jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Synchrotron radiation instrumentation and macromolecular crystallography

Highlights of a workshop on synchrotron radiation intrumentation and macromolecular crystallography, a satellite meeting of the 4th International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, will be presented. The theme of the meeting was to look towards the developments on the next generation of high brilliance SR sources current under construction. Macromolecular crystallography needs span a very wide range of technical requirments covering the most demanding uses of SR. It is a rapidly expanding field. (AIP)

Topic: Enzyme Structure and Function
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Applying Machine Learning to Study the Marketing Mix's Effectiveness in a Social Marketing Context

This study examines the effectiveness of the marketing mix practiced on Twitter across high-end and low-end fashion brands and explores whether any four Ps activities have changed across the different pandemic stages. A quantitative research method was designed to analyze text data scraped from identified fashion brands' Twitter accounts. A classification instrument was developed to group tweets based on the four Ps marketing mix. Then the developed instrument was applied to a small set of 145 tweets randomly sampled from the collected data. Logistic regression models were then trained using the sample set to predict four Ps activities on all the collected 144k tweets. The numbers of likes per tweet and frequencies of being retweeted per tweet were used to measure engagement effectiveness across brands.

Topic: Digital Marketing and Social Media
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Influence of Heat Treatment Conditions on Photocatalytic Properties of Oxidized TiN Film

In this study, the photocatalytic activity of annealed TiN powders and films were examined to clarify the influence of annealing temperature and pressure on the photocatalytic properties under UV and visible light irradiation. TiN films were deposited on stainless steel and quartz substrates by DC magnetron sputtering, and annealed TiN powders were used as a reference material to confirm the effectiveness of TiN oxidation. TiN powders which were annealed at 873-1173K, showed obvious photocatalytic activity, under both UV and visible light irradiation. However, annealed TiN films on the stainless steel substrate showed low photocatalytic activity except for those annealed at 823K and 1.0kPa. This is because film annealed above 923 K consisted of a dominant rutile phase, and the film annealed at 1023K delaminated from the stainless substrate. For the quartz substrate, the dominant phase of the films annealed at 823 and 923 K was anatase, and all films remained completely on the substrate after annealing. In particular, the film which was annealed at 923K and 1.0kPa showed high photocatalytic activity both under UV and visible light irradiation. Thus, good photocatalytic activity can be obtained by annealing TiN with an appropriate temperature, pressure and substrate material.

Topic: MXene and MAX Phase Materials
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
EXERGAME TECHNOLOGY AND INTERACTIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR ELDERLY FALL PREVENTION: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Falls and fall related injuries present a substantial health problem among the older population. Training balance and promoting physical activities in the elderly can contribute to fall-prevention. Due to the low adherence of conventional physical therapy, fall interventions through exergame (exercise+game) technologies are emerging. This study synthesizes the available research reported on exergame technology and interactive interventions for fall prevention in the elderly population. Twenty-five relevant publications identified from five major electronic databases (Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science and Proquest) were critically reviewed and analyzed. Results showed that the most common exergaming device for fall intervention was the Nintendo Wii, followed by Xbox Kinect. Even though the exergame intervention protocols and outcome measures for assessing the intervention effects varied, the most frequently used outcome measures were the score of Berg Balance Scale for the postural balance performance, the time to complete Timed Up and Go Test for human gait and mobility performance, and the rating of Falls Efficacy Scale for self-perceived risk of falling. This study revealed that the interactive exergame interventions improved physical or cognitive functioning in the elderly. However, it remains inconclusive whether or not the exergame-based intervention for elderly fall prevention is superior to conventional physical therapy. The effect mechanism of the exergaming on elderly’s balance ability is still unclear. Further studies are needed to establish a standardized test protocol, to define the optimal intervention treatment, and to design tailored exergame interventions to the elderly for enhanced intervention effectiveness, enjoyment, and safety.

Topic: Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Subfield: Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Metal-Free Catalytic Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Furans from α-Hydroxy Ketones and Cyano Compounds

A novel method for the efficient and straightforward synthesis of tetrasubstituted furans is presented, employing a base-catalyzed reaction of α-hydroxy ketones and cyano compounds. The reaction proceeds under relatively mild conditions, utilizes readily available starting materials, and exhibits good functional group tolerance and high yields. Notably, this reaction obviates the need for expensive metal catalysts and introduces crucial functional groups such as amino and cyano moieties. Furthermore, it avoids the prerequisite functionalization of substrates, thereby enhancing atomic economy.

Topic: Catalytic Alkyne Reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Energy Materials Coordinating Committee (EMaCC). Annual technical report, fiscal year 1983

The following text briefly describes the materials research programs of the Department of Energy. It is organized by office and organizational charts are provided to allow easy identification of the materials research programs of each office. These program descriptions have been prepared from inputs submitted by many different EMaCC members. This report is not a comprehensive summary of the Department's programs, but rather a compilation of the programs of those offices that submitted inputs.

Topic: Research, Science, and Academia
Subfield: Information Systems and Management
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
THE LIVER PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF THE DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYO

The concentrations and fatty acid compositions of the individual phospholipids in the livers of chick embryos on the 13th, 15th, 17th, 19th, and 21st days of incubation were compared with the concentrations and fatty acid compositions of the individual yolk phospholipids. The liver phospholipids contained higher proportions of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, and diphosphatidyl glycerol, and lower proportions of phosphatidyl choline, than did the yolk phospholipids. There was a constant increment (0.96 mg/day) of phosphatidyl choline in the liver during the period of incubation studied. The phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl serine of the liver generally contained higher concentrations of stearic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acids, and lower concentrations of palmitic and oleic acids than did these phospholipid fractions in the yolk. The fatty acid compositions of the sphingomyelin in the liver and yolk were similar. The most pronounced changes in the fatty acid composition of the liver phospholipids during embryonic development were observed in the phosphatidyl choline fraction. These changes suggested that the α-palmitoyl-β-arachidonyl phosphatidyl choline in the liver was gradually replaced by α-stearoyl-β-linoleoyl phosphatidyl choline and a-stearoyl-β-docosahexaenoyl phosphatidyl choline.

Topic: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Histologic analysis of the interface of a titanium implant retrieved from a nonvascularized mandibular block graft after a 10-month loading period.

The combined use of bone grafts and osseointegrated implants appears to improve the long-term prognosis of transplanted bone. One question pertaining to the use of grafted bone is whether the biologic reaction to implants placed in grafted bone is the same as that seen under nongrafted conditions. A mandibular discontinuity defect in a 63-year-old female patient was repaired with a nonvascularized block graft into which 3 titanium implants were placed. After a 10-month loading period, one of the implants was retrieved and treated to obtain thin ground sections. The histologic examination showed mature bone in close contact with the implant surface; no gaps, fibrous tissue, or inflammatory cells were seen at the interface. No resorption phenomena were present. The bone at the interface was highly mineralized. The features of the regenerated bone and the bone-implant interface in grafted bone were similar to those seen in nongrafted situations; no differences were found with results presented in the literature concerned with retrieved implants placed into vascularized grafts.

Topic: Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Fake News Detection of COVID-19 on Twitter Platform: A Review

In the 21st century, it was found that rather than conventional media such as print media, a larger number of participants consumed news from search engines and social media. The goal of this research is to examine the false news on the Twitter platform connected to COVID-19. A difficult task for humans is to recognize such false facts. Many researchers faced difficulties to identify the issue statements and their attributes in describing fake news. Attempts have been devoted to addressing this issue with techniques of deep learning and machine learning. In fake news identification, the effect of linguistic features and contextual characteristics areanalysed and some techniques such as Naive Bayes, Decision tree, Hybrid CNN, KNN, and SVMare compared. This study reviewed the current and past literature suggested by the researchers to detect fake news.Approaches are based on content types (textual or image-based) to overcome the problem more smartly and to achieve enhanced classification results.The main purpose of this paper is to review literature for COVID-19 fake news detection on Twitter using machine learning and deep learning method

Topic: Misinformation and Its Impacts
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Trimethyl Phosphite and Hexamethylphosphorous Triamide with 2‐Methoxycarbonyl‐3,4,5‐triphenylcyclopentadienone.

Abstract The cyclopentadienone (I) is coupled with trimethyl phosphite (II) to give the cyclopentadienyl phosphate (III), together with a second isomeric phosphate (IV), probably (V) or (VI).

Topic: Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Mycobacterium africanum Is Associated with Patient Ethnicity in Ghana

Mycobacterium africanum is a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and an important cause of human tuberculosis in West Africa that is rarely observed elsewhere. Here we genotyped 613 MTBC clinical isolates from Ghana, and searched for associations between the different phylogenetic lineages of MTBC and patient variables. We found that 17.1% (105/613) of the MTBC isolates belonged to M. africanum, with the remaining belonging to M. tuberculosis sensu stricto. No M. bovis was identified in this sample. M. africanum was significantly more common in tuberculosis patients belonging to the Ewe ethnic group (adjusted odds ratio: 3.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.67-5.47, p<0.001). Stratifying our analysis by the two phylogenetic lineages of M. africanum (i.e. MTBC Lineages 5 and 6) revealed that this association was mainly driven by Lineage 5 (also known as M. africanum West Africa 1). Our findings suggest interactions between the genetic diversity of MTBC and human diversity, and offer a possible explanation for the geographical restriction of M. africanum to parts of West Africa.

Topic: Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Dilemma of Human Cloning in Islamic Theology: A Critique of the Uniqueness of Human Creation and Implications for Maqashid al-Shariah

This study aims to analyse the ethical and theological dilemmas of human cloning within the context of Islamic theology, with a particular focus on the challenges it poses to the principles of Maqashid al-Shariah. With increasing advancements in cloning technology, this research becomes crucial to identify the ethical and spiritual implications of creating genetically identical life forms. The methodology employed is a qualitative approach with an in-depth case study, exploring primary sources such as the Quran, Hadith, and exegesis, as well as related academic literature on bioethics in Islam. Data was collected through extensive literature review and analysed using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldana model that focuses on data collection, reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that human cloning raises serious questions about the uniqueness of human creation, life integrity, and genetic diversity, all key elements in Maqashid al-Shariah. It was also found that cloning challenges the exclusive boundaries of divine creation, potentially diminishing the sanctity and uniqueness of the created individual. The discussion in this study underscores the conflict between technological advancements and the ethical values held in Islam, highlighting the need for dialogue between scientists, policymakers, and the religious community. The recommendation from this study is the need for a policy framework that considers the principles of ethical sustainability in cloning technology to maintain a balance between technological benefits and the protection of religious values and ethics.

Topic: Theology and Philosophy of Evil
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Juncus Bulbosus Community

Peaty moorland lochs West 1910 p.p.; Juncus fluitans consocies Pearsall 1921; Juncus fluitans vegetation Pearsall 1921; Juncus fluitans-Utricularia sociation Spence 1964; Juncus fluitans-Sphagnum subsecundum sociation Spence 1964; Sphagno-Sparganietum angustifolii Tüxen 1937 sensu Schoof-van Pelt 1973 p.p.; Scorpidio-Utricularietum Muller & Gors 1960 sensu Birse 1984 p.p..

Topic: Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Hyper Suprime-Cam Year 3 Results: Cosmology from Cosmic Shear Two-point Correlation Functions

We perform a blinded cosmology analysis with cosmic shear two-point correlation functions (2PCFs) measured from more than 25 million galaxies in the Hyper Suprime-Cam three-year shear catalog in four tomographic redshift bins ranging from 0.3 to 1.5. After conservative masking and galaxy selection, the survey covers 416 deg$^2$ of the northern sky with an effective galaxy number density of 15 arcmin$^{-2}$ over the four redshift bins. The 2PCFs adopted for cosmology analysis are measured in the angular range: $7.1 &lt; θ/{\rm arcmin} &lt; 56.6$ for $ξ_+$ and $31.2 &lt;θ/{\rm arcmin} &lt; 248$ for $ξ_-$, with a total signal-to-noise ratio of 26.6. We apply a conservative, wide, flat prior on the photometric redshift errors on the last two tomographic bins, and the relative magnitudes of the cosmic shear amplitude across four redshift bins allow us to calibrate the photometric redshift errors. With this flat prior on redshift errors, we find $Ω_{\rm m}=0.256_{-0.044}^{+0.056}$ and $S_8\equiv σ_8 \sqrt{Ω_{\rm m}/0.3}=0.769_{-0.034}^{+0.031}$ (both 68\% CI) for a flat $Λ$ cold dark matter cosmology. We find, after unblinding, that our constraint on $S_8$ is consistent with the Fourier space cosmic shear and the 3$\times$2pt analyses on the same HSC dataset. We carefully study the potential systematics from astrophysical and systematic model uncertainties in our fiducial analysis using synthetic data, and report no biases (including projection bias in the posterior space) greater than $0.5σ$ in the estimation of $S_8$. Our analysis hints that the mean redshifts of the two highest tomographic bins are higher than initially estimated. In addition, a number of consistency tests are conducted to assess the robustness of our analysis. Comparing our result with Planck-2018 cosmic microwave background observations, we find a ~$2σ$ tension for the $Λ$CDM model.

Topic: Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Using Machine Learning to Predict Frailty from Cognitive Assessments

This paper explores the relation between cognitive and physical aspects of the human body from a machine learning standpoint. We propose to use performance on cognitive assessments to predict frailty of elderly adults with different regression and classification models. We propose a preprocessing scheme with oversampling and imputation to overcome the challenge of an imbalanced data distribution on the existing dataset. We validate the capability of classification models to predict frailty on patients given cognitive input data and provide evidence that machine learning models depend on clinically-defined thresholds.

Topic: Frailty in Older Adults
Subfield: Geriatrics and Gerontology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Genotype/Phenotype Correlations for Coagulation Factor XIII: Specific Normal Polymorphisms Are Associated With High or Low Factor XIII Specific Activity

Factor XIII is a transglutaminase essential for normal hemostasis. We have studied the plasma FXIII levels and FXIII activity in 71 individuals and found these to be normally distributed. FXIII specific activity is also normally distributed. However, we show that FXIII activity is not directly dependent on FXIII levels, and individuals with low FXIII levels may have high FXIII activity and vice versa. We have determined the FXIIIA genotype in these individuals to assess whether the variation observed in FXIII specific activity is dependent on specific polymorphisms in the FXIIIA gene. Our data show that the Leu34 and Leu564 variants give rise to increased FXIII specific activity, while the Phe204 variant results in lower FXIII specific activity. We also report preliminary evidence that the Phe204 polymorphism may be associated with recurrent miscarriage. Overall, we have identified 23 unique FXIIIA genotypes. Certain specific FXIIIA genotypes consistently give rise to high, low, or median FXIII specific activity levels, while others appear to have little or no consistent influence on the FXIII phenotype. These genotype to phenotype relationships are discussed in light of the growing interest in the role of FXIII in clinical problems involving an increased thrombotic tendency.

Topic: Blood properties and coagulation
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Factors Influencing the Intention to Use E-Wallet: An Extended Hedonic-Motivation System Adoption Model

Around the world, e-wallets have transformed the way people pay for goods and services. Moreover, the Malaysian e-wallet development scene has seen a convergence of a utilitarian payment service and hedonic elements, transforming the perception of consumers towards a typically mundane commerce transaction process. The e-wallet application is a model of contemporary information system that integrates design lessons from the gaming domain into a non-gaming domain in order to capture users' attention and evoke an affective response, that aims to drive e-wallet adoption. Despite e-wallet services receiving much publicity in Malaysia, bank transfer and card payments continue to dominate as e-wallet payment platform struggle attract consumers’ adoption. This is an explanatory research underpinned by an extended Hedonic-Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM). Accordingly, this research addresses the limitation of the TAM model typically used in the Malaysian context by proposing an alternative approach that takes into account the utilitarian motivation of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness; the intrinsic motivation of curiosity, joy, control and gadget love in explaining the intention to use e-wallet. This conceptualization has potential to make significant theoretical and practical contributions to the study of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation predictors and e-wallet use intention in Malaysia.

Topic: Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
Subfield: Information Systems and Management
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Adverse reaction to X-Prep

X-Prep (Napp Laboratories) is a senna-containing laxative that is widely used for bowel preparation prior to radiological examination. We report the case of a patient who had an adverse reaction following its administration. Examination revealed generalized abdominal tenderness, but no evidence of peritonism. Fresh bleeding was noted on sigmoidoscopy; however, the mucosa appeared normal. Blood pressure was 170/100 with a pulse rate of 110 per minute in atrial fibrillation.

Topic: Diverticular Disease and Complications
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Chemistry and Physiology of Conjugates of Indole-3-Acetic Acid

Most of the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in plants occurs as ester or amide-linked conjugates. This preponderance and apparent ubiquity led to a study of the functions of the conjugates. Evidence for four physiological roles has been found: 1) Conjugation is reversible and provides the plant with a way to regulate its IAA levels, and thus its growth rate, in accordance with the environment; 2) one of the conjugates (IAA-myo-inositol) is the chemical form in which IAA is transported from the seed of corn to the shoot, suggesting that conjugation provides the plant with information concerning where the hormone-precursor should be delivered; 3) IAA conjugates serve as a source of IAA for the seed and seedling; and 4) conjugation of IAA protects it against peroxidative attack. To our knowledge, this is the first case in biology where hormone levels are controlled by the formation and hydrolysis of a covalent bond.

Topic: Allelopathy and phytotoxic interactions
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences