jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Trust in Computers

Research based on the Computers-Are-Social-Actors (CASA) paradigm has documented that people’s responses to computers are fundamentally “social”—that is, people apply social rules, norms, and expectations core to interpersonal relationships when they interact with computers. In light of the CASA paradigm, identifying the conditions that foster or undermine trust in the context of interpersonal communication and relationships may help us better understand the trust dynamics in human-computer communication. This chapter discusses experimental studies grounded in the CASA paradigm that demonstrate how (1) perceived people-computer similarity in personality, (2) manifestation of caring behaviors in computers, and (3) consistency in human/non-human representations of computers affect the extent to which people perceive computers as trustworthy.

Topic: Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
A COMPLEX PROCESS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS- FROM PREDICTION TO IN VIVO EVALUATION

The mechanism of intoxication with organophosphorus compounds, including highly toxic nerve agents, is based on the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase that is followed by an accumulation of acetylcholine at peripheral and central cholinergic synapses, which in turn leads to the clinical manifestation of various signs and symptoms summarized as acute cholinergic crisis. Nerve agent poisoning is commonly treated using a combination of a cholinolytic drug to counteract the accumulation of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors and acetylcholinesterase reactivators (pralidoxime or obidoxime) to reactivate nerve agent-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. There is a strong interest in developing new, more potent acetylcholinesterase reactivators. The development of acetylcholinesterase reactivators consists of several steps: description of nerve agent intoxication mechanism on molecular basis (molecular design), prediction of biologically active structure of acetylcholinesterase reactivators (artificial neural networks), their synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of their potency to counteract acute toxicity of nerve agents.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Stability analysis of a thin film on a rotating cylinder with low airflow

This paper studies the operating conditions of a novel pesticide applicator, by analyzing the stability of a thin film on a rotating horizontal cylinder in the presence of low airflow. The analysis shows that the film is destabilized by the airflow, with a few notable further findings. First, when the airflow coincides with the angular velocity at the underside of the cylinder, the film becomes unstable at smaller wind speeds compared to airflow anti-parallel to the angular velocity. Second, in the absence of surface tension, the thin film model does not have a stable stationary state. The solution settles into an oscillatory state instead. Finally, an analytical solution is presented for the special case where the initial condition is a uniform film thickness. When surface tension is included in this analysis, the temporal terms decay when the stability condition is satisfied. Some of the modes decay very slowly, as confirmed by the multiple time scale analysis.

Topic: Plant Surface Properties and Treatments
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Back to the Basics: Developing Advanced Metal–Organic Frameworks Using Fundamental Chemistry Concepts

Over the past 25 years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have developed into an increasingly intricate class of crystalline porous materials in which the choice of building blocks offers significant control over the physical properties of the resulting material. Despite this complexity, fundamental coordination chemistry design principles provided a strategic basis to design highly stable MOF structures. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of these design strategies and discuss how researchers leverage fundamental chemistry concepts to tune reaction parameters and synthesize highly crystalline MOFs. We then discuss these design principles in the context of several literature examples, highlighting both relevant fundamental chemistry principles and additional design principles required to access stable MOF structures. Finally, we envision how these fundamental concepts may offer access to even more advanced structures with tailored properties as the MOF field looks toward the future.

Topic: Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Homelessness, negative affect, and coping among veterans with gambling problems who misused substances

Compared with other populations with addictions, pathological gamblers have higher levels of negative affect and poor coping. A total of 154 formerly homeless veterans who misused substances were assessed six months after treatment to determine whether those with a gambling problem (N = 22) had more negative affect and poorer coping than those without a gambling problem and whether they were more likely to have unstable housing and employment. The veterans with a gambling problem had significantly higher levels of negative affect and poorer coping but did not differ from the other veterans in housing and employment stability.

Topic: Homelessness and Social Issues
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
High speed geological boundary layer flows

The following work is an investigation of high speed boundary layers in geological flows. In particular, it focuses on meteorite impact structures of the Martian double-layer ejecta (DLE) type and the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980 which was hypothesized to be an underexpanded jet originally by Kieffer. Key questions include: What causes the transition that can be seen in the two blast zones of Mount St. Helens characterized by the blow down pattern of the trees? On the double-ejecta layer craters, what causes the transition from radial grooves to ridges that curve around preexisting obstacles? How does the presence of a boundary influence the overall structure of the external flow fields in the case of an underexpanded jet? What happens when roughness elements are introduced into the flow field? Do they play a role in the development in vortices or can the vortices inherent in the existence of a free underexpanded jet still exist even after the jet reflects off a boundary? &#13;\n&#13;\nExperiments were conducted impacting an underexpanded jet over a plate boundary with and without roughness elements. The plate mounted at various angles and distances. The flow field was investigated using pressure sensitive paint, shear stress sensitive film, and schlieren. Schlieren images show resulting shock interaction with the plate boundary and are compared to the separation of the two blast zones at Mount St. Helens. Pressure sensitive paint and shear stress sensitive films were used to monitor transition locations along the boundary and characterize pressure fluctuations due to roughness elements.&#13;\n&#13;\nResults indicate that the jet and plate boundary interaction produces a structure that is fairly insensitive to plate angle, for small angles. The jet also produced an oblique shock on the plate. This oblique shock was in a location that correlated well with the elevated Mach disk position for the range of pressure ratios investigated. Numerical calculations indicate curvature on Mount St. Helens and the DLE crater Bacolor could be sufficient for the formation of Taylor-Gortler vortices.

Topic: Geological formations and processes
Subfield: Earth-Surface Processes
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Risk Assessment and Planning for Offshore Oil Spill Response Preparedness

Abstract Following the April 2010 Gulf of Mexico (Macondo) oil spill and the Montara incident in Australia, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) formed the Global Industry Response Group. This Group identified nineteen oil spill response recommendations that are being addressed via an Oil Spill Response Joint Industry Project (OSR-JIP) during 2012-2014. The OSR-JIP is managed by IPIECA on behalf of OGP, in recognition of IPIECA’s long-standing experience with oil spill response matters One of the nineteen recommendations concerned the development of an international guideline for offshore oil spill risk assessment and a method to better relate oil spill response resources to that risk. This paper describes the development and content of the guideline, including how the oil spill risk assessment process provides structured and relevant information to oil spill response planning for offshore operations. The process starts by defining the context of the assessment and describing the activity to be assessed. Thereafter it addresses a series of key questions, such as: What can go wrong, leading to potential release of oil?What happens to the spilled oil?What are the impacts on key environmental - both ecological and socio-economic - receptors?What is the risk for environmental damage?How is the established risk utilised in oil spill response planning? The guideline draws on existing good practice in the determination of oil spill response resources. It promotes consideration, in tactical and logistical detail, of the preferred and viable response strategies to address scenarios covering the range of potential oil spills up to the most serious. The methodology to consider the scenarios follows a series of questions: What are the viable techniques/strategies to deliver response with greatest net environment benefit?What are the tactical measures required to implement the identified response strategies, considering technical, practical and safety factors?What Tiered resources are required to mount the tactical measures and achieve effective response? The paper sums up useful tools, key information and the necessary level of detail that are essential to perform an oil spill risk assessment and use this in oil spill response planning.

Topic: Oil Spill Detection and Mitigation
Subfield: Pollution
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Online social networking addiction and depression: The results from a large-scale prospective cohort study in Chinese adolescents

Background and aims The aim of this study is to estimate the longitudinal associations between online social networking addiction (OSNA) and depression, whether OSNA predicts development of depression, and reversely, whether depression predicts development of OSNA. Methods A total of 5,365 students from nine secondary schools in Guangzhou, Southern China were surveyed at baseline in March 2014, and followed up 9 months later. Level of OSNA and depression were measured using the validated OSNA scale and CES-D, respectively. Multilevel logistic regression models were applied to estimate the longitudinal associations between OSNA and depression. Results Adolescents who were depressed but free of OSNA at baseline had 1.48 times more likely to develop OSNA at follow-up compared with those non-depressed at baseline [adjusted OR (AOR): 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14–1.93]. In addition, compared with those who were not depressed during the follow-up period, adolescents who were persistently depressed or emerging depressed during the follow-up period had increased risk of developing OSNA at follow-up (AOR: 3.45, 95% CI: 2.51–4.75 for persistent depression; AOR: 4.47, 95% CI: 3.33–5.99 for emerging depression). Reversely, among those without depression at baseline, adolescents who were classified as persistent OSNA or emerging OSNA had higher risk of developing depression compared with those who were no OSNA (AOR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.01–2.69 for persistent OSNA; AOR: 4.29; 95% CI: 3.17–5.81 for emerging OSNA). Conclusion The findings indicate a bidirectional association between OSNA and depression, meaning that addictive online social networking use is accompanied by increased level of depressive symptoms.

Topic: Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Damage Coupled Viscoplastic Modeling of Particulate Composites With Imperfect Interphase

Abstract A micromechanical damage model is proposed to predict the overall viscoplastic behavior and damage evolution in particulate polymer composites with imperfect interfacial bonds. The constituents are treated as three distinct phases, consisting of agglomerate of particles, bulk matrix, and interfacial transition zone around the agglomerate. The influence of the interfacial transition zone on the overall mechanical behavior of composites is studied analytically and experimentally. Test data on particle‐filled acrylic composites with three different interfacial properties are presented. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the matrix and the filler particles is also introduced into the model. A damage evolution function based on irreversible thermodynamics is also introduced into the constitutive model to describe the degradation of the composite. The efficient general return‐mapping algorithm is exploited to implement the proposed unified damage‐coupled viscoplastic model into finite element formulation. Furthermore, the model predictions for uniaxial loading conditions are compared with the experimental data. Both the experimental results and analytical prediction show that interfacial conditions have great influence on the elastic properties of particle‐filled acrylic composites.

Topic: Composite Material Mechanics
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
CIHR’s face-to-face about-face

Repudiating recommendations from two expert working groups, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) is abandoning a set of controversial peer-review reforms adopted two years ago. Those reforms radically reduced face-to-face panels, which enabled discussion among scientists who were

Topic: Health and Medical Research Impacts
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Alpha-1,4-transglycosylation Activity of GH57 Glycogen Branching Enzymes Is Higher in the Absence of a Flexible Loop with a Conserved Tyrosine Residue

Starch-like polymers can be created through the use of enzymatic modification with glycogen branching enzymes (GBEs). GBEs are categorized in the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 13 and 57. Both GH13 and GH57 GBEs exhibit branching and hydrolytic activity. While GH13 GBEs are also capable of α-1,4-transglycosylation, it is yet unknown whether GH57 share this capability. Among the four crystal structures of GH57 GBEs that have been solved, a flexible loop with a conserved tyrosine was identified to play a role in the branching activity. However, it remains unclear whether this flexible loop is also involved in α-1,4-transglycosylation activity. We hypothesize that GH57 GBEs with the flexible loop and tyrosine are also capable of α-1,4-transglycosylation, similar to GH13 GBEs. The aim of the present study was to characterize the activity of GH57 GBEs to investigate a possible α-1,4-transglycosylation activity. Three GH57 GBEs were selected, one from Thermococcus kodakarensis with the flexible loop and two beta-strands; one from Thermotoga maritima, missing the flexible loop and beta-strands; and one from Meiothermus sp., missing the flexible loop but with the two beta-strands. The analysis of chain length distribution over time of modified maltooctadecaose, revealed, for the first time, that all three GH57 GBEs can generate chains longer than the substrate itself, showing that α-1,4-transglycosylation activity is generally present in GH57 GBEs.

Topic: Enzyme Production and Characterization
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
THE NATURE OF IMMUNITY AGAINST SCRUB TYPHUS IN MICE II. THE CROSS-PROTECTION TEST WITH MICE FOR IDENTIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF SEVERAL STRAINS OF RICKETTSIA ORIENTALIS NEWLY ISOLATED IN JAPAN

The antigenical differences among several strains of Rickettsia orientalis have already been reported by many workers. At first, Bengtson (1945, 1946) differentiated Karp (New Guinea), Seerangayee (Malaya), and Gilliam (Burma) strains of Rickettsia orientalis by complement fixation, and later Philip (1947) observed that sera of patients of tsutsugamushi disease in Japan could be divided into two different types (Karp and Gilliam types) by complement fixation reaction. On the other hand, Bell et al. (1946), Bennett et al. (1949), and Fox (1949) demonstrated independently the heterogeneity of several strains by cross-neutralization test, and similar results were obtained by Right et al. (1948) in their cross-vaccination studies. By these findings, the causative agent is usually identified by demonstrating resistance of convalescent animals to approximately 100 LD50 of a known strain of scrub typhus, because subcutaneous inoculation of the agent into animals induces an inapparent infection which is followed by immunity, and the resistance of convalescent animals to reinfection is found to be almost common among all strains so far tested.But in the protection test, there has been left a criticism that the resistance of convalescent animals might be explained just as reasonably as a manifestation of interference phenomenon (Fox, 1949) .In the previous report (Shishido et al., 1958), it was analysed that the resistance of mice surviving subcutaneous infection of Rickettsia orientalis (Kato strain) to reinfection of the same agent was caused by immunity acquired by the initial infection, although such immunized mice could maintain a nonspecific resistance (interference) to superinfection of a heterologous rickettsia (Rickettsia mooseri) and a virus (Meningopneumonitis virus) .The present paper deals with the results of cross-protection tests among many strains suspected by us as Rickettsia orientalis on the criteria of morphological characters and general properties of the agents. Most of these strains were recently isolated from field rodents trapped at many different areas of Japan for the epidemiological studies of scrub typhus in Japan designed by Dr. Tamiya et al. (1955, 1956, 1957, 1958) . At the same time, a strain, which was isolated from a rodent trapped in Hokkaido, an island located in the north-eastern part of Japan and to which the name of Rickettsia tamiyai was proposed by Kawamura (1954a, 1954b), was tested in comparsion with those newly isolated strains. From the present results, the authors concluded that all strains including Rickettsia tamiyai were to be identified as Rickettsia orientalis, although a minor difference was observed in some strains.

Topic: Vector-borne infectious diseases
Subfield: Parasitology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Price volatility, trading volume, and market depth in Asian commodity futures exchanges

This paper empirically investigates the impact of trading activity including trading volume and open interest on price volatility in Asian futures exchanges. Trading volume and open interest represent market information for investors. This study uses three different definitions of volatility: (1) daily volatility measured by close-to-close returns, (2) non-trading volatility measured by close-to-open returns, and (3) trading volatility measured by open-to-close returns. The impact of trading volume and open interest on price volatility is investigated. Following Bessembinder and Seguin (1993), volume and open interest are divided into expected and unexpected components. The GARCH (1,1) model is employed using expected and unexpected components of trading activity (volume and open interest) as explanatory variables. The results show a positive contemporaneous relationship between expected and unexpected trading volume and volatility, while open interest mitigates volatility. Policy makers can use these findings to suggest to investors that trading activity (volume and open interest) is a proxy of market information flowing to exchanges, especially unexpected trading activity. New information flowing to exchanges can mostly be noticed in unexpected trading volumes and open interests.

Topic: Market Dynamics and Volatility
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Voltage sag compensation of point of common coupling for low voltage ride-through enhancment of inverter interfaced DG using bridge type FCL

Fully converter wind turbines and solar power utilisean inverter to connect to grid. The inverters are vulnerable tovoltage sag in their terminal due to its damaging effect onsemiconductor self-turnoff switches. In this paper, a bridge-typefault current limiter (B-FCL) is proposed for low voltage ridethrough(LVRT) of the inverters during different types of faultwith simple control system. The proposed B-FCL is capable tocompensate the voltage sag in point of common coupling (PCC)and makes a safe condition not only for the inverter but also forany equipment which has been connected to the PCC in thepower system. The B-FCL does not affect the normal operationof the inverter. Whenever the fault happens, a limiting resistorenters to the line current pass and decreases the fault current.As a result, the voltage sag on the PCC is mitigated due tolimiting the fault current. The proposed B-FCL improves LVRTcapability of the inverter, which does not require to changing itscontrol method to ride through the low voltage. Furthermore,the DC input voltage of the inverter will not increase due toconsuming the excessive active power by the limiting resistanceof the B-FCL. PSCAD/EMTDC software is utilised to show theappropriate performance of the B-FCL during the symmetricaland asymmetrical grid faults through simulation results.

Topic: Multilevel Inverters and Converters
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Punhaarambh and the New Global Citizen

Through the concept of Punhaarambh, which means to start again, rewrite, or reinterpret, this concluding chapter examines how we need to reinterpret our understanding of what it is to be a global citizen, and how internationalised education needs to be rewritten to embrace sustainability in a concrete and applied fashion for both the highest and the common good. To encourage development of the new global citizenship, higher education embraces internationalisation as a product of transnational and transcultural knowledge exchange in which learners and educators are in dialogue, both in research, and in teaching and learning. The new global citizen will be informed and engaged, culturally competent, and committed to sustainability, to social justice as well as cultural (in all its senses) diversity, and to engagement with nature.

Topic: Global Education and Multiculturalism
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences