jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Construct Validity of a Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) in Measuring Postural Sway and the Effect of Visual Deprivation in Healthy Older Adults

Inertial Motor sensors (IMUs) are valid instruments for measuring postural sway but their ability to detect changes derived from visual deprivation in healthy older adults requires further investigations. We examined the validity and relationship of IMU sensor-derived postural sway measures compared to force plates for different eye conditions in healthy older adults (32 females, 33 males). We compared the relationship of the center of mass and center of pressure (CoM and CoP)-derived total length, root means square (RMS) distance, mean velocity, and 95% confidence interval ellipse area (95% CI ellipse area). In addition, we examined the relationship of the IMU sensor in discriminating between open- (EO) and closed-eye (EC) conditions compared to the force plate. A significant effect of the instruments and eye conditions was found for almost all the variables. Overall, EO and EC variables within (force plate r, from 0.38 to 0.78; IMU sensor r, from 0.36 to 0.69) as well as between (r from 0.50 to 0.88) instruments were moderately to strongly correlated. The EC:EO ratios of RMS distance and 95% CI ellipse area were not different between instruments, while there were significant differences between total length (p = 0.973) and mean velocity (p = 0.703). The ratios’ correlation coefficients between instruments ranged from moderate (r = 0.65) to strong (r = 0.87). The IMU sensor offers an affordable, valid alternative to a force plate for objective, postural sway assessment.

Topic: Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Subfield: Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
6.Hiding Behind a Mantle of Terrorism

Gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges mussten die führenden Politiker der Welt entscheiden, was mit mutmaßlichen Kriegsverbrechern geschehen sollte. Im Jahr 1945 wurde erstmals ein Internationales Militärtribunal (International Military Tribunal, IMT) eingerichtet, um die strafrechtliche Verfolgung von Kriegsverbrechen zu demonstrieren. Dreizehn Beiträge untersuchen sowohl die kurzfristigen Effekte des Nürnberger Prozesses gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher als auch aktuelle Auswirkungen z. B. auf den Internationalen Strafgerichtshof. Die Aufsätze enthalten Analysen von sowjetischen Untersuchungen über Naziverbrechen während des Krieges, Analysen der Reaktion der deutschen Öffentlichkeit auf die Prozesse und die unmittelbare Wirkung der Nürnberger Prozesse auf die Prozesse in Tokio und Österreich nach 1945.

Topic: European history and politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Second Language Learners’ Performance on Non-Isomorphic Cross-Language Cognates in Translation

Do adult L2 English bilingual speakers have difficulty with cognate words whose meanings are distinct across their two languages? This study explored the extent to which variations in meaning in cross-language cognates affect translation performance in a translation task by L2 English (L1 Spanish) speakers who learned English as adults. A prep-phase experiment was conducted to test native English-speakers’ predicted completions of the study’s stimuli sentences, in order to choose the optimal stimuli for the primary experiment. The method for the primary experiment of this study consisted of a web-based translation task of 120 sentences from Spanish to English, while controlling for polysemy and frequency. The results showed that adult L2 learners of English did experience difficulty when translating cognates in sentences from their L1 to their L2. The interaction of the Spanish word’s polysemous nature, Spanish word frequency, English target frequency and English cognate frequency played a role in the participants’ performance.

Topic: Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Traditional Chinese Yuekou locks

Abstract. In the Qing dynasty (1644–1911 CE), the town of Yuekou, in Hubei Province, was an important and renowned lock production center. Yuekou locks produced there won high acclaim for their use of quality materials. Transported via water routes, they were marketed in other provinces in China and other Southeast Asian countries. Even today, Yuekou locks are the favorites of antique collectors. After the introduction of the Western-style pin tumbler lock in the 1950s, the popularity of traditional Chinese locks began to decline, and they disappeared from the market. Receiving no attention from people, they were forgotten. From 2009 to 2016, the research team visited Yuekou eight times to conduct field research and interview surviving locksmiths and their descendants, achieving significant results. There are six main types of Yuekou locks, including combination locks, regular locks, pull-back locks, maze locks, multi-stage locks, and hidden-keyhole locks. The crafting of Yuekou locks is conducted in four stages: material preparation, molding, shaping, and assembling. The entire process is operated manually. This work introduces the historical development of Yuekou locks, summarizes the verbatim interviews, explores the production of Yuekou locks, and analyzes the types and structures of Yuekou locks.

Topic: Maritime and Coastal Archaeology
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
India's regional disparity and its policy responses

Regional disparities are an alarming issue in India, and it has been widening in spite of various policy initiatives by the government to develop backward areas. The fruit of high growth have not been distributed fairly across India's different regions and have given rise to the threat of regional inequality. Disparities in social and economic development, employment, and infrastructure amenities across the regions and within regions have been a major challenge to policy makers and economists. This paper is an attempt to understand the recent picture of regional imbalance in India across its states. The paper tries to analyze the existing regional disparity in India in terms of macroeconomic aggregates, social and economic infrastructure, and human development. The paper also examines the various policy initiatives taken by the government of India to achieve the regional balance in development.

Topic: Regional Development and Policy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Human <i>Borrelia miyamotoi</i> Infection, Austria

We report a human case of Borrelia miyamotoi infection diagnosed in Austria. Spirochetes were detected in Giemsa-stained blood smears. The presence of B. miyamotoi in the patient's blood was confirmed by PCR, and phylogenetic analysis identified an infection with a strain from Europe.

Topic: Vector-borne infectious diseases
Subfield: Parasitology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Optimization and design of bending‐insensitive paper‐based LC wireless passive sensors

Abstract How to monitor the freshness of packaged food, the safety of sealed medicine, or the other substances in sealed space wirelessly and environment‐friendly has become an urgent problem in recent years. After summarizing the theory of the LC sensor, a design of a paper‐based resonator (30 mm × 30 mm × 0.15 mm) consisting of a finger capacitor is proposed in this paper. The sensor is embedded inside the package by adhering it to the package's inner wall. Its response is remotely detected through a readout coil. This paper establishes a circuit simulation model and an electromagnetic simulation model to verify the feasibility of the design. Compared with the real object and the theoretical simulation model, the difference between the results only within 1 MHz, which verifies the correctness of the theory. Additionally, the measured results indicate that the resonant frequency of the resonator shifted from 102.441 MHz to 88.195 MHz, after dropping water on the sensor. Besides, the simple fabrication technology and inexpensive sensor material ensure a low cost, thus making this technology economically viable.

Topic: Wireless Power Transfer Systems
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Estimating the environmental effects and recreational benefits of cultivated flower land for environmental quality improvement in Taiwan

Abstract The main purpose of this study is to measure environmental effects and recreational benefits under different hypothetical scenarios program, involving quality improvement in Tien‐Wei Highway Garden, which is the biggest cultivated flower land in Taiwan. The contingent behavior model was adopted. The data combined actual number of trips under current quality of environment combined and the intended number of trips for expected scenarios of environmental quality improvement and congestion mitigation. For the empirical model, on‐site Poisson model was performed to correct truncated and endogenous stratification issues from on‐site surveys. The results show that the estimated average consumer surplus is greater in contingent behavior method than the one in the traditional travel cost model. Also, the estimated recreational benefits in contingent behavior method are more precise than those in the traditional travel cost method. The environment benefits to consumers are communicated with the programs that changes in environment quality. Meanwhile, the incremental economic benefits comprise the gain associated with the improvement of environmental quality.

Topic: Economic and Environmental Valuation
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
The Friendcraft of Middle Powers: how the Netherlands &amp; Denmark supported the War on Terror and how this affected their friendship with the US

While friendship scholarship in the humanities and social sciences has risen exponentially inthe last decade, it focuses almost exclusively on the alliances of great powers. This articleintroduces a new research agenda by drawing upon scholarship that suggests middle powersbehave differently, arguing that middle powers pursue international friendship different thangreat powers. This example is illustrated by comparing how the Netherlands and Denmark,both considered traditional examples of middle powers and of atlanticist states, supported the US during the War on Terror, and how this affected their relationship with the US

Topic: Historical and Contemporary Political Dynamics
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Nutrition, Physique, Muscular Strength And Health Aspects In Vegetarian And Non-vegetarian Seniors (&gt;65yrs)

Epidemiological studies on vegetarians indicate that a well balanced vegetarian diet offers several health benefits. The prevalence of prosperity diseases is significantly lower in vegetarians compared to omnivores. PURPOSE: It was the purpose of the present study to compare the health and physical fitness status in a group of vegetarian (V) and non-vegetarian (NV) seniors. METHODS: Twenty three female and 7 male NV aged >65 years (female: 84.3±5.0yrs, male: 80.6±7.3yrs) and 22 female and 7 male V aged >65 years (female: 84.1±5.1yrs, male: 80.5±7.5yrs) participated. All subjects were free of major disease or physical handicap. Medical history, dietary analysis (FFQ), blood profile, anthropometrics, and muscular strength were registered. RESULTS: Mean BMI was 26.8±3.7 kg/m2 in the female NV subjects, 26.1±4.7 kg/m2 in the female V subjects, 25.2±4.2 kg/m2 in the male NV subjects and 23.5±3.7 kg/m2 in the male V subjects (p>0.05). The general questionnaire revealed a lower morbidity in the V subjects compared to the NV subjects, with lower use of medication (52%) in the V subjects compared to the NV (77%) (p<0.05). Mean daily energy intake was 8.0±1.4 MJ in the NV females, whereas the 6.8±2.0 MJ in V females did not reach the recommended value of 7.8 MJ (p<0.05). Male V and NV groups had a mean daily energy intake of 8.7±1.6 MJ and 8.7±1.2 MJ respectively (ref: 8.8 MJ). Mean carbohydrate intake was too low (V: 47.9±7.0E%, NV: 42.8±4.1E%), while protein (V: 17.5±3.4E%, NV: 20.3±2.7E%), and fat intake (V: 33.7±7.5E%, NV: 33.9±3.7E%) were too high (p<0.05). Mean vitamin and mineral intakes met the RDA's in both groups. Blood concentrations for vitamin B12, Folic acid, Fe, and Ca were normal in both groups. Zn blood serum was below the reference value in both groups, while estimated Zn intake was sufficient. The mean blood cholesterol concentration was below the 200 mg/dl upper limit in the NV (182±45mg/dl) group and above that limit in the V group (213±40mg/dl). Both groups scored under the reference values for the strength tests. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing V and NV seniors our results show a similar profile for both groups concerning nutritional intake (except for energy intake between the female groups), blood values (except for cholesterol), physical performance capacity and body composition. V had a lower morbidity and use of medication.

Topic: Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Global Coagulation Testing in Acute Care Medicine: Back to Bedside?

Abstract Objectives Detailed and decisive information about the patients' coagulation status is important in various emergency situations. Conventional global coagulation testing strategies are often used to provide a quick overview, but several limitations particularly in the trauma setting are well described. With the introduction of direct oral anticoagulations (DOACs), a milestone for several disease entities resulting in overall improved outcomes could be reached, but at the same time providing new diagnostic challenges for the emergency situation. Design As an alternative to conventional coagulation tests, there is increasing clinical and scientific interest in the use of early whole blood strategies to provide goal-directed coagulation therapies (GDCT) and hemostatic control in critically ill patients. Viscoelastic hemostatic assays (VHAs) were therefore introduced to several clinical applications and may provide as a bedside point-of-care method for faster information on the underlying hemostatic deficiency. Conclusion The use of VHA-based algorithms to guide hemostatic control in emergency situations now found its way to several international guidelines for patients at risk of bleeding. With this qualitative review, we would like to focus on VHA-based GDCT and review the current evidence for its use, advantages, and challenges in the two different clinical scenarios of trauma and intracerebral bleeding/stroke management.

Topic: Trauma, Hemostasis, Coagulopathy, Resuscitation
Subfield: Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Correlation between serum 25‑OH vitamin D expression and non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease

This study investigated changes in the level of serum 25-OH vitamin D [25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D] in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the correlation between the severity of NAFLD and 25(OH)D. A retrospective analysis was performed on 385 NAFLD patients (NAFLD group) admitted to the Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University from January 2015 to December 2017 and 347 healthy people with physical examination (control group). The height and weight of all subjects were measured, and BMI was calculated. Fasting venous blood was extracted for the determination of blood glucose, blood lipid and 25(OH)D. The indicator levels of patients in the two groups were compared and analyzed. Spearman's correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between the severity of NAFLD and the level of 25(OH)D. The levels of BMI, FPG, FPI, HbA1c, TG, TC and LDL-C of patients in the NAFLD group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). The level of 25(OH)D in the NAFLD group was lower than that in control group (P<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between 25(OH)D and the severity of patients in the NAFLD group (r=-0.868, P<0.001). BMI, FPG, FPI, HbA1c, TG, TC and LDL-C were independent risk factors for the low level of 25(OH)D (P<0.05). Lowly expressed in the serum of NAFLD patients, 25(OH)D has a significant negative correlation with the severity of NAFLD, which is of guiding significance for the prevention and treatment. 25(OH)D is a novel biomarker for NAFLD diagnosis and a potential drug target.

Topic: Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Improving Nutritive Value of Tropical Forages using Various Alkaline Treatments

This research was aimed to improve the nutritive value and in vitro digestibility of 8 tropical forages. Four alkaline treatments[without treatment, ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH),sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or urea] were applied to 5 tropical legumes (Albizia lebbek, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena leucocephala × L. pallida (cv. KX2),and Tipuana tipu) and 3 tropical grasses (Panicum maximum,Setaria sphacelata, and Hordeum sp. straw) in a 8×4 factorial design. About 250 g chopped fresh or air-dry (55°C)forages were placed in air-tight double-layered polyethylene bags. The NH4OH and urea treatments were applied at concentrations which equivalent amounts of N at 4% of DM sample, while the NaOH treatment was 3% of DM of sample. All samples were incubated at 21°C for 14 days. To determine the digestibility of forages, all treated samples were incubated for 48 h in a two-stage in vitro system. The NH4OH and urea treatments increased CP concentration of legumes by 4.9 and 12.1% units, and of grasses by 5.4 and 12.1% units, (p<0.05), while no effects on CP concentration was detected due to NaOH treatments. Although alkaline treatments decreased NDF concentration of grasses and increased that of
legumes (p<0.05), there were no effects on the in vitro digestibility.

Topic: Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Molecular cloning and structure of a pre-B-cell growth- stimulating factor (stromal cell/B lymphopoiesis/intercrine family/stem cell factor/interleukin 7)

Generation and proliferation of early B-cell progenitors have been known to require stromal cell-derived molecules. A stromal cell line, PA6, was found to produce a soluble mediator, which was distinct from interleukin 7 (IL-7) and stem cell factor and supported the proliferation of a stromal cell-dependent pre-B-cell clone, DW34. A cDNA clone encoding this DW34 growth-stimulating factor was isolated by expression cloning. The nucleotide sequence contained a single substantial open reading frame of 267 nucleotides encoding an 89-amino acid polypeptide. The amino acid sequence of this cytokine, designated pre-B-cell growth-stimulating factor (PBSF), revealed that it is a member of intercrine a subfamily. Recombinant PBSF stimulated the proliferation of DW34 cells for itself and, furthermore, synergistically augmented the growth of DW34 as well as bone marrow B-cell progenitors in the presence of IL-7.

Topic: Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Microbiota-host interactions in irritable bowel syndrome: epithelial barrier, immune regulation and brain-gut interactions.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common, sometimes debilitating, gastrointestinal disorder worldwide. While altered gut motility and sensation, as well as aberrant brain perception of visceral events, are thought to contribute to the genesis of symptoms in IBS, a search for an underlying aetiology has, to date, proven unsuccessful. Recently, attention has been focused on the microbiota as a possible factor in the pathogenesis of IBS. Prompted by a number of clinical observations, such as the recognition of the de novo development of IBS following enteric infections, as well as descriptions of changes in colonic bacterial populations in IBS and supported by clinical responses to interventions, such as antibiotics and probiotics, that modify the microbiota, various approaches have been taken to investigating the microbiota-host response in IBS, as well as in animal models thereof. From such studies a considerable body of evidence has accumulated to indicate the activation or upregulation of both factors involved in bacterial engagement with the host as well host defence mechanisms against bacteria. Alterations in gut barrier function, occurring in response, or in parallel, to changes in the microbiota, have also been widely described and can be seen to play a pivotal role in generating and sustaining host immune responses both within and beyond the gut. In this manner a plausible hypothesis, based on an altered microbiota and/or an aberrant host response, for the pathogenesis, of at least some instances of IBS, can be generated.

Topic: Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Subfield: Gastroenterology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Studies on Formaldehyde-Condensation Resin. VII. Isolation of Mono-, Di-, Tri-, and Tetramethylolacetoguanamines

Abstract The reaction of acetoguanamine with formaldehyde was carried out in the presence of basic catalyst under various conditions, and mono-, di-, tri-, and tetramethylol derivatives of acetoguanamine were purely isolated. Their structures were identified by elemental analyses, infrared absorption spectra, NMR spectra, and chemical analyses of methylol groups.

Topic: Oxidative Organic Chemistry Reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Democratization of Public Space: Anti-Monumentalism Through an Augmented Reality Based Mobile App

Nowadays, the role of monuments in public space is a matter of controversy around the world. While public space is being reshaped by social movements worldwide, digital rights to the city raise questions about physical spaces and address them through the digital realm. The purpose of this research-creation project is to examine the possibilities of Augmented Reality (AR) as a platform made for expression and speculation in public space. Critical and speculative design methods are used to foster engagement by examining the capacity of social and cultural movements to produce democracy in public space. Through this research-creation process, qualitative data is used to investigate the capabilities of Augmented Reality as a participatory medium, and Anti-monumentalism as a gradual response concerning the city and memories is explained. Consequently, each stage of this dissertation tries to unveil a particular aspect of the central phenomenon that could form a multifaceted online platform that amplifies the unheard voices of the city. In this framing, decision-making is no longer a one-way relationship, where information is produced and spread by responsible authorities but could be redefined more collaboratively through active engagement.

Topic: Architecture and Cultural Influences
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences