jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Seizing the opportunity of the moment; nurse education in Cameroon: a grounded theory research study

Background Cameroon became a republic in 1960 but tensions have continued over the last half century; such tensions, and some of the opportunities afforded, have shaped policy decisions around issues including nursing education. Aims The aim of this paper is to present a constructivist grounded theory of the evolution of nurse education in Cameroon based on interviews and available historical records. Methods Two data sources were used to develop the theory. Semi-structured interviews were carried out by the researcher with a purposive sample of 10 informants. Informants involved in the historical and current development of nurse education policy and practice were interviewed. Historical records were also located and examined, to understand the differing philosophical and pragmatic basis for decision-making in relation to nurse education in Cameroon. Results The emergent grounded theory is entitled ‘Seizing the opportunity of the moment’. This theory outlines the evolution of nurse education in Cameroon since the country gained independence. It explores the centrality of timeliness and context on the evolution of nurse education policy. Conclusions Conclusions are drawn that identify the current context in Cameroon as a critical moment for harmonisation of policy and practice for nurse education.

Topic: Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A new large form of transcarboxylase with six outer subunits and twelve biotinyl carboxyl carrier subunits.

A new form of transcarboxylase has been isolated which has a molecular weight of 1,200,000, an s20,w of 26 S, and contains 12 biotinyl groups. Transcarboxylase as isolated previously has a molecular weight of 790,000, an s20,w of 18 S, and contains six biotinyl groups. The larger species of enzyme consists of a central hexameric subunit with six dimeric outer subunits attached to it by biotinyl carboxyl carrier proteins, three each at the opposite faces of the central subunits. This larger species is stable at pH 5.5, but dissociates to the 18 S species at pH values near neutrality with loss of a set of three of the outer subunits with two of the biotinyl carboxyl carrier proteins still attached to each of these subunits. The dissociation to the 18 S form occurs by several rapidly reversible steps and under certain conditions of centrifugation multiple peaks are observed as a consequence of the occurrence of different forms of enzyme with variable numbers of the outer subunits attached to the 18 S enzyme. The s20,w value of the so-called 26 S enzyme varies with conditions. Isolated 18 S enzyme has been combined with isolated outer subunits to form active 26 S enzyme. The newly enzyme is a normal form but has not been isolated previously because of its dissociation to the 18 S form at neutral pH. A procedure is described for the isolation of the 26 S form in a highly purified state. The molecular weight of the enzyme has been determined by high speed meniscus depletion. In addition, a procedure is described for dissociation of the 26 S form of the enzyme and isolation of the resulting outer subunits with the biotinyl subunits still attached to it. Evidence is presented that all six outer subunits participate in the enzymatic reaction which includes the demonstration that; (a) all 12 biotins of the 26 S form of the enzyme can be carboxylated with [3-14C]methylmalonyl coenzyme A; (b) there is an increase in enzymatic activity when the outer subunits are combined with the normal 18 S enzyme with formation of the 26 S enzyme; and (c) a 26 S form of the enzyme is active which is prepared by combination of inactive 18 S trypsin-treated transcarboxylase with the outer subunits. The trypsin-treated 18 S enzyme is inactive because trypsin removes the biotin as biotinyl peptides and the 26 S enzyme is active because of the second set of active outer subunits.

Topic: Biotin and Related Studies
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Possible SARS Coronavirus Transmission during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Infection of healthcare workers with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is thought to occur primarily by either contact or large respiratory droplet transmission. However, infrequent healthcare worker infections occurred despite the use of contact and droplet precautions, particularly during certain aerosol-generating medical procedures. We investigated a possible cluster of SARS-CoV infections in healthcare workers who used contact and droplet precautions during attempted cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a SARS patient. Unlike previously reported instances of transmission during aerosol-generating procedures, the index case-patient was unresponsive, and the intubation procedure was performed quickly and without difficulty. However, before intubation, the patient was ventilated with a bag-valve-mask that may have contributed to aerosolization of SARS-CoV. On the basis of the results of this investigation and previous reports of SARS transmission during aerosol-generating procedures, a systematic approach to the problem is outlined, including the use of the following: 1) administrative controls, 2) environmental engineering controls, 3) personal protective equipment, and 4) quality control.

Topic: Infection Control and Ventilation
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
“AmeriKenyan”: Lived Acculturation and Ethnic Identification of Kenyan Natives During Their Youth

This qualitative study investigated the immigration, acculturation process, and ethnic identity experiences of six Kenyan emerging adults who immigrated to the United States during their adolescent years. Themes emerged from the data to describe their (a) immigration experience, (b) acculturation process into an individualistic culture with more of a Western worldview, (c) ethnic and racial identities, and (d) emotional response and coping. Subthemes and additional factors illustrated their experience as it relates to social life, academics, cultural context, family values, and more. Implications for multicultural psychology research and practice are addressed.

Topic: Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Implementation of free basic education policy

This report focuses on the results of the 2005 survey. It is divided into five sections. Section one briefly discusses the non-cost barriers to education. It then provides an overview of user fees - the impact that user fees have on school enrollment, household contributions as a percentage of total education expenditure, household education expenditures as a percentage of household consumption, and the impact of user fees on poor households. Section two presents the results of the 2005 World Bank survey on user fees. Section three draws on the experiences of eight African and three Asian nations that have eliminated user fees, in order to highlight the successes and challenges of implementing such policies. Section four provides observations on the lessons learned. Section five concludes the report and makes recommendations.

Topic: Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Respiratory health evaluation by leveraging lung surfactant fluid

Respiratory health is a critical component of human health. This physiological system allows gas exchange, activates defense mechanisms, detoxifies bioactive materials, and maintains pH. When the system is perturbed, the result is diminished lung capacity. The threshold levels that induce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and actionable evidence that describes whether the health endpoints are reversible are mainly missing from chemical hazard assessments. In this talk, I will describe our standardized and systematic method to conduct aerosol-to-lung interaction studies in a stand-alone chamber capable of simulating occupational environments. The interaction studies were performed using two different models: the changes in lung surfactant fluid biophysical properties and perturbations in lung cell/tissue biochemical expressions.

Topic: Neonatal Respiratory Health Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID 1 Analysis and Methodology to Segregate Residential Electricity Consumption in

Abstract—This work presents a two-stage model for the data analysis of electricity consumption. The first stage divides the consumption in two parts: weather- and illumination-related, and residual consumption, where weather-related consumption refers to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). Given the hourly total consumption, we obtain the hourly weather-related and illumination-related electricity consumption, and subtract this out to get residual consumption. The second stage of the model is a flexible, agent-based analytical tool that allows disaggregation of residual consumption into a sum of consumptions by different groups of appliances. This tool can be used for a variety of appli-cations including an optimization of demand-side management and/or a development of a set of desirable patterns for schedules of electricity-related activities in households (within an acceptable range of course) in order to minimize negative effects of high peak

Topic: Smart Grid Energy Management
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Mobilizing in Black Boxes: Social Networks and Participation in Social Movement Organizations

Recent research has focused on the role of social networks in facilitating participation in protest and social movement organizations. This paper elaborates three currents of microstructural explanation, based on information, identity, and exchange. In assessing these perspectives, it compares their treatment of multivalence, the tendency for social ties to inhibit as well as promote participation. Considering two dimensions of multivalence—the value of the social tie and the direction of social pressure—this paper discusses problems of measurement and interpretation in network analysis of movement participation. A critical review suggests some directions for future research.

Topic: Community Health and Development
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Electrochemical Sensors for Atmospheric Corrosion Rates: A New Design

AbstractAbstractA description is given of a modified electrochemical atmospheric corrosion monitor(EACM), having a built-in reference electrode which makes it possible to apply the 3-electrode technique in plotting polarisation curves with thin electrolyte layers, such as those responsible for the atmospheric corrosion phenomenon.In order to determine the possibilities of the new EACM's, some examples are given of their response under laboratory conditions: (1) with 400 μm thick water and Na Cl solution layers, and (2) with invisible adsorbed moisture layers. The EACM's were also tested under natural exposure conditions on CENIM's flat-roof.

Topic: Concrete Corrosion and Durability
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluation of the Links between Lamb Feed Efficiency and Rumen and Plasma Metabolomic Data

Feed efficiency is one of the keystones that could help make animal production less costly and more environmentally friendly. Residual feed intake (RFI) is a widely used criterion to measure feed efficiency by regressing intake on the main energy sinks. We investigated rumen and plasma metabolomic data on Romane male lambs that had been genetically selected for either feed efficiency (line rfi−) or inefficiency (line rfi+). These investigations were conducted both during the growth phase under a 100% concentrate diet and later on under a mixed diet to identify differential metabolite expression and to link it to biological phenomena that could explain differences in feed efficiency. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data were analyzed using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and correlations between metabolites’ relative concentrations were estimated to identify relationships between them. High levels of plasma citrate and malate were associated with genetically efficient animals, while high levels of amino acids such as L-threonine, L-serine, and L-leucine as well as beta-hydroxyisovalerate were associated with genetically inefficient animals under both diets. The two divergent lines could not be discriminated using rumen metabolites. Based on phenotypic residual feed intake (RFI), efficient and inefficient animals were discriminated using plasma metabolites determined under a 100% concentrate diet, but no discrimination was observed with plasma metabolites under a mixed diet or with rumen metabolites regardless of diet. Plasma amino acids, citrate, and malate were the most discriminant metabolites, suggesting that protein turnover and the mitochondrial production of energy could be the main phenomena that differ between efficient and inefficient Romane lambs.

Topic: Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Apollo Belvedere—Front, 2011

"Apollo Belvedere—Front" by G. James Brown was executed as a contemporary response to the long tradition of interpretative artworks. The drawing addresses the antique sculpture, "Apollo Belvedere", from the standpoint of a contemporary North Queensland artist's perception of the light and treatment of the portrayed subject. By design, the drawing is a point of comparison between European practices in the nineteenth century in translating the antique sculpture into drawings and the artist's personal art practice. An article discussing this drawing and its context may be found at: http://www.printsandprinciples.com/2012/05/james-brown-illustration-referencing.html

Topic: Museums and Cultural Heritage
Subfield: Museology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Portion Size Estimation:

Sources of error in diet assessment studies include inaccurate estimation of portion sizes, incorrect description of food items, incomplete recall of food items eaten and inclusion of extraneous foods. Data from free-living subjects on self-selected diets usually cannot separate the sources of error because of uncertainties about actual food intake. The present study was conducted to identify the contribution of portion size estimations of different food groups to the estimation of food group nutrient intake. Because subjects in the Dietary Effects on Lipoproteins and Thrombogenic Activity (DELTA) Study were fed well-controlled experimental diets, this was an excellent opportunity to compare self-reported portion sizes with weighed portions provided by the research kitchen. Subjects were normal weight males (n=25) and females (n=18) from three DELTA field centers (Columbia University, Penn State University and University of Minnesota) Twenty-four hour recalls on three randomly selected days were collected for each subject at the beginning of the feeding period. The recalls were conducted by telephone interview at the Penn State Diet Interview Center using the University of Minnesota's microcomputer Nutrient Data Systems. Research kitchen staff observed subjects consume portions. Portion sizes recalled by subjects were converted to gram weights. Individual foods in the experimental menus were grouped as major food groups and subgroups. Self-reported and actual portion sizes for all food groups were compared. Self-reported estimates of portion size versus actual quantities provided by the research kitchen ranged from –43% (underestimation in gram quantities) for condiments to +156% (overestimation) for pasta. In only 5 subgroups (i.e. juices, bread, cookies, milk/milk products and condiments) were portion sizes underestimated while intake from 14 subgroups was overestimated. The overestimation of food groups that resulted in the greatest relative overestimation of protein were pasta, nuts and mixed dishes. The overestimation of food groups that resulted in the greatest relative overestimation of fat were meats, baked beans, nuts, gravy and fat spreads. The overestimation of fruits, pasta, nee, mixed dishes and puddings resulted in the greatest relative overestimation of carbohydrate. This study establishes that subjects overestimate portion sizes of foods they were given to eat and recalled having eaten. In addition, portion sizes of certain food groups are more likely to be overestimated than others. This error in portion size estimation is one important contributor to the errors associated with dietary assessment studies. However, the extent of under- or overestimation of total nutrient intake is also affected by other sources of error.

Topic: Nutritional Studies and Diet
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Impacto de la relación proveedor - cliente en el desempeño de pequeños y medianos contratistas de Bahía Blanca. Una aproximación econométrica

Los crecientes niveles de competitividad mundial han llevado a las grandes firmas a operar con mayor grado de flexibilidad. Entre las estrategias desplegadas, la más importante ha sido la creación de redes de empresas, que unen unidades productivas grandes y pequeñas operando en diferentes sectores, regiones e incluso países. Este proceso de descentralización productiva ha permitido a las pymes recuperar un rol protagónico, que parecía perdido durante la vigencia del paradigma fordista.El objetivo central del presente trabajo es analizar, a través de un modelo econométrico, la importancia que reviste para una pequeña y mediana empresa ser proveedor de una gran planta que manufactura commodities, ambas radicadas en la ciudad de Bahía Blanca.

Topic: Organizational Management and Innovation
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
List colouring of two matroids through reduction to partition matroids

In the list coloring problem for two matroids, we are given matroids $M_1=(S,{\cal I}_1)$ and $M_2=(S,{\cal I}_2)$ on the same ground set $S$, and the goal is to determine the smallest number $k$ such that given arbitrary lists $L_s$ of $k$ colors for $s\in S$, it is possible to choose a color from each list so that every monochromatic set is independent in both $M_1$ and $M_2$. When both $M_1$ and $M_2$ are partition matroids, Galvin's list coloring theorem for bipartite graphs gives the answer. One of the main open questions is to decide if there exists a constant $c$ such that if the coloring number is $k$ (i.e., the ground set can be partitioned into $k$ common independent sets), then the list coloring number is at most $c\cdot k$. We consider matroid classes that appear naturally in combinatorial optimization problems, namely graphic matroids, paving matroids and gammoids. We show that if both matroids are from these fundamental classes, then the list coloring number is at most twice the coloring number. The proof is based on a new approach that reduces a matroid to a partition matroid without increasing its coloring number too much, and might be of independent combinatorial interest. In particular, we show that if $M=(S,{\cal I})$ is a matroid in which $S$ can be partitioned into $k$ independent sets, then there exists a partition matroid $N=(S,{\cal J})$ with ${\cal J}\subseteq{\cal I}$ in which $S$ can be partitioned into (A) $k$ independent sets if $M$ is a transversal matroid, (B) $2k-1$ independent sets if $M$ is a graphic matroid, (C) $\lceil kr/(r-1)\rceil$ independent sets if $M$ is a paving matroid of rank $r$, and (D) $2k-2$ independent sets if $M$ is a gammoid. We extend our results by showing that the existence of a matroid $N$ with $χ(N)\leq 2χ(M)$ implies the existence of a matroid $N'$ with $χ(N')\leq 2χ(M')$ for every truncation $M'$ of $M$.

Topic: Advanced Graph Theory Research
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The effects of hyperlipidemia on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of amiodarone and ketoconazole

The influence of hyperlipidemia on the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects of lipophilic drugs was explored. The antiarrhythmic, amiodarone, and the antifungal, (±)-ketoconazole, were used as model drugs. Experimental hyperlipidemia was induced in rat using poloxamer 407 and two sensitive novel HPLC assays were developed. In a multiple dosing study, hyperlipidemia increased amiodarone plasma concentrations, heart concentrations and electrocardiographic changes. The amiodarone heart uptake could not be totally attributed to its unbound fraction, where the cardiac very low density lipoprotein receptors seemed to play a role in the uptake of bound drug. Amiodarone liver metabolism in presence and absence of hyperlipidemia was studied using isolated primary rat liver hepatocytes. The metabolism of amiodarone was lower in hepatocytes isolated from hyperlipidemic than those from normolipidemic rats. Hyperlipidemic serum resulted in a decrease in amiodarone metabolism and when coincubated, the expected decrease in unbound fraction seemed to resulted in greater inhibition of metabolism. (±)-Ketoconazole showed stereoselectivity in its pharmacokinetics in rat with (+)-ketoconazole showing higher plasma concentrations than its antipode. This was attributed to its higher protein binding. There was no difference in the total bioavailability of the two enantiomers. Ketoconazole enantiomers exhibited nonlinear pharmacokinetics. In normolipidemic rat plasma ketoconazole enantiomers were more than 95% bound to lipoprotein deficient fraction. Hyperlipidemia resulted in shifting both enantiomers 20% to very low density and low density lipoprotein fractions. In a pharmacokinetic assessment, hyperlipidemia was found to increase ketoconazole enantiomer volume of distribution. Moreover, the stereoselectivity ratios of most pharmacokinetic parameters were changed. After oral dosing, the uptake of (-)-ketoconazole was significantly decreased. Since ketoconazole is used as a potent CYP3A inhibitor, alteration in liver concentrations of (-)-ketoconazole, the more potent inhibitory enantiomer, could decrease its CYP inhibitory potential. Hyperlipidemia potentiated the CYP-mediated interaction between ketoconazole and midazolam with significantly higher midazolam AUC and lower clearance. This was attributed to the inhibitory action of ketoconazole and the effect of hyperlipidemia on the binding of midazolam. Hyperlipidemia was found to unexpectedly decrease midazolam unbound fraction in plasma. In conclusion, the findings could explain some unexpected dose versus effect outcomes in hyperlipidemic patients receiving amiodarone or ketoconazole.

Topic: Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences