jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Mycobacterium smegmatis RoxY Is a Repressor of<i>oxyS</i>and Contributes to Resistance to Oxidative Stress and Bactericidal Ubiquitin-Derived Peptides

ABSTRACT The mycobactericidal properties of macrophages include the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates and the delivery of bacteria to a hydrolytic lysosome enriched in bactericidal ubiquitin-derived peptides (Ub-peptides). To better understand the interactions of ubiquitin-derived peptides with mycobacteria and identify putative mycobacterial intrinsic resistance mechanisms, we screened for transposon mutants with increased susceptibility to the bactericidal Ub-peptide Ub2. We isolated 27 Mycobacterium smegmatis mutants that were hypersusceptible to Ub2. Two mutants were isolated that possessed mutations in the msmeg _ 0166 gene, which encodes a transcriptional regulator. The msmeg _ 0166 mutants were also hypersusceptible to other host antimicrobial peptides and oxidative stress. In characterizing msmeg _ 0166 , we found that it encodes a r epressor of oxy S , and therefore we have renamed the gene roxY . We demonstrate that RoxY and OxyS contribute to M. smegmatis resistance to oxidative stress. An ahpD transposon mutant was also isolated in our screen for Ub-peptide hypersusceptibility. Overexpression of oxyS in M. smegmatis reduced transcription of the ahpCD genes, which encode a peroxide detoxification system. Our data indicate that RoxY, OxyS, and AhpD play a role in the mycobacterial oxidative stress response and are important for resistance to host antimicrobial peptides.

Topic: Mycobacterium research and diagnosis
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Pulchranin A: First report of isolation from an endophytic fungus and its inhibitory activity on cyclin dependent kinases

Fungal factories emerge as a promising source for the production of bioactive natural products. This study reports the isolation and structure elucidation of pulchranin A, for the first time, from an endophytic fungus (<i>Aspergillus TRL1</i>), which was cultured from <i>Tabebuia rosea</i> (Bignoniaceae) stems and identified by DNA ITS sequencing. Pulchranin A showed promising <i>in-vitro</i> cytotoxic effects against breast (MCF-7), liver (Hep-G2) and colorectal (HCT) cell lines, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 63, 80 and 91 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, it inhibited three cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK1, CDK2 and CDK4) in MCF-7 cells with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 9.82, 15.6 and 2.7 µg/mL, respectively. Results were further supported by <i>in-silico</i> molecular docking of pulchranin A to CDK1, CDK2, and CDK4 crystal structures, where it demonstrated good interactions by H-bonding, hydrophobic and <i>Pi-Pi</i> interactions with different amino acid residues of these enzymes. Pulchranin A might be a potential CDK inhibitor in human breast cancer cells.

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Thyroid hormones in trout reproduction: Enhancement of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogue and partially purified salmon gonadotropin‐induced ovarian maturation in vivo and in vitro

Abstract Maturing female rainbow trout were injected two times with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) or once with triiodothyronine (T 3 ) alone or in combination. GnRHa treatment caused ovulation within 10 days after the second injection. T 3 treatment caused a severalfold increase in blood plasma T 3 concentrations and increased the ovulatory response to GnRHa. Ninety percent of the fish injected with both T 3 and GnRHa ovulated within 3 days after the second GnRHa injection, as opposed to 50% of the fish injected only with GnRHa, or 25% of the controls. In all groups total androgen (TA) and 17α‐20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one (DHP) levels increased and estradiol (E 2 ) levels decreased between the time of the first injection and the time of spawning. GnRHa decreased TA levels and increased thyroxine and T 3 levels, but did not affect either E 2 or DHP concentration in the blood plasma of the fish at the time of spawning. To investigate the mechanism of action of T 3 on trout maturation, oocytes within intact follicles were cultured in the presence of various concentrations (0.1 to 1,000 ng/ml) of partially purified salmon gonadotropin (SG‐G100) with or without various concentrations (0.5 to 500 ng/ml) of T 3 . The lower concentrations of T 3 (0.5 to 50 ng/ml) potentiated oocyte maturation (germinal vesicle breakdown [GVBD]) in response to SG‐G100. The highest concentration of T 3 inhibited GVBD. T 3 was effective in increasing GVBD only at the lowest concentration of SG‐G100 (10 ng/ml) that was effective in stimulating GVBD. The percentage of oocytes that had undergone GVBD was positively correlated with the concentration of DHP in the culture medium. These results suggest that thyroid hormones may influence final maturation of trout by potentiating the steroidogenic responses of the ovary to gonadotropin.

Topic: Reproductive biology and impacts on aquatic species
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Electrodeposition of Both Carbon Nanotube and Glucose Oxidase on Pt Eectrode Using a Dispersed Electrolytic Solution

Immobilization of the enzyme is one of the most critical processes for the fabrication of an enzyme sensor, since it will highly influence properties of the obtained sensor. Various procedure have been proposed for a the preparation of glucose sensor, such as covalent attachment, cross-linking, hydrogel entrapment, polymer film entrapment, and the combination of two or more methods. Among the various techniques, the electrodeposition method is interesting owing to its simple preparation, miniaturization, and precise localization of enzyme. On the other hand, nanocarbons (NCs), such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphenes, are extremely attractive in biosensor application, since they can combine properties of the high surface area, high stability and good electrical conductivity. However, NCs is not soluble in aqueous solution, which is the least media to dissolve enzyme without reducing its activity. The use of surfactants is a candidate to preparer a disperse NCs in enzyme solution, while this may also reduce the enzyme activity. Therefore, processes of enzyme immobilization and NCs immobilization are commonly performed separately using different solutions. In this study, stable dispersed solutions of glucose oxidase (GOx) and multi-walled CNT were developed using gellan gum, which is a polysaccharide manufactured by microbial fermentation used widely as a gelling agents. By using this CNT/GOx dispersed solution, both CNT and GOx were successfully immobilized on Pt-Ir electrode by a simple step of applying a constant potential of 1.3 V（vs. Ag/AgCl) to the electrode in this solution. The electropolymerization of o -phenylenediamine was followed in order to increase the stability of enzyme-immobilized electrode. The CNT/GOx immobilized electrode performed as a glucose sensor with a high sensor sensitivity. This indicate that the introduction of CNT in GOx-immobilized film increased the efficiency of electron transfer between the electrode and generated hydrogen peroxide. In addition, the reproducibility of electrode fabrication was satisfactorily improved by the use of gellan gum compared with that using Triton X-100 as a dispersing agent.

Topic: Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
An Analysis of COVID-19 Student Learning Loss

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to school closures around the world, affecting almost 1.6 billion students. This caused significant disruption to the global education system. Even short interruptions in a child’s schooling have significant negative effects on their learning and can be long lasting. The capacities of education systems to respond to the crisis by delivering remote learning and support to children and families have been diverse and uneven. In response to this disruption, education researchers are beginning to analyze the impact of these school closures on student learning loss. The term <italic>learning loss</italic> is commonly used in the literature to describe declines in student knowledge and skills. Early reviews of the first wave of lockdowns and school closures suggested significant learning loss in a few countries. A more recent and thorough analysis of recorded learning loss evidence documented since the beginning of the school closures between March 2020 and March 2022 found even more evidence of learning loss. In 36 identified robust studies, the majority identified learning losses that amount to, on average, 0.17 of a standard deviation (SD), equivalent to roughly a one-half school year’s worth of learning. This confirms that learning loss is real and significant and has continued to grow after the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most studies observed increases in inequality where certain demographics of students experienced more significant learning losses than others. The longer the schools remained closed, the greater were the learning losses. For the 19 countries for which there are robust learning loss data, average school closures were 15 weeks, leading to average learning losses of 0.18 SD. Put another way, for every week that schools were closed, learning declined by an average of 0.01 SD. However, there are also outliers—countries that managed to limit the amount of loss. In Nara City, Japan, for example, the initial closures had brought down test scores, but responsive policies largely overcame this decline. In addition, a decreased summer vacation helped. In Denmark, children received good home support and their reading behavior improved significantly. In Sweden, where primary schools did not close during the pandemic, there were no reported learning losses. Further work is needed to increase the quantity of studies produced, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and to ascertain the reasons for learning loss. Finally, the few cases where learning loss was mitigated should be further investigated to inform continued and future pandemic responses.

Topic: COVID-19 and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
<i>Oecophylla smaragdina</i>ants provide pest control in Australian cacao

Abstract Ecosystem service‐driven methods of agricultural production that make optimal use of an ecosystem's natural services are often effective in smallholder crops, leading increases in habitat heterogeneity at large spatial scales that encourage beneficial species. Pollination services in cacao farms can be enhanced through efforts to conserve pollinator habitats, such as adding cacao fruit husks underneath trees to provide habitat and food resources for midge pollinators. However, it remains unclear how this habitat manipulation affects pest densities or biological control. Here, we evaluated the effects of the predaceous ant Oecophylla smaragdina on three major pests of Australian cacao ( Helopeltis spp., Amblypelta spp., and Rhyparida nitida ) in an Australian cacao farm, in the presence and absence of cacao fruit husks. We also evaluated the effect of O. smaragdina on their potentially plant‐damaging, mutualistic mealybug (Pseudococcidae) partners in the presence and absence of cacao fruit husks. Oecophylla smaragdina reduced the combined densities of Helopeltis spp. and Amblypelta spp., regardless of cacao fruit husk addition. The ants also reduced the densities of R. nitida in the absence of cacao fruit husks, but R. nitida densities were naturally low in the experimental plots that received the addition of cacao fruit husks, regardless of ant presence. In contrast, ants generally increased the densities of mealybugs. These data suggest that O. smaragdina ants provide pest control services for three major insect pests in Australian cacao farms. Furthermore, this control may be compatible with habitat manipulations ( i.e ., the addition of cacao fruit husks) to improve pollinator habitat.

Topic: Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Occurrence Download

A dataset containing 133840 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "TaxonKey" : [ "is Volatinia jacarina (Linnaeus, 1766)" ] } The dataset includes 133840 records from 225 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000079-190621201848488/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.

Topic: Evaluation and Performance Assessment
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The teaching of geography for grades 1 to 8

This monograph, which discusses the teaching of Geography in the elementary schools, supercedes the State Monograph published in 1917. It consists of a discussion of the major problems connected with Geography teaching and a suggested Course of Study. This Course of Study should be a guide to the teacher, but the teacher should not be a slave to it.

Topic: Geography Education and Pedagogy
Subfield: Geography, Planning and Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Chemical control of pulmonary ventilation during short-term intermittent activity and recovery

Purpose: Arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) is one of important factors in Chemical mechanism of ventilation (VE) control that its direct or indirect effect on VE or its lack of influence is still under discussion. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of PaCO2 on VE during short-term intermittent activity and during recovery after this activity and to investigate time lag in stimulation of VE by PaCO2. Methods: Ten inactive male subjects performed a short-term intermittent activity (10 sec) with work load of 200 watts that induces condition in which only PaCO2 among all chemical factors is changed. VE and gas exchange data were measured continuously during rest, warming up, activity and recovery periods. PaCO2 was predicted from PETCO2 and tidal volume (VT). Cross correlation was obtained for showing correlation coefficient between VE and predicted PaCO2considering various time lags. Results: The amount of Predicted PaCO2 was significantly higher than warming up levels from 14 sec to 28 sec during recovery and the amount of VE was significantly higher than warming up levels from 14 sec to 90 sec during recovery (p < 0.05) and the highest correlation coefficient between VE and predicted PaCO2 was obtained in time lag of 7s (r=0.854). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that in inactive males PaCO2 stimulate VE during short-term intermittent activity and during recovery after that and there is a time lag of 7 sec in stimulation of VE by PaCO2.

Topic: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Pesticide Residues in Composited Milk Collected Through the U.S. Pasteurized Milk Network

Abstract The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has implemented a comprehensive monitoring program to determine the incidence and levels of organohalogen pesticide residues in milk representing most of the U.S. supply consumed in metropolitan areas. Residue findings for 806 composite milks collected through the Pasteurized Milk Program by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1990-1991 are reported. Milk was collected on a monthly basis from 63 stations selected by EPA for radionuclide monitoring. These stations provide an estimated 80% of the milk delivered to U.S. population centers. At each station, milk from selected sources had been composited to represent the milk routinely consumed in its metropolitan area. Portions of these composites were forwarded to an FDA contract laboratory for pesticide residue analysis. Pesticide residues were found in 398 (49.4%) of 806 test samples, on the basis of a 0.0005 ppm limit of detection for each residue on a whole-product basis. A total of 455 occurrences of pesticide residues were found; p,p’-DDE and dieldrin accounted for 384 (84.4%) of these occurrences. The highest level was 0.019 ppm p,p’- DDE.

Topic: Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Novel Mutation Leading to Leptin Receptor Deficiency and Subsequent Childhood Morbid Obesity

Leptin acts on leptin receptors, which are widely distributed to effect on energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine function and immune function. The leptin receptor is found in the surface of cells in many organs and tissues of the body including hypothalamus.

Topic: Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Subfield: Endocrine and Autonomic Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Effects of spraying foliar nitrogen on activities of key regulatory enzymes involved in protein formation in winter wheat suffered post-anthesis high temperature and waterlogging

High temperature and waterlogging are main stress factors during late growing period of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Yangtze Valley region of China. The effects of spraying foliar nitrogen on activities of key regulatory enzymes involved in protein formation in winter wheat suffered postanthesis high temperature and waterlogging were studied. The results showed that both post-anthesis high temperature and post-anthesis waterlogging significantly reduced activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) in flag leaf and grain and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in grain. High temperature increased the negative effects of waterlogging, while spraying foliar nitrogen significantly increased these enzyme activities. High temperature reduced grain yield, protein accumulation and ratio of Glu/Gli, but improved protein content and each protein ingredient. Waterlogging reduced grain yield, protein accumulation, protein content, each protein ingredient and ratio of Glu/Gli. Interaction between high temperature and waterlogging significantly affected grain yield, protein accumulation and ratio of Glu/Gli, while did not significantly affect protein content and each protein ingredient. The degree of negative effects was waterlogging + high temperature > waterlogging > high temperature. Spraying foliar nitrogen resulted in the increase of grain yield, protein accumulation, protein content, each protein ingredient and ratio of Glu/Gli. The activities of key regulatory enzymes involved in protein formation were significantly positively correlated with grain yield, protein accumulation and ratio of Glu/Gli, but did not correlate with protein content. Our results suggest that spraying foliar nitrogen was an effective way to improve protein quality of winter wheat when suffered post-anthesis high temperature and waterlogging.

Topic: Plant responses to water stress
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Factors influencing antenatalcare utilisation in a village of guntur district, andhra pradesh

AIMS: To study the possible socio- demographic factors contributing to women obtaining antenatal care services. 
To study the role of these factors in influencing the antenatal care utilisation.
METHODS: Cross sectional observational study was conducted on 140 postnatal mothers residing in Nadendla village of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. The data was collected using a pre-tested semi- structured schedule.
RESULTS: About 46% (65) of the women were illiterates. Majority (63.6%) of the women work in paddy fields as Agricultural Labourers, the remaining (36.4%) are housewives. 51.4% of the mothers were living in nuclear families. 63% women conceived by 19 years of age. All the respondents utilized antenatal services either government or private or both. 73% utilized government services exclusively, being provided by accredited social health activists and female health workers.62% of mothers had 3 or more antenatal visits. Except for one, none of the women were paid home visits by the health staff. 66.7% mothers were satisfied with the behaviour of the health staff at the Primary Health centres (PHC). Cleanliness at the PHC needs improvement and more than 70% mothers were satisfied with the information provided for care during pregnancy.
CONCLUSION
Literacy rates among females need to be improved in the villages. When women are educated, the whole family is educated. All the women are utilizing antenatal care services, but home visits by the health staff during antenatal period should be done routinely. The staff at the Primary Health Centres should be periodically sensitized about the importance of antenatal care

Topic: Global Maternal and Child Health
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An 8-bit Integrate-and-Sample Receiver for Rate-Scalable Photonic Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Jitter limitations pose significant challenges for high-resolution and sampling-rate analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). This paper describes an integrate-and-sample (IAS) receiver suitable for use in an optical parametric photonic ADC. Rate-scalable photonic-sampling techniques provide low-jitter optical sampling and analog-to-digital conversion of the wideband signal up to 10 GHz and beyond. An 8-bit 2-GS/s IAS receive channel is described for a rate-scalable photonic ADC. Electronic measurements are shown for an RF tone and a photonic Gaussian pulse source and compared to simulations. A two-channel IAS array is fabricated in a 120-nm SiGe BiCMOS process and packaged onto a printed circuit board for integration into the photonic-sampling setup. A single 2-GS/s channel achieves a measured performance higher than 8.1 ENOB. The two-channel integrated circuit consumes 890 mA per channel from 5- and 2.5-V supplies and occupies an area of 1.6 × 2.0 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .

Topic: Photonic and Optical Devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences