jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reduced graphene oxide supported MXene based metal oxide ternary composite electrodes for non-enzymatic glucose sensor applications

Abstract Diagnosis and monitoring of glucose level in human blood has become a prime necessity to avoid health risk and to cater this, a sensor's performance with wide linearity range and high sensitivity is required. This work reports the use of ternary composite viz. MG–Cu 2 O (rGO supported MXene sheet with Cu 2 O) for non-enzymatic sensing of glucose. It has been prepared by co-precipitation method and characterized with X-ray powder diffraction, Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Raman spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, High resolution transmission electron microscopy and Selected area diffraction. These analyses show a cubic structure with spherical shaped Cu 2 O grown on the MG sheet. Further, the electrocatalytic activity was carried out with MG–Cu 2 O sensing element by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry technique and compared with M–Cu 2 O (MXene with Cu 2 O) composite without graphene oxide. Of these, MG–Cu 2 O composite was having the high defect density with lower crystalline size of Cu 2 O, which might enhance the conductivity thereby increasing the electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of glucose as compared to M–Cu 2 O. The prepared MG–Cu 2 O composite shows a sensitivity of 126.6 µAmM −1 cm −2 with a wide linear range of 0.01to 30 mM, good selectivity, good stability over 30 days and shows a low Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 1.7% value towards the sensing of glucose level in human serum. Thus, the aforementioned finding indicates that the prepared sensing electrode is a well suitable candidate for the sensing of glucose level for real time applications.

Topic: Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
TOR inhibition primes immunity and pathogen resistance in tomato in a salicylic acid‐dependent manner

Abstract All organisms need to sense and process information about the availability of nutrients, energy status, and environmental cues to determine the best time for growth and development. The conserved target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase has a central role in sensing and perceiving nutritional information. TOR connects environmental information about nutrient availability to developmental and metabolic processes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Under favourable energy conditions, TOR is activated and promotes anabolic processes such as cell division, while suppressing catabolic processes. Conversely, when nutrients are limited or environmental stresses are present, TOR is inactivated, and catabolic processes are promoted. Given the central role of TOR in regulating metabolism, several previous works have examined whether TOR is wired to plant defence. To date, the mechanisms by which TOR influences plant defence are not entirely clear. Here, we addressed this question by testing the effect of inhibiting TOR on immunity and pathogen resistance in tomato. Examining which hormonal defence pathways are influenced by TOR, we show that tomato immune responses and disease resistance to several pathogens increase on TOR inhibition, and that TOR inhibition‐mediated resistance probably requires a functional salicylic acid, but not jasmonic acid, pathway. Our results support the notion that TOR is a master regulator of the development–defence switch in plants.

Topic: Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Structure of the murine tissue factor gene. Chromosome location and conservation of regulatory elements in the promoter.

Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates cellular initiation of the coagulation serine protease cascades. Moreover, expression of TF in human atherosclerotic plaques is likely to play a significant role in the thrombotic complications associated with plaque rupture. In this study the complete murine TF gene, Cf-3, was isolated from mouse NIH 3T3 cells and was found to consist of six exons spanning about 11 kilobase pairs (kbp) of DNA. A major transcriptional start site was located 24 bp downstream of a TATA box. Cf-3 was mapped to chromosome 3 by analysis of an intersubspecies test cross. Conserved transcription factor-binding sites were identified by comparison of 5' flanking regions of the murine and human TF genes. A region of the TF promoter required for constitutive expression exhibited 85% identity in DNA sequence and included two conserved binding sites for Sp1. Furthermore, two AP-1 sites and an NF-kappa B site were conserved in a 56-bp region necessary for transcriptional activation in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. These highly conserved regions of the TF promoter, which contain several binding sites for well-characterized transcription factors, are likely to be functionally important in the complex pattern of TF gene expression observed in a variety of cell types.

Topic: Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Glycerol-induced fluid shifts attenuate the vestibulosympathetic reflex in humans

The glycerol dehydration test (GDT) has been used to test for the presence of Ménière's disease and elicits acute alterations in vestibular reflexes in both normal and pathological states. Activation of the vestibulosympathetic reflex (VSR) increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and peripheral vascular resistance. We hypothesized that the GDT would attenuate the VSR through fluid shifts of the inner ear. Sixteen male subjects (26 ± 1 yr) were randomly assigned to be administered either glycerol mixed with cranberry juice (97 ± 3 ml glycerol + equal portion of cranberry juice; n = 9) or a placebo control [water + cranberry juice (100 ml each); n = 7]. Subjects in both groups performed head-down rotation (HDR), which engages the VSR, before and after administration of either the glycerol or placebo. MSNA (microneurography), arterial blood pressure, and leg blood flow (venous occlusion plethysmography) were measured during HDR. Before glycerol administration, HDR significantly increased MSNA burst frequency (Δ8 ± 1 bursts/min; P &lt; 0.01) and total activity (Δ77 ± 18%; P &lt; 0.01) and decreased calf vascular conductance (−Δ20 ± 3%; P &lt; 0.01). However, HDR performed postadministration of glycerol resulted in an attenuated MSNA increase (Δ3 ± 1 bursts/min, Δ22 ± 3% total activity) and decrease in calf vascular conductance (−Δ7 ± 4%). HDR significantly increased MSNA burst frequency (Δ5 ± 1 and Δ5 ± 2 bursts/min) and total activity (Δ58 ± 13% and Δ52 ± 18%) in the placebo group before and after placebo, respectively ( P &lt; 0.01). Likewise, decreases in calf vascular conductance during HDR before and after placebo were not different (−Δ13 ± 4% and −Δ14 ± 2%, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). These results suggest that fluid shifts of the inner ear via glycerol dehydration attenuate the VSR. These data provide support that inner ear fluid dynamics can have a significant impact on blood pressure regulation via the VSR in humans.

Topic: Vestibular and auditory disorders
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Mechanical and microstructural investigation of three-dimensionally printed PEEK polymer

Three-dimensional polymer printing is becoming more popular due to its effectiveness in creating components of any geometric design. Polymer materials can be used at low temperatures but are weaker than other functional materials. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a thermoplastic with outstanding mechanical properties that can tolerate high temperatures. A high-temperature fused deposition modeling machine manufactured PEEK specimens in this experiment to find the ideal printing parameters S1, S2, S3, and S4 were made using varying printing speeds and layer thicknesses. The polymer sample’s exterior surface was analyzed using FESEM, while physical characterization was conducted through X-ray diffraction analysis and water contact angle measurement. The strength of each sample in the relevant variables was determined using mechanical testing, such as tensile and compression tests. It was found that specimen S3 having a layer thickness of 0.15 mm and printing speed of 20 mm/s showed a high tensile and compressive strength value of about 78 and 144 MPa respectively than the other three samples. In addition, the fractured tensile samples were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy to discover the factors that contributed to the disparity in the values of their strengths.

Topic: Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Regional Variation in Use of a New Class of Antidiabetic Medication Among Medicare Beneficiaries

Background: When incretin mimetic (IM) medications were introduced in 2005, their effectiveness compared with other less-expensive second-line diabetes therapies was unknown, especially for older adults. Physicians likely had some uncertainty about the role of IMs in the diabetes treatment armamentarium. Regional variation in uptake of IMs may be a marker of such uncertainty. Objective: To investigate the extent of regional variation in the use of IMs among beneficiaries and estimate the cost implications for Medicare. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis of 2009-2010 claims data from a nationally representative sample of 238 499 Medicare Part D beneficiaries aged ≥65 years, who were continuously enrolled in fee-for-service Medicare and Part D and filled ≥1 antidiabetic prescription. Beneficiaries were assigned to 1 of 306 hospital-referral regions (HRRs) using ZIP codes. The main outcome was adjusted proportion of antidiabetic users in an HRR receiving an IM. Results: Overall, 29 933 beneficiaries (12.6%) filled an IM prescription, including 26 939 (11.3%) for sitagliptin or saxagliptin and 3718 (1.6%) for exenatide or liraglutide. The adjusted proportion of beneficiaries using IMs varied more than 3-fold across HRRs, from 5th and 95th percentiles of 5.2% to 17.0%. Compared with non-IM users, IM users faced a 155% higher annual Part D plan ($1067 vs $418) and 144% higher patient ($369 vs $151) costs for antidiabetic prescriptions. Conclusion: Among older Part D beneficiaries using antidiabetic drugs, substantial regional variation exists in the use of IMs, not accounted for by sociodemographics and health status. IM use was associated with substantially greater costs for Part D plans and beneficiaries.

Topic: Medication Adherence and Compliance
Subfield: Family Practice
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Remarriage and Stepfamilies among the Lutheran Urban Elite in Seventeenth-Century Hungary. Neo-Latin Wedding Poetry as Source

The author analyzes remarriage and family patterns through close readings of wedding poetry composed by members of an urban Lutheran elite, mostly German-speaking ministers and university-trained literate professionals (pharmacists, physicians, lawyers) in Habsburg Hungary and Transylvania. First, an analysis of prints commemorating remarriages in the seventeenth century uncovers concepts tied to stepparenting and stepfamilies in this particular social milieu. After pinpointing some deviations, such as positive images of loving stepfathers and stepmothers, the author accounts for these cultural shifts through an analysis of social data found in the source material. She argues that due to the exceptionally high rates of remarriage, often between widower ministers and the widows of their late colleagues, stepfamilies were highly visible, with minister stepfathers and their wives playing the role of moral models. Moreover, she demonstrates that these complex stepfamily households were embedded in a multilateral web of horizontal kinship, very different from the patrilineal family system of the nobility, in which professional, marriage, and blood ties overlapped and which effectively supported the financial, marital, and emotional needs of its members.

Topic: Historical Gender and Feminism Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
MEMS-based AC voltage reference

In this thesis, the focus is on a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based AC voltage reference implemented with digital control electronics. In the theory part, the working principle of the MEMS-based AC voltage reference is described. The voltage reference is based on the pull-in voltage of the MEMS-capacitor. The voltage over the capacitor plates at the pull-in point is stable over time and, therefore, can be used as a reference voltage. The MEMS-capacitor is kept in the pull-in point by using charge control. In measurements and results, the focus is on finding and solving the stability issues that the device has. Temperature, pressure, and humidity dependencies, and the issues with insulation and grounding of the measurement electronics are covered. These issues affect the stability of the reference voltage and, therefore, need to be addressed.

Topic: Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Multicenter Evaluation of Lyophilized and Deep-frozen Plasmas for Assignment of the International Normalized Ratio

Summary The interlaboratory variation of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) in various external quality assessment schemes is still relatively high. This is partly caused by inaccuracy of manufacturers’ stated International Sensitivity Index (ISI) and/or local instrumentation effects. The interlaboratory variation and accuracy of INR determinations may be improved by a local calibration procedure based on lyophilized plasmas with assigned INRs. The purpose of the present study was to determine INR values for different types of lyophilized plasmas to be used for local calibration. A total of 13 lyophilized plasmas (one normal, six from coumarin-treated patients, six artificially depleted) were analyzed by 10 laboratories, each using five calibrated prothrombin time (PT) systems. INRs were calculated for each plasma using each laboratory’s specific ISI and mean normal prothrombin time values. In the same way, five deep-frozen pooled plasmas from coumarin-treated patients were analyzed. There were significant INR differences for the lyophilized plasmas between the prothrombin time systems. The differences were relatively small for the deep-frozen coumarin plasmas (CV 2.6-3.3%) and three lyophilized coumarin plasmas from one manufacturer (CV 3.7-4.8%). Important INR differences were observed for three lyophilized coumarin plasmas from another manufacturer (CV 9.5-14.1%) and several artificially depleted plasmas (CV 5.3-12.8%). The citrate concentrations in the artificially depleted plasmas were lower than those in the normal and coumarin plasmas. These differences should be considered in the selection and certification of plasmas as calibrants for local calibration of PT systems. The lyophilized plasmas’ INR values obtained in the present study will be used for a field study of local PT calibration to assess their efficacy.

Topic: Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Long-Term Assessment of Perioral Rhytide Correction with Erbium:YAG Laser Resurfacing

Background: Use of nonsurgical skin rejuvenation has grown over the past two decades. This has led to an increase in ablative and nonablative resurfacing devices. Moderate to heavy perioral rhytides require an ablative laser to maximize results. Traditionally, this was performed with carbon dioxide lasers; however, more recently, erbium lasers have been used to target heavy rhytides. The purpose of this study was to assess long-term correction of perioral rhytides with the use of the senior author’s (A.J.B.) erbium laser resurfacing technique. Methods: A retrospective review of all patients who underwent perioral erbium laser resurfacing performed by the senior author from 2009 to 2016 with a minimum of 6-month follow-up was performed. Ten blinded nonphysicians and 10 blinded plastic surgeons evaluated the imaging based on a previously established standardized grading sheet, with gradation improvement from 1 to 8. The absolute and percentage improvement were evaluated, along with complications. Results: Forty-five patients met inclusion criteria, with an average follow-up of 13 months. A statistically significant score improvement of 2.2 gradations was seen, in addition to a significant improvement (from 56 percent to 66 percent). Both the surgeon and nonphysician groups showed improvement, with no differences between the two groups. There were no cases of hypopigmentation at the 6-month postoperative visit. Conclusions: Erbium laser resurfacing is a powerful and safe tool for correcting perioral rhytides. It is effective in isolation or with other facial rejuvenation procedures. Erbium laser resurfacing is a useful adjunct in facial rejuvenation that can deliver exceptional results with few complications when performed within the proper guidelines. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

Topic: Dermatologic Treatments and Research
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Establishment of the Financial Network

This chapter discusses the establishment of Scotland's financial services and their role in the growth of the Scottish economy, from the late seventeenth century to the eve of the First World War. No simple model can be constructed of the relationship between Scottish capital and investment, certainly by the railway boom of the 1840s, which saw the integration of capital markets throughout the UK and beyond into a single system. Moreover, Scottish financial institutions were often directed to investing overseas (with indirect effects on the Scottish economy in the form of cheaper imports of food and raw materials). Housing did not attract sufficient capital, but this was because most tenants were unable to pay rents for better accommodation. Scottish financial institutions became important actors in their own right, drawing in funds from outside Scotland as well as investing abroad, and generating white-collar employment.

Topic: Scottish History and National Identity
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Computer microworld development adapted to children's conceptions : a case study.

This research studied changes in ten middle school students' scientific conceptions during interaction with a computer microworld designed adaptively for exploring phases of the moon. Following direct observations of lunar phenomena, five students participated in the development of the computer microworld. The researcher implemented software design requests from the students based on their real world and microworld experience. Five different students used the final revised microworld and provided additional feedback. All sessions were transcribed and analyzed. Evidence from this case study suggests that this constructionist activity was a good catalyst for inducing conceptual change in learners—especially the five who had considerable ownership in the software development. Implications for classroom teaching strategies and suggestions for future research are offered.

Topic: Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
Subfield: Information Systems and Management
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Patrolling Monocytes Control NK Cell Expression of Activating and Stimulatory Receptors to Curtail Lung Metastases

Abstract The role of nonclassical, patrolling monocytes in lung tumor metastasis and their functional relationships with other immune cells remain poorly defined. Contributing to these gaps in knowledge is a lack of cellular specificity in commonly used approaches for depleting nonclassical monocytes. To circumvent these limitations and study the role of patrolling monocytes in melanoma metastasis to lungs, we generated C57BL/6J mice in which the Nr4a1 superenhancer E2 subdomain is ablated (E2−/− mice). E2−/− mice lack nonclassical patrolling monocytes but preserve classical monocyte and macrophage numbers and functions. Interestingly, NK cell recruitment and activation were impaired, and metastatic burden was increased in E2−/−mice. E2−/− mice displayed unchanged “educated” (CD11b+CD27+) and “terminally differentiated” (CD11b+CD27−) NK cell frequencies. These perturbations were accompanied by reduced expression of stimulatory receptor Ly49D on educated NK cells and increased expression of inhibitory receptor NKG2A/CD94 on terminally differentiated NK cells. Thus, our work demonstrates that patrolling monocytes play a critical role in preventing lung tumor metastasis via NK cell recruitment and activation.

Topic: Immune Cell Function and Interaction
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Laborscapes and Archaeologies of Sustainability

Archaeological research on sustainability enjoys an increasingly high profile in the discipline, with scholars employing a range of methodological and theoretical platforms. We argue that the most successful forays of applied archaeological research into sustainability encompass three major realms: the social foundations and local histories of any human community, the economic resources and practices to support that community, and the environmental and geological couplings existing therein. This study explores dynamic relationships between these three spheres by discussing how nineteenth- and twentieth-century farmers, land managers, and landowners, along with their families, created and maintained a vibrant community, founded for the commercial production of bergamot, mulberries, olives, grapes, and a wide variety of fruits, nuts, vegetables, and cereal crops in the San Pasquale Valley (SPQV), Calabria, Italy. Our theoretical approach combines Lave and Wenger's (1991) community of practice approach with Scarborough's (2009) model of labor- and techno-tasking strategies to document laborscapes through time, using architectural documentation, oral histories, documentary evidence, oral histories, ethnographic interviews, and climate modeling. We demonstrate the interpretive power of incorporating cultural foundations into environmental and economic models to produce more comprehensive understandings of how people succeed and fail to sustain livelihoods and communities. We argue that rhythms and nuances of linkages between the SPQV environment, economy, and social worlds require a more flexible conceptualization of sustainability to encompass the variety of solutions developed by current SPQV community members to craft sustainable economic and social futures for themselves.

Topic: Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences