jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Time of Draining and Harvest Effects on Rice Grain Yield and Quality

In the dry‐seeded, flooded rice ( Oryza sativa , L.) production areas of the southern USA, a flood is normally maintained until shortly before harvest to minimize rice yield or milling quality reduction due to water deficits. Research conducted in Arkansas on Crowley (fine, montmorrillonitic, thermic Typic Albaqualfs) silt loam and Sharkey (very‐fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Haplaquepts) clay soils indicated no reduction in rough rice yields when flooding was ceased at heading, but effects of early cessation of flooding on rice milling quality were not assessed. The primary objective of this research was to determine if early cessation of flooding would reduce rice grain yield or milling quality. Field experiments were conducted at three Arkansas locations in 1987 and 1988. The experimental design was split‐plot, randomized complete block. Main plot treatments were times of draining (TD) which were 0, 2, and 4 wk after the 50% heading date. Subplot treatments were times of harvest (TH) which were 3, 4, 5, and 6 wk after heading. Draining at 2 wk after heading did not reduce rough rice yields or head rice yields over draining at 4 wk after heading at any location in any year. On the Crowley soil, draining at heading reduced rough rice by 15 to 40 cwt/acre and head rice yields by 0 to 40% depending on year and TH. In 1987, draining at heading on the Sharkey soil reduced rough rice yields from 0 to 25 cwt/acre, and reduced head rice yields 0 to 30% depending on TH. Draining at heading decreased neither rough rice yields nor head rice yields on the Calhoun soil or in 1988 on the Sharkey soil. It appears that rice growers producing rice in the Mid‐South on these or similar soils may safely cease flooding 2 wk after heading.

Topic: Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
[Development and use of the ICF from the nursing point of view--a position statement of the German speaking working group "ICF and Nursing"].

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides a comprehensive and internationally acknowledged framework for the description of human functional health, which covers all aspects of health and some health-related elements of well-being. The ICF is part of the classification family of the World Health Organisation (WHO) and can be used by different health care disciplines as well as for different purposes. In order to promote the discussion about ICF within the nursing profession, the German speaking working group "ICF and Nursing" developed a position statement that critically reflects both the potentials and the restrictions of the ICF for use in nursing care, particularly for diagnostical purposes.

Topic: Health and Medical Studies
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
A Complete Analysis of Durum Wheat Value Chain in the Central Zone of India

The study analysed wheat (Triticum durum) value chains in Madhya Pradesh, situated in the Central Zone of India. Conducted in 2023, it employed multistage random sampling to obtain data from 100 respondents, comprising 60 farmers and 40 stakeholders engaged in wheat value chains. The assessment covered the entire pathway from farm to consumer, focusing on cost of cultivation, gross returns, marketing margins, value addition, and marketing efficiency. The results indicated that the average cost of cultivation was ₹35,665 per acre, while the average gross return amounted to ₹43,802 per acre. Small farmers reported the highest cost as well as gross returns. The mean return on investment (ROI) for wheat cultivation was estimated at 0.35. Three distinct value chains were identified in the study area. Among them, the chain where farmers sold directly to millers, bypassing local traders and brokers, was the most efficient (0.849). This chain also ensured the highest price realization for farmers (₹2,350/q), compared with ₹1,870/q and ₹2,060/q in the first and second chains, respectively, which involved more intermediaries. The findings highlight the efficiency gains from reducing intermediaries and provide empirical evidence to support future research on value chain optimization in other crops.

Topic: Agricultural Economics and Practices
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Regional edema formation in isolated perfused dog lungs.

Studies using gravimetric analysis of lungs of frozen animals have suggested that the differences in pulmonary microvascular pressure between non-dependent and dependent lung do not influence the formation of regional pulmonary edema. We wondered if the inability to detect variation in regional extravascular lung water (EVLW) was due to the slow freezing process and, therefore, reassessed the distribution of EVLW in vertically suspended isolated perfused dog lungs with a radioisotopic technique that does not require freezing. Total lung water (TLW), blood or intravascular lung water (IVLW), and EVLW were measured in absolute quantities using a positron camera and the positron-emitting isotopes C15O as a blood label and H2(15)O as a total lung water label. Mean isotopic TLW in 17 lungs that were normal or moderately edematous (wet:dry ratio &lt; 7) was 142 +/- 9 (SE) ml compared to the gravimetric estimate of 148 +/- 7 ml (r = 0.92) and isotopic EVLW was 64 +/- 6 ml compared to the gravimetric estimate of 70 +/- 6 ml (r = 0.8). Analysis of the distribution of regional isotopically measured EVLW in the 17 lungs in various states of spontaneous edema formation revealed a small non-dependent to dependent, gravity-related increase in percent regional EVLW compared to percent regional TLW, which did not vary with the degree of edema in the lung. Serial measurements of absolute regional EVLW in four lungs during spontaneously developing edema also failed to show a disproportionate increase in accumulation of EVLW in any lung zone. Thus, despite the wide variation in microvascular hydrostatic pressure between top and bottom of the vertical isolated lung, edema formation seems to be uniform.

Topic: Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Onesided, intertwining, positive and copositive polynomial approximation with interpolatory constraints

Given $k\in N$, a nonnegative function $f\in C^r[a,b]$, $r\ge 0$, an arbitrary finite collection of points $\big\{α_i\big\}_{i\in J} \subset [a,b]$, and a corresponding collection of nonnegative integers $\big\{m_i\big\}_{i\in J}$ with $0\le m_i \le r$, $i\in J$, is it true that, for sufficiently large $n\in N$, there exists a polynomial $P_n$ of degree $n$ such that (i) $|f(x)-P_n(x)| \le c ρ_n^r(x) ω_k(f^{(r)}, ρ_n(x); [a,b])$, $x\in [a,b]$, where $ρ_n (x):= n^{-1} \sqrt{1-x^2} +n^{-2}$ and $ω_k$ is the classical $k$-th modulus of smoothness, (ii) $P^{(ν)}(α_i)=f^{(ν)}(α_i)$, for all $0\le ν\le m_i$ and all $i\in J$, and (iii) either $P \ge f$ on $[a,b]$ (\emph{onesided} approximation), or $P \ge 0$ on $[a,b]$ (\emph{positive} approximation)? We provide {\em precise answers} not only to this question, but also to similar questions for more general {\em intertwining} and {\em copositive} polynomial approximation. It turns out that many of these answers are quite unexpected. We also show that, in general, similar questions for $q$-monotone approximation with $q\ge 1$ have negative answers, i.e., $q$-monotone approximation with general interpolatory constraints is impossible if $q\ge 1$.

Topic: Approximation Theory and Sequence Spaces
Subfield: Statistics and Probability
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
New York State Climate Impacts Assessment Chapter 03: Agriculture

Abstract Agriculture is a vital industry in New York State, which ranks among the top‐producing states for dairy, fruits, and several other commodities. As agriculture depends on the weather and specific climatic conditions, this sector faces extraordinary challenges as New York's climate changes. This chapter explores the many impacts of a changing climate on agriculture, the ways these impacts interact with other challenges that New York farmers and farmworkers face, and opportunities for the agriculture industry to adapt and build resilience.

Topic: Climate change impacts on agriculture
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Emerging Therapies for Congestive Heart Failure

The treatment of atherosclerotic heart disease has improved remarkably over the last several decades; however, the outlook for patients with symptomatic congestive heart failure with reduced ejection fraction remains bleak. Current drug therapies target the neurohormonal activation that accompanies congestive heart failure, but do not address the fundamental pathology inherent in this condition—the loss of contractile capacity. Stem cell therapies offer the possibility of rectifying this deficiency and normalizing left ventricular dimensions and cardiac performance by regenerating novel contractile tissue, thereby reversing the negative remodeling that portends progressive left ventricular dysfunction, worsening symptoms, and ultimately cardiogenic shock. Here we review the promise of stem cell therapies in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, the current state of clinical developments, and briefly comment on the future of the field.

Topic: Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Ubiquity symposium: The science in computer science: natural computation

In this twelfth piece of the Ubiquity symposium discussing science in computer science, Erol Gelenbe reviews computation in natural systems, focusing mainly on biology and citing examples of the computation that is inherent in chemistry, natural selection, gene regulatory networks, and neuronal systems. This article originally appeared as part of the "What is Computation" symposium.

Topic: DNA and Biological Computing
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
GEOS-Chem 2015 Speciated PM2.5 Outputs for "Impact of circular- and single-sector waste-heat reuse pathways on PM2.5-air quality, CO2 emissions, and human health in India; material exchanges more viable to achieve sustainability targets"

Daily PM2.5 and species outputs from GEOS-Chem Modeling over India (0.5° x 0.625°)

Topic: Healthcare and Environmental Waste Management
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The entropy of a mixture of probability distributions

If a message can have n different values and all values are equally probable, then the entropy of the message is log(n). In the present paper, we investigate the expectation value of the entropy, for arbitrary probability distribution. For that purpose, we apply mixed probability distributions. The mixing distribution is represented by a point on an infinite dimensional hypersphere in Hilbert space. During an `arbitrary' calculation, this mixing distribution has the tendency to become uniform over a flat probability space of ever decreasing dimensionality. Once such smeared-out mixing distribution is established, subsequent computing steps introduce an entropy loss expected to equal $\\frac{1}{m+1} + \\frac{1}{m+2} + ... + \\frac{1}{n}$, where n is the number of possible inputs and m the number of possible outcomes of the computation.

Topic: Statistical Mechanics and Entropy
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Bicyclic Imidazo[1,2‐d][1,2,4]thiadiazoles and Tricyclic Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐d][1,2,4]thiadiazoles.

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Topic: Synthesis and Characterization of Heterocyclic Compounds
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Assessing Innovation Potential of the Agricultural Enterprise

The article discusses different academic views on the assessment of innovation potential of the enterprise. Opinions of scientists in the field of management and assessment of the enterprise innovation potential served as a methodological foundation of the research. Researchers dealing with issues of innovation potential management developed qualitative and quantitative methods of potential estimation and formulated approaches to its assessment. The authors support the quantitative approach to assessment and estimation of innovation potential, therefore indicators have mainly mathematic expression. By studying methods of enterprise innovation potential estimation systematization of approaches was carried out. Different authors classified methods of estimation depending on needs of the market environment and on conceptual characteristic of the potential. The article revealed that the optimal methodology of estimation and management of innovation potential had not been formulated, thus we need approaches based on integral qualitative indicators, which can characterize the innovation potential.

Topic: Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
The Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Juice Powder

Background: Many chronic diseases that occur in society can be caused by free radicals. Excessive free radicals in the body can contribute to oxidative stress. Therefore, the role of antioxidants in needed to inhibit the effects of free radicals. Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) is a plant that contains several active compounds. The lime juice was reported to contain flavonoids and ascorbic acid which have several bioactivities including antioxidants. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the chemical compounds and determine antioxidant activity in the lime juice powder of lime fruit collected from Ujung Pangkah, Gresik. Material and Methods: Lime was squeezed and dried by a freeze-dryer to remove the water content. The phytochemical profile of lime juice powder was evaluated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) method and ascorbic acid content in lime juice powder was determined further. The antioxidant activity was analyzed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) method. Results: The results of the study showed that lime juice powder contained flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids. The ascorbic acid content was 0.38 mg/100mg. Antioxidant activities revealed strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 32.59 mg/mL, while an IC50 value of ascorbic acid showed 8.57 mg/mL. Conclusions: Lime juice powder has potential as an antioxidant with an IC50 value of lime juice powder being categorized to possess very strong antioxidant activity.

Topic: Medicinal Plant Research
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Control of tandem isomerizations: flow-assisted reactions of<i>o</i>-lithiated aryl benzyl ethers

We report a flow microreactor platform for controlling tandem isomerizations of<italic>o</italic>-lithiated aryl benzyl ethers based on precise residence time control.

Topic: Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Dissecting proximate causes of variation in melanin-based colouration

Whether melanin-based plumage colouration accurately reflects a bird’s quality is still controversial. To better understand potential mechanisms behind the observed variation in plumage colouration, we shifted our attention from a high-level expression of colour to low-level physiological phenomena by targeting the microstructure and pigment content of the feather. In a well-studied model system, the house sparrow (<em>Passer domesticus</em>), we combined an experimental manipulation of birds’ physiological condition and availability of resources that are key to the production of the studied colouration (phenylalanine and tyrosine (PT). We found that feathers from sparrows fed with the control diet had noticeably lower values of brightness, suggesting a higher quality of the ornamental “blackness” in comparison to those sampled from birds fed with a PT-reduced diet. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy detected higher melanin concentrations in samples from the control than the PT-reduced group. Our multi-level analysis excluded mechanisms such as barbule density and melanosomes’ distribution, clearly pointing to the finest-level proxy of colour: the concentration of melanin in melanosomes themselves. Despite melanins being manufactured by birds endogenously, the efficiency of melanogenesis can be noticeably limited by diet. As a result, the birds’ plumage colouration is affected, which may entail consequences in social signalling.

Topic: melanin and skin pigmentation
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Relationships between Lipids and Glycoproteins in Arteriosclerosis

Various column chromatographies were performed on the sera of patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus or calcification of the aortic arch to study relationships between lipoproteins and binding hexoses in arteriosclerosis.1) Serum binding hexose with lipid and serum binding hexose without lipid were fractioned from human sera by methods of sepadex G-100 column chromatography, bio-gel p-300 column chromatography, dialysis and aceton. chloroform absorption.2) Though the concentration of serum binding hexose in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus or calcification of the aortic arch is obviously higher than that in healthy person, the cause of high values of serum binding hexose in these patients is mainly due to high values serum binding hexose without lipids.3) Not only lipoprotein in serum but also binding hexose without lipid will have roles of importance as the causes of the mechanism in arterioscleosis.

Topic: Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Major Hepatic Resection in Hepatic Hydatidosis

Background: Ecchinococcal disease is still a serious problem in certain parts of the world, with liver as the most affected organ. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment of hydatidosis, but the optimal surgical procedure remains unsettled. Objective: Safety and efficacy of major hepatic resection in multiple and giant hepatic hydatidosis. Patients & Methods: 63 patients had hepatic hydatidosis associated with spleen, lung, and suprarenal hydatidosis were managed by major hepatic resection between April 2005 to April 2011. 43 (68%) males and 20 (32%) females, age range 8 - 56 years. Cysts were found in the liver only in 51 (81%) patients, liver with spleen in 5 (8%), liver, spleen with lung in 2 (3.1%), liver and lung in 4 (6.3%), liver and suprarenal in one patient (1.6%). Results: Multiple cysts were found in 38 (60%) and solitary cyst in 25 (40%) with Cysts diameter ≤5 cmin 22 (35%), 5 - 10 cm in 16 (25%), and 10 - 38 in 25 (40%). Right hepatectomy in 24 (38%), right trisectionectomy in 2 (3.2%), right hepatectomy with Segment III in 4 (6.3%), right hepatectomy with Segment I in 2 (3.2%), left hepatectomy in 12 (19%), left lateral sectionectomy in 6 (9.5%), left hepatectomy with Segment VI in 3 (4.8%), left lateral sectionectomy with right posterior sectionectomy in 2 (3.2%), right hepatectomy with splenectomy in 7 (11%) and right hepatectomy with right suprarenal in one (1.6%) patient were performed. Hospital stay was 4.2 (3 - 13 days) There was one mortality and 12 (19%) morbidities. No recurrence on follow up period (8 - 60 months) was observed. Conclusion: Radical procedure is safe and effective option for hepatic hydatidosis and should be performed when the entire lobe is diffusely involved by huge or multiple hydatidosis with little healthy liver tissue.

Topic: Parasitic infections in humans and animals
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
COMPARISON OF THERAPEUTIC EFFECTIVENESS OF OXYTOCIN VERSUS OXYTOCIN PLUS TRANEXAMIC ACID IN THE PREVENTION OF POST-PARTUM HEMORRHAGE

Objective: To compare mean blood loss with Oxytocin plus Tranexamic acid versus Oxytocin alone in the preven­tion of postpartum hemorrhage. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in Department of Obstretrics &amp; Gynaecology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar on 400 women, distributed into two equal groups. Group A received 10 IU of I/V Oxytocin along with 1g of I/V tranexamic acid during the third stage of labor immediately after birth and Group B received 10 IU of I/V Oxytocin only immediately after birth. The incidence of postpartum hemorrhage was based on weighing dry and soaked pads using a digital weight machine and blood loss was measured. The drug was considered effective in terms of mean reduction of blood loss after 2 hours. Results: Our study shows that in group A (Oxytocin plus Tranexamic acid), the mean age was 30±4.29 years whereas in group B (Oxytocin alone), the mean age was 31±4.71 years. In group A, mean blood loss was 30 ml± 6.02 whereas in group B, mean blood loss was 40 ml ± 7.88. The mean blood loss volume shows a significant difference in between the two groups with a p-value of 0.0001. Conclusion: The study concludes a significant difference in mean blood loss volume after getting treatment for post-partum hemorrhage in both the treatment groups i.e Oxytocin plus Tranexamic (Gorup A) and Oxytocin alone (Group B). Furthermore, mean blood loss volume was much less in Group A as compared to Group B, illustrating effective treatment modality in Group A.

Topic: Maternal and fetal healthcare
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Low Anterior Resection Syndrome: What Have We Learned Assessing a Large Population?

Our goal was to assess the rate of symptoms commonly included in LARS score in a large general population. The study was based on a population-based design. We disseminated LARS scores through community online platforms and general practitioners throughout Lithuania. We received 8183 responses to the questionnaire. There were 142 (1.74%) participants who were excluded for lack of information. There were 6100 (75.9%) females and 1941 (24.1%) males. After adjusting for sex and age, male participants had a significant average score of 18.4 (SD ± 10.35) and female 20.3 (SD ± 9.74) p &lt; 0.001. There were 36.4% of participants who had minor LARS symptoms, and 14.2% who had major LARS symptoms. Overall, major LARS-related symptoms were significantly related to previous operations: 863 participants in the operated group (71.7%), and 340 in the non-operated group (28.3%; p0.001). In 51–75-year-old patients, major LARS was significantly more prevalent with 22.7% (p &lt; 0.001) and increasing with age, with a higher incidence of females after the age of 75. After excluding colorectal and perineal procedures, the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated the use of neurological drugs and gynaecological operations were independent risk factors for major LARS–odd ratio of 1.6 (p = 0.018, SI 1.2–2.1) and 1.28 (p = 0.018, SI 1.07–1.53), respectively. The symptoms included in the LARS score are common in the general population, and there is a variety of factors that influence this, including previous surgeries, age, sex, comorbidities, and medication. These factors should be considered when interpreting the LARS score following low anterior resection and when considering treatment options preoperatively.

Topic: Anorectal Disease Treatments and Outcomes
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences