jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The impact of the ON-S1 standard on railway risk levels in Australia

The objective of this study was to compare risk levels, based on reported railway occurrences, across Australian states. A secondary aim was to use these numbers to assess the impact of a new reporting system, ON-S1, introduced in 2004, on the calculated risk levels. The Australian nationwide standard, ON-S1, defines how to categorize occurrences and their consequences, but it has not been consistently applied in all states. For example, New South Wales and Victoria use broader definitions of &apos;serious injury&apos; than specified in ON-S1. This paper outlines challenges related to ON-SI&apos;s use and the appropriateness of calculating risks based on reported occurrences. Railway occurrence data from five Australian states/territories from 2001 to 2007 were reviewed. Data on fatalities, serious injuries and train kilometres were obtained from the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) and The Independent Transport Safety and reliability Regulator&apos;s (ITSRR) safety reports. We used these data to calculate an index of Fatalities and Weighted Injuries (FWI), normalized for train kilometres. The results showed that the average annual risk per million train kilometres for the entire period (2001-2007) was highest in New South Wales (FWI 1.28), followed by Victoria (FWI 0.89), South Australia (FWI 0.77), Queensland (FWI 0.34) and Western Australia (FWI 0.26). Following the introduction of ON-S1, the FWI in New South Wales and Victoria doubled from 2004 to 2006. These trends continued into the first half of 2007. The other states showed a stable or decreasing trend. The highest risk appeared to be in the states with the largest populations containing Australia&apos;s largest cities. The use of train kilometres to normalize occurrence rates may be inappropriate because this measure does not take into account the number of people travelling on each train. The sharp increase in reported occurrences in New South Wales and Victoria may reflect the misuse of ON-S1, because a similar increase was not observed in the other states. The large difference in risk level between states highlights a need for consistent application of the national reporting regime in Australia to enable valid comparisons of occurrence rates between states. (6 pages)

Topic: Occupational Health and Safety Research
Subfield: Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Negotiating for nature: Conservation diplomacy and the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere, 1929--1976

In 1941, as the United States entered the Second World War, leaders from twenty American nations signed into effect a broad-based treaty for the protection of migratory wildlife at the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere. This dissertation examines the unique set of questions, problems, and concerns framers of the Convention dealt with in the development of a conservation program to ensure the protection of migratory wildlife as it crossed political borders. Although it provided no solid system of enforcement, the provisions of the Convention opened the door for new, more specific conservation treaties between the United States and other Pan American Union nations as well as fostered a collective effort at conservation between all nations in the hemisphere. This treaty came together as the result of the confluence of the devastating droughts in the 1930s, the severe decline of migratory birds throughout the Americas, and the prevailing policy of isolationism spreading in tandem with the concerns over the tensions in Europe. These stimuli generated enormous concern on the local, state, and federal levels of most governments in the Pan American Union, but nowhere more so than in the United States. This concern encouraged the development of a migratory wildlife treaty that would extend from the northern border of the U.S. to the southern tip of Argentina, and was then also used to establish parks, refuges, and forests to protect habitat, and to promote preservation of natural resources. This Convention marks the first real multi-lateral attempt to forge a coherent conservation plan with the Southern hemisphere and is one of the most long-lasting and successful efforts at conservation diplomacy to date.

Topic: American Environmental and Regional History
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Replication Data for: Agenda Setting and Attention to Precedent in the U.S. Federal Courts

• attn-to-prec.Rproj -- you can safely ignore this file; it is helpful for people who use RStudio, but not necessary for replication • README.md -- this file explains how to replicate results and lists and explains the content of the archive • bapvar/ -- this is a directory that contains an R extension package necessary to replicate the results • code/ -- this is a directory that contains all the replication code o 00-util.R -- additional R functions we use in the remaining files o 01-sampling.R -- code to do the sampling for each precedent's BaP-VAR model o 02-frequency-of-effects.R -- ensures any precedents sampled for in the previous file replicate our results and reproduces Tables 1 and 2 and Figure 1 o 03-examples.R -- replicates the results for the example cases presented in the paper, Smith and Watts, replicating Tables 3 and 4 and Figures 2 and 3 o 04-magnitude-of-effects.R -- reproduces Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7 • data/ -- this is a directory that contains all the replication data o citation-data.csv -- contains the precedent-year-level data on citations to U.S. Supreme Court precedents decided between 1946 and 1985 o coef-signs.csv -- contains the "sign" for lag coefficients in all optimal-lag models run for the paper o coef-summaries.csv -- contains summary data on the posterior draws for lag coefficients in all one-lag models run for the paper o dynamic-summaries.csv -- contains summary data on impulse responses and forecast error variance decomposition calculated from the posterior draws for all one-lag models run for the paper o codebook.pdf -- contains information on how the data for the paper were gathered, and documenting the contents of "citation-data.csv", "coef-summaries.csv", and "dynamic-summaries.csv"

Topic: Judicial and Constitutional Studies
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Line filter for high power inverter locomotive using active circuit for harmonic reduction ::prototype tests results

In order to reduce the harmonic contents of the currents injected by the power converter in the overhead traction line, a passive input filter is actually used in high 'power and high performance 3KV locomotives.The aim of this paper is to explain how it is possible to maintain the harmonic components of current below the limits established by the Italian State Railways, at the same time reducing weight and dimension of the locomotive filter. An experimental fulfilment of a combination of an active and a passive filter is shown, together with the relevant control scheme and the experimental results.

Topic: Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
COSI-Article matrix: linking ISCB Communities of Special Interest to Wikipedia

Wikipedia is regarded as one of the most important channels for the public communication of science; English Wikipedia has around 1,500 articles relating to computational biology, which are frequently accessed as an educational resource. Joint efforts between the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) and the Computational Biology taskforce of WikiProject Molecular Biology (a group of expert Wikipedia editors) have considerably improved computational biology representation on Wikipedia in recent years. However, there is still an urgent need for further quality improvement, primarily while comparing to related scientific fields such as genetics and medicine. Facilitating the involvement of members from ISCB COSIs (Communities of Special Interest) would improve a vital open educational resource in computational biology, additionally allowing COSIs to provide a quality educational resource particular to their subfield. This first version of the COSI-Article matrix is a binary matrix identifying relevant ISCB COSIs for all Wikipedia articles relating to computational biology, defining a domain-specific open educational resource for each COSI. In addition, quality and importance ratings for each article allow identification of areas where domain experts could improve computational biology representation.

Topic: Wikis in Education and Collaboration
Subfield: Communication
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Political Benefits of Program Participation: The Case of Community Crime Prevention

:This article explores the effects of citizen participation in policy through a case study of the implementation of a community crime-prevention program in Chicago. Although the program was successful in soliciting and maintaining citizen involvement, it produced little in the way of hoped-for crime-prevention outcomes. However, in at least one case, residents became more involved in the political life of their neighborhood, while their community organization mobilized participants to seek responses for neighborhood problems from local political institutions. This article will examine some of the conditions under which the political benefits of program participation are likely to be enhanced. This study suggests that researchers measuring the effects of citizen participation need to define outcomes broadly, by distinguishing between programmatic and political consequences, and need to use qualitative as well as quantitative measures to detect unanticipated effects.

Topic: Social Media and Politics
Subfield: Communication
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Effect of different coloured shade nets on production and quality of cordyline

Cordyline terminalis is an important ornamental plant used for its beautiful foliage as cut green. This plant prefers shade for optimum growth. The effect of different coloured shade nets (red, green, black, and white with 50% shading intensity) along with control (without shade net) on production and quality of Cordyline terminalis was studied. The effect of spectral control of light on physiology and vegetative development was evaluated at different crop growth stages. The results showed that plants grown under shade nets produce good quality foliage and biomass irrespective of colour. The cut greens grown under red and white shade nets were exposed to higher PAR and transmittance than other colour nets and hence had better performance in terms of plant height, number of leaves, biomass, leaf area, photosynthetic rate, harvest index compared to control. Vase life of the foliage was higher under coloured shade nets when compared to open condition but significance difference was not found between different colours. White and red shade nets were found to be best for growing cordyline.

Topic: Growth and nutrition in plants
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of the CopB Auxiliary Replication Control System on Stability of Maintenance of Par Plasmid R1

Plasmid R1 is a low-copy-number plasmid that is present at a level of about four or five copies per average cell. The copy number is controlled posttranscriptionally at the level of synthesis of the rate-limiting initiator protein RepA. In addition to this, R1 has an auxiliary system that derepresses a second promoter at low copy numbers, leading to increased repA mRNA synthesis. This promoter is normally switched off by a constitutively synthesized plasmid-encoded repressor protein, CopB; in cells with low copy numbers, the concentration of CopB is low and the promoter is derepressed. Here we show that the rate of loss of a Par derivative of the basic replicon of R1 increased about sevenfold when the cells contained a high concentration of the CopB protein formed from a compatible plasmid. The basic replicon (the smallest part of a plasmid that is able to replicate and to have the normal copy number) of IncFII plasmid R1 (13) consists of an origin of replication (oriR1), the structural gene (repA) for a protein involved in initiation of replication, a gene for an antisense RNA (CopA) that post-transcriptionally controls expression of the repA mRNA, and the copB gene (Fig. 1A). The repA gene is transcribed from two

Topic: Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Depositional Environments of Oligo/Miocene Coal-Bearing Strata and Coal Quality from the Oltu-Balkaya Basin, Northeastern Turkey

This study addresses the depositional environments of the Oligo/Miocene coal-bearing Susuz Formation and Komurlu Formation from the Oltu-Balkaya Basin, northeastern Turkey, and coal quality of the Ince and Susuz seams from the Susuz Formation, which was formed in a mainly meandering fluvial environment. The Komurlu Formation that conformably overlies the Susuz Formation was developed in a mainly lacustrine environment. Six channel samples from the Ince seam and 13 channel samples from the Susuz seam exploited in the underground mines around Balkaya were collected and evaluated in this study. The samples show that the Ince and Susuz seams, on an air-dried basis, respectively, average high ash yields (38.9 and 31.2%), high total sulfur contents (3.49 and 2.89%), and relatively high calorific values (3956 and 4775 kcal/kg). The mean random ulminite reflectance (0.54 and 0.56% Rr) and nonagglomerating character imply that these coals are in a subbituminous-A coal rank. The mineral matter of the studied samples is made up of smectite, quartz, pyrite, calcite, feldspar, and traces of illite and gypsum. Petrographic studies show that some of pyrite and all calcites were detected in cleat and fracture infillings.

Topic: Coal and Its By-products
Subfield: Geochemistry and Petrology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Additional file 2: Methods S1. of Extracellular vesicle-packaged miRNA release after short-term exposure to particulate matter is associated with increased coagulation

Isolation and Purification of EVs and EV-miRNAs. Methods S2. Analysis of EV Integrity for Flow Cytometry. Methods S3. Preparation of miRNAs for Screening. Methods S4. Preparation of miRNAs for Validation. (PDF 455Â kb)

Topic: Extracellular vesicles in disease
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of Vermicompost Amendment on Nutritional Status of Sandy Loam Soil, Growth Performance, and Yield of Pineapple (Ananas comosus var. MD2) under Field Conditions

Vermicompost is the product of composting or breaking down organic matter through the use of earthworms. It is rich in essential plant nutrients, and has the ability to enhance the condition and increase the quality of the soil. In the present study, a field trial was conducted from January 2015 until March 2016 to elucidate the effects of vermicompost application (compared to supplementation with chemical fertilizer and no fertilizer) on the sandy loam soil and plant nutrients of pineapple (Ananas comosus var. MD2). The morphophysiology and yield performance of MD2 pineapple grown with vermicompost in the field were also evaluated. In this study, vermicompost was applied onto the sandy loam soils during transplanting, followed by a second application at seven MAP (months after planting) at the rate of 10 t ha−1. On the other hand, the chemical fertilizer was applied based on the normal conventional cultivation practice. The soil and D-leaf samples at six MAP (S1) and during the red bud stage (S2; 10 MAP) were used to determine the soil and plant nutrient contents. The morphology of the plants was evaluated every month, and the fruits that were produced were subjected to quality analysis. Data analysis revealed that soil pH was increased after a second supplementation of vermicompost and contained significantly higher total N (0.15%) in the soils compared to the control (0.07%). There was no significant difference between plants supplied with chemical fertilizer and vermicompost in terms of plant height, number of leaves, or the length and width of D-leaves. However, different fertilization treatments were found to affect the yield and physical characteristics of the resulting fruits. Plants supplied with chemical fertilizer produced the highest fruit yield (136.97 t ha−1) with the largest fruit size, followed by vermicompost (121.39 t ha−1) and the control (94.93 t ha−1). However, fruits supplied with vermicompost were observed to have the smallest crowns. Taken together, these results indicated that the use of vermicompost produced pineapple plants with excellent growth performance, comparable to that obtained when chemical fertilizer was used. Also, based on the cost analysis conducted, it was shown that the total cost (fertilizer and labor) for plants grown with vermicompost was lower than plants grown with chemical fertilizer. However, the usage of vermicompost as the single source of nutrients is not suggested for this type of soil and field conditions, but can be used as a supplement to maintain the soil quality and ensure agricultural sustainability.

Topic: Pineapple and bromelain studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Politics of Play: A Sociocultural Analysis of Play in the Context of State Preschool Standards

The past decade has seen an explosion of brain research and early childhood policies resulting in academics as a priority at state-funded preschools. Although strongly supported through a century of research, play often is pushed out by a more formalized, academic curriculum. Under the direction of the No Child Left Behind Act (2002), and the Race to the Top' program, states have developed early learning standards to inform preschool teachers and direct the education and assessment of preschool children in the United States. Through content analysis early learning standards for the 50 states and the District of Columbia were examined for the frequency of the word play. This study found a range of play frequency in the standards documents across the United States written in response to federal mandates. Case studies of 6 states illustrate the position of play and the prioritization, acceptance or omission of the play as learning paradigm.'

Topic: Early Childhood Education and Development
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
CLINICAL CONFERENCE

WE HAVE recently seen two youngsters whose presenting complaints were highly suggestive of spinal cord disease but whose lesions were far removed from this area. We believe this deserves emphasis. CASE REPORTS Case 1 The first patient was seen initially when he was 14½ years old, complaining of vague pains in his night knee and thigh. This pain was intermittent, slightly worse at night, but did not interfere with the patient's activities. Physical examination was entirely negative. There was no local tenderness, limitation of motion or limp. Roentgenograms of the knee, thigh and hip were interpreted as negative, and the patient was advised to limit activity temporarily. Although he was subsequently seen for minor respiratory infections, there was no further mention of pain. Eighteen months later, the patient's mother called to say that she had just noticed that the right leg was thinner than the left. When seen, however, the patient, now 16 years old, reported that pain in the leg had continued during the 18-month period. There was no specific localization of the pain; it was worse at night and responded to heat, massage and aspirin. He had pain occasionally during the day and had limped for the preceding several months. This however did not stop him from playing football and baseball. He reported further that he first became aware of the thinness of the right leg about 4 months previously but had not told anyone. Furthermore, he reported an 11-lb weight loss during this 4-month period. On examination, there was marked atrophy of the entire right leg, as shown in Figure 1.

Topic: Hematological disorders and diagnostics
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Mina Loy and the Quest for a Futurist Feminist Woman

Interpreters of futurism are often fascinated by its most violent and misogynistic aspects, ignoring its other sides, and the liberatory effect that its attack on bourgeois values had on a considerable number of women. Yet one of the elements which make the complexity of futurism evident is the substantial participation of women in it. Valentine de Saint-Point, Enif Robert, Maria Ginanni, Irma Valeria, Rosa Rosà, and Benedetta (Marinetti's wife) were inspired by its groundbreaking, transgressive energy. As futurist writers and artists they contributed to alter and enrich the movement and its language, countering its misogyny, and taking futurism in different directions. Mina Loy, one of the greatest and most influential among the experimental writers of the twentieth century, was inspired by futurism to seek her personal and intellectual liberation as a futurist-feminist woman, and started out her literary career essentially as a futurist poet and iconoclast. Her work, although written in English (a language that Marinetti did not know), is some of the best and most interesting in the literary history of futurism.

Topic: Italian Fascism and Post-war Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Comparison of Seed Morphology and Seed Coat Chemistry in <i>Ophrys</i> (Orchidaceae) Species

Orchidaceae is the largest flowering plant family in the world and holds significant importance in terms of biological diversity. Many of the species are found in endemic regions, serving as important indicators for the conservation of biological diversity. Therefore, research on the morphology, seed and embryo structures, chemical composition, and taxonomy of orchids is crucial for species conservation, habitat restoration, and the sustainability of natural habitats. This research involves comparing the morphometric and chemical contents of seeds belonging to certain <i>Ophrys</i> L. species and examining interspecies relationships. The micromorphological features of the seeds were analyzed by using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while their chemical contents were compared by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Seed and embryo morphology, morphometric analysis, and seed coat chemistry hold diagnostic significance. In species of the <i>Ophrys</i> genus, features like anticlinal wall structure and periclinal wall reticulation are considered weak taxonomic characters. FT-IR analysis identifies specific chemical groups in orchid samples, revealing significant differences in absorbance values and chemical compositions among the different orchid species. Particularly, <i>Ophrys lycia</i> (Lycian Kaş Orchid) shows distinct separation from closely related species at peak points such as 2917 and 2850, 1743, 1515, 1240, and 1031 cm<sup>-1</sup>. Common peak points in the fingerprint region (1200- 700 cm<sup>-1</sup>) indicate similarity between <i>O. apifera</i> and <i>O. reinholdii</i> subsp. <i>reinholdii</i>. <i>O. ferrum-equinum</i>, <i>O. mammosa</i> subsp. <i>mammosa</i>, <i>O. fusca</i> subsp. <i>leucadica</i>, <i>O. reinholdii</i> subsp. <i>reinholdii</i>, and <i>O. iricolor</i> exhibit similar absorbance values in the range of 1500-1000 cm<sup>-1</sup>. These results provide valuable preliminary information about the structure of orchid seed coats, reticulation presence and pattern, chemical profiles, distribution, and dormancy-germination processes.

Topic: Plant and animal studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences