jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
4525 Estimates of Dose Response using the Dixon Up-and-Down Method and BOIN study designs

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The Dixon up-and-down method (U/D), original developed for testing explosives, is especially common in anesthesia research studies. The objective of this research is to compare the performance of the U/D method for obtaining and analyzing sensitivity data with that of the Bayesian Optimal Interval (BOIN) method. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A simulation study will compare the performance of the U/D method with the BOIN design. The two study designs offer alternative decision-making algorithms with respect to the dose at which the next experimental unit is treated. These alternative decisions may impact the precision of point estimates of the mean and standard deviation of the effective dose to elicit a response. Transition probability matrices are developed, and maximum likelihood estimates of the unknown parameters assessed for accuracy. For simulation, the effective dose is assumed to be randomly distributed with a known mean and standard deviation. Fixed dose levels are defined, and decisions for what level the next experimental unit should be treated at are defined by the Dixon up-and-down method and the BOIN design. For the U/D method, the stimulus is increased by one level in the absence of a response or decreased if a response occurs from an initial stimulus. A target toxicity probability of 0.50 is used to define the dose escalation or de-escalation rules for the application of the BOIN design. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A feature of both methods is that the consecutive observations are concentrated about the mean value of the effective dose. However, the BOIN design tends to be more concentrated between these two dose levels. In the presence of severe adverse events, the BOIN design can choose to eliminate doses that are too toxic whereas the U/D design cannot eliminate any dose levels. Transition probability matrices are defined and parameters for the distribution of the effective dose are estimated using maximum likelihood estimation. Mean squared errors for the estimated mean and standard deviations compare the two study designs. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The BOIN design offers an alternative method for decision-making compared with the U/D method. The BOIN design tends to concentrate dose levels about the mean more than the U/D. This may provide better estimates of the mean and standard deviation of the effective dose for eliciting a response in some circumstances.

Topic: Optimal Experimental Design Methods
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Elevated limb-bud and heart development (LBH) expression indicates poor prognosis and promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion via upregulating Integrin/FAK/Akt pathway

The limb-bud and heart development (LBH) gene is a highly conserved, tissue-specific transcription cofactor in vertebrates that regulates multiple key genes in embryonic development. The role of LBH in various cancer types is still controversial, and its specific role and molecular mechanism in the oncogenesis of gastric cancer (GC) remains largely unexplored. In the present study, the prognostic significance and clinicopathological characteristics of LBH in GC was determined. The LBH mRNA expression was first investigated in four independent public datasets (TCGA-STAD, GSE15459, GSE29272, and GSE62254) and then validated with our samples at the protein level. LBH was overexpressed at both the mRNA and protein levels in cancer compared with normal tissues. High LBH expression was correlated with advanced T, N, and M stages. Kaplan–Meier analysis and log-rank test indicated that higher LBH expression was statistically correlated with shorter overall survival (OS) in the public datasets and our study samples. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that LBH was an independent prognostic biomarker for survival in TCGA-STAD, GSE15459, GSE62254 cohorts, and our GC patients. In vitro experiments showed that knockdown of LBH can significantly inhibit the proliferation and invasion of HGC-27 cells, while overexpression of LBH can significantly enhance the proliferation and invasion of BGC-823 cells. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics (KEGG) indicated that high LBH expression is associated with the PI3K-Akt pathway, focal adhesion, and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction. Western blot analysis showed that knockdown of LBH significantly inhibited the expression of integrin α5, integrin β1, p-FAK, and p-Akt. Therefore, results from the present study indicate that LBH is a potential independent prognostic biomarker and promotes proliferation and invasion of GC cells by activating the integrin/FAK/Akt pathway.

Topic: Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Aspects of the demographic security of the cities of Strășeni (r. Moldova) and Zărneşti (Romania)

The aim of this study is to analyze the demographic sustainability in terms of indicators that attest to the demographic situation in two medium-sized cities. The main objectives are: comparative analysis of the demographic situation of the cities of Strășeni and Zărnești and of the determinants of demographic insecurity; identifying the forms of manifestation of the demographic insecurity through the prism of the basic demographic components, assessing the deviation of measurable demographic security indicators from optimal values, drawing conclusions on the situation of demographic security for the cities studied and proposals on overcoming, even partially, the demographic insecurity problems faced by the given localities, based on existing good practices. Demographic security as a component of social security has become a widely covered topic, both in the literature and in the public space. It aims at quantitative and qualitative transformations of demographic indicators, which endanger the human capital of certain territorial entities. The exacerbation of the demographic problem at the beginning of the 21st century is based on several objective reasons: on the one hand, socio-economic changes in several regions and states of the world have been accompanied by major changes in demographic behavior, both in the elements of state, as well as population movement; on the other hand, political, health and environmental insecurity was directly reflected in demographic security. Consequently, the issue of demographic insecurity appears on the agenda of several governments of the world's states, being considered a priority in the context of national security. The study is expected to answer some questions related to the demographic security of two medium-sized cities, located in the Republic of Moldova and România, in the context of a study of comparative human geography, in the context of their regional competitiveness.

Topic: Socio-economic Development and Sustainability
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
[Maternal risks of medical assistance with procreation].

It is now well demonstrated that assisted reproductive technologies, namely intra-uterine insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, and gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT) are the source of maternal complications, sometimes life-threatened. All documented hazards concern the short term. Few are related to the techniques: local, regional or general infections, severe hemorrhages. Most are the consequence of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation: ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), thrombosis, multiple pregnancies. High range multiple pregnancies could be prevented by a reduction in the number of embryo transfered, which is now currently limited to two or three in most centers. Similarly, good results can be obtained with intrauterine insemination, while maintaining the multiple pregnancy rate at the physiologic level, about 1%, by avoiding poly-ovulation. In comparison with spontaneous pregnancies, ART pregnancies are more complicated (toxemia, intra-uterine growth retardation, prematurity). The caesarean section rate is over 25% in singleton deliveries, 40% for twins and 89% for triplets. With a long term follow-up of 15 years, no hazard has been demonstrated. Concerns about ovarian epithelial cancer, breast cancer, and premature menopause remain hypothetic. Further studies are in development in this field.

Topic: Assisted Reproductive Technology and Twin Pregnancy
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Drilling and non-drilling predation in gastropod aggregations in the intertidal zone of a New Zealand Harbour

cribed C. glandiformis (Reeve, 1847), "which converge in scores on dead animal remains, and may also be active carnivores, thrusting the long proboscis through the narrow umbonal fissures of Chione and other bivalves", as the universal scavenger of mud Members of the buccinid gastropod genus Cominella are abundant components of the intertidal fauna of many Australian and New Zealand sheltered beaches where they commonly form aggregations around food items 1,2,3 .For New Zealand, Morton & Miller 2 des-

Topic: Marine Biology and Ecology Research
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
A comparative molecular docking study of phytocompounds of Ziziphus jujuba lam. with multiple receptors for the cardioprotective activity

Background: In this study, we have investigated the binding affinity, ADME, and toxicity analysis of various phytocompounds which are present in Ziziphus jujuba on different receptors related to cardioprotective activity by performing molecular docking studies. Determination of binding affinity of phytocompounds of Z. Jujuba with different receptors involved in the cardioprotective activity. AutoDock Vina, PyMol, Discovery Studio, AutoDock tools, ChemDraw, Swiss ADME, PROTOX-II. Methods: Molecular docking. Results: The binding results of the selected plant compounds and target proteins, namely 108a, 7Q29, 5JMY, 4DLI, 2YCW, and 1CX2, showed that the selected phytochemicals from Z. Jujuba had good binding affinity and good receptor binding mode selected target. However, among all plant compounds, Jujuboside-B has the lowest binding energy with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (binding energy – 11.2 Kcal/mol), ACE and neutral endopeptidase inhibitors (binding energy – 10.9 Kcal/mol). Neprilysin receptor (binding energy – 10.4 Kcal/mol), COX-2 receptor (binding energy – 10.9 Kcal/mol), Spinosyn with β-1 adrenergic receptor (binding energy – 9.3 Kcal/mol), 3-O-methylellagic acid-3'-rhamnoside has superior binding affinity (−9.4 Kcal/mol) to the P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase receptor compared to the standard synthetic compound nebivolol. Conclusions: The present work was an attempt to computationally identify phytocompounds from Z. Jujuba which can bind to the various targets of cardiovascular disease. The docking scores, analysis of the interactions of the compounds suggest that most of the compounds have the ability to bind to multiple targets involved in cardiovascular disease. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity and toxicity prediction showed various phytocompounds such as rutin, jujuboside-A, B, epicatechin could be used as potential candidate against cardiovascular disease.

Topic: Ziziphus Jujuba Studies and Applications
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Joining Techniques for Novel Metal Polymer Hybrid Heat Exchangers

Abstract In the United States, over 50% of the unrecovered energy from industrial processes is in the form of low-grade heat (&amp;lt; 220°C). Materials and maintenance costs of common heat exchangers are typically too high to justify their usage. Polymers, though more affordable, are usually unsuitable for HX applications due to their low thermal conductivity (∼0.2 W/mK). Here, we show that metal-polymer hybrids may be attractive from both performance and cost perspectives. The use of polymers further increases the resistance to corrosion by sulfuric and carbonic acids often present in flue gases. An ongoing work explores different configurations of layered polyimide-copper macroscale hybrids for heat exchanger applications using numerical simulations. This paper explores a manufacturing pathway for producing such layered hybrid tubes that involves directly rolling and bonding tapes made of polymer and copper foil into tubes. A critical problem in the fabrication process is the bonding of metal and polymers. We explore approaches involving adhesives (epoxy, acrylic and silicone) for metal/polymer interfaces and direct welding (ultrasonic) for metal/metal interfaces that can be integrated into the manufacturing process. We report characterizations of the thermomechanical properties of these joining processes. This work paves the way for realizing cost-effective manufacturing of heat exchangers for low grade waste heat recovery.

Topic: Heat Transfer and Optimization
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
An analytical approach for frequency modulated thermal wave imaging for testing and evaluation of glass fiber reinforced polymers

Abstract Frequency modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI) has been considered as one of the promising non-destructive testing and evaluation approach due to its merits such as economical, safe, fast, sensitive and high depth resolvability. The present work provides a novel analytical solution for FMTWI using one-dimensional heat conduction equation with adiabatic (Neumann) boundary conditions. The temperature gradient over the glass fiber reinforced polymer specimen has been analyzed and validated with a commercially available three dimensional mathematical finite element model to retrieve the quantitative information regarding the subsurface defects. The efficiency of the proposed method is highlighted using matched filter based approach for a frequency modulated imposed heat flux. The depth resolvability of the proposed method has been studied from the obtained correlation lag and the time domain phase obtained for FMTWI technique.

Topic: Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Analysis of Complex Networks in optimization Algorithms

The aim of this paper is to present the relationship between complex networks and optimization algorithms. We investigate the genetic algorithms focus on the relationship of the individuals in each iteration and how the network emerge. The results are promising related to the complex networks properties and show that the Differential Evolution match with the small world networks. We model how the complex network connected component property seems to have relationship with fitness quality in the Imperialist competitive algorithm. Furthermore, we discuss how to improve optimization algorithm based on small networks.

Topic: Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Relationships between field-aligned currents, electric fields, and particle precipitation as observed by Dynamics Explorer-2

The relationships between field-aligned currents, electric fields, and particle fluxes are determined using observations from the polar orbiting low-altitude satellite Dynamics Explorer-2. It is shown that the north-south electric field and the east-west magnetic field components are usually highly correlated in the field-aligned current regions. This proportionality observationally proves that the field-aligned current equals the divergence of the height-integrated ionospheric Pedersen current in the meridional plane to a high degree of approximation. As a general rule, in the evening sector the upward field-aligned currents flow in the boundary plasma sheet region and the downward currents flow in the central plasma sheet region. The current densities determined independently from the plasma and magnetic field measurements are compared. Although the current densities deduced from the two methods are in general agreement, the degree and extent of the agreement vary in individual cases.

Topic: Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Nutritional Status and Nutritional Knowledge of Malay Pregnant Women in Selected Private Hospitals in Klang Valley

Adequate nutrition is important for mothers and their offspring during and after birth. This cross sectional study was conducted to determine nutritional status and nutritional knowledge of pregnant women from two selected private hospitals in Klang Valley, Malaysia. A total of 236 Malay pregnant women aged between 20 to 45 years old (mean age 31+5 years) were recruited through convenient sampling method. Socio-demographic data, nutritional knowledge and a 24-hours diet recall were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric and haemoglobin data were obtained from the antenatal records in the respective hospitals. The percentages of participants who were underweight, normal, overweight and obese before pregnancy were 12.7%, 55.1%, 25.0% and 7.2% respectively. Among those who were obese before pregnancy, a total of 59.7% had inadequate weight gain, 24.6% gained adequate weight and 15.7% gained excessive gestational weight. About 33.5% of subjects were anaemic (Hb < 11.0g/dL). The mean daily energy intake of the participants was 1748 ± 526 kcal which was 76% of RNI. Calcium (73% of RNI), folic acid (36% of RNI), niacin (89% of RNI) and vitamin D (40% of RNI). The nutritional knowledge level of subjects was moderate (51.9 ± 13.8%). Lower monthly household income (p < 0.001), educational level (p < 0.001) and gestational stage (p < 0.05) of participants were associated with a lower nutritional knowledge level. Nutritional knowledge score was positively correlated with gestational weight gain (r = 0.166, p < 0.05) and haemoglobin level (r = 0.200, p < 0.05). Subjects who claimed practising food taboos had higher nutritional knowledge score (54.9 ± 12.5%) than those who did not (49.9 ± 14.4%)(p < 0.05). A comprehensive nutrition education should be integrated in the antenatal classes to improve nutritional status of pregnant women. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JSKM-2014-1202-08

Topic: Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Approach and Outcome of Thyroid Incidental Findings vs. Clinically Overt Thyroid Nodules: An Observational Single-Centre Study.

Context: Thyroid nodules are common and can present as clinically overt nodules (visible, palpable or symptomatic nodules) and so-called incidentalomas (coincidental findings on imaging techniques). The majority are benign but recognizing clinically relevant nodules remains a challenge. Current Dutch guidelines recommend to refrain from additional diagnostic testing in incidentalomas other than FDG-PET-incidentalomas, unless there are suspicious clinical and/or sonographic features. However, there is no consensus on the further approach and no "real-life" data on the outcome of such an approach. Objective: To compare clinical characteristics, diagnostic approaches and clinical outcome between patients referred with thyroid incidentalomas and non-incidentalomas at one academic referral thyroid clinic. Methods: Clinical and demographical characteristics, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and outcome were retrospectively obtained from the files of all patients newly referred because of thyroid incidentalomas or non-incidentalomas to our institution (between March 2011 and January 2017). Subsequently, the data were compared between both groups. Results: In total, 351 patients (64.3%) were referred because of non-incidentalomas and 195 (35.7%) because of incidentalomas. Incidentalomas were smaller (48.7% &lt;2 cm) than non-incidentalomas (23.4% &lt;2 cm). Furthermore, incidentalomas were less often symptomatic (15.9 vs. 42.7% p &lt; 0.001). Fine-needle aspiration was performed in a similar percentage of the patients in the two groups (62.6% of incidentalomas vs. 69.8% in non-incidentaloma, p = 0.08). Significantly less malignancies were found among incidentalomas compared to non-incidentalomas (5.1% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.019). Moreover, significantly more malignancies occurred in PET-incidentalomas than non-PET-incidentalomas (11.8% vs. 2.8%, p = 0.023). In fact, the proportion of malignancies in PET-incidentalomas and non-incidentalomas was similar (11.8% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.895). Stability or decrease in size was observed in 96.5% of nodules receiving ultrasound follow-up. Conclusions: Patients with small asymptomatic thyroid incidentalomas represent an important proportion of the patients referred for additional diagnostic evaluation. The risk of malignancy in these patients is lower than in those with symptomatic palpable lesions, particularly in the patients with incidentalomas discovered on CT, MRI or US. Our findings support the current recommendations from the Dutch guidelines to not indiscriminately perform additional analysis and treatment on all incidentalomas, but prioritize this to FDG-PET-incidentalomas and clinically relevant non-PET-incidentalomas. Moreover, US features can further refine the selection of the patients who require immediate FNAC and/or surgery.

Topic: Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An improvement for the sharp Adams inequalities in bounded domains and whole space $\mathbb{R}^n$

We prove an improvement for the sharp Adams inequality in $W^{m,\frac nm}_0(Ω)$ where $Ω$ is a bounded domain in $\mathbb{R}^n$ inspired by Lions Concentration--Compactness principle for the sharp Moser--Trudinger inequality. Our method gives an alternative approach to a Concentration--Compactness principle in $W^{m,\frac nm}_0(Ω)$ recently established by do Ó and Macedo. Moreover, when $m$ is odd, we obtain an improvement for their result by finding the best exponent in this principle. Our approach also is successfully applied to whole space $\mathbb{R}^n$ to establish an improvement for the sharp Adams inequalities in $W^{m,\frac nm}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ due to Ruf, Sani, Lam, Lu, Fontana and Morpurgo. This type of improvement is still unknown, in general, except the special case $m=1$ due to do Ó, de Souza, de Medeiros and Severo. Our method is a further development for the method of $\check{\rm C}$erny, Cianchi and Hencl combining with some estimates for the decreasing rearrangement of a function in terms of the one of its higher order derivatives.

Topic: Advanced Mathematical Modeling in Engineering
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Promotion of flowering in tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) by gibberellic acid

In the tannia , as in other tropical root crops which are vegetatively propagaged, improvement of the crop has depended mainly on the natural genetic variability among a small number of cultivars (Warid, 1970) and has, therefore, been severely limited. Any factor which leads to increased flowering, fruit set, seed germination and ultimately hybridization could therefore be of great significance in the improvement of these crops (Sadik
and Okereke, 1975a,b). For this reason it was decided to report the promoting effect of gibberellic acid (GA) on the flowering in tannia which was observed in an experiment set up to test the effects of growth substances on corm and cormel development

Topic: Plant Physiology and Cultivation Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences