jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Phase I Trial of Capecitabine and Weekly Irinotecan in Combination With Radiotherapy for Neoadjuvant Therapy of Rectal Cancer

Purpose To establish the feasibility and efficacy of capecitabine in combination with weekly irinotecan (CAPIRI) with concurrent pelvic radiotherapy (RT) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Patients and Methods Nineteen patients with rectal cancer clinical stage T3-4, Nx received weekly irinotecan 50 mg/m 2 (days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29) and two doses of capecitabine (days 1 through 38; dose level [DL] I, 500 mg/m 2 bid; DL II, 625 mg/m 2 bid) according to phase I methodology. Three-dimensional conformal RT was given to a dose of 50.4 Gy (45 Gy + 5.4 Gy). Results On DL I, no dose-limiting toxicities occurred, whereas diarrhea grade 3 affected three of seven patients on DL II. Twelve patients were treated on DL I and received a median relative dose-intensity of 100% for both drugs. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events were observed in only one of these patients (asthenia grade 3). All patients underwent surgery and R0 resection was achieved in all patients. Pathologic complete remission was observed in four patients and another five patients had only microfoci of residual tumor. Conclusion Preoperative chemoradiotherapy with CAPIRI is feasible and well tolerated. The preliminary efficacy is good, and the tolerability is at least comparable with data for fluorouracil plus irinotecan chemoradiotherapy. Larger phase II trials of the CAPIRI-RT schedule clearly are warranted.

Topic: Colorectal Cancer Surgical Treatments
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Respiratory Enzyme Activities in Neurons and Glial Cells of the Hypoglossal Nucleus during Nerve Regeneration

Abstract Respiratory enzyme activities were measured in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rabbit, 6, 14, 28, and 48 days after unilateral hypoglossal nerve crush in order to evaluate the changes in nerve and glial cells during axon regeneration. Succinoxidase activity was measured by the Warburg technique on homogenates of the hypoglossal nuclei and by Zeuthen's micro‐diver technique in single nerve and glial cells. Activity of succinate tetrazolium reductase, cytochrome oxidase and NADH 2 ‐tetrazolium reductase were analyzed histochemically. Succinoxidase activity increased in single neurons up to the 14th postoperative day, both on the unoperated and operated side and was on a high level until the 28th day. A striking increase in NADH 2 ‐tetrazolium reductase was demonstrated in the neurons on the operated side from the beginning of the second postoperative week. In the micro‐diver experiments, the glial cells of the operated side revealed a significant increase in Succinoxidase activity from the sixth to the 48th postoperative day. The histochemical study of respiratory enzymes did not reveal any change in glial enzyme activity in the hypoglossal nucleus, although morphological studies have shown hypertrophic astrocytes and reactive microglial cells in this region. The importance of analyzing nerve and glial cells separately and to consider volume and mass changes in single cells is stressed.

Topic: Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Subfield: Developmental Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Carl Menger’s Liberalism Revisited

Was Carl Menger a radical supporter of economic liberalism like the later members of the Austrian School of Economics? This is still an open question, even among scholars deeply involved with the study of the Austrian School in general and Menger in particular. There are good reasons for this: Menger's main works were in the fields of economic theory and methodology, published in 1871 and 1883 respectively. Although we have some other small pamphlets and papers dealing with specific topics, Menger did not have many opportunities to publish his works on economic policy while he was alive. Historians of economic thought are compelled to garner assorted comments that are scattered throughout the various papers and books that Menger did publish during his lifetime.

Topic: Economic Theory and Institutions
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Principles of Optimization of Structures Against an Impact

We describe a macro- and micro-behavior of damageable structures. Damage is understood as a process of irreversible phase transition from an initial to a damaged state. An unstructured material can absorb energy until it melts. However,a tiny portion of this energy yields to a construction's disintegration due to instability of the damage that leads to energy concentration. Appearance of concentrated damage zones, such as cracks or delaminating, destroys the construction. The remains of the disintegrated construction can still absorb large amount of energy. The goal of a rational design is to maximally use the energy absorption ability of a damageable material. We propose a concept of a replaceable protective structure design. Such structure should dissipate maximum energy, be able to spread energy of damage, and the damage process should be as stable as possible. The absorption rate and rate of damage propagation are times amplified by waiting-link structures that we describe below.

Topic: Structural Response to Dynamic Loads
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Forgotten Force: The Australian Military Contribution to the Occupation of Japan 1945-1952

PrefaceThe policies under which Australian military personnel have been committed to the many campaigns and wars undertaken in the nation’s short history are recorded in official war histories or in the many other works available in Australia. Less well known are the policies applied at other times. Little has been written publicly about the period between the cessation of hostilities between Australia and Japan in August 1945 and the commitment of Australian forces, then based in Japan, to the war which erupted in Korea in June 1950. The study of this period has been neglected notwithstanding its importance to any consideration of later policies.This period was one of fundamental readjustment in Australian national security policies, most particularly as a consequence of the decision to commit substantial Australian forces, in times of peace, to the allied occupation of Japan. Further, the rapidly changing international situation and the determination of Australian governments of the day to pursue independent policies caused major adjustments in the relationships with Australia’s principal allies and in the conduct of Australian policy.This new approach sought to build upon the military contribution made by Australia to the prosecution of World War II, especially against Japan. The Australian Government acted quickly to raise Australia’s status in Asia and the Pacific generally, by means of a vigorous and significant contribution to the military occupation of Japan. By these actions the Government expected to gain international recognition of the Australian contribution to the defeat of the Axis Powers and to secure an undisputed place in the peace councils.The principal Australian commitment to the occupation force for Japan—at its peak in 1946 almost 12,000 Australians—called for an intricate balancing of the individual and collective interests......

Topic: Australian History and Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[Creutzfeldt Jakob disease. Recommended precautions for patient management and diagnostic procedures (author's transl)].

The virus of Creutzfeldt Jakob disease differs from conventional viruses in its extraordinary resistance to commonly used physical and chemical methods of decontamination. Autoclaving the virus for 1 hour at 121 degrees C and 2 atmospheres pressure is the most certain means for achieving total inactivation. Exposure to 5 p. 100 hypochlorite for several hours can also totally inactivate the virus, and exposure to phenol or potassium permanganate is probably effective, but as yet insufficiently tested.

Topic: Prion Diseases and Protein Misfolding
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Antiviral immune responses of fully allogeneic irradiation bone marrow mouse chimeras

Abstract In (B10.BR----B10) chimeras infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus higher titers were attained in spleens and livers than in organs of the mice used for their construction, and the subsequent elimination was retarded, but eventually the virus was cleared. The numbers of LCM virus-specific CTL and their precursors as quantitated with chromium-release assay and limiting dilution method, respectively, were lower in chimeras than in B10.BR or C57BL/10J mice, and fewer were restricted for the haplotypes of the donors than of the recipients. The same was true with regard to antiviral effector cells, which were determined by adoptive immunization. The numbers of spleen cells releasing IgM and IgG antiviral antibodies were virtually as high in chimeras as they were in C57BL/10J and B10.BR mice. Transfer of immune splenocytes from either B10.BR or C57BL/10J mice resulted in incomplete virus elimination from the spleens of infected chimeras, whereas injection of a mixture of the two types of immune cells led to efficient clearance. We conclude that in the chimeras cells of both donor and recipient haplotypes participate in the infection, which is terminated by H-2k- and H-2b-restricted T lymphocytes that these animals are capable of generating. We conclude, furthermore, that clearance of the LCM virus from the tissues requires contact between effector and target cells.

Topic: Animal Virus Infections Studies
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF RAW MATERIALS OF SOME REPRESENTATIVES OF THE GENUS CHRYSANTHEMUM L.

The results of phytochemical studies of various types of raw materials (flowers, leaves, stems, roots) of some taxa of the genus Chrysanthemum (the family Asteraceae Dumort.): two species – Chrysanthemum coronarium, Ch. segetum and four varieties Ch. × hortorum Bailey – "Kupava", "Doch' Rozetty", "Oranzhevyj Zakat", "Vechernie Ogni". As the object of comparison Tanacetum vulgare L. was used. Quantitative characteristics of amino acids, macro- and microelements have been determined. The high ability of leaves to accumulate elements such as sodium (0.30–0.41%), calcium (1.24–2.13%), manganese (317.76–651.83 mg/kg), iodine (0.18–0.32 mg/kg), zinc (80.55–115.44 mg/kg), as well as amino acids (8.97–15.38 mg%). Roots contain as much as possible phosphorus (0.18–0.92%), copper (4.61–20.18 mg/kg) and iron (507.48–1234.71 mg/kg); in the stems – potassium (0.80–1.63%). Varying the studied indicators reflects the different biological value of the objects of research. The analysis of elemental and amino acid composition of various types of raw materials of some taxa of chrysanthemum showed that the studied cultivars are promising sources of amino acids, macro- and microelements. As alternative sources of biologically active substances, further studies have been proposed Ch. coronarium, Ch. segetum, Ch. × hortorum "Oranzhevyj Zakat" and "Vechernie Ogni".

Topic: Medicinal plant effects and applications
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of Calcium Availability and Habitat Quality on Reproduction in Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca and Great Tit Parus major

Recent studies have demonstrated that wild birds breeding in acidified areas may have difficulties in obtaining sufficient calcium for their eggshells, and that a shortage of land snails may be the cause. Here we present experimental evidence that calcium deficiency may affect reproductive traits also in birds breeding in non-acidified but naturally base-poor forest habitats. The study was conducted in Estonia in 1995 and 1996. We compared egg characteristics and other life-history traits of the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca and the Great Tit Parus major in two habitats differing in natural availability of calcium (base-poor pine forests and base-rich deciduous forests). In both species, egg volume was smaller in the poor than the rich habitat. Eggshell thickness also tended to be less in the poor habitat in 1996, but the difference was significant only in the Pied Flycatcher. An experimental supplementation of calcium was performed in the habitats to determine to what extent differences between rich and poor habitats might be caused by differences in calcium availability. Egg volume and shell thickness were positively affected by calcium supplementation in the Pied Flycatcher. The same tendency was observed in the Great Tit in 1996, although not significant. However, there was no effect of calcium provisioning on hatching success, nest desertion rate and number or quality of fledglings. Our results show that calcium limitation may occur in wild birds on naturally calcium-poor soils. Birds breeding in such habitats may be vulnerable to possible increases in acid deposition.

Topic: Avian ecology and behavior
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Multiple copies of Shope virus DNA are present in cells of benign and malignant non-virus-producing neoplasms

In an initial efforts to characterize the virological basis of neoplasia in the Shope papilloma-carcinoma system, the extent to which the viral genome is present in non-virus-producing benign and malignant tumors in domestic rabbits was established. Employing nick-translated radioactive viral DNA purified from productively infected papillomas on cotton tail rabbits as a probe, it was found that (i) papillomas, primary carcinomas, and metastatic carcinomas contain 10 to about 100 copies of the viral genome per diploid cell equivalent of DNA and (ii) viral DNA is present in detectable amounts in essentially all neoplastic cells. These results are consistent with the suggestion that continued presence of the viral genome is necessary for induction and maintenance of malignant as well as benign neoplasms.

Topic: Plant Virus Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Methodology for training young cross-country skiers at the sports and wellness stagend recreational stage

The purpose of the study is the development and substantiation of a training methodology for cross-country skiers at the sports and wellness stage, with the predominant use of game and situational methods. Research methods: analysis and synthesis of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical observation and design, expert evaluation, and the method of analogy. Research results and conclusions. The study identified the need for developing a training methodology for cross-country skiers at the sports and wellness stage. The proposed methodology, based on game and situational methods, has a significant potential for optimizing the preparation of young cross-country skiers. Its key advantage is the combination of training efficiency and psychological comfort, which is especially important at the sports and recreational stage. Further research should be aimed at practical testing of the methodology and quantitative assessment of its effectiveness.

Topic: Winter Sports Injuries and Performance
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Accuracy in computer-aided implant surgery--a review.

The objective of this article was to review the different factors and limitations influencing the accuracy of computer-aided implant surgery. In vitro and in vivo accuracy studies of articles and congress proceedings were examined. Similar results using bur tracking as well as image-guided template production techniques have been reported, and both methods allow for precise positioning of dental implants. Compared to the conventional technique, this sophisticated technology requires substantially more financial investment and effort (computerized tomographic imaging, fabrication of a registration template, intraoperative referencing for bur tracking, or image-guided manufacturing of a surgical template) but appears superior on account of its potential to eliminate possible manual placement errors and to systematize reproducible treatment success. The potential for the protection of critical anatomic structures and the esthetic and functional advantages of prosthodontic-driven implant positioning must also be considered. However, long-term clinical studies are necessary to confirm the value of this strategy and to justify the additional radiation dose, effort, and costs.

Topic: Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
ENT 530 Social Media Portfolio: Monstr Dessert / Nur Eliani Mohd Efendy

MONSTR, formerly known as Brownies Monster founded in 2017 is a brand under MONSTR CONFECTIONERY SDN BHD. MONSTR gained its name after a successful product Brownies Monster which leads to the production of other successful products. After receiving such great success from its product, the company decided to rebrand their brand to something more commercial and general and thus, the name MONSTR was formed. Since January 2020, the company has been using the new brand name MONSTR and the demand for MONSTR’s product keep growing day by day. The business premise is located in Jalan 9/2, Taman IKS 43650, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 
The clients that were aimed by the business was those of the younger generations that love to eat dessert especially chocolate and also workers and students that had to stay at home during the pandemic season. The way that the product was designed enables the product to be shipped throughout Malaysia with ease and enables it to arrive at the front door of its customer safely. Thus, it is the perfect product for customers who want their dessert to arrive right at their doorstep like online distance learning (ODL) students and work from home workers. 
As for the business’s mission is that the business aims to expand the Monstr business throughout Malaysia and for the vision, the business wants to become a high-quality chocolatebased product manufacturer. 
The management of MONSTR CONFECTIONERY SDN. BHD. consists of 4 lead workers which is, the owner and also act as operational department manager, Nurul Fatin Mohamed, Nur Eliani Binti Mohd Efendy that act as the financial department manager, Adhwa Nadia Binti Nor Saidi as an administration department manager and Noor Syahirah Binti Suhaili as the marketing department manager.

Topic: SMEs Development and Digital Marketing
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Error-resilience improvement for block-transform video coders

An algorithm is presented to enhance the resilience of block-based video-coding algorithms against channel errors. The error-resilience algorithm described suggests the use of fixed length coding to alleviate the effect of Huffman coding on the synchronisation of the decoder under erroneous conditions. The proposed mechanism modifies the order of transmission of the fixed-length video parameters to increase the chance of their arrival. Synchronisation words are sent at fixed-length intervals within the bit stream to reduce the possibility of the decoder falling on similar bit patterns within the bit stream. To limit the effect of error accumulation, the motion prediction process is halted and the differential coding of motion vectors is not applied. FEC techniques are applied on some error-sensitive segments of the reordered video bitstream. The effectiveness of the proposed error-resilience algorithm is evidenced by both subjective and objective results.

Topic: Video Coding and Compression Technologies
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Investigating redox sensitive sex differences in serotonin-induced proliferation and migration in rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells

Females are more likely to develop pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); we have previously shown that female pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are more responsive to proliferative agents than male PASMCs; sex differences in cell migration are unknown. Here we compare endothelin-1 (ET-1) and serotonin induced migration in primary rat (r)PASMCs (Sprague Dawley, n=6). Migration was assessed by scratch assay and proliferation confirmed by automated cell counting. Some cells were pre-incubated with dual ET-1 receptor antagonist, bosentan; ETBR antagonist, BQ788; or serotonin transporter inhibitor, citalopram. To investigate redox signaling, we studied the effects of superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol; and bardoxolone, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) activator. ET-1 (10-7µM) increased migration (130±2%; p&lt;0.05) and proliferation (154±4%; p&lt;0.05) in female but not male, rPASMCs. Both dual and ETBR antagonism reduced migration and proliferation in female rPASMCs; no significant effects of either antagonist were observed in males. Serotonin-stimulated migration (128±9%) was inhibited by citalopram by 27±3%; p&lt;0.05 and the SOD mimetic, tempol by 25±4% p&lt;0.05 in female rPASMCs but not male rPASMCs. Serotonin-induced proliferation in rPASMCs was reduced in the presence of bardoxolone by 22±3% p&lt;0.05. In conclusion, female but not male, rPASMCs are sensitive to ET-1-induced migration. Proliferation and migration of rPASMCs in response to serotonin is sensitive to redox balance. Redox sensitive migration may contribute to pulmonary vascular remodelling observed in female PAH patients.

Topic: Pulmonary Hypertension Research and Treatments
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Report on Open Gastrostomy by Mini-Laparotomy Using a Replaceable Button Gastrostoma Kit

【目的】PEG施行困難な３例に対し交換用ボタン型胃瘻キットを用いた小開腹胃瘻造設術を経験したので報告する．【症例】症例１は70歳男性で放射線化学療法治療後の全周性狭窄を伴う食道癌である．症例２は86歳女性で脳梗塞後遺症に伴う経口摂取困難症例で著明な頸部屈曲，亀背を認めた．画像上，胃前面に横行結腸が存在していた．症例３は80歳女性でアルツハイマー型認知症に伴う食事摂取困難症例である．S状結腸軸捻転に伴うイレウスのため当科に紹介された．画像上，胃前面にS状結腸が存在していた．この３例に関して小開腹胃瘻造設とした．【手技】全身麻酔下，上腹部に５cmの小開腹をおいた後，胃前壁に左側腹部より交換用イディアルボタンを経腹直筋的に挿入し固定，腹壁と胃壁挿入部を吸収糸で補強した．【結果】手術時間は20～35分で術後経過は良好であった．【まとめ】本法は特殊な器具を必要としないため簡単な方法で，ボタン式のため日常管理の上でも利点ありと考えた．

Topic: Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences