jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[Principles of osteosynthesis of the hand].

In cases of joint fractures as well as in dislocated and open fractures of the hand special standards concerning operation methods have to be set. Treatment of soft tissue damage accompanying the fracture is in no other region of the body so important. Therefore the current efforts for development of an AO-classification for fractures of the hand taking into account the soft tissue damage are of major significance. Special features of miniosteosynthesis compared to conventional osteosynthesis are the subject of this study. The use of the miniplate especially in juxtaarticular fractures of the hand due to complex injuries or replantations can overcome the disadvantages of joint-bridging K-wires. Osteosyntheses of the hand are making high technical demands on surgeons and are not at all operations for beginners.

Topic: Bone fractures and treatments
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Biological correlates of mental activity studied with PET

The development of newer imaging techniques that allow direct investigation of the function of the human brain under normal and pathological conditions has affected the way in which we conceive of the mind/brain relation. In this report the authors use examples from findings obtained with positron emission tomography (PET) to illustrate the highly interactive organization of the brain. Because operations in the brain require the participation of various brain areas, a model that does not require a one-to-one relationship between the physical and mental, but rather allows an association between clusters of physical processes and one or more mental phenomena, may reflect better the relation between physical brain phenomena and mental activities.

Topic: Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The extent and survival of contamination of potato stocks in Scotland by <i>Erwinia carotovora</i> var. <i>carotovora</i> and <i>E. carotovora</i> var.<i>atroseptica</i>*

SUMMARY The following results were obtained when fifty‐seven bulk and crate‐stored commercial seed potato stocks from the East of Scotland were examined in 1966‐8 for contamination by pectolytic Erwinia spp. (1) Most tubers of all the cultivars and stocks examined, irrespective of whether they were obtained from blackleg‐infected or blackleg‐free crops, were contaminated with E. carotovora ; (2) some 80% of the Erwinia isolates obtained were identified as var. atroseptica , the rest being var. carotovora ; (3) the organisms survived in and on tubers for 6–7 months of bulk storage over the winter and up to planting time the following spring; (4) contrary to what is generally thought, the high incidence of contamination of all stocks, while suggesting that the seed itself is the major source of E. carotovora for the growing crop, emphasizes that other factors affect manifestation of blackleg in the field and soft rot in store.

Topic: Plant Pathogenic Bacteria Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Multifunctional Poly(vinyl ethers) by Controlled Cationic Polymerisation in a Fluorinated Solvent

The living nature of the cationic polymerisation of butyl vinyl ether (BVE) in the fluorinated solvent 1,1,2-trichloro trifluoroethane was studied, using the initiating system composed of ethyl aluminium dichloride (EtAlCl2) as the activator and 1-butoxyethyl acetate (BEA) as the initiator. BVE homopolymerises in a seemingly living fashion at T ≤ 0°C in the presence of 1,4-dioxane (DO) as a stabilising Lewis base, although the fluorinated solvent slows down the polymerisation appreciably. Less than quantitative reinitiation has been observed when a second BVE feed was added to the living macrocation at nearly quantitative monomer conversion. The functional monomers 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (CLEVE), 3-cyano-3-ethoxycarbonylpropyl vinyl ether (CNEVE) and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl vinyl ether (XFDVE) were submitted to polymerisation under the same conditions that allow to achieve a quasi-living BVE polymerisation. CLEVE gave a homopolymer with relatively narrow molecular-weight distribution (MWD), while efficient polymerisation of XFDVE was only achieved with BF3 etherate as the initiator. Copolymerisation of the various functional vinyl ethers with BVE takes place in a more controlled fashion, yielding products with narrow MWD index (Mw/Mw = 1.2–1.35), at moderate functional vinyl ether conversions. Block copolymers could be synthesised from poly(BVE) living macrocations; these are probably characterised by a hybrid structure, consisting of a pure BVE block and a second block of BVE-functional vinyl ether copolymer.

Topic: Advanced Polymer Synthesis and Characterization
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
DUST HEATING BY LOW-MASS STARS IN MASSIVE GALAXIES AT $z\lt 1$

Using the Hubble Space Telescope/Wide Field Camera 3 imaging data and multi-wavelength photometric catalog, we investigated the dust temperature of passively evolving and star-forming galaxies at 0.2<z<1.0 in the CANDELS fields. We estimated the stellar radiation field by low-mass stars from the stellar mass and surface brightness profile of these galaxies and then calculated their steady-state dust temperature. At first, we tested our method using nearby early-type galaxies with the deep FIR data by the Herschel Virgo cluster survey and confirmed that the estimated dust temperatures are consistent with the observed temperatures within the uncertainty. We then applied the method to galaxies at 0.2<z<1.0, and found that most of passively evolving galaxies with Mstar > 10^{10} Msun have a relatively high dust temperature of Tdust > 20 K, for which the formation efficiency of molecular hydrogen on the surface of dust grains in the diffuse ISM is expected to be very low from the laboratory experiments. The fraction of passively evolving galaxies strongly depends on the expected dust temperature at all redshifts and increases rapidly with increasing the temperature around Tdust ~ 20 K. These results suggest that the dust heating by low-mass stars in massive galaxies plays an important role for the continuation of their passive evolution, because the lack of the shielding effect of the molecular hydrogen on the UV radiation can prevent the gas cooling and formation of new stars.

Topic: Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
On the Behaviour of High Polymer in Solutions

ポリビニルアルコール (PVA) 水溶液は粘度が時間的に上昇し, ある濃度以上ではついにゲル化する。その機作を明らかにする目的をもって, 種々の條件でつくったゲルの見かけの融点とPVA濃度との関係およびその水溶液の見かけの粘度の時問的変化を種々の濃度, 温度について測定した。ゲルの見かけの融点Tmと濃度Cとの間にはPVA2209/lまでの濃度範囲では1og C=ΔH/RTm+Constantなる関係が成立し, これから計算されるΔHは8.8kcal/molである。これは大体水素結合1～2個に相当し, したがって少なくとも稀薄なゲルにおいては高分子銀は水素結合1～2個程度の強さで結びつけられ網状構造をつくっていると考えられる。見かけの粘度はある濃度以上では明らかに時間とともに上昇するが, かなり顕著なチクソトロピーを示す。これらのことからゲル化の初期段階と考えられる溶液のagingはおそらくPVA分子間の弱い結合によるのであろうと想像される。

Topic: Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Performance and competitive orientation: team dynamics in test match cricket

Purpose The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between the diversity of team composition and the outcome enjoyed by those teams in test match cricket by using performance and competitiveness variables. Design/methodology/approach The paper examines 100 test matches over 13 years played by eight test match‐playing countries. It draws on 12 measures of performance and 12 measures of competitiveness across more than 130 players. Findings The paper finds that there is a link between diversity and outcome, but it is not always clear as to which direction that relationship lies. Team characteristics are found to be a function of member characteristics and not a simple aggregate. Research limitations/implications The findings of the paper are probably not generalisable outside of international test match cricket. Practical implication The paper provides evidence that suggests that, in developing sporting teams, consideration must be given as to which activities are more important in delivering outcomes. Originality/value The paper adds to the literature on team dynamics in terms of theory and sporting context.

Topic: Sports Analytics and Performance
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Challenging Monolingual Ways of Looking at Multilingualism: Insights for Curriculum Development in Teacher Preparation

In the past decade, researchers have argued for translanguaging as an instructional approach that radically re-conceptualizes educators' views on multilingualism as an asset. Teacher education programs play a pivotal role in preparing teachers who enact this vision. Research on teachers' receptivity to translanguaging's epistemological (re)orientation towards mainstreaming multilingualism, however, remains scarce. To redress this gap, this study investigated mainstream preservice teachers' uptake of translanguaging theories while taking an online ESOL methods course required for TESOL certification. Through the analysis of interview data and participants' written reflections and coursework, we explored preservice teachers' beliefs and the evolution of their views on language learning, language, linguistic diversity, and translanguaging over the course of one semester. Findings highlight the challenges and potential benefits of including translanguaging theories in mainstream and TESOL teacher preparation programs' curricula.

Topic: Multilingual Education and Policy
Subfield: Linguistics and Language
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Generalized two-step Milstein methods for stochastic differential equations

The main aim of this study is to propose a class of generalized two-step Milstein methods for solving Itô stochastic differential equations. We study their mean-square consistency and mean-square convergence and derive some conditions for the linear mean-square stability of the generalized two-step Milstein methods. Numerical examples are given to confirm the theoretical results.

Topic: Stochastic processes and financial applications
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
CCDC 831482: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Comparing the impact safety between two HMX-based PBX with different binders

Binders play an important role in the safety of plastic bonded explosives (PBX). For the performance improvement of HMX-based explosive, the impact safety for the explosive using thermoplastic polyurethane (Estane5703) as binder, was investigated by comparing with that using fluorine rubber (F2604). By experiments performed with a self-designed impact test device to measure critical ignition velocity, it was found that the critical ignition velocity (277.36 m/s) of Estane5703-containing explosive was 9.3% higher than that of F2604-containing explosive. By analyzing the particle size distribution and morphological characteristics of the impacted powder, it could also be inferred that Estane5703 binder had better bond behavior than F2604. Beside, combustion characteristics of impacted powder were compared in a closed combustion vessel. The results indicated that the maximum combustion pressure (Pmax) of the Estane5703-containing impacted explosive powder was 56.5% lower than that of F2604-containing impacted explosive powder. The combustion duration of the Estane5703-containing impacted powder was 24.1% longer than that of F2604-containing powder, suggesting that the combustion of the former was milder. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Estane5703-containing explosive has better impact safety than the F2604-containing explosive due to the higher bond strength of Estane5703.

Topic: Energetic Materials and Combustion
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Diversity of the Biological and Proteinogenic Characteristics of Quinoa Genotypes as a Multi-Purpose Crop

Quinoa is a multi-purpose vegetable, grain, and forage crop, due in part to the high nutritional value of its aerial parts. This work evaluates quinoa genotype characteristics as a starting point for a better understanding of multi-purpose cultivation. Ten cultivars of quinoa were studied on soddy-podzolic soils: Brightest Brilliant, Red Faro, and Cherry Vanilla from the US (USA 1–3); Titicaca (KY1) from Denmark; Regalo (KY2), a cultivar selected by the Baer Seed Research Center for southern Chile; as well as Q1–Q5, UAE cultivars of various ecological and geographical origins. Quinoa plants were divided into three parts (lower, middle, and upper). The Q3 and Q4 cultivars produced the maximum fresh weight (38.7 g and 35.4 g, respectively) and dry matter (5.6 g and 5.3 g, respectively). The leaf mass and stems comprised 25% and 75% of the lower parts, versus 50–60% and 40–50% of the middle parts, respectively. Stems made up about 15% of the upper parts. The KY1 and Q5 cultivars produced the highest results (4.08 and 4.23 g, respectively). Protein concentrations of the quinoa grains were relatively high, with up to 14.0% grain protein in the USA2 cultivars. Leucine and isoleucine were the most abundant amino acids in quinoa grains, ranging from 6.7 to 9.2 g/100 g of protein. In contrast, methionine was the least abundant amino acid with less than 1.5 g/100 g of protein.

Topic: Seed and Plant Biochemistry
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A New Coding Technique for Asynchronous Multiple Access Communication

A new approach to asynchronous multiple access communications is presented. The technique, employing orthogonal convolutional coding and Viterbi decoding, is described and its performance characteristics are derived for the case in which other-user interference is the only source of noise. Results indicate that the technique is quite efficient in terms of the number of users supportable at a specified bit error rate in a given system bandwidth. Furthermore, the results of a design study are described, showing that the technique is a practical one to implement.

Topic: Wireless Communication Networks Research
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Immunisation coverage at a primary health care level in Nigeria

Deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases continue to contribute significantly to infant mortality, hence the global drive against their eradication, especially neonatal tetanus and poliomyelitis. This study set out to evaluate the level of awareness and utilization of childhood and maternal tetanus and childhood immunisation programmes at a Primary Health Centre, Atelowo in Osogbo, Nigeria. The immunisation record was evaluated with regards to the pattern of maternal tetanus toxoid (TT) administration and childhood immunisation. There were 209 mother-baby pairs and of these, 18 (8.6) had BCG vaccination, 49 (23.4%); DPT1/OPV1, 47 (22.5%); DPT2/OPV2 and 23 (11%); DPT3/OPV3. No infant received OPV0. Only 9 (4.3%) of 209 babies were immunised against measles. Concerning maternal TT administration, 109 (52.2%) and 74 (35.4%) had TT1 and TT2, respectively. A general apathy towards immunisation was observed, with only 4.3% of babies being available by nine months of age; the same trend was noticed with maternal immunization. Therefore suggested is a house-to-house campaign for immunization and a restructuring of the monitoring systems of the programmes. Sahel Medical Journal Vol.7(2) 2004: 59-63

Topic: Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
Subfield: Health
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
SILICA-REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS CONTAINING BIO-BASED PROCESS OILS. II: INFLUENCE OF EPOXIDE AND AMINO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

ABSTRACT The feasibility of the use of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) and amine-modified epoxidized palm oil (mEPO) as process oils in silica-reinforced natural rubber compounds is studied. The chemical structures of EPO and mEPO are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-NMR). Amine modification for 3 and 5 h leads to mEPOs with 0.03 and 0.04 mmol of amine in 1 g of oil, referred to as 0.03 mEPO and 0.04 mEPO, respectively. The properties of rubber compounds containing modified palm oils are investigated by taking those with TDAE oil and those without oil as references. The use of process oils clearly enhances the processibility (i.e., lower mixing torque and complex viscosity) and mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of the rubber compounds as compared with compounds without oil. The rubber compounds with EPO and 0.03 mEPO show a lower Payne effect (i.e., less filler–filler interaction) than the rubber compound with TDAE because of the shielding effect of the oils on the silica surface. The use of mEPO boosts the vulcanization reaction, resulting in much better cure torque difference, which indicates a higher crosslink density due to the amino groups present in mEPO as compared with TDAE. Therefore, rubber compounds with mEPOs have better mechanical properties (i.e., reinforcement index, tensile strength, and elongation at break) and better elastic response under dynamic deformation, as indicated by a lower loss tangent at 60 °C as compared with the mix with TDAE.

Topic: Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Port-wine stain as a clue for two rare coexisting entities

Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV) is an uncommon dermatosis characterised by the presence of both pigmentary and vascular abnormalities. 1 Its pathogenesis is not elucidated, and the prognosis is mainly determined by the presence of extracutaneous manifestations, such as Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS), that is defined by the triad of a port-wine stain (PWS), anomalous veins and progressive overgrowth of the affected extremity. Herein, we report a case of an adult patient, who presented with a large PWS, nevus of Ota, ocular melanosis, and limb hypertrophy and varicosities. These findings represented a rare association of PPV type IIb and KTS.

Topic: Vascular Malformations and Hemangiomas
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Pathologist Trying to Help Endocrinologists to Interpret Cytopathology Reports from Thyroid Aspirates

Fine-needle aspiration has become the diagnostic tool of choice in the initial evaluation of thyroid nodules. As a cytopathologist who has been performing fine-needle aspirations for over 25 yr at a university hospital and for the last 3 yr at the largest not-for-profit hospital in the Washington, D.C. area, I have seen increasing demand for this service. However, there is also discontent with the cytopathology reports issued by numerous laboratories. Pathologists have to standardize and simplify their reports so that they will be more meaningful to the referring physician. Endocrinologists should communicate their needs to the pathologists and insist on clear, succinct, and prompt diagnoses.

Topic: Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Endoscopic Knot‐Tying of the Nasal Cavity and Skull Base Without Special Instruments

Abstract This report introduces an endoscopic knot‐tying technique for a wide range of procedures, such as nasal mucosa suturing and dura mater reconstruction, without the need for specialized instruments. The technique utilizes basic tools like a needle holder, sutures, and bayonet‐shaped nasal forceps. The surgeon ties a surgeon's knot, guided by an endoscope, and pulls the suture with forceps to ensure proper tension. The method is effective in various surgeries, from septoplasty to skull base procedures, and has shown no adverse events in 137 patients. Its advantages include simplicity, no need for specialized tools, and ease of use in different facilities. The technique has the potential to advance endoscopic surgery, providing an efficient solution for diverse surgical applications.

Topic: Head and Neck Surgical Oncology
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Chitosan thermogels for local T lymphocyte delivery for cancer immunotherapy

Meeting abstracts The success of systemic adoptive T cell transfer lies in the capacity of the antigen-experienced cytotoxic T lymphocytes to access and persist within the tumour microenvironment. The mimicking of tertiary lymphoid structures that promote a protective immune response against cancer

Topic: Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
SPEED REDUCTION EFFECTS OF DRONE RADAR IN RURAL INTERSTATE WORK ZONES. PROJECT REPORT

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using drone (passive or unmanned) radar guns on vehicle speeds in construction zones. Experiment 1 was an exploratory study to find the immediate (less than an hour) effects of using one drone radar gun. Experiment 2 was conducted for a longer time period (a few hours) to evaluate the effects of using one drone radar gun. Experiment 3 evaluated the effects of using two drone radar guns and their lasting effects on vehicle speeds. Experiment 3 was divided into three one-hour time intervals. This method was used to determine the lasting effects of drone radar. Data analysis included the comparison of mean speeds, speed dsitributions, percent exceeding a given speed, and net speed reductions. The immediate effects of using one radar gun (Experiment 1) were 8-10 mph speed reductions; however, such reductions should not be considered typical effects of radar signal transmission because of the exploratory nature of Experiment 1. Experiment 2 showed that using a radar gun was not effective in reducing vehicle speeds when drivers knew it was drone radar. Experiment 3 indicated that the use of two radar guns increased the effectiveness of drone radars, since drivers were not sure whether the signals were from a police radar or drone radar. The two radar experiments reduced truck speeds by 3-6 mph and car speeds by 3 mph, and the radar effects did not diminish over time. In Experiments 1 and 3 the percentage of vehicles with excessive speeds inside the work zones decreased when radar signals were transmitted. Furthermore, the decreases in Experiment 3 were sustained over a period of time.

Topic: Occupational Health and Safety Research
Subfield: Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences