jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Advanced Nonlinear Engine Idle Speed Control Systems

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;One of the most important operating modes for SI engines is in the idle speed region. This is because SI engines spend a large part of their time operating in this mode. Moreover, a large measure of operator satisfaction is dependent on an engine operating smoothly and reliably in and around idle. In particular the operator expects that the idle speed will remain constant in spite of the engine loads due to power steering pumps and air conditioning compressors.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In the idle speed region an SI engine is thought to be quite nonlinear because the engine loading can be quite significant, thus forcing the engine to be driven through a reasonably large portion of its lower operating range. Many of the earlier studies of idle speed control systems have dealt with linearized models which in principle have limited validity for the problem at hand. In order to improve this situation, it is necessary to deal with the more general nonlinear control problem.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this paper two nonlinear control strategies are compared with conventional PID and Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) regulator designs. The nonlinear controllers studied are of the Input-Output Linearization and Sliding Mode types and the design methodology is detailed in the paper. All of the regulators designed have been realized and tested on an experimental engine equipped with microprocessor driven, electronic throttle control.&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies
Subfield: Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes
Field: Chemical Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies of Curcuma neilgherrensis (Wight) leaf - A folklore medicine

Curcuma neilgherrensis Wight is a folk medicinal plant used in the management of diabetes mellitus. The leaves of this herb are said to be successful in managing high blood glucose levels. This study is aimed at assessing the scientific appraisal of C. neilgherrensis in the course of pharmacognostical characters and phytochemical parameters, as these are not yet been done. Pharmacognostic study mainly covered the macroscopic and microscopic features of the leaves including powder microscopy, and revealed the presence of trichomes, spiral vessels etc. Phytochemical parameters such as pH, total ash value, water-soluble extract and MeOH extract values were assessed in the preliminary physicochemical screening. Qualitative analysis revealed the existence of certain chemical constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, organic acids and saponin glycosides. The crude extract of leaves was subjected to TLC and HPTLC for the separation of components.

Topic: Curcumin's Biomedical Applications
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Pre-Labs for Outpatient Cancer Clinics

Problem: Collecting labs on the same day as clinic visits and infusion therapy negatively impacts microsystem efficiency, contributes to long patient wait times, and delays clinical decision making.\nContext: In-room cycle times for each doctor at an outpatient cancer clinic are upwards of 50-80 minutes. The clinic sends patients to the infusion center for treatment after they have gained clearance from their doctor. However, long lab processing times create back-ups in both the cancer center and the infusion center.\nInterventions: The proposed intervention is to send a mobile phlebotomy service to the patient’s home 24 to 48 hours before scheduled appointments. This will significantly reduce patient wait times in the clinic, support efficient workflows in the infusion center, and close care gaps.\nMeasures: The outcome measured is clinic cycle times. The processes measured aim to ensure phlebotomists collect bloodwork and results are with the ordering physician prior to the clinic appointment. The electronic medical record and the hospital’s charting system will be the data sources reviewed to measure clinic cycle times and infusion start times. Patient cancellations with the third-party mobile phlebotomy serve as the balance measure.\nResults: Preliminary data showed 98% patient satisfaction and clinic wait times decreased.\nConclusions: Patients that had labs drawn at their home before their appointment experience shorter appointment times at the clinic. Consequently, clinicians can be more efficient, have an increase in appointment capacity, and patients and care teams are unburdened by wait times.\nKeywords: pre-labs, expedient test results, patient communication, clinic wait times.

Topic: Healthcare Operations and Scheduling Optimization
Subfield: Emergency Medical Services
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
The impact of the global financial crisis on social protection in developing countries

Abstract The global financial crisis has had a devastating effect on poverty levels in developing countries, and the social protection response to date, in the form of social assistance, has been limited, constrained by the weak systems and low coverage of pre‐existing provision. Developing countries have struggled to honour pre‐crisis social protection policy commitments due to declining revenues, and in this context the potential for expanding coverage to assist those further impoverished and the “new poor” are remote. Despite the expansionary fiscal stance adopted by many developing countries, the focus of policy responses to the crisis has been on protecting and stimulating growth. The focus has not been on social protection provision to assist the poor directly. Where social protection interventions have been made they have, in many cases, been limited to ad hoc and often regressive interventions such as generalized food or fuel subsidies, rather than more systemic and pro‐poor interventions. However, there may be some scope for optimism, as the crisis has stimulated a number of initiatives to promote donor coordination and programming coherence, which may result in improvements in the efficiency and impact of future social protection programming.

Topic: Employment and Welfare Studies
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
The Penn State intelligent distributed control research laboratory

The authors describe the intelligent distributed controls research laboratory in the College of Engineering at Pennsylvania State University (PSU). The centerpiece of equipment is a modern distributed microprocessor-based control system which was interfaced to real-time simulations of power plant processes. Implementation issues of hierarchical and distributed control for large-scale power plant systems were more fully explored at the university level. The microprocessor-based control system has also been interfaced to the PSU TRIGA nuclear research reactor and enables research in optimal, robust, intelligent, and other advanced control techniques for nuclear power plants.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Distraction osteogenesis with periodontal rehabilitation: A Case Report

Distraction osteogenesis is one of the latest treatment modalities in correcting skeletal discrepancies in the craniofacial region. Maxillary retrusion is a common problem when deformity of the face is concerned, especially in cleft lip and palate patients. Distraction osteogenesis utilizing internal or external has an enormous role in future as an alternative method of skeletal correction in patients with severe maxillary hypoplasia. In addition, periodontal rehabilitation in these patients is of utmost importance especially at the end of treatment. This case report presents one such case of severe maxillary retrusion treated successfully by distraction osteogenesis. JMS 2012;15(1):78-81.

Topic: Cleft Lip and Palate Research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
110 mA operation of J-PARC cesiated RF-driven H− ion source

The Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) cesiated RF-driven H− ion source (IS) has been stably operated for about six years. From Sep. 2018, the J-PARC 400 MeV LINAC has been steadily operated with the design H− ion beam intensity (IH−) of 50 mA, when a 60 mA beam is injected from the IS. At each end of about 3 months J-PARC operation, the IS supplies a 52.5 keV 72 mA beam for the LINAC 60 mA acceleration. The IS superior emittances predicted in a test-stand were proven by the high RFQ acceleration efficiency of 94.3 % (IH− = 67.9 mA). The high intensity beam with transverse emittances suitable for the RFQ is produced with several unique measures, such as slight water molecule addition into hydrogen plasma; low temperature (about 70 °C) operation of 45°-tapered 16-mm thick plasma electrode with the precise cesium density control; impurity elimination in the hydrogen plasma along with the filter-field optimization; continuous-wave igniter plasma driven with a 50-W 30-MHz RF, and so on. The 110 mA operation results of the IS in the test-stand are presented in this paper. A 65 keV 110 mA H− ion beam, about 103 mA of which was inside the transverse emittances used for a common RFQ design, was stably operated with a duty factor of 4.5 % (1 ms x 45 Hz). The interesting relationship of the IH− without any emittance blowups upon the required beam energy (WH-) was derived as IH−(WH−) = 71.2 x (WH- / 52.5)^2.03. The IS is the benchmark one for the next generation high energy H− LINACs aiming for 100 mA class intensity.

Topic: Particle accelerators and beam dynamics
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Efficient coupling of high-intensity subpicosecond laser pulses into dilute solid targets

We have demonstrated that high-intensity sub-picosecond laser pulses can be efficiently absorbed by a dilute solid material. We have measured laser reflectivities as low as 10% from certain targets, in contrast to the 90% reflectivity observed from flat solid surfaces. The hot plasmas generated on dilute solids exhibit greatly increased x-ray emission due to the enhanced laser absorption. Laser-to-x-ray conversion efficiency greater than 1% have been observed for x-ray energies above 1keV.

Topic: Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Prolongation of the insulinotropic action of glucagon-like peptide 1 by the dimethyl ester of succinic acid in an animal model of type-2 diabetes.

Adult rats, that had been injected with streptozotocin during the neonatal period, received a primed constant infusion of succinic acid dimethyl ester (SAD; 0.5 micromol followed by 0.25 micromol x min(-1), both per g body wt.) in saline for 15 min and, at the 5th min of such an infusion, an intravenous injection of GLP-1 (5 pmol per g body wt.). Within 2 min, the ester increased the plasma insulin concentration by 0.33+/-0.05 nM. Likewise, within 2 min, GLP-1 provoked a marked increase in plasma insulin concentration; such an increase was comparable in rats infused with either saline or SAD, with an overall mean value of 0.93+/-0.07 nM. In the rats infused with SAD, however, the secretory response to GLP-1 appeared more sustained than in the saline-infused animals. For instance, the paired ratio for the insulinogenic index at 10/2 min after GLP-1 injection averaged 30.5+/-4.0% in SAD-infused rats, as compared (P<0.025) to only 17.0+/-2.5% in saline-infused animals. These findings suggest that succinic acid esters could be used to prolong the insulinotropic action of GLP-1 in the treatment of type-2 diabetes.

Topic: Pancreatic function and diabetes
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Elucidating the role of the AD risk factor Pyk2 in tau‐induced neuronal dysfunction

Abstract Background Genetic deletion of the AD risk factor Pyk2 exacerbates tau‐associated phenotypes in PS19 (MAPT P301S) animals, a well described mouse model for tauopathy. Method Aging studies and assessment of spatial memory impairment were conducted on PS19;Pyk2 knockout mice. Histological assessment of tau pathology and hippocampal cell layer thickness was also conducted. Pyk2's role in phosphorylating disease relevant residues of tau was assessed through pharmacological inhibition of Pyk2 in acute hippocampal slice preparations from PS19 animals. Result Genetic deletion of Pyk2 results in the exacerbation of early death phenotype and spatial memory impairment observed in PS19 animals. Genetic deletion of Pyk2 also results in the exacerbation of tau pathology as well as reduction in dentate gyrus cell layer thickness in PS19 animals. Pharmacological inhibition of Pyk2 results in an increase in tau phosphorylation (pTau S202/T205). Conclusion Pyk2 is protective against tau‐associated phenotypes in PS19 mice, and basal Pyk2 activity limits tau phosphorylation at disease relevant residues.

Topic: Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ATC contingency operations in the en-route flight regime

Air traffic control (ATC) operations were examined to learn what factors of controller performance should be given consideration in the design and development of future automation systems enhancing ATC. Contingencies were of two types: those constraining airspace usage or traffic flow (i.e., weather); and those related to system and equipment usage (i.e., radar/radio status). Examination of controller response to contingencies and workload pressures showed differing effects on controller allocations of effort among the three primary function of planning, monitoring, and informaton transfer. Automation advancements oriented towards aiding the controller in performing monitoring tasks may offer the most substantial safety benefit.

Topic: Air Traffic Management and Optimization
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluating sensor effects on perception performance

Performance of perceptive systems depends on the quality of the input data. In this contribution, an approach to evaluate perception performance as a function of quality of the sensor data is presented. Standardized quality metrics support the imaging sensors performance measurement. Several imaging setups are analyzed with real world experiments. The output of each setup is processed offline to track down performance differences with respect to the quality of sensor data. An adapted measurement is calculated to measure the sensor performance with respect to the data quality for the involved perceptive components. The measured performance is assessed by processing the data of different simultaneously recorded imaging setups for the task of feature extraction of road lanes.

Topic: Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Cognitive Memory

Taking inspiration from life experience, the authors have devised a new form of computer memory. Certain conjectures about human memory are keys to the central idea. This paper presents a design of a practical and useful “cognitive” memory system in which the new memory does not function like a computer memory where specific data is stored in specific numbered registers; retrieval is done by reading the contents of the specified memory register, or done by matching key words as with a document search. Incoming sensory data would be stored at the next available empty memory location and could be stored redundantly at several empty locations. The stored sensory data would neither have key words nor would it be located in known or specified memory locations. Retrieval would be initiated by a prompt signal from a current set of sensory inputs or patterns. The search would be done by a retrieval system that makes use of auto-associative artificial neural networks. In this paper, the authors present a practical application of this cognitive memory system to human facial recognition.

Topic: Robotics and Automated Systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Research, part of a Special Feature on A Systems Approach for Sustainable Development in Coastal Zones Nitrogen Source Apportionment for the Catchment, Estuary, and Adjacent Coastal Waters of the River Scheldt

Using the systems approach framework (SAF), a coupled model suite was developed for simulating land-use decision making in response to nutrient abatement costs and water and nutrient fluxes in the hydrological network of the Scheldt River, and nutrient fluxes in the estuary and adjacent coastal sea. The purpose was to assess the efficiency of different long- term water quality improvement measures in current and future climate and societal settings, targeting nitrogen (N) load reduction. The spatial-dynamic model suite consists of two dynamically linked modules: PCRaster is used for the drainage network and is combined with ExtendSim modules for farming decision making and estuarine N dispersal. Model predictions of annual mean flow and total N concentrations compared well with data available for river and estuary (r² ≥ 0.83). Source apportionment was carried out to societal sectors and administrative regions; both households and agriculture are the major sources of N, with the regions of Flanders and Wallonia contributing most. Load reductions by different measures implemented in the model were comparable (~75% remaining after 30 yr), but costs differed greatly. Increasing domestic sewage connectivity was more effective, at comparatively low cost (47% remaining). The two climate scenarios did not lead to major differences in load compared with the business-as-usual scenario (~88% remaining). Thus, this spatially explicit model of water flow and N fluxes in the Scheldt catchment can be used to compare different long-term policy options for N load reduction to river, estuary, and receiving sea in terms of their effectiveness, cost, and optimal location of implementation.

Topic: Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics
Subfield: Environmental Chemistry
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Modelling non-linear Spatial Market Integration and Equilibrium Processes in Hidden Markov Framework

Along the basic rationale of the Enke-Samuelson-Takajama-Judge spatial equilibrium theory and the dynamic conceptualizations made from arbitrage processes, the study explores regime-switching techniques in hidden Markov framework. This is motivated by complex non-linear structure inherent in market integration processes, which is derived from multiple equilibria conditions, and transaction costs constrained threshold autoregressive (TAR) effects. These place theoretical limitations on current time series empirical models that are applied in market integration studies. In equilibrium representation, the non-linearities imposed by both alternating rent levels and switching adjustment parameters are directly accommodated. Two synthesized time series market data sets of varying levels of non-linear structures are used to highlight the strengths and limitations of the Markov variants vis-Ã -vis the band-TAR models that have currently dominated market integration analysis. The former model could capture alternating adjustment processes implied by the relatively complex non-linear market data set while the later produced mixed results.

Topic: Economics of Agriculture and Food Markets
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Microplate model for the present‐day deformation of Tibet

Site velocities from 349 Global Positioning System (GPS) stations are used to construct an 11‐element quasi‐rigid block model of the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. Rigid rotations of five major blocks are well determined, and average translation velocities of six smaller blocks can be constrained. Where data are well distributed the velocity field can be explained well by rigid block motion and fault slip across block boundaries. Residual misfits average 1.6 mm/yr compared to typical one standard deviation velocity uncertainties of 1.3 mm/yr. Any residual internal straining of the blocks is small and heterogeneous. However, residual substructure might well represent currently unresolved motions of smaller blocks. Although any smaller blocks must move at nearly the same rate as the larger blocks within which they lie, undetected relative motions between them could be significant, particularly where there are gaps in GPS coverage. Predicted relative motions between major blocks agree with the observed sense of slip and along‐strike partitioning of motion across major faults. However, predicted slip rates across Tibet's major strike‐slip faults are low, only 5–12 mm/yr, a factor of 2–3 smaller than most rates estimated from fault offset features dated by radiometric methods as ∼2000 to ∼100,000 year old. Previous work has suggested that both GPS data and low fault slip rates are incompatible with rigid block motions of Tibet. The results reported here overcome these objections.

Topic: earthquake and tectonic studies
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Generalized Alopecia with Vasculitis-Like Changes in a Dog with Babesiosis

A locally bred, 12-year-old, intact female Satsuma dog presented with generalized alopecia. Erythema, crusts and desquamation were observed primarily on the truck. Papules and erosions were present in the pinnae, and there were multiple areas of skin necrosis on the right forelimb. The cutaneous lesions had not responded to treatment with systemic antibiotics and prednisolone. The dog also had progressive anemia. Babesia gibsoni was detected in the blood, and the dog was treated with antiprotozoal agents. The skin lesions and anemia improved, but relapsed after the treatment was discontinued. Histopathological examination of skin biopsies revealed findings suggestive of early leukocytoclastic vasculitis or ischemic vasculopathy.

Topic: Vector-borne infectious diseases
Subfield: Parasitology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Spectrum-compatible accelerograms for inelastic seismic analysis of short-period structures located in eastern Canada

Smooth design spectra are generally used to describe the seismic excitation provided by the maximum design earthquake for safety evaluation of critical facilities located in eastern Canada. However, a comprehensive study of the inelastic behaviour of critical structural systems requires a step-by-step inelastic analysis in the time domain. This paper presents a study of the inelastic seismic analysis of short-period structures subjected to ground motion acceleration time histories compatible with eastern Canadian conditions and defined (i) from historical records scaled to the smooth design spectrum intensity, (ii) from spectrum-compatible accelerograms generated by random vibration theory, and (iii) from the modification of the Fourier spectrum coefficients of historical records while preserving the original phase angles. The ductility demand, the input energy, the hysteretic energy, the number of yield events, and other performance indices are examined in parametric analyses to identify the type of earthquake motions that is critical for earthquake resistant design of short-period structures. Key words: earthquake resistant design, artificial accelerograms, eastern Canada.

Topic: Seismic Performance and Analysis
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences