jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The long-term benefits of having been breast-fed

The short-term benefits of breast-feeding are well-established and include a reduced risk of gastroenteritis, ear infection and atopy during infancy. More recently, there has been increasing interest in possible long-term benefits of breast-feeding for health and development. Most relevant studies are observational although data are now available from a cluster-randomised trial of a breast-feeding intervention in term infants, and from follow-up of a randomised trial of early nutrition in preterm infants. Data reviewed in this article suggest that breast-feeding has beneficial effects on later cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure and plasma lipid profile, that it reduces the risk of obesity during childhood, improves cognitive development, and reduces the incidence of atopy, at least in those with a family history. Other proposed benefits requiring further substantiation include a reduced risk of insulin-dependent diabetes, childhood cancer, inflammatory bowel disease and osteoporosis. Collectively, the data suggest that breast-feeding should now be promoted for its long-term as well as its short-term benefits. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Non‐invasive cardiovascular profiling using combined electrocardiogram–<scp>D</scp>oppler ultrasonography and impedance cardiography: An experimental approach

Summary In the present study, the feasibility of cardiovascular profiling using both combined electrocardiogram ( ECG )– D oppler ultrasonography and impedance cardiography ( ICG ) was evaluated. Fourteen non‐pregnant healthy women received 500 mL saline solution ( NaCl 0.9% at 999 mL/h) intravenously by steady state infusion. Before and after this acute volume loading, we measured orthostatic‐challenged cardiac and arterial characteristics using ICG and assessed venous characteristics by combined ECG – Doppler before and during the V alsalva manoeuvre. Changes are expressed as the mean ± SEM and were evaluated by the one‐sample Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. After volume loading, the observed fall in stroke volume after postural change from supine to standing decreased (–14 ± 3 vs –23 ± 2%; P = 0.011). Hepatic A wave velocity increased 63 ± 28% after volume loading ( P = 0.007) and decreased during the Valsalva manoeuvre (–205 ± 21%; P = 0.001). Volume loading raised the thoracic fluid content index in both the supine and standing positions (7 ± 2% and 10 ± 1%, respectively; P ≤ 0.014). Combined ECG –Doppler ultrasonography and ICG enables the non‐invasive identification of concomitant haemodynamic changes at the level of the heart, the arterial bed and the venous compartment. Our data support the view that non‐invasive cardiovascular profiling is feasible, which seems particularly useful for the evaluation of patients who are not critically ill, such as pregnant women.

Topic: Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The utility of screening for parasitic infections in HIV-1-infected Africans with eosinophilia in London

The presence of asymptomatic eosinophilia in HIV patients has been demonstrated to have a wide variety of causes. Untreated parasitic infections in immunocompromised individuals can have potentially serious consequences. The utility of screening for parasitic infections in immigrant HIV-positive Africans with eosinophilia was investigated in a UK-based HIV clinic. HIV-positive African patients with eosinophilia were matched with HIV-positive African controls without eosinophilia. More than half of African HIV patients with eosinophilia had positive parasitic serology, and were significantly more likely to have positive serology compared with African HIV patients without eosinophilia. This study shows that asymptomatic eosinophilia in HIV-1-infected Africans is strongly suggestive of underlying parasitic infection. Individuals with eosinophilia should thus be screened for parasitic infections according to the infections prevalent in the countries they have lived in or visited for substantial periods of time.

Topic: HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
CCDC 222435: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
CCDC 756992: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Contagion and the feminist transnational re-turn

The Covid-19 pandemic has upended life globally and turned the spotlight on the inadequacies of political systems and their infrastructural capacities to deal with the social fallout. Flaunting borders and checkpoints, the virus has been described as the great equalizer. However, the toll has been borne disproportionately by people of color, immigrants and the poor. The pandemic has exposed the fault lines of societies, exacerbated inequalities and gendered injustices are being reproduced in new registers and configurations. For feminist scholars committed to a politics of decoloniality, the critical task of unravelling a radically altered global environment requires a recalibrated re-turn to the framework of the transnational.

Topic: Feminism, Gender, and Intersectionality
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Determinants of Individual Performance: Empirical Essays on the Importance of Soft Skills and Monetary Incentives

This dissertation consists of three papers. The first paper "Managing the Workload: an Experiment on Individual Decision Making and Performance" experimentally investigates how decision-making in workload management affects individual performance. I designed a laboratory experiment in order to exogenously manipulate the schedule of work faced by each subject and to identify its impact on final performance. Through the mouse click-tracking technique, I also collected interesting behavioral measures on organizational skills. I found that a non-negligible share of individuals performs better under externally imposed schedules than in the unconstrained case. However, such constraints are detrimental for those good in self-organizing. The second chapter, "On the allocation of effort with multiple tasks and piecewise monotonic hazard function", tests the optimality of a scheduling model, proposed in a different literature, for the decisional problem faced in the experiment. Under specific assumptions, I find that such model identifies what would be the optimal scheduling of the tasks in the Admission Test. The third paper "The Effects of Scholarships and Tuition Fees Discounts on Students' Performances: Which Monetary Incentives work Better?" explores how different levels of monetary incentives affect the achievement of students in tertiary education. I used a Regression Discontinuity Design to exploit the assignment of different monetary incentives, to study the effects of such liquidity provision on performance outcomes, ceteris paribus. The results show that a monetary increase in the scholarships generates no effect on performance since the achievements of the recipients are all centered near the requirements for non-returning the benefit. Secondly, students, who are actually paying some share of the total cost of college attendance, surprisingly, perform better than those whose cost is completely subsidized. A lower benefit, relatively to a higher aid, it motivates students to finish early and not to suffer the extra cost of a delayed graduation.

Topic: Economic theories and models
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
The Effects of the Boat’s Hull Design on Speed and Maneuverability

The lack of speed and maneuverability of boat hulls are one of the possible reasons why thousands of cargo ships are at lost at sea. This investigation’s purpose was to find the best hull for cargo ships, in respect to speed. It was hypothesized that the flat bottom hull would do the best in terms of stability and round hull would do the best in terms of speed. The three most common hulls, round, flat, and V, were tested. Three model boats of the same mass were used during experimentation. First, displacement was tested by putting each model in a small water tank, and measuring how much the boat sunk naturally. The round boat displaced 1603 ml of water, which was the highest compared to any other boat hull. Then, each model was put into a bathtub with the rope connected to the boat that was hanging on a hook with a weight on it. Then, the boat was pulled back to the end of the bathtub and released. The weight brought the boat to the other side of the tub. The ANOVA [F(2,57)=49.82,p&lt;0.001] result indicated that the null hypothesis was rejected. The Tukey test results indicated that there was a significant difference between the round hull and all others. The flat hull did best in terms of speed and maneuverability. The other hulls failed to hold cargo since water got into the models.

Topic: Ship Hydrodynamics and Maneuverability
Subfield: Ocean Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Synchronic vs diachronic approaches in the descriptions of german nominal inflection in the earliest Portuguese textbooks of the german language (1863-1926)

Since the first German language textbook for a Portuguese target audience was published in 1863, the respective authors had to ask themselves not only how to designate the components of the nominal inflection of German nouns, but also how to present them in a classificatory way in order to familiarize their audience with the German declension. Given that the Grimmian diachronic approach was and still is considered authoritative in academic German studies, the question arises as to whether and how the authors of the earliest Portuguese works were guided by this or other approaches. The result will answer the final question of which of the classification approaches might be particularly promising in the context of German as a foreign language.

Topic: Linguistic Education and Pedagogy
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Shared Yet Contested: Energy Democracy Counter-Narratives

Conventional ways of communicating about the transition to renewable energy in North America presuppose that energy systems can be changed while sustaining existing social, political, and economic relations. Energy democracy counters such ostensibly apolitical narratives by emphasizing the socially transformative potential of this transition. Yet energy democracy, as both organizing principle and social movement, is itself increasingly recognized as flexible and contested. This research seeks to better discern and understand the practices and implications of energy democracy and its variants through synthesis and qualitative analysis of transition counter-narratives drawn from public communications of energy democracy initiatives actively working in northeastern North America. Transition narratives are examined through four constituent elements: collective-action frames that define problems, solutions, and motivations for sociotechnical change; discourses that describe values and norms of members of the communities of interest; sociotechnical imaginaries that describe and prescribe futures to be attained; and stories that connect past, present, and future and identify specific agents and adversaries to change. The research finds a set of diverse organizations across the region taking up and giving shape to the concept and goals of energy democracy, revealing a convergence among these initiatives around commitments to a socially transformational shift to collectively-controlled renewable energy systems. A comparison of transition narratives suggests distinct and potentially competing approaches to energy democracy, or multiple energy democracies, described as local and regional communities, public partnerships, and social movements. These energy democracies express differences in terms of social groups to be connected and empowered, theories of change and stability, form and specificity of institutional change, resistance to negative as well as promotion of positive agendas, and ability to work across scales. These differences can and perhaps must activate a productive tension among multiple energy democracies working for and within a democratized renewable energy future for this region. The paper broadly contributes to research on sustainability transitions by examining and comparing transition narratives at trans-national and sub-national levels, proposing a descriptive and analytical typology of transition counter-narratives, and initiating a data set for future research on regional social-ecological-technical systems to strengthen initiative-based practice and learning.

Topic: Social Acceptance of Renewable Energy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Informational Lock-In and Relationship Financing ¤

We analyze an entrepreneur's choice between a multi-period …nancing arrangement (relation- ship or staged …nancing) and up-front …nancing. Relationship …nancing is desirable because it allows the …nancier to acquire information and deny further …nancing depending on the interim progress of the venture. However, relationship …nancing completely shuts othe entrepreneur's access to the competitive capital market. Since she is informationally captured by the initial …nancier, she ends up sharing part of the continuation surplus. We show that the initial …- nancier's ability to extract rents due to her superior information is essential for the viability of relationship …nancing. In equilibrium, despite the loss of future rents, the entrepreneur strictly prefers relationship …nancing and locks herself in to the …nancier. Moreover, in anticipation of loss of future rents, she raises and invests too much before information revelation.

Topic: Corporate Finance and Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Intracellular positioning of mesophyll chloroplasts following to aggregative movement in Setaria viridis analysed three-dimensionally with a confocal laser scanning microscope

Chloroplasts can change their intracellular position responding to environmental conditions. In addition to the well-known photorelocation movements, i.e., accumulation and avoidance movements in response to light, mesophyll chloroplasts in C4 plants change their intracellular positioning from the cell periphery to the bundle sheath cell side (aggregative movement) in response to environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and hyperosmosis, under light. Previous studies on the aggregative movement have been limited in two-dimensional (2D) information on the transverse sections of leaves, because aggregated mesophyll chloroplasts gather inside the leaf tissues, which need to be cut for observation. However, the 2D analysis on the cross sections is difficult to investigate accurately the aggregated chloroplasts overlapped each other in the depth direction. Therefore, there are few studies examining the anatomical features of the aggregated chloroplasts at the cellular level. Here in this study, we established the workflow for three-dimensional (3D) observation using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), which can investigate a thick section as a stack of optical sections, followed by 3D reconstruction of mesophyll cells and chloroplasts. Using this method, we visualized the 3D representations of mesophyll cells of green foxtail (Setaria viridis), which is a model of C4 plant, and investigated the chloroplasts individually and quantified their structures or intracellular positions before and after the aggregative movement. The 3D data of individual chloroplasts in a whole cell revealed that the aggregated positioning is independent with chloroplast volume or surface area, and that chloroplasts did not change their shape before and after the movement.

Topic: Plant Molecular Biology Research
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Evaluation of resurgence following differential reinforcement of alternative behavior with and without extinction in a human operant model

Abstract One of the most common treatments for severe challenging behavior involves placing the challenging behavior on extinction and differentially reinforcing an alternative response (DRA). However, extinction is not always feasible and may be unsafe or impractical to implement in some circumstances. Thus, implementing a DRA without extinction intervention may be necessary for some cases. Currently, the extent to which DRA without extinction produces durable treatment outcomes, particularly as it relates to the resurgence of challenging behavior, is unclear. The present study investigated resurgence following DRA with and without extinction using a three‐phase resurgence evaluation in a translational human operant model with college students as participants. All participants demonstrated resurgence across both experimental groups. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence, magnitude, or persistence of resurgence between groups, levels of resurgence magnitude were relatively higher in the DRA‐without‐extinction group than in the DRA‐with‐extinction group. Clinical implications of these findings and directions for future human operant investigations of resurgence are discussed.

Topic: Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Demographic resilience of brook trout populations subjected to experimental size‐selective harvesting

Abstract Sustainable management of exploited populations benefits from integrating demographic and genetic considerations into assessments, as both play a role in determining harvest yields and population persistence. This is especially important in populations subject to size‐selective harvest, because size selective harvesting has the potential to result in significant demographic, life‐history, and genetic changes. We investigated harvest‐induced changes in the effective number of breeders () for introduced brook trout populations ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) in alpine lakes from western Canada. Three populations were subject to 3 years of size‐selective harvesting, while three control populations experienced no harvest. The decreased consistently across all harvested populations (on average 60.8%) but fluctuated in control populations. There were no consistent changes in between control or harvest populations, but one harvest population experienced a decrease in of 63.2%. The / ratio increased consistently across harvest lakes; however we found no evidence of genetic compensation (where variance in reproductive success decreases at lower abundance) based on changes in family evenness () and the number of full‐sibling families (). We found no relationship between and or between / and . We posit that change in was buffered by constraints on breeding habitat prior to harvest, such that the same number of breeding sites were occupied before and after harvest. These results suggest that effective size in harvested populations may be resilient to considerable changes in N c in the short‐term, but it is still important to monitor exploited populations to assess the risk of inbreeding and ensure their long‐term survival.

Topic: Fish Ecology and Management Studies
Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
PENYIMPANGAN UNSUR KEAMBIGUAN DALAM TEKA-TEKI SUNDA

This research describes the deviation of ambiguity element in Sundanese riddles. The research focuses on the linguistic matter regarding the deviation, characteristics, and functions of riddles in Sundanese society. The method used was descriptive method by using riddles structure theory of Young Ho (2002) and Ullmann (2012) and the folklore theory by Tarigan (1980). Through the theory of riddle structure, it is concluded that the deviation of ambiguity element in Sundanese riddles occurs in the levels of Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, and Semantics. From the folklore theory, it is determined that the characteristic of riddles in Sundanese society is the comparison of entertainment with the function of practicing cleverness.

Topic: Linguistics and Language Analysis
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The Effect of Frequent Variations in Temperature on Egg Quality Loss During Short Holding Periods

Some commercial egg handlers apparently believe that eggs moved in and out of refrigeration deteriorate more rapidly than eggs held at a relatively constant temperature. In a recent survey of grocery stores in Washington, the managers of stores where eggs were not refrigerated have frequently expressed an opinion that extremes in temperature during short time storage contributed to a more rapid deterioration of egg quality. Otte et al. (1950) reported that eggs removed from storage and thereafter held at different temperatures followed the same pattern of decline in quality, regardless of the length of time they had been held in storage. Some of the eggs were stored as long as 45 weeks at 30 degrees F. before the quality measurements at higher temperatures were made. The object of the study reported here was to determine whether or not eggs changed frequently from one temperature to another during short time holding . . .

Topic: Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The prevalence of consolidated salivary deposits in the small ducts of human submandibular glands

Abstract. Deposits of apparently solid material were observed in the small salivary ducts in a series of non‐diseased submandibular glands obtained from necropsies evenly divided by sex and adult age. The deposits were of granular or laminated structure. They were of mixed staining, the majority being predominantly eosinophilic. A small number of deposits were essentially wholly hematoxylinophilic and some of these were probably calcified. The prevalence of deposits, expressed as the number per unit sectional area, increased steadily with increasing age but was unrelated to sex. An apparently close correlation between intraductal salivary deposits and foci of obstructive adenitis in the same series of glands was shown to be mainly due to the common influence of age. The deposits probably form by precipitation of salivary glycoprotein, possibly because of parenchymal age changes. They may be related to early salivary lithogenesis but the statistical evidence of this study suggests that they are unlikely to be a major factor in the etiology of focal obstructive adenitis.

Topic: Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences