jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The long 10th century, or the creation of the New Europe

The tenth century was when the spread of Christianity through Europe commenced the transformation of various state and tribal formations into the form that persisted and that we can recognize today. The political and economic development of Islam created a demand for people from which the new states also derived material resources. Trade and plunder led by the Vikings stimulated the formation of states and strengthened them, this was aided further by the existence of a stable network of roads.

Topic: Historical and Archaeological Studies
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Angiotensin Receptors: Structure, Function, Signaling and Clinical Applications

Angiotensinogen - a serpin family protein predominantly produced by the liver is systematically processed by proteases of the Renin Angiotensin system (RAS) generating hormone peptides. Specific cell surface receptors for at least three distinct angiotensin peptides produce distinct cellular signals that regulate system-wide physiological response to RAS. Two well characterized receptors are angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor) and type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor). They respond to the octapeptide hormone angiotensin II. The oncogene product MAS is a putative receptor for Ang (1-7). While these are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), the <i>in vivo</i> angiotensin IV binding sites may be type 2 transmembrane proteins. These four receptors together regulate cardiovascular, hemodynamic, neurological, renal, and endothelial functions; as well as cell proliferation, survival, matrix-cell interactions and inflammation. Angiotensin receptors are important therapeutic targets for several diseases. Thus, researchers and pharmaceutical companies are focusing on drugs targeting AT1 receptor than AT2 receptor, MAS and AngIV binding sites. AT1 receptor blockers are the cornerstone of current treatment for hypertension, heart failure, renal failure and many types of vascular diseases including atherosclerosis, aortic aneurism and Marfan syndrome.

Topic: Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Histological architecture of collagenous and elastic fibers in human auriculae

Objectives In order to investigate the distribution pattern of collagenous fibers and elastic fibers in human right and left auriculae. Methods Useing technique of paraffin section,Van Gieson and Weight stainings , 10 adults' right and left auriculae were observed under the microscope.Results The collagenous fibers in pericardium consisted of superficial collagen layer,light layer, deep collagen layer and reticular layer, and it runs in fuor ways including up-down orientation,left-right orientation,obligue orientation and vertical orientation. The collagen in the upper edge of auricl was less than that of near the coronary sulcus.There are two kinds of colagenous fiber bundles in the cardiac muscle: the thick ones and the thin ones.The former goes in the same direction as the cardiac muscle does. The later connected with the thick bundles and twined round the surface of the cardiac muscle .The layer of collagenous fibers in endocardium varied from 1 to 4 layer. The collagenous fibers in endocardium joined each orther with those in cardiac muscle and in perecardium, and made the auricular collagen fibers into a complex collagen net. The elastic fibers distributed widely among the auricular layers,and interweave with collagenous fibers. Conclusion Architecture of fibers net in epicardium farvor keeping the cardiac cells from extending excessively,olisthing and malposition in the process of myocardic systolicity and diastolicity. Elestic fibers cooperated with collagen can enhance strongly the recoiling force of cardiac muscle.

Topic: Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Draper family material

Abstract In 1972, John William Christopher Draper and James Christopher Draper wrote to the Smithsonian Institution informing us of the recent death of Dorothy Draper, in Yonkers, New York. A few weeks later, my colleague George Norton and I, together with the Draper brothers and their families, spent a long day in a large house owned by an elderly woman who had been loath to throw anything away. What we found ranged from the trivial to the terrific (from pieces of stale wedding cake and chains of annual dog-tags, to early daguerreotypes). The Drapers were very generous, and allowed us to put everything we deemed of historical interest into the Smithsonian van. When we returned to Washington and examined the collection, we found that we had a great deal of important material pertammg to the early development of photography and spectroscopy, and that some of this provided information that was not otherwise found in the historical record. 1 Smithsornian Institution (SI) Accession 58,310.

Topic: Conservation Techniques and Studies
Subfield: Conservation
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Congenital contractural arachnodactyly in a black African kindred.

Congenital Contractural Arachnodactyly is an inherited disorder of connective tissue characterised by congenital contractures, arachnodactyly, marfanoid habitus, crumpled auricles and in some kindreds, progressive kyphoscoliosis. An extensive kindred with many affected members is described. The importance of the early recognition of this syndrome is highlighted.

Topic: Connective tissue disorders research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Hydromorphologic control of streambed fine particle standing stocks influences in-stream aerobic respiration

For Habitat-scale methods:Streambed sediments (top ~3 cm) were taken from the stream thalweg every 15 m along each study reach (n = 5 samples per reach; Figure 1), following a modified method by Petticrew et al. (2007). The FPM standing stock was estimated using the ash-free dry mass method.<br><br>Microbial Metabolic Activity was estimated using the resazurin-resorufin bioreactive tracer as a proxy for aerobic respiration. (Haggerty et al., 2014).<br><br>Calculation of hydraulic characteristics and metabolic activity at reach-scale:<br>The BTC of Br- recorded at the end of each experimental reach was used to calculate the water transport and transient storage parameters within each reach by using a mobile-immobile model (Drummond et al., 2014a).<br><br><br>

Topic: Winter Sports Injuries and Performance
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A note on Stepwise Conﬁdence Procedure for Toxicological Evaluation Under Unknown and Unequal variances

In this article, we propose stepwise confidence set procedure for toxicity evaluation based on ratio of means difference under unknown and unequal variance across dose groups. The procedure is based on construction of confidence interval at various dose levels without multiplicity adjustment so that the familywise type one error (FWER) will be well-controlled. The results from our simulation study indicate that the FWER was properly control in the case with balanced design but failed in some cases of sample sizes for situations of unbalanced design. Also, the power of the procedure increases with increasing with mean of ratio differences and the sample sizes COVID-19 is the disease caused by the novel coranavirus, which outbreaked in one community, Wuhan

Topic: Advanced Statistical Methods and Models
Subfield: Statistics and Probability
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Success Secrets of the Social Media Marketing Superstars

Online marketing expert Mitch Meyerson presents you with an unmatched advantage into the world of social media -- the priceless secrets, strategies, tactics and insights of more than 20 of today's social media elite. Handpicked to cover almost every aspect of social media marketing, Meyerson and this distinguished team of experts open their playbooks and teach you how to create effective social media campaigns to cut through the clutter, reach out to millions and grow your business. Features: * Proven tips and tactics from 20+ top social media marketers * The biggest mistakes businesses make with social media and how to fix them * Actionable plans for all areas including social networks, blogs, web TV and mobile marketing * Real-world case studies, best practices and proven techniques from the experts * Detailed list of resources

Topic: Digital Marketing and Social Media
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Stereochemical Studies of the 4-Hydroxyl Group of Polymethoxyflavan-3,4-diols

Abstract In the previous papers, it was suggested that the 4-hydroxyl group of flavan-3.4-trans-diols altered in configuration upon the formation of the isopropylidene derivatives. In order to confirm this suggestion, the isopropylidene derivatives were prepared by the reaction of 4-16OH with acetone-18O, and of 4-18OH with acetone-16O, and the contents of oxygen-18 were analyzed. The oxygen atom from acetone was found in the isopropylidene derivatives of trans-3′,4′,5,7-tetramethoxy-cis- and trans-3′,4′,5′,5,7-pentamethoxy-flavan-3,4-diols.

Topic: Biological Activity of Diterpenoids and Biflavonoids
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A novel mutation in the connexin 26 gene (<i>GJB2</i>) in a child with clinical and histological features of keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness (KID) syndrome

Summary Background. Keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness (KID) syndrome is a rare congenital ectodermal disorder, caused by heterozygous missense mutation in GJB2, encoding the gap junction protein connexin 26. The commonest mutation is the p.Asp50Asn mutation, and only a few other mutations have been described to date. Aim. To report the fatal clinical course and characterize the genetic background of a premature male neonate with the clinical and histological features of KID syndrome. Methods. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and used for PCR amplification of the GJB2 gene. Direct sequencing was used for mutation analysis. Results. The clinical features included hearing impairment, ichthyosiform erythroderma with hyperkeratotic plaques, palmoplantar keratoderma, alopecia of the scalp and eyelashes, and a thick vernix caseosa-like covering of the scalp. On histological analysis, features characteristic of KID syndrome, such as acanthosis and papillomatosis of the epidermis with basket-weave hyperkeratosis, were seen. The skin symptoms were treated successfully with acitretin 0.5 mg/kg. The boy developed intraventricular and intracerebral haemorrhage, leading to hydrocephalus. His condition was further complicated by septicaemia and meningitis caused by infection with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Severe respiratory failure followed, and the child died at 46 weeks of gestational age (13 weeks postnatally). Sequencing of the GJB2 gene showed that the child was heterozygous for a novel nucleotide change, c.263C&amp;gt;T, in exon 2, leading to a substitution of alanine for valine at position 88 (p.Ala88Val). Conclusions. This study has identified a new heterozygous de novo mutation in the Cx26 gene (c.263C&amp;gt;T; p.Ala88Val) leading to KID syndrome.

Topic: Connexins and lens biology
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Practical synthesis of .alpha.-methylene-.gamma.-butyrolactone

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPractical synthesis of .alpha.-methylene-.gamma.-butyrolactonePaul A. Grieco and Chester S. PogonowskiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 13, 1958–1959Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00927a041https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00927a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views412Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Topic: Mesoporous Materials and Catalysis
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
DNA-Compatible\nConditions for the Formation of &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;‑Methyl Peptide\nBonds

DNA-encoded libraries\n(DELs) are a powerful platform\nin drug discovery.\nPeptides have unique properties that make them attractive pharmaceutical\ncandidates. N-methylation of the peptide backbone can confer beneficial\nproperties such as increased proteolytic stability and membrane permeability.\nHerein, we evaluate different DEL reaction systems and report a DNA-compatible\nprotocol for forming N-methylated amide bonds. The DNA-compatible,\nbis­(trichloromethyl)­carbonate-mediated amide coupling is efficient\nfor the formation of N-methyl peptide bonds, which promises to increase\nthe opportunity to identify passively cell-permeable macrocyclic peptide\nhits by DNA-encoded technology.

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Marriage and Family Law in a Changing Vietnam

Marriage and family law in Vietnam has been greatly influenced by important historical events over the past 40 years. As a result, three major reforms have been implemented. The Marriage and Family Law of 1959 ended arranged marriages and polygamy and addressed the issue of gender equity. The Law on Marriage and the Family of 1986 clarified the legal obligations of married partners, identified more clearly parental responsibilities, and established new procedures for divorce. And, the 1994 Decree on Marriage and the Family was enacted to protect Vietnam's families from external influences and address concerns about rapid modernization. Lessons learned from Vietnam's experience may inform those researchers who are interested in studying family policy in other developing nations.

Topic: Vietnamese History and Culture Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Dynamic stability Analysis for damavand power plant considering PMS functions by DIGSILENT software

For a number of years Power Management System (PMS) have been used to control islanded power systems. It can control system frequency and voltage as well as generated real and reactive power. The PMS would often have a load shedding facility to prevent the cascade failure of the generation system. The investigation is based on dynamics time domain simulations by DigSilent software and aims to define the main functions for the power management system (PMS) that will govern the operation of the power plant. In this paper, DigSilent Simulation Language (DSL) is used for simulation of Turbine-Governor and excitation system. Also DigSilent Program Language (DPL) is used to simulate action of PMS when it is required. Also, different dynamic contingencies related to Damavand power plant such as Trip of grid connection, Trip of One GT, Trip of load, Trip of Two GTs, Trip of Grid connection (According to governor logic, Automatic change mode acts, Solving frequency deviation by PMS) are considered. In each scenario, power plant stability is investigated and where required, PMS functions (such as load shedding and sending appropriate set points) are applied.

Topic: Power System Optimization and Stability
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Conception

Abstract Conception and, more specifically, the way in which people conceive, have evolved significantly over time. While conception was at one point limited to sexual intercourse between two participants, the act of conceiving has now been revolutionized. Because of this, the prior limitations on who can physically conceive have shifted. For instance, same‐sex couples and couples dealing with infertility, who would otherwise be unable to fit into the traditional model of conception, are now able to engage in these relatively new methods of conception. From assisted reproductive technology to donor sperm and surrogacy, the way in which humans conceive and who can conceive have changed and are continuing to change. Along with providing new methods for family formation, these new ways of conceiving present ethical considerations in the commercialization of reproductive material and services.

Topic: Reproductive Health and Technologies
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effects of Climate Change on Communities Living and Economic Structure of Indus Riverine Areas of Dera Ghazi Khan

Climate change is the most important issue of the top current issues that the globe is experiencing. Climate change is the most significant and hazardous issue not just for Pakistan but globally as well. Pakistan is one of the underdeveloped nations in South Asia and is ranked among the five nations that have been worst affected by climate change. Climate change has severely influenced both the development of human lifestyles and existence, together with food scarcity, wildlife destruction, and risky meteorological conditions problems. The objectives of the study were (1) to investigate the direct consequences of deforestation on the local ecosystem and (2) to examine how deforestation increases environmental changes. The study was delimited to people only in the Indus riverine areas in District Dera Ghazi Khan. All the people who are living in the Indus Riverine areas in District D.G. Khan served as the population of the study. A total sample size of 225 citizens was selected from District Dera Ghazi Khan. In the first stage, 3 Tehsils of District Dera Ghazi Khan e.g. (Dera Ghazi Khan, Kot Chutta, &amp; Taunsa Shareef) were selected. In the second stage, 3 riverside union councils were selected from each Tehsil through a convenient sampling technique. In the third stage, 25 citizens were selected from each union council. Data was collected through an interview schedule and examined by ‘The Statistical Package for Social Sciences’ (SPSS). Obtained results indicate that climate change also happens in the community (99.1%), climate change decreases the local agricultural productivity (92.9%) and climate change has effect on the overall economic sustainability of the local community (95.5%). The bivariate analysis showed that more will be climate change vs less will be the agricultural productivity; less will the economic sustainability. So, all the hypothesis results are accepted after the analysis of the data.

Topic: Climate change impacts on agriculture
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Drafting OPCAT—Towards Deadlock: 1991–2000

This chapter examines the next phase in the background to the drafting of OPCAT. It considers various proposals put forward to get past the deadlock on agreement by states to the idea of an international visiting body. It looks in detail at the working groups' discussions over the content of the OPCAT and the idea of national visiting bodies being introduced as a way to deal with the impasse.

Topic: International Arbitration and Investment Law
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Medical Tourism and Wellness

The global landscape of healthcare and travel has undergone a profound transformation with the emergence of medical tourism and health mobilities. This phenomenon, explored comprehensively in the following chapters, delves into the intricate interplay between healthcare services and the movement of individuals seeking medical treatments, wellness experiences, and surgical procedures across international borders. The following table of contents reflects the multidimensional nature of this topic, spanning from the origins and trends of medical tourism to its implications, challenges, and integration with information technology. The chapters encompass a range of perspectives, from the patient's journey and health risks to the economic, social, and ethical considerations that shape the industry. In "Global Processes, Medical Tourism, and Health Mobilities," Chapter 1 initiates the exploration with an introduction to medical tourism, tracing its evolution, definitions, and the underlying issues and trends that have propelled its growth. Chapter 2, "Travel Health, Risks, and Diseases," delves into the health risks associated with international travel, encompassing disease transmission, medical emergencies, and the interaction between bodies and tourism-related activities. "Marketing Health and Administration in Wellness Tourism," Chapter 3, delves into the marketing strategies and management practices employed within wellness tourism. It examines the diversity of wellness-oriented vacationers and analyzes the impacts, planning, and development of health and wellness tourism worldwide. Chapter 4, "Advantages and Drawbacks of Promoting Medical Tourism," navigates the economic, infrastructure, and institutional aspects influencing the promotion of medical tourism, while also examining potential benefits and drawbacks. Chapter 5, "Risks and Challenges," uncovers the complexities of medical tourism, scrutinizing informed decision-making, medical procedures, privacy concerns, and risks to health equity. Lastly, Chapter 6, "Medical Tourism and Information Technology," illuminates the role of technology in shaping the medical tourism landscape, including its impact on business models, communication, and patient experiences. A journey through the multifaceted dimensions of medical tourism, offering readers insights into the global movement of healthcare seekers, the risks and opportunities, and the intertwining of modern medicine with technology. Through each chapter, readers will gain a deeper understanding of how medical tourism has redefined the boundaries of healthcare, transcending geographical limits and reimagining patient care in a global context.

Topic: Global Healthcare and Medical Tourism
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Anaesthesia In Action

Abstract Patrick Bronte, father of Charlotte, Anne, Branwell, and Emily, wrote to the Leeds Mercury in 1847: Every friend to humanity ought to cry ‘ all hail’ to such a messenger of good tidings ... Having read both sides of the question, and judging from the opinions of some of the most learned, able, and humane of the faculty, it appears to me to be evident, that as it regards the inhalation of the vapour of ether, a great, a useful, and important discovery has been made, and one that ought to be patronized by every friend to humanity.

Topic: Medical History and Innovations
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences