jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Time is of the essence: factors encouraging out-of-class study time

Out-of-class study time is essential in students’ language learning, but few studies in ELT measure out-of-class study time or investigate how teachers can encourage, rather than demand it. In Japan, out-of-class study time is lower than might be expected, ranging from zero to an hour per week. This study therefore sets out to establish those factors that can increase out-of-class study time without extrinsic motivators such as homework and testing. Results from self-reports and course evaluations suggest that (1) clear course aims, (2) strong student–teacher relationships, (3) non-threatening classroom environments, and (4) interactive classroom procedures boost out-of-class study time. Finally, we hope this study will become a catalyst for more in-depth discussion of how to facilitate more productive out-of-class study time, and ultimately students’ attainment of higher proficiency in the target language.

Topic: EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Congestion control over ATM local area networks

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) has emerged as a standard which offers integration of different classes of service as well as scalability in terms of network size and speed. While the early focus on ATM was mainly on wide-area networks, the driving force behind this new technology is increasingly coming from local-area applications. The need for an ATM LAN to support existing protocols (e.g., TCP/IP) transparently is key to its adoption in the local-area environment. In traditional shared medium LANS, congestion control on the medium is handled by medium access control (MAC) protocol. Once a network device gains access to the shared medium, it has the full bandwidth to itself. Other contending network devices must wait until the shared medium becomes free. In ATM LANS, the MAC protocol is removed, and as a result the congestion control it provides is also removed. Each network device can transmit at the full link bandwidth, and can thus potentially cause congestion at some output ports of an ATM switch. This report presents some simulation results and demonstrates the importance of congestion control in ATM networks. First, we show the effects of cell loss on TCP performance in a congested ATM LAN. When congestion resultsmore » in switch buffer overflow, cells are dropped. The effect of a small cell loss rate is found to translate into a much larger TCP packet retransmission rate, resulting in poor TCP performance. Secondly, we will describe a credit-based, per virtual circuit, per hop flow control algorithm proposed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). We show that when flow control is employed, cell loss and TCP retransmissions are eliminated, resulting in greatly improved TCP performance.« less

Topic: Network Traffic and Congestion Control
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Efficacy of Soil ParaBurkholderia fungorum and Bacillus subtilis on the Inhibition of Aspergillus niger Growth and its Ochratoxins Production

BIOLOGICAL control of toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins by using antagonistic bacteria has currently gained attention as a non-toxic replacement for harmful chemical substances. The present work aimed to study the inhibitory effects of five strains of bacteria recovered from soil on the growth of twenty isolates of Aspergillus niger obtained from Arabian coffee by using a dual-culture method and cell-free bacterial supernatant. Paraburkholderia fungorum and Bacillus subtilis were the two active strains used against three Aspergillus niger isolates with the highest inhibition percentage (86.81% and 62.97%, respectively). Biochemical tests partially identified the effective bacteria, and complete identification was confirmed by using the 16S rRNA sequence. P. fungorum and B. subtilis completely biodegraded the ochratoxins produced by A. niger-22 and A. niger-24, respectively. Interestingly, commercial amylase can suppressed ochratoxins biosynthesis by A. niger-28 with percentage of 44.7% using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A large number of bio-active compounds was detected in the bacterial filtrate by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). In vivo, the selected bacteria significantly biodegraded ochratoxins in contaminated grains using fluorometric method, with 52.9% as the highest inhibition percentage in maize contaminated by B. subtilis. This is the first report of ochratoxins biodegradation by P. fungorum and amylase.

Topic: Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Sighting the Obrechtian Motet

Obrecht’s motets show an extraordinary diversity of style and approach. Yet despite their great range of invention and elaboration, and the impact Obrecht’s music clearly made on his contemporaries, their survival and transmission has been (to say the least) a little precarious. Subtracting the hugely important contributions of Petrucci and the Segovia manuscript from the inventory makes this point very clearly. The motets as a group are rich in Obrechtian musical thought, and show an even greater stylistic range than the masses. This is in part for reasons of genre, context, and function, naturally enough, and of indebtedness to different motet types and traditions, but is also intensified through Obrecht’s pronounced tendency to interrogate his own creative practice, and to set and solve compositional problems in ever-new ways. His creative solutions are invariably the result of a thoughtfully developed compositional approach, both in fulfilment of the motets’ cultural tasks and in their technical structure and style. Obrecht shows a consistency of contrapuntal method, while ensuring that his finished pieces present a distinctive and effective sound-world, well grounded in imaginative vocal textures of real flair and distinction. This article looks at patterns of transmission, at the presence of incomplete works and what they can tell us, at the ‘German dimension’ of Obrecht, and at compositional questions which seem to characterize his approach, including his liking for musical processes that embody both the intellectual and the sonic dimension of polyphonic form, and that are able to unfold—metrically, proportionally, contrapuntally—on the largest scale.

Topic: Musicology and Musical Analysis
Subfield: Music
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Pyrylium Tetrafluoroborates: Application to Synthesis of Katritzky Salts and Photoinduced Cationic RAFT Polymerization

Katritzky salts have emerged as effective alkyl radical sources upon metal- or photocatalysis. These are typically prepared from the corresponding triarylpyrylium ions, in turn an important class of photocatalysts for small molecules synthesis and photopolymerization. Here, a flow method for the rapid synthesis of both pyrylium and Katrizky salts in a telescoped fashion is reported. Moreover, several pyrylium salts were tested in the photoinduced RAFT polymerization of vinyl ethers under flow and batch conditions.

Topic: Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cytochalasin Releases mRNA from the Cytoskeletal Framework and Inhibits Protein Synthesis

Cytochalasin D was shown to be a reversible inhibitor of protein synthesis in HeLa cells. The inhibition was detectable at drug levels typically used to perturb cell structure and increased in a dose-dependent manner. The drug also released mRNA from the cytoskeletal framework in direct proportion to the inhibition of protein synthesis. The released mRNA was unaltered in its translatability as measured in vitro but was no longer translated in the cytochalasin-treated HeLa cells. The residual protein synthesis occurred on polyribosomes that were reduced in amount but displayed a normal sedimentation distribution. The results support the hypothesis that mRNA binding to the cytoskeletal framework is necessary although not sufficient for translation. Analysis of the cytoskeletal framework, which binds the polyribosomes, revealed no alterations in composition or amount of protein as a result of treatment with cytochalasin D. Electron microscopy with embedment-free sections shows the framework in great detail. The micrographs revealed the profound reorganization effected by the drug but did not indicate substantial disaggregation of the cytoskeletal elements.

Topic: Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Comparative study of nosocomial and community acquired lower respiratory tract infections. A prospective study of 232 cases].

Quantitative sputum culture, single catheter protected specimen brush, blood culture, culture of pleural and other body fluid were used in a prospective study of 232 cases of lower respiratory tract infection. 123 cases of nosocomial infection (Group 1) and 109 cases of community acquired infection (Group 2) were analyzed comparatively. Significant underlying diseases were present in 100% of Group 1 and 66.1% of Group 2. 74.8% of Group 1 and 9.2% of Group 2 had previous antimicrobial therapy with two antibiotics or more. 123 species of bacteria were isolated in 82 cases (66.7%) in group 1. The predominant pathogens were Gram-negative bacilli (60.6%), such as Enteric coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc. In group 2, 89 species were obtained in 83 cases (76.2%). Gram-positive Streptococcus was 48.6% (Streptococcus pneumoniae 15.6%). Polymicrobial infections, fungal infections and bilateral involvement on radiography were more common in Group 1 than in group 2. Mortality was 8.1% in Group 1 and 0 in Group 2 (P less than 0.01). It is suggested that patients who had underlying diseases and inappropriate antibiotic therapy were at increased risk for nosocomial infections.

Topic: Nosocomial Infections in ICU
Subfield: Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Molecular and cellular studies of human immune responsiveness to the short ragweed allergen, Amb a V.

Specific immune responsiveness to the Amb a V allergen (from Ambrosia artemisiifolia, short ragweed pollen) is significantly associated with the Class II specificities, human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 and Dw2 determined by serological and MLR typing ("DR2.2"). Similarly, responsiveness to homologous Amb t V and Amb p V allergens is associated with DR2.2. We examined the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences of HLA-DRB1, DRB5, DQB1 and DQA1 genes associated with Amb a V responsiveness using a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), dot-blot and DNA sequencing methodologies. Our focus was on the highly polymorphic regions within the second-exon gene segments that are believed to encode antigen (Ag)-binding portions of the respective Class II molecules. Analysis of three patients having unusual sequence combinations of HLA-D gene sequences implicate an HLA-DR molecule (either DR alpha beta I 2.2 or DR alpha beta V 2.2), rather than a DQ Class II molecule, as the major Amb a V immune response (Ir) gene product. Our studies suggest that this DR2.2 molecule is usually a necessary, and almost always a sufficient, requirement for high immunoglobulin E and G (IgE) and (IgG) antibody responsiveness in ragweed-allergic individuals. From an atopic DR2.2+ subject, we isolated three Amb a V-specific T-cell clones. Analysis revealed these clones to be DR-restricted, supporting the conclusion that the Amb a V-Ir gene is a DR and not a DQ molecule. The DR beta I polypeptide of DR2.2 and 2.12 was implicated in Ag presentation, since monoclonal antibody (MoAb) Hu30 (antibody specific for DR beta I) blocked T-cell proliferation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topic: Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
Subfield: Immunology and Allergy
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The influence of insulin hypoglycemia on central dopaminergic structures of the rat.

Daily administration of insulin, 2 U/kg/day for 9 days, leads to a marked increase in the activity of central dopaminergic structures, reflected by an increase in the apomorphine or amphetamine-induced stereotypy and a decrease in fluphenazine-induced catalepsy. These changes are accompanied by a depression of cerebral dopamine and noradrenaline levels and a depression of noradrenaline utilization in the brain.

Topic: Diet and metabolism studies
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A solution‐focussed cognitive group intervention for event anxiety in vulnerable children: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract Vulnerable children have experienced severe life events that may have damaged their self‐esteem and destroyed their inherent potential for survival and development. As a result, they may be more likely to experience psychological problems such as withdrawal, depression, and anxiety. This study aims to combine cognitive behavioural therapy and solution‐focussed brief therapy to develop an effective operational intervention to reduce anxiety related to severe life events in vulnerable children. This intervention contained six stages and a 1 month follow‐up test with 39 vulnerable children (mean age = 8.74, standard deviation = 1.76) randomly assigned to the intervention group (19 participants) and control group (20 participants). The event anxiety and self‐esteem in vulnerable children were assessed by using the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale, the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale‐Short, and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale. There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the baseline levels of self‐esteem, event impact, and anxiety. After three intervention phases, the intervention group had a significant increase in self‐esteem and a significant decrease in event anxiety. The changes were stable over time (except for self‐esteem). The results suggest that solution‐focussed cognitive group intervention is an effective method for reducing anxiety related to negative life events in vulnerable children. Furthermore, we have put forth recommendations for future studies that can be utilized to address the limitations identified in this study.

Topic: Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Evaluation of blood vessel detection methods

We address the problem of evaluating the performance of algorithms for detecting curvilinear structures in medical images. As an exemplar we consider the detection of vessel trees which contain structures of variable width and contrast. Results for the conventional approach to evaluation, in which the detector output is compared directly with a groundtruth mask, tend to be dominated by the detection of large vessels and fail to capture adequately whether or not finer, lower contrast vessels have been detected successfully. We propose and investigate three alternative evaluation strategies. We demonstrate the use of the standard and new evaluation strategies to assess the performance of a novel method for detecting vessels in retinograms, using the publicly available DRIVE database. © 2011 Copyright Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).

Topic: Retinal Imaging and Analysis
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A reliable detachable balloon that prevents abdominal cavity contamination during transrectal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a detachable endoluminal balloon in the prevention of abdominal cavity contamination during transrectal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). Methods The efficacy and safety of a detachable endoluminal balloon to maintain disinfection in the distal colon of the pigs were evaluated. The bacterial loads and colonic cleanliness were monitored. Additionally, the device was applied to another nine pigs that underwent a cholecystotomy by transrectal NOTES. Necropsy and pathological examination were performed after 28‐day follow‐up. Results All animals exposed to the device and one of the seven pigs not exposed to the device scored three points on the bowel cleanliness scale ( P &lt; 0.001). After 30 min bacterial loads of the test (with balloon occlusion) and control (without balloon occlusion) groups showed a significant difference (0.8 × 10 3 CFU/mL vs 186.8 × 10 3 CFU/mL, P &lt; 0.01). Cholecystotomy by transrectal NOTES with the device was successfully performed. The mean intraperitoneal procedure time was 102.9 ± 37.7 min. There were no procedure‐related adverse events. During the follow‐up, all animals presented normal behavior and appetite. No peritoneal infection or adhesion was detected at autopsy. Cholecystotomy and rectal incision were histologically healed and no histological abnormalities were detected in the colon related to balloon placement. Conclusions The detachable balloon provides a reliable solution for preventing peritoneal contamination during transluminal operations. The technique may assist in future transrectal NOTES.

Topic: Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Analysis of the Effect of Piezoelectric Patches on the Behavior of Adhesively Bonded Scarf Joints — An Analytical Study

In order to reduce the maximum peel and shear stress concentrations in the adhesive layer, a smart adhesively bonded scarf joint system was developed by surface bonding of piezoelectric patches onto a typical scarf joint. The forces and bending moments at the edges of the developed smart joint system can be adaptively controlled by adjusting the applied electric field on the piezoelectric patches, thus reducing the peel and shear stresses concentration in the adhesive layer. In order to verify the effect of surface bonding of piezoelectric patches in smart scarf adhesive joints, an analytical model was developed to evaluate the shear stress distribution and to predict the peel stress. It was established that the piezoelectric patched joint could reduce the stress concentrations at the scarf joint edges. The influence of the electric field and the effects of the scarf angle and the adherend Young's modulus on the peel and shear stresses were investigated. It was found that the effect of scarf angle is more significant at higher angles to raise the stresses. The effect of the electric field on the shear stress is more significant than on the peel stress.

Topic: Mechanical Behavior of Composites
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Internal Migration and Regional Population Dynamics in Europe: Romanian Case Study

The report analyses population migration and change in Romania over the period 1984-1994. The analysis of population change is conducted for 2948 communes and towns, the finest administrative division for which population data are available. The lack of migration data on the level of communes and towns makes in-depth analysis of the migration for small spatial units impossible. For that reason analysis of the patterns of migration is conducted for 40 Judete (also referred to as counties or regions) and the capital city of Bucharest, i.e. 41 units altogether. &#13;\nCouncil of Europe Publishing,&#13;\nF-67075 Strasbourg - Cedex,&#13;\nFrance.

Topic: Regional Development and Policy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Adult Education in War and Peace, 1914–1945

Abstract In the late summers of 1914 and 1939 the Oxford Delegacy found itself planning for a new academic year as war was declared. Peripatetic educational programmes, administratively complex and dependent on the goodwill and contributions of many separate institutions and individuals, were particularly vulnerable to disruption. It is hardly surprising that uncertainty pervaded the correspondence and reports of the early months of both wars. The first effect of the declaration of war on 4 August 1914 was physical: the delegacy lost its home when the examination schools were requisitioned as a military hospital. With lecturers and tutors engaged in the services or on war-related work, there were opportunities for new teachers as well. The attitude of the tutorial classes movement was rather different. The expectancy that flowed through the adult education movement from 1916 developed into two separate educational campaigns with roots in Oxford.

Topic: African history and culture studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
GENETICS AND BREEDING Genetic Evaluation of Length of Productive Life Including Predicted Longevity of Live Cows

Complete longevity data are available too late for most sire selection. Earlier selection is possible using correlated traits, nonlinear evaluation of censored data, or predicted longevities for live cows in addition to completed longevity data. Completed longevity was defined as total months in milk by 84 mo of age. Predicted longevity was computed by multiple regression from cows alive at six different ages. Variables included age at first calving, standardized first lacta-tion milk yield (optional), lactation status (dry or milking), current months in milk, current months dry, and cumulative months in milk. Completed longevity data for dead cows were then merged with predicted longevity data for live cows. A total of 1,984,038 Holstein

Topic: Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Military expenditures and health: a cross-national study, 1975-2000

Purpose Recent sociological research highlights the growth of military expenditures in hi-tech, capital-intensive armaments and technology. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of these capital-intensive expenditures on two related health outcomes: under-five mortality and life expectancy. Design/methodology/approach This research utilizes a series of cross-national panel models estimated for a diverse sample of developed and less-developed countries from 1975 to 2000. Findings The authors find that hi-tech military expenditures increase under-five mortality and reduce life expectancy over the period studied, by reducing the number and type of soldiers able to take advantage of increased health-related resources obtained in the military and indirectly, by increasing income inequality, which negatively impacts these health outcomes. Research limitations/implications This cross-national study should be supplemented by case studies to better understand the processes being examined. Practical implications The increase in capital-intensive military expenditures found worldwide reduces the total number of soldiers in the military and raises their enlistment requirements. This makes it difficult for people with limited human capital to take advantage of the military’s traditional pathway for upward mobility. New pathways for mobility will have to be developed to avoid the creation of a new permanent underclass. Social implications There are significant social policy implications for the findings. Hi-tech military expenditures have a significant negative impact on the short- and long-term health outcomes of children and adults, in both developed and less-developed countries, which must be addressed by public policy planners. Originality/value This is one of a handful of sociological studies on the impact of military establishment on society. These findings highlight the importance of “bringing the military back in” to the forefront of sociological research.

Topic: Defense, Military, and Policy Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences