jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
SCREENING LENGTH, DISPERSION RELATIONS AND QUARK POTENTIAL IN THERMO FIELD DYNAMICS

The screening length in a quark–gluon plasma, the dispersion relations of thermal gluon self-energy and the quark potential at high temperature are studied within the thermo field dynamics framework. By calculating the real and imaginary parts, of the gluon self-energy in one-loop order in thermo field dynamics, we obtain an expression for the screening length in a quark–gluon plasma and the dispersion relation between the real and imaginary parts. At high temperature, using photon exchange between electron-positron in a skeleton expansion and ladder approximation, the screened Coulomb potential and an expression for the screened quark potential is obtained.

Topic: High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Weaning Away from Idolatry: Maimonides on the Purpose of Ritual Sacrifices

This essay explores Maimonides’ explanation of the Bible’s rationale behind the ritual sacrifices, namely to help wean the Jews away from idolatrous rites. After clearly elucidating Maimonides’ stance on the topic, this essay examines his view from different angles with various possible precedents in earlier rabbinic literature for such an understanding. The essay also shows why various other Jewish commentators objected to Maimonides’ understanding and how Maimonides might respond to those critiques. Additionally, this essay also situates Maimonides’ view on sacrifices within his broader worldview of the Bible’s commandments in general as serving as a counterweight to idolatrous rituals.

Topic: Medieval and Classical Philosophy
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Legal Status of the Financial Ombudsman in the European Union – Risks and Challenges

This contribution deals with the protection of consumer rights which must be clear and certain. At the same time, it is not possible to protect the important interests of the stability of the financial market and its actors and, at the same time, to protect those who use the services of these actors. After all, the interests of the parties in a contract are not entirely compatible, the client wants to receive the lowest possible price of capital and the borrower the highest possible price. A body that will protect one party will not be independent with regard to the other interest being protected. The idea of all the Financial Ombudsmen created after 2008 is precisely that of protecting one party, the consumer/customer, who, in his or her own way, is the guarantor of the banks' liquidity security. This idea prevails where the consumer of financial services is effectively protected. The Ombudsman is, in a way, a consequence, but also a guarantor of financial stability and the financing system, and not speculation on consumers.

Topic: European and International Contract Law
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Evaluation of kinetics adsorption models from Lampung ethnic textile industry wastewater for removal chromium onto modified activated sludge and zeolite adsorbent

The aim of this study to evaluate fifteen kinetic models by fitting the adsorption of chromium experimental data from aqueous solution on modified adsorbent from activated sludge and natural zeolite. All the fifteen kinetic models parameter were determined and ranked by sum of square errors (SSE). The results showed that intra-particle diffusion, power, Bangham, fractal exponential, fractal mixed 1.2 order, first order, fractal-like pseudo first order, fractal-like second order have a good fit to experimental data as their values of SSE 0.00057, 0.000617, 0.000617, 0.000621, 0.000624, 0.000639, 0.000639 and 0.000653 respectively. However the larger value of SSE was obtained for the pseudo first order, the pseudo second order, Avrami, exponential, Boyd, and mixed 1,2 model as their values of 0.002085, 0.001204, 0.002085, 0.00155, 0.004273, 0.00121

Topic: Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
Subfield: Water Science and Technology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The effect of real earnings management through operating cash flow approach on company performance

Earnings management through real activities is a numbers game with the profits made through the activities associated with operational activities. In this study, real earnings management with operating cash flow approach using proxies on firm performance indicators Return on Assets (ROA) and Tobin's Q. The sample used in this study is a manufacturing company using the sample selection criteria. The results of the regression analysis for this study indicate that real earnings management approach to operating cash flow effect on the company's performance indicators Return on Assets (ROA) and no effect on the company's performance indicators Tobin's Q.

Topic: Auditing, Earnings Management, Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Simple Glove Permeation Models

Abstract Glove permeation parameters of organic solvents through glove material (nitrile, neoprene, neox-supported neoprene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylchloride, and natural rubber) published by Ansell Edmont were tested with simple physical parameters for the solvent. Some were based on solvent characteristics (Snyder Polarity P′, dielectric constant, solvent/water partition coefficients P, and Hildebrand solubility) and one chromatographic parameter (Snyder elution E°). A simple criterion of permeation resistance with no chemical degradation of the material was applied to rank physical parameters. E° and log Phep were the best such parameters, where Phep is the partition coefficient of the permeant between n-heptane and water. E° was then shown to correlate best with log Phep out of all the parameters investigated. E° and hence log Phep were correlated to the breakthrough time (tb) by the predicted relationship, and qualitatively to the predicted steady-state permeation rate (Ps) data for alcohol permeation through neoprene, polyvinylchloride, and neox-supported neoprene gloves.

Topic: Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Survey on Police Stress and Conflict During The COVID-19 Pandemic

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a roadmap for a more prosperous and sustainable future. Goal 16 stipulates that everyone should have access to justice and that courts and the justice system should be a key component of national accountability systems. Institutional objectives include the police, prosecutors, courts, jail system, and justice and policing ministries. As a result, police officers play a crucial role in guaranteeing the safety of residents by protecting their lives. There is a commitment to live in safety and prosperity throughout the Goal 16 objectives. The COVID-19 outbreak affected many aspects of society, causing societal upheaval and changing customs, but first responders were particularly heavily afflicted. The purpose of police officers was to organize local shutdowns, foster social distance, and enforce stay-at-home requirements. Police personnel must encourage social separation and the use of face masks in order to reduce or break the COVID-19 epidemic's chain. As a result, documenting the magnitude of these effects is critical for justifying and efficiently targeting officers' responses, helping agencies and individuals to weather the storm. The stress and conflict issues that police officers face is addressed in this research. Furthermore, this study aims to assess the stress and conflict issues that police personnel experience. This study was conducted using a quantitative research design. The policemen from the Petaling Jaya District Police Headquarters are the respondents. A questionnaire is used to collect data, then analyzed using SPSS. This study's weakness is that more qualitative research is needed to go deeper into conflict and stress among police officers. According to the findings, most police officers have been stressed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and their increased workload. Furthermore, the study discovered that generational disparities in personality could lead to professional conflict among police personnel. According to the findings, police officers require a robust support system to ensure that their stress and conflict may be resolved or minimized during these challenging moments.

Topic: COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
A historical review of hybrid rice breeding

ABSTRACT The development of germplasm resources and advances in breeding methods have led to steady increases in yield and quality of rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Three milestones in the recent history of rice breeding have contributed to these increases: dwarf rice breeding, hybrid rice breeding, and super rice breeding. On the 50th anniversary of the success of three‐line hybrid rice, we highlight important scientific discoveries in rice breeding that were made by Chinese scientists and summarize the broader history of the field. We discuss the strategies that could be used in the future to optimize rice breeding further in the hope that China will continue to play a leading role in international rice breeding.

Topic: Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Confined Charged Particles in C-periodic Volumes

Charged particles in an Abelian Coulomb phase are non-local infraparticles that are surrounded by a cloud of soft photons which extends to infinity. Gauss' law prevents the existence of charged particles in a periodic volume. In a $C$-periodic volume, which is periodic up to charge conjugation, on the other hand, charged particles can exist. This includes vortices in the $3$-d XY-model, magnetic monopoles in $4$-d $\mathrm{U}(1)$ gauge theory, as well as protons and other charged particles in QCD coupled to QED. In four dimensions non-Abelian charges are confined. Hence, in an infinite volume non-Abelian infraparticles cost an infinite amount of energy. However, in a $C$-periodic volume non-Abelian infraparticles (whose energy increases linearly with the box size) can indeed exist. Investigating these states holds the promise of deepening our understanding of confinement.

Topic: Quantum, superfluid, helium dynamics
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pathologies associated with impacted mandibular third molars in sub-saharan africans

Background: The prevalence of third molar pathology and problems associated with surgical extraction of impacted third molars has been extensively discussed in the literature; however, few have discussed the pathologies that can be associated with impacted third molar tooth. Aim: The aim of the current study, therefore, is to evaluate the types of associated pathologies with impacted third molars in Sub-Saharan Africans. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study that was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, between January and March 2012. Consented patients between ages 18 and 35 years were recruited into the study. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 135 mandibular third molar extractions was carried out during the study period from 72 (53.3%) females and 63 (46.7%) males (F:M = 1.1:1). Mesioangular impaction was the most frequent spatial relation of the impacted mandibular third molar to the lower second molar tooth (70 [51.9%]), followed by distoangular impaction (29 [21.5%]). Mesioangular impaction was mostly associated with pathology (70 [51.9%]), with a statistical significant difference of P = 0.000. Pathological pocket and caries on both impacted lower third molar and lower second molar tooth accounted for the highest number of associated pathologies (37 [27.4%]). Conclusion: Caries and pathological pockets were the most common associated pathology with impacted third molar.

Topic: dental development and anomalies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effects of simvastatin on apoB metabolism and LDL subfraction distribution.

Seven moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects were studied before and after 10 weeks of simvastatin therapy (20 mg/day). Therapy reduced low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 39% (p &lt; 0.001), whereas high density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol were unchanged. Apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing lipoproteins were divided into VLDL1 (Sf 60-400), VLDL2 (Sf 20-60), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) (Sf 12-20), and LDL (Sf 0-12), and metabolic changes were sought in dual-tracer VLDL1 and VLDL2 turnover studies. VLDL1 apoB pool size was unaltered by therapy, as were its rates of synthesis, catabolism, and delipidation to VLDL2. Similarly, the VLDL2 apoB pool size was unchanged, but its metabolic fate was altered. The IDL pool size fell significantly (27%, p &lt; 0.01) due entirely to an increased fractional catabolism of the lipoprotein. In our subjects, the circulating mass of LDL apoB decreased (49%, p &lt; 0.01) primarily due to a reduction in its synthesis. Before therapy, 30% of the apoB entering the delipidation cascade in these hyperlipidemic subjects was converted to LDL. On therapy the input remained the same, but direct catabolism from VLDL2 and IDL was increased (p &lt; 0.05), and as a result only 16% eventually appeared in LDL. These kinetic changes were associated with a fall in particle cholesteryl ester content throughout the delipidation cascade. We also observed a link between LDL kinetics and its subfraction distribution. Simvastatin influences the metabolism of LDL, IDL, and VLDL2 but not VLDL1.

Topic: Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A self directed adaptive e-portfolio architecture for learning

The learners of the new millennium prefer to be self-learners. They prefer self evaluation by taking self-test and creating their own knowledge after a learning session. Autonomy in the learning process is the key focus of the modern learning environment. This paper describes the architecture of a self-learning environment which incorporates adaptive and intelligent features in the learning process. A detailed analysis of the various adaptive learning techniques was carried out and implemented in the designed architecture.

Topic: Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Characterization of Novel Microsatellite Loci for Primula poissonii (Primulaceae) Using High-Throughput Sequencing Technology

Primula poissonii (Primulaceae) is a perennial herb, widely distributed in the Hengduan Mountain region of Southwest China. In this study, Roche 454 pyrosequencing was used to isolate microsatellite markers. A total of 4528 unique sequences were identified from 68,070 unique reads. Of these, eighty-seven microsatellite loci were screened for utility using two criteria: successful PCR amplification and variation of these loci within three wild P. poissonii populations. Twenty loci were successfully amplified and exhibited polymorphic alleles. The number of observed alleles ranged from 1 to 9 with an average of 3.5. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.087 to 1.000 and from 0.124 to 0.828, respectively. Among these SSR loci, only the P69 locus could not be cross-amplified successfully in two closely related species P. wilsonii and P. anisodora. The microsatellite loci developed in this study will be useful for studying genetic diversity and speciation events between P. poissonii and closely related Primula species.

Topic: Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Preserving Edge from Gaussian Filter by Edge Template

An image filtering with the only Gaussian function is the smoothing technique. Although the result of the filtering can remove the noise, it also destroy the detail image. This paper presents the smoothing technique that uses the Gaussian function to locate the image edge in any position. By using the edge model template, the comparison has been make to adjust the proper kernel of Gaussian function. If the decision was made to be edge, the proper kernel was adjusted respect to the orientation of the edge that was apply. Otherwise, the normal filter was apply. The result of our approach will performed the same as Gaussian function but can preserve the edge in the image. The experiments will demonstrated the various of the parameters such as the kernel and σ. The results were shown that our approach can performed the significant in term of the preserving edge.

Topic: Image Enhancement Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Digital cervical cancer screening: a reliable One-Stop method ?

BackgroundWorldwide, cervical cancer (CC) is considered the fourth most common cancer in women. Globocandata stated 311,365 CC related mortalities in the world in 2018, 90% of them occurred in low-income countries. In Jordan, CC ranks as the 12th most common cancer among women. The primary aim of this report is to be able to decide if digital screening (DS) is reliable and worth using in our one stop gynecology clinics. Materials and MethodsThis study was done for all women who attended one stop out-patient gynecology services for routine CC screening between 1/1/2019 and 31/12/2019. Inclusion criteria requested women to be 18 years of age or more, healthy, and had previously normal cervical smear (conventional Pap smear (CPS) or Liquid based cytology (LBC)) i.e., all previous screening tests results were normal. ResultsA total number of 94 patients agreed to have the DS method done, mean age was 43 years. 25.5% were found to have abnormal screening results on DS. When compared to the national data of 12.5% abnormal smears in Liquid‐based cytology (LBC), there was a statistically significant difference in the numbers of abnormal screening results between both methods (p value of 0.000). LBC is used in most centers for CCS in Jordan ConclusionThe digital cervical screening method saves time and offers a one stop clinic management, therefore minimizing lost to follow up rate, and where colposcopy is indicated. Additionally, DS should be considered in low resource countries.

Topic: Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Sector size, technical change and stability in the USA (1957-2006): a Schumpeterian approach

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate two famous postulates of the Schumpeterian doctrine and its implications for the US economy. Design/methodology/approach – Analytically, the authors investigate whether sector size matters for sectoral: technological change and stability, as expressed through the relevant quantitative measures and variables. To this end, the authors test a number of relevant models that express the various forms of this relationship. More precisely, the authors use panel data for the 14 main sectors of economic activity in the USA over the period 1957-2006, just before the first signs of the US and global recession made their appearance. Findings – The results seem to be in line with the Schumpeterian postulate that market size matters for technological change and economic stability, for the US economy (1957-2006). Clearly, further research would be of great interest. Originality/value – This work contributes to the literature in the following ways: first, it provides an extensive review of the literature on the subject and adopts two relevant methodological approaches. Second, based on these quantitative approaches, the paper offers a complete investigation of two famous postulates of the Schumpeterian theory for the US economy, and it is the first, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, to do so by sector of economic activity, in a panel data framework. Third, the paper uses a wide data set (1957-2006) to examine the US economy up until the first signs of the US and global economic recession made their appearance.

Topic: Economic Growth and Productivity
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Exercise and cancer: linkages with obesity?

A growing number of well-controlled studies suggest that both hard physical work and an active leisure can reduce the overall incidence of cancer. Benefit is demonstrated most clearly for colonic tumors. Here, benefit persists after control of the data for body mass index, and a likely mechanism is the speeding of colonic transit. Occasional reports suggest protection against tumors of the breast, reproductive tract, and other body organs. In some of these latter sites, potential mechanisms of protection include a suppression of sex hormone secretion, and a reduction of body fat depots, where androgens are converted to toxic estrogen derivatives; vigorous athletic participation may well modulate hormone output, but a reduction of body fat is a more likely explanation of any benefit from moderate physical activity.

Topic: Nutrition and Health in Aging
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The complexity of generating functions for integer points in polyhedra and beyond

Motivated by the formula for the sum of the geometric series, we consider various classes of sets S ⊂ ℤ\_d\_ of integer points for which an a priori "long" Laurent series or polynomial Σ\_m\_∈\_S\_ xm can be written as a "short" rational function f(S; x). Examples include the sets of integer points in rational polyhedra, integer semigroups, and Hilbert bases of rational cones, among others. We discuss applications to efficient counting and optimization and open questions. This enables to show that a priori different discrete models define the same curves in the scaling limit and exhibit some surprising symmetries. It gives also a way to tie links between these concrete measures on curves and conformal field theory. Important roles in this theory are played by Brownian loops and by the Schramm–Loewner Evolutions (SLE). Most of the results described in this paper were derived in joint work with Greg Lawler, and Oded Schramm.

Topic: Advanced Combinatorial Mathematics
Subfield: Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Patient-Staff Meeting-A Technique for Encouraging Communication in the Psychiatric Hospital<sup>†</sup>

(1963). The Patient-Staff Meeting-A Technique for Encouraging Communication in the Psychiatric Hospital. Psychiatry: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 19-25.

Topic: Healthcare Systems and Technology
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Ammunition, Recoilless Rifle

The report describes a method for evaluation of recoilless rifle ammunition operational and functional performance characteristics. It identifies supporting tests, facilities, and equipment required. It provides procedures for preoperational inspection, physical characteristics, safety, personnel training, accuracy, dispersion, security from detection, adverse conditions, user reaction, portability, transportability, functioning, reliability, maintenance, human factors, and value analysis.

Topic: Occupational Health and Performance
Subfield: Occupational Therapy
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences