jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Toward Evidence-Based Statistics

Letters21 March 2000Toward Evidence-Based StatisticsDaniel P. Sulmasy, OFM, MD, PhDDaniel P. Sulmasy, OFM, MD, PhDSaint Vincents Hospital; New York, NY 10011 (Sulmasy)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-132-6-200003210-00015 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:I have two questions regarding Goodman's excellent articles on statistical inference (1, 2). First, does Goodman genuinely endorse the notion that “frequentist” probabilities are “objective” while inductive judgments are “subjective”? The word “probability” is ambiguous. “Probability” often means frequency, but “probability” can also refer to the degree of certitude in human judgments (3). Both senses of “probable” are objective in that their truth depends on the world, not the mind. Biomedical frequencies are objective values from which nonsystematic processes in the world cannot systematically deviate (4). Likewise, judgments about the truth of scientific hypotheses also depend on ...References1. Goodman SN. Toward evidence-based medical statistics. 1: The P value fallacy. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:995-1004. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Goodman SN. Toward evidence-based medical statistics. 2: The Bayes factor. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:1005-13. LinkGoogle Scholar3. Sulmasy DP. Futility and the varieties of medical judgment. Theor Med. 1997;18:63-78. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Lonergan BJ. Insight: A Study of Human Understanding. San Francisco: Harper & Row; 1957:103. Google Scholar5. Kant I. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, Ak 260. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett; 1977:5. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Saint Vincents Hospital; New York, NY 10011 (Sulmasy) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoToward Evidence-Based Medical Statistics. 2: The Bayes Factor Steven N. Goodman Toward Evidence-Based Statistics Thomas Morgan Toward Evidence-Based Statistics Jean-Francois Caubet Metrics 21 March 2000Volume 132, Issue 6Page: 507KeywordsBayesian methodLikelihood ratio Issue Published: 21 March 2000 CopyrightCopyright © 2000 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...

Topic: Philosophy and History of Science
Subfield: History and Philosophy of Science
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
CCDC 1551007: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Victim Reparation under the Ius Post Bellum

Victim Reparation under the Ius Post Bellum fills an enormous gap in international legal scholarship. It questions the paradigmatic shift of rights to reparation towards a morality-based theory of international law. At a time when international law has a tendency to take a purely positivistic and international approach, Shavana Musa questions whether an embrace of an evaluative approach alongside the politics of war and peace is more practical and effective for war victims. Musa provides a never-before-conducted contextual insight into how the issue has been handled historically, analysing case studies from major wars from the seventeenth century to the modern day. She uses as-yet untouched archival documentation from these periods, which uncovers unique data and information on international peacemaking, and actually demonstrates more effective practices of reparation provisions compared with today. This book combines historical analysis with modern day developments to provide normative assertions for a future reparation system.

Topic: International Law and Human Rights
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Haemocyte Morphology and Differential Haemocyte Counts of Giant Ladybird Beetle, &lt;i&gt;Anisolemnia dilatata&lt;/i&gt; (F.) (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae):A Unique Predator of Bamboo Woolly Aphids

Changes in haemolymph characteristics such as differential counts of haemocytes have direct bearing on the general performance of insects. The present study was carried out to generate data on the morphology of different haemocytes and their differential counts of giant ladybird predator, Anisolemnia dilatata (F.), unique to woolly aphid pests of bamboo habitat. Five types of haemocytes, viz. prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, spherulocytes and oenocytes were morphologically characterized in the haemolymph of larvae, pupae, virgin females and males. Among these, plasmatocytes were dominant followed by granulocytes, prohaemocytes, spherulocytes and oenocytes. Granulocytes showed consistency in numbers in all life cycle stages from first instar larva to adults of males and females of the giant ladybird.

Topic: Agricultural pest management studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Quality Characteristics of Makgeolli according to Fementation agent and Rice Milling Degree

본 연구에서는 발효제 및 쌀의 도정률이 막걸리의 품질특성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 도정률(8,20,50%)을 달리하고 누룩과 입국의 발효제를 달리하여 발효한 막걸리의 품질특성을 살펴보았다. 연구방법은 병행 복발효 방식으로 술빚기를 하여 당화와 발효의 균형을 유지할 수 있도록 하였다. 연구 결과 발효제 및 쌀의 도정 정도를 달리하여 제조한 막걸리의 알코올은 모두 18-19% 정도로, 발효제와 도정 정도와는 큰 관련이 없는 것으로 나타났으며, pH 변화는 누룩과 입국 모두 4-4.1로 차이가 없었다. 총산도는 발효제와 상관없이 도정률이 8%에서 50%로 올라갈수록 낮아지는 추세를 보였다. 유기산 총량은 누룩의 경우 입국보다 2배 정도 높았으며, 8%에서 50%로 올라갈수록 대부분의 유기산 함량이 낮아지는 추세를 보였다. 관능검사의 경우 도정률이 증가할수록 누룩과 입국에서 색과 향미의 기호도가 증가하는 경향을 보였고 맛의 기호도에서는 20%의 도정률에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구 결과 도정률이 20%인 입국으로 막걸리를 제조하였을 때 우수한 품질특성을 갖는 막걸리를 기대할 수 있으며 산업 현장에서 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Topic: Food Quality and Safety Studies
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Performance of diploid anti triploid sugar beet hybrids from the same genetic source

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Topic: Plant Virus Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
China - Can Classroom Observations Measure Improvements in Teaching?

The results in education for all&#13;\n children (REACH) trust fund at the World Bank has funded a&#13;\n pilot of the classroom assessment scoring system (CLASS) in&#13;\n Guangdong, China to test its usefulness as a tool to assess&#13;\n teaching practices. The pilot was also designed to establish&#13;\n a proof of concept for using classroom observations to&#13;\n measure the impact of teacher training and incentivize&#13;\n training providers within an RBF mechanism. In the pilot,&#13;\n the CLASS tool was used to conduct classroom observations of&#13;\n 36 teachers in Guangdong and to assess the strengths and&#13;\n weaknesses of their teaching practices. It sought to test&#13;\n whether this tool could be used to measure teaching&#13;\n practices in the context of China and how to introduce&#13;\n classroom observations into a quality assurance and&#13;\n monitoring and evaluation (QAME) system, as well as&#13;\n exploring how to establish the preconditions for introducing&#13;\n results-based financing (RBF) into China.

Topic: Educational Assessment and Improvement
Subfield: Information Systems and Management
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A 3D Printed Microstrip Patch Antenna using Electrifi Filament for In-Space Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing technology has emerged as a very effective solution in recent times for prototyping complex and conformal radio frequency (RF) circuits due to its inherent features of fast turn-around, custom modeling, easier fabrication, and cost-effective implementation. A commercially available conductive filament, Electrifi has been lately reported by multiple researchers as a potential candidate for replacing traditional copper traces on printed circuit boards using additive manufacturing technologies. Using the fused filament fabrication method of additive manufacturing, this paper presents a 3D-printed microstrip patch antenna based on an improved version of conductive Electrifi filament on a planar TMM4 substrate for space-born applications, such as, 3D-printed satellites, space-suits, and zero gravity experiments etc. which are also very recent interest of NASA. Furthermore, a detailed comparative analysis between a full-wave model and a 3D-printed prototype of the antenna is also presented here. The antenna dimensions have been optimized for an operating frequency of 2.56 GHz in S-band (2 - 4 GHz) for suitable in-space applications.

Topic: Antenna Design and Analysis
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Critique of Michael E. Siegel's Article “Citizenship Education in Five Massachusetts High Schools”

(1978). Critique of Michael E. Siegel's Article “Citizenship Education in Five Massachusetts High Schools”. Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 80-84.

Topic: Educator Training and Historical Pedagogy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
From cooperation to coercion: the relationships between competent authorities under Articles 31, 34 and 37 ECSPR (Arts 31, 34, 37)

Supervision remains a national competence under the ECSP Regulation, but national supervision is superposed to the cross-border provision of crowdfunding services with the application of the home state supervision principle. The provisions examined in this chapter deal with the consequences of these choices. Supervisory cooperation is particularly essential to effective cross-border supervision and such requirements are classically provided in EU financial regulation. This chapter examines the rules that set and operationalize the obligations of cross-border supervisory cooperation to which NCAs are subjected. Where infringements have been identified, specific rules apply. After having alerted their home state counterparts, NCAs can thus take precautionary measures where infringements persist. As guardian of supervisory cooperation, ESMA is entrusted with certain prerogatives, notably to mediate and settle disagreements between NCAs. This chapter also discusses the Member States' notification duties where they implement provisions of Chapter VI of this Regulation in national law.

Topic: Corporate Governance and Law
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Energy Consumption Predication in China Based on the Modified Fractional Grey Prediction Model

China’s increasing energy consumption poses challenges to economy and environment. How to predict the energy consumption accurately and regulate the future energy consumption production is a problem worth studying. In this paper, the fractional order cumulative linear time-varying parameter discrete grey prediction model (FTDGM (1, 1) model) is introduced. Firstly, the data are preprocessed by buffer operators, and then, the FTDGM (1, 1) model is established. In this paper, the parameter estimation method and the specific process of model establishment are presented. Finally, the models of energy consumption in China are built. The advantages and prediction accuracy of the model established in this paper are analyzed, and the data in the following years are effectively predicted, so as to provide theoretical support for the government to formulate reasonable energy policies.

Topic: Grey System Theory Applications
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Does crop insurance attenuate farm financial risk?

Purpose Federally subsidized crop insurance aims to mitigate farm risks of crop producers. A body of literature has examined informational problems under this program. However, few studies empirically link crop insurance participation with farm financial performance. Most use county-level aggregates to argue that crop insurance participation is associated with increased farm financial debt. Using farm-level data, this study provides empirical evidence of crop insurance's effects on farm financial risk. Design/methodology/approach The impact of crop insurance on farm financial risks is assessed using farm-level data from Kansas. The sample consists of at least 1,600 farms each year from 2002 to 2015. Financial risks are measured using the probability of falling into the critical zone of five different financial ratios. The study uses two matching estimators to estimate the causal effects of crop insurance participation on farm financial risks. Several alternative empirical approaches account for unobserved heterogeneity and potential endogeneity. Findings Crop insurance participation has reduced the farm's likelihood of being in the critical liquidity risk by 8%. This result is robust across matching estimators and alternative specifications to account for unobserved heterogeneity and potential endogeneity. Originality/value This is one of the few studies to examine whether crop insurance reduces farm financial risks. This study provides empirical evidence of the extent to which crop insurance enrollment impacts farm financial risks. Findings suggest that crop insurance is critical to maintaining the financial well-being of crop producers, and significantly reduces the likelihood of producers being in a critical liquidity risk.

Topic: Agricultural risk and resilience
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Comparison of the dimeric structure in wild type and mutant SurEs after structural alignment of A chains.

&lt;p&gt;A) Superposition of wild type (orange) and H234A (magenta) dimers using only A chain for structural alignment leaves 31° difference in the orientation of B-subunits. A) is shown in two parts corresponding to A and B chains respectively in B) and C). The encircled regions denote the part of the protomer where the mutant structure has departed from the wild type structure. C, T and L denotes the C-terminal helices (residues 227–253), tetramerization loop (residues 179–210) and loop near active site (residues 39–51) respectively.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Agricultural Practices and Plant Genetics
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Magnetically Responsive Self‐Assembled Composite Materials

Abstract This chapter summarizes the recent advances on the self‐assembled magnetic nanoparticle‐polymer composite materials. This class of composite materials has gained significant attention owing to their unique stimuli‐responsive behavior under internal and external magnetic fields. After a brief introduction of magnetism associated with magnetic materials, we outline the various approaches that have been investigated to synthesize magnetic nanoparticle‐polymer composites with well‐controlled one‐, two‐ and three‐dimensional architectures. This chapter also highlights promising future applications of these composite materials, including magnetic data storage media and nanomedicine (diagnostics, biosensor, and therapeutic agents).

Topic: Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
Subfield: Biomaterials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Family Healthcare Functions in Caring for Diabetic Ulcer Patients

Diabetic ulcers are the most common complication in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic ulcers are full-thickness wounds that frequently occur in specific parts of the body, particularly in the lower extremities. These wounds are a significant concern because they can lead to severe complications, including infections, amputations, and even reduced quality of life if not managed properly. Patients with diabetic ulcers require not only medical attention but also substantial support from their families in daily care and management. The family plays a crucial role in providing therapeutic health care to members suffering from diabetic ulcers. This includes ensuring proper wound care, helping patients adhere to prescribed treatment regimens, monitoring blood glucose levels, and supporting lifestyle changes such as a balanced diet and regular physical activity. However, the extent to which families can perform these roles effectively depends on their knowledge and caregiving abilities. The purpose of this study is to assess the knowledge and abilities of families in caring for family members with diabetic ulcers. This research is a quantitative descriptive study conducted with a sample of 37 respondents, selected using a total sampling technique. The study utilized a questionnaire that had been rigorously tested for validity and reliability to ensure the accuracy of the findings. The results of this study indicate that while the majority of families (59.5%) possess good knowledge about diabetic ulcers and their care, a significant proportion (64.9%) lack the ability to effectively care for family members with this condition. These findings highlight the need for targeted education and training programs to enhance the caregiving skills of families, enabling them to provide better support and improve outcomes for patients with diabetic ulcers.

Topic: Diabetes Management and Education
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Thermolysis and sensitivities of solid propellants using characterized nano oxidizers involving energy performance evaluation

This investigation was devoted to exploring the thermal decomposition and sensitivity characteristics of solid propellants using nano-AN and nano-AP as oxidizers. The morphology, surface elements, and crystal structure of nano-AP and nano-AN were investigated by SEM, BET, EDS, and XRD. DSC and TG-MS were used to investigate the thermal decomposition mechanism of nano-AP and nano-AN solid propellants. The mechanical sensitivity of the different solid propellants containing nano-AN and nano-AP was tested and their energy performance was also evaluated. The results show that the microscopic morphology of nano-AN and nano-AP is network-like with the one-dimensional scale less than 100 nm, and the crystal phases of the two are consistent with the raw AN and raw AP, respectively. The thermal decomposition activation energy of AN/CMDB-4 propellant containing nano-AN is 717.46 kJ/mol, while that of AP/HTPB-6 propellant containing nano-AP is 422.33 kJ/mol. The main decomposition products of AN/CMDB-4 propellant are CO2, N2O, NO, CH2O, CO, N2, H2O, CH4 and H2. The products of CO2, N2O, NO, CH2O, CO, N2, H2O, CH4 and H2 are also generated during the decomposition of AP/HTPB-6 propellant. With the increase of nano-AN and nano-AP in propellants, the mechanical sensitivity of AN/CMDB solid propellant decreases, while that of AP/HTPB solid propellant increases. The theoretical standard specific impulse Isp of AN/CMDB and AP/HTPB propellants are 2439.5 N·s/kg and 2449.3 N·s/kg, respectively. The above conclusions show that nano-AP and nano-AN can improve the thermal decomposition performance and the safety of solid propellants, which are expected to be widely used in solid propellants.

Topic: Energetic Materials and Combustion
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
From Vietnam to Hong Kong : Britain, China and the everyday Cold War, 1965–7

This chapter focuses on British policy and relations with China between 1965 and 1967, a period when the Vietnam War escalated and the radical phase of the Chinese Cultural Revolution was underway. The Cold War encounter between Britain and China appeared insignificant and uneventful: the relationship was not vital to their national interests, and was not characterized by high drama as compared with the Sino–American confrontation. The British diplomatic outpost in Shanghai was particularly vulnerable to Chinese pressure. The radicalism of the Cultural Revolution spilled over into Hong Kong, where left-wing elements exploited an industrial dispute to launch large-scale anti-colonial riots. The Chinese diplomats posted to Western European countries had always felt that they were ‘sitting on a cold bench’ in a hostile Cold War environment.

Topic: Vietnamese History and Culture Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Research on Chilling Requirement and Physiological Mechanism of Prunus mume

Low-temperature plays a vital role in the growth and development of woody plants. In this research, based on the way of artificial low temperature to break dormancy, the Utah model was used to determine the chilling requirements of four early-flowering Prunus mume cultivars, which were widely planted in Henan area of China. At the same time, changes in the carbohydrates, antioxidant enzyme activities, and endogenous hormone contents of the flower buds (FBs) of the above P.mume cultivars were measured during the low-temperature storage process, and the physiological changes of the four cultivars during the low-temperature induction period were explored. The main research conclusions are as follows: (1) The chilling requirements of ‘Gulihong’, ‘Nanjing gongfen’, ‘Zaoyudie’ and ‘Zaohualve’ were 408CU, 396CU, 372CU and 348CU respectively. All the P.mume cultivars belonged to low chilling demand cultivars. The P.mume also bloomed 4 months earlier (2) During the process of releasing dormancy at low temperature, the contents of soluble sugar (SS) in the osmoregulation system of the four Prunus mume cultivars showed an upward trend, while the contents of starch (ST) basically showed an opposite trend with the increase of chilling. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the FBs of each cultivar gradually decreased with the accumulation of cold and maintained at a low level, the peroxidase (POD) activity showed the opposite trend, and the dynamic changes of the catalase (CAT) activity generally showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The content of abscisic acid (ABA) showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing as a whole. The changing trend of gibberellin (GA3) content was similar to that of ABA. In addition, it was found that before dormancy was released, the SS and Pro contents of cultivars with lower chilling requirements and early FB germination were significantly higher than those of other cultivars with higher chilling requirements, and the contents of ST and SP were lower. The cultivars with higher chilling requirement and late flower bud germination had higher ABA content, lower GA3 contents, and their enzyme activities were significantly higher than those of the cultivars with lower chilling requirement. Therefore, the changes in the content of various substances in FBs are related to the amount of cooling required by the cultivar and the sooner or later the FBs germinate, and the changes in their contents can be used as one of the indicators for judging the dormancy process of FBs.

Topic: Plant Physiology and Cultivation Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences