jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Developments: Kings and Cortes

By the mid-fourteenth century there was as yet no royal theocracy in the Castilian realms which embodied in itself the principle of legislative sovereignty. Yet Castilian—Leonese kingship was strong enough to contrast with the constitutionalism of the Crown of Aragon where, by the end of the reign of Peter IV (1336–87), the exercise of royal power was clearly limited by law and by the establishment of controls and checks on monarchical government. As the momentum of the reconquest slackened from the mid-thirteenth century onwards, the frontier dominated political life to a lesser extent. In accounting for these constitutional divergences, therefore, less attention will be devoted to the theme of the frontier, and much of this chapter will deal with issues which continued to dominate political life during the later medieval period.

Topic: Medieval Iberian Studies
Subfield: Classics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
COMBINED FEMORAL AND CHIARI OSTEOTOMIES AS ONE-STAGE RECONSTRUCTION FOR PAINFUL SUBLUXATION OR DISLOCATION OF THE HIP IN CEREBRAL PALSY: A LONG-TERM OUTCOME STUDY

In order to manage painful subluxation/dislocation secondary to cerebral palsy, 12 hips in 11 patients received combined femoral and Chiari pelvic osteotomies with additional soft tissues releases at an average age of 14.1 (9.1-17.8) years. Pain relief, improvement in the arc of movement, sitting posture and ease of perineal care was recorded in all, and these features have been maintained at an average follow-up of 13.1 (8-17.5) years. The improvement of general mobility was marginal, but those who were community walkers benefited the most. Pre-operative radiological measurements have been modified post-operatively to use lateral margin of the neo-acetabulum produced by the pelvic osteotomy. The radiological migration index improved from a mean of 80.6% to 13.7% [p This combined procedure provides a stable hip with sustained pain relief for the adolescent and young adult presenting with pain.

Topic: Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
MATERNAL AND FETAL OUTCOMES OF OBESE PREGNANT PATIENTS

<strong><em>Introduction: </em></strong><em>Many studies indicated that there is rising prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst children of all ages is increasing in the past few decades. Mothers who are overweight or obese during pregnancy and childbirth, as measured by increasing maternal body mass index (BMI), are known to be at risk of significant antenatal, intrapartum, postpartum and also neonatal complications. </em> <strong><em>Objectives of the study: </em></strong><em>The basic aim of the study is to analyze </em><em>the maternal and fetal outcome in obese pregnant females in Pakistan. </em> <strong><em>Material and methods: </em></strong><em>This cross sectional study was conducted at Jinnah Hospital Lahore during April 2018 to July 2018. </em><em>One hundred and twenty two women were recruited in the study. The patients were allocated into two groups, group 1 obese patients (68) BMI 30 or more and group 2 non obese patients (54). Patients were excluded from the study, if there was other risk factors like previous Ceserian Section (C.S.) or pre-existing medical and / or obstetric complications to evaluate obesity as the only risk factor and its impact upon pregnancy and obstetric outcome. </em> <strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>About two - third of the study group were having mild obesity, moderate obesity comprised about 28% and about 4% only was morbidly obese. Hypertensive disorders were nine folds more among obese women. Obese pregnant women were significantly more prone to have gestational diabetes. </em> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong><em>It is concluded that </em><em>as there is higher chances of operative interference during labour, better antenatal care and prior planning for elective caesarean section could prevent complications arising out of emergency caesarean section.</em>

Topic: Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Modified Born-Oppenheimer basis for nonadiabatic coupling: Application to the vibronic spectrum of HD+

Nonadiabatic matrix elements, when computed using a Born-Oppenheimer (BO) basis, do not vanish asymptotically because the motion of the electrons with the nuclei at large internuclear separations is not taken into account. We apply a method suggested by Delos [Rev. Mod. Phys. 53, 287 (1981)] to include the effect of electron translation factors in a quantum-mechanical framework, thus correcting the BO basis to incorporate proper boundary conditions. We calculate the nonadiabatic matrix elements for H2+ and its isotopic variants. We focus our calculations on HD+, for which experimental results exist, and calculate its vibronic spectrum. This is the first application of this method to calculate high precision spectroscopic information for molecular systems.

Topic: Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Diseases and Injuries of Seed

The fact that seeds are both vehicles and victims of disease calls for some clarification of concepts. So do the facts that seeds, without being diseased, may be vehicles of pathogens, as well as they may be victims of detriments other than disease, such as insect damage.

Topic: Seed Germination and Physiology
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Ellis Rivkin and the Problems of Pharisaic History: A Study in Historiography

Ellis Rivkin and the Problems of Pharisaic History: A Study in Historiography Get access DAVID ELLENSON DAVID ELLENSON DAVID ELLENSON is currently a teaching assistant and Ph.D. student in the Department of Religion at Columbia University. He expresses appreciation to Professors Joseph Blau, James A. Martin, Gillian Lindt, and David Sperling for reading earlier drafts of this paper and for helping to develop and improve the thoughts expressed here Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume XLIII, Issue 4, December 1975, Pages 787–802, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/XLIII.4.787 Published: 01 December 1975

Topic: Religion and Society Interactions
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Wooden Penetrating Pelvic Trauma Passing the Foramen Ischiadicum

We describe the case of a 45-year-old woman who suffered an impalement injury of the pelvis with penetration of the sciatic foramen by a wooden foreign body. Following a single operation, the injury healed without complications or infection. We have taken this as an opportunity to describe the case and our standard procedure in more detail.

Topic: Pelvic and Acetabular Injuries
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and follow-up of gastrointestinal diseases].

Endoscopic ultrasonography provides detailed images of gastrointestinal structures by means of high frequency ultrasound transducers placed within the gastrointestinal tract. In this paper, the authors describe various systems and discuss their clinical potential and indications for use. Endoscopic ultrasonography allows imaging of various small pathological lesions in the visceral wall and adjacent structures, such as the mediastinum, pancreas and distal parts of the bile duct. Experience in endoscopy and ultrasonography is necessary for a proper management of the technique.

Topic: Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Induction of biliary cholangiocarcinoma cell apoptosis by 103Pd cholangial radioactive stent gamma-rays.

(103)Pd radioactive stents which provide a radioactive dosage of 197.321 MBq are effective in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma; (103)Pd radioactive stents should be useful for the clinical treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.

Topic: Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Studies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Using Neurotechnologies to Develop Virtues: A Buddhist Approach to Cognitive Enhancement [pre-print]

Recently, Fenton (2009) has argued that Buddhist ethics can accommodate the use of attention-enhancing drugs, and Walker (2006 , 2009) has argued that future neurotechnologies may be used to enhance happiness and virtue. This paper uses a Western Buddhist perspective, drawing on many Buddhist traditions, to explore how emerging neurotechnologies may be used to suppress vices and enhance happiness and virtue. A Buddhist approach to the authenticity of technologically-mediated spiritual progress is discussed. The potential utility and dangers of mood manipulation for a Buddhist understanding of liberation are outlined. Then the ten paramitas of Theravadan Buddhism are explored to frame an exploration of the potential genes, neurochemicals and brain structures that could be targeted as part of a program of neurotechnological moral enhancement.

Topic: Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Feeding On the Web: Online Social Support in the Breastfeeding Context

Breastfeeding has been found to be an influential factor in the health of both mothers and children; despite the benefits, very few women breastfeed beyond the first 3 months of life. One reason for this discrepancy may lie in a lack of social support in various forms. A better understanding of needed support and of ways support is communicated may help to provide such support to women. Little research has investigated social support from a communication perspective in the breastfeeding context, and as more and more women go online for health information during pregnancy and postpartum, the Web becomes a fruitful place for such exploration. The present study details a mixed methods analysis of social support communication via the top online breastfeeding forums. Results and directions for future research in online social support communication in breastfeeding are discussed.

Topic: Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Seeing Through News concerning Unfunded Pension Benefit Obligation Write-Off Policies in Japan : Market Reaction to News on Newspaper

This paper focuses on the information content of the periodic allocation of expense by managers. In this paper, we analyzed the direction and magnitude of stock price changes in response to the disclosure of write-off policies of 424 Japanese companies on two newspapers. We obtained some empirical evidence that information concerning write-off policies confirms or changes the expectation of investors about the target companies. This was achieved by our examination concerning market reactions to information about write-off policies of unfunded pension benefit obligations; good and bad performances by short and long write-off periods. Companies that had disclosed their write-off policies were assigned to one of the two categories: companies with good performance or companies with poor performance. Our observation of the effect of the length of unfunded pension benefit obligation (UPBO) write-off periods on stock prices made it clear that the disclosed write-off policies contained information that either confirmed or caused the revision of investors had formed opinions regarding the target companies. In the first section, we explain the change of accounting standards and consequent burden of write-off expense. In the second section, we review previous research. The hypothesis which will be verified is offered in the third while research design is in the forth section. The results of our examination and their implications are given in the fifth section. Lastly, we make concluding remarks in the sixth section.

Topic: Corporate Finance and Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Recombinant Human Gamma Interferon in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children: Safety, CD4<sup>+</sup>-Lymphocyte Count, Viral Load, and Neutrophil Function (AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 211)

ABSTRACT Nineteen children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were treated with recombinant human gamma interferon (rIFN-γ) (50 μg/m 2 subcutaneously three times each week during weeks 1 through 12 and 100 μg/m 2 subcutaneously three times each week during weeks 13 through 24) in a phase I/II clinical trial. All children continued to receive previously prescribed therapy with oral zidovudine or didanosine. Children were assessed clinically and with laboratory studies during 24 weeks of study treatment and for 12 weeks after completion of rIFN-γ therapy. In general, rIFN-γ therapy was well tolerated. There were two clinical or laboratory adverse events thought to be possibly or probably study drug associated. One child developed acute pancreatitis; another child developed granulocytopenia. Median CD4 + -lymphocyte counts and plasma HIV RNA concentrations did not change significantly during therapy. In vitro neutrophil bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and superoxide production were not significantly affected by rIFN-γ therapy. We conclude that rIFN-γ therapy in HIV-infected children receiving single-agent antiretroviral therapy is safe and does not produce consistent changes in CD4 + -lymphocyte count, plasma HIV RNA concentration, or in vitro neutrophil function.

Topic: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia detection and treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Material Falsity and Error in Descartes' Meditations

Material Falsity and Error in Descartes's Meditations approaches Descartes's Meditations as an intellectual journey, wherein Descartes's views develop and change as he makes new discoveries about self, God and matter. The first book to focus closely on Descartes's notion of material falsity, it shows how Descartes's account of material falsity – and correspondingly his account of crucial notions such as truth, falsehood and error – evolves according to the epistemic advances in the Meditations. It also offers important new insights on the crucial role of Descartes's Third Meditation discussion of material falsity in advancing many subsequent arguments in the Meditations. This book is essential reading for those working on Descartes and early modern philosophy. It presents an independent reading on issues of perennial interest, such as Descartes's views on error, truth and falsehood. It also makes important contributions to topics that have been the focus of much recent scholarship, such as Descartes's ethics and his theodicy. Those working on the interface between medieval and modern philosophy will find the discussions on Descartes's debt to predecessors like Suárez and Augustine invaluable.

Topic: Historical Philosophy and Science
Subfield: History and Philosophy of Science
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy in Vascular Neurology Between Neurology Residents and a Neurology Differential Diagnosis App: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Background: Diagnostic errors in neurological diagnosis are a source of preventable harm. Software tools like Differential Diagnosis (DDx) apps in neurology that hold the potential to mitigate this harm are conspicuously lacking. Materials and Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional observational study was designed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of a Neurology DDx App (Neurology Dx) with neurology residents by using vascular neurology clinical vignettes. The study was conducted at 7 leading neurology institutes in India. Study participants comprised of 100 neurology residents from the participating institutes. Measurements: Detecting diagnostic accuracy of residents and App measured as a proportion of correctly identified high likely gold standard DDx was prespecified as the main outcome. Proportions of correctly identified first high likely, first 3 high likely, first 5 high likely, and combined moderate plus high likely gold standard differentials by residents and App were secondary outcomes. Results: 1,000 vignettes were attempted by residents. Frequency of gold standard, high likely differentials correctly identified by residents was 27% compared to 72% by App (absolute difference 45%, 95% CI 35.7-52.8). When high and moderate likely differentials were combined, residents scored 17% compared to 57% by App (absolute difference 40%, 95% CI 33.8-50.0). Residents correctly identified first high likely gold standard differential as their first high likely differential in 34% compared to 18% by App (absolute difference 16%, 95% CI 1.2-25.4). Conclusion: App with predefined knowledge base can complement clinical reasoning of neurology residents. Portability and functionality of such Apps may further strengthen this symbiosis between humans and algorithms (CTRI/2017/06/008838).

Topic: Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
Subfield: Family Practice
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Conformal high dose rate iridium-192 boost brachytherapy in locally advanced prostate cancer: superior prostate-specific antigen response compared with external beam treatment.

These preliminary results show a significant improvement in the biochemical response rate with conformal boost brachytherapy and pelvic external radiation compared with conventional radiation alone. These results, coupled with our previously reported acceptable toxicity rates, support the use of this technique.

Topic: Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Process-tolerant III-V/Si Membrane Distributed Reflector Lasers and 50-Gb/s Direct Modulation at 80°C

We demonstrate distributed reflector lasers based on a III-V/Si membrane platform that includes quantum well intermixed distributed Bragg reflectors offering tolerance to fabrication errors. The laser was used to transmit 50-Gb/s PAM4 signals at 80°C.

Topic: Photonic and Optical Devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Clinical use of monoclonal antibodies to the epidermal growth factor receptor in colorectal cancer.

Monoclonal antibodies to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are among the promising novel targeted therapies being explored in colorectal cancer. Two such agents that inhibit EGFR signaling by interfering with ligand-binding are cetuximab (Erbitux) and panitumumab (Vectibix). This review will address the use of cetuximab and panitumumab in chemotherapy-refractory colorectal cancer as well as in front-line therapy for the disease, consider predictors of response and resistance, and outline comparisons between these agents.

Topic: Colorectal Cancer Treatments and Studies
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
River heritage: the Murray-Darling River.

This chapter examines aspects of river heritage and how the tourism industry has provided the impetus for the adaptive preservation of a significant heritage site on the Murray River, part of the larger Murray-Darling River System, Australia. The chapter commences with a brief overview of the Murray-Darling River System, examining aspects that include its flow patterns and flora and fauna. A short discussion on aspects of the history of human settlement of the river system follows. The development of the system's rural industries is briefly considered before the chapter examines the development of the river trade, which today has become a significant element of the tourism appeal of the river system. The chapter concludes with an examination of how elements of the river's built heritage based on the 19th-century river port of Echuca have been developed to support the region's tourism industry.

Topic: Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Archaeology of St. Lawrence Island. Henry B. CollinsJr. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 96, No. 1, pp. 424, map, 26 text figures, 84 plates, Washington, 1937.)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Topic: Archaeological Research and Protection
Subfield: Space and Planetary Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Studies on Fluid-Thermal-Structural Coupling for Aerothermoelasticity in Hypersonic Flow

The field of aerothermoelasticity plays an important role in the analysis and optimization of airbreathing hypersonic vehicles, impacting the design of the aerodynamic, structural, control, and propulsion systems at both the component and multi-disciplinary levels. This study aims to expand the fundamental understanding of hypersonic aerothermoelasticity by performing systematic investigations into fluid-thermal-structural coupling, and also to develop frameworks, using innovative modeling strategies, for reducing the computational effort associated with aerothermoelastic analysis. Due to the fundamental nature of this work, the analysis is limited to cylindrical bending of a simply-supported, von K arm an panel. Multiple important effects are included in the analysis, namely: 1) arbitrary, nonuniform, in-plane and through-thickness temperature distributions, 2) material property degradation at elevated temperature, and 3) the effect of elastic deformation on aerodynamic heating. It is found that including elastic deformations in the aerodynamic heating computations results in non-uniform heat flux, which produces non-uniform temperature distributions and non-uniform material property degradations. This results in reduced flight time to the onset of flutter and localized regions in which the material temperature limits may be exceeded. Additionally, the trade-off between computational cost and accuracy is evaluated for aerothermoelastic analysis based on either quasi-static or time-averaged dynamic fluid-thermal-structural coupling, as well as computational fluid dynamics based reduced-order modeling of the aerodynamic heat flux. It is determined that these approaches offer the potential for significant improvements in aerothermoelastic modeling in terms of efficiency and/or accuracy.

Topic: Computational Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences