jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Theoretical study on back-scattering model of laser′s transmission underwater based on frequency domain

The creative high-pass filter technology to eliminate the light-wave′s back-scattering underwater was put forward.To validate this technology,the back-scattering′s mechanism based on frequency domain was studied.And this study consisted of four steps.Firstly,the multiple-scattering′s effect on transmissing was analyzed.Secondly,the back-scattering′s physical model of laser′s transmission underwater was established,and the back-scattering′s relation with time was gained.Thirdly,the back-scattering′s frequency characteristic and some useful equations were attained.Finally,the actual values were added to these equations to calculate their actual band-widths,and the result testifies that high-pass filter can eliminate the back-scattering′s effect obviously.

Topic: Optical Systems and Laser Technology
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Treatment outcome in juvenile‐onset myasthenia gravis

ABSTRACT Introduction Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction. Approximately 10%–15% of MG patients have juvenile (&lt;18 years of age) onset. We aimed to assess the clinical course, outcome, and subjectively perceived health status of a cohort of juvenile MG patients. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of medical records of 101 patients followed by a cross‐sectional questionnaire study. Results The mean age of patients was 12.8 years at onset and 13.7 years at diagnosis. Ninety percent of the patients were seropositive. Over 40% of the patients were treated with immunosuppression and over 80% underwent thymectomy. The mean Myathenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living (MG‐ADL) scale score was 2.48. At last follow‐up, 30.9% of patients were in complete, stable remission; 77.8% perceived their health as good. Discussion The treatment outcome for juvenile MG is favorable, with a marked reduction of symptoms and good day‐to‐day activity achieved for most patients. Muscle Nerve 59:549–549, 2019

Topic: Myasthenia Gravis and Thymoma
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Broken Symmetry and Handedness in Cryptogams

Broken symmetry is associated with the first unequal division in an apical cell lineage. Where the cell plate forms determines handedness during this division while later divisions retain this asymmetry and may generate cycles of three and four merophytic clones. An apical cell is determined by the presence of a proposed cytoplasmic particle (CP), and its position determines the location of a cell plate. This cell lineage in cryptogams is the equivalent of meristems in phanerogams. While broken symmetry occurs in the first unequal division of an apical cell lineage, handedness occurs at all divisions of the lineage. Apical cells and their derivatives produce the bulk of cells in gametophytes and sporophytes.

Topic: Geometric and Algebraic Topology
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Life Cycle Thinking and Engineering in Developing Communities: Addressing International Sustainability Challenges in the Classroom

Abstract Title: Life cycle thinking and engineering in developing communities: Addressing international sustainability challenges in the classroom Abstract Integrating sustainability issues into engineering curriculum can be used to expose undergraduates to complex global challenges related to the food-water-energy nexus. This paper explores the integration of engineering in developing communities and life cycle thinking for civil, mechanical, and mechatronic engineering students (n=79) at a Hispanic-Serving Institution (HSI) through a semester-long group project. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) were used to analyze the environmental and economic impacts of energy recovery, water reuse, and nutrient recycling processes from a small-scale agricultural wastewater treatment system in rural Costa Rica. Students’ ability to solve problems and produce solutions that accounted for environmental, economic, and social factors were evaluated using direct measures of student performance on specific assignments (e.g., final report, final video presentation) and indirect measures using a self-efficacy questionnaire. Direct measures were graded by the instructor of the course and an in-country partner using rubrics to assess: (1) problem definition in a global context, (2) life cycle assessment skills, (3) life cycle cost analysis skills, (4) ability to integrate social and cultural implications of proposed solutions, (5) written communication, and (6) oral communication. Students performed well in defining problems in a global context, conducting an economic analysis, and communicating via oral presentations. Improvements could be made in assessing environmental impacts, accounting for social implications of proposed solutions, and written communication via written reports. The self-efficacy questionnaire highlighted that increased communication between students and stakeholders in Costa Rica could improve understandings of social and cultural implications of proposed solutions. Additionally, restructuring the course to increase exposure to life cycle assessment could be used to improve student performance in assessing environmental impacts of engineering alternatives. This research provides insight on ways to address new ABET student outcomes 2-4 while exposing students to important global issues in environmental engineering. Additionally, this paper provides a model for future courses interested in conducting project-based learning on sustainability issues in a global context, especially for cases when international travel for large groups of students is cost-prohibitive.

Topic: Sustainability in Higher Education
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Household Access to Microcredit and Children's Food Security in Rural Malawi: A Gender Perspective

Using data from the 1995 Malawi Financial Markets and Food Security Survey, this study seeks to discover if women's relative control over household resources or intra-household bargaining power in rural Malawi, gauged by their access to microcredit, plays a role in children's food security, measured by anthropometric nutritional Z-scores. Access to microcredit is assessed in a novel way as self-reported credit limits at microcredit organizations. Since credit limits, that is, the maximum sums that might be borrowed, hinge upon supply-side factors such as the availability of credit programs and the financial resources of lenders, it is plausible they are more exogenous than demand driven loan uptake or participation in microcredit organizations, the common ways of gauging access to microcredit. It is indicated that whereas the access to microcredit of adult female household members improves 06 year old girls', though not boys', long-term nutrition as measured by height-for-age, the access to microcredit of male members has no such salutary effect on either girls' or boys' nutritional status. This may be interpreted as evidence of a positive relation between women's relative control over household resources and young girls' food security. That women's access to microcredit improves young girls' long-term nutrition may be explained in part by the subsidiary finding that it raises household expenditure on food.

Topic: Microfinance and Financial Inclusion
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Deprescribing medications for older adults in the primary care context: A mixed studies review

Abstract Aims This review investigates the factors that influence deprescribing of medications in primary care from the perspective of general practitioners (GPs) and community‐living older adults. Methods A mixed studies review structure was adopted searching Scopus, CINAHL, PsychINFO, ProQuest, and PubMed from January 2000 to December 2017. A manual search of reference lists was also conducted. Studies were included if they were original research available in English and explored general deprescribing rather than deprescribing of a specific class of medications. The Mixed Methods Assessment Tool was used to assess the quality of studies, and content analysis generated common categories across studies. Results Thirty‐eight articles were included, and 7 key categories were identified. The review found that the factors that influence deprescribing are similar across and within health systems and mostly act as barriers. These factors remained unchanged across the review period. The structural organisation of health systems remains poorly suited to facilitate deprescribing. Individual knowledge gaps of both GPs and older adults influence practices and attitudes towards deprescribing, and significant communication gaps occur between GPs and specialists and between GPs and older adults. As a result, deprescribing decision making is characterised by uncertainty, and deprescribing is often considered only when medication problems have already arisen. Trust plays a complex role, acting as both a barrier and facilitator of deprescribing. Conclusions Deprescribing is influenced by many factors. Despite recent interest, little change has occurred. Multilevel strategies aimed at reforming aspects of the health system and managing uncertainty at the practice and individual level, notably reducing knowledge limitations and closing communications gaps, may achieve change.

Topic: Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
Subfield: Geriatrics and Gerontology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Dispersion injection needle for insulin administration].

A new dispersion syringe needle is proposed to administrate insulin to diabetics. It features side location of injection holes 4-8 of which are arranged along the needle body. The needle so designed provides greater absorption area, thus increasing absorption rate and reducing insulin decay in the subcutaneous layer. With the needle, more effective insulin action to compensate glucose content is achieved as compared to the conventional design.

Topic: Diabetes Management and Research
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Theories of Histories of Serialism: Terminology, Aesthetics, and Practice in Post-War Europe – as Viewed by Luciano Berio

This article addresses the problem of the terminology associated with serialism and the use of serialism as practice after 1950.4 The article is divided into two parts: the first begins by addressing the role of the Darmstadt Summer Courses in the propagation of serialism during post-war Europe and raises a fundamental question regarding the meaning of the word serialism. The second part focuses on Luciano Berio (1925-2003) starting with his aesthetics during the early 1950s and 1960s, and following with an explanation of the ways he used serialism. Berio is particularly relevant to this discussion because he attended Darmstadt for several years and composed using serial procedures.

Topic: Italian Literature and Culture
Subfield: General Arts and Humanities
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
An Approach towards Resource Efficient Virtual Network Embedding

Network virtualization is at the heart of efforts to end Internet ossification, and utilize network infrastructure efficiently. The key concept is to share the infrastructure resources among many users at the same time and in such a way to enable them to deploy the required architectures. This leads to virtual networks (VNs), demanding different resources that have to be embedded on the underlying shared infrastructure network. The requirements of a VN can be based on factors such as, the type of traffic it needs to carry. Some portion of the same resources (substrate resources) needs to be assigned to every VN and the substrate resources are also finite. Thus, a mechanism needs to be devised in order to schedule the resources. This embedding process with resource constraints on virtual nodes and links to be applied on the substrate, which also has limited resources, is challenging and corresponds to the category of NP-hard problems. In this paper, we propose an approach to solve this problem by mapping the vertices of the VN as closely as possible in the substrate network and then assigning virtual edges to the shortest paths which satisfy their demands. This could enable the substrate to accommodate more VNs in the same resource database and hence optimize the substrate's bandwidth utilization. To the best of our knowledge closest node mapping proposed in this solution is a novel approach and is evaluated and compared to the existing approach of greedy node mapping in different scenarios. The sensitivity analysis by varying the different parameters and their effect on mapping VNs is also presented.

Topic: Software-Defined Networks and 5G
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Exploiting the process capability of profile tolerance according GD&amp;#x00026;T ASME-Y14.5M

GD&amp;T language allows us to control part geometric variations from a designer’s point of view. The tolerances should also take into account the effect of available fabrication, assembly, and inspection processes. This study proposes new mathematical models for identification and calculation of the profile tolerance according to ASME Y14.5(.1)M-1994 considering the available process capability and the geometric complexity of a part. The models are based on the order statistic theorem. From these models, charts were constructed to ease the calculation of the tolerance by the designer. Finally, two case studies are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the developed models.

Topic: Manufacturing Process and Optimization
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Efficient and reliable network tomography in heterogeneous networks using BitTorrent broadcasts and clustering algorithms

In the area of network performance and discovery, network tomography focuses on reconstructing network properties using only end-to-end measurements at the application layer. One challenging problem in network tomography is reconstructing available bandwidth along all links during multiple source/multiple destination transmissions. The traditional measurement procedures used for bandwidth tomography are extremely time consuming. We propose a novel solution to this problem. Our method counts the fragments exchanged during a BitTorrent broadcast. While this measurement has a high level of randomness, it can be obtained very efficiently, and aggregated into a reliable metric. This data is then analyzed with state-of-the-art algorithms, which reliably reconstruct logical clusters of nodes inter-connected by high bandwidth, as well as bottlenecks between these logical clusters. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed two-phase approach efficiently solves the presented problem for a number of settings on a complex grid infrastructure.

Topic: Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Factors Associated with the Completion of Antenatal Care in Podor Health District in 2020 (Senegal)

Introduction: The Ministry of Health and Social Action recommends at least four antenatal care (ANC). This indicator is not sufficiently documented in Podor health district. This study aimed to identify factors associated with the completion of ANC in this district. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 19 to 22 June 2020 in Podor health district, located 490 km away from Dakar in northern Senegal. The study population included women who had given birth in the 24 months preceding the survey. A two-stage cluster sampling was carried out. Data were collected during a face-to-face interview using an electronic questionnaire created with Open Data Kit Collect (ODK Collect) software. The adjusted Odds ratio (aOR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI95%) were calculated. Results: A total of 832 women were interviewed. Their average age was 26.5 ± 6.6 years, and they were mainly uneducated (54.1%), married (96.2%), and from rural areas (72.8%). The study showed that 51.20% of women surveyed underwent at least four ANC. Married women (aOR= 4.14), those who walked to reach health facilities (aOR=1.69), and those who watched television at least once a week (aOR=1.66) were significantly more likely to undergo at least four ANC. Conclusion: We need to raise awareness among women of reproductive age and resource persons through the mass media, and improve the geographical accessibility of health facilities to increase ANC coverage.

Topic: Global Maternal and Child Health
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Maternal high-fat diet impairs cardiac function in offspring of diabetic pregnancy through metabolic stress and mitochondrial dysfunction

Offspring of diabetic pregnancies are at risk of cardiovascular disease at birth and throughout life, purportedly through fuel-mediated influences on the developing heart. Preventative measures focus on glycemic control, but the contribution of additional offenders, including lipids, is not understood. Cellular bioenergetics can be influenced by both diabetes and hyperlipidemia and play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of adult cardiovascular disease. This study investigated whether a maternal high-fat diet, independently or additively with diabetes, could impair fuel metabolism, mitochondrial function, and cardiac physiology in the developing offspring's heart. Sprague-Dawley rats fed a control or high-fat diet were administered placebo or streptozotocin to induce diabetes during pregnancy and then delivered offspring from four groups: control, diabetes exposed, diet exposed, and combination exposed. Cardiac function, cellular bioenergetics (mitochondrial stress test, glycolytic stress test, and palmitate oxidation assay), lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial histology, and copy number were determined. Diabetes-exposed offspring had impaired glycolytic and respiratory capacity and a reduced proton leak. High-fat diet-exposed offspring had increased mitochondrial copy number, increased lipid peroxidation, and evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction. Combination-exposed pups were most severely affected and demonstrated cardiac lipid droplet accumulation and diastolic/systolic cardiac dysfunction that mimics that of adult diabetic cardiomyopathy. This study is the first to demonstrate that a maternal high-fat diet impairs cardiac function in offspring of diabetic pregnancies through metabolic stress and serves as a critical step in understanding the role of cellular bioenergetics in developmentally programmed cardiac disease.

Topic: Birth, Development, and Health
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Case Report: Babesiosis Presenting to the Emergency Department

Babesiosis is a tick-borne illness caused by the parasitic protozoa Babesia transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Babesia infect the red blood cell of its host and requires the cell for its replication. It is a disease process that can range from asymptomatic infection to organ failure and death. This case presentation reviews a 68-year-old male who presented to the emergency department with flu like symptoms and was found to have babesiosis.

Topic: Vector-borne infectious diseases
Subfield: Parasitology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Design of FCAST System which is Standard of Large File Transfer of IETF : Enhancement in Header Stability and Packet Loss Recovery Ability

본 논문은 IETF의 비실시간 데이터 멀티캐스트시스템 표준인 FCAST 전송 방식의 구현에 관한 내용이다. 특히, 반복 전송을 통한 패킷 손실 제어에서의 문제와, FCAST 헤더 생성 시에 생겨나는 문제를 해결한다. 먼저, 반복 전송을 통한 패킷손실 제어에서는 패킷 손실률(PLR, Packet Loss Rate)이 높은 경우, 과도하게 많은 반복전송 횟수를 필요로 하는 문제가 있었다. 이러한 문제는 패킷 손실이 각 패킷에 대하여 독립적이던 기존의 시스템에서 발생하는 것으로, FEC(Forward Error Correction)를 적용하여 패킷 손실이 들어온 패킷의 수에 연관되도록 하여 해결을 하였다. 다음으로, 헤더 생성에서의 문제는 지원하지 않는 확장자 데이터를 다른 데이터와 함께 반복전송하는 경우, 다음 반복 전송 횟수에서 헤더의 크기가 몇 바이트 증가하는 문제를 말한다. 본 논문에서는 헤더 생성 부분에서 지원하지 않는 확장자에 대한 경우를 추가함으로서 안정성을 향상시켰다. 구현된 시스템을 국제 클라우드망에서 테스트하여, 안정적으로 동작하는 것을 보인다.

Topic: Power Systems and Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
plastic Surgery

Children presents to the dermatologist as blistering with minimal trauma. Referral to the plastic surgeon may be either in relation to the acquired hand deformities or the presence of skin malignancy. A multi-disciplinary team approach is required that includes dermatologists, plastic and orthopaedic surgeons, paediatricians, geneticists and psychologists. The lesions are commonly isolated and consist of dilated capillaries; studies have indicated a lack of vasoconstrictor innervation. With time the surrounding soft tissue and even bone can hypertrophy causing further deformity and the need referral for plastic surgery. Most patients with cleft palate achieve normally intelligible speech. Up to 25% of patients will require secondary surgery either for complications such as fistula or the development of velopharyngeal incompetence due to poor soft palate lift or length. Unicoronal synostosis causes orbital asymmetry such that squint surgery may be required after corrective craniofacial surgery is undertaken.

Topic: Biomedical Ethics and Regulation
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Small Area Estimation in the German Census 2011

Abstract In 2011, Germany conducted the first census after the reunification. In contrast to a classical census, a register-assisted census was implemented using population register data and an additional sample. This paper provides an overview of how the sampling design recommendations were set up in order to fulfil legal requirements and to guarantee an optimal but still flexible source of information. The aim was to develop a design that fosters an accurate estimation of the main objective of the census, the total population counts. Further, the design should also adequately support the application of small area estimation methods. Some empirical results are given to provide an assessment of selected methods. The research was conducted within the German Census Sampling and Estimation research project, financially supported by the German Federal Statistical Office.

Topic: demographic modeling and climate adaptation
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences