jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Digestive tract dimensions and body mass of elephant shrews (Macroscelididae) and the effects of season and habitat

Macroscelidids have relatively short digestive tracts, consistent with their insectivorous diet. Compared with five species of Elephantulus, Macroscelides proboscideus had a relatively long large intestine and Petrodromus tetradactylus had a relatively short large intestine. These differences may reflect varying requirements for water conservation. E. myurus showed no seasonal changes in body weight but a significant reduction in the length of the small and large intestine in winter, the nonbreeding season.

Topic: Bat Biology and Ecology Studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A lost legacy of critical engagement : Ibn al-Qayyim on divine determination (qadar)

This research aims to challenge a popular contemporary Traditionalist trend of intra-Muslim
theological disengagement and isolation, which is justified by a conception of a puritan
Traditionalist theology entirely hypothetically based on scripture and a utopian monolithic
understanding of the first three generations of Islam (the Salaf). One of the many inevitable
consequences of such a popular trend is one of intolerance and hence sectarianism. Intra-Muslim
theological disengagement amongst modern Traditionalists and the problems therein will be
challenged by proving that the theology of the Traditionalist scholar, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d.
751/1350), whose work is a main reference for contemporary Traditionalists, is much indebted to
his critical engagement and intra-Muslim dialogue with fellow non-Traditionalist theologians
and philosophers. This will be evident in my analysis of Ibn al-Qayyim’s discussions on topics
related to divine determination, which is a fundamental doctrine to Muslims. In fact, Ibn al-
Qayyim successfully develops a compatibilist position of dual agency on the problem of free will
and determinism, a traditionalist rational objectivism position in the debate on meta-ethics and a
four-fold theodicy of optimism on the problem of evil. Ibn al-Qayyim’s theological
developments evidently defy contemporary intra-Muslim theological disengagement and the
conception of a puritan Traditionalist theology. At the core of this thesis is an implication which
seeks to promote dialogue amongst contemporary Muslims and Traditionalist Islam.

Topic: Islamic Studies and History
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Social Housing in a Competitive City : Exploring the Evolution and Impacts of Changes in Toronto's Social Housing System

This paper seeks to explore the evolution of social housing policy in Toronto as well as provide insight into new "revitalization" initiatives. After identifying key trends in social housing, it compares these insights with the opinions expressed in interviews with key informants in Toronto's housing sector. The implications of this research reveal several important findings. First, in regard to the supply of social housing, it is clear that Toronto is in the midst of a housing crisis. Secondly, despite significant research that casts doubts on the proposed benefits of new "revitalization" schemes, key informants in the sector appear to have accepted the current agenda of the social housing sector. The entrenchment of such opinions, it is argued, marks a clear change from past priorities in social housing and also contributes to the overshadowing of the dismantling of the social housing sector at a time when it is most needed.

Topic: Housing, Finance, and Neoliberalism
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Antioxidant properties and quantitative UPLC-MS/MS analysis of phenolic compounds in dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root extracts

Introduction: There is an increasing effort worldwide to investigate the antioxidant efficacy of traditional medicinal plants, which may be used to alleviate oxidative stress synonymous with the pathophysiology of many metabolic disorders as well as prevent oxidative deterioration of food products. In this study the antioxidant potential of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root was evaluated. Methods: The radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of solid-liquid extracts from freeze dried dandelion root was measuring in vitro using the modified DPPH and FRAP colorimetric assay. The phenolic content was also evaluated in vitro using the Folin-Ciocaltteu colorimetric assay. Subsequent identification and quantification of phenolic in active extracts was carried out using UPLC-MS/MS. Results: The ethyl acetate crude extract (E3) demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity for both the DPPH (227.728 ± 11.849 mg TE/g) and FRAP (463.066 ± 3.942 mg TE/g) assays. This extract also contained the highest phenolic content (228.723 ± 2.392 mg GAE/g). UPLC-MS/MS was used to identify and quantify phenolic compounds from E3 extract using an internal library of 36 phenolic standards. In total 18 phenolic compounds were quantified with chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic and vanillic being the most abundant compounds. The flavonoids apigenin-7-O-glycoside, luteolin-7-O-glycoside and naringenin-7-O-glycoside were detected for the first time in dandelion root. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that dandelion root is a good source of natural antioxidants and could be used in foods with the potential to delay the onset of diseases linked to metabolic derived reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Topic: Plant Toxicity and Pharmacological Properties
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Material for: Nephrostomy Tube Misplaced into the Right Atrium: An Extremely Rare Case and Review of the Literature

Although percutaneous nephrolithotomy is generally safe, it has various complications. We present an extremely rare case in which the nephrostomy tube pierced renal parenchyma, proceeded through the right renal vein and inferior vena cava, finally reaching the right atrium. Such a tube misplaced to atrium level was firstly reported, which was safely withdrawn using a 2-step process under fluoroscopic monitoring. We also recommend the tube be marked with different color lines to maintain awareness of the tube length that has passed the peel-away sheath. Such information might help to avoid such complication.

Topic: Medical Imaging and Pathology Studies
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Abstract 5998: Global DNA methylation analysis of cancer-associated fibroblasts reveals extensive epigenetic rewiring linked with RUNX1 upregulation in breast cancer stroma

Abstract Cancer cells recruit and rewire normal cells in their microenvironment to support and protect them by creating a pro-tumorigenic tumor microenvironment (TME). We lack an overarching view of how, despite being genomically stable, stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment are heterogeneously reprogrammed across time and space to promote the evolution of aggressive disease. Recent work by us and others has shown that fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment are transcriptionally rewired to become protumorigenic cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Transcriptional regulation plays a major role in this reprogramming, but the extent to which epigenetic modifications of DNA also contribute to the rewiring of CAF transcription is not clear. Here we address this question by dissecting the epigenetic landscape of breast CAFs. We applied a sensitive method of whole genome bisulfide sequencing on a model of triple-negative breast cancer in mice to evaluate the methylome profile of CAFs compared to normal mammary fibroblasts (NMFs). we found that fibroblasts undergo massive DNA methylation changes as they transition into CAFs in mice. These changes inversely correlated with transcriptional changes between CAFs and NMFs. We characterized potential regulators of this process, and tested their expression in CAFs in human breast cancer patients, to confirm relevance of our findings to human disease. Our findings suggest that epigenetic alterations contribute to the transcriptional rewiring of fibroblasts to CAFs. This work presents a comprehensive map of DNA-methylation in CAFs, and reveals a previously unknown facet of the dynamic plasticity of the stroma. Citation Format: Coral Halperin, Joschka Hey, Dieter Weichenhan, Yaniv Stein, Shimrit Mayer, Pavlo Lustik, Christoph Plass, Ruth Scherz-Shouval. Global DNA methylation analysis of cancer-associated fibroblasts reveals extensive epigenetic rewiring linked with RUNX1 upregulation in breast cancer stroma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5998.

Topic: Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Numerical simulation of the argon-hydrogen plasma flow in the channel of RF inductively coupled plasma torch

The results of numerical simulation of plasma flow in the channel of technological radio frequency (RF) plasma torch with three coils and frequency at 3 MHz are presented. The mixture of argon with hydrogen is considered as the working gas at a variation of hydrogen volume fraction α from 0 to 10%. The distributions of electromagnetic fields and gas-dynamic parameters of the plasma flow are calculated. It is shown that when the amplitude of discharge current exceeds the critical value Jcr (depends on α), the regime of plasma flow transforms from the potential to vortical regime, in which a toroidal vortex is formed before or in the inductor zone. The dependence of the values of the critical current Jcr on the volume concentration of hydrogen α is established. The influences of volume fraction α and discharge current Jcoil on the intensities and the position of the vortex center are determined.

Topic: Vacuum and Plasma Arcs
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
<i>Ab initio</i>calculations on complex rare earth transition metal borides

The semiconductive compounds AsSJ and GeAsS have unsufficiently studied because of their complicated crystallographic and electron structures.For these compounds we have obtained X-ray, K-and L 2,3 -emission and K-absorption spectra of sulfur.We performed ab initio calculations using FEFF8 code [1] of electron structure for these compounds of supposed various model crystallographic structures and their X-Ray spectra of S. The most appropriate crystallographic structures were found by comparison of the calculated curves with experiment.

Topic: Boron and Carbon Nanomaterials Research
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Classification Methodology Based on Subspace Graphs Learning

In this paper, we propose a design methodology for one-class classifiers using an ensemble-of-classifiers approach. The objective is to select the best structures created during the training phase using an ensemble of spanning trees. It takes the best classifier, partitioning the area near a pattern into $γ^{γ-2}$ sub-spaces and combining all possible spanning trees that can be created starting from $γ$ nodes. The proposed method leverages on a supervised classification methodology and the concept of minimum distance. We evaluate our approach on well-known benchmark datasets and results obtained demonstrate that it achieves comparable and, in many cases, state-of-the-art results. Moreover, it obtains good performance even with unbalanced datasets.

Topic: Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence in Population Health and the Public’s Role in Its Governance: Perspectives From a Citizen and Expert Panel (Preprint)

<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are widely used in the health care sector. Mainly applied for individualized care, AI is increasingly aimed at population health. This raises important ethical considerations but also calls for responsible governance, considering that this will affect the population. However, the literature points to a lack of citizen participation in the governance of AI in health. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the governance of the ethical and societal implications of AI in population health. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> This study aimed to explore the perspectives and attitudes of citizens and experts regarding the ethics of AI in population health, the engagement of citizens in AI governance, and the potential of a digital app to foster citizen engagement. </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> We recruited a panel of 21 citizens and experts. Using a web-based survey, we explored their perspectives and attitudes on the ethical issues of AI in population health, the relative role of citizens and other actors in AI governance, and the ways in which citizens can be supported to participate in AI governance through a digital app. The responses of the participants were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> According to the participants, AI is perceived to be already present in population health and its benefits are regarded positively, but there is a consensus that AI has substantial societal implications. The participants also showed a high level of agreement toward involving citizens into AI governance. They highlighted the aspects to be considered in the creation of a digital app to foster this involvement. They recognized the importance of creating an app that is both accessible and transparent. </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> These results offer avenues for the development of a digital app to raise awareness, to survey, and to support citizens’ decision-making regarding the ethical, legal, and social issues of AI in population health. </sec>

Topic: Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
Subfield: Health Informatics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Pharmacokinetic Interaction in Rabbits between a New Anticonvulsant, DL-3-Hydroxy-3-ethyl-3-phenylpropionamide, and Phenytoin

Abstract The effect of phenytoin on the disposition of DL-3-hydroxy-3-ethyl-3-phenylpropionamide (HEPP) has been studied in New Zealand white rabbits. Plasma HEPP levels decreased when the drug was administered with phenytoin. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve was reduced by 56.49% (from 43.23 ± 7.0 to 18.81 ± 2.03 μg h mL−1), the elimination half-life was also significantly (P&amp;lt;0.01) reduced (from 2.68 ± 0.35 to 1.04 ± 0.07 h) and the clearance was increased (from 0.35 to 0.81 L h−1 kg−1). In-vitro protein binding to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and plasma was evaluated by equilibrium dialysis. Plasma protein binding was low (between 33.69 and 37.43% at concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 100 μg mL−1). The compound binds preferentially to albumin with an association constant (Ka) of 3.81 times 103 M−1 at 37°C. The results suggest a pharmacokinetic interaction between phenytoin and HEPP, probably on the drug-metabolizing enzyme system in the liver.

Topic: Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Real-World Applications and Instructional Representations Among Prospective Elementary Science Teachers

This paper explores new elementary teachers' instructional representations and how these are related to their science subject matter knowledge. One pair of prospective elementary teachers studied here exhibited a well-integrated, principled, and scientifically accurate understanding of the science they were teaching. The other pair exhibited less scientifically accurate and integrated knowledge. The pair with stronger subject matter knowledge developed instructional representations that were more scientifically and pedagogically appropriate. A perspective on one aspect of pedagogical content knowledge—knowledge of instructional representations—is presented. Real-world applications are hypothesized to play a crucial mediating role for elementary teachers. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for elementary science teacher educators and researchers, including the importance of attending to how prospective teachers apply science knowledge to real-world situations.

Topic: Science Education and Pedagogy
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Erratum: Randomized Trials of Retosiban versus Placebo or Atosiban in Spontaneous Preterm Labor

Correction to: Randomized Trials of Retosiban Versus Placebo or Atosiban in Spontaneous Preterm LaborAm J Perinatol 2021; 38(S 01): e309-e317DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1710034

Topic: Preterm Birth and Chorioamnionitis
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid in Wistar rats exposed to ethanol

Abstract Tuberculosis treatment consists of a drug combination, where isoniazid is the core drug and alcoholism is a factor highly related to poor patient compliance with the therapy. CYP2E1 is an enzyme involved both in the metabolism of ethanol and in the formation of hepatotoxic compounds during the metabolism of isoniazid. The shared metabolism pathway accounts for the possibility of pharmacokinetic interaction in cases of concomitant alcohol use during tuberculosis treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of repeated exposure of Wistar rats (males, 250 g, n=6) to ethanol on the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of isoniazid in combination with pyrazinamide and rifampicin (100 mg/kg, 350 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively). An animal group received the combination of drugs and ethanol and was compared to a control group, which received the combination of drugs without exposure to ethanol. The plasma concentrations of isoniazid were determined by a UHPLC/UV bioanalytical method that was previously validated. Biochemical markers of liver function were measured to assess potential damage. A lower elimination half-life of isoniazid was observed in the ethanol group than in the control group (t1/2 0.91 h versus 1.34 h). There was no evidence of hepatotoxicity through the biomarker enzymes evaluated. The results allow us to infer that although there are no biochemical changes related to liver damage, there is a slight influence of ethanol exposure on the pharmacokinetic profile of isoniazid. This change may have a relevant impact on the efficacy of isoniazid in the outcome of tuberculosis treatment.

Topic: Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
My mother's daughter

Mahase, Anna. My mother's daughter: the autobiography of Anna Mahase Snr., 1899-1978.Union Village, Claxton Bay, Trinidad : Royard Pub. Co., 1992. This text planned for use in the Panama Silver, Asian Gold course taught at three institutions in Fall 2013.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Strength and Conditioning Education for the 21st Century

Sports Medicine-Athletic Training Education Program University of North Florida Douglas M. Kleiner is an associate professor and program director for Sports Medicine—Athletic Training Education Program at the University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida. Dr. Kleiner received his doctoral degree in exercise physiology from Auburn University. He is a Certified Athletic Trainer, Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist, and a Fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine. In 1996 Doug was named the Chairperson of the NSCA Education Committee. He has published more than twenty refereed manuscripts and sixty refereed abstracts.

Topic: Athletic Training and Education
Subfield: Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Phenomenology of Online Spaces: Interpreting Late Modern Spatialities

Abstract Sociological theories of space have so far not provided an in-depth analysis of online spaces. The paper addresses this issue by means of Löw’s relational theory of space. As this theory mainly focuses on material spaces, it is necessary to embrace the phenomenological perspective in order to apply it to the virtual realm. More recent phenomenological research has highlighted the ongoing mediatization or virtualization of the life-world. These theories, and presence research more generally, are useful for examining the layers of virtual presence. This paper focuses on two emblematic types of spaces: multiplayer online role-playing games and Skype video chats. The first represents an online version of a Schutzian finite province of meaning, while Skyping is an example of how the paramount reality of everyday life expands into the virtual realm. Albeit differently, actors in both cases constitute hybrid, virtual-material spaces with various forms and degrees of virtual presence. User experiences in these spaces are in line with contemporary sociological diagnoses indicating the vanishing experience of living in space and the general tendency of late modernity to question previous social forms of modernity.

Topic: Digital Games and Media
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Breaking with tradition: Fischer—Tropsch gas loops and modelling vapor—liquid—liquid equilibrium

Fischer—Tropsch gas loops have been in use for nearly a century, producing synthetic fuels and petrochemicals. Yet there still remain many opportunities to expand its uses, update the gas loop with new technology, as well as better understand at a fundamental level the way the products behave. The following chapters address each of these three points, trying to bring new insight into the uses and behavior of one of the most promising technologies currently available for producing synthetic fuels and petrochemicals. Rather than focusing on the synthetic fuel production of Fischer—Tropsch synthesis, the gas loops significant by-product of steam was applied to the steam assisted gravity drainage recovery of bitumen. It was found that Fischer—Tropsch technology can be used in tandem with traditional once through steam generation methods to produce the necessary steam, while also lowering the CO2 emissions and producing liquid hydrocarbon products, diluent for bitumen transport, and solvent for steam co-injection. In the second part of the thesis water electrolysis is integrated into cobalt and iron based Fischer—Tropsch gas loops and compared with traditional Fischer—Tropsch gas loops which use air separation units instead. The carbon efficiency of the Fischer—Tropsch gas loop was found to be significantly increased for both cases and renewable energy was found to work well with the iron-based Fischer—Tropsch gas loop design. The syncrude recovery section of the Fischer—Tropsch gas loop has received little attention in literature regarding oxygenate partitioning between the aqueous and organic liquid phases and gas phase. Several thermodynamics models were tested for accuracy in oxygenate liquid—liquid and vapor—liquid—liquid equilibrium partitioning. The UNIQUAC model was found to be the best model for liquid—liquid calculations and when using the Hayden O’Connell was found to be the most reliable model for predicting vapor—liquid—liquid equilibrium compositions.

Topic: Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences