jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ϕ-modes of neutron stars in a massless scalar–tensor theory

Scalar–tensor theories allow for a rich spectrum of quasinormal modes of neutron stars. The presence of the scalar field allows for polar monopole and dipole radiation, as well as for additional higher multipole modes led by the scalar field. Herein, we present one family of the modes which are dominated by the scalar fields, the scalar-led ϕ -modes computed numerically with a shooting method, for the lowest multipoles, that is, l = 0, 1, and 2 for a massless scalar–tensor theory of the Brans–Dicke type, motivated by the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m1"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="script">R</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math> theory, and compare with those of a minimally coupled scalar field in general relativity. We consider a set of six realistic equations of state and extract universal relations for the modes.

Topic: Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pubertal spurts in cranial base and mandible. Comparisons within individuals.

Serial data from cephalometric radiographs were analyzed for 34 boys and 33 girls who had cephalometric radiographs annually near each birthday from at least age 7 through 18 years. Spurts were defined for this study as increases between successive cranial base increments that exceeded 0.75mm/year in boys or 0.5mm/year in girls. The corresponding criterion for the mandible was 1.0mm/year in either sex. Pubescence was defined as the 4- year period spanning 2 years before and after peak height velocity. Spurts during pubescence were common, tending to occur about 1.6yr earlier in girls than boys. The mean increments at first pubertal spurt (FPS) and the mean sizes of FPS were about 25% to 33% greater in the boys than in the girls. The rate of growth during the year before FPS tended to be greater in the girls, while in the year after FPS it tended to be greater in the boys. The timing of FPS in either cranial base of mandible was not closely related to the onset of ossification in the ulnar sesamoid, the age at peak height velocity, or age at menarche. FPS generally occurred after the onset of ossification of the ulnar sesamoid, but before peak height velocity and menarche. There was no evidence of difference between craniofacial EPS in children who passed rapidly or slowly through pubescence, nor was any difference noted between the size of pubertal spurts in tall or short boys. larger total increments after peak height velocity were found in the short boys. Significant correlations were identified between the cranial base and the mandible in the timing but not in the magnitude of FPS. The children were approximately equally divided between those in whom cranial base spurts occurred first, those in whom mandibular spurts were first, and those in whom FPS occurred in both areas within the same annual interval.

Topic: Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
FILTRATION SURGERY OF CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA IN CHILDREN – VISСOSINUSOTRABECULOTOMY

ABSTRACT Purpose. To study in experiment the features of regeneration of outflow tracts of aqueous humor after antiglaucomatous operation using the viscoelastic and the effectiveness of the developed viscosinusotrabeculotomy in the congenital glaucoma surgical treatment in children. Material and methods. The experimental research has been carried out in 15 rabbits (28 eyes) of Chinchilla breed. The obtained results provided the basis for development of an original method of congenital glaucoma surgical treatment — (kozyrkovaya) shield viscosinusotrabeculotomy. During the experiment 60 eyes of 38 children (mostly children of age up to 24 months (32 children) have been operated. Results. A month later after the surgical intervention in experimental eyes where viscoelastic containing hyaluronic acid has been used, we found a distinct filtering channel connecting subconjunctival space with an area of ciliary body. During the surgical treatment according to the developed technology using viscoelastic, in all cases we have managed to form additional outflow pathways of aqueous humor including shaping of filtering bleb in all the eyes in the postoperative period. Conclusion. The conducted experimental research has shown that the Viscoat viscoelastic was discovered in the area of formed outflow pathways on the third day after the operation — in the period of the most active phase of aseptic inflammation, making possible to save the space and preventing inflammation — a factor stimulating the scar formation process. The developed method — (kozyrkovaya) shied viscosinusotrabeculotomy with dispersive viscoelastic usage is a method that increases the effectiveness of congenital glaucoma surgical treatment.

Topic: Intraocular Surgery and Lenses
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Melanin: Definition, Cause and Its Role in Atlantic Salmon-A Review

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) is the major important species in salmonid families. But for the disease issue, farmers are losing a large number of fish and income. Melanin in fillet is one cause for the loss of the processing industries. The cause of melanin spot are related to the use of vaccines containing oil adjuvants (Fagerland et al., 2013), but other factors such as environmental conditions, genetics and diseases (Bjerkeng, 2000) also appear to play a role. The pigmentary and the immune systems are related each other. Larsen et al. (2012) reported that the melanogenesis occurs in muscle-located granulomas, which represents an association between the immune and pigmentary systems. Melanin spot in fish fillet or organs create many problems to farmers and processing industries. Consumers do not prefer spotted fillet so processing industries need to cut off the defected part of the fillet, as a result, they face some loss in their product production. Addition of Vitamin C, E and selenium in feed can contribute to reduce the number and size of the melanin spot (Wang, 2016).

Topic: Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
The moving mirror model for fast radio bursts

ABSTRACT Recent observations of coherent radiation from the Crab pulsar suggest the emission is driven by an ultrarelativistic (γ ∼ 104), cold plasma flow. A relativistically expanding plasma shell can compress the ambient magnetic field, like a moving mirror, and thus produce coherent radiation whose wavelength is shorter than that of the ambient medium by γ2. This mechanism has been previously studied in the context of radio loud supernova explosions. In this work, we propose that a similar mechanism drives the coherent emission in fast radio bursts. The high Lorenz factors dramatically lower the implied energy and magnetic field requirements, allowing the spin-down energy of regular (or even recycled), fast spinning pulsars, rather than slow spinning magnetars, to explain FRBs. We show that this model can explain the frequency and the time evolution of observed FRBs, as well as their duration, energetics, and absence of panchromatic counterparts. We also predict that the peak frequency of subpulses decline with observation time as $\omega _{\rm obs} \propto t_{\rm obs}^{-1/2}$. Unfortunately, with current capabilities it is not possible to constrain the shape of the curve ωobs(tobs). Finally, we find that a variation of this model can explain weaker radio transients, such as the one observed from a galactic magnetar. In this variant, the shock wave produces low-frequency photons that are then Compton scattered to the GHz range.

Topic: Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Enhanced inflammation in subgroups of metabolic syndrome irrespective of glycaemic status

The objectives of this study were toinvestigate the inflammation and endothelial activationbiomarkers in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS)subgroups irrespective ofstatus. Subjects (n=319) were categorized into MS subgroups [diabetes mellitus (MSDM),impaired fastig glucose (MSIFG) and normoglycemia (MSNG)] and normal controls (NC).Inflammatory biomarkers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6) andendothelial activation (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesionmolecule-1 and E-selectin) were measured and compared between the groups. MS subjectshad significant increase in all biomarkers compared to NC subjects. Glycaemic status in MS subgroups did not show any association with the quartiles of all biomarkers, except forinterleukin-6. This may partially explain their increased coronary risk.Keywords: metabolic syndrome; glycaemic status; inflammation; endothelial activation

Topic: Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Articular manifestations of connective tissue dysplasia in students

В конце 80-х годов ХХ века R. Beighton предложил обозначать патологию соединительной ткани, проявляющуюся снижением ее прочности, термином «дисплазия» [7].Под дисплазией соединительной ткани (ДСТ) понимают нарушение развития соединительной ткани в эмбриональном и постнатальном периодах вследствие генетически обусловленных изменений процесса образования внеклеточного матрикса.Нарушения соединительной ткани нередко имеют прогредиентное течение, лежат в основе формирования разнооб-разной соматической патологии и могут являться основой формирования хронических заболеваний.Из числа выпускников средней школы лишь 16 % могут считаться абсолютно здоровыми, у 35-40 % из них имеются хронические заболевания, у 45-50 %различные морфофункциональные отклонения, в том числе обусловленные недифференцированной ДСТ, чаще всего манифестирующей в детском и юношеском возрасте [3].

Topic: Connective tissue disorders research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The lemonade stand game competition

In December 2009 and November 2010, the first and second Lemonade Stand game competitions were held. In each competition, 9 teams competed, from University of Southampton, University College London, Yahoo!, Rutgers, Carnegie Mellon, Brown, Princeton, et cetera. The competition, in the spirit of Axelrod's iterated prisoner's dilemma competition, which addressed whether or not you should cooperate, asks the questions, "how should you cooperate, and with whom?" The third competition (whose results will be announced at IJCAI 2011) is open for submissions until July 1st, 2011.

Topic: Game Theory and Applications
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Cardiovascular effects of the K-ATP channel blocker U-37883A and structurally related morpholinoguanidines.

The cardiovascular effects of the K-ATP channel blocker U-37883A and 5 related morpholinoguanidines were determined in 6 experimental preparations. In anesthetized dogs, U-37883A (0.5-8.0 mg/kg i.v.) increased mean arterial pressure (MAP; +18%) and left ventricular (LV) effective refractory period (ERP; +35%), and decreased LV contractility (-41%). Higher doses of U-37883A (16-32 mg/kg) fatally reduced MAP (-84%), heart rate (HR; -57%) and LV contractility (-72%). In anesthetized rats, U-37883A (1.0-50 mg/kg i.v.) also maximally reduced MAP, HR and LV contractility by 68, 77 and 48%, respectively. U-37883A and its analogs were diuretic in conscious rats (1.5-15 mg/kg i.v.) and blocked pinacidil in rabbit mesenteric artery (EC50 = 0.5-50 microM). In rabbit papillary muscle, 50 microM U-37883A significantly reduced force of contraction (-33%) and prolonged conduction time (+244%). Milder papillary effects were seen with the N'-OH analog U-45194A, which did not depress LV contractility in intact rats. In conscious dogs, oral U-45194A (50 mg/kg) was diuretic but reduced LV stroke volume and increased peripheral vascular resistance. These studies characterize U-37883A's systemic cardiovascular and direct myocardial effects, and identify U-45194A as a less cardiac depressant analog having U-37883A-like diuretic and functional K-ATP channel blocking activities.

Topic: Eicosanoids and Hypertension Pharmacology
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Measurement of Waxy Crude Properties Using Novel Laboratory Techniques

Abstract Transportation and production of waxy crude oils poses a variety of challenges including wax deposition, increased viscosity and pressure drop at temperatures below the cloud point, and high re-start pressure for gelled oil in the pipeline at temperatures below the pour point. The driving force for this study is an investigation of live oil transportation through a 600 km long sub-sea pipeline where ambient temperatures range from 0 to 5°C and pressures up to 3000 psia. The design and operation of such a system warrants unique set of input data. Measurement of such data involves the development of novel experimental techniques. In this paper, newly developed experimental techniques and apparatus used for measuring key waxy crude properties is presented. A novel experimental apparatus was used to visually determine live oil pour points at pressures up to 3000 psi. The gel strength measurements for pipeline restart pressures for both dead and live oils were conducted using a model pipeline test (MPT) apparatus. Measurements of the live oil wax appearance temperature (WAT) were performed using a state-of-the-art High Pressure Cross Polar Microscope (HP-CPM) and a laser-based solids detection system.

Topic: Petroleum Processing and Analysis
Subfield: Analytical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Large Asian River Basins

The connections between water, food and energy are currently being discussed more than ever before, thanks to the recently emerged concept of the waterâenergyâfood security nexus. Various organizations and authors have defined and addressed the concept from their own view points: nexus is, indeed in the air.This Special Issue looks at the waterâenergyâfood security nexus in the context of large Asian river basins, with a focus on transboundary rivers shared by several countries. The articles included in the Special Issue analyse what benefits the nexus approach could bring to these kinds of, often quite demanding, settings. And where are the potential pitfalls that call for further development.The thematic areas covered in the Special Issue thus include water resources management; energy planning and policies with an emphasis on hydropower; and food production systems, including fisheries, irrigation and cropland management. Due to its focus on transboundary contexts, the articles also look at the geopolitical, international cooperation and security aspects related to the nexus.The articles of the Special Issue include case studies from relevant transboundary river basins, with a focus on the Mekong River Basin in Southeast Asia as well as the river basins in Central Asia. Articles also include a comparative analysis in several large Asian river basins as well as more theoretical discussions of the waterâenergyâfood security nexus and its linkages to other framings and approaches, such as IWRM and sustainable development.

Topic: Urologic and reproductive health conditions
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Budget Impact of Switching from an Immediate-Release to a Prolonged-Release Formulation of Tacrolimus in Renal Transplant Recipients in the UK Based on Differences in Adherence

Gorden Muduma,1 Isaac Odeyemi,1 Jayne Smith-Palmer,2 Richard F Pollock21Astellas Pharma Europe, Chertsey, UK; 2Ossian Health Economics and Communications, Basel, SwitzerlandBackground and aims: Advagraf is a once-daily prolonged-release formulation of tacrolimus with proven noninferiority to Prograf, a twice-daily immediate-release formulation of tacrolimus, in biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft survival and patient survival in renal transplant recipients. Advagraf is associated with improved adherence compared with Prograf, which may ultimately improve long-term outcomes. The present study assessed the budget impact of switching patients from Prograf to Advagraf in the UK.Materials and methods: A budget-impact model was constructed based on published data on acute rejection, graft failure, and mortality in the UK setting. Patients were assumed to convert from Prograf to Advagraf on a 1:1 milligram:milligram basis. In a study comparing the adherence rates between once-daily versus twice-daily formulations of tacrolimus, the proportion of patients taking the prescribed number of daily doses was 88.2% in Advagraf patients and 78.8% in Prograf patients. The model applied a relative risk of graft failure of 3.47 to nonadherent patients based on data from a 2004 meta-analysis (based on graft-failure rates of 1.3%&amp;amp;ndash;40.0% in adherent patients, compared with 6.1%&amp;amp;ndash;100% in nonadherent patients). Cost data were taken from the March 2013 British National Formulary and 2012&amp;amp;ndash;2013 National Health Service tariff information. The analysis was performed over a 5-year time horizon and future costs were not discounted, in line with International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research guidelines.Results: Over a 5-year time horizon, the mean cost per patient (including tacrolimus, concomitant immunosuppressive medications, dialysis after graft failure, and treatment for acute rejection) was &amp;amp;pound;29,328 (standard deviation [SD] &amp;amp;pound;2,844) for Advagraf versus &amp;amp;pound;33,061 (SD &amp;amp;pound;3,178) for Prograf. The total cost saving of &amp;amp;pound;3,733 (SD &amp;amp;pound;530) was driven primarily by reduced dialysis costs arising from the lower incidence of graft failure (21.6% with Prograf versus 18.3% with Advagraf) in the larger proportion of adherent patients in the Advagraf arm. In a hypothetical transplant centre of 100 kidney-transplant recipients, this would result in cost savings approaching &amp;amp;pound;375,000 over 5 years.Conclusion: Conversion of renal transplant recipients from Prograf to Advagraf was associated with lower pharmacy and dialysis costs, with the reduction in dialysis costs being driven by improved adherence to Advagraf regimen and the consequent improvement in graft survival.Keywords: tacrolimus, patient adherence, costs and cost analysis, Great Britain

Topic: Renal Transplantation Outcomes and Treatments
Subfield: Transplantation
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Metabolic Flux Control at the Pyruvate Node in an Anaerobic<i>Escherichia coli</i>Strain with an Active Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

ABSTRACT During anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli , pyruvate formate-lyase (PFL) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) channel pyruvate toward a mixture of fermentation products. We have introduced a third branch at the pyruvate node in a mutant of E. coli with a mutation in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH*) that renders the enzyme less sensitive to inhibition by NADH. The key starting enzymes of the three branches at the pyruvate node in such a mutant, PDH*, PFL, and LDH, have different metabolic potentials and kinetic properties. In such a mutant (strain QZ2), pyruvate flux through LDH was about 30%, with the remainder of the flux occurring through PFL, indicating that LDH is a preferred route of pyruvate conversion over PDH*. In a pfl mutant (strain YK167) with both PDH* and LDH activities, flux through PDH* was about 33% of the total, confirming the ability of LDH to outcompete the PDH pathway for pyruvate in vivo . Only in the absence of LDH (strain QZ3) was pyruvate carbon equally distributed between the PDH* and PFL pathways. A pfl mutant with LDH and PDH* activities, as well as a pfl ldh double mutant with PDH* activity, had a surprisingly low cell yield per mole of ATP ( Y ATP ) (about 7.0 g of cells per mol of ATP) compared to 10.9 g of cells per mol of ATP for the wild type. The lower Y ATP suggests the operation of a futile energy cycle in the absence of PFL in this strain. An understanding of the controls at the pyruvate node during anaerobic growth is expected to provide unique insights into rational metabolic engineering of E. coli and related bacteria for the production of various biobased products at high rates and yields.

Topic: Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Chapter Nine The Vagina Monologues: Theoretical, Geopolitical, and Pedagogical Concerns

This essay explores the pedagogical possibilities and pitfalls inherent in using Eve Ensler’s The Vagina Monologues and its attendant antiviolence organization, VDay, as an example of transnational feminist antiviolence organizing and activism. While acknowledging the importance of the play and VDay in antiviolence fundraising efforts and in generating awareness of the global ubiquity of genderbased violence, I contend that the play, as well as the global antiviolence movement that has grown up around it, relies almost exclusively on U.S.based feminist epistemologies, subjectivities, and theoretical perspectives that are embedded within an American nationalist discourse1 that positions the United States as the “rescuer” of poor, brown women from the global South, who, as many feminist scholars have convincingly argued over the course of the last twenty years or so, are repeatedly depicted in American media—and by mainstream U.S. feminism—as a singular, powerless, and passive group (Mani, 1990; Mohanty, 1991; Narayan, 1997; Dell, 2002). This depiction has been reified and exaggerated since the days immediately following 9/11 when the Bush administration strategically (and successfully) justified the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan by arguing that the United States must “save” the women of Afghanistan from their (racialized, male) Muslim oppressors. I argue that U.S. feminism’s embeddedness in American nationalism affects how and why The Vagina Monologues is used, both formally and informally, as a pedagogical tool in U.S. women’s studies classrooms. I conclude that the play has the potential to serve as an

Topic: Gender, Security, and Conflict
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Gamma photoconductivity of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>

The electrical conductivity of single-crystal and sintered Al 2 O 3 which occurs during bombardment with y rays has been measured in radiation fields up to 10 6 R/h, using a 60 CO source. The conductivity was different for different crystals and the largest value observed was 0.7 × 10 −16 (Ω-cm-R/h) −1 ; the value for ruby (Al 2 O 3 + 0.05 % Cr 2 O 3 ) was 100 times smaller. The filling of traps by electrons (or holes) manifested itself during the initial radiation of a specimen as a reduced conductivity until the traps were filled: the density and cross section of these traps were ~10 17 per cm 3 and ~10 −17 cm 2 , respectively. The shape of the conductivity vs. time curve during the initial radiation is explained by a model which takes into account the excitation of electrons from traps into the conduction band by the energetic electrons resulting from the gamma radiation. It is shown that this model is able to account quantitatively for the observations, if it is assumed that the time required for a secondary electron to lose energy from 10 to 2 eV is somewhat longer than the time associated with the ionization of a filled trap. Conductivity glow curves were observed in all specimens using internal polarization of the specimens and at least four distinct traps were observed with energies in the range 1–2 eV; these are thought to arise from crystal structure defects.

Topic: Nuclear materials and radiation effects
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences