jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Three phases in the development of computer simulation of chemical engineering systems

Three phases in the development of computer simulation of chemical engineering systems are considered. In the first phase, the mass and heat balances are calculated using detailed mathematical models of apparatuses. In the second phase, the chemical engineering system is optimized in a (strictly) deterministic formulation. In the third phase, the optimal parameters of the chemical engineering system are chosen provided that the system is serviceable throughout the possible range of internal and external factors. The method used in the third phase is the flexibility analysis of chemical engineering systems.

Topic: Process Optimization and Integration
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Analysis Of Sharia Conformity To Kafalah Contract and Hasanah Card Products In Islamic Banking

This study focused on assessing the conformity of sharia to kafalah contracts in Hasanah Card products. The main findings show that the implementation of kafalah contracts on Hasanah Cards still does not fully meet the required Sharia criteria. The majority of scholars are of the view that the agreement related to ujrah for kafalah services falls into the category of riba qardh, so it is forbidden. Therefore, it is important to keep the kafalah in its purity context as a form of aid and almsgiving without any element of imbalance or compensation that is not under the principles of Shariah. This research is expected to make a significant contribution to the development of Islamic financial products that are more in line with Islamic teachings. By highlighting shortcomings in the implementation of the kafalah contract in the Hasanah Card product, it is hoped that it will encourage better improvement and innovation efforts to ensure Sharia compliance in Islamic finance practices. In addition, this research is also expected to increase public awareness of the importance of applying sharia principles in every aspect of finance, to create a more transparent, fair, and under Islamic values.

Topic: Islamic Finance and Banking Studies
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
The afterlife of a dictatorship: Ismail Kadare’s post-communist reckoning with the Albanian past

Legal processes of lustration have been carried out unevenly in the wake of Eastern Europe’s communist regimes. In countries where legal and political will is lacking, writers have carried out a role of literary lustration, occupying the empty spaces in civic consciousness and contributing to the rebuilding of social trust. The work of leading Albanian writer Ismail Kadare represents a contemporary case study in literary lustration. In his post-communist novels, Kadare seeks to rebuild a national narrative by exploring the effects of the past on the present and seeking truth, if not necessarily justice, in his country’s immediate past. Kadare’s post-communist novels chronicle the ongoing psychological and social effects of the dictatorship as the past is held to account for the aberrations of the present. Kadare recognizes the human aspects of loss and oppression, showing their political and social consequences for a nation battling to emerge from its traumatic past.

Topic: Balkans: History, Politics, Society
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A mining project is a field of risks: a systematic and preliminary portrait of mining risks

Due to the current economic situation and the growth in world demand, the mining industry is undergoing a period of spectacular development.The current need to increase production at mine sites coincides with the development of managerial capacities, the use of new industrial methods and equipment, and increased use of skilled workforce.Despite such developments, a number of researchers view the mining sector among the world's most uncertain and hazardous industries.Although the sector utilizes risk management tools appropriately, several large-scale mining projects have failed as a result of neglect or underestimation of hazards.Total risk management of a new project remains a goal to be attained so as to enhance reliability of decisions and make mining organizations safer and more secure.The intent of this paper is to provide researchers and practitioners a preliminary portrait of the risks related to new mining projects.To attain this objective, the authors have primarily used results from research undertaken in the f eld.They completed this portrait using the results of hazard identif cation studies that they conducted in an open-pit mining project in Quebec.During this study, a number of data-gathering techniques were used, including documentation analysis, collaborative f eld observations, and interviews with managers and workers.This work demonstrates the possibility of identifying a number of categories of known risks and uncertainties not recently taken into account in any systemic or systematic way in mining project risk management.In this paper, identif ed risks are categorized hierarchically to show the impact and possibility of occurrence of each for every project phase.Despite having a number of limitations, this study enables construction of a risks portrait indispensable for completing a reliable and rapid assessment of mining project hazards.

Topic: Occupational Health and Safety Research
Subfield: Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Stochastic oscillations in models of epidemics on a network of cities

We carry out an analytic investigation of stochastic oscillations in a susceptible-infected-recovered model of disease spread on a network of n cities. In the model a fraction fjk of individuals from city k commute to city j, where they may infect, or be infected by, others. Starting from a continuous-time Markov description of the model the deterministic equations, which are valid in the limit when the population of each city is infinite, are recovered. The stochastic fluctuations about the fixed point of these equations are derived by use of the van Kampen system-size expansion. The fixed point structure of the deterministic equations is remarkably simple: A unique nontrivial fixed point always exists and has the feature that the fraction of susceptible, infected, and recovered individuals is the same for each city irrespective of its size. We find that the stochastic fluctuations have an analogously simple dynamics: All oscillations have a single frequency, equal to that found in the one-city case. We interpret this phenomenon in terms of the properties of the spectrum of the matrix of the linear approximation of the deterministic equations at the fixed point. © 2011 American Physical Society.

Topic: Complex Network Analysis Techniques
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cytokine-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) by astrocytes and astrocytoma cell lines.

Abstract Astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) associate intimately with vascular endothelial cells and are integral to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Leukocyte transmigration across the BBB is a cardinal feature of CNS inflammation, as observed in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4)/vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) interactions have recently been proposed as essential for this process. VCAM-1 expression by astrocytes was recently reported. We addressed the regulation of VCAM-1 expression by inflammatory cytokines in primary human astrocytes and two human astrocytoma cell lines. Astrocytoma cells up-regulated surface VCAM-1 expression in response to cytokines in the following order: IFN-gamma plus TNF-alpha &amp;gt; IFN-gamma plus IL-1 beta &amp;gt; TNF-alpha &amp;gt; IFN-gamma. Cytokine-activated astrocytoma cells expressed 7-domain VCAM-1, as indicated by accumulation of 3.2-kb VCAM-1 mRNA and immunoprecipitation of a 100-kDa protein with anti-VCAM-1 mAb. Lymphoblast adhesion to cytokine-activated astrocytoma cell monolayers was significantly blocked by mAb specific for VCAM-1 and VLA-4, indicating that astrocytoma cell VCAM-1 was functional. Astrocytoma cell expression of VCAM-1 could be a constituent of the astrocyte phenotype. To support this possibility, we demonstrated that cytokine-treated adult human and rat primary astrocytes expressed VCAM-1, and the rank order of cytokine potency for VCAM-1 induction in primary and neoplastic astrocytes was strikingly similar. This is the first documentation of VCAM-1 expression by adult human astrocytes. Expression of VCAM-1 by astrocytes at the BBB could play a role in mononuclear leukocyte entry into the CNS.

Topic: Cell Adhesion Molecules Research
Subfield: Immunology and Allergy
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The regulation of cardiac cell proliferation and survival during vertebrate development

The formation of organs during development requires that cell proliferation occur in a coordinated fashion. Furthermore, mis-regulation of the cell cycle during adulthood is associated with cancer and other human diseases. The molecular pathways that govern the eukaryotic cell cycle have been extensively studied, however the mechanisms by which the cell cycle is regulated in a tissue specific manner during development are not well understood. In this work, we explore the regulation of cell proliferation within the developing heart, as well as the maintenance of proliferating cardiac progenitor cells. The T-box transcription factor TBX5 is expressed within the developing heart and is required for heart morphogenesis in vertebrates. Additionally, mutations to TBX5 have been associated with the human congenital heart defect Holt-Oram syndrome. Despite the evolutionarily conserved role for TBX5 in heart development, the precise cellular requirement for TBX5 has not been defined. We show that one of the earliest defects in the TBX5-depleted Xenopus embryos is a reduction in cardiac cell number due to a decrease in mitotic index. We have further demonstrated that TBX5 is both necessary and sufficient to control cardiac cell cycle progression, and that depleting TBX5 leads to arrest in late G1 or early S-phase of the cell cycle. In this way, TBX5 is required to establish cardiac morphology during development. Finally we have identified a requirement for the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 in the maintenance of proliferating cardiac progenitor cells downstream of FGF signaling. These studies show that SHP-2 is required for the maintenance of cardiac precursors, and that in the absence of SHP-2 activity, there is an increase in programmed cell death specifically in the cardiac precursor cells and pharyngeal mesoderm. When SHP-2 activity is inhibited at a later stage, when many cells have exited the cell cycle, cardiac differentation is able to proceed, however the number of proliferating cells within the heart is substantially reduced. These data suggest a specific requirement for SHP-2 in the survival of proliferating cardiac progenitor cells.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
[Hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy].

In diabetic retinopathy the hard exudates are often arranged in a halo and correspond to a focal oedema. Their number may increase after correctly performed photocoagulation, and may decrease after a certain period. The central (macular) hard exudate may be subretinal and are a poor prognosis, leading to a fibrotic scar. When those exudates are more superficial, filling the cystoid spaces, they are of better prognosis.

Topic: Retinal Diseases and Treatments
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Localization and Categorization of Early Reflections for Estimating Acoustic Reflection Coefficients

Knowledge of room acoustic parameters such as frequency- and direction-dependent reflection coefficients, room volume, or geometric characteristics is important for the mod-eling of acoustic environments, e. g. to improve the plausibility of immersive audio in mixed reality applications or to transfer a physical acoustic environment into a completely virtual one. This paper presents a method for detecting first-order reflections in three-dimensions of spatial room impulse responses recorded with a spherical microphone array. By using geometric relations, the estimated direction of arrival (DOA), and the time difference of arrival (TDOA), the order of the respective mirror sound source is determined and categorized to the individual walls of the room. The detected DOA and TDOA of the first-order mirror sound sources are used to estimate the frequency-dependent reflection coefficients of the respective walls using a null-steering beamformer directed to the estimated DOA. Analysis in terms of DOA and TDOA indicates an accurate estimation for simulated and measured data. The estimation of the reflection coefficients shows a relative error of 3.5 % between 500 Hz and 4 kHz for simulated data. Furthermore, experimental challenges are discussed, such as the evaluation of the reflection coefficient estimation in real acoustic environments.

Topic: Speech and Audio Processing
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Rapid Identification of Pathogens from Pediatric Blood Cultures by Use of the FilmArray Blood Culture Identification Panel

ABSTRACT The performance of the FilmArray blood culture identification (BCID) panel has been studied in adult patients. We describe here an evaluation of this assay for the rapid identification of pathogens in Bactec Peds Plus/F and Bactec standard anaerobic/F bottles that contained blood samples from pediatric patients at a tertiary care children's hospital.

Topic: Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Desmoplastic nodule associated with intradermal nevus: a case report

摘要： 【摘要】 患者男，28岁，因左侧胸部单发褐色肿物4年、多发小丘疹1年就诊。皮肤科检查：胸部左侧一1.2 cm × 1.1 cm × 1.0 cm褐色类圆形肿物，质韧，其右侧数个直径3 ~ 5 mm褐色丘疹，左侧腋下淋巴结未触及肿大。手术完整切除肿物后行组织病理检查：肿物和小丘疹内均可见真皮浅层痣细胞聚集成巢，考虑皮内痣；最大肿物内见一结缔组织增生性结节，其内痣细胞散在分布于纤维之间，并见痣巨细胞；结节中痣细胞体积较大，呈上皮样或梭形，细胞核呈类圆形或梭形，可见明显核仁，痣细胞分裂象少见。免疫组化：皮内痣和增生性结节内痣细胞S100均阳性；皮内痣真皮浅层痣细胞Melan-A、HMB45阳性，而增生性结节内Melan-A、HMB45阴性；皮内痣及增生性结节Ki-67 1%、CD34阳性，P16、P63均阴性。诊断：皮内痣伴结缔组织增生性结节。

Topic: Genetic and rare skin diseases.
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A taxonomy of parallel techniques for intrusion detection

Intrusion detection systems (IDS) have become a key component in ensuring the safety of systems and networks. These systems enforce a security policy by inspecting arriving packets for known signatures (patterns). This process actually involves several tasks that collectively incur a significant delay. As network line speeds continue to increase, it is crucial that efficient scalable approaches, such as parallelization, are developed for IDS.

Topic: Network Security and Intrusion Detection
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Adhesion of U‐937 Monocytes on Different Amine‐functionalised Polymer Surfaces

Abstract Human U‐937 monocytes are notoriously reluctant to adhere to normally cell‐adhering surfaces, for example tissue‐culture poly(styrene). In earlier work, these laboratories observed that organic thin films prepared by plasma‐ or ultraviolet‐assisted polymerisation, so‐called PVP:N, did facilitate the adhesion and proliferation of U‐937 under the condition that the concentration of primary amines exceed a critical value, [NH 2 ] crit ≥ 4.2 at.%. That criterion being satisfied by pristine Parylene diX AM, we have compared its performance with those of particular types of PVP:N, L‐PPE:N and UV‐PE:N. Here, we report a study of aging of these coating types in atmospheric air, then of time‐dependent adhesion of U‐937 cells. Although there are similarities, the coatings also manifest interesting differences that so far elude detailed understanding. magnified image

Topic: Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
[Prospects of therapeutic intervention in drug addiction in prisons].

The non-penalization envisaged by the new law concerning the use and possession of drugs, will not cause the population of drug addicts to disappear from the prisons; it is however to be expected a qualitative modification of them, with the drug addicts clinically in most serious and persistent conditions and more involved with the criminal subculture, gradually increasing in number. Such individuals will represent a group of potential customers much different from that found up to now, and their more meaningful features will concern their age (higher), polytoxicomania (almost always resulting in heroinism), the abandonment of all family ties, of the pristine social and cultural status, of work, to acquire a new role, where identity is extremely ambiguous and uncertain. As concerns the treatment hypotheses, the less involved users being no longer dealth with--upon whom the attention of operators had been chiefly centered, and on whom the prospects of a psychotherapeutic success had been founded--only two solutions are regarded as implementable in the future: either to give up all intramural treatments, with the exception of those having a medical character, and, extramurally, to provide for the supply (controlled and through dispensaries) of heroin or substitute drugs, so as to reduce as much as possible the danger drug addicts represent for society; or to establish therapeutic or intramural communities, forming the one instrument capable of suggesting or conditioning new identity patterns, as an initial stage of an analogous institutional treatment to be continued when the convict leaves the prison.

Topic: Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
TCP/IP Essentials: A Lab-Based Approach

The TCP/IP family of protocols have become the de facto standard in the world of networking, are found in virtually all computer communication systems, and form the basis of today's Internet. TCP/IP Essentials is a hands-on guide to TCP/IP technologies, and shows how the protocols are implemented in practice. The book contains a series of extensively tested laboratory experiments that span the various elements of protocol definition and behavior. Topics covered include bridges, routers, LANs, static and dynamic routing, multicast and realtime service, and network management and security. The experiments are described in a Linux environment, with parallel notes on Solaris implementation. The book includes many homework exercises, and supplementary material for instructors is available. The book is aimed at students of electrical and computer engineering and students of computer science taking courses in networking. It is also an ideal guide for engineers studying for networking certifications

Topic: Smart Grid Security and Resilience
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Impact of the Medicare Fee Schedule on Payments to Physicians

Beginning in 1992, the Medicare program will pay physicians by the Medicare Fee Schedule, a system of geographically adjusted standardized payment rates based in part on the Resource-Based Relative Value Scale developed by Hsaio et al and in part on current Medicare payments. In our simulations of the Medicare Fee Schedule, we find that (1) redistributions of Medicare-allowed charges across specialities will be substantial but approximately only half the size projected by Hsaio, (2) there will be large redistributions among geographic areas that tend to compound the specialty redistributions, and (3) there will be wide variation within specialties as to how individual providers are affected. The majority of the redistributive impact of the Medicare Fee Schedule is attributable to implementation of a geographically adjusted system of standardized payments rather than to the particular work values developed by Hsiao et al in the Resource-Based Relative Value Scale.

Topic: Healthcare Policy and Management
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Filtration of a Hanford Site Tank 241-AN-102 Waste Sample with Alternate Sr/TRU Precipitation Conditions at Bench and Pilot Scales

In support of the design of the Hanford Waste Treatment Plant, the Savannah River Technology Center has conducted crossflow ultrafiltration tests on the bench scale with both a radioactive sample and simulants and at pilot scale with simulants. The waste tested was from Tank 241-AN-102, which underwent isotopic dilution with strontium nitrate to reduce the soluble (superscript 90)Sr concentration, and sodium permanganate precipitation to remove selected transuranic species. Experimental work validated the use of a simulant by comparison of bench scale simulant filtration data with radioactive filtration test data. Tests on a pilot scale were also conducted and showed that the filtration flux in the pilot unit was consistently lower than in the bench scale unit. An alternative precipitation method resulted in less filterable slurries. Several possible explanations for the differences in flux were proposed, including differences in particle size distribution and slurry viscosity (th e term viscosity will be used, although consistency is more correct for non-Newtonian fluids). The experimental data was also fit to an empirical model and several filtration models. The trends in the data generally followed the predictions of the filtration models. Differences in flux between the bench and pilot scales could not be accounted for by the calculated difference in the average wall shear stress.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
[DNA microarray for ophthalmic research-- basic and clinical research].

The development of DNA microchip analysis continues to progress. This development provides us with new biological knowledge. DNA microchip analysis can be divided into expression profiling and genotyping. In infectious disease, DNA microchip analysis helps us to identify the pathogen.

Topic: Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Gender Related Changes in Gene Expression Induced by Valproic Acid in A Mouse Model of Autism and the Correction by S-adenosyl Methionine. Does It Explain the Gender Differences in Autistic Like Behavior?

In previous studies we produced autism like behavioral changes in mice by Valproic acid (VPA) with significant differences between genders. S-adenosine methionine (SAM) prevented the autism like behavior in both genders. The expression of 770 genes of pathways involved in neurophysiology and neuropathology was studied in the prefrontal cortex of 60 days old male and female mice using the NanoString nCounter. In females, VPA induced statistically significant changes in the expression of 146 genes; 71 genes were upregulated and 75 downregulated. In males, VPA changed the expression of only 19 genes, 16 were upregulated and 3 downregulated. Eight genes were similarly changed in both genders. When considering only the genes that were changed by at least 50%, VPA changed the expression of 15 genes in females and 3 in males. Only Nts was similarly downregulated in both genders. SAM normalized the expression of most changed genes in both genders. We presume that genes that are involved in autism like behavior in our model were similarly changed in both genders and corrected by SAM. The behavioral and other differences between genders may be related to genes that were differently affected by VPA in males and females and/or differently affected by SAM.

Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences