jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[Histological study of the structure of artificial plaque].

Five cariogenic bacteria were used to produce a plaque, called artificial plaque, by sequential culture in vitro. The results showed that the artificial plaque is very similar to the natural one in morphology and structure. Artificial plaque may be taken as an excellent model in vitro for the studies on cariogenicity of dental plaque.

Topic: Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A reinvestigation of the synthesis of trans-(±)-1,2,3,4,4a,10a-hexahydro [1,4] benzodioxino[2,3-c]pyridine

A reinvestigation of the reaction of threo-(±)-2,3-dibromopentane-1,5-diol 5 with the disodium salt of catechol has shown that the product is (±)-1 -(2,3-dihydro[1,4]benzodioxin-2-yl)propane-1,3-diol 20 and not trans-(±)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro[1,4]benzodioxin 12, as assumed previously. Consequently trans-(±)-1,2,3,4,4a,10a-hexahydro[1,4]benzodioxino[2,3-c]pyridine 3 could not have been isolated earlier, and we now report its unambiguous synthesis via the epoxide 8 as well as the crystal structure of the diol 20.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Lexical Quality and Reading Comprehension in Primary School Children

Abstract In a cross-sectional study, we examined the relationship between the quality of lexical representations and text comprehension skill in German primary school children (Grades 1–4). We measured the efficiency and accuracy of orthographical, phonological, and meaning representations by means of computerized tests. Text comprehension skill was assessed with a standardized reading test with questions requiring recognition of text information and inferencing. Both the accuracy of and the efficiency of access to the three types of lexical representations contributed to explaining interindividual variation in text comprehension skill. Results from a path-analytic model suggest a specific causal order of the three components of lexical quality with the quality of meaning representations partly mediating the effects of form representations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported in this article was supported by a grant from the German Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, grant 01GJ0985). We thank David Nitz for programming assistance and Lilly Andrich, Claudia Beck, Tatjana DeToia, Wanja von der Felsen, Christian Kirsch, Katrin Klein, Dominik Mathieu, Sarah Rom, Miriam Schwarzenthal, Vanessa Wergin, Barbara Werner, and Monika Wieland for their help in preparing stimulus materials and collecting data. Researchers who would like to inspect the items of the ProDi-L assessments used in this study are invited to send an e-mail to the first author.

Topic: Reading and Literacy Development
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
[A case of neuropathic cancer pain in the lower extremities successfully treated with spinal cord stimulation].

A 76-year-old man was referred to our pain clinic for the treatment of bilateral lower extremity pain due to metastasis of renal cell carcinoma to the sacrum. The pain could not be controlled with narcotics, antidepressant or the epidural block. The characteristics of pain were like those of benign disease, being spontaneous, not exacerbated by body movement, and having a dysesthetic nature with chill sensations. Therefore, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) was performed, relieving the pain until death, 6 months after its induction. This case shows the usefulness of SCS for neuropathic cancer pain that shows signs similar to those of benign disease.

Topic: Pain Management and Treatment
Subfield: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Redistribution of Cortical Blood Flow during Renal VasodNatation in Dogs

We studied the distribution of cortical blood flow during renal vasodilation induced by four maneuvers; reduction of perfusion pressure, intraarterial infusion of acetylcholine, and diuresis induced by ethacrynic acid or mannitol. Dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital and urinary losses replaced. Bloodflow of the denervated kidney was measured by an electromagnetic flowmeter,and distribution of renal cortical blood flow analyzed by the radioactive microsphere technique. Acetylcholine caused progressively greater proportional vasodilation from superficial to deep cortex. The resulting pattern of flow redistribution was nearly identical to that observed in response to reduced perfusion pressure (autoregulation). Since the same pattern of heterogeneous cortical response was elicited by two qualitatively different stimuli, we propose that it reflects differential responsiveness of individual cortex zones. Ethacrynic acid redistributed flow in a different pattern, augmenting the proportion to the middle, but not the juxtamedullary cortex. High urine flow was excluded as a nonspecific basis for this difference, since acetylcholine produced its usual pattern of redistribution during the ethacrynic acid-induced diuresis. Additionally, ethacrynic acid-induced flow redistribution was not secondary to high urine flow per se, since mannitol diuresis did not significantly alter distribution of flow.

Topic: Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
[Diagnosis of Rotavirus using viral RNA electrophoresis].

Rotavirus has emerged as a major agent of acute enteritis of infants. A rapid and simple technique has been developed for its detection, based on the visualization of the viral RNA electrophoretic pattern. This technique takes advantage of the large amount of rotavirus present in the stools and the high sensitivity for detection of RNA obtained with ethidium bromide.

Topic: Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Additional file 2 of Annexin A1 protects against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury by modulating microglia/macrophage polarization via FPR2/ALX-dependent AMPK-mTOR pathway

Additional file 2: Fig. S1. Ac2-26 ameliorated neurological deficit and BBB disruption, and mediated microglial/macrophage polarization via interaction with FPR2/ALX at 1 d post-tMCAO/R. A Schematic diagram of the experimental design. B Neurological function was evaluated by mNSS test. C Quantitative analyses of EB dye extravasation. D Representative western blotting bands and densitometric quantifications of activated microglial/macrophage marker Iba-1, M1-phenotype markers CD16, and M2-phenotype markers CD206. E qRT-PCR analyses of mRNA expressions of M1-phenotype markers (CD16 and iNOS) and M2-phenotype markers (CD206 and Arg-1). F ELISA analyses of the expressions of a pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (M1-phenotype) and an anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (M2-phenotype). Data were presented as the mean ± SD (B n = 10/group; C-F n = 6/group), and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test. *p &lt; 0.05, **p &lt; 0.01, and ***p &lt; 0.001. #p &lt; 0.05, ##p &lt; 0.01, and ###p &lt; 0.001.

Topic: S100 Proteins and Annexins
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Efficient acoustic-field computations for matched-field inversion for geoacoustic properties

Matched-field inversion for source location, environmental properties, or a combination of the two (focalization) is based on comparing measured acoustic fields to replica fields predicted for a variety of possible environmental parameters and/or source positions using a numerical propagation model. Although this approach is conceptually straightforward and widely applicable, it requires a large number of replica-field computations and can be impractically slow if the propagation modeling is not carried out in an efficient manner. This is particularly true for environmental inversion and focalization where the expanded parameter search space generally requires a very large number of replica field computations, even if a relatively efficient optimization algorithm such as simulated annealing (SA) is employed. This paper describes matched-field inversion for geoacoustic properties using SA and rapid acoustic-field modeling. The replica-field modeling is based on the normal mode solution and makes use of multivariate interpolation of precomputed ‘‘look-up’’ tables of modal quantities stored as a function of the geoacoustic parameters. The optimum grid-element size for the modal tables is considered, and two interpolation schemes, linear and Shepard’s method (locally quadratic), are investigated. An example is given of geoacoustic inversion in a North Pacific environment.

Topic: Underwater Acoustics Research
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Angle-resolved photoemission of the initial stages of Au growth on Si(111) 7 × 7

The initial formation of the Au-Si(111) 7 × 7 interface has been examined by ARUPS, LEED and AES techniques. At room temperature, strong interactions between Au and Si atoms occur for coverages as low as 0.2 monolayer. This is related to the existence of a 1 × 1 LEED structure, to the suppression of the intrinsic silicon surface states and to the appearance of prominent Au 5d bands. The energy position of the latter structures is compatible with a significant gold-silicon interdiffusion. For increasing coverages, an amorphous Au-Si layer with a more metallic character gradually grows. This is supported by the removal of the 1 × 1 LEED pattern, the lack of influence of polar angle on the photoemission features and the substantial increase of the density of states near the Fermi level, EF. At the same time, the shift of the Au 5d emission towards EF is clearly related to the existence of a gold-rich Si alloy. The effects of annealing on one gold monolayer are presented. A sharp 31/2 × 31/2 R(30 degrees ) LEED pattern is obtained, whereas normal photoemission spectra reveal the existence of electronic states at -1 and -2.6 eV below EF. Their insensitivity to polarisation and their strong dispersion along the Gamma K'M' direction of the surface Brillouin zone show that they correspond to new interface states. These results are discussed in terms of structural models proposed for 31/2 × 31/2 ordered surfaces.

Topic: Surface and Thin Film Phenomena
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Assessment of a three dimensional model for atmospheric radiative transfer over heterogeneous land cover

A three‐dimensional (3D) atmospheric radiative transfer model that explicitly represents surface albedo heterogeneity is tested against a one‐dimensional model and surface irradiance observations in a polar region where land cover heterogeneity is high. For observations located near high latitude coastlines, the contrast between the highly absorbing ocean and reflective snow surface creates spatial heterogeneity, or a 3D effect, around the observation site. The resulting effect on radiation at the sensor should be taken into account when using a solar radiative transfer model to interpret measurements. This assessment shows that better closure is obtained with a three‐dimensional model (≤5%) versus a plane‐parallel model (≤7%). The importance of the surface 3D effect increases with aerosol or cloud optical depth and with surface albedo contrast. The model used here can be implemented at any surface site given the surrounding land cover properties.

Topic: Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Biological Studies on Light Quality in Environment Control

The effect of wavelength width of monochromatic light on the action spectrum of protochlorophyllide phototransformation to chlorophyllide a was examined in vivo. At the 650 nm region which has been known as the peak of action spectrum, irradiation with 2 nm half-wavelength width gave larger transformation value than that obtained with 10 nm irradiation. However, at 600 nm and 670 nm wavelength regions, very little transformation was observed.Wavelength width is shown to be significantly important in the selection of irradiated monochromatic light in the determination of action spectrum.

Topic: Light effects on plants
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
MULTI-HOPE: A tool for multiple floor layout problems

The objective of most facility layout problems is to minimize material handling cost, which is directly proportional to both the distance between the machines and the mix, as well as the volume of products handled. The mix and volume of products are dependent on the demand patterns, and the distance is dependent on the layout plan used for the facility. Because it is relatively difficult to change the demand patterns, and hence the mix and volume of products, the primary focus of most designers has been to deal with the distance attribute of the material handling costs. The limitations of available horizontal space create a need to explore vertical expansion of facilities. This brings up new aspects of vertical material handling and flow that need to be considered in the facility design problem. In this paper, we present a genetic algorithm-based heuristic for generating block layouts for multiple-floor layout problems. This approach produces better solutions than existing simulated annealing-based heuristics for all but one of five multiplefloor test problems available in the literature.

Topic: Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of the Morava River floodplain, Slovakia

Abstract Research on the Morava River floodplain mosquito fauna was carried out from April to October in 2009 and 2010. Altogether, 5864 adults were collected and identified from 12 selected sites. The presence of 28 mosquito species belonging to 6 genera were confirmed in the study area. The floodplain of the Morava River is known for its frequent inundation every year. The floods are quite irregular and often followed by the mass production of mosquitoes. The most abundant species were Aedes vexans (41.4%), Ae. cinereus (7.5%), Ae. rossicus (16.7%), Ochlerotatus sticticus (20.5%), and Culex pipiens (3.1%). Ae. vexans and Oc. sticticus are typical outbreak species for the Morava River floodplain. The years 2009 and 2010 differed in the number of floods, which influenced the mosquito faunal composition and abundance during the year.

Topic: Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Behavior Modeling and Analysis in Multimedia Sharing Networks

In multimedia sharing networks such as YouTube, and Flicker, etc, users actively participate and interact with each other, which influences not only each individual but also the entire system performance. Successful deployments of multimedia sharing networks show that user cooperation helps provide efficient and highly scalable platforms for multimedia distribution. However, since users are selfish, their cooperation cannot be guaranteed. In this thesis, we aim to design incentive mechanisms to stimulate user cooperation and also optimize the system performance. Without loss of generality, we use two multimedia applications as examples to show how to achieve our research goals. We first study a two-hop cooperative wireless multicast system, here after the base station broadcasts a packet, a relay node who receives the packet correctly helps forward it to the others. We model user interaction in this system as a multi-seller multi-buyer payment based game, where users pay to receive relay service and get paid if they help forward a packet. We then study an interactive multiview video streaming (IMVS) system, where an user can select one out of many available views for observation and switch views frequently. With the advances of multiview video coding techniques, users can cooperatively download videos even if they are watching different views. We then model user interaction as an indirect reciprocity game and formulate users' decision making associated with their view switching as a Markov decision process. In these two examples, our analysis shows that user behavior impacts the system performance significantly. Thus, we optimize our incentive mechanisms, which drive the games to desired stable equilibria, where users cooperate with each other and the system performance is maximized at the same time.

Topic: Caching and Content Delivery
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
ComPhy: Compositional Physical Reasoning of Objects and Events from Videos

Objects' motions in nature are governed by complex interactions and their properties. While some properties, such as shape and material, can be identified via the object's visual appearances, others like mass and electric charge are not directly visible. The compositionality between the visible and hidden properties poses unique challenges for AI models to reason from the physical world, whereas humans can effortlessly infer them with limited observations. Existing studies on video reasoning mainly focus on visually observable elements such as object appearance, movement, and contact interaction. In this paper, we take an initial step to highlight the importance of inferring the hidden physical properties not directly observable from visual appearances, by introducing the Compositional Physical Reasoning (ComPhy) dataset. For a given set of objects, ComPhy includes few videos of them moving and interacting under different initial conditions. The model is evaluated based on its capability to unravel the compositional hidden properties, such as mass and charge, and use this knowledge to answer a set of questions posted on one of the videos. Evaluation results of several state-of-the-art video reasoning models on ComPhy show unsatisfactory performance as they fail to capture these hidden properties. We further propose an oracle neural-symbolic framework named Compositional Physics Learner (CPL), combining visual perception, physical property learning, dynamic prediction, and symbolic execution into a unified framework. CPL can effectively identify objects' physical properties from their interactions and predict their dynamics to answer questions.

Topic: Multimodal Machine Learning Applications
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel by Coumarate‐Based Ionic Liquids and Coatings

Abstract The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as corrosion inhibitors is gaining significant attention due to their attractive properties such as high inhibition efficiency and ability to absorb onto metal surfaces. In this work, six protic ILs, based on the coumarate anion in combination with the nitrogen containing ammonium, pyrrolidinium and imidazolium cations with a short or long alkyl chain attached to the nitrogen atom, have been synthesized and evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel. The anticorrosion properties of these ILs in solution as inhibitors were investigated electrochemically and the metal surface was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Moreover, the IL prepared from the coumarate anion and N‐dimethyl‐N‐tetradecyl ammonium ([DTA]Cou) was incorporated into an acrylic UV‐cured coating formulation as an additive and by designing a similar ionic monomer which covalently links to the acrylic coating formulation. Both coatings were analyzed using impedance spectroscopy during 11 days of exposure to a solution of 0,01 M NaCl, confirming the high performance of the inhibitor in both solution and when incorporated into a coating. The synthesized ILs present efficiencies in solution exceeding 70 %, in particular the ILs [DTA]Cou and the tetradecyl imidazolium coumarate ([C14Im]Cou) showed efficiencies of 88 % and 91 % respectively. Surface analysis after 24 h confirmed that the inhibitors efficiently adsorb onto the mild steel surface to form a protective film. The obtained inhibitors showed interesting anticorrosion behaviors and demonstrated how different cations and an increase in the chain length affect the corrosion inhibition properties.

Topic: Corrosion Behavior and Inhibition
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Testing for Resistance to American Foulbrood in Honeybees

Journal Article Testing for Resistance to American Foulbrood in Honeybees Get access O. W. Park O. W. Park Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station,1 Ames Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 30, Issue 3, 1 June 1937, Pages 504–512, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/30.3.504 Published: 01 June 1937

Topic: Plant and animal studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
How Does the Implementation of Merdeka Student Exchange Improve Student Competencies? Evaluation Based on The Goal Oriented Model

The Merdeka Student Exchange Program provides opportunities for students to take part in the learning process at other universities to strengthen and improve their competencies.In addition, through the Merdeka Student Exchange Program, students are expected to increase their national insight, love their country, and have an understanding of diversity and tolerance.This research aims to describe the goals and benefits of the Merdeka Student Exchange Program of Yogyakarta State University students and analyze the obstacles experienced.This research uses qualitative methods by collecting data through observation, interview, and documentation.The data analysis technique for this research uses the interactive model from Miles, Huberman, & Sadana.Based on the results of the discussion, it shows that the goals of the Merdeka Student Exchange Program were achieved: 1) Increasing national insight, integrity, solidarity, and national adhesive between students through intercultural learning, 2) Developing leadership and Adaptive soft skills to increase the value of unity and nationalism 3) Provide opportunities for students to get learning experiences at the recipient universities, and get credit recognition.4) Strengthen and enrich student competencies.The Merdeka Student Exchange Program also has problems in the implementation process, there are in socialization, facilities, course conversion, and financing.

Topic: Educational Curriculum and Learning Methods
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
p53 protects against formation of extrahepatic biliary precancerous lesions in the context of oncogenic Kras

<i>KRAS</i> and <i>TP53</i> mutations are frequently observed in extrahepatic biliary cancer. Mutations of <i>KRAS</i> and <i>TP53</i> are independent risk factors for poor prognosis in biliary cancer. However, the exact role of p53 in the development of extrahepatic biliary cancer remains elusive. In this study, we found that simultaneous activation of Kras and inactivation of p53 induces biliary neoplasms that resemble human biliary intraepithelial neoplasia in the extrahepatic bile duct and intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasm in the gall bladder in mice. However, inactivation of p53 was not sufficient for the progression of biliary precancerous lesions into invasive cancer in the context of oncogenic Kras within the observation period. This was also the case in the context of additional activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Thus, p53 protects against formation of extrahepatic biliary precancerous lesions in the context of oncogenic Kras.

Topic: Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Studies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences