jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Deflection data correction system of large areas electron beam direct imaging for printed wiring boards

A novel electron beam system for large-area patterning of printed wiring boards (PWBs) has been developed. The system features a large field deflection, high-scanning speed, and stably focused beam in the large field. In order to deflect electron beams in a large area with high precision, particular attention was paid to the construction of a deflection data correction system. Various errors originating from the optics are measured, and the data to correct for these errors are calculated and stored prior to imaging. These data are output to the optics column at a rate of up to 10 MHz during imaging. In addition, sensors provide the data to correct the position error originating from the height variations and warp of the PWB for each field. It is confirmed that the beam position precision is +or-12 mu m for a field of 52 mm*52 mm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Advancements in Photolithography Techniques
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Is Military Spending Converging Across Countries? An Examination of Trends and Key Determinants

This paper studies the evolution of worldwide military spending during 1970-2018.It finds that military spending in relation to GDP is converging, but into three separate groups of countries.In the largest group, responsible for 90 percent of worldwide spending, outlays have remained stubbornly high.Military spending in developing economies reacts to improvements in security conditions and military spending in neighboring countries, suggesting that further increases in the peace dividend are possible.In developing economies, rising social spending tends to crowd out military outlays, but this is not the case in advanced economies.With social outlays projected to rise as developing countries look to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), military spending could come under pressure to fall further.

Topic: Defense, Military, and Policy Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
A case report of cimetidine-induced clozapine toxicity.

Cimetidine may decrease concomitant medication clearance by inhibiting the oxidative system of cytochrome P-450. The authors report increased serum clozapine levels and adverse side effects during clozapine and cimetidine treatment but not during clozapine and ranitidine treatment in a patient with chronic paranoid schizophrenia.

Topic: Schizophrenia research and treatment
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Questioning of Justice

L'A. etudie le fondement de la critique postmoderniste dans la theorie politique de Kierkegard qui souligne la necessite de repenser le concept de responsabilite envers autrui. Au-dela de l'individualisme de la modernite, Kierkegaard deconstruit la notion juridique de justice et lui substitue une approche existentielle de l'amour du prochain

Topic: Kierkegaardian Philosophy and Influence
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A Spectrum of Audiences for Music Theory, and Some Ways to Connect with Them

Abstract My paper describes the audiences that I have addressed in public-facing situations—a variety of community audiences, and of academic audiences outside of music. I summarize the tools and techniques that I have found to be useful for connecting with these audiences: visual aids in the form of PowerPoint slides; collaborative creative activity; humor; and live performance.

Topic: Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Modern Safety Management Mode in the Metallurgical Trade

This text,through the defect in metallurgical enterprises implement of traditional safe management mode,point out that the necessity of introducing the modern safe management mode in the metallurgical trade.It explained the idea and relevant concepts of the modern safety management in detail,and it explained the modeling principle of the modern safe management mode systematically,introduced the basic content of the mode and every part of role in metallurgical trade modern safety management.Meanwhile,this text analyzed difference between the traditional safety management and the modern safe management mode in the course of implementing in the metallurgical trade.

Topic: Occupational Health and Safety Research
Subfield: Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
ANGELS OF THE HOUSE: DICKENS’ VICTORIAN WOMEN (EV MELEKLERI: DICKENS’IN VİKTORYEN KADINLARI)

This article explores Charles Dickens’ view of Victorian women and the effect of his perception of women on his creation of female characters in his novels. To this end, the gender issues in the Victorian era are presented along with the social reforms and industrial revolution in terms of their impact on the status of women in 19th century Victorian England. The role of actual female figures in Dickens’ personal life is also examined in order to provide an insight into the motives and inspirations behind his creation of female characters. In view of the detailed account given as to the time period and background information provided, the main issue discussed in the article is the extent of Dickens’ conformity with the Victorian ideology of women in his novels. Through the insight provided in the article, it is concluded that despite Dickens’ overall faith in the ‘Angel of the House’ concept, his fiction does not strictly follow the gender codes of the period.

Topic: Ottoman Empire History and Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The experience of Chinese American parents of children with life-limiting illness: a comprehensive review

Life-limiting childhood illness is a traumatic experience presenting parents with psychological, physical, and social challenges. While cultural influences affect all parents coping with the life-limiting illness and end-of-life period of their child, little is known about the experiences of Chinese American parents. The purpose of this comprehensive literature review was to describe Chinese American parents' experiences during their children's end-of-life period from a culturally informed perspective. Important themes in the literature are revealed including culture-based phenomena regarding philosophy of life and illness that can affect treatment choices, cultural mores that influence parental behaviour in Western health-care systems, specific communication patterns within families and between families and providers, certain coping risks, and gender-based roles and caregiving activities that have implications for provider communication patterns. The findings are consonant with the larger literature regarding the impact of traditional culture and values on Chinese family and health behaviours. Health professionals must be sensitive to Chinese American parents' communication styles, unspoken concerns, and unresolved cultural conflicts in American health-care settings. Educational interventions may be very helpful in this regard.

Topic: Childhood Cancer Survivors' Quality of Life
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Damage Mechanics Model for Interface Fracture Process in Solder Interconnects

In this study, cohesive damage zone model is evaluated and employed to model solder/intermetallics (IMC) interface crack initiation and propagation in solder interconnects. Interface materials damage is quantified in terms of stress-to-strength ratios of orthogonal components in a quadratic failure criterion along with a mixed-mode displacement formulation for crack initiation event. Subsequent crack propagation is predicted based on fracture energy considerations. The mechanics of solder/IMC interface decohesion is examined through finite element modeling of a typical solder ball shear test. The 3D model consists of Sn40Pb solder, Ni <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> intermetallics and Ni layers, copper substrate and a rigid shear tool. Unified inelastic strain theory describes the strain rate- and temperature-dependent response of the solder. The strength and work of fracture of the bi-material interface are derived from load-displacement data of solder ball pull tests and ball shear tests. The quasi-static solder ball shear test of reflowed solder sample is simulated at 30°C with a prescribed displacement rate of 0.01 mm/sec. Results show that complex stresses developed on the interface plane due to applied shear and induced bending effects by the shear tool clearance. A nonlinear damage evolution is predicted at each interface material point during the test. Stresses in the "fractured" material points diminish as the crack front progresses. The progression of damage indicates a straight crack front for the brittle solder/IMC interface fracture, as observed experimentally. The corresponding fractographic analysis on the sheared interface indicates that the crack initiated and propagated along the bi-material solder/IMC interface.

Topic: Electronic Packaging and Soldering Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Hispanic Preschool Children in San Luis Obispo County, California

The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obese (OW/OB) preschool children in San Luis Obispo County. Preschool children ages 3-5 years were measured for height and weight in 2006 (n = 482) and in 2009/10 combined (n = 559). The CDC BMI calculator for ages 2-20 was used to determine BMI classification. In 2006, 26.4% were OW/OB and by 2009/10, 34.8% were OW/OB. Rates were similar among boys and girls (p = 0.70) and increased significantly over time (p = 0.0070). Caucasian and Hispanic children had similar OW/OB rates in 2006, but by 2009/10 the Hispanic children were 2.7 times more likely to be obese (CI: 1.68, 4.57). Because Hispanic children were more likely to attend Head Start or California State preschools versus private preschools (78.0%, 81.0% and 7.4% respectively), it appears Head Start and California State preschools would be a likely place for interventions directed to meet the needs of Hispanic preschoolers, and may serve to reverse the trend in childhood obesity and address the disparity in weight status among Hispanic preschool aged children.

Topic: Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Odds Against Norway

Odds Against Norway Get access *Odds Against Norway. By E. Hauge. 1941. (London : Lindsay Drummond. Cr. 8vo. 218 pp. 24 Illustrations. 7s. 6d.) International Affairs Review Supplement, Volume 19, Issue 6-7, December 1941, Page 409, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/19.6-7.409a Published: 01 December 1941

Topic: European and International Law Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Infection of Hydra by Microsporidia

A microsporidian infection in a laboratory clone of Hydra littoralis has been observed, and the parasite has been tentatively identified as a species of Plistophora . Infected hydra continue to bud and regenerate normally and show no significant physiological or morphological changes. Sexual crossing of infected and non‐infected animals shows that the infection is transmitted by the ovum but not by the sperm. Continuous exposure of infected hydra to Fumidil B in solution resulted in the disappearance of all Plistophora spores after a five week period of treatment, and the clones of the treated animals have remained parasite‐free for more than a year.

Topic: Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
A differential study of breast cancer patients in Punjab, Pakistan.

Most of the cases (71% in INMOL and 63% (SKMCH) present at stage III and IV of breast cancer therefore it is necessary that attention should be made to increase the awareness about the need and benefits of early detection of breast cancer.

Topic: Cancer and biochemical research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Response by Piroth et al to Letter Regarding Article, “Prognostic Value of Fractional Flow Reserve Measured Immediately After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation”

We thank Dr Uretsky et al for suggesting to check for potential differences in baseline characteristics and-more importantly-in outcome between patients with and patients without post-percutaneous coronary intervention fractional flow reserve (post-PCI FFR) measurements. 1It is indeed likely that procedural characteristics, not captured by the case record form, may have influenced the operator to decide to perform or not to perform the final FFR measurements.Checking for these differences in outcome might increase the generalizability of the conclusions.We will therefore perform this analysis in the near future.Post-PCI, FFR measurements should be done with the sensor placed approximately at the junction between the proximal two third and the distal one third of the length of the epicardial artery.Often we used to say just distal to the place where the surgeons would put their anastomosis.In many cases, a careful pullback recording of FFR values (set on beat-to-beat) under steady state hyperemia will provide the operator with much more spatial information than a mere FFR value in the distal part of the vessel.Finally, we fully agree that higher is better.The differences in event rate associated with the different FFR percentiles support this rule of thumb.However, the likelihood ratio for any given value remained too low to rule in subsequent events, so that we believe that post-PCI FFR values cannot yet be advocated as a surrogate for clinical end points in trials using other modalities to guide PCI.

Topic: Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Effects of Imprecise Measurement on the Economic Asymmetric X and S Control Charts

The presence of imprecise measurement may seriously affect the efficiency of process control and production cost. A cost model is derived to determine the design parameters of the economic asymmetric X and S control charts including measurement errots. The effects of imprecise measurement on the performance of the economic asymmetric X and S control charts and production cost are examined for the case where the process mean and process standard deviation may change. Application of the proposed control charts is demonstrated through an example. Numerical examples illustrate the effects of imprecise measurement on the design parameters of the proposed control charts. It shows that the imprecision measurement may seriously affect the ability of the proposed control charts to detect process disturbances quickly, change the sampling frequency, and increase the production cost compared to the control charts excluding measurement errors.

Topic: Advanced Statistical Process Monitoring
Subfield: Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Correlation Between the Substitution Rate and Rate Variation Among Sites in Protein Evolution

Abstract It is well known that the rate of amino acid substitution varies among different proteins and among different sites of a protein. It is, however, unclear whether the extent of rate variation among sites of a protein and the mean substitution rate of the protein are correlated. We used two approaches to analyze orthologous protein sequences of 51 nuclear genes of vertebrates and 13 mitochondrial genes of mammals. In the first approach, no assumptions of the distribution of the rate variation among sites were made, and in the second approach, the gamma distribution was assumed. Through both approaches, we found a negative correlation between the extent of among-site rate variation and the average substitution rate of a protein. That is, slowly evolving proteins tend to have a high level of rate variation among sites, and vice versa. We found this observation consistent with a simple model of the neutral theory where most sites are either invariable or neutral. We conclude that the correlation is a general feature of protein evolution and discuss its implications in statistical tests of positive Darwinian selection and molecular time estimation of deep divergences.

Topic: Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Image_1_Connective Tissue Growth Factor From Periosteal Tartrate Acid Phosphatase-Positive Monocytes Direct Skeletal Stem Cell Renewal and Fate During Bone Healing.JPEG

&lt;p&gt;The periosteum is critical for bone healing. Studies have shown that the periosteum contains periosteal stem cells (PSCs) with multidirectional differentiation potential and self-renewal ability. PSCs are activated in early fracture healing and are committed to the chondrocyte lineage, which is the basis of callus formation. However, the mechanism by which PSCs are activated and committed to chondrocytes in bone regeneration remains unclear. Here, we show that tartrate acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive monocytes secrete CTGF to activate PSCs during bone regeneration. The loss function of TRAP-positive monocytes identifies their specific role during bone healing. Then, the secreted CTGF promotes endochondral ossification and activates PSCs in mouse bone fracture models. The secreted CTGF enhances PSC renewal by upregulating the expression of multiple pluripotent genes. CTGF upregulates c-Jun expression through αVβ5 integrin. Then, c-Jun transcription activates the transcription of the pluripotent genes Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog. Simultaneously, CTGF also activates the transcription and phosphorylation of Smad3 through αVβ5 integrin, which is the central gene in chondrogenesis. Our study indicates that TRAP-positive monocyte-derived CTGF promotes bone healing by activating PSCs and directing lineage commitment and that targeting PSCs may be an effective strategy for preventing bone non-union.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Returning Citizens? The Path from Prison to Politics Among the Formerly Incarcerated

This project examines the experiences of a group of formerly incarcerated persons involved in community organizing efforts for felon empowerment. Scholarly works often focus on what is being done on behalf of the formerly incarcerated, this work highlights how men and women with records advocate for themselves. Drawing on 18 months of participant observation and 18 in-depth interviews with a Chicago based group called FORCE (Fighting to Overcome Records and Create Equality) I found that meanings of redemption were essential to advocacy and operated as an imperative. The redemption imperative both constrained and enabled advocacy. It constrained advocacy in its narrow formulation of redemption. In this formulation the redeemed were those who were able to demonstrate qualities such as being educated, persons of faith, and who made the decision to “turn their lives around.” However, FORCE members, through redemption were empowered to engage politically. This engagement sometimes led to expanded rights by exposing discrimination. Redemption also had its limits as a resource for political engagement. FORCE members were not always able to convince legislators, and community members of their redeemed status. These findings call into question the perpetual nature of proving redemption in the lives of the formerly incarcerated, and the irony of its limitations as a resource for empowerment.

Topic: Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Overview of the pharmacy education and workforce development challenges and responses to the global pandemic of COVID-19 in Switzerland

The COVID-19 pandemic changed pharmacy education permanently as it promoted and facilitated online learning for the pharmacy workforce. In regards to examinations, it did not affect the examination mode as exams could be performed under special precautions and respecting predefined safety concepts

Topic: Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
Subfield: Geriatrics and Gerontology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A human needs approach to revealing nature's benefits for visitors to the coast

The positive influence on psychological well‐being of interactions in nature appears to be particularly important in understanding the profound connections that people have with natural environments. Such influences have been recorded as being associated with increases in self‐esteem, feelings of rejuvenation and renewal as well as stress reduction. To a large extent, these understandings have been garnered through laboratory experiments to elicit preferences for different environments, frequently comparing contrasting scenes such as urban and rural. This paper aims to describe and evaluate a methodology for assessing and measuring, in‐situ, how interactions at the coast contribute to a range of dimensions associated with psychological well‐being. It describes the development and the empirical testing of this methodology, which is based on the premise that certain human needs can be satisfied through interactions in nature that positively influence psychological well‐being. Specifically, indicators of human needs were incorporated into a survey using a Likert scale to capture the extent to which needs were satisfied in two case‐study locations along the Jurassic Coast, Dorset. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that this approach has merit as a methodology for determining the multiple ways in which psychological well‐being is influenced as a result of a specific visit to a unique setting and one that can be replicated for use in different environmental location.

Topic: Urban Green Space and Health
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Mechanism of potentiating effect of lysine and glutamic acid on inactivation of phage J1 by ascorbic acid.

J1ファージを用いて,AsAによるファージ不活化に対するリジンおよびグルタミン酸の促進作用の機序について研究し,次のことがわかった. (1) AsAとこれらのアミノ酸によるファージ不活化は,分子状酸および微量の遷移金属が存在し,AsAが自動酸化される条件下で起こる. (2) この不活化には,AsAの自動酸化過程で生成する酸素ラジカルが関与している.すなわち,不活化反応にフリーラジカル反応機構が関与している. (3) 酸素ラジカルのうち,このファージ不活化に直接関与するのは,OHである. (4) これらのアミノ酸は,AsAの自動酸化を促進する. (5) 以上のことから,AsAによるファージ不活化に対するこれらのアミノ酸の促進作期の機序は,AsAの自動酸化がアミノ酸によって促進されることによって,OHの生成量が増大し,そのためにAsAによるファージ不活化が促進されることであると結論される. (6) この機序は,既報のグリシンの場合と同じである. なお,その他のいくつかのアミノ酸についても検討し,同じような結果が得られたので,ファージ不活化促進作用の機序は,アミノ酸の種類をとわず普遍的なものであると結論される.さらに,D系のアミノ酸についても同じような不活化促進がみられ,その作用の機序も同じであることがわかった.

Topic: Polyamine Metabolism and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences