jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fiscal Policy in India

This paper examines varies areas of India´s fiscal policy, in particular fiscal discipline, the structure of government spending, the tax system and fiscal federalism. It describes reforms over the past decades which, as part of the overall economic reform agenda, helped lifting the Indian economy to a higher growth path. It also discusses where further reforms are desirable to further reduce economic distortions and improve the provision of public services. It finds that after high fiscal deficits have often been recorded during the past two decades, after the adoption of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act in 2003, fiscal discipline has significantly improved. As to government spending, it argues that, given the large share which is used to subsidise commercial undertakings, agriculture and food distribution, there is much room to improve the quality of spending and to target it better to improving infrastructure and reducing poverty. It describes the tax system which has undergone major reforms since the early 1990s. Nonetheless, there are still many exemptions and loopholes which suggest that a broadening of the tax bases would allow further reductions in tax rates and make the system simpler, fairer and more efficient. The paper also suggests that reforms of indirect taxes should focus on creating a common market within India so that goods can move between states without border controls. Finally, on fiscal federalism it finds that India&apos;s federal structure has led to a well-developed system of tax-sharing and transfers, both through constitutionally empowered bodies and delivered through the annual budget. While overall, India´s fiscal federalism has worked well moving resources towards the poorest states, it has become very complex and there are still some features which weaken fiscal discipline of the states. Furthermore, a major drawback is the lack of an effective local government system, most notably in rural areas and strengthening the local level would be important for improving accountability and responsiveness to citizens’ needs as three-quarters of the population live in states with over 50 million inhabitants.

Topic: Fiscal Policies and Political Economy
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Additional file 4 of Genome compartmentalization predates species divergence in the plant pathogen genus Zymoseptoria

Additional file 4: Table S4. Summary metrics of Z. tritici IPO323, Zt10 and Zt05 expressed genes during in planta infection stages: biotrophic versus necrotrophic.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Dual role of daphnetin in suppressing HMGB1 release and HMGB1-induced inflammation in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and human monocytic THP-1 cells in vitro].

Daphnetin can reduce the release of HMGB1 and suppress HMGB1-induced inflammatory response. In RAW264.7 cells, daphnetin inhibited LPS induced HMGB1 release is at least partly mediated by suppressing JAK-STAT1 signaling pathway activation.

Topic: Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Clinical application of biofeedback treatment with a microvibration transducer.

This article demonstrates one clinical application of biofeedback treatment with a microvibration (MV) transducer to relieve functional tremors. A MV transducer, a kind of accelerometer, was originally developed to detect invisible tremors from the body surface but this equipment is also utilized to detect visible tremors to convert them to auditory signals. Our method uses almost the same procedure as electromyographic biofeedback treatment. The threshold level for production of auditory signals should be determined as high as possible between the superimposed amplitudes of essential MV and tremor components. As the sessions progress, the predeterminate threshold level should be gradually lowered to almost the same amplitude as MV itself. In determining the threshold, it is more appropriate to utilize records of the frequency band in which the tremor components are described more clearly, in order to remove noises or MV waves of different frequency ranges. Because of the high sensitivity of this accelerometer, such "tremor feedback" treatment can be recommended only if the tremor is present while the patient is resting or remains still.

Topic: Neurological disorders and treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
α-amylase production obtained from Aspergillus niger ATCC 1004 by solid state fermentation using Croton linearifolius residues as substrate

The objective of this work was to optimize the production and characterize α-amylase produced by Aspergillus niger through solid state fermentation, using leaf residues of C. linearifolius as substrate. For optimization, the incubation temperature, initial humidity and fermentation time were combined based on Doehlert experimental design. The highest productivity of the enzyme was 122.88 Ug-1, at 33oC, 70% humidity and 14 days of time. In the enzymatic characterization, the enzyme extract presented pH 5.0 and temperature 50oC, and α-amylase was thermostable up to 60oC, maintaining more than 90% of the activity. In evaluation of the effect of salt addition, sodium carbonate, calcium chloride, iron chloride, and cobalt chloride increased the enzymatic activity of α-amylase, while potassium and sodium from their chlorides served as enzyme inhibitors. The Km and Vmax values ​​found were 0.04 mg/mL and 46.95 µmol/min/mL, respectively, indicating that the substrate has affinity for α-amylase. Therefore, the results demonstrate that the residues of C. linearifolius can be used as a substrate for A. niger in the production of enzymatic extracts, such as α-amylase.

Topic: Enzyme Production and Characterization
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Art Therapy and Brain Dysfunction in a Patient with a Dementing Illness

The clinical course of a patient whose dementing illness defied DSM III (APA, 1980) diagnostic labeling is followed. Through the patient's art therapy work, the author attempts to corroborate the patient's behavior and performance with clinical and medical tests. This information is then related to present-day knowledge of brain dysfunction and impairment and to the autopsy findings. Art therapy served a special role for the patient, providing him with self-esteem, grounding, and boundaries, as well as with an emotional outlet and means of communicating the realities of his disease. While his well-drawn houses somewhat disguise his impairments, his drawings of people clearly illustrate aspects of the organic disease—regression, depression, and psychotic ideation.

Topic: Art Therapy and Mental Health
Subfield: Conservation
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
AYURVEDIC APPROACH TO TREAT CHRONIC RESIDUAL BELL’S PALSY IN CHILDREN: A CASE REPORT

Introduction: Bell’s palsy is the most common type of unilateral facial paralysis (60%-75%). The etiopathogenesis of Bell’s palsy is uncertain. The clinical features include acute onset of unilateral facial paralysis, poor eyelid closure, posterior auricular pain, numbness of cheeks, and deviation of the angle of the mouth towards the unaffected side. Bell’s palsy can be understood as Ardita in Ayurveda. Acharya Sushruta has included bala as a susceptible group while describing the vishesha nidanas of Ardita. Aims and Ideas: To study the effect of a framed Ayurvedic treatment protocol in managing chronic residual Bell’s palsy in children. Methods: The present case was a chronic right-sided residual Bell’s palsy with a history of 12 years and was approached through the line of management of Ardita mentioned in Bruhattrayees and Yogamrutam for 12 days. The treatment was started with takra dhara to give mrdu rookshana. Takra dhara mukha abhyanga and ksheera dhoomam were administered, followed by marsha nasyam. Two specific treatments mentioned in Yogamrutam was adopted in this case, i.e., panasa patra swedam and navaneeta shiro talam. The treatment was ended with shashtika shala pinda swedana to mukha. Results and Discussions: The facial asymmetry was reduced by 60% at the end of the treatment. Watering of the right was subsided entirely, and there was complete effortless closure of the right year after treatment. Pain, twitching and numbness on the right half of the face were utterly absent. The House and Brackmann grade was reduced from Grade III to Grade II after 12 days of treatment.

Topic: Facial Nerve Paralysis Treatment and Research
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Reciprocal Relationship of Pain and Movement in African American Older Adults With Multi-Joint Osteoarthritis

Pain with movement is a common issue for older adults with osteoarthritis; however, there has been insufficient attention within populations at increased risk for disabling pain, such as African American older adults. Accordingly, using a mixed methods approach, the purpose of the current study is to describe the nature of chronic joint pain and movement and its impact on physical function in African American older adults with symptomatic osteoarthritis. The authors accrued a sample of 110 African American older adults who completed cross-sectional surveys; from this sample, the authors interviewed 18 participants. Findings suggest that patterns of movement are uniquely influenced by pain. Specifically, three dynamic themes emerged: The Impact of Pain on Movement; The Importance and Impact of Movement on Pain; and The Adaptation of Personal Behaviors to Minimize Pain With Movement. Function-focused nursing care rests on addressing challenges and opportunities that African American older adults face in maintaining healthy movement when managing osteoarthritis pain. [ Research in Gerontological Nursing, 13 (4), 180–190.]

Topic: Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Caring for the urban middle class: The political economy of social protection in Arab countries

Social protection schemes in Arab countries show deficits regarding efficiency and social fairness. Some Arab countries spend a fifth of their GDP on social protection but the bulk of funds goes to a relatively small group of urban middle income earners or is lost on half-way for administrative and other purposes. This phenomenon is not due to financial or managerial constraints but to the fact that Arab governments tended to use social policies at least until recently to legitimise their rule. They allocated social benefits specifically to their clientele as well as to potential opposition groups in order to buy the goodwill of the politically most active parts of the population.

Topic: Urban and Rural Development Challenges
Subfield: Urban Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Oncocytic lipoadenoma of the parotid gland: Cytological findings and differential diagnosis on fine‐needle aspiration

Oncocytic lipoadenoma is a rare benign neoplastic lesion of salivary gland. To the best of our knowledge, the detailed cytomorphological findings were described only in two cases. We are reporting a 56‐year‐old woman who presented with 1‐year history of right parotid gland mass. Cytologic examination revealed tight clusters of bland looking oncocytic ductal cells with few aggregates of mature adipose tissue in a lipoid background and a benign oncocytic tumor of parotid gland was rendered. Histologically, a tumor with islands of oncocytic epithelial cells admixed with abundant mature adipose tissue was identified. Oncocytic lipoadenoma despite its rarity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of salivary gland fine‐needle aspirations containing oncocytes especially those which are accompanied by mature adipose tissue and lipoid background. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:72–74. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Topic: Salivary Gland Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Comment on nhess-2022-268

<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> The insurance sector is affected by decadal-scale variations in annual European windstorm losses amounting to a few billion euros, yet has not applied recent advances in understanding and predicting this variability to their pricing of windstorm risk. This is mainly due to an unknown relation between insured wind losses and meteorological definitions of storminess used in research. This study aimed to reduce this uncertainty. A history of windstorm insurance losses over the past 72 years was developed from winds in weather reanalyses. Then, typical storm proxies used by researchers, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Arctic Oscillation, were compared to the new windstorm loss record. The relationship between the proxies and losses has two distinct regimes: highly consistent from 1950 up to the 2000s, then a divergence in the past 10 to 15 years. The recent separation is large and robust, with high confidence that modern values of researchers&rsquo; proxies approach levels last seen 30 years ago, whereas decadal-mean losses are far lower today than in the 1980s and &lsquo;90s. The cause of this divergence was explored. Storm damages are most closely associated with peak gusts deriving their momentum from winds in the free troposphere, and pressure gradients at the surface used in typical climate indices can only partially describe higher level winds. Based on this reasoning, a new Hemispheric Geostrophy Index (HGI) was defined as the difference in 700 hPa heights between the tropics and the Arctic. It was found to vary coherently with decadal losses in the past, and crucially retains this consistency in the past 15 years too. Breaking down the HGI into component parts revealed that lower storminess in recent times is linked to ongoing reductions in poleward baroclinicity. Further development of loss history and climate indices would help bridge decadal research to insurance applications.

Topic: Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Utah: Pornography Capital of America?

In March of 2009, pornography use in Utah was thrust into the spotlight by a Harvard Business School study, which found Utahns to be the highest per capita purchasers of online adult entertainment in the United States (Edelman 2009). Some journalists quickly crowned Utah the “Online Porn Capital of America” (Tynan 2009:1). Without regard to the efficacy of the study’s controversial conclusions, the dubious proclamation resurrects two questions that seem important in the present conversation: Does the use of pornography really do anybody any harm? Furthermore, is it possible that there is something about Utah’s culture that creates an affinity for pornography use? I argue that the answers to these questions are unequivocally yes.

Topic: Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Risk study on supply chain management in construction (Case study: Building projects in Indonesia)

Abstract The concept of supply chain in construction is very influential on the improvement of projects performance. In outlining the problems in the supply chain, it need to be identified the risks therein related to the smoothness of the supply chain process. Risk is an event / uncertainty condition, when it happens may lead to positive or negative impact [1]. The purpose of this study are to determine the identification of risks on supply chain in construction projects, analyze the risks, and analyze the response of risks. Primary data obtained through a questionnaire and interview methods. Data processing method that used in this research were Promethee method for risk analysis, and descriptive statistical methods at risk response. From this research, it is known that the identification of risks at supply chain in construction projects can be seen from the potential failure of achievement of Key Performance Indicators in Supply Chain Management (SCM). From risk analysis with Promethee method, it is known that the highest risk in SCM is the change of price from sub-contractors. Based on the analysis for risk response, it is known that the contractor has developed mitigation measures to risk response.

Topic: Construction Project Management and Performance
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
‘Lost hope, abandoned lives, decimated civilisations’: Sites of Cultural Struggle in Beach House (1995)

Working to do justice to invisibilised Black lives by dispensing with the confining conventions of realistic portraiture, Himid relied on an abstract lexicon to create her <italic>Beach House</italic> series, the subject of this chapter, in 1995. Across these emotively charged and politically hard-hitting as well as aesthetically experimental works, she removes any literal trace of a human figure to focus solely on the physical structure of the beach house. As external and internal sites and sights of liminality and loss, frailty and rupture, dream and nightmare, confinement and liberation, Himid’s ‘transient temporary structures’ function as surrogate portraits of the vulnerabilities, violations and violences circumscribing Black memories, histories and narratives as defined by the histories and legacies of slavery, colonialism and empire.

Topic: Postcolonial and Cultural Literary Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Integrated Navigation Based on Robust Estimation Outputs of Multi-sensor Measurements and Adaptive Weights of Dynamic Model Information

An integrated navigation based on the kinematic or dynamic state model and the raw measurements has the advantages of high redundancy, high reliability, as well as high ability of fault tolerance and simplicity in calculation. In order to control the influences of measurements outliers and the kinematic model errors on the integrated navigation results, a robust estimation method and an adaptive data fusion method are applied. An integrated navigation example using simulated data is performed and analyzed.

Topic: Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Sustainability Solution to the Fermi Paradox

No present observations suggest a technologically advanced extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) has spread through the galaxy. However, under commonplace assumptions about galactic civilization formation and expansion, this absence of observation is highly unlikely. This improbability is the heart of the Fermi Paradox. The Fermi Paradox leads some to conclude that humans have the only advanced civilization in this galaxy, either because civilization formation is very rare or because intelligent civilizations inevitably destroy themselves. In this paper, we argue that this conclusion is premature by introducing the "Sustainability Solution" to the Fermi Paradox, which questions the Paradox's assumption of faster (e.g. exponential) civilization growth. Drawing on insights from the sustainability of human civilization on Earth, we propose that faster-growth may not be sustainable on the galactic scale. If this is the case, then there may exist ETI that have not expanded throughout the galaxy or have done so but collapsed. These possibilities have implications for both searches for ETI and for human civilization management.

Topic: Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Data from: Lombardi et al_PLoS ONE_Mass standardization_Oxygen Comsumption_Oyster Physiology

This dataset includes the raw data used for standardizing oxygen consumption of two oyster species and age classes, through various mass-standardization techniques as used in the article by Lombardi et al. PLoS ONE.

Topic: Marine Bivalve and Aquaculture Studies
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Studies of the fungicidal activity of allyl alcohol in wheat grains

Abstract The efficiency of allyl alcohol in controlling storage fungi in wheat grains was studied under laboratory conditions. Fumigation for 72 h with allyl alcohol at a concentration of 50 mg litre −1 totally inhibited the growth of the mycoflora naturally present in the grains. When heat‐treated grains were inoculated with spore suspensions of Aspergillus ochraceus or Aspergillus flavus, and subsequently exposed to the material, the minimal concentration needed to inhibit fungal growth (at 3 h exposure) was 15 and 25 mg litre −1 , respectively. In all the above treatments the treated grains were free of moulds even after 6 months' storage at 26° C.

Topic: Insect Pest Control Strategies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Metasurface Integrated Microbolometers

This study reports on the integration of metasurfaces with microbolometers to provide spectral and/or polarized Long Wave Infrared selectivity. Metal antenna elements are in direct contact with Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x-y</sub> based microbolometers and modify the electrical/noise performance of the device in addition to engineering the electromagnetic response.

Topic: Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Urogenital sinus and cloacal malformations.

Urogenital sinus and cloacal malformations comprise a wide spectrum of abnormal anatomy. This article discusses lessons learned from treating these anomalies for 4 decades. Once the outlook was dim for these children. Today there is a good surgical solution for most of their problems.

Topic: Congenital gastrointestinal and neural anomalies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Research on group POIs recommendation fusion of users' gregariousness and activity in LBSN

In the study of Location-Based Social Network (LBSN) sign-in data as the recommended point of interest for groups, there are some problems such as poor recommendation accuracy and high bias in recommendation results because of the unbalanced number and diversity of individual sign-in and the different degree of group user association. In this paper, a new group recommendation model is proposed. Firstly, the existing individual recommendation model is combined with the text retrieval idea and the threshold function to improve the user rating strategy. Secondly, the recommendation strategy is used to aggregate the individual recommendation list. Considering users' friends relationship, similarity and frequency of sign-in, lead into the user gregariousness weight and activity weight, and form a new group user preference model to make recommendation. The experimental results show that the improved scoring strategy can improve the accuracy of recommendation, and the new group weighting model which recommend the points of interest for the groups can improve the recommendation quality by reducing the recommended deviation.

Topic: Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences