jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Research Opportunities in the Spanish Borderlands: West Florida, 1781-1821

Establishing Boundaries for Spanish West Florida is No Simple Matter. Under consideration is not the entire province of Spanish West Florida stretching to the Mississippi but the smaller region bounded on the west by the Perdido River, the Suwannee River on the east, the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and the uncertain boundary with the United States on the north. Pensacola and San Marcos are two principal settlements, and this area approximates the western panhandle of the present-day state of Florida. When Spain acquired West Florida in 1783 the British boundary was the Apalachicola River, but Spain in 1785 moved it eastward to the the Suwanee River. (Few maps indicate this eastward shift.) The purpose of making the Suwannee River the eastern boundary was to transfer San Marcos and the province of Apalachee from East Florida to West Florida. After the 1795 Pinckney Treaty Spain and the United States agreed that the northern boundary was the thirty-first parallel west from the Chattahoochee River and the parallel intersecting the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers running eastward. Until after the Pinckney Treaty went into effect in the late 1790s, Spanish West Florida's northern boundary was indefinite. Spain regarded the Yazoo parallel, the Tennessee, Cumberland, or even Ohio rivers as the northern limit. This meant that for well over a decade Spain considered the western part of Georgia, the eastern part of Alabama, along with bits of Tennessee and North Carolina, as part of West Florida.

Topic: Archaeology and Natural History
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
INTERmittent FASTing in people with insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes mellitus – the INTERFAST‐2 study protocol

Abstract Aim Intermittent fasting, a dietary intervention of alternate eating and fasting, has gained popularity in people trying to lose weight. Intermittent fasting could provide an alternative to classic caloric restriction in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the study is to determine the impact of a 12‐week intermittent fasting regimen compared with usual care in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving insulin therapy. Methods This open, single‐centre, randomized controlled trial investigates participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus on insulin therapy and a glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of ≥53 mmol/mol (≥7.0%) and a minimum insulin dose of 0.3 IU/kg body weight per day. Participants are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either 12 weeks of intermittent fasting or the standard care group. All participants receive dietary counselling, continuous glucose monitoring, measurement of the resting metabolic rate, an oral glucose tolerance test, body composition measurement via dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and stool samples for microbiome analyses at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Two co‐primary outcomes (analysed in hierarchical order) were chosen for the study: (i) the difference in the change of HbA1c from baseline to 12 weeks and (ii) the difference in the number of participants achieving a combined end point encompassing a body weight reduction of at least 2%, an insulin dose reduction of at least 10% and an absolute HbA1c reduction of at least 3 mmol/mol (0.3%) between the two groups.

Topic: Dietary Effects on Health
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Diabetes and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: What Role Does Diabetes Have in the Presence of Other Known Risk Factors?

Known risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) include hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and alcoholic liver disease. Several studies have examined diabetes as a risk factor for HCC because of its association with fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study by Tung et al. found that neither diabetes nor overweight was a risk factor for HCC. Results were consistent using both a cross-sectional and a case-control study approach. Findings from this study suggest that diabetes and overweight alone are not adequate to increase the risk of HCC in the absence of concomitant viral hepatitis or liver disease.

Topic: Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
EP.WE.135Analysis of National Bariatric Surgery Related Clinical Incidents

Abstract Background Hundreds of thousands of patient-safety clinical incidents are reported to the National Reporting and Learning System (NRLS) database in the United Kingdom (UK) every year. The purpose of this study was to identify bariatric surgery-related learning points from these incidents. Methods We analysed bariatric surgery-related clinical incidents reported to the UK NRLS database between 01 April 2005 and 31st October 2020. Results We identified 541 bariatric surgery-related clinical incidents in 58 different themes. Preoperative incidents represented 30.31% (N = 164), intraoperative 38.09% (N = 206), and postoperative accounted for 31.61% (N = 171). In terms of severity of incidents, (150;27.7%) were of high severity, whereas medium and low severity incidents were (244;45.1%) and (147;27.2%) respectively. The most common high severity theme was failure of thromboprophylaxis (50;9.2%). Intraoperative high severity incidents included 17 incidents of stapling of orogastric/nasogastric tubes or temperature probes, 8 missed needles, 8 broken graspers, and 6 incidents of band parts left behind. Postoperatively, the most common high severity theme was improper management of diabetes mellitus (DM) (35;6.5%). Medications errors represented a significant proportion of the medium severity incidents and included (26;4.8%) incidents of improper or missed prescription of routine medications and anticoagulants preoperatively and (45;8.3%) wrong prescriptions, dosage or prescribing of contraindicated medications postoperatively. Among the low severity themes identified there were (23;4.3%) incidents of postoperative diet problems, and (19;3.5%) patients listed for wrong procedures. Conclusion We identified 58 specific themes of bariatric surgery-related clinical incidents. Awareness of these themes should help to improve the safety of bariatric surgery worldwide.

Topic: Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Audit of clinical use of blood products in a tertiary care hospital

Objectives: Blood and its components are an important part of patient management treatment protocols and like drugs have property to cause adverse reactions in the recipients. To maximize the effectiveness, safety and utility clinicians and intravenous therapists should be knowledgeable about the potential risk of blood component therapy. Hence, regular audit of blood and its component usage is essential to access the blood utilization pattern and set ideal policies in all the blood using specialties. Material and Methods: This is a prospective Study conducted in department of Transfusion Medicine at Vinayaka Mission Kirupananda Variyar Medical College &amp; Hospital for a period of one year. Source of data was blood bank requisition forms and blood bank registers of patients who underwent elective or emergency procedures in the hospital, for which blood was ordered. Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 41.8 years. The male : female ratio was 1.6 : 1. Majority of the study subjects were in the surgery department followed by Ortho and OBG. Majority of the study subjects belong to B+ve blood group followed by O+ve group and only 20% of the subjects belong to negative blood group. 70% of the subjects required blood transfusion for some kind of surgical intervention and only 28% had required blood transfusion related to medical causes. Majority required four units of PRC transfusion. Majority of the subjects had the haemoglobin levels in the range of 6–7 and the mean level was 6.56 gms%. Majority of the packed red cell was stored for 2 weeks or 5 weeks and the mean duration of storage was 4.3 weeks. A statistical significant improvement was observed in the mean haemoglobin levels in the post-transfusion period compared to the pre-transfusion haemoglobin. Only 5% of the times the reaction related to fever or anaphylaxis had occurred among the entire study subjects. 50% had completed the entire blood transfusion in less than 4 hrs and the mean duration was 4.3 hrs. 65.9% of the patients had appropriate blood transfusion based on the guideline and the remaining 34% had inappropriate blood transfusion. It is inferred from the table that the CTR, transfusion probability and the transfusion index was found to be above the guideline value to be considered as effective blood utilisation. Conclusion: Regular audit of blood components is crucial so that appropriate measures can be taken for proper usage. Continuous medical education regarding the transfusion services for the clinicians and staff nurses have major role in improvement for the clinical transfusion practices in the hospitals.

Topic: Blood transfusion and management
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Translational control and the escape from translational arrest in stumpy form Trypanosoma brucei

The transmission of Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African&#13;\ntrypanosomiasis, depends upon the development in the bloodstream of 'stumpy&#13;\nforms' from non-transmissible 'slender forms'. In stumpy forms many mRNAs are&#13;\ndownregulated and translation is generally repressed. However, a small subset of&#13;\ngenes escape this repression and are upregulated, presumably as an adaptation for&#13;\ntransmission. To understand the basic of this, regulatory sequences within the 3'UTR&#13;\nof a major stumpy-enriched transcript (an ESAG9 gene) have been characterised.&#13;\nThis identified a signal responsible for gene silencing in slender forms and gene&#13;\nactivation when cells develop to stumpy forms.&#13;\nAn investigation was made of upstream open reading frames (uORFs) as a&#13;\nmechanism for the control of stumpy form gene expression. No evidence was found&#13;\nof uORF control, but one gene investigated was found to produce two transcripts&#13;\nthrough trans-splicing at different sites. These transcripts, which were found to&#13;\nexhibit some differential abundance between life-cycle stages, would generate a long&#13;\nand short form (from an internal ATG) of the encoded protein. Both are predicted to&#13;\ncontain a UBA/TS-N (ubiquitin associated) domain, however, the longer form of the&#13;\nprotein is also predicted to contain a transmembrane helix and cleavable signal&#13;\npeptide, suggesting a different localisation. However, ectopic expression of either&#13;\nprotein form with a Ty epitope tag resulted in the same protein localisation.&#13;\nAdditionally, the transcripts of two translational protein homologues, TbeIF4E4 and&#13;\nTbeIF6, were identified as upregulated in stumpy forms. Radiolabelled-methionine&#13;\nexperiments and polysome analysis showed that overexpression or RNAi-mediated&#13;\nablation of TbeIF6 resulted in a decrease in protein synthesis and decrease in&#13;\ntranslation. Unlike its archaeal homologue, TbeIF6 protein was not induced by coldshock&#13;\ntreatment.&#13;\nFinally, to identify which transcripts escape translational repression in stumpy forms&#13;\nan analysis was made of polysome-associated transcripts by RNA-sequencing. This&#13;\nidentified potentially interesting genes for further investigation, and showed that&#13;\nmany procyclic-enriched transcripts were also enriched in stumpy form polysomeassociated&#13;\nRNA, confirming these cells as preadapted for transmission. Together,&#13;\nthis work has characterised a 3’UTR regulatory element in a stumpy-enriched&#13;\ntranscript, examined alternative trans-splicing of another transcript, investigated two&#13;\ntranslational protein homologues and identified transcripts that escape translational&#13;\nrepression in the transmissible life-cycle stage of T. brucei.

Topic: Trypanosoma species research and implications
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of positive inotropic agents on myosin isozyme population and mechanical activity of cultured rat heart myocytes.

To examine whether catecholamines have a direct effect on myosin heavy chain expression of heart myocytes or whether they act via an altered work load, myocytes from neonatal rat hearts were cultured in thyroid hormone-free media containing various positive inotropic and chronotropic agents. The velocity and frequency of contraction of the myocytes were monitored using an optoelectronic system. After 3-5 days of culture, myosin isozyme populations, cellular cAMP content, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake of the myocytes were determined. Compared with myocytes cultured in the absence of inotropic agents (32.6 +/- 3.5% V1), the proportion of myosin V1 was significantly (p less than 0.05) increased in the case of 1 microM isoproterenol (48.2 +/- 5.9% V1), 1 microM forskolin (57.1 +/- 11.7% V1), and 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP (79.1 +/- 2.0% V1). Dibutyryl cAMP increased V1 to a similar level as 30 nM triiodothyronine did (70.2 +/- 13.0% V1). Only a small increase was observed in myocytes cultured in the presence of 10 microM phenylephrine (40.4 +/- 8.4% V1), 10 microM ouabain (40.6 +/- 11.9% V1), or 10 microM Bay K 8644 (40.7 +/- 11.7% V1). The agents with a marked effect on myosin heavy chain expression resulted in a higher cAMP content; isoproterenol and forskolin also stimulated 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake. All agents resulted in a higher velocity of contraction; with the exception of ouabain, frequency of contraction was also increased. A change in Ca2+ concentration in the medium from 1.3 to 2.4 mM resulted in a small increase in V1 (40.7 +/- 5.2% V1) but had the same effect on contraction velocity as dibutyryl cAMP did. Furthermore, 10 nM isoproterenol also increased V1 in myocytes that were arrested with 10 microM verapamil. The increase in V1 in the case of dibutyryl cAMP, isoproterenol, and forskolin is thus most probably not a correlate of the increased mechanical activity but of the high cellular cAMP content.

Topic: Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical‐Microbiological Synthesis of 6β‐Eudesmanolides from 11‐ Hydroxyl Derivatives Obtained by Rhizopus nigricans Cultures: Synthesis of 6β‐Dendroserins.

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Topic: Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Mendelian randomization studies of periodontitis: Understanding benefits and natural limitations in an applied context

Abstract Mendelian randomization (MR) is a flexible analytical tool that has been widely applied to strengthen causal inference in observational epidemiology and is now gaining attention in many areas including periodontal research. The interpretation of results drawn from MR is based on a series of assumptions, which can be unrealistic or difficult to meet faithfully in some settings. However, we argue that with care, this does not necessarily prevent valuable deployment of the approach. We argue that clarity of presentation as well as careful assessment of specific analytical conditions is a fundamental part of all MR analyses. To that end, awareness of its limitations should also guide the design of MR investigations and the presentation of results rather than rule out its use altogether. Notably, considerations similar to those known to be important in conventional epidemiological settings apply to MR. While MR studies are valuable in their contrast to other study limitations, the application of this technique must be carefully cross‐examined. Specific considerations include possible confounders, recruitment strategy and phenotypic measurement and differential analysis properties across studies. In the case of periodontal research, current MR applications are limited by the available evidence base for genetic contributions to periodontitis; however, this sets a specific scene for the strategic use of MR and shines light on a need for greater research emphasis on the genetics of the condition and intermediaries. This article provides a perspective on the uses and inherent limitations of MR studies and the importance of adhering to basic epidemiological principles when designing them.

Topic: Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Temperature Dependence of the Westcott g-factor for Neutron Reactions in Activation Analysis

Abstract The Westcott g-factors, which allow the user to determine reaction rates for nuclear reactions taking place at various temperatures, have been calculated using data from the Evaluated Neutron Nuclear Data Library, ENDF/B-VI. Nuclides chosen have g-factors which are significantly different from unity and result in different reaction rates compared to nuclides whose neutron capture cross section varies as the reciprocal of the neutron velocity. Values are presented as a function of temperature up to 673.16 K (400 °C).

Topic: Nuclear Physics and Applications
Subfield: Radiation
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Vaccination Coverage Among Children Aged 19–35 Months — United States, 2017

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends routine vaccination by age 24 months against 14 potentially serious illnesses (1). CDC used data from the 2017 National Immunization Survey-Child (NIS-Child) to assess vaccination coverage at national, state, territorial, and selected local levels among children aged 19-35 months in the United States. Coverage remained high and stable overall, exceeding 90% for ≥3 doses of poliovirus vaccine, ≥1 dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR), ≥3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB), and ≥1 dose of varicella vaccine. Although the proportion of children who received no vaccine doses by age 24 months was low, this proportion increased gradually from 0.9% for children born in 2011 to 1.3% for children born in 2015. Coverage was lower for most vaccines among uninsured children and those insured by Medicaid, compared with those having private health insurance, and for children living outside of metropolitan statistical areas* (MSAs), compared with those living in MSA principal cities. These disparities could be reduced with greater awareness and use of the Vaccines for Children<sup>†</sup> (VFC) program, eliminating missed opportunities to vaccinate children during visits to health care providers, and minimizing interruptions in health insurance coverage.

Topic: Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
Subfield: Health
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Hybrid biogas plant producing electricity

Energy is thc major cause behind the development of a nation. By thinking on it we have worked onthe biogas plant and modified it to generate electricity. This generated electric current is sufficientenough to power an entire house. Also our idea can be implemented in country with huge amount oforganic waste material.Have you any time thought of "Just a switch in your house which when in ON condition can fetch youelectricity, and in OFF condition can generate biogas". Yes this is absolutely possible and our extremehard efforts have made us to achieve this successfully.Our project is based on four absolutely different and innovative steps.1. Removal of electrons from bacterial cells by use of accurate potential difference electrodes.(asin the microbial fuel cell).2. Rectify this current by use of a special device designed by LIS and get the output as 0.25Y.3. This obtained voltage is again appl ied to the microbial culture in biogas plant. By this accumulationof acetic acid takes place in the biogas fermenter.4. The accumulated acid can be easily converted into H2 gas by the action of microbes fromenvironment, using acetic acid as a selective component.5. Further on passing this gas through hydrogen cells large amount of electricity can be generatedas per our requirement.The entire process takes place in biogas plant fermenter and hydrogen gas can be generated onlywhen the 0.25V voltage is applied to the culture in the plant's frementer. In the absence of voltagethis plant produces 95 % methane and not 70% as per the primitive plant did (a solid experimentalproof for this). Thus pure methane as well as electricity can be generated by this plant by the switchover of a single switch. For implementation of this technique large funds are also not required andeven a simple farmer can adopt this technique. Moreover the existing biogas plants in the country canalso be modified by the introduction of certain metal electrodes in it. It can be concluded that thistechnique to certain extent can help in the development of rural areas in developing countries andmake their dream of "developed nation" achived.

Topic: Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Subfield: Energy Engineering and Power Technology
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Optical monitoring of characteristics of the stratospheric aerosol layer and total ozone content at the Siberian Lidar Station (Tomsk: 56° 30′ N; 85° E)

We consider the results of long-term remote optical monitoring obtained at the Siberian Lidar Station of Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk (56° 30′ N, 85° E). The scattering characteristics of stratospheric aerosol layer, obtained according to data of lidar measurements recorded since 1986, are presented. We analyse the trends of changes in the total ozone (TO) content over Tomsk for the period 1996–2013 according to data of spectrophotometric measurements employing Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data for the period 1979–1994. We determined the periods of elevated content of stratospheric aerosol over Tomsk after a series of explosive eruptions of volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire and Iceland in 2006–2011. Since the second half of the 1990s we have recorded an increasing TO trend, equalling 0.65 DU/year for the period 1996–2013.

Topic: Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Immunosuppressive enzymes in the tumor microenvironment

Antigen encounter by T lymphocytes induces important metabolic changes. Antitumor T lymphocytes enter in a metabolic competition with tumors, which divert feedback mechanisms of the immune response. Immunosuppressive enzymes, modifying the nutrient availability and leading to the production of toxic catabolites, represent one of these mechanisms, contributing to the metabolic halo in which T lymphocytes evolve during immune responses. Two classes of immunosuppressive enzymes, expressed by the tumor cells or by cells of the microenvironment, have been described: those catabolizing essential or semiessential amino acids, tryptophan, arginine, and phenylalanine and the ectoenzymes, which degrade the ATP to produce adenosine. These enzymes are described, as well as some of the ongoing clinical trials aiming to block them in cancer treatment.

Topic: Adenosine and Purinergic Signaling
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences