jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Diffusion-Induced Chaos in Reaction Systems

A turbulent state in a distributed chemical reaction system is studied theoretically. The chaotic behavior here is basically due to the unstable growth of a spatial inhomogeneity taking place in an oscillating medium. It is argued that phase turbulence and amplitude turbulence have to be discriminated from each other according to their distinct origins. Two prototype equations describing respective types of turbulence are derived by means of some asymptotic methods, and their solutions turn out toe exhibit successive bifurcations. It is found that the phase turbulence arises essentially from the interaction among a few unstable phase modes, while the amplitude turbulence may well appear in the presence of only one unstable mode with is a mixed mode of the phase and amplitude. In particular, some similarity of the amplitude turbulence to the Lorenz chaos is pointed out. Throughout the present paper, the chaotic behavior is discucssed in connection with spatial pattern, so that no discrete approximations, such as a box-model or mode-truncation, are employed.

Topic: Nonlinear Dynamics and Pattern Formation
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Inverse Design of 3D Multistage Transonic Fans at Dual Operating Points

Semi-inverse design is the automatic recambering of an aerofoil during a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation in order to achieve a target lift distribution while maintaining thickness, hence, “semi-inverse.” In this design method, the streamwise distribution of curvature is replaced by a streamwise distribution of lift. The authors have developed an inverse design code based on the method of Hield (2008, “Semi-Inverse Design Applied to an Eight Stage Transonic Axial Flow Compressor,” ASME Paper No. GT2008-50430), which can rapidly design three-dimensional fan blades in a multistage environment. The algorithm uses an inner loop to design to radially varying target lift distributions, an outer loop to achieve radial distributions of stage pressure ratio and exit flow angle, and a choked nozzle to set design mass flow. The code is easily wrapped around any CFD solver. In this paper, we describe a novel algorithm for designing simultaneously for specified performance at full speed and peak efficiency at part speed, without trade-offs between the targets at each of the two operating points. We also introduce a novel adaptive target lift distribution, which automatically develops discontinuous changes of calculated magnitude, based on the passage shock, eliminating erroneous lift demands in the shock vicinity and maintaining a smooth aerofoil.

Topic: Computational Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
HREF: Human Response-Guided Evaluation of Instruction Following in Language Models

Evaluating the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) in following instructions has heavily relied on a powerful LLM as the judge, introducing unresolved biases that deviate the judgments from human judges. In this work, we reevaluate various choices for automatic evaluation on a wide range of instruction-following tasks. We experiment with methods that leverage human-written responses and observe that they enhance the reliability of automatic evaluations across a wide range of tasks, resulting in up to a 3.2% improvement in agreement with human judges. We also discovered that human-written responses offer an orthogonal perspective to model-generated responses in following instructions and should be used as an additional context when comparing model responses. Based on these observations, we develop a new evaluation benchmark, Human Response-Guided Evaluation of Instruction Following (HREF), comprising 4,258 samples across 11 task categories with a composite evaluation setup, employing a composite evaluation setup that selects the most reliable method for each category. In addition to providing reliable evaluation, HREF emphasizes individual task performance and is free from contamination. Finally, we study the impact of key design choices in HREF, including the size of the evaluation set, the judge model, the baseline model, and the prompt template. We host a live leaderboard that evaluates LLMs on the private evaluation set of HREF.

Topic: Natural Language Processing Techniques
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A comprehensive collection of annotations to interpret sequence variation in human mitochondrial transfer RNAs

Abstract Background The abundance of biological data characterizing the genomics era is contributing to a comprehensive understanding of human mitochondrial genetics. Nevertheless, many aspects are still unclear, specifically about the variability of the 22 human mitochondrial transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and their involvement in diseases. The complex enrichment and isolation of tRNAs in vitro leads to an incomplete knowledge of their post-transcriptional modifications and three-dimensional folding, essential for correct tRNA functioning. An accurate annotation of mitochondrial tRNA variants would be definitely useful and appreciated by mitochondrial researchers and clinicians since the most of bioinformatics tools for variant annotation and prioritization available so far cannot shed light on the functional role of tRNA variations. Results To this aim, we updated our MToolBox pipeline for mitochondrial DNA analysis of high throughput and Sanger sequencing data by integrating tRNA variant annotations in order to identify and characterize relevant variants not only in protein coding regions, but also in tRNA genes. The annotation step in the pipeline now provides detailed information for variants mapping onto the 22 mitochondrial tRNAs. For each mt-tRNA position along the entire genome, the relative tRNA numbering, tRNA type, cloverleaf secondary domains (loops and stems), mature nucleotide and interactions in the three-dimensional folding were reported. Moreover, pathogenicity predictions for tRNA and rRNA variants were retrieved from the literature and integrated within the annotations provided by MToolBox, both in the stand-alone version and web-based tool at the Mitochondrial Disease Sequence Data Resource (MSeqDR) website. All the information available in the annotation step of MToolBox were exploited to generate custom tracks which can be displayed in the GBrowse instance at MSeqDR website. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, specific data regarding mitochondrial variants in tRNA genes were introduced for the first time in a tool for mitochondrial genome analysis, supporting the interpretation of genetic variants in specific genomic contexts.

Topic: Genetic and Environmental Crop Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
[Genetics of primary biliary cirrhosis].

The primary biliary cirrhosis is a chronic cholestatic liver disease, which is characterised by non-suppurative destruction of interlobular bile ducts. The precise etiopathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis remains unknown. Evidence suggest that genetic and environmental factors seem to be important. It shows strong heritability according to familial occurrence and monozygotic twins concordance. There is an increase in the degree of monosomy of the X chromosome in female subjects with PBC. There is an association with HLA-DR8 (DR1*08) antigen at least in some populations. Correlation the PBC with polymorphisms of HLA class I, II, III alleles, genes encoding for molecules influencing immune tolerance, apoptosis, cytokine expression, will require additional studies.

Topic: Liver Diseases and Immunity
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Optimum Seeding Date and Seeding Density for Winter-Seeding Cultivation of Winter Wheat in Iwate

岩手県におけるコムギ秋播栽培において，水稲などの前作物との秋作業の競合を解消するため，秋播性コムギを根雪前に播種する冬期播種栽培について検討し，最適な播種期と最適な播種量を明らかにした．秋播性品種「ナンブコムギ」を用い，2000年から2002年の10月上旬から11月上旬に播種期を旬ごとに変えて出芽までの日数を調べたところ，播種後の 0℃以上の積算平均気温が 95～115℃になった時点で出芽した．このため，播種が早くて播種日から根雪始めまでの積算平均気温が95℃より高いと根雪前や雪中で出芽し，凍上害の危険が高くなった．逆に，12月上旬から12月下旬のように播種が遅く越冬後に出芽する場合では，出芽個体率が高く，正常に出穂，成熟した．このことから，冬期播種栽培の岩手県における播種適期は，根雪前や雪中で出芽することのない 12月上旬から12月下旬とすることが適当と考えられた．冬期播種栽培は，10月上旬播種の慣行秋播栽培と比較して地上部の生育量は小さくなるものの，穂数は多く，倒伏が少なく，子実収量は 379 g/m2 で慣行秋播栽培対比 95％となった．冬期播種栽培で得られた子実の外観品質は慣行秋播栽培とほぼ同等で，子実の粗タンパク質含有率は 14.4％と 1.4ポイント慣行秋播栽培のものよりも高まった．播種量を増やすと穂数は直線的に増加し，それに伴い子実収量も増加し，350粒/m2 前後で最大となった．

Topic: Wheat and Barley Genetics and Pathology
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Belt and Road Initiative and Globalization: The Perspective of Globalization-Constituting Theory

- Because the Belt and Road Initiative was proposed by only one country—China, most of previous studies have adopted a state-centered economic perspective to understand it. However, this perspective is inadequate to grasp this project that is designed to involve actors other than nation-states in at least 60 countries. This paper tries to comprehend the Initiative from the globalization perspective. After proposing a globalization-constituting theory, this paper argues that the Belt and Road Initiative should be considered as part of the globalization-constituting process, because even though it is launched mainly by China, the Belt and Road Initiative has global relevance and involves multiple agents at multiple levels, and its contents are consistent with the structural tendencies of the globalization process. Furthermore, the Belt and Road Initiative implies a realistic approach to globalization, which would lead to a better globalization.

Topic: Global trade and economics
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Noise-Aware Intermediary Fusion Network for Off-Road Freespace Detection

Freespace detection holds a crucial role in autonomous driving technology, particularly in unstructured offroad scenarios that present additional challenges compared to structured road environments. Multimodal fusion methods are widely recognized as effective strategies for addressing these challenges. However, current fusion methods often overlook the critical issue of noise interference in multimodal data. To address this issue, we propose a novel Noise-Aware Intermediary Fusion Network for off-road freespace detection, named NAIFNet. This framework is specifically designed to mitigate noise interference during multimodal fusion. The key component of NAIFNet is the Noise-Aware Intermediary Interaction (NAII) module, which incorporates a denoising template as an intermediary during the fusion process. The NAII module employs multimodal features as query vectors, while the key and value vectors are derived from the search region features of the denoising template. At the same time, noise-aware interaction ensures effective denoising for data in each modality. Furthermore, in the decoding phase, we introduce the Denoising-Guided Decoder (DGD). Leveraging the denoising template, this decoder achieves more precise feature restoration and effectively mitigates the impact of noise. Extensive experiments on the popular benchmark of the offroad freespace detection dataset (ORFD) demonstrate that the proposed NAIFNet achieves state-of-the-art performance.

Topic: Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Optimizing lingual directed adeno-associated virus (AAV) therapy in a<i>Gaa<sup>-/-</sup></i>rat model of Pompe disease

Pompe disease is a recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme acid α-glucosidase (GAA). Excessive glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle and motoneurons leads to motor unit dysfunction and weakness. Humans with Pompe disease commonly develop macroglossia and severe lingual motor problems. Dysphagia with secondary aspiration, pneumonias, and obstructive sleep apnea are common. The only approved treatment for Pompe disease is human recombinant GAA enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) which has a short half-life and does not cross the blood brain barrier. The ability of AAV to drive gene expression throughout the body makes it an attractive alternative to ERT. We have previously shown that AAV serotype 9 (AAV9) encoding GAA can effectively drive GAA expression in tongue myofibers and hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons following a single lingual injection in the Gaa -/- mouse model of Pompe disease. In preliminary experiments we extended this observation to a larger murine model, the Gaa -/- rat. The anterior and posterior portions of the tongue in 4-month-old female Gaa -/- rats (n=3) were injected with 100µL rAAV9-Des-hGAA (1.55x10 12 vector genomes (vg)) split into 50μL delivered to both the anterior and posterior portions of the tongue. Tissues were harvested 2-months later and GAA expression was immunohistochemically verified in XII motoneurons. However, relatively few XII motoneurons were found to express GAA. In ongoing studies, we are testing strategies to optimize the AAV delivery approach to increase XII motoneuron GAA expression. 6-mo old female Gaa -/- rats have received a lingual injection with an increased dose of AAV9-Des-hGAA (100μL, 1x10 13 vg) delivered identically with 50 µL delivered to both the anterior and poster portions of the tongue. An additional group of rats will receive an immunosuppression regimen using an anti-CD20 antibody delivered twice in two week increments prior to lingual AAV treatment and then again 2-weeks post injection. We hypothesize that the higher AAV dose coupled with immunomodulation will enable a greater portion of the XII motor nucleus to express the transgene. Based on our initial results, we conclude that a single lingual injection of AAV9-Des-hGAA can drive GAA expression in XII motoneurons in the Gaa -/- rat model of Pompe disease but optimization of this method is needed to improve efficacy to enable clinical translation. R01HD052682 (DDF and BJB), T32HG008958 (ESB), K99NS133388-01A1 (SR) This abstract was presented at the American Physiology Summit 2025 and is only available in HTML format. There is no downloadable file or PDF version. The Physiology editorial board was not involved in the peer review process.

Topic: Cytomegalovirus and herpesvirus research
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ANALISIS KEBERLANJUTAN USAHATANI HORTIKULTURA SAYURAN PADA LAHAN BERLERENG DI HULU DAS JENEBERANG, SULAWESI SELATAN

&#x0D; &#x0D; This study aimed to analyse the sustainability of vegetables horticultural farming on sloping land in the upstream Jeneberang watershed based on the index evaluation and the status of sustainability by Rap-farm method using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS).Results of ordination technique analysis Rap-farm method of MDS showed that index of vegetables horticultural farming sustainability ranged from 32.19-62.53. Dimension of ecological, economical, institutional, and technological included into sustainable enough category, while social dimension, included into less sustainable category in vegetables horticultural farming systems.Results of leverage Rap-farm analysis showed that from 43 attributes that were analyzed, there were 23 sensitive attributes that affected into the sustainability of vegetables horticultural farming systems in the upstream of Jeneberang watershed.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Topic: Agricultural Development and Management
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Development of a Pulsed Slowing-Down-Time Benchmark of Neutron Thermalization in Graphite

Graphite is a classic neutronic material that has been used as both a reactor reflector and moderator in various nuclear reactor systems. The ability to accurately predict the slowing down and thermalization of neutrons in graphite can have significant implications on the safety and operation of such reactor systems. In reactors, the neutron thermalization process is quantified using the thermal scattering law (TSL) and related cross sections for a given moderator. An ideal approach to assess the validity of TSL data is using benchmark measurement based on the pulsed Slowing-Down-Time technique and its comparison with the appropriate graphite nuclear library. In this work, experimental measurement and computational Monte Carlo simulations were performed to benchmark the slowing down characteristics and thermalization of neutrons in nuclear (reactor-grade) graphite. Given the density of graphite, various graphite libraries were selected for the benchmark analysis.

Topic: Graphite, nuclear technology, radiation studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Changes of synapsin I expression and synaptic ultrastructure in hippocampus of the rat models of epilepsy

Objective To illuminate relationships between epilepsy and functional and morphologic plasticity of synapse through investigating temporal-spatial expression of syanpsinⅠand the alteration of synaptic ultrastructure in hippocampus after seizure. Methods The models of epilepsy were established by injection of pilocarpine and lithium. Electromicroscope and the software of image manipulation were applied to observe the alteration of synaptic ultrastructure in hippocampus during acute phase, resting phase and chronic phase. The expressions of synapsinⅠ were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results The expression of synapsinⅠin every subfield of hippocampus decreased at 3 h after induction of seizure, reached the peak at 6 h and 12 h, which was significantly different from the control ( P0.05～0.01), and returned to normal level in most of the regions at 24 h and lasted for 60 d. There was no change of postsynaptic density (PSD) and the numerical density per unit volume of synapses (Nv) 3 h after induction of seizure. The PSD increased and the Nv decreased at 6 h. The PSD returned to normal level from 7 d to 30 d, while Nv heightened.Conclusions During acute phase, high-expression of synapsin I and expansion of PSD may be related to the maintenance of SE. Normal expression of synapsin I and normal PSD is one of the reasons for seizure-free at resting phase. High level of Nv is substantial basis of spontaneous seizures at chronic phase.

Topic: Machine Learning in Bioinformatics
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The American Nurses' Association's position statement on nursing and social policy: philosophical and ethical dimensions

This article analyses the American Nurses' Association's position statement on nursing and social policy. Specifically, its purpose is to highlight three themes suggested within the position statement: nursing as duty, nursing as moral art and nursing as autonomous profession. Questions are raised about the nature and significance of these themes as they relate to philosophical and ethical dimensions within nursing.

Topic: Nursing Education, Practice, and Leadership
Subfield: Issues, ethics and legal aspects
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
"GREEN" ENERGY IN THE CONTEXT OF THREATS TO ECONOMIC AND NATIONAL SECURITY

У статті проаналізовано причини стрімкого розвитку "зеленої" енергетики в Україні та її впливу на енергетичну галузь, економіку країни та національну безпеку вцілому. Серед основних причин автори виділяють інвестиційну привабливість у вигляді "зеленого" тарифу, який є одним із найвищих у Європі та світі. Автори доводять необхідність реструктуризації "зелених" тарифів, оскільки щорічно зростають виплати "зеленим" інвесторам. Крім того, через зростання "зеленої" генерації та функціонуючої схеми оптового ринку електроенергії в Україні скорочується традиційна генерація (гідро- та атомна), що в свою чергу може призвести до зростання цін на електроенергію для споживачів. Автори зазначають, що низка заборгованостей учасників оптового ринку електроенергії (НАЕК "Енергоатом", ПрАТ "Укргідроенерго", ДП "Гарантований покупець", НЕК "Укренерго") один перед одним ставить під загрозу стабільну безпечну роботу Об'єднаної енергетичної системи (ОЕС) України та виконання гравців ринку електроенергії своїх зобов'язань перед державою, працівниками, кредиторами (у т.ч. державними банками) та контрагентами. В статті обгрунтовано необхідність резервів маневреної потужності. Автори відмічають, що розвиток "зеленої" енергетики відбувається без урахування реальних потреб ОЕС України у додаткових генеруючих потужностях, що може призвести до дестабілізації функціонування енергосистеми країни й аварійних ситуацій. Автори наголошують на необхідності проведення більш жорсткої політики в енергетичній сфері стосовно гравців на ринку відновлюваної енергетики.

Topic: Global Energy Security and Policy
Subfield: General Energy
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
AGGREGATION OF OPINIONS FOR SYSTEM SELECTION USING APPROXIMATIONS OF FUZZY NUMBERS

<strong>Applied Mathematics and Sciences: An International Journal (MathSJ)</strong><br> <strong>ISSN : 2349 - 6223</strong> D. Stephen Dinagar1, K.Jivagan2, 1,2PG and Research Department of Mathematics, T.B.M.L. College, Porayar <strong>ABSTRACT</strong> In this article we assume that experts express their view points by way of approximation of Triangular fuzzy numbers. We take the help of fuzzy set theory concept to model the situation and present a method to aggregate these approximations of triangular fuzzy numbers to obtain an overall approximation of triangular fuzzy number for each system and then linear ordering done before the best system is chosen. A comparison has been made betweenapproximation of triangular fuzzy systems and the corresponding fuzzy triangular numbers systems. The notions like fuzziness and ambiguity for the approximation of triangular fuzzy numbers are also found. <strong>Keywords :</strong> Approximations ofTriangular fuzzy numbers, similarity of fuzzy numbers, Relative similarity degree. <strong>Original Source URL</strong>: http://airccse.com/mathsj/papers/1214mathsj06.pdf<br> <strong>For More Details Visiy:</strong> http://airccse.com/mathsj/index.html<br>

Topic: Engineering Diagnostics and Reliability
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Using multiple sources of characters to delimit species in the genus<i>Crataegus</i>(Rosaceae): the case of the<i>Crataegus rosei</i>complex

The aim of this study was to delimit the taxa of the Crataegus rosei complex using an integrative approach that incorporates a suite of molecular (cpDNA and nuclear microsatellite markers), morphological, and geometric morphometric characters. One hundred and ten plants from 19 populations that encompass the entire distribution range of the species complex were collected and examined along with herbarium specimens. Parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses were run using morphological, molecular, and both the morphological and molecular data sets combined. Analyses to determine genetic structure based on microsatellite data and multivariate analyses incorporating geometric morphometrics were also done to identify differences in leaf shape. The results supported the recognition of two taxa: C. rosei with high levels of gene flow among its populations, remarkable morphological variation and a wide distribution range and C. rosei var. amoena, composed of a few isolated populations in the high elevation location of Cerro Potosí; a new specific epithet will be decided for the latter in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.

Topic: Botanical Studies and Applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences