jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE VESTIBULAR NEURONS OF THE RAT

Vestibular neuronal response to pendular rotation was examined over the frequency range of 0.15-0.35 Hz and the amplitude of 110- Neuronal activity was picked up by a glass microelectrode filled with lithium carmine solution, amplified by a conventional circuit and displayed on an oscilloscope. Firing frepuencies through an analogue counter were recorded by a pen recorder. Response pattern was computed by the on-line computer and stimulus-frequency curve was photographed on a polaroid film from an oscilloscope display.During the rotation, cellular firing waxed and waned around the resting level in an approximately sinusoidal manner. Response patern was either all-round or threshold cut-off depending on the strength of the angular acceleration and the rate of the resting discharge.The firing frequency of most vestibular neurons (112 out of 126 neurons) tended to be in phase with angular velocity (phase lag re angular acceleration was about 90-). Whereas, that of 14 neurons was corresponded to angular acceleration rather than the velocity (phase lag was almost 0-). Physiological meanings of wide ranged phase lag of rat vestibular neuron were discussed referring to the studies of the cat and monkey. Then the frequeacy range of 0.15-0.35 Hz was presumed to be the transitional frequency range from angular acceleration to velocity. It was, therefore, inferred that the resonant frequency of rat horizontal canal was higher than 0.35 Hz.Directionality of the cellular firing was examined in 115 units, of which 59 were type I (e.g. cells on left side excited by left-going velocity), 53 were type II (reversed type with type I neuron), 2 were type III (cells excited by bidirectional rotation) and 1 belonged to type IV (cells inhibited during rotation). From the finding that type III and IV neurons were probably related to reticular formation, these neurons were assumed to take part in producing such reactions as vertigo, nausea and paleness etc. during rotation

Topic: Vestibular and auditory disorders
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Induction of bone formation in an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the maxillary sinus by adoptive immunotherapy involving intra-arterial injection of lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 in combination with radiotherapy.

A patient with an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the maxillary sinus was treated by adoptive immunotherapy involving intra-arterial injection of lymphokine-activated killer cells (a total number of 7 x 10(7) cells) and recombinant interleukin-2 (a total dose of 2.75 x 10(7) units) in combination with radiotherapy (60Co; total irradiation dose of 5,000 rads). Consequently, it was found that bone formation was induced in the treated tumor, which was then replaced completely by lamellar bone tissue with myxomatous stroma. This finding indicates that the tumor cells composing certain adenoid cystic carcinoma can be converted into normal-appearing, bone-forming cells by current therapy and this differentiation phenomenon leads to cure of the tumor.

Topic: Head and Neck Surgical Oncology
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On the stability of the stock‐harvesting system controlled by a feedback management procedure

Summary Stability of the stock‐harvesting system regulated by a feedback control procedure of catch quota is examined. In the procedure considered, catch quota is changed proportionally to the difference between current and the target stock level (with a proportionality constant h ) and to the annual stock growth rate (with a proportionality constant g ). Condition for the local stability of the target equilibrium is obtained as a function of the stock‐recruitment relation, survival probability of adults, target stock level, time lag before implementation of regulation, age of sexual maturity of the stock, and proportionality constants g and h . It is shown that, (1) the procedure has the stabilizing effect; it can stabilize the target stock level that is unstable under constant harvest, (2) lower target stock level favors larger g and smaller h , when the target is set around MSYL (the stock level that gives MSY), (3) the degree of stability, measured by the time required to recover the target stock level, is an increasing function of the target stock level, (4) stability and sustainable yield are in trade‐off, (5) time delay caused by the time needed before sexual maturity does not affect the stability significantly, but the effect of the time lag before implementation of regulation is significant. Comparison between harvest‐control and effort‐control procedures is also made, and the advantage of the latter in terms of stability is shown.

Topic: Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Combining hand grip strength with nutritional screening tools in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease

Malnutrition in vulnerable patient populations must be rapidly detected using techniques that are easy to incorporate into everyday clinical practice. The new recommendations defined the 7-point Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) as optimal for nutritional assessment in chronic kidney disease (CKD), while Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index (GNRI) demands additional examination in elderly. This study aimed to determine the accuracy of several concise tools used in the clinical practice and the correlation of this tools with functional method hand grip strength (HGS) in elderly patients with CKD. In this cross-sectional study, anthropometric and functional data for 50 elderly hemodialysis patients were analyzed using numerous survey-based tools for screening nutritional status (Malnutrition Screening Tool – MST, Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 - NRS2002, Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool - MUST, Mini Nutritional Assessment - MNA, GNRI), which we compared to the standard 7-point SGA nutritional assessment tool. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of these tools for detecting malnutrition were compared with the standard by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. 7-point SGA classified 36.6% of participants as well nourished, and 63.4% as mildly to moderately malnourished, while the simplest alternative methods showed lower accuracy, classifying much higher proportions of participants as well nourished (MST, 92.0%; NRS2002, 80.4%). MNA had the highest accuracy based on receiver operating characteristic curves. HGS correlated moderately with 7-point SGA (r = 0.331), MNA (r = 0.410), and GNRI (r = 0.320). Our small study suggests that MNA is the best tool for malnutrition risk screening in elderly with CKD. Combining HGS with concise tools, such as GNRI, may provide better results and unburden healthcare professionals.

Topic: Nutrition and Health in Aging
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Labial harmony

Abstract This chapter analyzes labial harmony systems such as Turkish, other Turkic languages, and several other languages. Labial harmony rarely occurs by itself, often co-occurring with palatal harmony in Turkic languages. After a detailed analysis of vowel harmony in Standard Turkish—which pays extensive attention to disharmonic roots—the chapter offers a typology of labial harmony systems in Turkic languages in general, based on several typological studies. Other topics that receive special attention are epenthetic vowels, labial attraction, defective patterns, dependencies among different harmonies, diphthongs, stand-alone labial harmony, and the decline of labial harmony in a wide variety of Turkic languages.

Topic: Linguistics and Cultural Studies
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Beyond conventional wisdom: unveiling quantitative insights in fluorescence lifetime imaging via realistic simulation of biological systems

Fluorescence lifetime’s insensitivity to sensor expression levels may not hold true in biological experiments. We simulate to quantify required photon numbers for desired signal-to-noise ratios and the range of expression that doesn’t significantly alter lifetime.

Topic: Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Fuzzy Ranking Based Buffer Replacement Strategy for Opportunistic Networks

In opportunistic networks, it always suffers from the problems that the topology of the network changes dramatically, the disconnection between nodes are prevalen. A store-carry-forward protocol is utilized to deal with those problems in which messages need to be stored in buffers and carried for a long time. Allowing for the limited buffer space, it likely brings buffer overflows and network congestion. A buffer replacement strategy based on fuzzy ranking is proposed to ease congestion and improve efficiency for opportunistic networks in this paper. In the strategy priority, timeliness and size of messages are taken into account, and fuzzy theory is employed to make multi-attribute evaluation and rank replacement sequence. Through simulation results, it can be observed that the proposed strategy can improve the effect of routing in opportunistic networks in terms of delivery ratio and packet loss rate.

Topic: Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Reticulospinal Systems Mediate Atonia With Short and Long Latencies

Kohyama, Jun, Yuan-Yang Lai, and Jerome M. Siegel. Reticulospinal systems mediate atonia with short and long latencies. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 000–000, 1998. The pontomedullary region is responsible for both the tonic and phasic reduction of muscle activity in rapid-eye-movement sleep and contributes to the control of muscle tone in waking. This study focused on determining the time course of activity in the pontomedullary systems mediating atonia. Short-train stimulations (3 0.2-ms pulses at 330 Hz) of the pons and medulla suppressed neck and hindlimb muscle activity in decerebrate cats. We identified two distinct phases of suppression, early and late. The anatomic sites that produced each suppression were intermixed. We estimated the dividing value of the conduction velocity for reticulospinal projections responsible for early and late phases of hindlimb muscle tone suppression to be 22.8 m/s. In the medial medulla, 238 reticulospinal units, which send axons to the L 1 level of the spinal cord, were identified. Pontine stimulation that suppressed hindlimb muscle tone increased the firing rate of 138 units (type I). Sixteen type I units showed a delayed response to the pontine stimulation with a latency of 10 ms or longer (type Id), whereas 122 type I units exhibited an earlier response (type Ie). Seven type Ie units had an axonal conduction velocity of &lt;22.8 m/s, whereas the remaining 115 conducted at faster than 22.8 m/s. Early and late hindlimb muscle tone suppressions were hypothesized to be mediated through fast and slow conducting type Ie reticulospinal units. The activity of type Id neurons may contribute to the cessation of the early-phase suppression as well as to the induction, maintenance, or cessation of the late-phase suppression.

Topic: Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Effects of Antibiotic Treatment in the Subset of Common-Cold Patients Who Have Bacteria in Nasopharyngeal Secretions

This study was a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of amoxicillin/clavulanate for the treatment of patients with symptoms of the common cold. Patients who presented to the outpatient clinic at the University of Bern, Switzerland, during the autumn and winter months of 1992 through 1994 participated in the study. Inclusion criteria were a history of acute nasal congestion and clinical evidence of upper respiratory tract infection with nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, or pharyngitis. Patients with clinical signs suggestive of sinusitis or exudative pharyngitis, purulent bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, or pharyngeal cultures which grew group A Streptococcus were excluded. All patients had nasopharyngeal washings cultured for bacteria. Of 300 patients with nasopharyngeal aspirates, 72 had negative cultures, 167 had cultures positive for bacteria unrelated to respiratory tract infections, and 61 had cultures positive for H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae. All patients received 375 mg of amoxicillin/clavulanate three times daily for 5 days or placebo. Evaluation of patients was done at entry and 5 days later by a physician who classified each patient on the basis of reported symptoms and signs as cured, persistent, or worse, and by daily symptom score filled out by the patient. At 5-day follow-up, the outcome of patients whose cultures were positive for H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae was significantly better among amoxicillin/clavulanate-treated patients than placebo. Among culture-negative patients or those with nonpathogenic bacteria, the outcome did not differ between treatment groups. The authors conclude that the majority of patients with upper respiratory tract infection do not benefit from antibiotics and side effects are frequent. However, for the subgroup whose nasopharyngeal secretions contain H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae, antibiotics are clinically beneficial.

Topic: Respiratory and Cough-Related Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Chiral Disorder and Diffusion of Light Quarks in the QCD Vacuum

We give a pedagogical introduction to the concept that light quarks diffuse in the QCD vacuum following the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry. By analogy with disordered electrons in metals, we show that the diffusion constant for light quarks in QCD is $D=2F_π^2/|\la\bar{q}q\to|$ which is about 0.22 fm. We comment on the correspondence between the diffusive phase and the chiral phase as described by chiral perturbation theory, as well as the cross-over to the ergodic phase as described by random matrix theory. The cross-over is identified with the Thouless energy $E_c=D/\sqrt{V_4}$ which is the inverse diffusion time in an Euclidean four-volume $V_4$.

Topic: High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Individual and Structural Opportunities

Opportunity theories are suited to cross-national research on victimization that incorporates a multilevel approach. Comparative research on non-lethal victimization often combines several types of violence into a single category of expressive crime. While expressive crimes do indeed share some characteristics, opportunities leading to specific types of victimization may vary. The current research uses the International Crime Victimization Survey (ICVS) to examine two types of expressive victimization: sexual and physical assault. These data are limited to female victims, as sexual assault in the ICVS is assessed only for females. These data provide a rich source of comparative information on opportunities leading to victimization. Opportunities have been traditionally examined at the individual level through routine activities and lifestyles theories. Opportunity at the structural level of analysis is less commonly employed; however, routine activities theory offers a framework for measuring structural opportunity. The results indicate a multilevel approach of opportunities on victimization is appropriate. Differences in opportunity leading to sexual and physical assault are most evident in the opportunities provided by the development level of the country. The impact of country development on physical assault victimization is moderated by the involvement in leisure activities outside of the home.

Topic: Crime Patterns and Interventions
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Proposal for an HiTOP-based evaluation scale of traits of the Paranoid Personality Disorder

Aim of the study This study aimed to operationalize a version of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2) for the screening of typical traits of the Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) from the perspective of the HiTOP, as well as investigate its internal and external validity. Subject or material and methods We selected IDCP-2 factors that appropriately represented PPD traits according to the HiTOP. We created new items for a Rudeness factor. The participants were 454 Brazilian adults (aged 18-70 years). We administered the following scales: IDCP-PPD, PID-5, and CAT-PD-SV. Results We found a one higher-order factor structure for the IDCP-PPD The factors that composed this higher-order factor reflect traits from both HiTOP spectra witch PPD is represented, Thought disorder and Antagonistic externalizing. The expected correlations between IDCP-PPD factors and external measures were observed. Groups comparison indicated people with high levels of pathological traits in the external measures showing higher means in the IDCP-PPD scores in comparison to people with lower means in these measures. Discussion The factors of the IDCP-PPD demonstrated a good capacity for the assessment of PPD traits. Conclusions The findings of our study indicate the IDCP-PPD scale as a useful tool for operationalizing HiTOP for clinical practice. Future studies should test our findings in patients with a PPD diagnosis.

Topic: Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Professional Development for EMI Faculty in Mexico: The Case of Bilingual, International, and Sustainable Universities

"Despite Mexico's implementation of a bilingual model in its tertiary education programmes, this book is the first contribution to knowledge regarding EMI in Mexico. The author introduces readers to the Mexican higher education context before providing detailed information regarding the technological and polytechnic subsystem, where EMI has been implemented since 2012. The volume details a pilot and case study conducted in Mexican universities as well as the research findings and conclusions. It closes with recommendations, as well as suggestions for further research. The book explores the implications for the continuous professional development and training for lecturers in the current shift to EMI in Bilingual, International, and Sustainable (BIS) universities. This volume will be of particular interest to researchers in EMI and bilingualism"--

Topic: Second Language Learning and Teaching
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Angiotensinogen Mutations and Risk for Ischemic Heart Disease, Myocardial Infarction, and Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease: Six Case–Control Studies from the Copenhagen City Heart Study

In six large case-control studies, the M235T and T174M angiotensinogen mutations were not consistently associated with increased (or decreased) risk for ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, or ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Statistically significant associations may represent chance findings rather than real phenomena.

Topic: Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Niederösterreich als Zentrum und Peripherie

Lower Austria as Centre and Periphery. As the embodiment of dynastic Austria, Lower Austria represents a core region in political, economic and cultural terms. Its role in the interregional division of labour was that of a highly developed industrial location. The interplay between politics and economics saw the formation of a regional stage of global capitalism, contributing to the international competitiveness of Habsburg Cisleithania in European comparison. While ethnic and religious difference played a very minor role, the regional diversity was dependent on strong disparities that gave rise to pronounced anti-centralist regional identities, especially in peripheralized areas of the land.

Topic: European history and politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Games and Diabetes

Here we review 18 articles that describe the design and evaluation of 1 or more games for diabetes from technical, methodological, and theoretical perspectives. We undertook searches covering the period 2010 to May 2015 in the ACM, IEEE, Journal of Medical Internet Research, Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, and Google Scholar online databases using the keywords “children,” “computer games,” “diabetes,” “games,” “type 1,” and “type 2” in various Boolean combinations. The review sets out to establish, for future research, an understanding of the current landscape of digital games designed for children with diabetes. We briefly explored the use and impact of well-established learning theories in such games. The most frequently mentioned theoretical frameworks were social cognitive theory and social constructivism. Due to the limitations of the reported evaluation methodologies, little evidence was found to support the strong promise of games for diabetes. Furthermore, we could not establish a relation between design features and the game outcomes. We argue that an in-depth discussion about the extent to which learning theories could and should be manifested in the design decisions is required.

Topic: Educational Games and Gamification
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Aluminium Doping of 4H-SiC Grown with HexaMethylDiSilane

We report on the study of the p-type doping of 4H-SiC material using HexaMethylDiSilane/TriMethylAluminium/Propane (HMDS/TMA/P) system in place of the usual Silane/TriMethylAluminium/Propane (S/TMA/P) precursors. The influence of growth parameters such as TMA flow, growth rate or C/Si ratio is investigated. The aluminium incorporation level is deduced from both by C(V) (mercury probe) and SIMS measurements. The presence of aluminium in the layers is confirmed by non-destructive optical micro-Raman experiments. Good quality p-type, aluminium doped 4H-SiC layers can be grown using HMDS/TMA/P system. The amount of aluminium in the layers can be controlled by choosing the growth conditions and an aluminium concentration as high as 2x1019 at.cm-3 has been reached.Finally, comparing the two HMDS/TMA/P and S/TMA/P systems, no difference in aluminium incorporation has been found.

Topic: Silicon Carbide Semiconductor Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences