jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Causation, Action, and Free Will

Abstract Many issues at the heart of the philosophy of action and of philosophical work on free will are framed partly in terms of causation. The leading approach to understanding both the nature of action and the explanation or production of actions emphasizes causation. What may be termed standard causalism is the conjunction of the following two theses: firstly, an event's being an action depends on how it was caused; and secondly, proper explanations of actions are causal explanations. Important questions debated in the literature on free will include: is an action's being deterministically caused incompatible with its being freely performed? Are actions free only if they are indeterministically caused? Does the indeterministic causation of an action preclude its being freely performed? Does free action require agent causation? This article concentrates on issues about action and free will that centrally involve causation.

Topic: Free Will and Agency
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Underwater fiber-optic salinity and pressure sensor based on surface plasmon resonance and multimode interference

In this paper, an underwater fiber-optic sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and multimode interference (MMI) is presented for simultaneous measurement of salinity and pressure. This sensor is based on a single-mode-multimode-single-mode-multimode-single-mode structure with a gold film deposited on the middle single-mode fiber and the fiber structure is wrapped around an elastic cylinder to constitute a sensing head. In the fiber structure, the SPR region produces a resonance dip to measure salinity, and the independent MMI region achieves narrow and salinity-insensitive interference dips to measure pressure. Performance of the sensor is predicted by calculation, and the MMI spectrum is simulated by using the finite-difference beam propagation method. By experimental tests for salinity and pressure, the sensitivities of 0.36 nm/‰ and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>1.42</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace width="thickmathspace"/> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">M</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> are achieved, respectively, and the cross talk is also proved to be insignificant. This study provides an important application direction for SPR-MMI sensors and a prospective method for ocean detection.

Topic: Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
‘Dreadful Women’: Vampires and Storytellers in Mary E. Wilkins Freeman's ‘Luella Miller’

Mary E. Wilkins Freeman's ‘Luella Miller’ is the most critically acclaimed and puzzling story in her 1903 The Wind in the Rose-Bush and Other Stories of the Supernatural. As described by the tale's storyteller, Lydia Anderson, Luella Miller is a parasitic creature who drains those closest to her of their life force, leading many scholars to label Luella ‘vampire’ despite the many ways Lydia Anderson's storytelling runs counter to literary vampire conventions. Even so, Freeman's haunting tale of death and community paranoia strikingly mirrors the claustrophobic small-town New England that Freeman knew intimately and depicted unflinchingly. Tapping into pervasive rural folklore, Lydia Anderson casts Luella as a ‘New England Vampire,’ a figure that served important social and psychological functions throughout backwoods New England. Ultimately, Freeman's ‘vampires’ expose how easily – and disastrously – unconventional women are transformed into ‘dreadful women’ in this closed, cannibalistic world.

Topic: Gothic Literature and Media Analysis
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Curious to Click It?-Identifying Clickbait using Deep Learning and Evolutionary Algorithm

Massive outreach of the online media along with changing information consumption patterns have revealed the dark side of digital media. The intentional use of tempting, eye-catching, exaggerated and misleading content to capitalize on the voracious appetite of the readers by creating an information gap has flooded the news websites. Thus, we were motivated to develop deep learning models that utilize the lexical as well as semantic features of the headline and the corresponding text to effectively detect clickbait. The Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory model using GloVe embedding achieves an accuracy of 98.78% that outperforms the previous work. Furthermore, our study for using the Genetic algorithm for hyperparameter optimization also gave promising results with an accuracy of 95.61%.

Topic: Misinformation and Its Impacts
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Octopus cyanea: Allcock, L., Taite, M., Headlam, J. &amp; Allen, G.

Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

Topic: Cephalopods and Marine Biology
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
P58 molecules as putative receptors for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules in human natural killer (NK) cells. Anti-p58 antibodies reconstitute lysis of MHC class I-protected cells in NK clones displaying different specificities

Human CD3-16+56+ natural killer (NK) cells have been shown to display a clonally distributed ability to recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles. Opposite to T lymphocytes, in NK cells, specific recognition of MHC class I molecules appears to induce inhibition of cytolytic activity and, thus, to protect target cells. Since a precise correlation has been established between the expression of the NK-specific GL183 and EB6 surface molecules (belonging to the novel p58 molecular family) and the specificity of NK clones, we analyzed whether p58 molecules could function as receptors for MHC in human NK cells. NK clones displaying the previously defined "specificity 2" and characterized by the GL183+EB6+ phenotype, specifically recognize the Cw3 allele and thus fail to lyse the Fc gamma R+ P815 target cells transfected with Cw3. On the other hand, NK clones displaying "specificity 1" and expressing the GL183-EB6+ phenotype failed to lyse Cw4+ target cells. Addition of the F(ab')2 fragments of either GL183 or EB6 mAb as well as the XA141 mAb of IgM isotype (specific for the EB6 molecules) completely restored the lysis of Cw3-transfected P815 cells by the Cw3-specific NK clones EX2 and EX4. Similarly, both the entire EB6 mAb, its F(ab')2 fragment and the XA141 mAb reconstituted the lysis of C1R, a Fc gamma R- target cell expressing Cw4 as the only serologically detected class I antigen. Thus, it appears that masking of different members of p58 molecules prevents recognition of "protective" MHC class I alleles and thus the delivering of inhibitory signals. Further support to the concept that p58 molecules represent a NK receptor delivering a negative signal was provided by experiments in which the entire anti-p58 mAbs (of IgG isotype) could inhibit the lysis of unprotected Fc gamma R+ P815 target cells, thus mimicking the inhibitory effect of MHC class I molecules.

Topic: Immune Cell Function and Interaction
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
On the Rank‐Size Distribution for Human Settlements

An explanation for the rank‐size distribution for human settlements based on simple stochastic models of settlement formation and growth is presented. Not only does the analysis of the model explain the rank‐size phenomenon in the upper tail, it also predicts a reverse rank‐size phenomenon in the lower tail. Furthermore it yields a parametric form (the double Pareto‐lognormal distribution) for the complete distribution of settlement sizes. Settlement‐size data for four regions (two in Spain and two in the U.S.) are used as examples. For these regions the lower tail rank‐size property is seen to hold and the double Pareto‐lognormal distribution shown to provide an excellent fit, lending support to the model and to the explanation for the rank‐size law.

Topic: Housing Market and Economics
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Innovation and Competition: Will Biosimilars Succeed?: The creation of an FDA approval pathway for biosimilars is complex and fraught with hazard. Yes, innovation and market competition are at stake. But so are efficacy and patient safety.

Biosimilars are here, but there's no clear pathway yet for their approval. Difficult realities about their effect on drug prices, innovation, and competition need to be faced.

Topic: Biosimilars and Bioanalytical Methods
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Length-Aware Rotary Position Embedding for Text-Speech Alignment

Many recent text-to-speech (TTS) systems are built on transformer architectures and employ cross-attention mechanisms for text-speech alignment. Within these systems, rotary position embedding (RoPE) is commonly used to encode positional information in text and speech representations. In this work, we introduce length-aware RoPE (LARoPE), a simple yet effective extension of RoPE that improves text-speech alignment. Unlike RoPE, which relies on absolute indices, LARoPE computes relative distances between query and key positions using length-normalized indices. Experimental results show that LARoPE consistently outperforms RoPE, offering faster loss convergence, more accurate text-speech alignment, and higher overall TTS quality. Furthermore, LARoPE demonstrates greater resilience to variations in utterance duration and maintains stable performance in extended speech generation up to 30 seconds, whereas RoPE suffers from notable degradation. Notably, our method achieves a state-of-the-art word error rate on a standard zero-shot TTS benchmark.

Topic: Speech Recognition and Synthesis
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Genomic instability in drug-resistant human melanoma cell lines detected by Alu-I-arbitrary-primed PCR.

Destabilization of the genome seems to be an important step in the generation of drug resistance. Since malignant melanoma is extremely resistant to chemotherapy, we used human melanoma cell lines as a model to investigate the putative role of genomic instability in the appearance of drug resistance. Drug-resistant variants were obtained with MNNG, BiCNU, doxorubicin and 6-thioguanine selection of melanoma cell lines. Genomic alterations in variant cells were detected by arbitrarily primed PCR of Alu-I digested DNA (Alu-I-AP-PCR). Two differential DNA bands from 6-TG-resistant cell variants were sequenced. One is homologous to intron 25 of the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 and the second to endogenous retroviral LTR sequences. We have shown that drug-resistant melanoma cell lines accumulate genomic alterations that are efficiently detected by Alu I-AP-PCR and that drug-resistant variants show genomic instability, including variations in LTR sequences, which may be associated with the appearance of the drug resistance phenotype.

Topic: Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
High Air Pressure in MQL Deep Hole Drilling Workpiece Temperature

This study investigates the effect of air pressure on workpiece temperature in through tool minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) deep-hole drilling. Experiments on 200 mm deep holes drilled by a 10 mm carbide drill were conducted under regular (500 kPa) and high (1000 kPa) air pressure conditions. Torque data shows that the chip clogging problem occurring under regular air pressure can be solved by the high air pressure. An inverse heat transfer method is utilized to quantify the heat fluxes and calculate the temperature distribution during drilling based on embedded thermocouples along the depth. Results show that temperature around the hole increases rapidly when the chips start accumulating in the hole under regular air pressure and cause high heat flux on the drilled hole wall surface. The high pressure condition, prevents chip accumulation, thus reducing the total heat flux.

Topic: Advanced machining processes and optimization
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Capacitor-loaded circularly polarized annular-ring slotted microstrip patch antenna

This paper studies a simple and novel annular-ring slotted microstrip patch antenna loaded by a surface mount chip capacitor for circularly polarized (CP) radiation. By connecting the capacitor with a proper value across the annular-ring slot at an appropriate position, the fundamental resonant mode of the microstrip patch antenna can be degenerated into two orthogonal modes with equal amplitude and quadrature phase. Hence, CP radiation can be obtained. An antenna prototype was fabricated and measured. The simulation and measurement results validate that the proposed antenna has excellent CP characteristics at the resonant frequency.

Topic: Antenna Design and Analysis
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Structural Elucidation of an Atropisomeric Entcassiflavan-(4β→8)-Epicatechin Isolated from Dalbergia monetaria L.f. Based on NMR and ECD Calculations in Comparison to Experimental Data

A rare dihydoxyflavan-epicatechin proanthocyanidin, entcassiflavan-(4β→8)-epicatechin, was isolated from Dalbergia monetaria, a plant widely used by traditional people from the Amazon to treat urinary tract infections. The constitution and relative configuration of the compound were elucidated by HR-MS and detailed 1D- and 2D-NMR measurements. By comparing the experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum with the calculated ECD spectra of all 16 possible isomers, the absolute configuration, the interflavan linkage, and the atropisomers could be determined.

Topic: Molecular spectroscopy and chirality
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
A hybrid approach for standardized Dictionary-based knowledge extraction for Arabic morpho-semantic retrieval

We propose in this paper to exploit Arabic dictionaries to enhance Arabic Information Retrieval (IR). We use standardized LMF dictionaries. We first put forward to mine such dictionaries and to represent them into graph-based representation. This graph will also be mined with a hybrid approach that combines both linguistic and statistical techniques to extract useful knowledge for IR. We study how extracted knowledge from such resource and added to the initial queries can attentively affect the retrieval process and results. Several query expansion strategies are carried based on morphological, semantic and morpho-semantic queries terms relations.

Topic: Natural Language Processing Techniques
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Systematic study of sequential salivary gland scintigraphy during rheumatoid arthritis and collagenosis. Apropos of 150 examinations].

Sequential salivary scintigraphy has been practised systematically in 130 patients hospitalized in a rheumatology unit. These patients were suffering from typical, classical rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis with high positivity for anti-nuclear antibodies, clearly defined polyarthritis, systemic scleroderma, other types of collagenosis, forms of inflammatory polyarticular rheumatism other than rheumatoid arthritis and collagenosis, and from different degenerative diseases. The scintigraphic anomalies were divided in three stages according to a personal classification. Nine patients presented a patend Gougerot-Sjögren syndrome. All of them had abnormal or very abnormal scintigraphy. However, the patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis without signs of the Gougerot-Sjögren syndrome, also showed a high frequency of isotopic anomalies that were equally severe. These were clearly connected only with the particular diagnosis (with classical rheumatoid arthritis, but not with clearly defined polyarthritis or collagenosis). No other direct relationship could be established between these diseases and the clinical, radiological, laboratory, or therapeutic aspects of the case. On the other hand, they were often associated with a reduction in lacrymal and salivary secretion. These isotopic studies, in combination with other findings shed a new light on the Gougerot-Sjögren syndrome, taking into account the diffusion of the exocrine lesions and of the contributions of the most modern methods of investigation.

Topic: Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Food insecurity, food "deserts," and glycemic control in patients with diabetes: A longitudinal analysis

OBJECTIVE Both food insecurity (limited food access owing to cost) and living in areas with low physical access to nutritious foods are public health concerns, but their relative contribution to diabetes management is poorly understood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a prospective cohort study. A random sample of patients with diabetes in a primary care network completed food insecurity assessment in 2013. Low physical food access at the census tract level was defined as no supermarket within 1 mile in urban areas and 10 miles in rural areas. HbA1c measurements were obtained from electronic health records through November 2016. The relationship among food insecurity, low physical food access, and glycemic control (as defined by HbA1c) was analyzed using hierarchical linear mixed models. RESULTS Three hundred and ninety-one participants were followed for a mean of 37 months. Twenty percent of respondents reported food insecurity, and 31% resided in an area of low physical food access. In adjusted models, food insecurity was associated with higher HbA1c (difference of 0.6%[6.6mmol/mol], 95% CI 0.4-0.8[4.4-8.7],P&lt;0.0001), which did not improve over time (P = 0.50). Living in an area with low physical food access was not associated with a difference in HbA1c (difference 0.2%[2.2mmol/mol], 95% CI 20.2 to 0.5 [22.2 to 5.6], P = 0.33) or with change over time (P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Food insecurity is associated with higher HbA1c, but living in an area with low physical food access is not. Food insecurity screening and interventions may help improve glycemic control for vulnerable patients.

Topic: Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Correlation Between the c Wave and the Corneoretinal Potential in Man

In the human DC-ERG the amplitude of the slow negative potential is modulated by the corneoretinal potential as well as the c wave. Depending on the phase of the slow oscillation of the corneoretinal potential some subjects show a c wave and others do not. Some subjects, who show a c wave during the maximum of the slow oscillation, have no c wave during the minimum, but show the slow negative potential. A hypothesis of slow oscillation influence on the c wave is given.

Topic: Neural dynamics and brain function
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Evaluation of lower limb injury mitigation from inflatable carpet in sled tests with intrusion using the Thor Lx

Real world crash investigations have suggested that lower limb injury risk is increased with the occurrence of toepan intrusion in a frontal collision. In order to more closely evaluate the effects of different modes of toepan intrusion, a rotational and translational intrusion device was built for the test sled at the University of Virginia. Sled tests were performed at a velocity of 56 km/h with a belted Hybrid III occupant and a simulated knee bolster and steering wheel air bag. Lower limb injury risk measures were obtained with Hybrid III and Thor Lx dummy lower extremities. Dummy response variables of interest included tibia axial and shear loads, tibia bending moments, ankle rotations and foot and tibia accelerations. The tests were conducted with no intrusion and with a translational intrusion with a peak deceleration of approximately 175 g's with 14 cm of translation. A lower limb injury mitigation device, the Inflatable Carpet (InCa), was used in comparison tests to evaluate its efficacy in reducing loads imparted to the lower limb for varying initial foot positions. Results from the tests indicate that intrusion causes an increase in tibia axial load mainly due to acceleration, and ankle dorsiflexion mainly due to translation, both potentially increasing injury risk. The InCa resulted in large load reductions in the clearance position, and also reduced dorsiflexion angles. The design of the air bag used in this study was optimized for use in settings with toepan rotation in addition to translation. Occupant response was sensitive to a number of factors, such as knee bolster design and Inflatable Carpet geometry, which have to be taken into account in the tuning of the InCa design. Additional tests were conducted in a static setting, with various out-of-position lower limb configurations. These tests did not identify any potential harmful effects of accidental InCa deployment. For the covering abstract see ITRD E111577.

Topic: Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Central 2-Sylow intersections

Let G be a finite group.A subgroup D of G is called a 2-Sylow intersection if there exist distinct Sylow 2-subgroups Si and S 2 of G such that Ώ = Si n S 2 An involution of G is called central if it is contained in a center of a Sylow 2-subgroup of G.A 2-Sylow intersection is called central if it contains a central involution.The aim of this work is to determine all non-abelian simple groups G which satisfy the following condition B: the 2-rank of all central 2-Sylow intersections is not higher than 1, under the additional assumption that the centralizer of a central involution of G is solvable.

Topic: graph theory and CDMA systems
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences