jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Mesh Refinement for Particle-In-Cell Plasma Simulations: Applications to - and benefits for - Heavy-Ion-Fusion

The numerical simulation of the driving beams in a heavy ion fusion power plant is a challenging task, and simulation of the power plant as a whole, or even of the driver, is not yet possible. Despite the rapid progress in computer power, past and anticipated, one must consider the use of the most advanced numerical techniques, if they are to reach the goal expeditiously. One of the difficulties of these simulations resides in the disparity of scales, in time and in space, which must be resolved. When these disparities are in distinctive zones of the simulation region, a method which has proven to be effective in other areas (e.g., fluid dynamics simulations) is the mesh refinement technique. They discuss the challenges posed by the implementation of this technique into plasma simulations (due to the presence of particles and electromagnetic waves). They present the prospects for and projected benefits of its application to heavy ion fusion, in particular to the simulation of the ion source and the final beam propagation in the chamber. A Collaboration project is under way at LBNL between the Applied Numerical Algorithms Group (ANAG) and the HIF group to couple the Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) library CHOMBO developed by the ANAG group to the Particle-In-Cell accelerator code (WARP) developed by the HIF-VNL. They describe their progress and present their initial findings.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Systemic-pulmonary Artery Shunt Using PTFE Prosthesis (Gore-Tex). Early Results and Long-term Follow-up on 105 Consecutive Cases

One hundred-five patients (median age 14 months) in whom a PTFE prosthesis was used to create a systemic-pulmonary artery shunt were studied between 1978 and 1980. The prosthesis was mainly used to create a modified Blalock-Taussig anastomosis. Nine patients died in hospital (8.5%, 70% confidence limits: 5.7% to 12.3%). The clinical condition did not appear to be an incremental risk factor, while the young age and the underlying type of disease accounted for the hospital mortality to a large extent. All 96 survivals were available for follow-up information. One graft, which was damaged intraoperatively, occluded 3 months later. The remaining patients have a patent graft 3 months to 36 months (mean 24 months) postoperatively. In 6 patients the patency was assessed angiographically and no damages of the pulmonary artery were observed, therefore this type of palliation is advisable for any patient, particularly in the first year of life.

Topic: Congenital Heart Disease Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Multiple criteria assessment of sustainability programs in the textile industry

Abstract To survive in the long term, business needs to profit, controlling environmental impacts with social responsibility. Sustainability programs involve the integration of social and environmental issues in business models and organizational processes. The assessment of sustainability programs is a problem of multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA). This work presents applications of MCDA for the assessment of sustainability programs in the textile industry. Applied methods for MCDA are analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the technique for the order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The reasons to apply AHP and TOPSIS include providing an assessment index, ranging from 0 to 1, and that the MCDA model is expected to have more criteria than alternatives. Therefore, an application of other methods, such as data envelopment analysis, could be prejudiced. Concepts from the triple bottom line, economic, social as well as environmental criteria were inserted in the proposed model. Sustainability programs of six leading companies from the Brazilian textile industry were evaluated. The main finding of the research is that AHP and TOPSIS resulted in similar evaluations for sustainability programs. Both methods resulted in the same rank of alternatives. However, with TOPSIS, companies' sustainability indices were more disperse, varying from 0.10 to 0.92 against a range from 0.23 to 0.69 with AHP.

Topic: Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Experimental Embolic Events

In both in vitro and in vivo models, microscopic air bubbles and glass microspheres as small as 5–20 µm, can be detected using Doppler ultrasound and appear as short duration high intensity signals. Less echogenic common embolic materials, such as thrombus, atheroma and platelet aggregates, can also be detected with a high sensitivity, although the smallest emboli which have been introduced into models are 0.2–0.4 mm. Emboli of all types result in a characteristic frequency-focused short duration high intensity signal, although very intense signals may result in receiver overload and aliasing. Both in vitro and in animal models, a positive correlation has been found between embolus size and both relative intensity increase and duration of embolic signals. This may allow information about embolus relative size to be derived from the Doppler signal. Air bubbles result in more intense signals than similarly sized solid emboli, and thrombus and atheroma embolic signals are more intense than those produced by platelet aggregates. However, current technology does not allow differentiation between say a larger platelet embolus and a smaller thrombus embolus. The use of models has allowed the detailed study of the frequency spectrum associated with emboli and artefact, and computerised algorithms have been developed which can differentiate between the two.

Topic: Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
Subfield: Internal Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Flipped Classroom Approach in Teaching Science in Senior High School

Teaching in today’s classroom is a complex and challenging profession, in which the integration of technology is widely advocated to meet the demands of 21st-century learning. However, there is limited research on addressing complex topics such as Bioenergetics using the Flipped Classroom Approach. The study investigated (1) students’ economic status, ICT background, and accessibility of ICT devices; (2) students' performance before and after the implementation of the Flipped Classroom Approach, specifically in the different content areas in Bioenergetics; (3) the statistical significance of the performance of the students between the flipped and traditional classroom approaches; and (4) students’ and teacher’s experiences in using the approach. A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was employed with 85 Grade 11 students from a public national high school, comprising two experimental groups: 25 students from ABM, 38 from HUMSS, and a control group of 22 students from GAS. A teacher-made test, aligned with Department of Education standards, was used to assess the student's performance. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed that there was no assignment bias among the groups before treatment. Results showed that the student’s performance was at the lower end of mastery before the implementation. After implementing the Flipped Classroom Approach, scores increased significantly, with students progressing toward mastery in all content areas. Statistical analysis confirmed that the experimental groups outperformed the control group, demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach. The qualitative data from the interviews and focus group discussions, using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis, revealed that students’ and teachers’ experiences aligned with the four pillars of F-L-I-P learning: flexible learning, learning culture, intentional content, and professional educator. The study recommends integrating the flipped classroom approach into subjects with the least learned competencies, expanding student access to ICT devices to support digital learning, and establishing a school-wide Learning Management System for effective implementation.

Topic: Innovative Teaching Methods
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Behavioral drivers and observation of face covering use during the COVID-19 pandemic among outpatients and visitors at a tertiary hospital in Thailand

BACKGROUND: Use of face covering may help prevent COVID-19 transmission. However, there is a lack of data on behavioral drivers of face covering use and compliance to mandatory face covering policy at health facilities. This study aimed to describe behavioral drivers and observed face covering use among outpatients and visitors at a tertiary hospital in Southern Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a hospital-based, cross-sectional study in June 2020. We developed, pilot-tested and finalized an interview questionnaire in Thai. We also developed a structured observation questionnaire. Two trained enumerators recruited outpatients and visitors at the hospital's internal medicine outpatient department (OPD), surgery OPD, and the pharmacy using the convenience sampling. Another enumerator conducted structured observation of face covering use among outpatients and visitors when interviews were not taking place. We analyzed the data using the descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of 206 persons that our interview enumerators approached agreed to participate ( n = 206; response rate = 62.4%). Nearly all participants stated that the use of face covering was beneficial in preventing COVID-19 infection from others and preventing others from being infected (94.0% and 98.0%, respectively). Common barriers included inconvenience in breathing and speaking (19.7%) and pain at the ears (9.6%). Structured observation of 408 outpatients and visitors showed that nearly everyone (&gt;99%) had a face covering on their person, most of whom (94.6%) covered both their nose and mouth. CONCLUSION: We found near-universal perceived benefits and compliance, but variations in perceived barriers, cues, and social norms for the use of face coverings. The findings of this study can inform future intervention programs on face covering use promotion.

Topic: COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Developing reimbursable clinical pharmacy programs: A goal-oriented approach

Using a goal-oriented approach, a model for achieving third-party reimbursement for clinical pharmaceutical services is proposed. Within the framework of this model, the discussion includes: (1) determination of the hospital pharmacy mission, goals and objectives; (2) classification of clinical services into eight categories to establish the reimbursement potential for each service; (3) development of a clinical service protocol, techniques to establish charges and stages involved in communicating with the parties affected by the clinical services; and (4) methodologies for evaluating program outcome.

Topic: Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
Subfield: Geriatrics and Gerontology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Chemical Transformations of Parthenin, a Natural Bioactive Sesquiterpenoid [1]

Chemical modifications of parthenin, a naturally occurring bioactive sesquiterpenoid, were carried out in regio- and stereoselective manners using various inexpensive reagents to form different natural and unnatural analogues. Reactions including dehydration, reduction, alkylation, addition and hydroxylation have been studied. In some of the analogues, the α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety, which plays a vital role for bioactivity of parthenin, remained intact.

Topic: Marine Sponges and Natural Products
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Experimental investigation of high power all-fiber amplifier with a closed fiber laser cavity

We demonstrated a high power all-fiber amplifier scheme with a closed fiber laser cavity experimentally. The characteristics of the signal light with 1100 nm are analyzed and discussed. 2.06 kW signal power with near diffraction-limited beam quality (M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> = 1.14) is obtained from the all-fiber amplifier, and the slope efficiency is about 71.5%.

Topic: Photonic Crystal and Fiber Optics
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Articulatory Strategy in Vowel Production as a Basis for Speaker Discrimination

The way speakers articulate is well known to be variable across individuals while at the same time subject to anatomical and biomechanical constraints. In this study, we ask whether articulatory strategy in vowel production can be sufficiently speaker-specific to form the basis for speaker discrimination. We conducted Generalised Procrustes Analyses of tongue shape data from 40 English speakers from the North West of England, and assessed the speaker-discriminatory potential of orthogonal tongue shape features within the framework of likelihood ratios. Tongue size emerged as the individual dimension with the strongest discriminatory power, while tongue shape variation in the more anterior part of the tongue generally outperformed tongue shape variation in the posterior part. When considered in combination, shape-only information may offer comparable levels of speaker specificity to size-and-shape information, but only when features do not exhibit speaker-level co-variation.

Topic: Speech Recognition and Synthesis
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Differential Entropy As a Measure of Information Content in Axiomatic Design

Abstract Axiomatic design theory aims to put the design process on a more scientific footing and is based on two axioms, viz., the independence axiom and the information axiom. Several quantitative measures to determine the degree of independence between functional requirement have been defined in the past and their use illustrated through numerous examples. However, very little work exists on quantifying information content of a design. In this paper, we outline the existing measures of information content and propose a more general quantitative measure. This measure is based on the concept of entropy from information theory. The case of discrete as well as differential entropy is examined in the context of axiomatic design. Differential entropy is proposed as a measure of information content. A case study is presented which demonstrates and compares the use of quantitative measures of information content in a design. It is shown that differential entropy offers a more general measure of information content in a design than Sun’s information measure or Taguchi’s signal-to-noise ratio and, therefore, may serve as a decision criterion in engineering design.

Topic: Design Education and Practice
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
ASSESSING THE OVERALL SUCCESS OF THE PAYATAS WASTE-TO-ENERGY PROJECT

Many years after the Payatas Waste-To-Energy plant began operations, its success has not been fully gauged. This project in Payatas was the first ever waste-to-energy project of the Philippines, becoming an internationally recognized waste-to-energy model. To allow stakeholders to fully understand the overall success of the project and for future reference for similar endeavors, the environmental, economic, and social impacts need to be assessed. This paper focuses on objectively gauging the success and the positive impacts of the plant rather than its overall sustainability which many other papers have done. It will utilize a variation of the Babu, et al Framework, and indicators which include methane emissions reduction index, energy produced, internal rate of return, local revenue, wage disparity index, and health effects to analyze each aspect of the project. The social impacts are measured using a newly devised scheme that caters to landfill sites. The scheme recognizes the presence of a trade-off between job opportunities and physical health in communities like Payatas, and accurately provides a comprehensive understanding of the overall social welfare of the residents. This research found that the overall environmental impacts were moderately successful; the economic impacts were evaluated as extremely successful, and the social impacts were evaluated as moderately successful. Overall, the plant yielded greater benefit on the economic side than on the environmental and social aspects. Ultimately, the project was deemed an overall success and a worthwhile endeavor.

Topic: Energy and Environment Impacts
Subfield: Pollution
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ultrashort pulse laser ionization microscopy

Fundamental principles and advantages of the laser induced air ionization microcopy (LIAIM) and laser induced breakdown microscopy (LIBM) are introduced. Potential applications of these two new types of nonlinear imaging methods using ultrashort laser pulses in imaging both dielectric materials and bio-samples are demonstrated with some representative experimental results. Effects of different laser pulse widths on the discrimination power for laser-written microstructures inside transparent materials and the elemental composition are also investigated. It is shown that femtosecond laser induced ionization probe detects the variation of elemental composition of the sample materials with relatively higher contrast ratio, whereas the ionization probe generated by picosecond laser pulses is more sensitive to the material density or structural change. These observations can be well explained by the different roles of multi-photon ionization and avalanche ionization involved in material breakdown.

Topic: Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Five Critical Problems in English Language Teaching (ELT) and their Possible Solutions

Abstract: Learning a language is a hard work, teachers will also do hard works to facilitate their students accomplish their objectives and targets. Therefore, the writer tried to sum up all her experiences in English language teaching for the past five years about all problems which might be faced by teachers and their possible solutions. This study is a descriptive study which discusses the data through words and documentation technique. The data were taken from observation and documentation technique. It was found that there are five critical problems in English language teaching. They are (1) Students’ Low Motivation, (2) Big Classes, (3) Limited Resources, (4) Teaching Strategies, and (5) Teachers’ Teaching Skill. 
Keywords: Critical Problems and English Language Teaching (ELT) and solutions 


Abstrak: Pembelajaran bahasa menuntut kerja keras, tenaga pengajar juga dituntut untuk bekerja ekstra dalam memfasilitasi siswanya untuk mencapai tujuan dan target mereka. Oleh karena itu, penulis mencoba untuk merangkum seluruh pengalamannya dalam lima tahun terakhir mengenai pengajaran bahasa Inggris dan permasalahan yang timbul di dalamnya beserta solusi yang mungkin dapat diterapkan. Studi ini merupakan studi deskriptif. Pengumpulan data diambil dari hasil observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini adalah ditemukannya lima pemasalahan penting dalam pengajaran Bahasa Inggris, yaitu: (1) Motivasi siswa yang rendah, (2) Jumlah Siswa yang banyak, (3) Bahan ajar yang terbatas, (4) Strategi pengajaran, dan (5) Kemampuan mengajar guru. 
Kata kunci: Critical Problem, English Language Teaching (ELT) dan solusi

Topic: Education and Critical Thinking Development
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
“Prerogative pleasures”: favoritism and monarchy in early modern England

From the appearance, in 1584, of the enormously popular libel known as Leicester's Commonwealth to the assassination of the Duke of Buckingham in the summer of 1628, hostility toward seemingly all-powerful royal favorites played a central role in the development and articulation of anticourt sentiment in England. Even after Buckingham's death, royal favorites continued to loom large in the English political imagination, providing a convenient shorthand for corruption and tyranny in numerous plays, poems, and polemics composed and circulated during the personal rule of Charles I. This heated and ongoing controversy over the institution of royal favoritism functioned during this entire period as both an arena in which deep-seated political and ideological concerns were contested and as a crucial symbolic vehicle for their public expression.

Topic: Historical Economic and Social Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
POLYARTHRITIS PRODUCED IN RATS BY TREATMENT WITH PROLACTIN AND GROWTH HORMONE

Prolactin and growth hormone when given in combination cause polyarthritis in the adrenalectomized desoxycorticosterone-maintained (1 mg. every second day) and in the hypophysectomized rat. The pituitary hormones were administered separately in two daily subcutaneous injections of 0.5 mg. during eight days in the former animals, and in single daily injections of 1 mg. during 20 days in the latter. The dosage was then doubled until completion of the experiments, which lasted 15 and 30 days respectively. In adrenalectomized rats, the joint lesions occurred suddenly after ten days of treatment and were acute in nature. Coincident to the development of arthritis, the animals showed hyperthermia and often died with hypoglycemic convulsions.In hypophysectomized rats, the reaction appeared more insidiously after 20 days' treatment and evolved in a more chronic manner. Prolactin seems to play a greater role than does the growth hormone in the pathogenesis of these arthropathies, since their incidence is not related to the anabolic condition of the animals. Furthermore, it is suggested that the state of adrenal insufficiency may be an important predisposing factor.

Topic: Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Molecular Hydrogen as a Lewis Base in Hydrogen Bonds and Other Interactions

The second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory calculations with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set were performed for complexes of molecular hydrogen. These complexes are connected by various types of interactions, the hydrogen bonds and halogen bonds are most often represented in the sample of species analysed; most interactions can be classified as σ-hole and π-hole bonds. Different theoretical approaches were applied to describe these interactions: Quantum Theory of ‘Atoms in Molecules’, Natural Bond Orbital method, or the decomposition of the energy of interaction. The energetic, geometrical, and topological parameters are analysed and spectroscopic properties are discussed. The stretching frequency of the H-H bond of molecular hydrogen involved in intermolecular interactions is considered as a parameter expressing the strength of interaction.

Topic: Crystallography and molecular interactions
Subfield: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences