jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The AMU-UEDIN Submission to the WMT16 News Translation Task:\n Attention-based NMT Models as Feature Functions in Phrase-based SMT

This paper describes the AMU-UEDIN submissions to the WMT 2016 shared task on\nnews translation. We explore methods of decode-time integration of\nattention-based neural translation models with phrase-based statistical machine\ntranslation. Efficient batch-algorithms for GPU-querying are proposed and\nimplemented. For English-Russian, our system stays behind the state-of-the-art\npure neural models in terms of BLEU. Among restricted systems, manual\nevaluation places it in the first cluster tied with the pure neural model. For\nthe Russian-English task, our submission achieves the top BLEU result,\noutperforming the best pure neural system by 1.1 BLEU points and our own\nphrase-based baseline by 1.6 BLEU. After manual evaluation, this system is the\nbest restricted system in its own cluster. In follow-up experiments we improve\nresults by additional 0.8 BLEU.\n

Topic: Natural Language Processing Techniques
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Gone with the Storm: Rainfall Shocks and Household Wellbeing in Guatemala

This paper identifies the negative consequences of the strongest tropical storm ever to strike Guatemala on household welfare. Per capita consumption fell in urban areas, raising poverty substantially. Households cut back on food consumption and basic durables, and attempted to cope by increasing their adult and child labour supply. The mechanisms at play include the intensity of the shock, food prices and the timing of Agatha with respect to local harvest cycles. The results are robust to placebo treatments, migration and measurement error, and partly explain the increase in poverty in the country previously attributed solely to the collateral effects of the global financial crisis.

Topic: Agricultural risk and resilience
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A sequential sorting network analogous to the batcher merge

Abstract We present a network of delay log2 N, whose comparators have only log2 N different lengths with maximum length N/2. This network is log-sequential in that it will sort N data items when they are passed through it log2 Ntimes. The design, which is related to the Batcher odd-even merge, is distinctly different from the first known example of a log-delay log-sequential network, due to Dowd, Perl, Rudolf, and Saks. It is quite probably the best possible sorting network. ∗Research supported by the National Security Agency. ∗Research supported by the National Security Agency. Notes ∗Research supported by the National Security Agency.

Topic: Interconnection Networks and Systems
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
<scp>CD5L</scp> attenuates allergic airway inflammation by expanding <scp>CD11c<sup>high</sup></scp> alveolar macrophages and inhibiting <scp>NLRP3</scp> inflammasome activation via <scp>HDAC2</scp>

Abstract Allergic asthma is an airway inflammatory disease dominated by type 2 immune responses and there is currently no curative therapy for asthma. CD5‐like antigen (CD5L) has been known to be involved in a variety of inflammatory diseases. However, the role of CD5L in allergic asthma remains unclear. In the present study, mice were treated with recombinant CD5L (rCD5L) during house dust mite (HDM) and ovalbumin (OVA) challenge to determine the role of CD5L in allergic asthma, and the underlying mechanism was further explored. Compared with PBS group, serum CD5L levels of asthmatic mice were significantly decreased, and the levels of CD5L in lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were significantly increased. CD5L reduced airway inflammation and Th2 immune responses in asthmatic mice. CD5L exerted its anti‐inflammatory function by increasing CD11c high alveolar macrophages (CD11c high AMs), and the anti‐inflammatory role of CD11c high AMs in allergic asthma was confirmed by CD11c high AMs depletion and transfer assays. In addition, CD5L increased the CD5L + macrophages and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation by increasing HDAC2 expression in lung tissues of asthmatic mice. Hence, our study implicates that CD5L has potential usefulness for asthma treatment.

Topic: Inflammasome and immune disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The <i>in-vitro</i> activity of a novel penem FCE 22101 compared to other <i>β</i>-lactam antibiotics

FCE 22101 is a penem antibiotic which inhibits the majority of Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae at concentrations of 0.5-4 mg/l. It inhibits staphylococci, haemolytic streptococci and Streptococcus pneumoniae at less than or equal to 0.25 mg/l. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas species are resistant. Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium species are inhibited by less than or equal to 1 mg/l. FCE 22101 is not hydrolyzed by the common plasmid and chrosmosomal beta-lactamases. It shows minimal discrepancy between MIC and MBC values and there is minimal effect of inoculum size. Although FCE 22101 is generally less active against Enterobacteriaceae than are cefotaxime and ceftazidime, it does inhibit some Enterobacter spp. resistant to these agents. FCE 22101 and imipenem are similar in activity against Gram-positive and anaerobic species.

Topic: Antibiotics Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
WATER-ROCK INTERACTION IN THE BAKKI LOW-TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL FIELD, SW-ICELAND

Water-rock interaction is a fundamental process in natural geothermal systems, both in high-temperature and low-temperature ones. The Bakki geothermal field which is utilized for a district heating system, is a low-temperature geothermal system with the maximum measured temperatures varying from 120 to 137/C in the wells. A relict high temperature alteration is evidenced by the occurrence of the mineral epidote. Reservoir rocks are alternatively basalt lavas and basaltic hyaloclastites. A silicaenthalpy mixing model indicates that the reservoir temperature may exceed 150/C. Use of CHILLER, a program for computing water-rock reactions, for mixing model suggests that the change in chemical composition in well HJ-01 revealed by chemical monitoring may be interpreted by dilution of the geothermal water with fresh local groundwater in a ratio of about 0.5-0.6. Based on the thermal fluid chemistry as well as the secondary minerals occurring, a modelling study was performed by using CHILLER. Due to the complicated alteration history of the area, two water-rock interaction models, one at present temperatures and one at high temperature, were applied. Most of the important alteration minerals such as calcite, laumontite, stilbite, clinochlore, epidote-ord, clinozoisite, wairakite and muscovite were both identified in the actual field and by geochemical modelling. The evolution of the fluid may suggest that most of the major components found in the geothermal system such as Na + , Al 3+ , K + , Fe 2+ and SiO2 come from the dissolution of the reservoir rocks. Cl - is very stable due to its chemically conservative character and the low concentration in added rocks, so the high concentration of Cl - and Na + in the two studied wells is due to the dissolution of salts left in the sediments formed by the repeated transgression of the sea over the land.

Topic: Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry
Subfield: Geochemistry and Petrology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Characterization of sawlogs using industrial X-ray and 3D scanning

In the Nordic countries, sawlogs are typically sorted upon arrival at the sawmill based on species and dimension. By processing batches of logs with similar size, the sawing process becomes more efficient; the need to change sawing pattern between individual logs is reduced, and the handling of sawn goods is simplified, since the number of different dimensions produced simultaneously decreases. However, since wood is a biological material with great heterogeneity, there will be a large variation in the properties also of boards sawn from logs of similar size. This means that a significant amount of the boards may be carrying unwanted combinations of dimension and grade, so called off-grade products. The problem with off-grade products may be addressed before sawing by the selection of suitable sawing patterns for each log, i.e., using the right logs for the right products. This requires knowledge of the internal quality of the log before sawing. Some information can be obtained from the outer shape measured by an optical three-dimensional (3D) scanner and more detailed information can be obtained using an X-ray log scanner. Today, the use of X-ray log scanners is becoming increasingly common, and most sawmills installing an X-ray scanner already have a 3D scanner present. This raises the question of possible benefits from combining the X-ray and 3D scanning techniques. In this thesis, a method is presented whereby the outer shape of the log measured by a 3D scanner is utilized to estimate the X-ray path lengths through the wood. This converts the X-ray images into green density images of the log, which may in turn be used to calculate quality variables such as heartwood diameter, dry density, moisture content and presence of top rupture. The methods have been tested on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) sawlogs using X-ray scanners with one or two measurement directions. The developed methods show a great improvement in precision compared to calculations based on uncompensated X-ray images, and most of the algorithms presented in the thesis have now been implemented in industrial scanner software and are ready for use at the sawmills. This will give the sawmill industry new possibilities to control the production of special products where heartwood diameter and density are important and will lead to less waste and improved profitability for the sawmills.The thesis also describes a method where X-ray scanning is utilized to automatically perform parts of the log grading for payment. This method can improve productivity in the sawmills by remedying a severe bottleneck in the production chain. An authorization of this method for semiautomatic log grading for payment is expected to further increase the industry’s interest in X-ray scanning.

Topic: Forest ecology and management
Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
INCREASING INSTABILITY THRESHOLDS IN THE SPS BY LOWERING TRANSITION ENERGY

A new optics for the SPS with lower transition energy was tested experimentally during 2010-2011, showing a significant increase of the single bunch instability thresholds at injection due to the 3-fold increase of the slip factor. The performed machine studies for different LHC beams and intensities are summarized in this paper. In particular, the search for the single bunch TMCI threshold in the new optics is presented. Observations on the longitudinal multibunch stability are compared between the nominal and the low-transition optics. Finally, optics variants with higher vertical tunes are discussed, which could allow to further increase the thresholds for TMCI and other vertical instabilities by reducing the vertical beta function.

Topic: Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Philosophy, Art, and Religion: Understanding Faith and Creativity

At a time when religion and science are thought to be at loggerheads, art is widely hailed as religion's natural spiritual ally. Philosophy, Art, and Religion investigates the extent to which this is true. It charts the way in which modern conceptions of 'Art' often marginalize the sacred arts, construing choral and instrumental music, painting and iconography, poetry, drama, and architecture as 'applied' arts that necessarily fall short of the ideal of 'art for art's sake'. Drawing on both history of art and philosophical aesthetics, Graham sets out the historical context in which the arts came to free themselves from religious patronage, in order to conceptualize the cultural context in which religious art currently finds itself. The book then relocates religious art within the aesthetics of everyday life. Subsequent chapters systematically explore each of the sacred arts, using a wide range of illustrative examples to uncover the ways in which artworks can illuminate religious faith, and religious content can lend artworks a deeper dimension.

Topic: Religion, Ecology, and Ethics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Hyper-Parameter in Hidden Markov Random Field

Hidden Markov random eld(HMRF) is one of the most common model for image segmentation which is an important preprocessing in many imaging devices. The HMRF has unknown hyper-parameters on Markov random field to be estimated in segmenting testing images. However, in practice, due to computational complexity, it is often assumed to be a fixed constant. In this paper, we numerically show that the segmentation results very depending on the fixed hyper-parameter, and, if the parameter is misspecified, they further depend on the choice of the class-labelling algorithm. In contrast, the HMRF with estimated hyper-parameter provides consistent segmentation results regardless of the choice of class labelling and the estimation method. Thus, we recommend practitioners estimate the hyper-parameter even though it is computationally complex.

Topic: Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Net Effects of Coal Mining at a Local Level in India

International coal prices strongly impact the local labor markets in coal mining regions of India. In this thesis, I make use of three distinguished and unique individual level data sets from India to examine the effects of coal mining on the socio-economic outcomes for individuals and firms in the local vicinity of these mines. Presence of coal mines in an Indian region along with the international coal price shock over the time period 1999-2011, is used as an economic shock and instrument in determining the impact on education and health of young children in coal regions as well as on the productivity of firms in these regions. In the first paper, I examine the local effects of coal mining on schooling attendance of children in the age-group of 5-14 years (school-going age) living in the nearby coal mining regions of India during the period 1999-2011. A difference-in-difference estimation, by exploiting the spatial and temporal variation in mining, reveals that, the probability to attend school for any child in the mining region increases by 4% points when exposed to a doubling in the international coal price. On evaluating the different mechanism through which these effects are transmitted, the positive income shocks resulting in higher 'returns to education' and positive 'wealth effects' dominate the negative substitution effects emanating from rising wages and prices. In the second paper, I analyze how the international coal price shocks affect the nutritional status of young children (age &lt;5 years) in coal mining regions of India. Prevalence of 'stunting' and 'underweight' tendencies in these children is evaluated with focus on the channels through which these effects are transmitted. The paper highlights that prevalence of stunting and underweight reduces significantly in children living in these regions owing to strong 'income effects' through greater time and monetary investments in child's health. The study also finds evidence for the prevalence of ‘son-preference’ in household decision making regarding investments in child's health in coal regions of India. In the third paper, I make use of firm level data in India to evaluate the impact of coal mining on firm productivity in the treated regions. Firm production is enhanced significantly in these regions owing to greater demand of local inputs especially labor. Firm productivity is enhanced specifically for firms in the manufacturing sector due to benefits of agglomeration effects as well technological advancements. These analysis highlight the socio-economic benefits that can derived be from this extractive industry at a local level, thus stressing on further utilizing the unused capacity for mining in a sustainable manner for the overall development in the nation.

Topic: Mining and Resource Management
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Relationship between Body Iron Stores and Non Scarring Diffuse Hair Loss in Non-Menopausal Women: A Case Control Study

Background: Because iron plays a physiological role in the hair cycle, iron deficiency (ID) may interfere with healthy hair development. Numerous research have looked into the connection between body iron status and hair loss, with varying degrees of success. In order to provide evidence for the significance of iron reserves in non-scarring diffuse hair loss in non-menopausal women, this study was conducted. The purpose of this study is to ascertain how diffuse, non-scarring hair loss in non-menopausal women relates to body iron reserves. Methods: At GSMCH, Ram Nagar (Rajpura), Patiala, Punjab, from March to November 2023, 40 women aged 15 years or older with diffuse hair loss (Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) / chronic telogen effluvium (CTE)) and 40 controls without any history or physical signs of hair loss participated in this controlled study. All of the subjects’ subjective hair loss was assessed using a same questionnaire. Hemoglobin and ferritin levels in the serum were used to evaluate the iron status. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis using Mean ± stand-ard deviation, Chi-square, Fisher Exact test and Student t test. Results: Three groups were identified through analysis: “Excessive hair loss” (17.5%), “Moderate hair loss” (82.5%), and “Absence of hair loss” (0%). When comparing the incidence of ID (Serum ferritin <40g/L and Hb <12gd/L) in nonmenopausal women experiencing diffuse hair loss to controls, which was 22.5% (n = 9), there was a statistically significant increase among the women experiencing hair loss (n = 27). Conclusion: In non-menopausal women, diffuse hair loss is related to low iron storage. In the treatment of dis-ease, screening to determine these levels in cases of hair loss and supplementing with them when deficient are effective.

Topic: Hair Growth and Disorders
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Candida infections today--how big is the problem?

Thirty years ago, superficial fungal infections were common, but systemic fungal infections were not as frequent as today. Since that time incidence in both superficial and systemic fungal infection has been increasing. The reasons are many. Due to advances in medicine, human life span is extended and many people suffer from various immunodeficiencies. Transplantation of organs and tissues, wide application of parenteral feeding and parenteral administration of drugs, infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and long-term peroral administration of antibiotics are the main reasons for appearance of many immunologic dysfunctions and thereby systemic fungal infections. The most usual predisposing factors for systemic fungal infection are skin and mucosal damage, hypofunction of T-cell-mediated immunity, decreased function of neutrophiles, long-term administration of corticosteroids, as well as dysfunction of microbial flora. Systemic fungal infections are a great problem, because they are very difficult to prove and to treat. This is why prevention of systemic infections is extremely important today, including the removal of predisposing factors as well as rational drug administration.

Topic: Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Analyzing Uncertainty in Cost-effectiveness For Decision-making

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is intended to help collective purchasers of health care to determine which interventions to prioritize, by ranking them according to the cost of each unit of “health benefit” they produce. The primary focus of this article is on the social decision-making approach where the decision-maker's objective is assumed to be the maximization of health gains subject to a given budget constraint. This article begins with the rationale for presenting a full characterization and analysis of uncertainty within any CEA. An overview of methods that can be used to conduct a CEA that accounts for uncertainty is provided, including the means to present and interpret the results. The benefits and limitations of the methods for analyzing uncertainty are considered in the context of providing information to decision-makers. The article concludes by discussing the additional questions that arise when the need for further research to support those decisions is considered.

Topic: Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Prevalence of Gastric Ulcers in Elite, Heavy Use Western Performance Horses

The rate and severity of gastric ulceration in elite, heavy use western performance horses is lower than expected based on the extent of travel, training days, numbers of events in which each horse performed, and rates previously presented regarding other breeds and uses. In fact, the rate of gastric ulceration in this study (40%) compares to horses not in training or use (36%). However, in horses with an owner clinical complaint, the rate of ulcers increased to 88%. Author’s Address: 8315 Elk Ridge Lane, Middleton, ID 83644. © 2000 AAEP.

Topic: Veterinary Equine Medical Research
Subfield: Equine
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
Understanding Diagnosis and Management of Psoriasis from Pages of History to Modern Era

ABSTRACT: Objective To provide a current and informative description of psoriasis diagnosis and treatment from historical accounts to the present day. Methodology From the study's commencement until March 1, 2022, data were gathered from Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library. The primary focus was on searching for pertinent meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and observational studies regarding the diagnosis and treatment of psoriasis. Results and Conclusion Psoriasis is a long-term inflammatory disease affecting multiple systems, mostly affecting the skin and joints. The disease is recognized from ancient times. It may affect social functioning and interpersonal relationships of patients. Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease that has several co-morbidities. The diagnosis is primarily clinical and a skin biopsy is seldom required. Depending on the severity of disease, appropriate treatment can be initiated including topical treatments like corticosteroids, topical retinoids, salicylic acid; phototherapy including UVB, PUVA along with systemic medications like oral retinoids, methotrexate, cyclosporine. Biologic Therapies are required for treatment for some patients who do not respond to above treatment. Systemic immunomodulatory drugs like Apremilast and JAK Inhibitors are also used. For most of the cases combined therapy along with life style modifications give promising results.

Topic: Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences