jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
In situ hybridisation of EBV DNA-DNA hybrids using wet heat in polypropylene containers.

AIMS: To explore procedures designed to optimise DNA-DNA in situ hybridisation, using cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and tissues and subfragments of the EBV DNA as probes. METHODS: The denaturation step occurred in a polypropylene container, using wet heat generated by a hot water container, the pressure cooker, or the microwave oven, without coverslips, reaching a temperature of 121 degrees C or more in these two last systems. Two different visualisation systems were used. RESULTS: Fixed cells and tumours harbouring a high and medium to low copy number (a few hundreds to 33 copies per cell), were clearly labelled, using a simple reiterated subfragment (BamW) of the EBV DNA, and fresh frozen cells, harbouring a very low copy number (one to two on average) labelled using BamW as well as BamH (single non-reiterated 6 kilobase subfragment). CONCLUSION: This is a valuable alternative technique for DNA-DNA ISH that can be used in fresh frozen samples as well as fixed samples.

Topic: Viral-associated cancers and disorders
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Under Pressure

Abstract This chapter highlights key findings and theoretical contribution of the book. It delineates policy recommendations based on the study of PMSCs’ interventions into civil wars and suggests that awarding contracts based on non-cost factors such as companies’ reputation for corporate professionalism and positive media coverage could increase the selection of those PMSCs that are most likely to be militarily effective. Awarding contracts to multiple companies as opposed to just one also improves accountability in a conflict zone. The chapter discusses ideas for future research such as comparing PMSCs’ performance across different local areas within a given conflict zone and exploring the rise of new mercenary groups and their impact on conflict dynamics.

Topic: Political Conflict and Governance
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
In vitro transcription from baculovirus late gene promoters: accurate mRNA initiation by nuclear extracts prepared from infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells

Extracts prepared from nuclei of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells were shown to support in vitro transcription from baculovirus late gene promoters. In vitro transcription was optimized for the late promoter of the 39K gene. The Mg2+ concentration was critical; concentrations higher than 1 to 2 mM did not support late transcription. Additional conditions included template (40 micrograms/ml), extract (2.5 mg/ml), and incubation time (25 min). Using a combination of runoff assays and high-resolution primer extension analyses, this system was shown to accurately initiate transcription from a variety of baculovirus late gene promoters, including those from the 39K and p39/capsid late genes and the hyperexpressed p10 and polyhedrin very late genes. In vitro transcription from the 39K late promoter was resistant to high concentrations of both alpha-amanitin (100 micrograms/ml) and tagetitoxin (4,000 U/ml), suggesting that neither RNA polymerase II nor III is responsible for the transcription of baculovirus late genes.

Topic: Viral Infectious Diseases and Gene Expression in Insects
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Consolidating the foundation, highlighting the practice and strengthening the training of clinical thinking of acupuncture and moxibustion: the thoughts of compiling the China national standardized training textbook <i>Acupuncture and Moxibustion</i> for residents of traditional Chinese medicine].

Based on the clinical needs and examination requirements of standardized training students, the China national standardized training textbook <i>Acupuncture and Moxibustion</i> for residents of traditional Chinese medicine has made innovations in the textbook content and form. In the part of meridians and acupoints, the classic original text is introduced and the main indications and operation methods of 200 commonly-used acupoints are summarized in the form of tables. In the part of acupuncture and moxibustion technique, the operating procedures are standardized and the core technical points of 20 commonly-used acupuncture and moxibustion techniques are summarized in the form of flow chart. In the part of acupuncture and moxibustion treatment, 48 typical diseases are introduced in the form of case discussion, highlighting the problem orientation and demonstrating the diagnosis and treatment procedures.

Topic: Medical Research and Treatments
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Free Agents, Fire Sales, and Fungoes: An Econometric Examination of Team Success in Major League Baseball

This paper explores what good organizational strategies baseball teams use to put themselves into the group of those that win more often than they lose, and conversely, what poor strategies cause teams to fall into the group of those who lose more than they win.

Topic: Sports Analytics and Performance
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Foundations for Self-Determination Perceived and Promoted by Families of Young Children with Disabilities in China

Building foundational skills in the early years for the later development of self-determination in adulthood for individuals with disabilities is important in the United States, but little research has been conducted to examine whether these skills are as important in other countries. In this phenomenological study, seven family interviews were conducted to understand how foundational skills for self-determination (choice making, self-regulation, engagement) were perceived and promoted by families of young children with disabilities in China. This study indicated that these skills were also valued in China. However, Chinese families emphasized the need to develop these three skills in the context of an emphasis on dependence and obedience in accordance with its collectivist culture. They used the popular Chinese parenting practice of guan to help their children make choices, regulate themselves according to li, and engage in educational study, which is highly valued in Chinese culture. These findings have important implications for interventionists in the United States who are working with families from Chinese culture.

Topic: Disability Education and Employment
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Inotersen for Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis: NEURO-TTR Open-Label Extension 2-Year Update (S27.008)

May 7, 2019April 9, 2019Free AccessLong-Term Efficacy and Safety of Inotersen for Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis: NEURO-TTR Open-Label Extension 2-Year Update (S27.008)Thomas Brannagan, Marcia Waddington Cruz, Annabel K. Wang, Michael J. Polydefkis, Peter J. Dyck, Sami Khella, Violaine Plante-Bordeneuve, … Show All … , John L. Berk, Fabio Barroso, Giampaolo Merlini, Isabel Conceição, Steven G. Hughes, Jesse Kwoh, Shiangtung W. Jung, Spencer Guthrie, Michael Pollock, Merrill D. Benson, Morie Gertz, and Teresa Coelho Show FewerAuthors Info & AffiliationsApril 9, 2019 issue92 (15_supplement)https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.S27.008 Letters to the Editor

Topic: Amyloidosis: Diagnosis, Treatment, Outcomes
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Use of Interviewer-Administered Telephone Surveys during Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics: A Scoping Review Protocol v1

Introduction: Emergence of modern technology and digitalization has influenced public health research, including data collection methods. The existing literature describes telephone as a useful tool whereby qualitative and quantitative data can be gathered remotely, particularly when traditional face-to-face methods are inappropriate or unfeasible. Objective: This scoping review aims to identify characteristics, challenges, and strengths of interviewer-administered telephone surveys conducted in the time of infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. Additional questions are set as a guide to explore the methods used in this type of survey and data collection modality. Inclusion criteria: This review will include any interviewer-administered telephone surveys conducted during infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. Any studies using data collection devices other than landlines and cell phones as well as self-administered survey methods will be excluded. Methods: The authors follow the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis for scoping reviews to develop this protocol. This review will follow the Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework to perform a scoping review. This scoping review will intend to include all interviewer-administered telephone surveys conducted during infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics in English, French, Spanish, and Japanese. Unpublish literature will also be considered. From the selected studies, data related to the review questions, such as study design categories based on Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), methods for sampling, phone number verification, contacting informants, languages spoken by interviewers, incentives, as well as challenges and lessons learned will be extracted and presented in a narrative way in this scoping review. Results and discussion will be structured in accordance with the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) check list.

Topic: Focus Groups and Qualitative Methods
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
On the impact of financial distress on capital structure: The role of leverage dynamics

This paper uses a research design that addresses the endogenous effect of financial distress on debt ratios. Using a probability of financial distress derived from a hazard model as a measure of financial distress, we find that leverage dynamics are crucial in unraveling the true effect of financial distress on leverage. Our findings offer an explanation for the prior conflicting evidence on the association between leverage and financial distress and shed new light on the role of leverage dynamics in understanding capital structure decisions. We then show that firms balance the tax benefit of debt and financial distress costs when making financing decisions in a dynamic process.

Topic: Insurance and Financial Risk Management
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Development of interconnection materials for Bi&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;Te&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt; and PbTe thermoelectric module by using SLID technique

In this study, low-temperature Bi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> Te <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> and mid-temperature PbTe thermoelectric modules are assembled by the technique of Solid Liquid Interdiffusion (SLID). Scanning electron microscope is carried out for issues relating to factors limiting the reliability, growth of intermetallic compounds, and thermal stability. For low-temperature thermoelectric module, N-type Bi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> Te <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> is bonded to alumina substrates by using a Ni/Sn/Ag system. During bonding and subsequent aging reaction at 200 °C, Sn reacts with Ag to form Ag <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn, and Ni reacts with Sn to form Ni <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> . This reaction process takes less than 72 h to exhaust the entire Sn layer to produce a bonding that can withstand temperature as high as 480 °C. The interfacial reaction, Ni penetration depth, and IMC kinetics between Ni and Bi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> Te <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> at 200, 250, and 300 °C are also investigated in detail. For mid-temperature thermoelectric module, N-type PbTe is bonded to alumina substrates by using a Ag/In/Ag system. During assembly at 190 °C, all Ag/In/Ag joint are transformed into Ag <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> In, which has the melting temperature above 670 °C, in less than 2 minutes. Furthermore, this Ag-In joint has passed high temperature storage test at 400 °C for 1000 h. The success of solid liquid interdiffusion technique and related contact materials provide a cost effective way to assemble thermoelectric modules for power generating or cooling applications which require long term operations at high temperatures.

Topic: Advanced Thermoelectric Materials and Devices
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Local cultural contribution from Adapazarı People’s House: Sakarya Magazine and its content&lt;p&gt;Adapazarı Halkevi’nden yöresel kültüre bir katkı: Sakarya Dergisi ve içeriği

Started on February 19, 1932, People’s Houses have an important place in the cultural leap, secularisation and modernization policies of the early Turkish Republic. Grounded on the reasons for being a tool for propaganda of the Republican People's Party (CHP) People Houses were abolished by the Democrat Party in 1951. One of these cultural institutions whose number were reached to 478 until the year 1951 in which they had closed, is Adapazarı People’s House which is opened in February 23, 1934.The Sakarya magazine is the Adapazarı People’s House magazine. Between March 1, 1943 and August 1943, 6 issues were published. The publications of the magazines are published in the regulations of the people's houses. Despite this, Adapazarı, the district, published Sakarya Magazine. The publication policy of Sakarya Magazine is to spread the principles of the CHP. Adapazari has named Sakarya as the magazine which also wants to be a province.The People’s Houses, which are came to be known as the institutions of culture and which is also a means of giving people the idea of being a nation and a citizen, began to publish journals in order to reveal their politics to the public. During the period of Atatürk , the journal of People’s House of Adapazarı which is called Sakarya, has been going on to be an important source for the history of Adapazarı. So, in the study, the first publishing of Sakarya, some problems during the publishing period, the subjects in the journal and closing of the journal have studied.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetMüze ve Sergi şubesi hariç olmak üzere 23 Şubat 1934 tarihinde diğer şubeleri ile birlikte açılan Adapazarı Halkevi, Halkevlerinin kapatıldığı 1951 yılına kadar çok çeşitli alanlarda faaliyetlerde bulunmuştur. Bunlardan biri de dergi çıkarma görevi de olan Dil ve Edebiyat Şubesidir. Her ne kadar 1940 yönetmeliğinde dergi çıkartma görevi il merkezlerindeki halkevlerine verilmiş olsa da döneminde Kocaeli’ne bağlı bir ilçe olan Adapazarı da dergi çıkartma işinden geri kalmamıştır. Yöreden geçen nehirden adını alan Sakarya Dergisi, yayın hayatına 1 Mart 1943 tarihinde başlamıştır. Sakarya Dergisi, ancak 6 sayı yayınlanabilmiş, 1 Ağustos 1943 tarihli sayısıyla da yayın hayatı sona ermiştir.Adapazarı Halkevi dergisi Sakarya, Adapazarı’nın yerel tarihinde önemli bir kaynak olma özelliğini hâlâ korumaktadır. Bu çalışmada Sakarya dergisi ve içeriği elde mevcut olan 6 sayı üzerinden incelenecektir. Çalışmada Sakarya Dergisi’nin ortaya çıkışı, dergi çıkartma süreci ve sonrasında yaşanan sıkıntılar, dergide ele alınan konular ve derginin kapatılması ele alınmıştır.

Topic: Historical Turkish Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The ‘Second Budget’: The Fiscal Investment Loan Programme

Abstract Japan's Fiscal Investment Loan Programme (FILP), also known as the second budget, was a policy-based public finance system through which traditionally the national government transmitted the accumulated savings of small investors to dedicated governmental and quasi-governmental organizations for investment in projects and programmes designed to achieve prescribed national economic and social (and party political) objectives. Since its inception in 1953, FILP has been characterized, first, by the unique source of its funds, and the control of their allocation by the Ministry of Finance for the development of economic, industrial, and social infrastructure; second, by the methods of financing capital projects and programmes through investments, loans, and the underwriting of bonds issued by a number of eligible national, regional, and local organizations; and, third, by the provision of loans and subsidies to some Special Accounts, and the General Account Budget itself.

Topic: Social Policy and Reform Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Planting Now: Agricultural challenges and opportunities for Haiti’s reconstruction

Even before the devastating January 2010 earthquake, Haiti was one of the poorest and most food-insecure countries on earth. A majority of Haitians live in rural areas and depend on agricultural livelihoods, but neither the government nor the international community has paid sufficient attention to agriculture, leaving the countryside increasingly marginalized. Too often, decision-making forums have excluded the voices of poor rural Haitians. Trade liberalization has exposed Haitian farmers to competition from subsidized US rice exports and made consumers vulnerable to volatile global food prices.The immediate humanitarian response to the earthquake had a degree of bias towards external food aid, although some donors emphasized local procurement from Haitian farmers. Massive distribution of seeds, tools, and fertilisers in the earthquake zone and to those hosting displaced people bolstered prospects for 2010 harvests, although donors did not provide enough resources to assist all targeted households.Given the importance of agriculture in the lives of most Haitians, it must have a central place in post-earthquake reconstruction. Policies and programmes need to emphasize improving small-scale farmers' access to resources and services, so as to boost their incomes and productivity, particularly with regard to staple food crops. Urgent attention is also needed to reversing severe natural resource degradation. Policies and programmes must take the gender division of labour in agriculture into account. Key recommendationsThe Haitian government should: * Prioritize mobilization of the needed resources to implement its National Agricultural Investment Plan. * Carry out administrative and fiscal decentralization, with representative government institutions at all levels. * Support efforts of farmers, rural poor people, and rural women to develop robust, representative organizations. * Make health care and education available in rural areas and facilitate creation of off-farm employment opportunities, making rural areas attractive places to live and work.

Topic: Cassava research and cyanide
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Human Rights-based Approach to Conserving Protected Areas in China

As the world's population grows and the demands for natural resources increase, protected areas are becoming more important, but also more threatened. On the one hand, conservation of protected areas can contribute to the safeguarding of human rights; on the other hand, neglecting human rights can be a trigger for the mismanagement and destruction of protected areas. How can an objective and systematic approach be used to balance human rights protection and the conservation of protected areas? A well-balanced human rights-based approach seems to be the answer. This book draws lessons from Europe on how certain human rights can empower individuals, local communities and environmental NGOs in order to enhance their role in conserving protected areas in China. The author introduces the theory of a human rights-based approach to conservation and points out its advantages and challenges. Next, four main human rights, namely the right to property, the right to information, the right to participation and the right to access to justice, both in China and in Europe, are analysed in a theoretical and historical way. The key features of these four human rights are examined, as are the main reasons for their different approaches in China and in Europe. Thirdly, the book makes suggestions for how to implement a human rights-based approach to the conservation of protected areas in China, based on the experiences and lessons from the European legal system. In the last part, the author draws a general conclusion and suggests an outlook for the future.

Topic: Chinese history and philosophy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
High Cycle Cyclic Torsion Fatigue of PBGA Pb-Free Solder Joints

In this study, a comprehensive experimental and numerical approach was used to investigate high cycle cyclic torsion fatigue behavior of lead-free solder joints in a plastic ball grid array (PBGA) package. The test vehicle was a commercial laptop motherboard. The motherboard was subjected to torsional loading and life tests were conducted. Using finite element analysis (FEA), the test assembly was simulated as a global model and the BGA component was simulated as a local model. Strains measured on the motherboard surface near by the BGA were used to calibrate the FEA models. By combining the life test results and FEA simulations, a high cycle fatigue model for the lead-free solder joints was generated based on the Coffin-Manson strain-range fatigue damage model. This model can now be used to predict the cycles to failure of BGA interconnects for new electronic product design under cyclic torsion loading.

Topic: Electronic Packaging and Soldering Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
THE FINE LOCALIZATION OF NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN THE RETINA OF THE FROG

Nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase) activity was demonstrated at the submicroscopic level in the frog retina by the Wachstein-Meisel method utilizing various purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. Under the electron microscope magnesium-activated NTPase was localized in the outer and inner segments, and in the plexiform layers. NTPase active sites in the cones were localized diffusely in the 70 to 80 A interspaces between the double membranes of the stacked lamellae and in the investing cytoplasm. In the rods, on the other hand, sites of activity were observed at the periphery of the stacked lamellae as discrete electron opaque deposits measuring 1000 to 1500 A which interdigitated between the lamellae for short distances. Deposits of reaction product appeared more numerous in rods of dark-adapted frogs stimulated with monochromatic light with a wave length of 510 mµ. Enzyme activity was also observed in mitochondria of the rod and cone ellipsoids. In the outer and inner plexiform layers NTPase active sites were present on and between the membranes of axons and the plasma membranes of some of the neurons.

Topic: Enzyme function and inhibition
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences