jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A first insight into genetic diversity of Mycobacterium bovis isolated from extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients in South Tunisia assessed by spoligotyping and MIRU VNTR

Introduction In Tunisia, almost 77% of clinically and bacteriologically diagnosed cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) are zoonotic TB, caused by M. bovis. Although several studies have analyzed bovine TB in cattle in Tunisia, no study has evaluated the risk of transmission to humans in such an endemic country. We aimed to study the genetic diversity of M. bovis human isolates, to ascertain the causes of human EPTB infection by M. bovis and to investigate the distribution and population structure of this species in Tunisia. Materials and methods A total of 110 M. bovis isolates taken from patients with confirmed EPTB were characterized by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR typing methods. Results Among the 15 spoligotypes detected in our study, 6 (SB0120, SB0121, SB2025, SB1200, SB1003 and SB0134) were the most prevalent (83.5%) of which SB0120, SB0121 and SB2025 were the most prevailing. MIRU-VNTR typing method showed a high genotypic and genetic diversity. The genetic differentiation based on MIRU-VNTR was significant between populations from South East (Tataouine, Medenine) and Central West (Gafsa, Sidi Bouzid, Kasserine) regions. Of note, 13/15 (86.7%) spoligotypes detected in our study were previously identified in cattle in Tunisia with different frequencies suggesting a peculiar ability of some genotypes to infect humans. Using combined spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR method, a high clustering rate of 43.9% was obtained. Our results underlined that human EPTB due to M. bovis was more commonly found in female gender and in young patients. Most of our patients, 66.4% (73/110) were raw milk or derivatives consumers, whereas 30.9% (34/110) patients would have contracted EPTB through contact with livestock. The findings suggest that the transmission of Zoonotic TB caused by M. bovis to humans mainly occurred by oral route through raw milk or derivatives. Conclusion Our study showed the urgent need of a better veterinary control with the implementation of effective and comprehensive strategies in order to reach a good protection of animals as well as human health.

Topic: Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
mRNA Expression and DNA Methylation Analysis of Serotonin Receptor 2A (HTR2A) in the Human Schizophrenic Brain

Serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) is an important signalling factor implicated in cognitive functions and known to be associated with schizophrenia. The biological significance of HTR2A in schizophrenia remains unclear as molecular analyses including genetic association, mRNA expression and methylation studies have reported inconsistent results. In this study, we examine HTR2A expression and methylation and the interaction with HTR2A polymorphisms to identify their biological significance in schizophrenia. Subjects included 25 schizophrenia and 25 control post-mortem brain samples. Genotype and mRNA data was generated by transcriptome sequencing. DNA methylation profiles were generated for CpG sites within promoter-exon I region. Expression, genotype and methylation data were examined for association with schizophrenia. HTR2A mRNA levels were reduced by 14% (p = 0.006) in schizophrenia compared to controls. Three CpG sites were hypermethylated in schizophrenia (cg5 p = 0.028, cg7 p = 0.021, cg10 p = 0.017) and HTR2A polymorphisms rs6314 (p = 0.008) and rs6313 (p = 0.026) showed genetic association with schizophrenia. Differential DNA methylation was associated with rs6314 and rs6313. There was a strong correlation between HTR2A DNA methylation and mRNA expression. The results were nominally significant but did not survive the rigorous Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing. Differential HTR2A expression in schizophrenia in our study may be the result of the combined effect of multiple differentially methylated CpG sites. Epigenetic HTR2A regulation may alter brain function, which contributes to the development of schizophrenia.

Topic: Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
POLYMERIZATION OF 1-TRIMETHYLGERMYL-1-PROPYNE AND PROPERTIES OF THE RELATED POLYMER

A high-molecular-mass poly(1-trimethylgermyl-1-propyne) was synthesized by polymerizing 1-trimethylgermyl-1-propyne with catalytic systems based on niobium and tantalum pentachlorides (NbCl 5 , TaCl 5 , TaCl 5 -BuLi). The produced polymer is amorphous and stable in air, and its glass transition temperature is above 300°C. According to 13 C NMR spectroscopy, the polymer backbone is composed of cis and trans units and the percentage ratio between these units depends on the nature of the used catalytic system and varies from 10: 90 (TaCl 5 ) to 60: 40 (NbCl 5 ). It was shown that poly(1-trimethylgermyl-1-propyne) samples prepared using different catalytic systems are distinguished by the levels of supramolecular orders. The gas permeability and selectivity parameters of polymer films possessing varying levels of order were studied.

Topic: Organometallic Complex Synthesis and Catalysis
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Sella turcica variations in patients with transverse skeletal discrepancies versus patients with normal transverse relationships. a cross- sectional study

The sella turcica (ST) is a crucial landmark in orthodontics. It is utilized as a reliable predictor of future growth of the skeletal pattern, assisting in early diagnosis and promoting better treatment planning options. The goal of this research was to compare the morphology and bridging of the sella turcica in transverse maxillary deficient malocclusions and malocclusions with normal transverse relationships.A total of 52 cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images were selected with an age range of 18-30 years. Group I comprised 26 patients previously diagnosed with transverse maxillary deficiency, while group II comprised 26 patients with normal transverse skeletal relationships. The length, depth and diameter of the ST were measured by two observers, the shape was evaluated as round, oval or flat and sellar bridging was calculated in each case. An Independent t-test was used to compare between the sellar dimensions in both groups. For assessment of bridging percentage Chi square test was used.The mean values of the length, depth and diameter of the sella in group I was 11.09 mm, 8.56 and 12.81 mm respectively and 10.34 mm, 8.24 and 12.38 mm in group II respectively (P ≤ 0.05). No significant differences were found between both groups in any of the sellar dimensions. The rounded ST shape was the most prevalent among both groups (59.6%). Partial ST bridging was found in only 7.7% of group I (p < 0.0001*). Complete ST bridging wasn't detected in either of the groups.There was no correlation found between transverse maxillary deficiency and the morphology and bridging of the sella turcica.

Topic: dental development and anomalies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) - A Brand Ambassador/Alarming Bell forPotentially Inappropriate Medication in Elderly Inpatients

Background: Since the past decade, prevalence of Potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) among elderly inpatients has increased drastically. However, limited data is available on PIM indicators and PIMs use among the elderly in patients suffering from Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of PIMs in elderly hospitalized patients with CKD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 102 patients in a tertiary care hospital. PIMs were identified using Beers criteria 2019. Chi-square test was used to identify the association between variables and PIMs use. Results: PIMs, as assessed according to AGS updated Beers criteria 2019 was found to be in more than 68.6% of patients of median age 65 years and 3 diagnoses and 7 days median length of stay. Most of the patients (47.1%) had ≥4 diagnosis. The most common comorbidities in patient were diabetes mellitus (n=54) and hypertension (n=55). Most of the subjects (66.7%) were on polypharmacy (5-9 medications/day) and 25.5% were on a higher level of polypharmacy (&gt;10 medicines/day). Approximately 90% of the patients were having very low CrCl &lt; 21ml/min (calculated with the help of Cockcroft- Gault formula). A significant association between PIM use and an increased number of diagnoses, polypharmacy or high-level polypharmacy, was observed. Conclusion: The prevalence of PIMs in elderly inpatients suffering from CKD is quite high. The study clearly indicates negligence/ lack of awareness amongst physicians leading to increase in PIM use. Authors propose that the CKD patients should attract special attention of physician and should be treated as brand ambassadors/alarming bell for PIM use.

Topic: Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
Subfield: Geriatrics and Gerontology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Partial monosomy 10p in a case investigated with tomodensitometry (author's transl)].

A new case of monosomy 10p without associated chromosomal abnormality is reported. This observation, compared with three others from the literature, shows the following common symptoms: microcephaly, antimongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, low-set ears, prominent anthelix, congenital heart disease, abnormalities of the limbs. Cranial tomography demonstrates a midline developmental anomaly of the brain (cavum vergae associated with cavum septi pellucidi).

Topic: Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Some Points in the Histology of Lymphogenous and Hæmatogenous Toxic Lesions of the Spinal Cord

At a quarterly meeting of this Association held last year at Nottingham, we showed the results of our experiments with toxins upon the spinal cord and brain of rabbits. Our main conclusion was, that the central nervous system could be infected by toxins passing up along the lymph channels of the perineural sheath. The method we employed in our experiments consisted in placing a celloidin capsule filled with a broth culture of an organism under the sciatic nerve or under the skin of the cheek; and we invariably found a resulting degeneration in the spinal cord or brain, according to the situation of the capsule. These lesions we found to be identical in morphological type and anatomical distribution with those found in the cord of early tabes dorsalis and in the brain and cord of general paralysis of the insane. The conclusion suggested by our work was that these two diseases, if toxic, were most probably infections of lymphogenous origin.

Topic: Immunotoxicology and immune responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
The City as a Cultural and Historical Phenomen in the Works of O. Spengler and N. Antsiferov

The article deals the problem of the city as a cultural phenomenon of the twentieth century. In particular, it explores the concept of the German philosopher Oswald Spengler, who in his book «The Decline of Europe», formulated the theory of local cultures, he laid the foundations for a new understanding of the city as a socio-cultural organism, introduced the concept of «the soul of culture», «soul of the city», reflected in innovation research of the Russian historian and ethnographer N. P. Antsiferov.

Topic: Discourse Analysis and Cultural Communication
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Fabrication and Characterization of 4H-SiC MOS Capacitors with Different Dielectric Layer Treatments

4H-SiC based Metal-Oxide Semiconductor(MOS) capacitors are promising key components for next generation power devices. For high frequency power applications, however, there is a major drawback of this type of devices, i.e. they have low inversion channel mobility that consequently affects the switching operation in MOS Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). Carbon clusters or excess carbon atoms in the interface between the dielectric layer and SiC is commonly considered to be the carrier trapping and scattering centers that lower the carrier channel mobility. Based on the previous work in the research group, a new fabrication process for forming the dielectric layer with a lower density of the trap states is investigated. The process consists of standard semiconductor cleaning, pre-treatments, pre-oxidation, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and post oxidation annealing. I-V measurements of the dielectric strength showed that the resulting layers can sustain proper working condition under an electric field of at least 5MV/cm. C-V characteristics measurements provided the evidence that the proposed method can effectively reduce the interfacial states, which are main culprit for a large flat band voltage shift of C-V characteristics, in particular under annealing at 900°C in nitrogen atmosphere.

Topic: Silicon Carbide Semiconductor Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Variable inhibitory effect of herbal supplements of different brands on human P450 CYP1A2.

Herbal supplements are not governed by the same regulations as prescription drugs, we hypothesize that the content of their active ingredients may vary largely among different manufacturers. This may produce variable therapeutic outcomes. This study aims to examine this hypothesis on commonly used herbal supplements among cancer patients. CYP1A2 has been implicated in the activation of many carcinogens and alteration in its activity may be a mechanism associated with the protective effect of herbal products. Activity of human CYP1A2 was used to determine the effect of four herbal supplements of different brands, namely, black cohosh (BC), ginseng, grape seed extract (GSE) and green tea extract (GTE). The herbal content was extracted with methanol, and extract aliquots were used to determine their effect on CYP1A2. Human liver microsomes, the CYP1A2 probe (7-ethoxyresorufin) and NADPH in buffer were incubated with and without herbal extract. Metabolite (resorufin) formation was monitored by HPLC. Seven BC products caused a mild inhibition of CYP1A2, ranging from 2.4 % by GNC Plus to 21.9 % by Nature's Resource. Among nine ginseng products tested, the inhibitory effect varied from 4.2 % by Imperial to 44.6 % by Solarays. The effect of nine GSE brands also varied, ranging from 1.7 % (Country Life) to 26.5 % (Veg Life). Of twelve GTE products, the inhibitory effect varied from 2.9 % by Henry's to 46.6 % by GNC Plus. It appears that the inhibition of selected herbal supplements on CYP1A2 activity varies considerably among different brands of the products. This may be due to variations in the herbal products' active ingredients content.

Topic: Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Changes in drug demand when a pandemic coincides with other outbreaks in a war zone country

Population Medicine considers the following types of articles:• Research Papers -reports of data from original research or secondary dataset analyses.• Review Papers -comprehensive, authoritative, reviews within the journal's scope.These include both systematic reviews and narrative reviews.• Short Reports -brief reports of data from original research.• Policy Case Studies -brief articles on policy development at a regional or national level.• Study Protocols -articles describing a research protocol of a study.• Methodology Papers -papers that present different methodological approaches that can be used to investigate problems in a relevant scientific field and to encourage innovation.• Methodology Papers -papers that present different methodological approaches that can be used to investigate problems in a relevant scientific field and to encourage innovation.

Topic: Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Influence of Error of Unstressed Cable Length on Mechanical Behavior of Thousand-Meter-Scale Hybrid Girder Cable-Stayed Bridge

Taking Edong Yangtze River Bridge as the research subject, the influence of error of unstressed cable length on the geometric shape and internal force of super-span hybrid girder cable-stayed bridge during completion is studied on the basis of the geometry control method with full consideration of the structural nonlinear geometrical effect. Moreover, the mechanical behaviors of the center and side spans of the bridge and their control strategies are discussed. The analysis shows that structural differences between the center and side spans exerted an influence on the geometric shape and internal force. The influence of unstressed cable length error on the geometric shape in the center span of the completed bridge is greater than that of the side span, whereas the impact on internal force in the side span is greater than that in the center span. The mechanical behavior is relatively independent between span types. In addition, the percentage change of the girder stress reaches the maximum level in the steel/concrete composite segment, in which the mechanical behavior is highly complicated. Therefore, its design and construction require close attention. Moreover, the difference in stiffness between the center and side spans has a remarkable impact on cable force redistribution in the completion stage, and the changes in cable force differ between the span types.

Topic: Mechanical stress and fatigue analysis
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Dielectric properties of K<sub>1−x</sub>, Li<sub>x</sub>, Ta<sub>l−y</sub>, Nb<sub>y</sub>0<sub>3</sub>crystals

Abstract The dielectric properties of K1−x, Lix, Tal−y, Nby 03(KLTN) crystals as functions of the frequency, temperature and electric field are presented. The dielectric measurement were conducted on several crystals with moderate Nb concentration, 10%–40% and small Li concentration, <I%. In this article we present the results for two representative samples, one with 16% of Nb and 0.8% of Li and the other with 36% of Nh and 0.6% of Li. The dielectric permitivity in the vicinity of the phase transition in the sample with 16% of Nb increases when an electric field is applied. This increase is connected with the sign change from positive to negative of y, the coefficient of p4 in the free energy function. This result suggests that the phase transition in KLTN crystal is first order phase transition. A relaxation process with activation energy of 0.107eV and a high temperature frequency of 3×1011Hz was found. This relaxation process was attributed to Li 90° flips. Key Words: KTN:Lidielectric propertiesphase transitionoff-center impurities

Topic: Inorganic Chemistry and Materials
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Study of ~1 HMRS in Diagnosis of Astrocytoma

Objective To assess the value of ~1 HMRS in the classification and differential diagnosis of astrocytoma. Methods 58 cases of astrocytoma including 18 cases of diffuse astrocytoma, 24 cases of anaplastic astrocytoma and 16 cases of glioblastoma were all examined by routine MR scan and ~1 HMRS, statistical analysis was done on Cho/Cr, Cho/NAA and NAA/Cr ratio. Results Diffuse astrocytoma showed slightly elevated Cho, a bit decreased NAA and Cr. Lac wave did not appear. Anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma both manifested distinctly elevated Cho, obviously decreased NAA and Cr. Lac wave existed in 6 cases. In diffuse astrocytoma the ratio of Cho/NAA was 2.72±1.16, Cho/Cr was 2.66±1.21, NAA/Cr was 1.02±0.34. In anaplastic astrocytoma the ratio of Cho/NAA was 5.69±1.32, Cho/Cr was 4.92±1.46, NAA/Cr was 0.92±0.16. In glioblastoma the value of Cho/NAA was 5.71±1.08, Cho/Cr was 5.12±1.76, NAA/Cr was 0.87±0.13.Conclusion It is very significant of ~1 HMRS in the classification and differential diagnosis of astrocytoma.

Topic: Brain Tumor Detection and Classification
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Development and initial validation of the Subjective Academic Wellbeing Measure: A new tool of youth wellbeing in school

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the preliminary development and validation of the Subjective Academic Wellbeing Measure (SAWM), which is a six-item self-report rating measure intended for use as a screening tool to assess the positive academic functioning of young people within the elementary and high school context. Exploratory factor analysis was performed with Sample 1 (N= 161), indicating that the SAWM was characterized by a unidimensional measurement model and had strong factor loadings. Results from confirmatory factor analysis, which was carried out with Sample 2 (N= 199), confirmed the measurement model by yielding good data-model fit statistics that were characterized by strong latent construct and internal reliability estimates. Further analyses showed that the scale had good convergent validity considering scores from several self-reported scales of student mental health problems and positive school functioning. Further analyses also showed that configural, metric, and scalar measurement invariance were observed across gender groups. These results provide initial evidence suggesting that the SAWM is a reliable and valid measure that can be used to assess the positive academic functioning of students within the school context. Implications are discussed, and some suggestions are provided for future research and practice

Topic: Resilience and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The Revenue Administration-Gap Analysis Program: Model and Methodology for Value-Added Tax Gap Estimation

The IMF Fiscal Affairs Department’s Revenue Administration Gap Analysis Program (RA-GAP) assists revenue administrations from IMF member countries in monitoring taxpayer compliance through tax gap analysis. The RA-GAP methodology for estimating the VAT gap presented in this Technical Note has some distinct advantages over commonly used methodologies. By using a value-added approach to estimating potential VAT revenues, as compared to the more traditional final consumption approach used by most countries undertaking VAT gap estimation, the RA-GAP methodology can provide VAT compliance gap estimates on a sector-by-sector basis, which assists revenue administrations to better target compliance efforts to close the gap. In addition, the RA-GAP methodology uses a unique measurement for actual VAT revenues, which isolates changes in revenue performance that might be due to cash management (e.g., delays in refunds) from those due to actual changes in taxpayer compliance.

Topic: Taxation and Compliance Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences