jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Determination of spread of injectate after ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block: a cadaveric study.

BACKGROUND: The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a new regional anaesthesia technique that provides analgesia after abdominal surgery. It involves injection of local anaesthetic into the plane between the transversus abdominis and the internal oblique muscles. The TAP block can be performed using a landmark technique through the lumbar triangle or with ultrasound guidance. The goal of this anatomical study with dye injection into the TAP and subsequent cadaver dissections was to establish the likely spread of local anaesthesia in vivo and the segmental nerve involvement resulting from ultrasound-guided TAP block.METHODS: An ultrasound-guided injection of aniline dye into the TAP was performed for each hemi-abdominal wall of 10 unembalmed human cadavers and this was followed by dissection to determine the extent of dye spread and nerve involvement in the dye injection.RESULTS: After excluding one pilot specimen and one with advanced tissue decomposition, 16 hemi-abdominal walls were successfully injected and dissected. The lower thoracic nerves (T10-T12) and first lumbar nerve (L1) were found emerging from posterior to anterior between the costal margin and the iliac crest. Segmental nerves T10, T11, T12, and L1 were involved in the dye in 50%, 100%, 100%, and 93% of cases, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: This anatomical study shows that an ultrasound-guided TAP injection cephalad to the iliac crest is likely to involve the T10-L1 nerve roots, and implies that the technique may be limited to use in lower abdominal surgery. PMID: 19059922

Topic: Anesthesia and Pain Management
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Hepatitis C, systemic inflammation and oxidative stress: correlations with metabolic diseases

<b>Introduction</b>: Hepatitis C chronic infection has long been correlated with numerous systemic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and hepatic steatosis. Recent studies have also revealed an association with atherosclerosis.<b>Areas covered</b>: An analysis is presented on the mechanisms through which the hepatitis C viral infection can lead to a systemic increase in pro-inflammatory markers, especially tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-6. The immunological imbalance created may, through different mechanisms, act on the metabolic pathways that contribute to the development of insulin resistance, the accumulation of lipids in the liver, and even the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Moreover, an additional contributing factor to the above-mentioned metabolic derangements is the unopposed oxidative stress observed in chronic hepatitis C viral infection. The virus itself contributes to the formation of oxidative stress, through alterations in the trace metal homeostasis and its effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-a.<b>Expert opinion</b>: The scope of this review is to emphasize the importance of the metabolic manifestations of hepatitis C viral infection and to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms behind their emergence.

Topic: Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Perdeuteriated organic compounds. II. Normal-chain satured deuteriocarbons

Incubation at 340/sup 0/C of sodium n-tetracosanoate in deuterium oxide and the presence of sodium deuterioxide, deuterium-reduced Adams catalyst and deuterium peroxide resulted in a whole series of normal-chain saturated deuteriocarbons C/sub 13/-C/sub 23/ and perdeuteriated monocarboxylic acids C/sub 12/-C/sub 24/. Reaction mechanisms responsible for the formation of perdeuteriated fatty acid homologoues and of deuteriocarbons are outlined.

Topic: Chemical Reactions and Isotopes
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
On the 1/D expansion for directed polymers

We present a variational approach for directed polymers in $D$ transversal dimensions which is used to compute the corrections to the mean field theory predictions with broken replica symmetry. The trial function is taken to be a symmetrized version of the mean-field solution, which is known to be exact for $D=\infty$. We compute the free energy corresponding to that function and show that the finite-$D$ corrections behave like $D^{-4/3}$. It means that the expansion in powers of 1/D should be used with great care here. We hope that the techniques developed in this note will be useful also in the study of spin glasses.

Topic: Theoretical and Computational Physics
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Do family CEOs benefit investment efficiency when they face uncertainty?

Purpose This paper aims to investigate whether family CEOs benefit investment efficiency under uncertainty with Chinese family firms and to test the moderating effect of ownership structure, including family ownership, the separation of family control from family ownership and the multiple large shareholder structure. Design/methodology/approach Fixed-effects models are designed for a sample of 5,734 firm-year observations for Chinese family firms from 2009 to 2014. Findings The results show that investment efficiency is low under uncertainty, and having family CEOs can reduce this negative relationship. Further analysis reveals that for firms with family CEOs, the negative effect of uncertainty on investment efficiency is weaker when the family has higher ownership, when family control is less separated from family ownership, or when family firms have multiple large shareholder structures. Research limitations/implications The authors do not distinguish founder-CEOs and descendant-CEOs. Most of Chinese family firms are still managed by founders, so the authors cannot explore the generation effect although different generations manage firms differently. Because family succession is becoming a more and more important problem in China, further research may be able to explore the generation effect. Practical/implications This paper suggests that in emerging economies with weak investor protection, outside minority shareholders can avoid expropriation from family owners by investing in firms with large family ownership, little separation of family control from ownership or multiple large shareholder structure. In addition, policymakers can encourage institutional investors to participate in family business to improve corporate governance. Originality/value Drawing on both Type I and Type II agency theory perspectives, the authors argue that although family CEOs can generally benefit firms’ investment efficiency, the benefits vary with firms’ ownership structure. In other words, family CEOs are not absolute agents or stewards but some extent of combination of both.

Topic: Family Business Performance and Succession
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Effects of Planting Density and the Composition of Wheat Cultivar Mixtures on Stripe Rust: An Analysis Taking into Account Limits to the Replication of Controls

The effect of plant density on disease is not well understood in populations of a single host plant genotype and has been studied even less in mixtures of host genotypes. We performed an experiment to evaluate the effect of wheat planting density on infection by Puccinia striiformis in experimental plots with a single wheat genotype and in plots with two genotypes making up a range of frequencies. Stripe rust severity in single-genotype plots increased with planting density in 1997 but decreased with planting density in 1998. Disease in host mixtures was compared to the weighted mean of disease levels in the corresponding single-genotype plots. The design of the field experiment included limited replication of these reference treatments (that is, there was not a unique pair of single-genotype plots for each mixture plot); therefore, we devised an analysis based on collapsing the data into independent mean observations. Disease reduction due to host diversity was less when one genotype predominated than when both host genotypes were present at nearly equal frequencies. The greatest mean host-diversity effect for reduced disease was at the intermediate planting density of 250 seeds per m 2 .

Topic: Wheat and Barley Genetics and Pathology
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Exploring the quality of government open data

Purpose The use of “open data” can help the public find value in various areas of interests. Many governments have created and published a huge amount of open data; however, people have a hard time using open data because of data quality issues. The UK, the USA and Korea have created and published open data; however, the rate of open data implementation and level of open data impact is very low because of data quality issues like incompatible data formats and incomplete data. This study aims to compare the statuses of data quality from open government sites in the UK, the USA and Korea and also present guidelines for publishing data format and enhancing data completeness. Design/methodology/approach This study uses statistical analysis of different data formats and examination of data completeness to explore key issues of data quality in open government data. Findings Findings show that the USA and the UK have published more than 50 per cent of open data in level one. Korea has published 52.8 per cent of data in level three. Level one data are not machine-readable; therefore, users have a hard time using them. The level one data are found in portable document format and hyper text markup language (HTML) and are locked up in documents; therefore, machines cannot extract out the data. Findings show that incomplete data are existing in all three governments’ open data. Originality/value Governments should investigate data incompleteness of all open data and correct incomplete data of the most used data. Governments can find the most used data easily by monitoring data sets that have been downloaded most frequently over a certain period.

Topic: E-Government and Public Services
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
What qualities can make TRPG more appealing to new players?

&lt;p&gt;Tabletop role-playing games (TRPGs) have more than 40 years of history and have achieved far-reaching influence, especially in countries where English is the primary language. However, even though many new games appear every year, TRPGs still does not occupy a dominant position in the game market. Most gamers prefer video games and board games to TRPG. The aim of this project is to use qualitative analysis to investigate which parts of TRPG design prohibit players from engaging with TRPGs and then to create a novel TRPG that addresses these design problems. This project will combine newly formulated design elements into a game designed to attract new players and ensure that player engagement is sustained in subsequent play. The project focuses on the example of China, where many people play video games and board games, but few know about or play TRPGs. Therefore, this research will mainly study the gaming behaviour and feedback of Chinese participants to study what methods can attract Chinese players to TRPGs.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Digital Games and Media
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Morphology of a novel cyanobacterium and characterization of light-harvesting complexes from it: Implications for phycobiliprotein evolution

The morphology of the marine cyanobacterium DC-2 and two light-harvesting complexes from it have been characterized. DC-2 has an outer cell wall sheath not previously observed, the purified phycoerythrin shows many unusual properties that distinguish it from all phycoerythrins characterized to date, and isolated phycobilisomes have a single absorption band at 640 nm in the phycocyanin-allophycocyanin region of the spectrum. On the basis of these observations we suggest that DC-2, rather than being a member of the Synechococcus group, should be placed in its own taxonomic group. In addition, the particular properties of the isolated phycoerythrin suggest that it may be representative of an early stage in the evolution of the phycoerythrins. These observations are of special interest in light of the contribution DC-2 and related cyanobacteria may make to global primary productivity.

Topic: Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effects of row spacing on diseases, herbicide persistence, and qualitative characteristics of peanut

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to assess the effects of row-spacing on diseases, weed control, herbicide persistence and plant development in peanut. Tebuconazole, when averaged across cultivars and row spacing, effectively controlled white mold (57%) and rust (58%). Azoxystrobin also controlled white mold (58%) and controlling rust (44%). Both fungicides reduced leaf spot severity in the conventional and twin rows when compared to untreated plots. Twin rows showed a 10% yield increase compared to the conventional planting. Both diclosulam and imazapic, when applied to twin rows at the full and reduced rate, provided better yellow nutsedge control than when applied to the conventional row. Twin rows yielded higher than the conventional rows when averaged across herbicides in one year. All full rate herbicide treatments enhanced yield over the untreated check. Diclosulam and imazapic treated soil sampled 60 DAP adversely affected all four crops. The advantage of planting peanuts in twin rows to reduce diclosulam and imazapic residual concentrations was not apparent. Georgia Green and Tamrun 96 planted in twin rows at three of the four locations in 1999 and 2000 yielded higher than peanuts planted in conventional rows. Yields were comparable to twin-row spacings that had higher plant densities. Georgia Green and Tamrun 96 planted in conventional rows, in most cases, had higher yields than narrow-rows. Measurements for plant diameter, pod distribution, and main stem length were higher with Tamrun 96 at most row spacings and planting densities compared to the respective Georgia Green planting densities and row spacings. Both cultivars when planted in twin or narrow rows at all planting densities did not enhance maturity when sampled late season. Georgia Green and Tamrun 96 when planted in conventional rows had the most pods/plant compared to the narrow and twin row spacing. No clear evidence was found to suggest that peanuts grown in narrow or twin rows increased white mold disease incidence. Grades for Georgia Green were higher than Tamrun 96 when planted in twin rows at the standard planting density. Tamrun 96 in twin rows at the standard planting density had a higher grade than when planted in conventional rows at the low planting density.

Topic: Peanut Plant Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. by RPA-NALFIA targeting lipL32 gene

Background: Lack of available sensitive point-of-care tests is one of the key challenges limiting the early point-of-care diagnosis of leptospirosis.Previously, a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 12a (CRISPR/Cas12a) lipL32 detection platform with high sensitivity and specificity was developed. However, its turnaround time is between one and two hours, and two reactions are required.

Topic: Leptospirosis research and findings
Subfield: Parasitology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Circulating Tumor Cells—New Challenges Ahead

The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs)2 was first described by Thomas Ashworth in 1869 (1). In 1889, Stephen Paget proposed in the first issue of The Lancet the “seed and soil” hypothesis, according to which “metastasis depends on cross-talk between selected cancer cells (the ‘seeds’) and specific organ microenvironments (the ‘soil’),” a hypothesis revisited many years later by Isaiah Fidler [(2); quotation from Fidler]. It took more than a century to recognize the critical role that CTCs play in the metastatic spread of carcinomas, that the detection of CTCs is associated with prognosis for many cancers (such as those of the breast, colon, and prostate), and that their enumeration is useful in follow-up (3). On the basis of these developments, the evaluation of CTCs now represents a promising new diagnostic tool, especially for advanced-stage cancer patients, for whom CTCs can be used as a “liquid biopsy” that allows physicians to follow cancer changes over time and tailor treatment accordingly (3).

Given that CTCs are very rare, the very limited amount of available biological sample presents a unique analytical and technical challenge. CTCs can now be isolated, detected, and enumerated with a plethora of highly sensitive analytical methods, such as quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, image-based approaches, and techniques that use microfilter and microchip devices (4). In most cases, the isolation and detection of CTCs depend primarily on their epithelial characteristics, and antibodies to epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and cytokeratins (CKs), respectively, are used for this purpose. At present, the CellSearch® system (Veridex) is the only technology that has been cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration for the detection and enumeration of CTCs in patients with metastatic …

Topic: Cancer Cells and Metastasis
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
histomoniasis, histomonas meleagridis in birds, blackhead

This datasheet on histomoniasis, histomonas meleagridis in birds, blackhead covers Identity, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis.

Topic: Microbial infections and disease research
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Phases of Confining SU(5) Chiral Gauge Theory with Three Generations

We explore the possible low energy phases of the confining non-supersymmetric $SU(5)$ chiral gauge theory with three generations of fermions in the $(10+\bar{5})$ representations. This theory has the same fermion and gauge matter content as the simplest Georgi-Glashow grand unified theory of the Standard Model and has an $SU(3)\times SU(3)\times U(1)$ global symmetry. Using 't Hooft anomaly matching, most attractive channel, and soft SUSY breaking approaches, we outline a number of possible consistent low energy vacua including one with a remnant $SO(3)\times U(1)$ symmetry that is analogous to the one-generation model. For the soft SUSY breaking approach, we find that as one extrapolates to large SUSY breaking to recover the original theory, a phase transition is possible. We show that such a phase transition is guaranteed if SUSY breaking is communicated via anomaly mediation.

Topic: Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Maximum Principle for Optimal Control of Stochastic Evolution Equations

A general maximum principle is proved for optimal controls of abstract semilinear stochastic evolution equations. The control variable, as well as linear unbounded operators, acts in both drift and diffusion terms, and the control set need not be convex.

Topic: Stochastic processes and financial applications
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
SCFβ-TRCP-mediated degradation of NEDD4 inhibits tumorigenesis through modulating the PTEN/Akt signaling pathway

The HECT domain-containing ubiquitin E3 ligase NEDD4 is widely expressed in mammalian tissues and plays a crucial role in governing a wide spectrum of cellular processes including cell growth, tissue development and homeostasis. Recent reports have indicated that NEDD4 might facilitate tumorigenesis through targeted degradation of multiple tumor suppressor proteins including PTEN. However, the molecular mechanism by which NEDD4 stability is regulated has not been fully elucidated. Here we report that SCF(β-TRCP) governs NEDD4 protein stability by targeting it for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation in a Casein Kinase-I (CKI) phosphorylation-dependent manner. Specifically, depletion of β-TRCP, or inactivation of CKI, stabilized NEDD4, leading to down-regulation of its ubiquitin target PTEN and subsequent activation of the mTOR/Akt oncogenic pathway. Furthermore, we found that CKIδ-mediated phosphorylation of Ser347 and Ser348 on NEDD4 promoted its interaction with SCF(β-TRCP) for subsequent ubiquitination and degradation. As a result, compared to ectopic expression of wild-type NEDD4, introducing a non-degradable NEDD4 (S347A/S348A-NEDD4) promoted cancer cell growth and migration. Hence, our findings revealed the CKI/SCF(β-TRCP) signaling axis as the upstream negative regulator of NEDD4, and further suggested that enhancing NEDD4 degradation, presumably with CKI or SCF(β-TRCP) agonists, could be a promising strategy for treating human cancers.

Topic: Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Figure 1-8 from Inhibition of Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 Reduces Tumor Growth by Modulating β-Catenin Signaling

Supplementary Figure 1-8 from Inhibition of Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 Reduces Tumor Growth by Modulating β-Catenin Signaling

Topic: Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Boundary Adjustment Process: The Case of Arbitration in the Greater London Area

This paper examines the negotiation and arbitration processes that were used in the annexation of the Greater London Area to determine their appropriateness in resolving boundary issues. A comprehensive literature review and an analysis of public hearings were conducted. The findings reveal that the arbitration process was unsuccessful and inappropriate in resolving the boundary adjustment dispute and the arbitration process did very little in adding substantial information to the decision-making process.

Topic: Corporate Governance and Law
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences