jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
WOOD ANATOMY INDICES AND REVEGETATION POTENTIALS OF THREE TAXA OF THE EUPHORBIACEAE

The suitability of three plant taxa namely: Bridelia ferruginea, Hura crepitans and Ricinodendron heudelotii as potential revegetation plants in desertified areas were assessed using Calquist’s wood anatomy indices (vulnerability and mesomorphy) using an ecological survey design. Temporal and permanent slides of transverse sections were prepared and vessel length and diameter (µm) measured using a Motic B3 Compound Microscope and vessel density determined for each of the plant taxa. The observed high vulnerability and high mesomorphy index values in Hura crepitans and Ricinodendron heudelotii indicates that they did not fall within the required ranges of 0 – 2.5 and 0 – 99 for the two indices respectively and cannot adapt well in xeric areas. However, Bridelia ferruginea fell within the range. In conclusion, Hura crepitans and Ricinodendron heudelotii are mesophytes while Bridelia ferruginea was xerophytic and can flourish in xeric areas, therefore, it possesses a great revegetation potential.

Topic: African Botany and Ecology Studies
Subfield: Forestry
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Parental feeding decisions in dunnocks from a resource availability perspective: assessing the role of nestling tongue spots and body size

A recent comparative study found that when resources are limited, parents primarily allocate food to superior nestlings, whereas when resources are abundant, parents evenly allocate food to all nestlings, putting forward what we refer to as the resource availability hypothesis (RAH). This ecological perspective adds valuable insights to the two classical hypotheses, sexual conflict and parent–offspring conflict, that explain the diversity of feeding patterns observed in nature. We investigated the parental allocation decisions between monogamous pairs and polyandrous trios of dunnocks. We first assessed whether the number of spots on the tongues of nestlings signals condition to the breeding parents. We then explored the RAH in an intra-specific context. We found evidence to suggest that the number of nestling tongue spots signals condition to breeding parents. We also found that monogamous and polyandrous females and polyandrous males prioritized nestlings in better condition, yet monogamous males fed nestlings evenly. This finding is consistent with the RAH in our population if monogamous males secure more resources due to their superior quality, thus resulting in the even feeding of nestlings. Another explanation for the observed parental feeding decisions that is indirectly associated with the RAH is sexual conflict (the uncertainty of paternity). Finally, we found that an assumption regarding feeding patterns in dunnocks that was established in another population was not fulfilled here; thus, it is worth noting that testing assumptions is a vital step towards assessing the generality of former findings, paving the way to credible scientific practice.

Topic: Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Health and safety concerns of zoo and aquarium workers and animal control officers.

There are 183 zoos and aquariums accredited by the American Zoo and Aquarium Association and scores of smaller, nonaccredited zoos in the U.S. Thousands of individuals work at these zoos in many different roles. Likewise, most counties and many larger cities employ animal control officers and have animal shelters. The authors discuss the numerous hazards encountered by animal control officers as well as employees of zoo and aquarium facilities. Suggested protocols for ensuring a safe workplace are presented. However, a thorough industrial hygiene and safety inspection should be performed on a regular basis, as additional protocols may be needed periodically.

Topic: Food Safety and Hygiene
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Figure 3 from TRX-E-002-1 Induces c-Jun–Dependent Apoptosis in Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells and Prevents Recurrence &lt;i&gt;In Vivo&lt;/i&gt;

&lt;p&gt;TRX-E-002-1 given daily at 150 mg/kg is toxic. Once tumors were established and detected by live imaging, mice were treated i.p. with 150 mg/kg TRX-E-002-1 three times weekly. (A) tumor growth curves as measured using mCherry fluorescence area. * p &lt; 0.0001 ; (B) quantification of total i.p. tumor burden at end of study, * p = 0.1245; (C) change in animal weight by the end of study, * p = 0.0013; (D) WBC count, * p &lt; 0.001; (E) Neutrophil count; (F) Lymphocyte count.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Adult Hyalomma marginatum tick positive for Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Austria, October 2018

We report on a non-indigenous adult Hyalomma marginatum tick in Austria carrying the human pathogenic Rickettsia aeschlimannii ; presumably introduced as a nymph via migratory birds and completed the moulting within the same year. It was negative for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, but the finding of R. aeschlimannii represents a potential threat for humans due to its zoonotic character. Awareness of invasive tick species and carried pathogens should be improved in central and northern Europe.

Topic: Viral Infections and Vectors
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Lipodystrophy and metabolic disturbances as complications of antiretroviral therapy].

Effective treatment of HIV infection with antiretroviral drugs significantly improve prognosis. Reduction of mortality and life prolongations in patients receiving such therapy have been also connected with the risk of side effects development. Among these complications metabolic disturbances such as lipodystrophy, dyslipidaemia, and insulin resistance which are present according some authors in up to 50% of patients receiving HAART play an important role. In spite of different investigations molecular basis of lipodystrophy development during HAART have not be fully understood, and the latest research revealed a lot of new aspects connected w adipocyte tissue pathophysiology, which were not taken up to know into consideration. In the presented publication the most important information about pathogenesis of lipodystrophy development in HIV infected patients treated with ARV drugs have been presented.

Topic: HIV-related health complications and treatments
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
557 Neoadjuvant Camrelizumab in combination with albumin paclitaxel and cisplatin for patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)

<h3>Background</h3> The pathologic complete response (pCR) rate occurs less than 10% of patients(pts) with neoadjuvant chemotherapy agents in locally advanced ESCC, Programmed death-1 (PD-1) blockade may induce tumor regression in pts with advanced ESCC. Camrelizumab (anti-PD-1) is standard of care as second-line therapy for advanced ESCC in China. With the potential benefit of combining Camrelizumab with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, we intended to assess the efficacy and safety of Camrelizumab combined with albumin paclitaxel and cisplatin in neoadjuvant therapy of locally advanced ESCC. <h3>Methods</h3> 28 pts with histologically confirmed stage II-IVA ESCC were enrolled. Eligible pts were aged 18~75 years with no prior any therapy. Pts received 2~4 cycles of Camrelizumab (200mg IV q3w) plus albumin paclitaxel (260 mg/m2 IV q3w) and cisplatin (75 mg/m2 IV q3w) followed by surgery within 4~6 weeks after completion of neoadjuvant therapy. The primary endpoint was pCR, the secondary endpoints included major pathologic response (MPR), R0 resection rate, objective response rate (ORR), disease-free survival (DFS) and safety. <h3>Results</h3> From Jul 27 2019 to Jan 29 2021, 28 eligible pts were enrolled, neoadjuvant treatment was completed in 28 pts. 12 pts (42.9%) had clinical complete response (cCR), and the ORR was 78.6% (22/28). All pts underwent surgery and surgical treatment was not delayed. The pCR was 32.1% (9/28), MPR was 53.6% (15/28). Notably, R0 resection rate was 100% (28/28). None of 28 pts progressed, the DFS was not yet achieved. The average intraoperative blood loss was 139ml (100–300ml) and the average hospitalization time after operation was 17 days (11–35 days). No patient developed anastomotic leak and other surgical treatment-related toxicity. The grade 1–2 treatment-related AEs were reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation (RCCEP) (35.7%), hepatotoxicity (21.4%), weakness (10.7%), thyroid dysfunction (10.7%). No serious AEs resulted in termination of treatment. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Camrelizumab in combination with albumin paclitaxel and cisplatin followed by surgery for locally advanced ESCC showed promising downstaging effect and pCR with good tolerance, and further study is needed.

Topic: Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Environmental Conservation as Source of Building Peace – Myth or Reality

Peace-building is both the theory and practice of identifying the conditions that can lead to a sustainable peace . It is must for human development and effective environmental management, both of which are critical to achieving national and regional goals. Applying peace building to environmental crises would include developing an understanding of eco-justice and promoting its advancement. Both peace and environmental educators have a common goal-of stopping violence. Both negative and positive peace implies a commitment to nonviolence in inter human relations and human relationships with nature.

Topic: Transboundary Water Resource Management
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Synthesizing the Research Advances in Electronic Collaboration

This article has the objectives to discuss the background for the two special issues of International Journal of e-Collaboration on electronic collaboration in organizations, examine four theoretical frameworks with particular regard to their relevance to the content in the articles in the special issues, and summarize each of the nine articles in these issues. The articles in the special issues are diverse in conceptual theory, units of analysis, research methods, and levels of collaboration. Units of analysis span from the individual, virtual team, company to the dyadic relationship between firms. Electronic collaboration is studied in locales including Austria, Korea, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. The diversity extends knowledge within varied realms of the electronic collaboration field. This introductory article offers an overall framework for these two special issues to help readers and potential authors see how the studies relate to one another and to the overall body of knowledge.

Topic: Knowledge Management and Sharing
Subfield: Communication
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Virginia Gazette and General Advertiser, Vol. 6, No. 265, August 31, 1791

Includes advertisements for fugitives from slavery: George from New Kent County --- John Gibson or Laney from Richmond --- Syme or Charles from Dover --- Amherst, Ben, and a woman from Rosewall, King and Queen county --- Alexander and Patrick from Richmond --- Titus from Fredericksburg --- Bob from Richmond. Includes advertisement of Moses Austin &amp; Co. Shot Factory.

Topic: Vector-Borne Animal Diseases
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Novel treatment dynamics for biofilm-related infections

<b>Introduction</b>: As a result of progress in medical care, a huge number of medical devices are used in the treatment of human diseases. In turn, biofilm-related infection has become a growing threat due to the tolerance of biofilms to antimicrobials, a problem magnified by the development of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. As a result, successful treatment of biofilm-disease using only antimicrobials is problematic.<b>Areas covered</b>: We summarize some alternative approaches to classic antimicrobials for the treatment of biofilm disease. This review is not intended to be exhaustive but to give a clinical picture of alternatives to antimicrobial agents to manage biofilm disease. We highlight those strategies that may be closer to application in clinical practice.<b>Expert opinion</b>: There are a number of outstanding challenges in the development of novel antibiofilm therapies. Screening for effective antibiofilm compounds requires models relevant to all clinical scenarios. Although in vitro research of anti-biofilm strategies has progressed significantly over the past decade, there is a lack of in vivo research. In addition, the complexity of biofilm biology makes it difficult to develop a compound that is likely to provide the single 'magic bullet'. The multifaceted nature of biofilms imposes the need for multi-targeted or combinatorial therapies.

Topic: Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Current trend of sexual maturity, teeth eruption, and bone fusion in the present female population, relative to documented age and development of prediction model for age of females

A BSTRACT Background: Understanding sexual maturity and bone fusion is crucial in forensic investigations and legal contexts. This study investigates the contemporary trend of sexual maturity and bone fusion in females, comparing the observed age-related characteristics with documented ages. Such analyses contribute to the accuracy of age estimation methods used in medico-legal scenarios. Methods: A comprehensive study was conducted involving a diverse sample of females, and their sexual maturity and bone fusion were assessed relative to documented ages. The research utilized a cross-sectional design, collecting data through interviews, medical examinations, and radiographic imaging. Ethical approval was obtained, and participants provided informed consent. Variables included documented age, age of menarche, stages of sexual maturity, dentition, and bone fusion. Validation of model performance was conducted. Results: Among 70 cases studied, the mean age of menarche was 10.48 years (range: 7–12 years). Maternal reports indicated menarche onset between 12–17 years. Tanner’s Staging 5 for pubic hair and fully developed breasts occurred at 14 years. Permanent teeth increased with age, with 28 or more teeth present at age 14 or above. Fusion of the distal end of the Radius and Ulna with the parent bone was positive from 15 years onwards. The regression model predicted age accurately (97.99% fit). Conclusion: The results highlight the early onset of sexual maturation, consistent teeth eruption, and bone fusion patterns in females. The observed correlations offer valuable insights for medicolegal practitioners and forensic experts.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Cell Biology Meets Cell Metabolism: Energy Production Is Similar in Stem Cells and in Cancer Stem Cells in Brain and Bone Marrow

Energy production by means of ATP synthesis in cancer cells has been investigated frequently as a potential therapeutic target in this century. Both (an)aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) have been studied. Here, we review recent literature on energy production in glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and leukemic stem cells (LSCs) versus their normal counterparts, neural stem cells (NSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), respectively. These two cancer stem cell types were compared because their niches in glioblastoma tumors and in bone marrow are similar. In this study, it became apparent that (1) ATP is produced in NSCs and HSCs by anaerobic glycolysis, whereas fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is essential for their stem cell fate and (2) ATP is produced in GSCs and LSCs by OXPHOS despite the hypoxic conditions in their niches with FAO and amino acids providing its substrate. These metabolic processes appeared to be under tight control of cellular regulation mechanisms which are discussed in depth. However, our conclusion is that systemic therapeutic targeting of ATP production via glycolysis or OXPHOS is not an attractive option because of its unwanted side effects in cancer patients.

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
PATENT CITATIONS INDICATING PRESENT VALUE OF THE BIOTECHNOLOGY BUSINESS

In this paper our aim is to assess the potential of using patent statistics in predicting the future sales anticipations and present value of a company active in the science-based industry. Instead of using conventional patent and patent application counts as indicators, we constructed patent citation weighted portfolios for each company. This way the heterogeneity of patents can be taken into account. Our data covers biotechnology patents held by Finnish biotechnology companies. Empirical results imply that particularly backward citations are related to present value estimations of the companies. In contrast to some previous studies, forward citations do not seem to predict the present value estimations. The findings provide some important implications on interpreting the significance of patent citations regarding valuation of science-based companies, and planning technology and innovation policies.

Topic: Intellectual Property and Patents
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
The impact of Universal Health Coverage on healthcare consumption and risky behaviours: evidence from Thailand

Thailand is among one of the first non OECD countries to have successfully introduced a form of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in 2002. This policy defines a natural experiment for the evaluation of the effects of public health insurance on health behaviours. In the present paper, we look at the impact of the Thai UHC on preventive activities, risky behaviours and healthcare consumption using data from the 1996, 2001 and 2003 Health and Welfare Survey of Thailand. We use double robust estimators combining propensity scores and linear regressions to estimate Difference-in-Differences (DD) and Difference in DD (DDD) models. Results offer important insights. First, previously uninsured men and women increased their preventive activities (check-ups) more than any other groups. At the same time, there is no evidence of either an increase in risky behaviours or a reduction of preventive efforts by the newly insured population. In other words, we find no evidence of ex ante moral hazard. Regarding healthcare consumption, we see that hospital admissions increased by 2% and outpatient visits increased by 13% due to the UHC. Overall, these findings imply positive health impacts among the Thai population who entered in the UHC.

Topic: Healthcare Systems and Reforms
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Adapting OpenAI's Whisper for Speech Recognition on Code-Switch Mandarin-English SEAME and ASRU2019 Datasets

This paper details the experimental results of adapting the OpenAI's Whisper model for Code-Switch Mandarin-English Speech Recognition (ASR) on the SEAME and ASRU2019 corpora. We conducted 2 experiments: a) using adaptation data from 1 to 100/200 hours to demonstrate effectiveness of adaptation, b) examining different language ID setup on Whisper prompt. The Mixed Error Rate results show that the amount of adaptation data may be as low as $1\sim10$ hours to achieve saturation in performance gain (SEAME) while the ASRU task continued to show performance with more adaptation data ($&gt;$100 hours). For the language prompt, the results show that although various prompting strategies initially produce different outcomes, adapting the Whisper model with code-switch data uniformly improves its performance. These results may be relevant also to the community when applying Whisper for related tasks of adapting to new target domains.

Topic: Speech Recognition and Synthesis
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
’Not worth spending money upon’–The demand for variety and parity in post‐primary educational provision: the Hertfordshire experience 1918‐39

L'article montre l'âprete des debats concernant le developpement de l'enseignement secondaire en Grande-Bretagne entre 1918 et 1939, quand certains courants de reforme souhaitaient voir ce developpement s'accelerer alors que d'autres s'attachaient tout particulierement a contrecarrer cette politique. Le cas de l'Hertfordshire est etudie ici et montre les attentes de la population en matiere d'education secondaire a cette epoque.

Topic: Historical Education Studies Worldwide
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Measuring Ethics in AI with AI: A Methodology and Dataset Construction

Recently, the use of sound measures and metrics in Artificial Intelligence has become the subject of interest of academia, government, and industry. Efforts towards measuring different phenomena have gained traction in the AI community, as illustrated by the publication of several influential field reports and policy documents. These metrics are designed to help decision takers to inform themselves about the fast-moving and impacting influences of key advances in Artificial Intelligence in general and Machine Learning in particular. In this paper we propose to use such newfound capabilities of AI technologies to augment our AI measuring capabilities. We do so by training a model to classify publications related to ethical issues and concerns. In our methodology we use an expert, manually curated dataset as the training set and then evaluate a large set of research papers. Finally, we highlight the implications of AI metrics, in particular their contribution towards developing trustful and fair AI-based tools and technologies. Keywords: AI Ethics; AI Fairness; AI Measurement. Ethics in Computer Science.

Topic: Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Academic Success of Minority Males at Division II Universities

The academic success of minority males has come to the attention of colleges and universities since the recruitment, retention, and graduation rates of these males has decreased to lower than that of any other population. Although minority students are entering college at a higher rate than in previous years, they continue to leave at a higher rate than non-minorities (Seidman, 2005, p.8). Division II schools, with limited resources, are held responsible to develop academic success opportunities for minority males regardless of the high school attended. Research suggests that students who graduate from preparatory high schools have a better chance of success in college than those who graduate from other types of high schools. As the recruitment of minority males continues to increase at institutions of higher education, the high school attended must cease to be an excuse for failure in higher education. Passionate staff and departments, supported by committed administration, can change this trend through development of initiatives that will increase the academic success of minority males. Division II predominately white institutions in the Midwest, both public and private, that recruit minority males can implement institutional initiatives that are conducive to the academic success of minority males.

Topic: Higher Education Research Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences