jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Star-branched polymers. 5. The .theta. temperature depression for 8- and 12-arm polyisoprenes in dioxane

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStar-branched polymers. 5. The .theta. temperature depression for 8- and 12-arm polyisoprenes in dioxaneB. J. Bauer, N. Hadjichristidis, L. J. Fetters, and J. E. L. RooversCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 7, 2410–2413Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00527a045https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00527a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views163Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Topic: biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
Subfield: Biomaterials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Patient perspective: coping with preoperative anxiety in patients scheduled for coronary artery by-pass surgery. A mixed-methods study.

Background Despite substantial literature that addresses preoperative anxiety, identifying effective anxiety-management interventions is still recommended. Identifying factors related to preoperative anxiety is essential for intervention planning. Aim To explore patient-reported factors contributing to decreased anxiety among patients scheduled for coronary artery by-pass grafting (CABG). Methods This mixed-methods observational study involved 75 patients aged 40-83 (70.7% men; mean age 65.4±9.41). Qualitative analysis involved 25 randomly selected patients (focus group) and asked to specify factors they believed were helpful in reducing their anxiety. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS-Anxiety) was used at the moment of diagnosis and decision making (Time1, retrospectively), and on the day preceding CABG (Time2). Focus group responses were explored with the use of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The Pearson’s chi - squared and the Mann-Whitney-U tests were calculated to explore differences between the study groups. Significance level α≤0.05 was used in all analyses. Results VAS-Anxiety scores reduced from 5 points at Time1 to 3 points at Time 2 (p&lt;0.01). Fifty patients (66.7%) reported decreased anxiety between Time1 and Time2, 21 (28%) reported a stable level and 4 (5.3%) reported an increase. Employment status was the only significant factor differentiating “relief’ and “no relief” groups among socio-demographic and clinical variables. IPA yielded five main themes: conversations with health care providers, perceived inevitability of surgery, family support, other patients’ experience, and religion/faith. Conclusions Individual patient-centered interview in conjunction with emotional support are vital for managing preoperative anxiety. Providing contact with family members and paying attention to spiritual needs are also important.

Topic: Music Therapy and Health
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
5,7-Dihydroxy-6-Methoxy-Flavonoids Eliminate HIV-1 D3-transfected Cytoprotective Macrophages by Inhibiting the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway

Flavonoids, well-documented secondary metabolites in many vegetables and plants, exhibit antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and anticancer activities. However, their cytotoxic effects against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected cytoprotective macrophages have not been studied. In the present study, we investigated their effects and their molecular mechanisms. Treatment with flavonoids in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/cycloheximide (CHX) potently eliminated HIV-1 Tat-transduced cytoprotective human microglial CHME5 cells; the 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-flavonoids oroxylin A and tectorigenin, at a concentration of 10 μM, most potently eliminated the cytoprotective phenotype. These flavonoids eliminated Tat-transduced CHME5 cells, D3-transfected CHME5 cells, and HIV-1 D3-infected human primary macrophages, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, oroxylin A and tectorigenin potently inhibited LPS/CHX-induced phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the Tat-transduced cells, D3-transfected CHME5 cells, and D3-infected human primary macrophages. Based on these findings, 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-flavonoids may eliminate HIV-1 infected cytoprotective macrophages by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and deliver anti-HIV-1 effects in vivo by shortening the lifespan of infected macrophages. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Topic: HIV Research and Treatment
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Decarbonization in Offshore Services: A Study on Efficiency and Emissions Reduction

Abstract This study provides a comprehensive review of recent discussions on carbon equivalent emission reduction alternatives, emphasizing the importance of efficiency in Offshore Supply Vessels (OSVs). It introduces relevant indicators tailored for assessing ship efficiency in the specific context of subsea installations offshore. The examination of new technologies spans from enhanced navigation devices to minimizing fuel consumption during dynamic positioning. Safety considerations, crucial for OSVs operating near other structures, are addressed alongside the efficiency analysis. To gauge the effectiveness of these measures, the study conducts a comparative analysis of fuel consumption indicators across the fleet of the major Brazilian oil company, accounting for operational nuances and propulsion capabilities. In the realm of subsea installation services, the engineering challenge lies in balancing propulsion power to ensure vessels can maintain position even in worst-case failure scenarios. Given the diverse activities of the offshore supply fleet, involving tasks such as human diving, ROV missions, tug support, and subsea equipment handling, the study introduces efficiency indicators based on a comprehensive database analysis. The focus shifts to comparing efficiency across different vessels and their respective activities, highlighting the importance of strategic vessel selection to operate at each site. This extends beyond propulsion systems, considering the vessel's effectiveness in varied sea states. Inherently different from traditional cargo transporters, OSVs play a crucial role in attaining emission reduction objectives. The study draws on the analysis vessels currently operational in Brazilian offshore, equipped with ROV onboard. By evaluating key indicators for optimal efficiency, the research contributes valuable insights to emission reduction initiatives, aligning with the overarching goal of steering towards a net-zero trajectory.

Topic: Maritime Transport Emissions and Efficiency
Subfield: Environmental Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of prophylactic antibiotics in radical head and neck surgery

Abstract One hundred major head and neck operations performed on 77 patients were evaluated regarding the effectiveness of an aminoglycoside and cephalosporin antibiotic combination given prophylactically to prevent postoperative infection. The postoperative infection incidence was 6%, significantly lower than that reported in similar series where no antibiotics were used. The addition of the aminoglycoside did not appear to provide any additional protection compared with the use of cephalosporin alone.

Topic: Orthopedic Infections and Treatments
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Dynamics of Leakage in Bent Axis Units Without Timing Gear

Bent axis hydraulic pumps and motors are extremely popular due to their high efficiency and large speed range. A number of different concepts exist with respect to kinematic restraints on the cylinder barrel motion. Some manufacturers rely upon a timing gear for precise synchronization of the shaft and barrel speeds while other companies have successfully introduced bent axis units without such a mechanism. The paper analyses the dynamics of bent axis machines with tapered pistons driving the cylinder barrel. A rotation of the pistons inside the corresponding bores is proposed to result in changing cylinder chamber to case drain leakages. The reported phenomenon is shown to have a significant effect on the low frequency part of pressure and flow pulsations. In this way, frequency components far below the fundamental frequency associated with the shaft revolution are generated.

Topic: Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Vitamin D testing in pregnancy: Does one size fit all?

Background Vitamin D deficiency is common. What the optimum level of vitamin D in pregnancy and whether vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy confers improved health benefits remain controversial. Aim To assess vitamin D status in pregnant women in a maternity service that recommends routine antenatal screening and advises supplementation where necessary, and to assess relationships between early pregnancy vitamin D levels and changes in vitamin D across pregnancy with pregnancy outcomes. Materials and Methods Vitamin D serum concentrations were measured in early and late pregnancy. The relationships between initial vitamin D status, maternal factors and pregnancy outcomes were estimated. Change in vitamin D over pregnancy was quantified. The relationship between change in vitamin D over pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes was also estimated. Results Of 1550 women, 849 (55%) were vitamin D deficient (&lt;50 nmol/L), 571 (37%) were insufficient (50–74 nmol/L), and 130 (8%) were replete (≥75 nmol/L) in early pregnancy. Factors associated with deficiency were increased body mass index, pregnancy in either winter or spring months, and maternal country of birth (South‐East, South and East Asia, and Africa). Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency in early pregnancy was significantly associated with developing gestation diabetes mellitus. Levels of vitamin D significantly increased over pregnancy among nonreplete women. Increasing vitamin D over pregnancy was not related to pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion Vitamin D ‘deficiency’ is common but may not be associated with most adverse pregnancy outcomes. Routine vitamin D testing of all pregnant women does not appear warranted.

Topic: Vitamin D Research Studies
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effects of Puberty and Parenting on Adolescent Psychosocial Maturity and Risky Behavior

This doctoral dissertation examines how pubertal onset and maternal sensitivity and responsiveness (MSR) affect psychosocial maturity (PSM) and risky behavior in late adolescence for male and female youth. Analyses were conducted on a subsample (N = 730) of Black, Hispanic, and White youth from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (NICHD SECCYD), an 18-year study of the implications of early child care experiences and youth development. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), this dissertation addresses several research questions: 1. Does MSR predict adolescent PSM and risk-taking?; 2. Does pubertal onset predict PSM and risk-taking?; 3. Does pubertal timing moderate the effects of MSR on PSM and risky behavior?; 4. Are the pathways linking MSR, puberty, PSM and risk-taking moderated by adolescent sex? For all youth, results are consistent with the notion that higher early adolescent MSR and increases across adolescence predicts higher PSM and lower sexual risk-taking, but not non-sexual risk-taking. Consistent with past literature, early pubertal onset was associated with higher non-sexual and sexual risk-taking, but not PSM. However, the present data show PSM is associated with lower sexual and non-sexual risk-taking. Results from a two-group SEM provide evidence in support of sex moderation. Specifically, higher grade 5 MSR predicted lower non-sexual risk-taking among girls, but not boys. Additionally, higher grade 5 MSR predicted lower non-sexual risk-taking among female, but not male youth. Pubertal onset was not predictive of PSM, but was predictive of non-sexual risk-taking in boys and sexual risk-taking in girls. Male youth but not female youth were differentially susceptible to MSR across pubertal onset. Specifically, males with later pubertal onset had the lowest PSM with low MSR and the highest PSM with high MSR. However, males with earlier pubertal onset were less sensitive to the effects of MSR. Taken together, these data suggest that the nuanced pathways linking pubertal onset and maternal sensitivity and responsiveness to adolescent psychosocial maturity and risky behavior are moderated by adolescent sex. Nevertheless, psychosocial maturity remains important in protecting against risky behavior across male and female youth.

Topic: Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
On the Applicability of Genetic Algorithms to Fast Solar Spectropolarimetric Inversions for Vector Magnetography

The measurement of vector magnetic fields on the sun is one of the most important diagnostic tools for characterizing solar activity. The ubiquitous solar wind is guided into interplanetary space by open magnetic field lines in the upper solar atmosphere. Highly-energetic solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are triggered in lower layers of the solar atmosphere by the driving forces at the visible ``surface'' of the sun, the photosphere. The driving forces there tangle and interweave the vector magnetic fields, ultimately leading to an unstable field topology with large excess magnetic energy, and this excess energy is suddenly and violently released by magnetic reconnection, emitting intense broadband radiation that spans the electromagnetic spectrum, accelerating billions of metric tons of plasma away from the sun, and finally relaxing the magnetic field to lower-energy states. These eruptive flaring events can have severe impacts on the near-Earth environment and the human technology that inhabits it. This dissertation presents a novel inversion method for inferring the properties of the vector magnetic field from telescopic measurements of the polarization states (Stokes vector) of the light received from the sun, in an effort to develop a method that is fast, accurate, and reliable. One of the long-term goals of this work is to develop such a method that is capable of rapidly-producing characterizations of the magnetic field from time-sequential data, such that near real-time projections of the complexity and flare-productivity of solar active regions can be made. This will be a boon to the field of solar flare forecasting, and should help mitigate the harmful effects of space weather on mankind's space-based endeavors. To this end, I have developed an inversion method based on genetic algorithms (GA) that have the potential for achieving such high-speed analysis.

Topic: Magnetic Properties and Applications
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Selection of cold air diffusers

The subject of this paper is the selection of diffusers for cold air distribution systems. The paper provides a description of the different types of diffusers used to produce cold air jets followed by an introductory model of jet mixing. The three main design parameters for any type of diffuser, including cold air diffusers, are the room characteristic length, the throw, and the separation distance. This paper coves the dependence of the throw, entrainment, and separation distance of cold air jets on discharge conditions. The design procedure detailed in this paper uses optimum values of these parameters for diffuser selection. A design example is given that illustrates the determination of the throw and the separation distance of a cold air jet based on the diffuser size, type, and discharge flow conditions.

Topic: Combustion and flame dynamics
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Community engagement to improve access to healthcare: A comparative case study to advance implementation science for transgender health equity

Abstract Background Recent calls to action have been made for Implementation Science to attend to health inequities at the intersections of race, gender, and social injustice in the United States. Transgender people, particularly Black and Latina transgender women, experience a range of health inequities and social injustices. In this study, we compared two processes of transgender community-engagement in Los Angeles and in Chicago. The study addressed inequitable access to care and adapted and extended the Exploration Planning Implementation and Sustainment (EPIS) framework for transgender health equity. Methods A comparative case method and the EPIS framework were used to examine parallel implementations of transgender community engagement to expand access to care. In order to foster the conceptual development and adaptation of EPIS for trans health equity, the comparative case method required detailed description, exploration, and analyses of the community-engagement processes to expand access to healthcare. In both cities, the unit of analysis was a steering committee made up of local transgender and cisgender stakeholders. Results Both steering committees initiated their exploration processes with World Café-style, transgender community-engaged events in order to assess community needs and structural barriers to healthcare. The steering committees curated activities that amplified the voices of transgender community members among stakeholders, encouraging more effective and collaborative ways to advance transgender health equity. Based on analysis and findings from the Los Angeles town hall, the steering committee worked with a local medical school, extending the transgender medicine curriculum and incorporating elements of transgender community-engagement. The Chicago steering committee determined from their findings that the most impactful intervention on structural racism and barriers to healthcare access would be to design and pilot a transgender employment program. Conclusion In Los Angeles and Chicago, transgender community-engagement guided exploration, planning, and implementation processes and led to critical insights regarding specific, local structural barriers to healthcare. The steering committee itself represented an important vehicle for individual- and community-level relationship and capacity building. This comparative case study highlights key adaptations of EPIS toward the formation of an implementation science framework for transgender health equity.

Topic: Public Health Policies and Education
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Improving Program Implementation: Hunter Education

Abstract The purpose of this study is to identify major areas of concentration that have an impact on state hunter education programs. The study specifically attempts to identify and analyze areas that prevent hunter education programs from being implemented to their fullest. The major reasons for this research include: to improve the awareness, knowledge, and skills of hunters, to help ensure that hunter education programs are utilized to their maximum, and to identify specific program strategies to help overcome major barriers to the successful implementation of state hunter education programs. Based on data collected, areas of significant concern that have profound effects on program implementation were identified and analyzed. The major concerns and constraints identified by the study were in the areas of program instruction, course content, program communication, program funding, and program evaluation. Each of the identified program constraints was analyzed with recommendations put forth which could lessen its impact on program implementation.

Topic: Winter Sports Injuries and Performance
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On Improving Cross-dataset Generalization of Deepfake Detectors

Facial manipulation by deep fake has caused major security risks and raised severe societal concerns. As a countermeasure, a number of deep fake detection methods have been proposed recently. Most of them model deep fake detection as a binary classification problem using a backbone convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture pretrained for the task. These CNN-based methods have demonstrated very high efficacy in deep fake detection with the Area under the Curve (AUC) as high as 0.99. However, the performance of these methods degrades significantly when evaluated across datasets. In this paper, we formulate deep fake detection as a hybrid combination of supervised and reinforcement learning (RL) to improve its cross-dataset generalization performance. The proposed method chooses the top-k augmentations for each test sample by an RL agent in an image-specific manner. The classification scores, obtained using CNN, of all the augmentations of each test image are averaged together for final real or fake classification. Through extensive experimental validation, we demonstrate the superiority of our method over existing published research in cross-dataset generalization of deep fake detectors, thus obtaining state-of-the-art performance.

Topic: Digital Media Forensic Detection
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences