jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Ukrainian Government-in-Exile’s Postal Network and the Construction of National Identity

Recent treatments of the history of nationalism and nation-building have rightly emphasized the important role of modern communications in forging national identity. Effective communications, the printed word especially, allows individuals to comprehend in a general way the existence of multitudes of other people just like themselves. This type of unification takes on an added significance in modern states that have been created during revolutionary circumstances, when ancient allegiances are destroyed in favor of newer concepts and when positions of authority must continually be used to maintain and propagate a particular image of the world. By uniting the population, the mail carried through the post office serves to reinforce the bonds of union, therefore acting as an agent of national integration.KeywordsNational IdentityPrivate LabelPostal NetworkDisplace PersonPostal AdministrationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Topic: European Politics and Security
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Programming with tiles

The importance of tiles or blocks in scientific computing cannot be overstated. Many algorithms, both iterative and recursive, can be expressed naturally if tiles are represented explicitly. From the point of view of performance, tiling, either as a code or a data layout transformation, is one of the most effective ways to exploit locality, which is a must to achieve good performance in current computers because of the significant difference in speed between processor and memory. Furthermore, tiles are also useful to express data distribution in parallel computations. However, despite the importance of tiles, most languages do not support them directly. This gives place to bloated programs populated with numerous subscript expressions which make the code difficult to read and coding mistakes more likely.

Topic: Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques
Subfield: Hardware and Architecture
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
2162-8769/2014/3(9)/Q3045/5/$31.00 © The Electrochemical Society JSS FOCUS ISSUE ON OXIDE THIN FILM TRANSISTORS Role of Self-Assembled Monolayers on Improved Electrical Stability of Amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O Thin-Film Transistors

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have been used to improve both the positive and negative bias-stress stability of amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) bottom gate thin film transistors (TFTs). N-hexylphosphonic acid (HPA) and fluorinated hexylphos-phonic acid (FPA) SAMs adsorbed on IGZO back channel surfaces were shown to significantly reduce bias-stress turn-on voltage shifts compared to IGZO back channel surfaces with no SAMs. FPA was found to have a lower surface energy and lower packing density than HPA, as well as lower bias-stress turn-on voltage shifts. The improved stability of IGZO TFTs with SAMs can be primarily attributed to a reduction in molecular adsorption of contaminants on the IGZO back channel surface and minimal trapping states present with phosphonic acid binding to the IGZO surface.

Topic: Thin-Film Transistor Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evidence For a mechanistic link between thrombospondin 1 and lgr5 in a model of colitis-associated carcinogenesis

Thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1), a trimetric 450-kDa glycoprotein secreted by normal and cancer cells, is attached to components of the extracellular matrix. TSP-1 has functions in angiogenesis, inflammation and carcinogenesis. By using gene microarray technology, a set of genes has been identified as differentially expressed in colitic tissues from mice treated with specific sequences of this protein. One of these genes is the leucine rich repeat containing the G protein coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5). The Lgr5 gene encodes an orphan G protein-coupled receptor characterized by a large leucinerich extracellular domain and seven transmembrane domains. Lgr5 is overexpressed in colon, ovary and liver cancers and it has been proposed as a marker for cancer stem cells in the intestine. Real time PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) confirmed the gene microarray results showing down regulation of Lgr5 in colitic intestines treated with specific peptides of TSP-1. This study aims to further analyze the relationship between TSP-1 and Lgr5 in a model of colitis-associated colonic carcinogenesis. Wild type (WT) and thrombospondin deficient (TSP-1−/−) mice were injected with a single dose of azoxymethane (AOM), while dextran sodium sulfate was administered during multiple cycles. Tumors were dissected and collected for RNA extraction and real time PCR analyses. Colonic tissues were processed and embedded in paraffin for histology and IHC for Lgr5. Tumors and areas with chronic inflammation were blindly evaluated and Lgr5 positive cells were quantified. Crypts from these tumors were isolated, cultured and western blotting carried out. Lgr5 staining in peritumoral areas was localized in the cytoplasm of scattered and isolated epithelial cells in the base of the crypts and luminal epithelium. In AOM-cancers, tumor cells showed staining in focal areas while stromal and pericryptal fibroblasts were intensely positive. Although WT and TSP-1−/− cancers exhibited no differences in the overall rate of Lgr5 positive cells, higher numbers of positive stromal and pericryptal fibroblasts were detected in TSP-1−/− tumors when compared to WT tumors (p=0.0192). IHC and western blotting confirmed the expression of Lgr5 in cultured fibroblasts isolated from these lesions. Intense expression of Lgr5 in stromal and pericryptal fibroblasts in chronic colitis and AOM tumors suggests a pivotal role of these cells in the mechanisms mediated by Lgr5. In addition, these findings show that TSP-1 might down regulate the expression of Lgr5 by targeting intestinal fibroblasts. A better understanding of these mechanisms might lead to the use of novel therapies for reducing morbidity in human inflammatory disease and cancer.

Topic: Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Determinants of evolving metabolic and cardiovascular benefit/risk profiles of rosiglitazone therapy during the natural history of diabetes: molecular mechanisms in the context of integrated pathophysiology

Rosiglitazone is a thiazolidinedione, a synthetic PPARγ receptor agonist with insulin-sensitizing properties that is used as an antidiabetic drug. In addition to improving glycemic control through actions in metabolic target tissues, rosiglitazone has numerous biological actions that impact on cardiovascular homeostasis. Some of these actions are helpful (e.g., improving endothelial function), whereas others are potentially harmful (e.g., promoting fluid retention). Since cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are major endpoints for diabetes, it is essential to understand how the natural history of diabetes alters the net benefits and risks of rosiglitazone therapy. This complex issue is an important determinant of optimal use of rosiglitazone and is critical for understanding cardiovascular safety issues. We give special attention to the effects of rosiglitazone in diabetic patients with stable coronary artery disease and the impact of rosiglitazone actions on atherosclerosis and plaque instability. This provides a rational conceptual framework for predicting evolving benefit/risk profiles that inform optimal use of rosiglitazone in the clinical setting and help explain the results of recent large clinical intervention trials where rosiglitazone had disappointing cardiovascular outcomes. Thus, in this perspective, we describe what is known about the molecular mechanisms of action of rosiglitazone on cardiovascular targets in the context of the evolving pathophysiology of diabetes over its natural history.

Topic: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
CCDC 1036562: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Agonist and Antagonist Effects of Diadenosine Tetraphosphate, a Platelet Dense Granule Constituent, on Platelet P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1 Receptors

Abstract Introduction: Diadenosine 5′,5‴-P1,P4- tetraphosphate (Ap4A) is stored in platelet dense granules, but its effects on platelet function are not well understood. In the current study, we examined the effects of Ap4A on signaling through the human platelet purinergic receptors P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1. Methods: Flow cytometry was used to measure the effects of Ap4A in the presence or absence of ADP on: P2Y12-mediated decrease in intraplatelet phosphorylated vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), P2Y1- mediated increase in platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (measured with FLUO-4), and c) P2X1- mediated intraplatelet entry of extracellular Ca2+ (measured with FLUO-4) (Figure). ADP-stimulated platelet shape change (P2Y1-mediated) and aggregation (P2Y1- and P2Y12-mediated) were measured optically. Results: Ap4A inhibited 3 μM ADP-induced: platelet aggregation (IC50 9.8 ± 2.8 μM, n = 3), P2Y1-mediated shape change, P2Y1-mediated increase in platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (IC50 40.8 ± 12.3 μM, n = 3), and P2Y12-mediated decrease in VASP phosphorylation (IC50 &amp;gt;250 μM, n = 3). In addition to inhibiting these ADP-induced effects on P2Y1 and P2Y12, Ap4A in the absence of added ADP decreased VASP phosphorylation, albeit with significantly reduced potency compared to ADP. This Ap4A-induced reduction of VASP phosphorylation was reversed by addition of AR-C69931, a selective P2Y12 antagonist. Ap4A, therefore, has partial P2Y12 agonist properties. Ap4A also had agonist effects on platelet P2X1 receptors, as evidenced by intraplatelet entry of extracellular Ca2+. All these effects of Ap4A were significant at pathophysiologic concentrations. Ap4A had no agonist effects on platelet P2Y1 receptors. Conclusions: Ap4A, a known constituent of platelet dense granules, is an antagonist of platelet P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors, where it inhibits the effects of ADP, an agonist of P2X1 receptors, and a partial agonist of P2Y12 receptors (Figure). Figure Figure

Topic: Adenosine and Purinergic Signaling
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
<scp> <i>M</i> </scp> <i>ycobacterium ulcerans</i> toxin, mycolactone may enhance host‐seeking and oviposition behaviour by <scp> <i>A</i> </scp> <i>edes aegypti</i> ( <scp>L</scp> .) ( <scp>D</scp> iptera: <scp>C</scp> ulicidae)

Summary The ecological functions of many toxins continue to remain unknown for those produced by environmental pathogens. Mycobacterium ulcerans , the causative agent of the neglected tropical disease, Buruli ulcer, produces a cytotoxic macrolide, mycolactone, whose function(s) in the environment remains elusive. Through a series of dual‐choice behaviour assays, they show that mycolactone may be an interkingdom cue for the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti , seeking blood‐meals as well as oviposition sites. Results provide novel insight into the evolution between bacteria and potential vectors. While further studies are needed to determine if mycolactone is an actual signal rather than simply a cue, this discovery could serve as a model for determining roles for toxins produced by other environmental pathogens and provide opportunities for developing novel strategies for disease prevention. The relationship between M. ulcerans , mycolactone, and Ae. aegypti further suggests there could be an amplification effect for the spread of pathogens responsible for other diseases, such as yellow fever and dengue.

Topic: Insect symbiosis and bacterial influences
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Use of Terrestrial Methods for Advanced Monocrystals Growth in Zero Gravity and the Solution of the Arising in these Conditions Problems

Monocrystal growth with a uniform distribution of internal components under terrestrial conditions is difficult because of strong thermo gravitational convection. Thermo gravitational convection leads to instability of crystal growth, which limits the possibility of obtaining monocrystal with a high degree of homogeneity of its structure. The results of the first experiments on crystals growth in microgravity carried out in space confirmed the possibility of obtaining more perfect crystals due to the absence of thermo gravitational convection. However, despite the fact that under zero gravity there is no thermo gravitational convection to replace it in crystallization solutions and melts, new convective processes of a non-gravitational type arise - Marangoni convection, associated with a change in the surface tension at the fluid-gas interface, as well as small thermo gravitational processes caused by weak residual gravitational force, leading to the complication of obtaining homogeneous monocrystals. Another problem is the presence, in contrast to terrestrial conditions because of the absence of the Archimedes force, of gas inclusions in melts and crystalline solutions, which also leads to the impossibility of obtaining improved homogeneous monocrystals. Along with the description of existing methods for homogeneous monocrystals growth in terrestrial conditions, the article presents ways of solving the problems of degassing crystalline solutions and melts, and the uniform distribution of their internal components in them for homogeneous monocrystals growth in space flight using the process of vibroturbulization.

Topic: Field-Flow Fractionation Techniques
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Lightweight Adaptive Feature De-Drifting for Compressed Image Classification

JPEG is a widely used compression scheme to efficiently reduce the volume of the transmitted images at the expense of visual perception drop. The artifacts appear among blocks due to the information loss in the compression process, which not only affects the quality of images but also harms the subsequent high-level tasks in terms of feature drifting. High-level vision models trained on high-quality images will suffer performance degradation when dealing with compressed images, especially on mobile devices. In recent years, numerous learning-based JPEG artifacts removal methods have been proposed to handle visual artifacts. However, it is not an ideal choice to use these JPEG artifacts removal methods as a pre-processing for compressed image classification for the following reasons: 1) These methods are designed for human vision rather than high-level vision models. 2) These methods are not efficient enough to serve as a pre-processing on resource-constrained devices. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel lightweight adaptive feature de-drifting module (AFD-Module) to boost the performance of pre-trained image classification models when facing compressed images. First, a Feature Drifting Estimation Network (FDE-Net) is devised to generate the spatial-wise Feature Drifting Map (FDM) in the DCT domain. Next, the estimated FDM is transmitted to the Feature Enhancement Network (FE-Net) to generate the mapping relationship between degraded features and corresponding high-quality features. Specially, a simple but effective RepConv block equipped with structural re-parameterization is utilized in FE-Net, which enriches feature representation in the training phase while keeping efficiency in the deployment phase. After training on limited compressed images, the AFD-Module can serve as a “plug-and-play” module for pre-trained classification models to improve their performance on compressed images. Experiments on images compressed once ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i.e.</i> ImageNet-C) and multiple times demonstrate that our proposed AFD-Module can comprehensively improve the accuracy of the pre-trained classification models and significantly outperform the existing methods.

Topic: Image Enhancement Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Bayesian estimation of 3-D objects from few radiographs

Radiography is an effective method for nondestructive inspection of solid objects, but more complete analysis and diagnoses are possible with full 3-D reconstructions. The quantity of data available in radiography is seldom sufficient to form a deterministic estimate. We present methods for statistically optimal reconstructions of 3-D objects from small numbers of digitized radiographs, which not only restore more complete spatial information, but also improve the detectability of aberrations and flaws in solid materials. The formulation includes scatter compensation under the statistical model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Geologic map of the Neogene deposits of Mejillones Peninsula, northern Chile

A new 1:50,000 geological map of the Mejillones Peninsula (northern Chile) displays relationships between the various Neogene units present. The Neogene evolution of the peninsula, reconstructed on the basis of distribution of these units, suggests a complex interplay between sea-level changes and tectonics and indicates that basin-bounding faults propagate from north to south.

Topic: Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Study of NT-pro-BNP on assessment of elderly patients with chronic heart failure

Objective In this study group of 180 patients randomized,single-blind divided into:BNP group and control group.Methods Through the continuous 2 years observing two groups of patients with cardiovascular endpoint events:any cardiovascular death,cardiovascular events in hospital(heart failure,acute coronary syndrome and cerebrovascular accident any need to increase the drug outside of the onset of decompensated heart failure)Results No difference in all-cause mortality between the two groups,the BNP group decreased significantly due to heart failure hospitalization rate(P0.05),BNP group lobbying uses the proportion of patients with heart failure drugs resistance was higher than that of the control group(P0.05),BNP group,the incidence of cerebrovascular accident was lower than that of the control group(P0.05),BNP ACS disease incidence was lower than that of the control group(P0.05).Conclusion Under the guide of BNP in elderly patients with chronic heart failure management model in terms of readmission for heart failure is better than that of the conventional management mode,and has certain advantages in prevention of ACS cerebrovascular accident,is worthy of reference for clinical.

Topic: Heart Failure Treatment and Management
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Standardized Unexpected Earnings In The U. S. Technology Sector

Earnings surprise occurs when the firms reported earnings per share deviates from the street estimate. This study shows that earnings surprises are useful in identifying portfolios that yield excess returns in the U.S. tech sector. The tech portfolios with the most positive earnings surprises outperformed the tech portfolios with the most negative earnings surprises in terms of both mean and median returns in the U.S. stock market. The study demonstrates that arbitrage profits could be generated if investors bought (short sold) the tech stocks with the highest earnings surprises (the lowest) two or three months after the end of the quarter. The study demonstrates that this trading strategy is most effective when fewer rather than more financial analysts follow the firms.

Topic: Financial Markets and Investment Strategies
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
The Sorediate <i>Punctelia</i> Species With lecanoric Acid in Europe

Abstract A revision is presented of the sorediate, lecanoric acid-containing Punctelia species occurring in Europe. Two species are common in western andcentral Europe, viz. Punctelia subrudecta s. str. and Punctelia ulophylla comb. nov.They differ in several morphological characters, most notably in the colour andpruinosity of the margin. Both species occur sympatrically, often together on onetree. A third species, Punctelia perreticulata , is known in Europe only from the Mediterranean.

Topic: Lichen and fungal ecology
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Pascha w kalendarzach Starego Testamentu

The Jewish feast of Pesah was born in the circle of the shepherds’ culture, more precisely in the Semitic seminomadic groups. It was being celebrated during the spring, at the beginning of a new year. During the time of Josiah’s reforms, it became a pilgrimage feast. Historical experience of the exodus from Egypt and its theological interpretation and several reinterpretations coming afterwards, changed that nomadic and shepherds’ feast, connected with agricultural feast of Unleavened Bread, into the most important national feast of Israel. Calendars coming from biblical texts are showing a multistage development of actual feast of Passover.

Topic: Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Synthesis of 4‐0‐(4,6‐di[<sup>14</sup>C]ethylidene‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐4′‐demethyl‐4‐epipodophyllotoxin

Abstract The synthesis of the title compound ( 5 ) is described. Protection of 4‐0‐(4, 6‐ethylidene‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐4′‐demethyl‐4‐epipodophyllotoxin ( 1 ) with benzylchloroformate in the presence of pyridine gave 4‐0‐(4, 6‐ethylidene‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐4′‐carbobenzyloxy‐4‐epipodophyllotoxin ( 2 ). Treatment of ( 2 ) with acetic acid‐water produced 4‐0‐(α‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐4′‐carbobenzyloxy‐4‐epipodophyllotoxin ( 3 ). Reaction of [ 14 C]acetaldehyde diethylacetal with ( 3 ) introduced the label in the 4′,6′‐ethylidene position ( 4 ). Hydrogenation using 30% palladium on carbon yielded the title compound ( 5 ) in an overall yield of 6%.

Topic: Plant-derived Lignans Synthesis and Bioactivity
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences