jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fast Forward — Neoadjuvant Cancer Immunotherapy

Immunotherapies that are based on blocking the axis of the programmed death 1 (PD-1) pathway are having a transformational effect in cancer medicine. To date, the Food and Drug Administration has approved PD-1 pathway inhibitors for 10 types of cancer, with continued clinical study under way. The therapeutic efficacy of these drugs relies on endogenous tumor-antigen–specific T cells that are functionally held in check by negative signaling through PD-1. Preclinical models and human correlative biomarker data indicate that efficacy depends on antitumor CD8+ T cells that are recruited into the tumor microenvironment and that are functionally restrained. Treatment with PD-1 . . .

Topic: Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
PARSONS v. CORNWALL COUNTY FIRE BRIGADE AND OTHERS

November 29, 1973 Industrial Relations — Sole bargaining agent — Application for withdrawal of recognition — One-fifth support for application only in period after notice of application and before hearing — Whether required number of supporting signatures “for the time being” — Industrial Relations Act, 1971 (c.72), s.51(2).

Topic: Legal Systems and Judicial Processes
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Children's reactions to parental separation

The purpose of this study was to fully explore children's reactions to parental separation and to look at these reactions in relation to a number of environmental, demographic, and temperamental variables. The study also investigated parents' perceptions of children's reactions and the relationship between the two. Forty children between the ages of 8 and 12 years, inclusive, whose parents had been separated less than 3 years, participated in the study. A number of descriptive and ethnographic procedures were utilized. A negative correlation of.62 was obtained between anxiety and self-esteem. The children in the study appeared to have a well-developed, reality-based comprehension of the divorce, even though they were generally sad about the divorce and hoped for a reconciliation. Meaningful results were observed when the children's responses were compared with regard to gender, age, and duration of separation. Few differences in response were noted with regard to levels of self-esteem. Anxiety, however, appeared to be related to many rather apparent differences in response. When parents' responses were compared to children's responses, a moderate variability was observed in those questions related to time periods. In the open-ended questions, there was moderate variability in response agreement between parent and child. Differences in response were also noted with regard to when the children were told about the separation and by whom.

Topic: Family Dynamics and Relationships
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Modification of β-positions in porphyrazines by substitution reactions

Peripheral modification of the porphyrazine macrocycle is an important synthetic approach to β-substituted porphyrazine derivatives, especially those which cannot be obtained via direct template cyclotetramerization of maleodinitriles and other similar synthons. The paper presents the last results of the systematical investigation of the reactivity of unsubstituted porphyrazine (tetraazaporphine) in the reactions of electrophilic and radical substitution in pyrrole rings (bromination, chlorination, chloromethylation, nitration and sulfonation) and nucleophilic substitution reactions of chloro-, bromo- and sulfo-substituted porphyrazines.

Topic: Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Chemistry
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Restoring what? The practice, promise and perils of restorative justice in New Zealand

In the opening pages of his recent book Crime, Punishment, and Restorative Justice, American author Ross London tells of what prompted him to embark on the journey of discovery that led to the writing of the book. After more than 25 years of professional involvement in the criminal justice system as an attorney, a public defender and a municipal judge, London found himself asking the question: ‘Is this the best we can do?’

Topic: Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Comments on Haemodialysis

It is hard to compete in the modern discussion of unconventional haemodialysis with comments on just conventional dialysis. But knowing that in the last 20 years the success of the conventional artificial kidney in preserving the lives of thousands of people has attracted world-wide attention (Parsons et al., 1971; NIAMD registry, 1971), and that presently 98% of our dialysis treatment throughout the world is done by conventional dialysis technique, encourage us to make a few comments on this method, which in principle has not changed since the time of Rowntree and Turner (1912).

Topic: Dialysis and Renal Disease Management
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Global Method for Efficient Synchronized Shading Control Using the “Effective Daylight” Concept

The majority of modern office buildings have large glass facades on every orientation. The significant impact of glass facades and dynamic controls on energy use for lighting and air-conditioning should be carefully investigated to determine ways of saving energy while maintaining comfortable conditions for the occupants. Interior roller shades are commonly used to control glare and solar heat gain. Reduced outdoor view, glare problems, increased energy use or insufficient daylight provision are some of the problems encountered with simple shading controls. Automated control of roller shades may result in improved conditions and reduced energy use if advanced criteria are used, but recent studies have shown that appropriate set points are not easy to calculate and apply in practice. This paper extends previous findings and presents the development of a new, improved control strategy applicable for any climate and orientation. The new control method, based on the “effective daylight” transmitted into the space, aims to maximize daylight utilization while satisfying visual comfort restrictions based on daylight glare probability. It can be applied to spaces with one or multiple exterior facades equipped with roller shades. The method was implemented in full-scale offices and experimental results are presented in terms of daylighting and visual comfort performance. Furthermore, the new strategy was implemented in an integrated thermal and daylighting model, validated by experimental data, to investigate the annual energy and daylighting performance of perimeter spaces with one or multiple exterior facades, and compare the new control strategy with more conventional shading controls. Overall, this study presents the principle of synchronized control of multiple shading devices on different facades (orientations) of commercial buildings. Integrated with efficient lighting and HVAC controls, it can lead to significant improvement of indoor conditions and reduced energy use.

Topic: Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Outcomes of a Multicenter 10-Year Review of Postinjection Endophthalmitis and Associated Systemic Medical Comorbidities

Purpose: To investigate whether any systemic medical conditions may be associated with a higher risk for developing postinjection endophthalmitis. Methods: This case-control study is a retrospective review within the Emory Eye Center from 2009 to 2019 and The Cleveland Clinic Foundation from 2012 to 2019. Each case was matched in a 1:4 case-to-control ratio. The associations between medical comorbidities and endophthalmitis were explored using multivariable logistic regression models on the combined sample. Results: Sixty-six individuals were diagnosed with injection-associated endophthalmitis. Systemic immunocompromised status was found to be a risk factor associated with developing endophthalmitis with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 3.17 ( P = .009). Other conditions with increased risk approaching statistical significance included a history of pulmonary disease (aOR, 1.74; P = .08) and a history of smoking (aOR, 1.72; P = .06). Conclusions: This is the first report to our knowledge demonstrating that immunocompromised status is associated with an increased risk for developing postinjection endophthalmitis. While this study may be limited due to its retrospective nature, the result may nevertheless serve as a guidance for risk counseling. Future analysis using a large-scale database will be needed.

Topic: Ocular Infections and Treatments
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Earthquake Activity in the Sacramento Valley, California and Its Implications to Active Geologic Structures and Contemporary Tectonic Stresses

Abstract The Sacramento Valley, which occupies the northwestern portion of the Sierran block, appears to have undergone a moderate level of crustal deformation, at least in Quaternary times. Seismicity is broadly distributed throughout the valley and along its margins. Areas which have exhibited a moderate level of earthquake activity include: along the southwestern margin in the Coast Ranges near Lake Berryessa and within the Coast Ranges-Sierran block (CRSB) boundary zone, source of the 1892 M > 6-1/2 Vacaville-Winters earthquakes; near Williams where three earthquake swarms occurred from 1980 to 1985; in the vicinity of Willows and northward to Corning; near Oroville in the Sierran foothills, site of a ML 5.7 earthquake and numerous aftershocks in 1975; in the foothills near Chico; in the stretch of the foothills east of Red Bluff to Redding; and in the Coast Ranges west and northwest of Black Butte Reservoir. An area of particular seismic quiescence is in the valley around and south of Sacramento. Detailed analyses of this seismicity and focal mechanisms indicate that active geologic structures include blind thrust and reverse faults and associated folds (e.g., Dunnigan Hills) within the CRSB boundary zone on the western margin of the Sacramento Valley, the Willows and Corning faults in the valley interior, and reactivated portions of the Foothill fault system. Other possibly seismogenic faults include the Chico monocline fault in the Sierran foothills and the Paskenta, Elder Creek and Cold Fork faults on the northwestern margin of the Sacramento Valley. The contemporary state of tectonic stress within the Sacramento Valley appears to be transitional, based on a limited number of focal mechanisms. East-west compressive stresses along the CRSB boundary zone accommodated by thrust and reverse faulting extend into the valley interior where a transition occurs to an extensional or possibly strike-slip stress field characterized by an approximate north-south maximum principal stress and/or an east-west minimum principal stress. In the Sierran foothills, this stress field is manifested by both normal faulting on northerly-striking faults, as exemplified by the 1975 Oroville earthquakes, and strike-slip faulting on northwesttrending faults, as observed in the 1966 ML 5.7 Chico earthquake.

Topic: earthquake and tectonic studies
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Variational Knowledge Distillation for Disease Classification in Chest X-Rays

Disease classification relying solely on imaging data attracts great interest in medical image analysis. Current models could be further improved, however, by also employing Electronic Health Records (EHRs), which contain rich information on patients and findings from clinicians. It is challenging to incorporate this information into disease classification due to the high reliance on clinician input in EHRs, limiting the possibility for automated diagnosis. In this paper, we propose \textit{variational knowledge distillation} (VKD), which is a new probabilistic inference framework for disease classification based on X-rays that leverages knowledge from EHRs. Specifically, we introduce a conditional latent variable model, where we infer the latent representation of the X-ray image with the variational posterior conditioning on the associated EHR text. By doing so, the model acquires the ability to extract the visual features relevant to the disease during learning and can therefore perform more accurate classification for unseen patients at inference based solely on their X-ray scans. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on three public benchmark datasets with paired X-ray images and EHRs. The results show that the proposed variational knowledge distillation can consistently improve the performance of medical image classification and significantly surpasses current methods.

Topic: COVID-19 diagnosis using AI
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Suppressive effects of (-)-tubaic acid on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption

Regulation of osteoclastogenesis and bone-resorbing activity can be an efficacious strategy for treating bone loss diseases because excessive osteoclastic bone resorption leads to the development of such diseases. Here, we investigated the role of (-)-tubaic acid, a thermal degradation product of rotenone, in osteoclast formation and function in an attempt to identify alternative natural compounds. (-)-Tubaic acid significantly inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation at both the early and late stages, suggesting that (-)-tubaic acid affects the commitment and differentiation of osteoclast progenitors as well as the cell-cell fusion of mononuclear osteoclasts. (-)-Tubaic acid attenuated the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) and its target genes in response to RANKL. Furthermore, a pit-formation assay revealed that (-)-tubaic acid significantly impaired the bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts. Our results demonstrated that (-)-tubaic acid exhibits anti-osteoclastogenic and anti-resorptive effects, indicating its therapeutic potential in the management of osteoclast-related bone diseases.

Topic: Bone Metabolism and Diseases
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Coordinating a three level supply chain with multiple retailers

The objective of this research is to highlight the factors that can optimize the total cost of a centralized supply chain through coordination of order quantities amongst the players in a supply chain. Survey of earlier research reveals that players in a supply chain usually have conflicting interests, such as reducing inventories and increasing profitability. Thus, to make coordination feasible, it is essential to provide proper incentives to individual players. Munson and Rosenblatt (2001) were the first to discuss coordination in a three level supply chain with a single player at each level. On the other hand, Viswanathan and Piplani (2001) are believed to be the first to consider cooordination in a two level supply chain with a single vendor and multiple retailers. This research extends upon these works by investigating coordination in a three level supply chain with multiple retailers. This is done by incorporating the model of Viswanathan and Piplani (2001) into that of Munson and Rosenblatt (2001). A new mathematical model is developed, with numerical examples presented and results discussed. When players in a supply chain agree to coordinate, it is possible to have some of the players benefiting more than others in the chain, if not losing. The mathematical model developed in this research work guarantees that the local costs for the players either remain the same as before coordination, or decrease as a result of coordination. Furthermore, this research work assumes that savings generated from coordination should be distributed among the players of the chain. This led to developing a scheme to fairly distribute savings amongst the players of the supply chain. Results indicate that even though players may have conflicting interests in the supply chain, coordination is recommended and should be pursued.

Topic: Supply Chain and Inventory Management
Subfield: Management Information Systems
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Complementary technologies, knowledge relatedness, and invention outcomes in high technology mergers and acquisitions

Abstract Prior research on M&amp;As and invention outcomes has not systematically examined the influence of two types of knowledge differences. Knowledge relatedness has typically been equated with knowledge similarity and the separate influence of knowledge complementarity has been overlooked. Similarly, studies examining innovation outcomes of M&amp;As have typically focused on the role of technological knowledge and overlooked the influence of scientific knowledge. We develop a model of relatedness and invention performance of high‐technology M&amp;As that considers science and technology similarity and complementarity as important drivers of invention. We test the model using a sample of M&amp;As from the drug, chemical, and electronics industries and a fine‐grained measure of knowledge relatedness that distinguishes between science and technology relatedness. We find that complementary scientific knowledge and complementary technological knowledge both contribute to post‐merger invention performance by stimulating higher quality and more novel inventions. This suggests that high‐technology firms seeking acquisitions should search for, identify, and acquire businesses that have scientific and technological knowledge that is complementary to their own. Our results also suggest that similarities in knowledge facilitate incremental renewal, while complementarities would make discontinuous strategic transformations more likely, and that absorptive capacity research should be expanded to consider complementarities as well as similarities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Topic: Innovation and Knowledge Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Periodontal Health, Salivary Status, and Metabolic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: The aim of this study was to determine whether detectable periodontal destruction and alterations in the salivary status were present with duration of diabetes in children with type 1 insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1 DM) as compared to healthy controls. Methods: Sixteen newly diagnosed children with DM (group 1), 16 children with type 1 DM of long duration (group 2), and 16 healthy children (group 3) participated in the study. Periodontal health was assessed by plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, and periodontal probing depths. The flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and peroxidase activities of stimulated saliva were determined. The data were analyzed by Kruskall‐Wallis, Student t test, and Pearson's correlation analysis. Results: The mean values for fasting blood glucose levels for the diabetic groups were significantly higher than for the controls. The mean values for salivary buffering capacities and salivary pH from the diabetic groups were significantly lower than for the controls. The plaque index values for the diabetic groups were significantly higher than for the controls. The mean gingival index value for group 1 was significantly lower than for group 2. The mean periodontal probing depths for group 1 were similar to those of the non‐DM controls, but the mean periodontal probing depths for group 2 were significantly greater than for both the non‐DM controls and group 1. Group 1 had significantly greater bleeding on probing scores than did the other groups ( P &lt;0.05). Conclusion: The glycemic status of the diabetic subjects affects the periodontal probing depths, salivary pH, buffering capacity, and peroxidase activity. J Periodontol 2003;74:1789‐1795 .

Topic: Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
Subfield: Periodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Gregory S. Taylor . The History of the North Carolina Communist Party . Columbia : University of South Carolina Press . 2009 . Pp. 258. $39.95.

Gregory S. Taylor amply demonstrates the value of studies in regional and local social history in his new book on the history of the Communist Party in North Carolina. Study of the Communist Party's efforts to sink roots in that state underscores its social and economic conditions from the 1920s through the 1960s. Ferocious opposition to the Communists from government and private interests was inseparably linked to mill workers' appalling poverty and extreme exploitation driven by the Great Depression. The ill‐fated strike at Loray Mill in Gastonia in 1929 and subsequent strikes dramatize the control of police as well as politics by corporate elites. Throughout those years of Communist involvement, racism ignited multiple lynching and frame‐ups of African Americans caught in the legal system. After World War II, the growing pressure of McCarthyism undermined civil liberties and played a major role in the collapse of the North Carolina Communist Party.

Topic: Race, History, and American Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Evaluating the Characteristics of a Novel DEMBIG Gel Dosimeter Using Computed Tomography

Over the last two decades, radiotherapy techniques have become more sophisticated. Three-dimensional (3-D) dose verification is required to ensure accurate dose delivery to the planning target volume. Gel dosimeters have the potential to measure the 3-D dose distribution and thus can be applicable in radiotherapy. In this study, we developed a novel DEMBIG gel dosimeter based on the 2-(Dimethylamino) ethyl acrylate (DEMA) monomer and used computed tomography (CT) to evaluate its characteristics. The DEMBIG gel was composed of 7% gelatin, 5% monomer, and 4% crosslinker. The gel response to a dose from 1 to 25 Gy was examined. The energy dependence, dose rate dependence, and spatial resolution were evaluated as well. After 24 h post-irradiation, the DEMBIG gel reached steady state. The average sensitivity at the photon energy of 6 MV was 0.459 HU/Gy (R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> =0.995). The variations in sensitivity between 6-, 10-, and 15-MV photons were lower than 3%, and the difference in sensitivity between the dose rate of 100 and 600 MU/min was 28%. For a beam profile of 3 × 6 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 6 MV, the 80%-20% penumbra for 0/5, 0/15, and 5/15 Gy can be around 2.73, 6.24, and 2.34 mm, respectively. We conclude that the DEMBIG gel dosimeter has high linearity of R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> = 0.995 and high sensitivity of 0.459 HU/Gy. With CT readout, it could be used in clinical radiotherapy to verify the accuracy of 3-D dose delivery.

Topic: Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques
Subfield: Radiation
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Temperature-dependent structural rearrangements in the cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli cells].

By the freeze-etching method, in has been shown that E. coli plasma membranes undergo a structural transition in the range of temperatures within 0 and 20 degrees C which could be observed as redistribution of intramembrane particles with free-zone formation. The onset of temperature interval of this transition (20 degrees) well correlate with the break in the Arrhenius curves characterizing the cell membrane permeability for free nucleotides and for respiration intensity.

Topic: thermodynamics and calorimetric analyses
Subfield: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences