jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
West Cleveland land use, circa 1550 to 1850

Land use patterns were dominated, circa 1550, "by open-field systems comparable with those of the Midlands, but in which grassland" probably played a larger part. Diversity was introduced by demesne land, by several farmholds in partially enclosed townships and by land use in depopulated areas. On such farms, grass acreages were proportionally greater than in 'open' areas, but arable cultivation was not unknown. Enclosure was intensified during the seventeenth century, reaching its peek between 1620 and I67O: few open-fields survived after I70G. In the earlier eighteenth century the heavy clay soils of the vale were devoted mainly to butter production for the London market and to quality stock-breeding, especially of cattle and horses. Arable agriculture was a really restricted and conservative - improvement came very slowly. A revival of crop-farming (stimulated by rising prices) was apparent by 1790, increased in tempo during the Napoleonic Wars and, despite unfavourable economic circumstances, continued - to reach a maximum shortly before mid-century. Techniques were inadequate for the extensive arable culture of local soils: only the introduction of sown grasses, of under-draining and the growth of the markets of urban Teeside saved the area from disaster in the later nineteenth century. This sequence of changes, and the associated land use patterns, are traced from contemporary documents and illustrated by many sketch- maps. Causal factors - ecological, economic and social - are discussed at each stage in such detail as data permit. Characteristics both of change and continuity are examined, and the area's natural propensity for mixed farming established. During these three centuries, the cattle-orientated economy, which flourished circa 1720, appears to represent the optimum adjustment to the environment. Relative prosperity was greatest during this era, to which are to be dated the principal features of the modern rural landscape.

Topic: American Environmental and Regional History
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Correlation of anemia with infradiaphragmatic involvement in Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas.

A staging laparotomy and splenectomy were performed in 41 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 11 with other malignant lymphomas. There was a significant correlation (P = 0.025) between the presence of unexplained anemia and involvement of the spleen or abdominal lymph nodes by tumour. The anemias were of mild degree; hemolysis was documented in three and iron deficiency in four, while 21 cases were unexplained. Bone marrow was not involved by lymphoma in this series. The complication rate in exploratory laparotomy was higher than previously reported. Severe complications were observed in 17% of these patients while another 15% had minor complications. The association we have discovered may be helpful in the staging of patients who cannot tolerate an operative procedure. The absence of infradiaphragmatic involvement is suggested in the presence of normal hemoglobin concentrations.

Topic: Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Mobile Library Services as a Functional Unit in Public Library Systems

As a unit of public library services, mobile libraries or bookmobile are planned, developed, and managed like branch libraries. Cooperative efforts among library systems, towns, countries, and states have enabled the launching of extensive mobile library services for population in remote rural areas as well as in expanding suburban areas. New technologies, especially comrnunication technologies, promise to make mobile libraries better serve as extensions for efficient use of printed, electronic, and audio-visual library resources.

Topic: Mobile Learning in Education
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Spatial Pattern of Cities' Development in Anhui Province Based On Spatial Autocorrelation

Through selecting the typical years' per GDP capital,the authors analyzed the spatial pattern and laws of cities' economic development in Anhui Province based on the spatial autocorrelation.The results indicated that the value of Moran's I was 0.11,which meant that Anhui Province economy totally presented infirm positive spatial autocorrelation,economic development presents different types and difference,local economic regions turning up.The pattern of Anhui Province economic development was classified five classes by the value of local Moran's I and per GDP.Finally,the influence of several factors on spatial pattern was analyzed.

Topic: Regional Economic and Spatial Analysis
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Paris: Beyond the Climate Dead End through Pledge and Review?

The Paris Climate Agreement of December 2015 marks a decisive break from the unsuccessful Kyoto regime. Instead of targets and timetables, it established a Pledge and Review system, under which states will offer Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to reducing emissions that cause climate change. But this successful negotiation outcome was achieved at the price of vagueness of obligations and substantial discretion for governments. Many governments will be tempted to use the vagueness of the Paris Agreement, and the discretion that it permits, to limit the scope or intensity of their proposed actions. Whether Pledge and Review under the Paris Agreement will lead to effective action against climate change will therefore depend on the inclination both of OECD countries and newly industrializing countries to take costly actions, which for the OECD countries will include financial transfers to their poorer partners. Domestic politics will be crucial in determining the attitudes of both sets of countries to pay such costs. The actual impact of the Paris Agreement will depend on whether it can be used by domestic groups favoring climate action as a point of leverage in domestic politics—that is, in a “two-level game” simultaneously involving both international and domestic politics.

Topic: Climate Change Policy and Economics
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Dosing related effects of zoledronic acid on bone markers and creatinine clearance in patients with multiple myeloma and metastatic breast cancer

Thus, if MM and BC patients are not treated regularly every month with Zol bone turnover is not fully suppressed, while prolonged treatment with zoledronic acid compromises kidney function. We believe that these data significantly contribute to the knowledge needed to find the optimal Zol treatment schedule.

Topic: Bone health and treatments
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Supplementary Table S5 from BET Bromodomain Inhibition Blocks an AR-Repressed, E2F1-Activated Treatment-Emergent Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer Lineage Plasticity Program

Supplementary Table S5 from BET Bromodomain Inhibition Blocks an AR-Repressed, E2F1-Activated Treatment-Emergent Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer Lineage Plasticity Program

Topic: Protein Degradation and Inhibitors
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Epidural Abscess in the Lumbar Spine: A Single Institution's Experience With Nonsurgical and Surgical Management.

The purpose of this study was to compare patient factors and outcomes in conservatively and surgically treated patients with spinal epidural abscess (SEA). This was a single-center retrospective review of adult patients treated for SEA of the lumbar spine. Primary treatment outcome was readmission for recurrent abscess. Sixty-one patients met inclusion criteria: 59% male, mean age 56.9 years, and body mass index 30.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Initially 47.5% of patients were treated with conservative measures and 52.5% were treated with surgery. In the conservative group, 31.0% failed treatment and underwent delayed surgery; 26.2% of the overall cohort was readmitted for SEA. Readmitted patients had a greater incidence of history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (p = .048), recurrent infections (p = .008), and recent sepsis and bacteremia (p = .005). Nearly one-third of patients failed initial conservative treatment and needed delayed surgery; however, no significant differences were found between the two treatment groups. Patients with a past history of infections may require more aggressive treatment and closer follow-up, because they are at higher risk for recurrence and readmission. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 28(3):224-231, 2019).

Topic: Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Research practices and research misconduct

Abstract Background: Research on research integrity has tended to focus on frequency of research misconduct and factors that might induce someone to commit research misconduct. A definitive answer to the first question has been elusive, but it remains clear that research misconduct occurs too often. Answers to the second question are so diverse, it might be productive to ask a different question: What about how research is done allows research misconduct to occur? Methods: With that question in mind, research integrity officers (RIOs) of the 62 members of the American Association of Universities were invited to complete a brief survey about their most recent instance of a finding of research misconduct. Respondents were asked whether one or more good practices of research (e.g., openness and transparency, keeping good research records) were present in their case of research misconduct. Results: Twenty-four (24) of the respondents (39% response rate) indicated they had dealt with at least one finding of research misconduct and answered the survey questions. Over half of these RIOs reported that their case of research misconduct had occurred in an environment in which at least nine of the ten listed good practices of research were deficient. Conclusions: These results are not evidence for a causal effect of poor practices, but it is noteworthy that good research practices such as those listed would make it more difficult if not impossible for someone in such an environment to commit research misconduct.

Topic: Academic integrity and plagiarism
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A new phenalenone derivative from the soil fungus <i>Penicillium herquei</i> PSU-RSPG93

One new phenalenone derivative, peniciherqueinone (<b>1</b>), together with five known phenalenone derivatives (<b>2–6</b>), one known anthraquinone (<b>7</b>) and two known acetophenones (<b>8</b> and <b>9</b>) were isolated from the soil fungus <i>Penicillium herquei</i> PSU-RSPG93. Their structures were established by spectroscopic evidence. The absolute configuration of <b>1</b> was determined by anisotropic effect and electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy. Compound <b>2</b> exhibited mild antioxidant activity and is noncytotoxic to Vero (African green monkey kidney fibroblasts) cell lines.

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Levels of Expertise and Instructional Design

Cognitive load theory assumes that information should be structured to eliminate any avoidable load on working memory in order to enhance learning. We hypothesized that the appropriate type of structure may depend on the learner's level of expertise. Less expert learners using a diagram might require the diagram to be physically integrated with related text-based information in order to reduce cognitive load. However, the same diagram might be intelligible in isolation by more experienced learners, who might require the elimination of redundant text to reduce cognitive load. The results of three experiments indicated that as level of expertise increased, the best instructional designs changed from ones in which diagrams and text were physically integrated to ones in which the text was eliminated.

Topic: Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
EXPLORING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NIFTY, DJIA, AND SSE INDICES WITH CO-INTEGRATION AND GRANGER CAUSALITY

The global financial share market indices play a crucial role in the interconnected and dynamic landscape of international finance and considered as barometers of overall market health. The investors rely on these markets to gauge market sentiment, make informed investment decisions, and diversify portfolios. This study uses to explore the relationship between Nifty, DJIA, and SSE through econometric analysis. The data has been collected for a period of sixteen years for comprehensive investigation. The Yahoo Finance database served as the source of the collected data. The study uses EViews Software for application the Johansen Co-integration test, to evaluate if a long-term equilibrium connection exists between the indexes. To further examine the direction and intensity of the causal association between Nifty, DJIA, and SSE, the Granger Causality test is used. The results indicate that past values of Nifty contain valuable information for predicting future values of DJIA and SSE.

Topic: Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
SH383606.07FU

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.

Topic: Peanut Plant Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
What does the future hold for soil science?

In the last decade many authors have talked about a crisis in soil science, manifested by the disappearance of the term “soil” in many research organizations, cuts in funding and a loss of “visibility” of pedological studies. Nonetheless, the crisis is considered to have started in the 1980s, during the so-called “environmental wave” described by Bouma and Hartemink (2002). The causes of the crisis may include competition from other specialists for soil-related studies, superspecialization and a decline in field studies. Proposed solutions to the crisis include a return to the holistic study of soil systems, collaborative research with specialists from other fields and the consideration of studies within wider contexts such as those defined by the “critical zone” proposed by Lin (2005). Finally, the need for soil studies to appear in the media is emphasized, along with the possibility that in some countries soil research teams and structures may even disappear.

Topic: Soil Geostatistics and Mapping
Subfield: Environmental Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Is Nothing Sacred? Religion, Sex, and Reproductive Strategies

Religion has often been conceptualized as a collection of beliefs, practices, and proscriptions that lift people’s thoughts and behaviors out of the metaphorical gutter of sex and selfishness toward lives full of meaning, contemplation, and community service. But religious beliefs and behaviors may serve selfish, sexual motivations in ways that are not always obvious or consciously intended. We review two lines of research illustrating nonobvious links between the mundane and the religious. First, contrary to long-held assumptions that religious upbringing causes sexually restrictive attitudes and behaviors, several large data sets now suggest a reverse causal arrow—people’s preferred mating strategies determining their attraction toward, or repulsion from, religion. Second, other recent findings suggest that distrust of nonreligious individuals is almost completely erased by knowledge that they are following a restricted monogamous lifestyle. Thus, reproductive strategies often underlie apparently sacred concerns. We close with a consideration of ways in which reproductive interests might underlie a broad range of benefits associated with religious affiliation.

Topic: Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
MTHFR Polymorphism and Folic Acid Supplementation Influence Serum Homocysteine Levels in Psoriatic Patients Treated with Methotrexate

Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported in psoriasis. We investigated the effect of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), polymorphism and folic acid supplementation on serum homocysteine levels in psoriasis. Methods: Serum homocysteine levels were detected at baseline and at week 12 in 201 patients who were genotyped with MTHFR rs1801133 without and 93 psoriatic patients with folate supplement. Results: TT genotype carriers of MTHFR rs1801133 had significantly higher serum homocysteine levels at baseline and at week 12, a better PASI 75 response rate at week 8, and a higher PASI 90 response rate at week 12 than the CT and CC genotype carriers. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that serum homocysteine concentration at baseline was significantly associated with sex, weight, PASI score at baseline, and the rs1801133 genotype. The significant upregulation of serum homocysteine levels after treatment with methotrexate (MTX) was only observed in male CT and CC genotype carriers and female CC genotype carriers. In contrast, folic acid supplementation significantly decreased serum homocysteine levels after MTX treatment but only in male psoriatic patients. Conclusions: The effect of MTX on serum homocysteine levels was associated with the polymorphism of MTHFR rs1801133 and sex. Folic acid supplementation only decreased serum homocysteine levels in male psoriatic patients.

Topic: Folate and B Vitamins Research
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Obesity in Qatar: A Case-Control Study on the Identification of Associated Risk Factors

Obesity is an emerging public health problem in the Western world as well as in the Gulf region. Qatar, a tiny wealthy county, is among the top-ranked obese countries with a high obesity rate among its population. Compared to Qatar’s severity of this health crisis, only a limited number of studies focused on the systematic identification of potential risk factors using multimodal datasets. This study aims to develop machine learning (ML) models to distinguish healthy from obese individuals and reveal potential risk factors associated with obesity in Qatar. We designed a case-control study focused on 500 Qatari subjects, comprising 250 obese and 250 healthy individuals- the later forming the control group. We obtained the most extensive collection of clinical measurements for the Qatari population from the Qatar Biobank (QBB) repertoire, including (i) Physio-clinical Biomarkers, (ii) Spirometry, (iii) VICORDER, (iv) DXA scan composition, and (v) DXA scan densitometry readings. We developed several machine learning (ML) models to distinguish healthy from obese individuals and applied multiple feature selection techniques to identify potential risk factors associated with obesity. The proposed ML model achieved over 90% accuracy, thereby outperforming the existing state of the art models. The outcome from the ablation study on multimodal clinical datasets revealed physio-clinical measurements as the most influential risk factors in distinguishing healthy versus obese subjects. Furthermore, multiple feature ranking techniques confirmed known obesity risk factors (c-peptide, insulin, albumin, uric acid) and identified potential risk factors linked to obesity-related comorbidities such as diabetes (e.g., HbA1c, glucose), liver function (e.g., alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase), lipid profile (e.g., triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol), etc. Most of the DXA measurements (e.g., bone area, bone mineral composition, bone mineral density, etc.) were significantly (p-value &lt; 0.05) higher in the obese group. Overall, the net effect of hypothesized protective factors of obesity on bone mass seems to have surpassed the hypothesized harmful factors. All the identified factors warrant further investigation in a clinical setup to understand their role in obesity.

Topic: Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Penetapan Kadar Tablet Kalsium Laktat Di Pt. Kimia Farma (Persero) Tbk. Plant Medan Secara Titrasi Kompleksometri

Tablet Kalsium Laktat merupakan salah satu sediaan yang sering digunakan sebagai terapi suplemen pada hipokalsemia atau kebutuhan kalsium meninggi. Sediaan ini merupakan garam kalsium yang berguna untuk menjamin kebutuhan tubuh akan kalsium. Tujuan penulisan Tugas Akhir ini adalah untuk menetapkan kadar tablet Kalsium Laktat produksi PT. Kimia Farma (Persero) Tbk. Plant Medan apakah memenuhi persyaratan Farmakope Indonesia edisi IV (1995), sehingga dengan kadar yang tepat tablet dapat memberikan efek terapi yang dikehendaki.
Penetapan kadar tablet Kalsium Laktat dilakukan secara titrasi kompleksometri dengan menggunakan indikator Eriochrom Blak T dan pentiter Na2EDTA. Diperoleh kadar tablet Kalsium Laktat sebesar 96,95%.
Hasil penetapan kadar menunujkkan bahwa tablet Kalsium Laktat yang diproduksi oleh PT. Kimia Farma (Persero) Tbk. Plant Medan memenuhi persyaratan Farmakope Indonesia edisi IV (1995) yaitu tidak kurang dari 94,0% dan tidak lebih dari 106,0% dari jumlah yang tertera pada etiket.
Kata kunci : Tablet, Kadar Kalsium Laktat, Kompleksometri

Topic: Computational Drug Discovery Methods
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Chlorosulfonic Acid - A Versatile Reagent

No craftsman is greater than the tools at his disposal.Continuous development of new and improved tools is inevitably the key to success of any craft.This is, of course, true also for synthetic chemistry.By necessity, older reagents are constantly being replaced by new and improved ones and may thus become obsolete.Some originals, however, remain useful and continues to find novel applications.Chlorosulfonic acid is such a survivor.It was discovered in 1854 and soon became of wide-spread use.Well-known to many synthetic chemists as a sulfonating and chlorosulfonating agent, chlorosulfonic acid is involved in the manufacture of several significant industrial chemicals.Sulfones and sulfonyl chlorides are for example important synthetic intermediates in the preparation of detergents, pharmaceuticals, dyes, ion-exchange resins, plastics, artificial sweeteners and more.In the laboratory, chlorosulfonic acid has found application in many diverse types of reactions, such as alkylation, halogenation, rearrangement, cyclization and polymerization, usually operating as a strong acid catalyst and efficient halogenating and dehydrating agent.

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences