jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Plastic Deformation Developed During Interference Fitting of Disk Brake Hub Bolt

A brake system in automobile is one of the important parts that directly affect the safety of passengers. Particularly, disk brake module is applied to almost all kinds of automobile brake system due to its remarkable braking power and braking distance. In the disk brake module of an automobile, the bolt for tire wheel is assembled to the disk brake hub by interference fit(bolt pressing process). The process induces small deformation whose range is within tens of <TEX>${\mu}m$</TEX> and this deformation may cause the runout badness of the whole disk brake module, and even braking problems such as judder or squeal phenomena which makes the loss of braking efficiency. In this study, bolt pressing fit into hub was simulated by <TEX>$ANSYS^{TM}$</TEX>, a commercial structure analysis program. Also, the aspect and the cause of hub displacement were analyzed and the solution for decreasing runout of hub was proposed.

Topic: Brake Systems and Friction Analysis
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Component fatty acid analyses by reversed‐phase partition chromatography

Abstract Analysis by RPPC on silicone‐impregnated Celite using aqueous acetone of different concentration for elution was first standardised with good results for artificial mixtures of pure fatty acids. Seed and kernel fats containing various fatty acids, including those from the Palmae, Rhamnaceae and Guttiferae (usual fatty acids), Malvaceae (epoxyoleic acid), Cruciferae (erucic acid) and Euphorbiaceae (ricinoleic acid) were then examined. Fats analysed for the first time include those from castor hulls, and from seeds of date, roselle, hollyhock, garden cress and turnip. Considerable differences from earlier analysis were found for seed fats of Zizyphus jujuba , Indian cottonseed of three Gossypium varieties, Indian toria (rape) and radish.

Topic: Ziziphus Jujuba Studies and Applications
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Advertising and Publicity Programs in the Executive Branch of the National Government: Hustling or Helping the People?

A member of the Defense subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee labels government advertising (except that for military recruiting) as propaganda and puffery, and calls it disgraceful. He complains that he sees far too much self-serving agency publicity in his district.' In a different hearing, held about the same time, the chairman of a House Government Operations subcommittee complains because the director of the Census Bureau decided to use public service announcements for the 1980 Census of Population. Fearing that an undercount of minorities will hurt his state in upcoming congressional reapportionment decisions and in competition for federal funds, the congressman wants the Census Bureau to use paid advertising.' These two instances illustrate the mixed attitudes Americans hold toward government advertising and publicity. This paper briefly traces the development of the use of advertising and publicity in the executive branch of the national government and documents their current magnitude and scope. It then evaluates the efficiency and effectiveness of the administration of such programs. Because publicity and advertising programs are important aspects of the communication function of modern government, it is essential that they be administered with sensitivity to the needs of democracy. The last section of this article highlights prob-

Topic: Media Studies and Communication
Subfield: Communication
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Incarceration and Intergenerational Social Exclusion

Journal Article Incarceration and Intergenerational Social Exclusion Get access Holly Foster, Holly Foster Direct correspondence to: Holly Foster, Department of Sociology, Texas A&M University, 4351 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843. E-mail: hfoster@tamu.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John Hagan John Hagan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Social Problems, Volume 54, Issue 4, 1 November 2007, Pages 399–433, https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2007.54.4.399 Published: 30 July 2014

Topic: Health disparities and outcomes
Subfield: Health
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Potential for dose reduction in CT emphysema densitometry with post-scan noise reduction: a phantom study

Objective: The aim of this phantom study was to investigate the effect of scan parameters and noise suppression techniques on the minimum radiation dose for acceptable image quality for CT emphysema densitometry. Methods: The COPDGene phantom was scanned on a third generation dual-source CT system with 16 scan setups (CTDIvol 0.035–10.680 mGy). Images were reconstructed at 1.0/0.7 mm slice thickness/increment, with three kernels (one soft, two hard), filtered backprojection and three grades of third-generation iterative reconstruction (IR). Additionally, deep learning-based noise suppression software was applied. Main outcomes: overlap in area of the normalized histograms of CT density for the emphysema insert and lung material, and the radiation dose required for a maximum of 4.3% overlap (defined as acceptable image quality). Results: In total, 384 scan reconstructions were analyzed. Decreasing radiation dose resulted in an exponential increase of the overlap in normalized histograms of CT density. The overlap was 11–91% for the lowest dose setting (CTDIvol 0.035mGy). The soft kernel reconstruction showed less histogram overlap than hard filter kernels. IR and noise suppression also reduced overlap. Using intermediate grade IR plus noise suppression software allowed for 85% radiation dose reduction while maintaining acceptable image quality. Conclusion: CT density histogram overlap can quantify the degree of discernibility of emphysema and healthy lung tissue. Noise suppression software, IR, and soft reconstruction kernels substantially decrease the dose required for acceptable image quality. Advances in knowledge: Noise suppression software, IR, and soft reconstruction kernels allow radiation dose reduction by 85% while still allowing differentiation between emphysema and normal lung tissue.

Topic: Radiation Dose and Imaging
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
TYPE + CODE VII: Typographic selfie + code

A selfie is a self-portrait digital photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically taken with a smartphone or web camera and shared by social media. The typographic selfie + CODE is an extension of Selfie + CODE, which is a collection of generative selfies taken by the author to raise awareness of Asian female faculty being isolated and marginal in a predominantly white institution of the United States. The computational processes expend the concepts of traditional self-portraits to generative visual languages conveying specific thoughts or feelings. Typography is a form of art to make written language expressive by using letter forms and text. Based on the type choices, different emotions and moods can be visually expressed through the generative selfies. The typographic selfie + CODE is visual research with diverse typefaces to embed visual expression into generative selfies.

Topic: Literacy, Media, and Education
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Acute changes in cortical activation during active ankle movement after whole-body vibration for spasticity in hemiplegic legs of stroke patients: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

<b>Background</b>: A recent study revealed that whole-body vibration (WBV) tends to decrease spasticity in stroke-related hemiplegic legs. However, acute changes in cortical activation after WBV are unclear. <b>Objective</b>: To examine whether WBV induces acute changes in sensorimotor cortical activation in patients with stroke-related hemiplegic legs. <b>Methods</b>: Eleven stroke patients (mean age 52.6 [SD 15.4] years; median time after stroke 3 [25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles; 3 and 10.5, respectively] months) participated in a comparative before-and-after intervention trial. Six healthy adults were also studied. WBV at 30 Hz was applied for 5 min to the hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles. Spasticity was assessed according to the modified Ashworth scale (MAS). Active and passive range of motion (A-ROM and <i>P</i>-ROM, respectively) were also measured. Change in Oxy-Hb concentration in bilateral sensorimotor cortex associated with voluntary ankle dorsiflexion of the affected limb was assessed via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) before and immediately after WBV. <b>Results</b>: MAS score, A-ROM, and <i>P</i>-ROM improved immediately after WBV. In the patients, while there was no significant interaction between effects of region (ipsilesional and contralesional sensorimotor cortex) and the WBV intervention (before and immediately after WBV) (<i>F</i><sub>1,10</sub> = 0.702, <i>p</i> = .422), there was a significant main effect of the WBV intervention (<i>F</i><sub>1,10</sub> = 6.971, <i>p</i> = .025). In the healthy participants, there was no association with the WBV intervention or region. <b>Conclusions</b>: In patients with stroke-related spastic-hemiplegic legs, WBV might result not only in clinical improvement but also in acute increase in sensorimotor cortical activation.

Topic: Effects of Vibration on Health
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Epidemic

• Policy: To prevent the further spread of the influenza disease, the board of health has ordered that all stores close as of Saturday • The close of bar rooms is to prevent promiscuous gatherings• Extreme measures are being implemented to also address the high death rates• For the week ending last week, there were 137 deaths, about three times the normal rate

Topic: Psidium guajava Extracts and Applications
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Mucoceles of the Paranasal Sinuses with Intracranial Extension-Postoperative Course

Mucoceles of the paranasal sinuses cause progressive distension of the bony walls and induce compressive symptoms. Although rare, cases of massive intracranial extension have occurred. We believe that an endoscopic transnasal approach is the best choice for such huge mucoceles because it is the least invasive and can provide an adequate surgical field of view for wide marsupialization. However, the results of long-term follow-up after endoscopic transnasal surgery have not been reported. This study was designed to evaluate prospectively the postoperative course of patients with intracranially extended mucocele. In the last 5 years, we have operated on four patients with intracranially extended mucocele. Although postoperative scanning is not recommended routinely after surgery for inflammatory disease, we followed up two patients who consented by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) along with endoscopy. Dural descent to the original skull base plane necessitated long periods of follow-up, lasting 18 and 5 months, respectively. On the mucocele wall mucosa, which had been smooth during surgery, polyps and granulations developed after surgical drainage and lasted for a considerable time. Although endoscopic transnasal opening of mucocele is a method of choice, we recommend follow-up of such patients for long periods, at least until the frontal skull base dura returns to its original position.

Topic: Sinusitis and nasal conditions
Subfield: Otorhinolaryngology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Divining Science

The study of German mining and metallurgy has focused overwhelmingly on labor, capitalism, and progressive engineering and earth science. This book addresses prospecting practices and mining culture. Using the divining, or dowsing rod as a means of exposing miner beliefs, it argues that a robust vernacular science preceded institutionalized geology in Saxony, and that the Freiberg Mining Academy (f.1765) became a site for the synthesis of tradition and new science. The tacit knowledge of dowsing was the mark of the experienced prospector, and rather than decline in importance through the Enlightenment, the practice transformed from a study of mineral vapors into an experimental branch of geophysics. Mining administrations openly hired practitioners through the eighteenth century.

Topic: History of Science and Natural History
Subfield: History and Philosophy of Science
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
KÊT QUA SƠM ĐIÊU TRI SOI ÔNG MÂT CHU Ơ NGƯƠI CAO TUÔI BĂNG PHÂU THUÂT NÔI SOI

This study was conducted to describe the clinical and paraclinical characteristics and evaluate early outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for common bile duct (CBD) stones in elderly patients. We performed a retrospective study of 95 patients over 60 years of age diagnosed with CBD stones who underwent laparoscopic surgery at the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Thong Nhat Hospital from January 2016 to December 2022. Among the 95 surgical cases, there were 49 male patients (51.58%) and 46 female patients (48.42%), with a mean age of 74.67 years (ranging from 60 to 95 years). Regarding clinical manifestations, abdominal pain was the most common symptom, present in 91.58% of patients, followed by cholangitis in 41.05% (39 cases). Post-surgery, the stone clearance rate reached 94.7%, demonstrating the high effectiveness of the laparoscopic approach. The mean operative time was 136.36 ± 23.26 minutes, and the average hospital stay was 13.4 ± 3.8 days. Postoperative complications were documented, including bile leakage (3.16%), bleeding (1.05%), and infection (2.11%). Notably, no mortality was recorded in this study. The findings indicate that laparoscopic surgery for CBD stones in elderly patients at Thong Nhat Hospital is a safe and feasible procedure, provided that patients are carefully selected preoperatively. This study contributes additional evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic surgery in treating CBD stones in elderly patients, who typically present with more comorbidities and higher risk of complications compared to younger patient groups. The low complication rates and absence of mortality in our series suggest that, with proper patient selection and surgical expertise, advanced age should not be considered a contraindication to laparoscopic CBD stone management.

Topic: Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Synthesis, Structural and Optical Properties of Tetrabenzoporphyrin Complexes Bearing Four or Eight Peripheral Phenyl Groups

A series of free‐base and phosphorus(V) complexes of tetrabenzoporphyrin (TBP) and some phosphorus(V) porphyrins containing four or eight phenyl groups on the periphery have been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray crystallography, electronic absorption, and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy, together with quantum chemical calculations. All phosphorus TBP and meso ‐tetraphenyl porphyrin complexes adapted ruffled conformations due to the small P(V) ion, although the Zn(II)TBPs containing eight phenyl (Φ) groups at the so‐called β and α positions showed planar and saddled structures in the solid state, due to, respectively, marginal or severe steric hindrance between the neighboring Φ groups. All P(V)TBPs showed the Soret and Q bands beyond 450 and 700 nm, respectively, which are some of the longest wavelengths exhibited by metallated TBPs reported to date. Of the eight Φ group‐substituted P(V)TBPs, those substituted at α positions always showed absorption bands at longer wavelengths than those at β positions, which was reproduced by calculated absorption spectra. The Soret band positions of meso ‐tetraphenylated P(V) species without fused benzo‐groups (ca. 430–440 nm) were also some of the longest among metalloporphyrins of this type.

Topic: Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Chemistry
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A monocular visual SLAM system augmented by lightweight deep local feature extractor using in-house and low-cost LIDAR-camera integrated device

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) has been widely used in emergency response, self-driving and city-scale 3D mapping and navigation. Recent deep-learning based feature point extractors have demonstrated superior performance in dealing with the complex environmental challenges (e.g. extreme lighting) while the traditional extractors are struggling. In this paper, we have successfully improved the robustness and accuracy of a monocular visual SLAM system under various complex scenes by adding a deep learning based visual localization thread as an augmentation to the visual SLAM framework. In this thread, our feature extractor with an efficient lightweight deep neural network is used for absolute pose and scale estimation in real time using the highly accurate georeferenced prior map database at 20cm geometric accuracy created by our in-house and low-cost LiDAR and camera integrated device. The closed-loop error provided by our SLAM system with and without this enhancement is 1.03m and 18.28m respectively. The scale estimation of the monocular visual SLAM is also significantly improved (0.01 versus 0.98). In addition, a novel camera-LiDAR calibration workflow is also provided for large-scale 3D mapping. This paper demonstrates the application and research potential of deep-learning based vision SLAM with image and LiDAR sensors.

Topic: Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pyrimidine 5’Nucleotidase I and II Activities in Acute Leukaemias

Bacground and objective: Pyrimidine 5’nucleotidase I and II activities of peripheral mononuclear cells were studied to evaluate their role in diagnosis, assessment of therapy and follow up of remission in acute leukaemias. Design and methods: Blood samples were obtained from 40 untreated patients with acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukaemia and 40 healthy controls, before the therapy and after remission. The correlation between the activity of the enzymes and the efficacy of therapy were established. The enzyme activities were measured by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), using the method described by Amici. For statistical analysis, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon methods were used. Results: Before the therapy, Pyrimidine 5’nucleotidase I levels in the leukaemic group were found to be significantly elevated when compared to the control group (p&lt;0.001). Also Pyrimidine 5’nucleotidase II levels were significantly elevated before the therapy and during remission (p&lt;0.02 and p&lt;0.001 respectively). The isoenzyme activities were compared in patients who were in remission, who did not respond to therapy and in patients who died during the therapy, but no significant difference was found. Interpretation and conclusions: We concluded that, Pyrimidine 5’nucleotidase I and II activities can be used as markers for diagnosis and follow up of remission in patients with acute leukaemia. But, they can not have predictive value for prognosis.

Topic: Biochemical and Molecular Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Inter-Disciplinarity in Urban Design: Erasing Boundaries between Architects and Planners in Urban Design Studios

Urban design has historically occupied the gap between architecture and planning. Although there have long been calls for the discipline to bridge this gap, urban design has continued to lean more heavily on design than planning. The efforts to revitalize downtown Toledo, a mid-western U.S. town experiencing steep economic decline, present a classic example of the potentially unfortunate results of this approach. Over the past three decades, there have been many attempts to revitalize the city, especially its downtown, by constructing several large public buildings, all within a few blocks of each other, all designed with little attention to each other or to the surrounding public spaces, and with a remarkable lack of civic engagement. Responding to calls in the literature for inter-disciplinarity in urban design, and to the city's experience with urban design, the authors created a collaborative studio for architects and planners from two neighboring universities with two purposes: first, to establish a collaborative work environment where any design interventions would be firmly rooted in the planning context (i.e., to erase boundaries between architects and planners); second, to draw lessons from this experience for the practice and teaching of urban design. Despite the difficulties of collaborating, architects and planners benefited from exposure to each other, learning about each other's work, as well as learning to collaborate. The interdisciplinary teams developed richer proposals than the architect-only teams. Finally, critical engagement with the community is essential to shaping downtown development.

Topic: Architecture, Art, Education
Subfield: Visual Arts and Performing Arts
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The incidence of type 1 diabetes in Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Slovenia in the period 1998-2010

The incidence for age group 0-18 yr standardized to the world population is remarkably higher in Slovenia than in the Republic of Srpska. Further follow-up and investigations are needed to explain the high difference in incidence of T1DM between the two geographically related countries.

Topic: Diabetes and associated disorders
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences