jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Antagonistic effects of IL-4 and TGF-beta1 on Langerhans cell-related antigen expression by human monocytes.

In this study, we analyzed the specific effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta1) and/or IL-4 on monocyte-derived cells. Monocytes were cultured with GM-CSF, GM-CSF/TGF-beta1, GM-CSF/IL-4, or GM-CSF/IL-4/TGF-beta1 before cell morphology, phenotype, and function were assessed. As expected, interleukin-4 is mandatory for monocyte differentiation into potent allostimulatory DC. In its absence, monocyte-derived cells share many phenotypic and functional features with macrophages. However, it is interesting that the cells express E-cadherin, independent of exogenous TGF-beta1, and addition of the cytokine induced CCR6 expression. Most importantly, a subset of monocytes cultured with GM-CSF/TGF-beta1 expresses Langerin, as confirmed by electron microscopy analysis. Langerin engagement with specific monoclonal antibodies induces its internalization and the formation of typical Birbeck granules. Monocytes cultured in GM-CSF/IL-4 did not express the LC markers E-cadherin, CCR6, or Langerin. The simultaneous addition of TGF-beta1 allows most of the cells to express E-cadherin but rarely CCR6 and Langerin. Taken together, the results add further evidence that LC can derive from monocytes and demonstrate an antagonistic effect of IL-4 and TGF-beta1 on monocyte differentiation toward the LC pathway.

Topic: Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Planting method and tank-mix herbicides effects on weed management in garlic (Allium sativum)

A field experiment was carried out at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute during 2012 and 2013 to investigate the effect of planting method and tank-mix herbicide application on weeds, and growth, yield and nutrient uptake of garlic (Allium sativa L.). It was observed that the flat (FB) and raised (Furrow-irrigated raised bed system; FIRBS) beds were comparable with each other on the density and dry weight of weeds, and plant height, yield and bulb diameter of garlic during both years. The pre-emergence tank-mix application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + imazethapyr 0.075 kg/ha was superior to all other herbicide treatments in reducing weed competition as well as the uptakes of N, P and K by weeds. The uptakes of N, P and K, and the bulb yield of garlic were considerably higher in weed-free check and the tank-mix pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + imazethapyr 0.075 kg/ha compared to other treatments. The pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + imazethapyr 0.075 kg/ha and weed-free check brought about increases in two-year mean garlic bulb yield by 244.4% (~2.4 times) and 264.2% (~2.6 times), respectively over weedy check.

Topic: Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Curcumin protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and cellular injury in human embryonic kidney cells

Background and Objectives: Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of various diseases including renal injury. Curcumin has been shown to exert antioxidant activity in various experimental models. Thus, the objectives of this study are to standardize and establish an in vitro model of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced renal cell injury using human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), and to evaluate the cytoprotective role and antioxidant properties of curcumin against the established in vitro model. Methods: HEK293 cells were incubated at 37°C with different concentrations of H₂O₂ (ranging from 100 µM to 100 mM) over 15-45 minutes. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion assay using a hemocytometer to select an optimal concentration of H₂O₂ for our study. Cells were then divided into four different groups: control, H₂O₂-treated, curcumin-treated, and curcumin + H₂O₂ treated. The cytoprotective role and antioxidant properties of curcumin were assessed by measuring cell viability and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (using native gel electrophoresis) respectively. Results: Compared to the control, 2.5 mM H₂O₂ treatment in HEK293 cells caused a significant decrease in cell viability (98.55% vs. 68.8% respectively; P value &lt;0.05), and loss of SOD activity. Interestingly, cells pretreated with curcumin were protected from H₂O₂-induced cell injury (83.15% vs. 68.8% cell viability in H₂O₂ treated group) and showed an active SOD band, similar to that of control. Conclusions: Curcumin acts as an antioxidant and protects HEK293 cells against H₂O₂-induced cellular injury. Further investigations are required to establish the potential therapeutic role of curcumin in kidney diseases.

Topic: Curcumin's Biomedical Applications
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Multi-lead ECG data compression with orthogonal expansions: KLT and wavelet packets

Presents the extension of transform coding compression methods to multilead ECG recordings in order to reduce the inter-lead correlation. Two orthogonal expansions are considered: the Karhunen-Loeve transform and a fast approximation of it based on wavelet packets, also known as best basis algorithm. The multilead compression algorithm with wavelet packets achieves an average compression ratio of 30.5:1 in two-leads records from MIT-BIH Arrythmia database, in contrast to 21.4:1 for the single-lead algorithm with the same distortion. Better results could be obtained in ECG recordings with more than two leads.

Topic: ECG Monitoring and Analysis
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Exosome-carried microRNA-based signature as a cellular trigger for the evolution of chronic lymphocytic leukemia into Richter syndrome

Even if considered a cumulative and not a proliferative CD5+ B-cell neoplasm, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has a proliferation rate higher than that recognized earlier, especially in the lymphoid tissues. Some patients with CLL develop a clinical syndrome entitled Richter syndrome (RS). Understanding CLL genetics and epigenetics may help to elucidate the molecular basics of the clinical heterogeneity of this type of malignancy. In the present project we aimed to identify a microRNA species that can predict the evolution of therapy-resistant CLL towards RS. In the first phase of our study, microRNA-19b was identified as a possible target, and in the second phase, we transfected three different CLL cell lines with microRNA-19b mimic and inhibitor and assessed the potential role on leukemia cells <i>in vitro</i>. The mechanism by which miR-19b acts were identified as the upregulation of Ki67 and downregulation of p53. This was further supported through RT-PCR and western blotting on CLL cell lines, as well as by next generation sequencing on two patients diagnosed with CLL that evolved into RS.

Topic: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Application of Food Additives in Frozen Buckwheat Dumpling

The quality of frozen Buckwheat dumpling may be affected by the raw materials, processing technology or other factors. Collapsed degree, frozen cracking rate and other sensory quality were the main problem during processing. The food additives were usually used to improve the quality of frozen dumpling. In this paper, the best formula of monoglycerides, xanthan gum, CMC, and the buckwheat flour were determined by the single factor experiments and orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimal formula was CMC 0.3%, xanthan gum 0.15%, monoglycerides 0.3% and buckwheat flour 30%. Under this best formula the collapsed degree, frozen cracking rate had been greatly reduced and the sensory quality improved.

Topic: Seed and Plant Biochemistry
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Molecular replacement with<i>MOLREP</i>

MOLREP is an automated program for molecular replacement that utilizes a number of original approaches to rotational and translational search and data preparation. Since the first publication describing the program, MOLREP has acquired a variety of features that include weighting of the X-ray data and search models, multi-copy search, fitting the model into electron density, structural superposition of two models, and rigid-body refinement. The program can run in a fully automatic mode using optimized parameters calculated from the input data.


Keywords:

molecular replacement;
rotation function;
translation function;
software

Topic: Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluating public cane toad eradication programs

The cane toad invasion of Australia has been followed by varied responses from the general public. For obvious biological reasons cane toads have been negatively portrayed in information provided by government agencies (federal, state and local) and the media. These have focused on why the cane toad is bad (i.e. it is toxic to humans and pets) rather than the biological consequences of reducing the number of snakes and other reptile and mammalian predators that have been severely impacted by cane toads -primarily outside urban areas.

Topic: Amphibian and Reptile Biology
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The War of Resistance before Japan’s Southern Advance

In 1937, the Nationalists under Chiang Kaishek were leading the Chinese war effort against Japan and were lauded in the West for their efforts to transform China into an independent and modern nation; yet this image was quickly tarnished. The Nationalists were soon denounced as militarily incompetent, corrupt, and antidemocratic and Chiang Kaishek, the same. In this book, van de Ven investigates the myths and truths of Nationalist resistance including issues such as: the role of the US in East Asia during the Second World War the achievements of Chiang Kaishek as Nationalist leader the respective contributions of the Nationalists and the Communists to the defeat of Japan the consequences of the Europe First strategy for Asia. War and Nationalism in China offers a major new interpretation of the Chinese Nationalists, placing their war of resistance against Japan in the context of their prolonged efforts to establish control over their own country and providing a critical reassessment of Allied Warfare in the region. This groundbreaking volume will interest students and researchers of Chinese History and Warfare.

Topic: Japanese History and Culture
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Research Article: Aqueous extraction of dried and fresh garlic, and comparative antimicrobial susceptibility testing of garlic extracts on selected bacteria

Abstract Susceptibility testing against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was carried out using fresh aqueous, heated aqueous and dried powder solutions of garlic. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not inhibited by the garlic extract. Dried garlic powder showed comparable antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium as fresh unheated garlic extract. However, when the aqueous garlic extract was subjected to heating for 20 minutes, its antimicrobial property was significantly reduced. The disk diffusion technique appears to be more reliable for susceptibility testing than the agar-gel diffusion technique, since the disk diffusion test correlates well with the results of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Our results show that garlic disks of 6.25 mg should be used for susceptibility testing. Zone sizes of 29 mm and above should indicate susceptibility for S. aureus.

Topic: Garlic and Onion Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
First-Choice Antihypertensive Drug Use in the Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic

The evolution of antihypertensive drug use in the Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic between 1969 and 1986 was determined, from computerized data, by extracting percentages of new patients prescribed different drugs at their first clinic visit. Prescribing of adrenergic neuron blockers and centrally acting drugs (methyldopa and clonidine) was common in the early years but declined rapidly until, after 1975 and 1980, respectively, it remained at 10% or less. Diuretics, mainly thiazides, were prescribed for 20% of patients in 1969 to a peak of 55% in 1980. β-Blockers were first used during the early 1970s and their use peaked in 1980, when they were prescribed for over 60% of new patients. They remained a first-choice treatment in more than 40% of patients. Calcium channel blockers were first used in 1980 and by 1986 were prescribed for 15% of new patients. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were used from 1982 and in 1986 were prescribed for 7% of new patients. These two classes of drugs are more expensive than older drugs. However, because of their low usage, this did not greatly influence treatment costs up to 1986, as β-blockers and thiazides remained widely used.

Topic: Cardiac, Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Study on Substrate Network Synchrony Demands to Support Hybrid Synchrony Virtual Networks

Network virtualization has been proposed in the last years, and it received special attention from both networking and distributed systems communities. By offering a flexible and economic alternative for the deployment of customized networks, a wide set of applications becomes eligible to run on top of such infrastructures. However, specific applications' requirements, such as topology, security, and resilience, pose different challenges to the network embedding problem. Among these requirements lays the one of synchrony, that some applications demand time bounds for processing and communication. In this sense, Hybrid Synchrony Virtual Networks (HSVN) has been proposed to fulfil specific synchrony requirements and better support a considerable class of distributed systems. Considering HSVNs, one of the main challenges is to minimize the need for synchronous components in the substrate network, due to their high cost. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model that aims at defining an economic synchrony configuration of the substrate network, subject to the virtual networks demands, and we analyse the physical synchronous resources regarding their properties and topology.

Topic: Software-Defined Networks and 5G
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The potential in ‘not knowing’

Abstract The article aims to use two infant observations to show how the experience of ‘not knowing’ is a difficult one – to live through, to observe and to contain. These difficulties are exacerbated because anxieties in ‘not knowing’ can impede learning. The infant observations were conducted using the method outlined by Esther Bick and supervised by the Tavistock Clinic through group seminars. The discussion focuses on ‘not knowing’ and this theme weaves through the essay. The second set of themes are around ‘finding out’, especially learning from the experience of separations. This is made explicit by describing the infant's interaction with his surroundings, through his developing a symbolic ‘inner’, finding out about empty spaces and populating them. It also reflects on the capacities of the observer who is actively learning alongside the infants and mothers who are observed. Keywords: Early developmentlearningmotherhoodinfantobservationstruggle

Topic: Philosophy, Ethics, and Existentialism
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Bionomics and Phenology of Ataenius spretulus123

Journal Article Bionomics and Phenology of Ataenius spretulus Get access Gerald S. Wegner, Gerald S. Wegner Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Harry D. Niemczyk Harry D. Niemczyk Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 74, Issue 4, 15 July 1981, Pages 374–384, https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/74.4.374 Published: 15 July 1981 Article history Received: 02 October 1980 Published: 15 July 1981

Topic: Plant and animal studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Characteristics of the Tropopause and Its Effect on Optical Imaging

Abstract : The note summarizes the meteorological implications of airborne optical imaging through the tropopause, with specific reference to a series of experiments in New Zealand in September 1971. The general characteristics of the tropopause and lower stratosphere are discussed as they relate to optical propagation. Specific meteorological data pertaining to the experimental flights are presented and discussed.

Topic: Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Charitable Crescent

Islamic Charity Under Suspicion': such headlines have become familiar since the attacks on the United States on 9.11. The Charitable Crescent is a unique and original account of a hitherto little-known field of pivotal significance to our understanding of the Muslim world today: the relationship between politics and philanthropy in the workings of Islamic charities. Based on years of research, Jonathan Benthall and Jerome Bellion-Jourdan explain the long tradition of philanthropy in Muslim history and how it is constantly adapted to differing political contexts. The pervasive connections between charity and politics in the Middle East demonstrate how naive it is to think of humanitarianism as a sphere distinct from politics. The Charitable Crescent covers all aspects of this topic that has become so relevant in today's world: who is entitled to benefit from Muslim alms? Can material relief aid be de-linked from political, or sometimes even violent, action? How can public trust (both Western and Islamic) in welfare delivery systems be won? Who is entitled to interpret Islamic doctrine?

Topic: Religion, Society, and Development
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Individualized approaches to infection management

Artificial intelligence and biosensor technology may facilitate truly individualised approaches to antimicrobial selection and dose optimisation. However, the technology must be applicable to all healthcare situations whether high or low/middle income. Artificial intelligence provides the potential to support the move from guideline driven decision making to more individualised antimicrobial prescribing, through better utilisation of available data. These work on the basis that the majority of antimicrobial prescribing is done by individuals who are not experts in infection management and often have a limited understanding of antimicrobials, including the evidence around antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, if machines can be trained to act as experts, perhaps these can help to bridge the observed gaps in knowledge and understanding. Different machine learning tools have been incorporated into a web-based user interface that directly links to electronic health records within the hospital. This allows data to be presented to the end user in line with their normal decision-making pathway, whilst also providing individualised prescribing recommendations using a case-based-reasoning approach. Supervised machine learning algorithms have been trained on over 200,000 patient profiles to predict the likelihood of microbiology sample growth and most likely site of culture growth to further support decision making. This work focuses on limiting the number of variables required to allow systems to easily adapt to a range of situations. Equally as important as antimicrobial selection is optimisation of the dose of antimicrobial to maximise bacterial killing, whilst minimising the harmful consequences of antimicrobial therapy. This includes toxicity and development of antimicrobial resistance. With increasing evidence for the wide pharmacokinetic variability across most classes of antimicrobial, the role of dose optimisation tools is now being explored. However, a major barrier to these interventions is the challenging nature of drug monitoring. Currently available therapeutic drug monitoring protocols provide sporadic data with dosing often altered in line with population estimates for optimal concentrations. With development of minimally invasive biosensor technology we may now be able to facilitate real-time monitoring of changing antimicrobial concentrations. This technology is now being translated into low-cost, low energy, point of care devices for deployment and testing in challenging clinical circumstances.

Topic: Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Caring for the Child with Familial Dysautonomia

flicts both boys and girls and appears to be found exclusively in Jewish children of Eastern European ancestry. It follows an autosomal rpcessive pattern of inheritance(l). The symptoms of familial dysautonomia, also known as the Riley-Day syndrome, reflect a diffuse, selective, sensory-motor defect combined with autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Although physical growth and development are slowed, mental retardation is not a characteristic of

Topic: Hereditary Neurological Disorders
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Parent–Adolescent Discrepancies in Perceived Parental Sacrifice and Adolescent Developmental Outcomes in Poor Chinese Families

Parents and adolescents perceive family processes differently. This study examined how convergence and divergence of parent‐perceived and adolescent‐perceived parental sacrifice influenced adolescent developmental outcomes in a sample of 275 poor intact Chinese families in Hong Kong. The results of polynomial regression analyses indicated that the interaction of fathers’ and adolescents’ perceptions of paternal sacrifice negatively predicted adolescent resilience and cognitive competence. Similar findings were identified in maternal sacrifice. Cluster analysis further showed that adolescents exhibited greater resilience and cognitive competence in families with parent–adolescent convergent perceptions of high levels of parental sacrifice than did those in families with parent–adolescent divergent views. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the results are discussed.

Topic: Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences