, I trace the work of H. L. Goodall, Jr. across the trajectory of his career, and attempt to show the impact Goodall has had on me, my work, the work of other ethnographers, and the writing and practices of the work of many ethnographers and other qualitative researchers.

Topic: Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Nano-Continuum Modeling of a Nuclear Glass Specimen Altered for 25 Years

The purpose of this contribution is to report on preliminary nano-continuum scale modeling of nuclear waste glass corrosion. The focus of the modeling is an experiment involving a French glass SON68 specimen leached for 25 years in a granitic environment. In this report, we focus on capturing the nano-scale concentration profiles. We use a high resolution continuum model with a constant grid spacing of 1 nanometer to investigate the glass corrosion mechanisms.

Topic: CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
Subfield: Environmental Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Exodus 4:24–26: A Textual Re-Examination

Complicating the exegesis of this difficult passage are certain textual problems with which this present submission is to be concerned. With the Masoretic Text of v. 24 — way e hî badderek bammālôn wayyipg e šēhû YHWH way e baqqēš h a mîtô — the Versions are in substantial agreement. The Syriac text twice inserts ‘Moses’ into this verse, as the subject of the sentence and as the object of mût , but this is an obvious intrusion designed to clarify a difficult context, while the Targum (expectedly) and the Old Greek prefix an equivalent for Heb. mal'āk before YHWH . It is probable that the double mention of a setting (i.e. badderek/bammālôn ) is the preservation of two ancient variants. J. Morgenstern, who with others, has rightly noted this, draws attention to the peculiarity of the article with mlwn (i.e. bammālon), since the contextual situation is generally vague and in a journey of many days there may have been several such stops, though on the other hand the article with derek occasions no difficulty since the journey as a whole is referred to. Morgenstern preferred to read bammālôn as a nominal form from the root mûl , translating ‘now upon the journey, at the circumcision Yahweh attacked him (i.e., the child) and sought to kill him.’

Topic: Botanical Research and Chemistry
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Near-field acoustic holography for enclosures with unknown Green’s functions

A method for predicting the acoustic field in acoustically complex cavities is developed based upon current near-field acoustic holography (NAH) techniques. Current NAH methods make use of analytical Green’s functions to generate predictions of global acoustic fields. For this reason, NAH is easily applied to generate predictions in free fields, and in cavities with simple geometries and uniform boundary impedances. For acoustically complex cavities, however, the absence of a known analytical Green’s function, renders current NAH methods either not solvable, or in cases where approximate Green’s functions are used, not accurate. The method requires no prior knowledge of the acoustically complex cavity’s Green’s function. As well, no approximations about the boundary conditions are required. Instead, the method takes advantage of the discrete nature of NAH predictions, in conjunction with an initial measurement of a cavities acoustic pressure field, to generate a cavity specific discrete Green’s function. Computational and experimental results will be presented along with a detailed explanation of the method. [Work supported by NASA Langley Research Center.]

Topic: Acoustic Wave Phenomena Research
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Scalable Coding of PRNG Encrypted Images

This paper proposes a unique scheme of scalable coding for PRNG encrypted images. In the encryption stage, the original pixel values are masked by a modulo-256 addition with pseudorandom numbers that are resulting from a secret key. After decomposing the encrypted data into a down sampled sub image and some data sets with a multiple-resolution construction, an encoder quantizes the sub image and the Hadamard coefficients of each data set to condense the data quantity. Then, the data of quantized sub image and coefficients are observed as a set of bit streams. At the receiver side, while a sub image is decrypted to provide the uneven information of the original content, the quantized coefficients can be used to reconstruct the detailed content with an iteratively updating procedure. Because of the hierarchical coding mechanism, the principal original content with advanced resolution can be reconstructed when more bit streams are received.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Mugwort-fennel-allergy-syndrome associated with sensitization to an allergen homologous to Api g 5.

A 60 kDa allergen, highly homologous to Api g 5, was recognized in fennel by patient's IgE. Inhibition experiments showed a high degree of cross-reactivity between this fennel allergen and the homologous mugwort pollen allergen. This allergen might be responsible for the mugwort-celery-spice syndrome.

Topic: Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
Subfield: Immunology and Allergy
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Violence, Biological Determinism and the Sex Work Industry

Theories of biological determinism have always been used to regulate, circumscribe and police women's sexuality. Women, these theories maintain, serve two sex related purposes: one of reproduction and the other, a vessel for sexual release (Cooper, 1989:101). The former role is for the wife and the latter for the prostitute (Koureskas, 1995:101). The prostitute 'whore' gratifies the insatiable sexual desires of men and the wife 'madonna' preserves the private realm of the nuclear family (Cooper, 1989:102). The Natural History of Rape is the latest book that serves to maintain these traditional gender roles for women. It uses biology as the basis to justify a range of sexist practices, including violence against women. This article explores the relationships between biological determinism, violence and prostitution. In doing so it exposes the hypocrisy of the laws surrounding prostitution: the double standards which disproportionately harm sex workers and the culture of acceptability of violence with little or no fear of retribution towards offenders. Likewise, this paper also exposes the ideological agenda of biological determinism and begins to look at feminist solutions for action and change in the sex work industry.

Topic: Sex work and related issues
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Peri-Intubation Cardiac Arrest in the Pediatric Emergency Department: A Novel System of Care

Introduction: Patients with physiologic disorders, such as hypoxemia or hypotension, are at high risk of peri-intubation cardiac arrest. Standardization improves emergency tracheal intubation safety, but no published reports describe initiatives to reduce the risk of cardiac arrest. This initiative aims to improve the care of children at risk of peri-intubation cardiac arrest in a pediatric emergency department (PED). We specifically aimed to increase the number of patients between those with peri-intubation cardiac arrest by 50%, from a baseline of 11–16, over 12-months. Methods: Our multidisciplinary team outlined a theory of improvement and designed interventions aimed at key drivers. The primary intervention was creating a PICU-ED Team (PET) and a checklist to guide the assessment and mitigation of risk for peri-intubation arrest and rapid consultation of the pediatric intensivists. The PET was iteratively refined, and we collected data by a video review of tracheal intubations. Results: Fifty-one patients with risk factors for peri-intubation arrest underwent tracheal -intubation in the PED from January 2016 to March 2020: 14 with PET activation since PET go-live in April 2019. None of the 14 PET patients had a peri-intubation cardiac arrest. Ninety-three percent (13/14) of PET patients were intubated in the PED, and 78% (10/13) of these patients had the first intubation attempt completed by PED physicians (balancing measures). Conclusion: We successfully developed the PET to mitigate the risk of peri-intubation cardiac arrest without significantly reducing key procedural opportunities for the PED. Initial data are promising, but further refinement is needed.

Topic: Airway Management and Intubation Techniques
Subfield: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
PENICILLIN OINTMENT-IMPREGNATED GAUZE IN THE LOCAL TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS

LOCAL administration of penicillin, either alone or in combination with general administration, is often advantageous in the treatment of localized infections in accessible sites. However, the commonly used means of topical application have certain disadvantages. For example, sprinkling of penicillin powder on infected surfaces does not carry the material into crevices and tracts, and as Bodenham 1 has pointed out, the drug may be too rapidly absorbed and excreted by the body; moreover, powdered sodium penicillin in undiluted form is somewhat irritating to the tissues. The instillation of penicillin solutions, though satisfactory in situations in which the instilled material is well retained, is often inefficient because the solution drains away from all but the more dependent portions of the lesion. Gauze packs soaked in penicillin solution require relatively large amounts of the drug, and there are often technical difficulties in maintaining contact with all parts of the lesion and in

Topic: Historical Medical Research and Treatments
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Signal-to-noise ratio measurement for the signals with constant amplitude

Abstract A digital meter measuring the signal-to-noise ratio in the channel for transmitting discrete information with a constant amplitude of symbols that are the phase or frequency shift keyed signals is proposed. The desired value of the signal-to-noise ratio is determined based on the number of exceedings of the threshold level by the modulus of the logarithm of the ratio of the amplitudes of the received and previous symbols in the sample of a specified size, while the meter itself is invariant to the absolute levels of the signal and noise. It is shown that in the channel with Gaussian noise, this number depends only on the desired signal-to-noise ratio. The necessary calculation relations are successfully obtained; it is also established that the Gaussian approximation of the symbol amplitude probability density is valid. Statistical simulation of the meter operation has been carried out for receiving binary phase shift keyed signals. It is proven that the given theoretical meter characteristics are in satisfactory agreement with the corresponding experimental data and the small measurement error is provided within a wide range of signal-to-noise ratio values.

Topic: Advanced Signal Processing Techniques
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Detection of Lipid-Linked Peptidoglycan Precursors by Exploiting an Unexpected Transpeptidase Reaction

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are involved in the synthesis and remodeling of bacterial peptidoglycan (PG). Staphylococcus aureus expresses four PBPs. Genetic studies in S. aureus have implicated PBP4 in the formation of highly cross-linked PG, but biochemical studies have not reached a consensus on its primary enzymatic activity. Using synthetic Lipid II, we show here that PBP4 preferentially acts as a transpeptidase (TP) in vitro. Moreover, it is the PBP primarily responsible for incorporating exogenous d-amino acids into cellular PG, implying that it also has TP activity in vivo. Notably, PBP4 efficiently exchanges d-amino acids not only into PG polymers but also into the PG monomers Lipid I and Lipid II. This is the first demonstration that any TP domain of a PBP can activate the PG monomer building blocks. Exploiting the promiscuous TP activity of PBP4, we developed a simple, highly sensitive assay to detect cellular pools of lipid-linked PG precursors, which are of notoriously low abundance. This method, which addresses a longstanding problem, is useful for assessing how genetic and pharmacological perturbations affect precursor levels, and may facilitate studies to elucidate antibiotic mechanism of action.

Topic: Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Synthesis of tert-butoxymethyl ethers: a new protecting group for alcohols

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of tert-butoxymethyl ethers: a new protecting group for alcoholsH. W. Pinnick and Nordin H. LajisCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 20, 3964–3966Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00414a037https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00414a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views502Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Study for Key Generation and Access Control Protocol in BYOD Environments

스마트 기기 사용자의 증가와 통신 기술 발전으로 시간과 장소에 제약 없이 업무환경에 대한 영역이 확대되고 있다. 사용자 개인의 장비를 활용하여 업무에 도입되어지고 있으며, 이를 BYOD(Bring Your On Device)라고 한다. 하지만 기존의 무선 환경에서 발생하고 있는 보안위협에 취약하며, 기업 내부에 의한 중요 정보 유출, 사용자 부주의로 인한 단말기 분실/도난 등으로 인하여 보안취약점이 이슈화 되고 있다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 BYOD환경에서 사용자 정보 기반으로 세션 키를 생성하여 사용자 권한에 따른 접근 제어 프로토콜에 관하여 연구하였다. 사용자 정보 및 사용자 기기 정보를 기반으로 세션 키를 생성하였으며, 이후 접근제어 프로토콜을 설계하였다. 제안하는 프로토콜은 BYOD 환경 및 무선 랜 환경에서 발생할 수 있는 공격으로부터 보호할 수 있고, 사용자 권한을 관리하여 기업 내부의 중요 콘텐츠 유출로부터 보안 요구사항과 안전성을 강화하였다. Depending on the smart device user growth and development of communication technology, the area about working environment was extended without constraints of time and places. It is introducing to work using user's devices and this environment is called 'BYOD(Bring Your On Device)'. But it is vulnerable to security threat that happened in existing wireless environment and its security threat issue which is caused by inside information leak by an inside job and lost or stolen terminal which is caused by careless user is getting heated. So we studied about access control protocol by user rights under the BYOD situation make a session key based on the user information. We make a session key based on the user information and user device information, after that we design an access control protocol. The protocol we suggest can protect from attack under the BYOD situation and wireless communication situation and also safety and security requirement from inside information leak because it controls user rights.

Topic: Innovation in Digital Healthcare Systems
Subfield: Health Information Management
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Finely Harmonic Functions need not be Quasi-Analytic

If a function f is harmonic on a connected open set ∪ ⊂ Rd and is constant in a neighbourhood of one point in ∪ then it is identically constant. We give an example of a non-constant finely harmonic function defined on E={zɛC||z|<2}\p which is identically zero on |z|⩾1. The exceptional set P is of capacity zero so E is finely open and finely connected. This example therefore shows that finely harmonic functions are not globally determined by their local behaviour.

Topic: Stability and Controllability of Differential Equations
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Increased Lateral Tibial Slope Is a Risk Factor for Pediatric Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury

Background: Increased posterior tibial slope is associated with increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in adults. A similar association has not been rigorously examined in children and adolescents. Purpose: To determine whether alterations in posterior tibial slope are associated with ACL tears in pediatric and adolescent patients and to quantify changes in tibial slope by age. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the knee were reviewed by 3 raters blinded to each other in a 1:1 sample of cases and age- and sex-matched controls. A total of 76 skeletally immature ACL-injured knees were compared with 76 knees without ACL injury; the mean age of the study population was 14.8 ± 1.3 years. The posterior slope of the articular surface of the medial tibial plateau and lateral tibial plateau was measured by use of a method similar to that used in previous studies in adult populations. The current study technique differed in that the slope was measured on the cartilage surface, not the subchondral bone. Comparisons between knees were made with t tests, and Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess changes in tibial slope with advancing age. Results: Increased slope of the lateral tibial plateau (LTS) was significantly increased in ACL-injured patients compared with controls (5.7° ± 2.4° vs 3.4° ± 1.7°; P &lt; .001). There was no statistically significant difference in the slope of the medial tibial plateau (MTS) in the ACL-injured and control knees (5.4° ± 2.2° vs 5.1° ± 2.3°; P = .42). There was no difference in LTS between male and female patients (4.46° vs 4.58°; P = .75). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of the LTS revealed that a posterior tibial slope cutoff of &gt;4° resulted in a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 75% for predicting ACL tears in this cohort. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that MTS and LTS decreased, or flattened, by 0.31° ( P = .028, correlation coefficient r = −0.18) and 0.37° ( P = .009, correlation coefficient r = −0.21) per year, respectively, as adolescents age. Conclusion: The LTS was significantly associated with an increased risk of ACL injury in pediatric and adolescent patients. The MTS was not associated with risk of injury. Posterior slope was found to decrease, or flatten, with age. A cutoff of &gt;4° for the posterior slope of the lateral compartment is 76% sensitive and 75% specific for predicting ACL injury in this cohort. The LTS did not influence the incidence of ACL injury differently between sexes.

Topic: Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Antioxidant Response of Maternal and Fetal Rat Liver to Selenium Nanoparticle Supplementation Compared to Sodium Selenite: Sex Differences between Fetuses

To compare the effects of organic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs, Se0) and inorganic sodium selenite (NaSe, Na2SeO3, Se4+) on the antioxidant response in maternal and fetal rat liver, pregnant females were treated with two forms of selenium (Se) at equivalent doses during gestation (0.5 mg SeNPs or 0.5 mg NaSe/kg body weight/day). Structural parameters of the liver of gravid females and their fetuses were examined in a sex-specific manner. The oxidative stress parameters superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), total glutathione (GSH) and sulfhydryl groups (SH) were established. In addition, the Se concentration was determined in the blood, liver, urine and feces of the gravid females and in the liver of the fetuses. The structure of the liver of gravid females remained histologically the same after supplementation with both forms of Se, while the oxidative stress in the liver was significantly lower after the use of SeNPs compared to NaSe. Immaturity of fetal antioxidant defenses and sex specificity were demonstrated. This study provides a detailed insight into the differences in the bioavailability of the nano form of Se compared to sodium selenite in the livers of pregnant females and fetuses.

Topic: Selenium in Biological Systems
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences