jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Gastrulation inducing potencies of endophyll and Rauber's sickle in isolated caudocranially oriented prestreak avian blastoderm quadrants (or fragments) in vitro.

Unincubated quail and prestreak chicken blastoderms were sectioned into cranial, caudal and lateral quadrants and cultured in vitro. Whilst in the caudal and lateral quadrants (containing both endophyll and Rauber's sickle material) a primitive streak (PS) developed, in the cranial quadrants (where merely central endophyll is present) only an ectoblastic thickening (early gastrula: phase I of gastrulation) appeared. If, however, sickle material was grafted on a cranial quadrant then a PS developed (phase II of gastrulation). In the anti-sickle region (lacking sickle material and endophyll) no gastrular differentiation occurred spontaneously. The grafting of endophyll and/or Rauber's sickle evokes here also phase I or II of gastrulation. When the endophyll was removed from the caudal quadrant no PS appeared. If, however, endophyll was replaced, a PS and neurula developed. Our study demonstrates that the presence of endophyll is necessary to obtain an early gastrular development (phase I of gastrulation). It seems also to have an influence on the formation of the future neurectodermal region by induction of a thickening of the cranial upper layer. Only when both endophyll and sickle material were present, a PS formed in caudal quadrants. In the caudal quadrant, the endophyll (which seems to represent the vegetative pole of the avian blastula) does not regenerate, neither from the upper layer, nor from Rauber's sickle (containing blastoporal material: Callebaut and Van Nueten: 1994).

Topic: Plant and fungal interactions
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Pathogenic fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 signaling adversely affects diverse cellular processes during embryonic and post-natal development of the mouse cerebral cortex

Activating mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) -1, -2, -3 cause craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, in Apert, Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Muenke, and Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndromes. These conditions are also characterized by other skeletal anomalies and variable effects on brain development and function. The variability of central nervous system defects and the occurrence of severe cognitive impairment despite early surgical intervention, particularly in Apert syndrome, led us to hypothesize that the activating FGFR mutations have a direct, adverse effect on brain development. In this study we looked for aberrations in diverse cellular processes affected by Fgf signaling in the developing telencephalon of an Fgfr2+/S252W Apert mouse model to uncover the mechanisms by which these defects occur. We present evidence that in the Apert mouse model, the radial glial cells to intermediate progenitor transition is depressed during mid-to-late neurogenesis. We also observed a significant increase in apoptosis in the anterior forebrain in Apert newborns. Lastly, an increase in the migration of astrocytes to the dorsolateral cortex by post-natal day five was observed. These results suggest that important physiological roles of Fgfr2 signaling in the development of the cerebral cortex are adversely affected by syndromic activating mutations of Fgfr2, which may lead to gross brain abnormalities.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) on a Marine Plankton Population and Sedimentation in Controlled Ecosystem Enclosures

Effects of polychlor~nated b~phenyls (PCBs) on a natural rnarlne rcosystem were studied employing controlled ecosystem enclosures (CEEs) which conta~ned 68 m ' of srdwater and the natural sea-water biota ( S a a n ~c h Inlet, Br~tish C o l u m b ~a , Canada) Follotv~ng a d d ~t ~o ~l of PCBs 150 { r r j I l ) to a CEE, prlmary productivity was initially reduced by PCBs to less than 30 % of the control CEE to which no PCBs had been added.Settling velocity of partlculate m a t t e ~ was ln~tlally accelerated by PCB addition, but gross sedlmentat~on decreased due to inhib~tion of prlmary p r o d u c t l ~ ~t y .Deconlpos~t~on activity in sedlmented matter was ~n i t ~a l l y i n h ~b ~t e d by PCBs, one order of niagn~tudc lower than that of the control, but followed by recovery to the control level w l t h ~n 6-10 d Drast~c and c h r o n ~c reduct~ons in the size of zooplankton stocks wele also attr~buted to PCB stress

Topic: Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Establishing a system for the study of urethral biomechanical function

By applying experimental concepts and principles originally established in the study of blood vessel biomechanics, we are exploring various aspects of lower urinary tract function, dysfunction, and treatment effects on tissue properties and performance. We demonstrate here the feasibility of using a modified ex vivo vascular perfusion apparatus for urethral functional studies. Through administration of various pharmacologic agents, and against applied luminal pressures, we demonstrate control over urethral smooth and striated muscle contractile elements. The ability to measure such physiologic responses provides the basis for performing novel functional studies pertaining to the role of each component in overall urethral function and biomechanics. Therefore, the use of this system to evaluate ex vivo physiology and biomechanical properties will advance the understanding of underlying principles of both normal and abnormal urethral function.

Topic: Urinary Bladder and Prostate Research
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Potentiation and antagonism of serotonin effects on intracranial and extracranial vessels

The vasoconstrictor action of serotonin and its interaction with drugs (methysergide, pizotifen, cyproheptadine, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine) that have serotonin-antagonistic properties and that are used in the treatment of migraine were studied on isolated feline and human intracranial and extracranial arteries in vitro. The intracranial vessels were more sensitive to serotonin than the extracranial ones. The serotonin antagonists caused the expected impairment of the serotonin-induced contraction. In minute doses, the various compounds potentiated the contraction produced by serotonin. There is reason to believe that the mechanism responsible for this interaction is selective for tryptaminergic agents. This dual action of the serotonin antagonists may contribute to a beneficial effect in migraine by an interference during both the vasoconstrictory and vasodilatory phase.

Topic: Migraine and Headache Studies
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis and Transformations of Ethyl (Z)‐2‐(2,2‐Bis( ethoxycarbonyl)vinyl)amino‐3‐dimethylaminopropenoate, a New Reagent in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds.

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Topic: Synthesis and Reactivity of Heterocycles
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Congenital brain anomalies and chromosomal aberrations from the Zagreb Collection of human brains

Abstract The Zagreb Collection of developing and adult human brains consists of approximately 1,300 brains of fetuses, children and adults that were collected following routine autopsies in the period from 1974 to 2014. The collection comprises brains of different normal developmental stages that may serve for investigation of normal human brain development. Previous studies on this material have led to several important contributions on human cortical development, such as the discovery of the transient fetal subplate zone. The Zagreb Collection, however, also contains approximately 100 brains with different anomalies including chromosomal aberrations such as Down syndrome. We have analyzed all the available material from the Zagreb Collection and identified 44 brains of fetuses and children with Down syndrome, 10 with Patau syndrome, 6 with Edwards syndrome as well as 7 holoprosencephalic, 7 hydrocephalic and 4 microcephalic brains. The largest part of the Collection is available for further research using modern genetic, immunocytochemical and imaging methods, especially magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, the histological slides from the Zagreb Collection are currently being digitally scanned and made available as virtual slides to general scientific audience. The Zagreb Collection represents unique and versatile resource for the future study of normal and abnormal human brain development.

Topic: Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Statistical analysis of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia for the period 2017-2019

The purpose of this article is to examine the concept of business and the role of enterprises in the economic development of society. This topic is relevant for Russia today. Business in the Russian Federation is of great importance in the development of the economy and the country as a whole. Only through the development and improvement of entrepreneurship does economic growth take place, scientific and technological progress is accelerated. Also, the business area has a huge impact on other areas of activity, such as: social, political and others. Another argument for the relevance of this work is that in Russia entrepreneurship, especially small business, does not receive proper development and only partially performs the functions inherent in it in developed market systems, because as you know, it is small business that is the engine of economic growth.

Topic: Impulse Buying and Technology Impacts
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Mucosal Immunization of Cynomolgus Macaques with Two Serotypes of Live Poliovirus Vectors Expressing Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Antigens: Stimulation of Humoral, Mucosal, and Cellular Immunity

ABSTRACT Poliovirus live virus vectors are a candidate recombinant vaccine system. Previous studies using this system showed that a live poliovirus vector expressing a foreign antigen between the structural and nonstructural proteins generates both antibody and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in mice. Here we describe a novel in vitro method of cloning recombinant polioviruses involving a hybrid-PCR approach. We report the construction of recombinant vectors of two different serotypes of poliovirus-expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigens and the intranasal and intravenous inoculations of four adult cynomolgus macaques with these poliovirus vectors expressing the SIV proteins p17 gag and gp41 env . All macaques generated a mucosal anti-SIV immunoglobulin A (IgA) response in rectal secretions. Two of the four macaques generated mucosal antibody responses detectable in vaginal lavages. Strong serum IgG responses lasting for at least 1 year were detected in two of the four monkeys. SIV-specific T-cell lymphoproliferative responses were detected in three of the four monkeys. SIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes were detected in two of the four monkeys. This is the first report of poliovirus-elicited vaginal IgA or cytotoxic T lymphocytes in any naturally infectable primate, including humans. These findings support the concept that a live poliovirus vector is a potentially useful delivery system that elicits humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses against exogenous antigens.

Topic: HIV Research and Treatment
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Assessing the public willingness to contribute income to mitigate the effects of climate change: A comparison of Adelaide and Lisbon

While the scientific rationale for climate change mitigation has never been stronger, the Australian public is still hesitant about personally contributing to its costs. This public reticence is often explained as resulting from cost–benefit calculations and a human propensity to prioritize present over future goods. In this article we argue that these assumptions have limited bearing on people’s willingness to contribute. Our research supports this by demonstrating that the people of Lisbon, Portugal, are more willing to contribute than those of Adelaide, despite Portugal’s poorer economic conditions. Furthermore, willingness to contribute in both Lisbon and Adelaide does not diminish when the effects of climate change are deemed to be further away. Drawing on these results, we seek to begin the discussion of how social and cultural factors shape public attitudes towards climate change, and thus further build upon the research looking sociologically at people’s willingness to act.

Topic: Climate Change Communication and Perception
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Laws of Nature

It is a traditional empiricist doctrine that natural laws are universal truths. In order to overcome the obvious difficulties with this equation most empiricists qualify it by proposing to equate laws with universal truths that play a certain role, or have a certain function, within the larger scientific enterprise. This view is examined in detail and rejected; it fails to account for a variety of features that laws are acknowledged to have. An alternative view is advanced in which laws are expressed by singular statements of fact describing the relationship between universal properties and magnitudes.

Topic: Philosophy and History of Science
Subfield: History and Philosophy of Science
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Right Ventricular Septal Pacing Preserves Global Left Ventricular Longitudinal Function in Comparison With Apical Pacing - Analysis of Speckle Tracking Echocardiography -

RVA created heterogeneous LV contraction, which resulted in deteriorated LV longitudinal contraction. RVS could be a better pacing alternative in terms of less LV dyssynchrony and better longitudinal function compared to RVA.

Topic: Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Exosomes Derived From Heat Stroke Cases Carry miRNAs Associated With Inflammation and Coagulation Cascade

The pathological mechanism underlying heat stroke (HS) is associated with the dysbalanced inflammation and coagulation cascade. Cell-derived circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs), as a novel pathway mediating intercellular communication, are associated with the immune response and inflammation in critical inflammatory syndromes, such as sepsis. Although these vesicles contain genetic material correlated with their biological function, their molecular cargo during HS remains unknown. In this study, we evaluate the presence of microRNAs (miRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) associated with inflammatory responses and coagulation cascade in exosomes of patients with HS. Blood samples were collected from three patients with HS at the time of admission to the intensive care unit; three healthy volunteers were selected as control. Exosomes were isolated using ultracentrifugation, and their miRNA content was profiled using next-generation sequencing; mRNA content was evaluated using qPCR array. Compared with those from healthy volunteers, exosomes from patients with HS showed substantial changes in the expression of 202 exosomal miRNAs (154 upregulated and 48 downregulated miRNAs). The most upregulated miRNAs included miR-511-3p, miR-122-5p, miR-155-3p, miR-1290, and let7-5p, whereas the most downregulated ones included miR-150-3p, 146a-5p, and 151a-3p. Gene ontology enrichment of the miRNAs of patients with HS compared with control subjects were associated mostly with inflammatory response, including T cell activation, B cell receptor signaling, dendritic cell chemotaxis and leukocyte migration, and platelet activation and blood coagulation. The identified miRNAs were primarily enriched to the signal transduction pathways namely, T cell receptor signaling, Ras signaling, chemokine signaling, platelet activation, and leukocyte transendothelial migration, all of which are associated with inflammation and hemostasis. Multiple targeted mRNAs associated with the inflammatory response, blood coagulation, and platelet activation were further verified in serum exosomes. Exosomes from patients with HS convey miRNAs and mRNAs associated with pathogenic pathways, including inflammatory response and coagulation cascade. Exosomes may represent a novel mechanism for intercellular communication during HS.

Topic: Extracellular vesicles in disease
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Solvent effects on the orientaion of naphthalene rings in the side chain of poly‐γ‐1‐naphthylmethyl‐<scp>L</scp>‐glutamate

Abstract The orientation of naphthalene rings in the side chain of poly‐γ‐1‐naphthylmethyl‐ L ‐glutamate (PNLG) in mixed solvents of dichoroethane (DCE) and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) has been studied together with its conformation by infrared, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectra. The CD pattern of PNLG varies with the solvent composition while it maintains the α‐helical conformation. The fluorescence spectra of PNLG in solution show excimer emission of the naphthalene chromophores. The ratio of intensity of the excimer emission to that of the normal fluorescence decreases as the HFIP component in the solvent increases. It is suggested that the naphthalene rings in the side chain of α‐helical PNLG are more rigidly orientated in the solvents of higher HFIP ratio.

Topic: Biopolymer Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Case Studies From Elite Youth Soccer: Reflections on Talent Development Practices

With early specialisation being commonplace within elite youth soccer, knowledge of the psychosocial implications associated with talent development practices would be of considerable use for the coaching practitioner. This paper uses case studies as a platform to discuss potential psychosocial implications of early specialisation, and further, it also offers practical suggestions for the elite youth soccer coach. Three case studies were chosen; each is an account of observations that took place within a British soccer academy. Themes of the case studies included adult-led structures in early specialisation, awareness of need thwarting coach behaviours, and the retention or release of players. The case studies were deliberately chosen to prompt discussion, reflection, and action. Following the presentation of each case study, a theoretically driven discussion is formulated. Practical suggestions are then provided to assist in the management of talent development practices within elite youth soccer and to further enrich the experiences of players. Concluding thoughts and areas for future research are briefly discussed.

Topic: Sport Psychology and Performance
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT): emerging therapeutic targets and future directions for potential therapies

Desmoplastic small round cell tumors (DSRCTs) are a rare soft tissue sarcoma (850 patients reported in medical literature by 2018[1]) which predominantly occurs in male children and adolescents. It...

Topic: Protein Degradation and Inhibitors
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
EEG Suppression Associated with Apneic Episodes in a Neonate

We describe the EEG findings from an ex-preterm neonate at term equivalent age who presented with intermittent but prolonged apneic episodes which were presumed to be seizures. A total of 8 apneic episodes were captured (duration 23–376 seconds) during EEG monitoring. The baseline EEG activity was appropriate for corrected gestational age and no electrographic seizure activity was recorded. The average baseline heart rate was 168 beats per minute (bpm) and the baseline oxygen saturation level was in the mid-nineties. Periods of complete EEG suppression lasting 68 and 179 seconds, respectively, were recorded during 2 of these 8 apneic episodes. Both episodes were accompanied by bradycardia less than 70 bpm and oxygen saturation levels of less than 20%. Short but severe episodes of apnea can cause complete EEG suppression in the neonate.

Topic: Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Development of Crevice-Free Electrodes for Multielectrode Array Sensors for Applications at High Temperatures

Coupled multielectrode array sensors (CMAS) have been used as online and real-time monitors for localized corrosion in both laboratory and field systems. In a CMAS probe, multiple miniature electrodes made of materials identical to the engineering component are used as sensing electrodes. The application of CMAS at high temperatures, up to 150°C in corrosive environments, however, is limited by degradation of the insulating mounting material, such as epoxy. Degradation of the mounting material can lead to crevice corrosion and causes an increase in the exposed surface area of the electrodes. In this study, the effectiveness of a diamond-like carbon film to protect the Alloy 22 (UNS N06022) electrodes in an acidic sodium chloride-sodium nitrate-potassium nitrate (NaCl-NaNO3-KNO3) salt mixture was demonstrated at 150°C. The average localized corrosion rate measured from the probe with coated electrodes in the NaCl-NaNO3-KNO3 salt mixture at 150°C was approximately 0.43 μm/y. In contrast, the average localized corrosion rate measured using uncoated Alloy 22 electrodes was approximately two orders of magnitude higher than that measured from the probe with coated electrodes. Posttest scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and cyclic polarization tests revealed that the coating was adherent and prevented crevice formation between the Alloy 22 electrode and the epoxy-mounting material.

Topic: Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
Subfield: Bioengineering
Field: Chemical Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences