jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Penile Embryology and Anatomy

Knowledge of penile embryology and anatomy is essential to any pediatric urologist in order to fully understand and treat congenital anomalies. Sex differentiation of the external genitalia occurs between the 7 th and 17 th weeks of gestation. The Y chromosome initiates male differentiation through the SRY gene, which triggers testicular development. Under the influence of androgens produced by the testes, external genitalia then develop into the penis and scrotum. Dorsal nerves supply penile skin sensation and lie within Buck's fascia. These nerves are notably absent at the 12 o'clock position. Perineal nerves supply skin sensation to the ventral shaft skin and frenulum. Cavernosal nerves lie within the corpora cavernosa and are responsible for sexual function. Paired cavernosal, dorsal, and bulbourethral arteries have extensive anastomotic connections. During erection, the cavernosal artery causes engorgement of the cavernosa, while the deep dorsal artery leads to glans enlargement. The majority of venous drainage occurs through a single, deep dorsal vein into which multiple emissary veins from the corpora and circumflex veins from the spongiosum drain. The corpora cavernosa and spongiosum are all made of spongy erectile tissue. Buck's fascia circumferentially envelops all three structures, splitting into two leaves ventrally at the spongiosum. The male urethra is composed of six parts: bladder neck, prostatic, membranous, bulbous, penile, and fossa navicularis. The urethra receives its blood supply from both proximal and distal directions.

Topic: Urological Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A fast, highly reliable data compression chip and algorithm for storage systems

Data compression allows more efficient use of storage media and communication bandwidth, and standard compression offerings for tape storage have been well established since the late 1980s. Compression technology lowers the cost of storage without changing applications or data access methods. The desire to extend these cost/performance benefits to higher-data-rate media and broader media forms, such as DASD storage subsystems, motivated the design and development of the IBMLZ1 compression algorithm and its implementing technology. The IBMLZ1 compression algorithm was designed not only for robust and highly efficient compression, but also for extremely high reliability. Because compression removes redundancy in the source, the compressed data become extremely vulnerable to data corruption. Key design objectives for the IBMLZ1 development team were efficient hardware execution, efficient use of silicon technology, and minimum system-integration overhead. Through new observations of pattern matching, match-length distribution, and the use of graph vertex coloring for evaluating data flows, the IBMLZ1 compression algorithm and the chip family achieved the above objectives.

Topic: Algorithms and Data Compression
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
STRUCTURE, CONDUCT, & PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ON CAR INDUSTRY IN INDONESIA YEAR 2013 - 2017

Penelitian ini berupaya menganalisis struktur, perilaku, dan kinerja Industri mobil di Indonesia selama periode 2013 hingga 2017. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari GAIKINDO, Bank Dunia, dan Biro Pusat Statistik Indonesia (BPS). Penelitian ini menggunakan teori dan asumsi Struktur, Perilaku, dan Kinerja (SCP) untuk menganalisa industri. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi data panel model efek acak (REM) dengan metode Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: Pangsa pasar, pertumbuhan penjualan, dan variabel inflasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja penjualan industri mobil. Industri mobil dikategorikan sebagai oligopoli ketat dengan konsentrasi sedang.

This research attempt to analyze the structure, conduct, and performance of car Industry in Indonesia during the period of 2013 to 2017. The data used are secondary data from GAIKINDO, World Bank, and Central Bureau of Statistics Indonesia. This study use Structure, Conduct, and Performance (SCP) theory and assumptions for industry analysis. The method of analysis used in this study is panel data regression analysis of random effects model (REM) with the method of Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The research result shows: Market share, sales growth, and inflation variable have significant effect to the sales performance of car industry. Car industry is categorized as tight oligopoly with moderate concentration.

Topic: Economic Growth and Fiscal Policies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Observations on the Marital Metaphor of YHWH and Israel in its Ancient Israelite Context: General Considerations and Particular Images in Hosea 1.2

The marital metaphor became for the (mostly, if not exclusively, male) literati of ancient Israel—and for those who accepted their discourses—a way to shape, imagine, express, and communicate their understandings of the nature and story of their relationship with YHWH. This article addresses systemic aspects of this metaphor within this social and ideological setting and deals with the interplay of these aspects with the worldview and world of knowledge of these literati. A brief consideration of a particular instance of this metaphor, Hos. 1.2, serves to illustrate ways in which the actual use of the metaphor brought about matters that were related but clearly go beyond the ‘generic’ issues that the metaphor evoked in the readership of books in which it was used. Among them, one may mention the nature of Israel, its election by YHWH, explanations that served to solve or attenuate the cognitive dissonance between the status of the literati (and of Israel as a whole) in worldly affairs and their perceived place in the divine economy, and the importance of education.

Topic: Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Independence-Encouraging Subsampling for Nonparametric Additive Models

The additive model is a popular nonparametric regression method due to its ability to retain modeling flexibility while avoiding the curse of dimensionality. The backfitting algorithm is an intuitive and widely used numerical approach for fitting additive models. However, its application to large datasets may incur a high computational cost and is thus infeasible in practice. To address this problem, we propose a novel approach called independence-encouraging subsampling (IES) to select a subsample from big data for training additive models. Inspired by the minimax optimality of an orthogonal array (OA) due to its pairwise independent predictors and uniform coverage for the range of each predictor, the IES approach selects a subsample that approximates an OA to achieve the minimax optimality. Our asymptotic analyses demonstrate that an IES subsample converges to an OA and that the backfitting algorithm over the subsample converges to a unique solution even if the predictors are highly dependent in the full data. The proposed IES method is shown to be numerically appealing via simulations and a real data application. Theoretical proofs, R codes, and supplementary numerical results are accessible online as supplementarymaterials.

Topic: Optimal Experimental Design Methods
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Cost savings of biosimilars in oncology: A single institution experience.

10 Background: Biosimilar medications have increasingly gained regulatory approvals in recent years. Numerous conditions in the fields of hematology, oncology, rheumatology, and endocrinology have a biosimilar treatment option available. Some biosimilar agents can be obtained at a significantly lower cost than reference medications. Methods: Intermountain Healthcare Oncology Pharmacy and Therapeutics (P&amp;T) committee manages and maintains the formulary of accepted drugs. The committee consists of pharmacists, medical oncologists and oncology nurses. Biosimilar medications were approved in place of reference medications for the following: pegfilgrastim, bevacizumab, trastuzumab, and rituximab. Results: Annually, we administer about 6,450 combined doses of pegfilgastrim, bevacizumab, trastuzumab, and rituximab. Assuming 70% conversion from the reference medication to biosimilar agent, transitioning from the above listed reference medications to biosimilar would save an estimated $6.3 million annually (Table). This includes a $1.75 million savings from transitioning to rituximab alone. In addition, transitioning trastuzumab from a single dose vial to multi-dose vials is estimated to save an addition $730,000. Conclusions: Biosimilar agents can reduce the cost of oncology care to patients treated at our institution. We are utilizing biosimilar agents as part of our ongoing mission to decrease the financial toxicity of treatment for patients with cancer. [Table: see text]

Topic: Biosimilars and Bioanalytical Methods
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Stopping the Grog

Indigenous communities around Australia find themselves in the grip of chronic alcohol abuse and its related violence. For more than a decade Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, especially Indigenous women, have been agitating for change. In many cases Indigenous communities have been calling for restrictions to limit or prohibit alcohol availability to their members. In the past, Australia's anti-discrimination regime has been used to justify official inactivity on the issue of alcohol availability in Indigenous communities. Indigenous drinkers and publicans have also appealed to the principle of non-discrimination in their opposition to grog restrictions.

Topic: Homelessness and Social Issues
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Modeling Effect of Residual Nitrogen on Response of Corn to Applied Nitrogen

Abstract The logistic model has been used extensively to describe crop response to applied nutrients and water availability. It contains three parameters that can be estimated from data by regression analysis. One of the parameters refers to the reference state of the system, either at zero applied nitrogen (N) or applied N to reach 50% of maximum yield (N 1/2). A negative value of N 1/2 indicates that the soil already contains more than enough N to reach 50% of maximum yield. In the present analysis, data from a field study at Watkinsville, Georgia, which measured response of corn [Zea mays (L.) Pers.] to applied N following plowunder of grass sod is used to verify this point. It was found that N 1/2 shifted from –50 kg ha−1 in the first year to +25 kg ha−1 after several years. Availability of N from decaying vegetation declined exponentially with time. The time constant for decomposition and nitrification was 2 years. Total amount of N released from the vegetation was estimated as 190 kg ha−1.

Topic: Diverse Global Research Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF THE BLOOD GROUP-SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES FOUND IN MECONIUM

Meconium (I), the characteristic first stool of the infant, is a viscid, sticky, odorless, greenish brown to black material, which is regularly seen during the 5th month of fetal development. The amount excreted after birth varies from 60 to 200 gm. It is generally considered to be an accumulation of debris consisting of desquamated cells of the alimentary tract and skin, lanugo, fatty material from the vernix caseosa, amniotic fluid, and various intestinal secretions. It has been shown to contain very large amounts of blood group-specific materials which correspond with the blood type of the individual infant and its ability to secrete blood group materials in its body fluids (2). Most previous studies of blood group-specific substances have been made on those of animal origin, because there are so few sources of the human substances in a concentration sufficient to allow separation and purification. In meconium the specific substances are present in large amounts and in a relatively pure form. Meconium has not been studied by modern chemical methods. Preliminary studies (2) indicated that meconium is for the most part soluble in water and contains little ash and large amounts of hydrolyzable, nonfermentable carbohydrate. The experimental work described in this article was undertaken to elucidate the composition of normal meconium further. It was also of interest to investigate the chemical composition of some of the individual group-specific substances in meconium, to determine whether there were any gross differences between the different types of specific substances and to see whether the substances were comparable in composition to the materials prepared by other workers. The composition of single samples of meconium from a calf’ and a dog was also studied.

Topic: Chemical Reactions and Isotopes
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
SUPPRESSION OF UTERINE ACTIVITY BY PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHETASE INHIBITORS

Abstract. During hypertonic saline induction, the evolution of intrauterine pressure, the oxytocin response and abortion were delayed in naproxen‐treated patients. The PG synthesis inhibitors naproxen, mefenamic acid and ibuprofen decreased the high uterine resting pressure (‘tone’), the frequency of contractions but not always the active pressure (‘amplitude’) in dysmenorrheic patients, with a coincident decrease in pain. The naproxen‐sodium treatment decreased prostaglandins F and E in menstrual blood and uterine jet washings by 60–80 per cent.

Topic: Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Transactional approach to prediction of child maltreatment

The transactional-developmental approach was applied to a prospective longitudinal study of child maltreatment. Maternal background, infant constitutional, mother-infant interactional and maternal perception of infant temperament measures were entered into a multiple linear regression equation to predict child maltreatment. The results provide support for the transactional perspective in understanding the multiple determinants of early child maltreatment.

Topic: Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
[Infantile cerebral palsy and neuromotor development in very low birth weight infants].

One hundred twenty-seven children born between September 1st 1980 and August 31st 1985 weighing less than or equal to 1500 g at birth and submitted to intensive neonatal care were followed-up to the age of 12-36 months of corrected age with a follow-up program to assess their neuromotor and cognitive development. The incidence of cerebral palsy (CP) in the population in question was 15.7% at 12 and 24 months and 14.6% at 36 months. A peak CP rate was observed among those born in 1982 with a steady decline in the number of CP cases among those born in the last years of this study. The group of children with a birth weight of 1001-1500 g (VLBWI) was more heavily affected by CP than those whose weight was less than or equal to 1000 g (ELBWI). Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between neuromotor development and the following factors relative to the perinatal period: type of birth, sex, respiratory distress requiring assisted ventilation, acidosis, ultrasound, neurological examination at the 40th week of gestational age.

Topic: Neonatal Respiratory Health Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Prospects Of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) For Window Layer Cigs Solar Cells

In this paper, an investigation of zinc oxide (ZnO) material, and about the role of it for window layer purpose in CIGS Solar Cell has been addressed. It was performed by varying the window layer (ZnO) thickness and changed the band gap values. The simulation was carried out using numerical simulation tool, Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D) software. The ranges of window layers (ZnO) thickness were varied from 100 nm to 500 nm, and the band gap were set from 3.1 to 3.4 eV. In order to study the effect varying of those parameters on the performance of CIGS solar cell devices, there are such as fill factor (FF), open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current density (Jsc) and efficiency (η) were determined from the current density-voltage (I-V) characteristics. As overall, for all those characteristics were found that the cell performances increased the thickness were decreased even very slightly, but the short circuit current density (Jsc) were increased significantly.

Topic: Chalcogenide Semiconductor Thin Films
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Correction to Synthesis and Structure Activity Relationship of Tetrahydroisoquinoline-Based Potentiators of GluN2C and GluN2D Containing <i>N</i>-Methyl-<scp>d</scp>-aspartate Receptors

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrection to Synthesis and Structure Activity Relationship of Tetrahydroisoquinoline-Based Potentiators of GluN2C and GluN2D Containing N-Methyl-d-aspartate ReceptorsRose M. Santangelo Freel, Kevin K. Ogden, Katie L. Strong, Alpa Khatri, Kathryn M. Chepiga, Henrik S. Jensen, Stephen F. Traynelis, and Dennis C. Liotta*Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2014, 57, 11, 4975Publication Date (Web):May 30, 2014Publication History Published online30 May 2014Published inissue 12 June 2014https://doi.org/10.1021/jm500710wCopyright © 2014 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views667Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (111 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Some Applications of Statistical Methods to the Analysis of Physical and Engineering Data

Whenever we measure any physical quantity we customarily obtain as many different values as there are observations. From a consideration of these measurements we must determine the most probable value; we must find out how much an observation may be expected to vary from this most probable value; and we must learn as much as possible of the reasons why it varies in the particular way that it does. In other words, the real value of physical measurements lies in the fact that from them it is possible to determine something of the nature of the results to be expected if the series of observations is repeated. The best use can be made of the data if we can find from them the most probable frequency or occurrence of any observed magnitude of the physical quantity or, in other words, the most probable law of distribution. It is customary practice in connection with physical and engineering measurements to assume that the arithmetic mean of the observations is the most probable value and that the frequency of occurrence of deviations from this mean is in accord with the Gaussian or normal law of error which lies at the foundation of the theory of errors. In most of those cases where the observed distributions of deviations have been compared with the theoretical ones based on the assumption of this law, it has been found highly improbable that the groups of observations could have arisen from systems of causes consistent with the normal law. Furthermore, even upon an a priori basis the normal law is a very limited case of a more generalized one. Therefore, in order to find the probability of the occurrence of a deviation of a given magnitude, it is necessary in most instances to find the theoretical distribution which is more probable than that given by the normal law. The present paper deals with the application of elementary statistical methods for finding this best frequency distribution of the deviations. In other words, the present paper points out some of the limitations of the theory of errors, based upon the normal law, in the analysis of physical and engineering data; it suggests methods for overcoming these difficulties by basing the analysis upon a more generalized law of error; it reviews the methods for finding the best theoretical distribution and closes with a discussion of the magnitude of the advantages to be gained by either the physicist or the engineer from an application of the methods reviewed herein.

Topic: Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
Subfield: Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Different emergence phenology of European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The phenology of insect emergence affects reproductive success and is especially critical in short-lived species. An increasing number of studies have documented the effects of thermal and other climatic variations and of unpredictable habitats on the timing of adult insect emergence within and between populations and years. Numerous interacting factors may affect the phenology of adult emergence. Host-plant quality and availability is a key factor that has been largely neglected in studies of the phenology of phytophagous insects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of host plant characteristics on the rate of larval growth and the pattern of emergence in a wild population of Lobesia botrana (European grapevine moth), a significant pest in European vineyards. The phenology of emergence differed significantly among the six tested varieties of grapes. The percentage of bunches harboring pupae was similar among the different grape varieties, and the total number of pupae collected was similar to the number of emerging adults per bunch. Among the six varieties of grapes, 0–25 pupae were produced on each bunch. Each of the grape varieties had a single wave of emergence, in which males emerged before females, but their emergence phenology differed significantly in Chardonnay, Chasselas, and Pinot grapes. Both genders had extended durations of emergence in Merlot grapes. Together, the present results show that the characteristics of the grape host plant affect the emergence phenology of L. botrana.

Topic: Insect Pheromone Research and Control
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Carbon Nanotubes: A Status Report

To begin with, one could ask “Why are we so interested in nanometer scale hollow tubes of carbon with typical aspect ratios of about 100?” From a materials science perspective, the oil crisis of the 1970s provided a major impetus for the development of materials that combined light weight with exceptional mechanical properties.

Topic: Carbon Nanotubes in Composites
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences