jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Natural(ly) men: masculinity and gendered anti-ageing practices in Finland and the USA

ABSTRACT The neo-liberal ideologies that point to individual responsibility for risks increasingly influence countries of the global North. The anti-ageing industry reflects this dictate and encourages middle-aged people to use their products and services to manage their ageing. However, given the negative connotations attached to the term ‘anti-ageing’, which is usually seen to focus on aesthetics and thus be a woman's concern, men may be likely to disavow being involved in such activities. The article uses interview data collected from men aged 42–70 from Finland and the United States of America to explore whether and how men adhere to the call to manage their ageing when such anti-ageing activities are seen to be potentially feminising. We find that these men reflected neo-liberalism in the sense that they felt that, although ageing cannot be prevented, it can be controlled. Also while they generally rejected anti-ageing products and services that they judged to affect aesthetics, they reported that they use those that they define as promoting health and performance instead. For them, masculinity is the instrumental focus on performance to the exclusion of beauty or attractiveness. Masculine anti-ageing bodily strategies must also be ‘natural’, involving hard work rather than the use of products, which they regard as never having been scientifically proven to enhance performance. Thus, in talk of their anti-ageing, men distance themselves from women.

Topic: Aging and Gerontology Research
Subfield: Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The costs of believing emotions are uncontrollable: Youthsâ implicit theories of emotion predict emotion regulation and depressive symptoms

As humans, we have a unique capacity to theorize about our experiences, including our emotions. We develop implicit theories about the nature of emotions, and these beliefs are consequential, guiding whether and how we try to influence our emotions and how we feel as a consequence. One fundamental belief about emotions concerns whether emotions are relatively controllable or uncontrollable. I propose that believing emotions are uncontrollable (entity beliefs) should reduce individualsâ use of emotion regulation strategies that could help them change their emotional experiences (e.g., cognitive reappraisal). This, in turn, could negatively influence psychological health (e.g., depressive symptoms). This model holds particular relevance during youth, when beliefs about emotions first develop and stabilize and when maladaptive beliefs could contribute to the rising depression rates that characterize adolescence. In the present investigation, a pilot diary study (N=223, aged 21-60) demonstrated that individualsâ entity beliefs predicted less use of cognitive reappraisal in everyday life. Then, two studies examined whether entity beliefs set youths on a maladaptive trajectory: In a cross-sectional study (N=136, aged 14-18), youths with stronger entity beliefs experienced more depressive symptoms because they used reappraisal less frequently. This pattern was replicated and extended in a longitudinal study (N=227, aged 10-18), where depressive symptoms were assessed using youth and parent reports 18 months after assessing beliefs. These results suggest that entity beliefs about emotion are risk factors for depression that act via emotion regulation. Because beliefs are still developing in youths, targeting youthsâ beliefs represents an important avenue for prevention and intervention.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Modeling Meteoroid Impacts on the Juno Spacecraft

Abstract Events which meet certain criteria from star-tracker images on board the Juno spacecraft have been proposed to be due to interplanetary dust particle impacts on its solar arrays. These events have been suggested to be caused by particles with diameters larger than 10 μ m. Here, we compare the reported event rates to expected dust-impact rates using dynamical meteoroid models for the four most abundant meteoroid/dust populations in the inner solar system. We find that the dust-impact rates predicted by dynamical meteoroid models are not compatible with either the Juno observations in terms of the number of star-tracker events per day, or with the variations of dust flux on Juno’s solar panels with time and position in the solar system. For example, the rate of star-tracker events on Juno’s antisunward surfaces is the largest during a period in which Juno is expected to experience the peak impact fluxes on the opposite, sunward hemisphere. We also investigate the hypothesis of dust leaving the Martian Hill sphere originating either from the surface of Mars itself or from one of its moons. We do not find such a hypothetical source to be able to reproduce the star-tracker event-rate variations observed by Juno. We conclude that the star-tracker events observed by Juno are unlikely to be the result of instantaneous impacts from the zodiacal cloud.

Topic: Astro and Planetary Science
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Reviewer #3 (Public Review): Revealing unexpected complex encoding but simple decoding mechanisms in motor cortex via separating behaviorally relevant neural signals

In motor cortex, behaviorally-relevant neural responses are entangled with irrelevant signals, which complicates the study of encoding and decoding mechanisms. It remains unclear whether behaviorally-irrelevant signals could conceal some critical truth. One solution is to accurately separate behaviorally-relevant and irrelevant signals, but this approach remains elusive due to the unknown ground truth of behaviorally-relevant signals. Therefore, we propose a framework to define, extract, and validate behaviorally-relevant signals. Analyzing separated signals in three monkeys performing different reaching tasks, we found neural responses previously considered useless encode rich behavioral information in complex nonlinear ways. These responses are critical for neuronal redundancy and reveal movement behaviors occupy a higher-dimensional neural space than previously expected. Surprisingly, when incorporating often-ignored neural dimensions, behavioral information can be decoded linearly as accurately as nonlinear decoding, suggesting linear readout is performed in motor cortex. Our findings prompt that separating behaviorally-relevant signals may help uncover more hidden cortical mechanisms.

Topic: Neural dynamics and brain function
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Assessment of carotid artery stenosis using pulse wave transit time

Summary A prospective study has been undertaken on 24 patients to establish the relationship between the degree of internal carotid artery stenosis, as estimated by arteriography, and the pulse wave transit time in the carotid artery. The technique involves the simultaneous use of two continuous wave Doppler velocimeters, one on the carotid and one on the supraorbital artery, to measure the flow waves and hence deduce the pulse wave transit times. The measured transit times varied from 17 to 124 ms with a beat-to-beat variation of 11 per cent. The absolute transit time in any segment correlated moderately well with the estimated degree of stenosis (r = 0.68, P &amp;lt; 0.001). However, normalization of the transit times, to correct for the effects of blood pressure and age, produced an improved correlation between the variables (r = 0.8, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Normalization was achieved by dividing the common carotid to supraorbital transit time by the shortest transit time found between the common carotid and either the superficial temporal or brachial arteries. Significant differences in the normalized transit times were found between arteries that were diametrically stenosed by more than 50 per cent, by between 21 and 50 per cent and by 20 per cent or below. It is concluded that pulse wave transit time measurement can provide a simple and reproducible non-invasive technique for the diagnosis of varying degrees of carotid artery stenosis.

Topic: Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Preliminary report of molecular detection of retinoblastoma gene mutations.

To develop gene diagnosis for retinoblastoma predisposition, it is necessary to disclose the retinoblastoma gene mutations or deletions in detail. Genomic DNA from tumor and peripheral white blood cells in 33 patients with retinoblastoma was detected with 3.8kb probe derived from 3' end of retinoblastoma gene cDNA. The gene abnormalities, including deletion, partial deletion and rearrangement, were found in 18 patients. Further research will be aimed at microdeletions or mutations for those patients without detectable variations in Southern hybridization.

Topic: Ocular Oncology and Treatments
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Extended Optical Disk of M101

We have used deep, wide-field optical imaging to study the faint outskirts of the luminous spiral galaxy M101 (NGC 5457), as well as its surrounding environment. Over six square degrees, our imaging has a limiting surface brightness of mu_B ~ 29.5 mag/arcsec^2, and has revealed the stellar structure of M101's disk out to nearly 25 arcminutes (50 kpc), three times our measured R25 isophotal size of the optical disk. At these radii, the well-known asymmetry of the inner disk slews 180 degrees, resulting in an asymmetric plume of light at large radius which follows the very extended HI disk to the northeast of M101. This plume has very blue colors (B-V ~ 0.2), suggesting it is the somewhat more evolved (few hundred Myr to ~ 1 Gyr) counterpart of the young far ultraviolet emitting population traced by GALEX imaging. We also detect another, redder spur of extended light to the east of the disk, and both structures are reminiscent of features produced during fly-by galaxy interactions. However, we see no evidence of very extended tidal tails around M101 or any of its companions which might be expected from a recent encounter with a massive companion. We consider the properties of M101's outer disk in light of possible past interactions with the nearby companion galaxies NGC 5477 and NGC 5474. The detection of optical starlight at such large radii gives us the ability to study star formation histories and stellar populations in outer disks over a longer timescales than those traced by the UV or Halpha emitting populations. Our data suggest ongoing buildup of the M101's outer disk due to encounters in the group environment triggering extended star formation and tidal heating of existing disk populations.

Topic: Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Hypoxia-Induced Tumor Progression and Drug Resistance: From Current Understandings to Future Perspectives

Hypoxia is a common feature of most cancers and contributes to aggressive phenotype and chemoresistance. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) not only plays important roles in developmental and physiological hypoxic adaptation, but also a crucial mediator in hypoxiainduced tumor progression and chemoresistance. It has been demonstrated that HIF-1α is overexpressed in tumor cells by different kinds of mechanisms, including the presence of hypoxic stress, mutations in von Hippel Lindau (VHL), and hyperactivation of mitogen activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways. HIF-1 regulates anaerobic metabolism, drug efflux, and expression of anti-apoptotic genes, thus promoting tumor growth, survival, and drug resistance. Due to the common failure of classic chemotherapeutic agents in treating hypoxic cancers, some strategies have been developed to target tumors under hypoxic conditions including bioreductive drugs and inhibitors against pathways that were depended by tumor cells for their growth and survival. These new strategies may provide more effective and specific methods in targeting hypoxic tumors.

Topic: Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Macroeconomic (Simultaneous Equation) Model Of The Estonian Dairy Sector

The primary objective of present study was the creation of a macroeconomic (simultaneousequation) model of Estonian dairy sector. Simultaneous equation modelling provides a new approach toeconomic analysis. Using the approach pioneered by FAPRI, a macroeconomic model of Estonian dairysector has been created. The FAPRI is a dynamic, partial equilibrium, global econometric model. This paperoutlines the linkage between dairy sector and input sectors. The stochastic equations are estimated by twostage least squares (2SLS). The equations were estimated using data from 1993 to 2005 inclusive. Most ofthe parameters of all structural equations have theoretically consistent signs and are significant. Projectionsof the main endogenous variables are made for a five-year period. Example equations are illustrative. Someresults from the simulation of the model are presented. The projections include impact of the milk quotaproposals on number of dairy cows and on total milk production in Estonia. The results are analysed.Perspective implementation of Estonian dairy sector model is considered. The experimental econometricdairy model of the Estonian agriculture may be used for projection and analysis purposes.

Topic: Agricultural Economics and Policy
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Rapid Volumetric Method for Si in Al Alloy

Normally Si in Al alloy and Al-Si alloy is determined gravimetrically or, in certain cases, colorimetrically, but the former is a time-consuming method and the latter is not suitable for high silicon alloy. The method presented here consists of formation of K2SiF6 and its titration with alkali according to the following new analytical procedure. Transfer 0.2 to 0.5 g of the sample to a 300 mL polyethylene conical beaker. Add 60 mL of hot (1:1) HNO3 and 5 mL of HF. Dissolve the sample without heating and dilute with water to 100 mL. Cool rapidly to 20°C and add KNO3 until the solution is saturated. Filter through No. 5A filter paper with a polyethylene funnel. Wash with cold washing solution (dissolve 150 g. KNO3 in 850 mL of distilled water, add 150 mL of alcohol, and then cool to below 20°C until the washings are acid-free. Transfer the paper and the precipitate to a 500 mL conical beaker, add 200 mL of carbon dioxide-free boiling water, shake thoroughly, and titrate while still hot with NaOH solution, using 5 drops (3%) of phenolphthalein indicator, until a faint pink color appears. Deduct the blank from the main titration. 1 mL of 0.5 N NaOH\fallingdotseq0.3508%Si. With Al alloys, this method is only interfered by Ti, Ta and Zr; consequently, as long as these elements do not exceed 0.5% of the sample, succeessful results will be always obtained. Therefore this method can be applied to a number of Al alloys and Al-Si alloys, Furthermore, this method is more rapid, simple and accurate than the usual method and the whole procedure can be carried out within 50 minutes. Hence, this method is a very suitable method for the purpose of industrial routine analysis.

Topic: Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques
Subfield: Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
DEVELOPMENTAL TIME AND HOST SELECTION BY THE APHID PARASITOID <i>APHELINUS</i> SP. NR. <i>VARIPES</i> (FOERSTER) (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE)

Abstract Developmental rates, lower developmental threshold, host selection among three species of aphid, and head capsule width were determined for the parasitoid Aphelinus sp. nr. varipes (Foerster) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Aphid species used were Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), western wheat aphid, Diuraphis tritici (Gillette), and corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch. Developmental rate was determined at five constant temperatures, 11.3, 14.7, 19.0, 25.7, and 30.3°C. Developmental times of the wasp were similar in Russian and western wheal aphids, ranging from 88.7 days al 11,3°C to 11.3 days at 30.3°C. Lower developmental threshold was similar in both species, 9.7°C in Russian wheat aphid and 9.4°C in western wheat aphid. Because of the low number of corn leaf aphid s parasitized, it was not possible to compute a parasitoid development threshold in that host. In the host selection test, there were no significant differences in numbers of Russian and western wheat aphids attacked; corn leaf aphid was seldom attacked. The western wheat aphid is a native species that also causes leaf-rolling; we believe it was the primary host of the parasitoid before the arrival of the Russian wheat aphid. Wasps emerging from Russian wheat aphid were consistently larger than those emerging from western wheat aphid. Mean head capsule width for 30 female wasps from Russian wheat aphid was 0.33 mm; from 30 female wasps from western wheat aphid mean head capsule width was 0.20 mm.

Topic: Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Conflicting belief systems: some implications for education

In this article the conceptions of knowledge and time within Christianity, secular humanism and traditional African religion are juxtaposed. In order to emphasise the vital role o f belief systems in the field of education, some educational implications are inferred from these different conceptions of knowledge and time. The need to create enough space within the South African education system so that parents will be able to send their children to schools where education is conducted according to their particular belief systems is also foregrounded.

Topic: African cultural and philosophical studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Discovery of<i>Maritrema obstipum</i>(Digenea: Microphallidae) from Migratory Birds in Korea

Adults of Maritrema obstipum (Digenea: Microphallidae) were found in the intestines of 4 species of migratory birds, including the sanderling (Crocethia alba), Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrines), Mongolian plover (Charadrius mongolus), and red-necked stint (Calidris ruficollis), collected from Yubu Island, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. The worms of were 451 × 265 µm in size, and were easily identifiable as Maritrema species by the presence of the cirrus sac, and the ring-like distribution of the vitellaria. More specifically, the ejaculatory duct curved posteromedially, and the 2 parts of vitelline follicles were found to be distinct at the posterior end. The eggs were brown-colored, and 19.8 × 12.3 µm in size. All these findings implicated M. obstipum as the pertinent species of the worms. Beside these, adult worms of Gynaecotyla squatarolae, Parvatrema duboisi, and Acanthoparyphium sp. were also discovered. This is the first report establishing migratory birds as the natural definitive hosts for M. obstipum.

Topic: Parasite Biology and Host Interactions
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Is the Private Language Argument a Transcendental Argument?

Comparisons between KantÂ´s critique of pure\nreason and WittgensteinÂ´s critique of language, which\nbecame current in analytic philosophy (Cf. e.g Hacker\n1972, 30.) seem not far-fetched in view of the impetus for\nthe destruction of dogmatic metaphysics both philosophers\nshare. Their relevance would gain though by an\nelaboration of their dissimilarities rather than by just\nstressing similarities.\nAn example of the former approach, Weinert\n(1983, 412) contrasts the tools both critics of metaphysics\nemploy: the distinction between analytic and synthetic\njudgments, and the description of the logic of languageuse\nand in particular the Â´Argument from Epistemic\nOperatorsÂ´ (Wittgenstein 1961, sects. 6.5, 6.51; 1958, Â§Â§\n246, 247, 251, 303; references in the form of paragraphnumbers\nare to the latter text) respectively. The analysis of\nthe employment of those tools in anti-metaphysical\narguments -and Weinert treats the Private Language\nArgument (PLA) as such (427-429)- enables to uncover\nunderlying assumptions, e.g. the implicit assumption in\nKant of a prior conceptual relation between concepts to\nwhich his notion of analysis is to be applied (430-431) and\nWittgensteinÂ´s explicit doctrine that "ordinary language is\nalrightâ€? (434).

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Neutropenia Due to Copper Deficiency in Total Parenteral Nutrition

Copper (Cu) deficiency has been reported both in pediatric and adult patients on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Manifestations of Cu deficiency are usually hematologic in the adult. A 56‐yr‐old patient with a history of subtotal gastrectomy underwent massive small bowel resection and partial colectomy in 1977. TPN was initiated. Intravenous (iv) trace mineral supplements were not available in 1977 at our institution. By June 1978, the patient manifested neutropenia with a white blood cell (WBC) count of 2000/mm 3 and 39% neutrophils or a total neutrophil count (TNC) of 780/mm 3 . The serum Cu level at that time was 5 μg/dl (normal, 70–140), and the serum zinc (Zn) level was low, although within normal limits. Oral supplementation with Cu and Zn tablets proved ineffective. Twice weekly infusions of fresh frozen plasma were begun in April 1979, and intravenous chromium supplementation started in September 1979, but neither the WBC count nor the TNC improved. Intravenous Cu and Zn were approved in October 1979, and were added to the TPN formula. Within 2 weeks, the WBC count rose to 6300/mm 3 , and the neutrophils increased to 83% with a TNC of 5229. After 12 weeks, the serum Cu level rose to 80 μg/dl The increase in WBC count and percentage of neutrophils can be attributed to the addition of Cu to the TPN infusate. ( Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10: 530–532, 1986)

Topic: Potassium and Related Disorders
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences