jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Righteous Army Movement in Ahsahn Region in the Period of Great Han Empire.

오늘날의 아산시 경내에서 처음으로 의병의 동향이 파악되는 것은 1896년 2월 무렵이었다. 제천의병의 일파가 아산에 들어온 경우가 그것이다. 이 의병은 아산지역의 항일세력과는 크게 연관되어 있지 않고 아산을 통과하는 정도에 지나지 않았다. 전기의병 시기 아산지역의 대표적인 의병장으로는 이순신 장군의 후손인 이세영(1869~1938)을 들 수 있다. 이세영은 홍주의병에 주도적으로 참여하였던 인물이기도 하다. 그는 전기 홍주의병의 중심인물들과 연계되어 거사에 깊이 관여했던 대표적인 인물 가운데 한 사람이었다. 홍주의병이 일어났을 때 홍주 경무청을 파괴하고 경무관을 포박하였던 인물이다. 중기의병 시기에도 아산 출신의 지사들은 홍주의병에 적극적으로 가담하였다. 특히 최익현의 제자였던 곽한일의 역할이 주목된다. 최익현이 아산과 인연을 맺었던 것은 1862년 10월에 신창 현감에 부인한 것이었다. 그뒤 정산에 내려와 살던 최익현은 1906년 봄 호남지방에서 의병을 일으켰다. 이때 아산의 곽한일은 예산 출신의 남규진과 함께 최익현의 명령을 받고 호서지방 거사의 책임을 맡았다, 뿐만 아니라 호서의병과 최익현이 주도하는 호남의병 사이의 연락과 통신 역할을 담당하였다. 홍주에서는 1905년 을사조약 이후 중기의병 시기에도 대규모 의진이 편성되어 활동을 이어갔다. 이 과정에서 이세영과 곽한일, 그리고 성재한 등 아산 출신의 인물들도 적극적으로 동참하여 홍주의병의 중심축의 일부를 이루었다. 성재한은 운량관, 이세영은 중군장, 곽한일은 돌격장에 각각 선임되었다. 홍주의병은 패산 후 재기항전을 위해 의병 동지들이 합심하여 노력하였다. 곽한일은 1906년 10월 이남규의 집에서 이용규ㆍ박윤식ㆍ박창로 등 의병 동지들과 거사를 논의하였다. 그 결과 각지 의병을 모아 예산 관아를 공격하기로 하고 11월 20일을 거사일로 잡았으며, 민종식을 다시 대장에 추대하기로 하였다. 그러나 거사계획이 누설되면서 이들이 모두 피체되고 말아 재거계획은 수포로 돌아갔다. 곽한일은 종신형을 선고받아 전남 지도로 유배되었다가 경술국치 후인 1912년 사면되어 고향으로 돌아왔다. 후기의병 시기에 아산지역에서 벌어진 의병의 항일전은 1907년부터 1909년에 이르기까지 자료상 산발적으로 확인되고 있다. 이들 의병은 많게는 150명, 작게는 십여명 내외에 이르기까지 다양한 규모의 의병들이 아산지역 경내의 주재소ㆍ분파소 등을 과감히 습격하기도 하였고, 또 경내 각처에서 일제 헌병, 경찰대와 대소 교전을 벌이기도 하였으며, 때로는 군자금과 군수품을 수집하는 활동을 벌이기도 하였다.

Topic: Eurasian Exchange Networks
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Hydraulic Performance of Untreated and Polymer-Treated Bentonite in Inorganic Landfill Leachates

Abstract Short- and long-term exposure to inorganic solutions can cause significant degradation of the hydraulic properties of bentonite clay used in geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs). In particular, the increase in hydraulic conductivity due to cation exchange when Na-montmorillonite is subjected to leachates rich in Ca and Mg has caused problems in incinerator ash landfill liners located in wet environments, where large quantities of leachates are generated. Experimental results are presented to evaluate the immediate change in hydraulic conductivity of seven types of GCL clays upon permeation with leachate generated from three ash landfills. The composition of the ash, which is a by-product of the incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW), in turn influences the composition of the resulting leachate. Falling head permeability tests were performed on flexible-wall permeameter specimens, with back-pressure saturation. Chemical analysis shows that the three leachate products contain high, medium, and low concentration Ca and Mg cations. The clay component of GCL materials tested in this study consists of regular and polymer-treated bentonite. Polymer treatment is believed to render the clay non-reactive to many organic and inorganic chemicals. The results of this study indicate that: (1) polymer treatment is generally more beneficial if the clay is first saturated with water and not directly with the leachate; (2) high swell potential of the bentonite is more advantageous than polymer treatment, especially when low hydraulic conductivity is required in the short term and if the clay is pre-hydrated. Experiment setup and special specimen preparation procedures are also discussed.

Topic: Landfill Environmental Impact Studies
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Novel Self-Compacting Buffer Schemes to Improve Performance of Systems with Network on Chip

In this paper, we present three novel input buffer schemes for systems with network on chip. These proposed buffer schemes are based on a self-compacting buffer, and can provide larger available buffer space per physical channel for communicating applications. These schemes outperform existing approaches. DAMQshr has similar performance using only sixty three percent of the buffer size that is used in traditional implementation for NoCs. DAMQmin provides an excellent technique to optimize buffer management, and provides a good throughput when the network has a larger load. In addition, they also have better utilization of the available buffer space.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Noble Metal and Spinel Deposition on the Floor of the Joule‐Heated Ceramic Melter

At the West Valley Demonstration Project (WVDP), the slurry‐fed ceramic melter (SFCM) was in test operation from December 1984 to December 1989 to vitrify simulated nuclear waste slurries. In this study, deposition of insolubles and crystallized species on the SFCM floor during the vitrification process were analyzed. The results indicate that the thickness of the sludge layer on the floor of the SFCM was not more than 6 cm deep and consisted mostly of Fe‐Cr spinels, and RuO 2 dispersed in a glassy borosilicate matrix. Also, crystalline Ce 2 O 3 and undissolved phases consisting primarily of alumina and chromia were present in trace amounts but were inhomogeneously distributed in the glassy matrix on the SFCM floor. Greater than 87% of the RuO 2 fed to the melter was flushed out with normal glass pouring.

Topic: Nuclear materials and radiation effects
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Entire Hemispheric Proton In Vivo MRS Examination of Sturge-Weber Syndrome at 3 T

Methods In vivo proton MR spectroscopy was done over entire hemisphere for four SWS patients and six healthy volunteers at 3T GE SIGNA system. One of the patients had bihemisphric disease, and the other three patients had unilateral involvement based on the presence of the angiomatosis. Four contralateral voxels were selected from the frontal lobe, and the parieto-occipital lobe. The water suppressed proton spectra (TE=45ms or 136ms, TR=2s) were obtained from the 2x2x1.5 cm3 voxels using the PROBE-SV (PRESS). Additional scans were performed in thalamic region in case that decreased perfusion (HMPAO) and glucose metabolism (FDG) were found by the SPECT examination (Fig.1). For each spectrum, 128 acquisitions were accumulated for 5 minutes. The NAA concentrations were evaluated using internal water reference from the same voxel[4]. T1 and T2 relaxation corrections were performed for quantitation of the regional NAA level. Results HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS: The NAA level of normal volunteers (32 ± 5 y.o.; 2 female; 4 male) are 12.36 ± 0.71 and 11.4 ± 1.36 (mmol/Kg wet wt) for white matter in parieto-occipital lobe and frontal lobe, respectively. The contralateral differences in NAA level among healthy group are 4.7 ± 2.1% in the parieto-occipital region, and 7.5 ± 5.5% in the frontal region.

Topic: Vascular Malformations and Hemangiomas
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Examination of a brief computerized Cognitive Anxiety Sensitivity intervention on obsessive–compulsive symptoms

Objectives Despite the existence of several first‐line treatments for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), many patients fail to experience symptom reduction and/or do not complete treatment. As a result, the field has increasingly moved towards identifying and treating malleable underlying risk factors that may in turn improve treatment efficacy. One salient underlying risk factor, anxiety sensitivity (AS) cognitive concerns, has been found to be uniquely associated with obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptom dimensions. However, no studies have yet examined whether reductions in AS cognitive concerns will lead to subsequent reductions in OC symptoms. Methods The current study attempted to fill this gap by recruiting individuals reporting elevations on both AS cognitive concerns and at least one OC symptom dimension. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a one‐session AS cognitive concerns intervention ( n = 35) or a single health information control session ( n = 37). AS cognitive concerns were assessed at post‐intervention and one‐month follow‐up. Results The active intervention produced significantly greater reductions in AS cognitive concerns post‐intervention than the control intervention. However, this effect was no longer significant at one‐month follow‐up. Further, while there was not an effect of treatment condition on OC symptoms at one‐month follow‐up, changes in AS cognitive concerns from baseline to post‐intervention mediated changes in OC symptoms at one‐month follow‐up. Conclusions Findings support previous research attesting to the malleable nature of AS. Extending this research, findings provide initial support for the efficacy of AS interventions among individuals with elevated OC symptoms. Practitioner points Clinicians should consider assessing anxiety sensitivity (AS) among patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. If elevated, clinicians should consider targeting AS as an adjunct to treatment as usual.

Topic: Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Structure and function of human respiratory sncytial virus&#13;\nM2-‐1 protein

The M2-­‐1 protein of the important pathogen human respiratory syncytial virus is a transcription antiterminator that is essential for viral gene expression. &#13;\nWe present the X-­‐ray crystal structure of full-­‐length&#13;\nM2-­‐1 protein in its native tetrameric form at a resolution&#13;\nof 2.52 Å. The structure reveals M2-­‐1 forms a disk-­‐like&#13;\nassembly with tetramerisation driven by a long helix forming&#13;\na four-­‐helix bundle at its center, further stabilised by&#13;\ncontact between the zinc finger and adjacent protomers. The&#13;\ntetramerisation helix is linked to a core domain responsible&#13;\nfor RNA binding activity by a flexible loop on which lie&#13;\ntwo functionally critical serine residues, 58 and 61, that&#13;\nare phosphorylated during infection. The identity of these&#13;\nresidues was confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis of&#13;\nM2-­‐1 protein expressed in baculovirus-­‐ assisted insect &#13;\ncell culture. The crystal structure of a phosphomimetic M2-­‐1 variant, S58DS61D revealed altered charge density surrounding this flexible loop, although loop position was&#13;\nunaffected.&#13;\nStructure guided mutagenesis identified residues that contributed to RNA binding and antitermination activity,&#13;\nrevealing a strong correlation between these two activities,&#13;\nand further defining the role of phosphorylation in M2-­‐1&#13;\nantitermination activity. The data presented here identify&#13;\nsurfaces critical for M2-­‐1 function that may be targeted&#13;\nby anti-­‐viral compounds, and allow us to propose a possible model for M2-­‐1 function during respiratory syncytial virus transcription.

Topic: Respiratory viral infections research
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Fast atom bombardment and collision-induced dissociation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes: Some examples of charge remote fragmentation

The mass spectra of products found by collisional activation of selected prostaglandins and thromboxanes were studied by tandem mass spectrometry as barium carboxylate salts and as carboxylate anions. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of these closed shell ions generated by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry reveals a wealth of structural information for these hydroxy acids. Decomposition reactions were found to be dependent upon the eicosanoid ring structure and the type of ion being studied, either positive or negative ion. The bariated carboxylate salts undergo reactions by processes that are similar to those previously characterized as charge remote mechanisms in which neutral species are lost as in thermal and photolytic decompositions. The most abundant ion is formed by loss of water from each of the hydroxyl groups present on the prostaglandin or thromboxane structure. For these multifunctionalized eicosanoids, typical patterns of decomposition emerge as characteristic of the oxygen substituents present along the carbon chain of the eicosanoid structure. The structural information obtained from the barium salts along with those from the carboxylate anions is substantially different, yet the structural information from each process is complementary. The CIDs of positive ions (metalated salts) provide structural information concerning the substituents between the carboxyl group and C12 of the eicosanoid structure, whereas the decompositions of the carboxylate anions (negative ion mode) provide data concerning structure alterations of the eicosanoid structure between C15 and C20.

Topic: Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Excretion of Vanylglycol in Human Urine under Dietary Control, and during Treatment with Antibiotics, Disulfiram, a Monoamineoxidase Inhibitor, Alphamethyldopa and Reserpine

AbstractSix healthy men were given a fruit- and vegetable-free diet, and one man was given a pure sucrose-water diet and antibiotics for 4 days. Vanylglycol in urine was detected by paper chromatography and thin-layer chroma tography after enzymatic hydrolysis with glusulase (glucuronidase + arylsul fatase). Acid hydrolysis destroyed vanylglycol. Treatment with antibiotics and a sucrose diet did not change the vanylglycol excretion, while the mono amineoxidase inhibitor, alphamethyldopa, and reserpine decreased the excre tion. Disulfiram treatment increased the vanylglycol excretion.Key Words: Alphamethyldopaantibioticsdietdisulfirammonoamineoxidase inhibitorreserpinevanylglycol in human urine

Topic: Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Music as Biology: The Tones We Like and Why

The universality of musical tones has long fascinated philosophers, scientists, musicians, and ordinary listeners. Why do human beings worldwide find some tone combinations consonant and others dissonant? Why do we make music using only a small number of scales out of the billions that are possible? Why do differently organized scales elicit different emotions? Why are there so few notes in scales? In Music as Biology, Dale Purves argues that biology offers answers to these and other questions on which conventional music theory is silent. When people and animals vocalize, they generate tonal sounds...periodic pressure changes at the ear which, when combined, can be heard as melodies and harmonies. Human beings have evolved a sense of tonality, Purves explains, because of the behavioral advantages that arise from recognizing and attending to human voices. The result is subjective responses to tone combinations that are best understood in terms of their contribution to biological success over evolutionary and individual history. Purves summarizes evidence that the intervals defining Western and other scales are those with the greatest collective similarity to the human voice; that major and minor scales are heard as happy or sad because they mimic the subdued and excited speech of these emotional states; and that the character of a culture's speech influences the tonal palette of its traditional music. Rethinking music theory in biological terms offers a new approach to centuries-long debates about the organization and impact of music....

Topic: Diverse Musicological Studies
Subfield: Music
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A study of hydrogen rearrangement reactions in the molecular ion of 1,2-dimethoxyethane by MIKE spectrometry.

The eliminations of methanol (CH3OH) and formaldehyde (CH2O) molecules from the molecular ion of 1,2-dimethoxyethane have been investigated by using deuterium labelling technique and mass analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) spectra. The MIKE spectra show that the structure of the resultant ion at m/z 58, [M-CH3OH]+., is identical with that of the molecular ion of methyl vinyl ether ([CH3OCH=CH2]+.), and that of the ion at m/z 60, [M-CH2O]+., is an oxonium type ion, [CH3O(H)CH2CH2.)]+. The hydrogen rearrangements associated with these reactions result in thermochemical stabilization in the product systems. The loss of CH3OH molecule is accompanied by a kinetic energy release (T0.5 = 101 meV) larger than that in the elimination of CH2O molecule (T0.5=17 meV). A significant isotope effect is observed in the methanol and formaldehyde losses from deuterated 1,2-dimethoxyethane CH3OCH2CD2OCD3 (2,5-dioxahexane-1,1,1,3,3-d5). These results are discussed along with mechanistic features of both reactions.

Topic: Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Beneficial effects of embryo extract on cultured rabbit cartilage cells

Abstract Growth and the expression of cartilage‐like differentiation by adult rabbit chondrocytes is stimulated greatly by the Sephadex G‐25 macromolecular fraction of chicken embryo extract (CEEM). A small amount of fetal bovine serum or the macromolecular fraction of fetal bovine serum (FBSM) is also needed for growth. Medium F12 supplemented with CEEM plus FBSM supports moderate clonal growth of the rabbit chondrocytes with excellent expression of differentiated properties. The effects of CEEM on growth and the expression of differentiation have been quantitated by measurement of radioactive sulfate incorporation and total protein synthesis.

Topic: RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Tetrahedral intermediates formed during the nucleophilic addition‐elimination reaction of carbonyl‐containing compounds in the gas phase. Part II

Abstract The structures of adduct ions formed between the nucleophiles HO − and CH 3 O − and various carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes, esters and amides, have been probed in the gas phase by studying their proton affinity, collision‐induced dissociation pathways and chemical reactivity, using Fourier‐Transform Ion‐Cyclotron‐Resonance (FT‐ICR) Mass Spectrometry. Most of the generated adduct ions are shown to have stable, often proton‐bound, loosely associated structures as well as stable, covalently bound, tetrahedral structures.

Topic: Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Engineers and engineering in the US and Japan: what have we learned from comparative studies?

Comparative studies of Japanese engineering practices have increasingly been replaced by focused searches for best practices at specific Japanese firms. This review applauds this transition, but argues that researchers need to devote more attention to the institutional aspects of engineering through comparative international studies of engineering in the USA, Japan and elsewhere.

Topic: Innovation and Knowledge Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Delineating naturally introgressed genotypes of Indian eggplant collections using morphological key traits for plant genetic resources management

Abstract Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) is a widely cultivated vegetable in India with enormous variability. Recent molecular techniques revealed three closely related but distinct Solanum species ( S. melongena , S. incanum and S. insanum ), with the Indian subcontinent being a domesticated centre. Spontaneous hybridization between S. insanum and S. melongena has led to the formation of naturally introgressed lines and limited studies are available to differentiate these genotypes using morphological key traits. Current study aimed to delineate naturally introgressed genotypes of Indian eggplant collections using morphological key traits for plant genetic resources (PGR) management and assess available genetic diversity. The study characterized a collection of 157 eggplant germplasm at ICAR-NBPGR, Regional Station, Kerala, and identified 30 naturally introgressed, 10 wild progenitors and 117 cultivated eggplants. The key morphological traits are prickliness (stem, petiole, calyx and pedicle), leaf base shape, fruit shape and size. Other fruit traits such as length, breadth and mesocarp texture could also provide some clues for delineating introgressed genotypes from S. insanum and S. melongena . Basic statistical analysis of six quantitative traits of 157 eggplant genotypes revealed the presence of considerable amount of variation (CV%) in which fruit length/breadth ratio showed higher variation (73.87) followed by fruit length (54.73) and average fruit weight (53.5). The frequency distribution of 14 qualitative traits revealed the presence of all character states among them. Key traits identified under study could provide clues to identify individual plants at field level to plant taxonomist/explorers and also to aid gene bank curators for PGR management.

Topic: Agricultural Practices and Plant Genetics
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Studies on Honey and Pollen. Part VI

(1) クロマツ,ヤマユリ,オニユリの3種の花粉を一般分析した結果,ヤマユリ,オニユリなどの虫媒花花粉はクロマツ,ガマの穂などの風媒花花粉に比べて,粗脂肪,総転化糖,直接還元糖が多くなっている. (2) クロマツ,オニユリ,ヤマユリ,カボチャ,オオマツヨイグサの5種の花粉の水溶性糖及び85%エタノール可溶性糖のPPCを行なった結果,クロマツではサッカロースが主な糖であり,その他の花粉ではフルクトース,グルコース及びサッカロースの3種が主な糖であることを認めた. (3) 上記5種の花粉の85%エタノール可溶性糖について, PPC法による3糖の分離定量を行なった結果,クロマツ花粉ではサッカロースが著しく多かった.またフルクトースとグルコースの割合はオニユリを除いてややフルクトースの方が多くなっているが,ヤマユリ,オニユリではほぼ同量含まれている.カボチャとガマの穂の花粉はサッカロースが比較的少なく,またカボチャはグルコースに比ベフルクトースが非常に多くなっいる. (4) クロマツ花粉の糖類をCarbon CCで分別し,それらの糖組成をPPCでしらべた結果,フルクトース,グルコース,サッカロース,ツラノース,マルトース,イソマルトース,ラフィノースの他に5種の糖類を認めた.

Topic: Plant and animal studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
DEVELOPMENT OF MARKETING COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES OF ENTERPRISES

The article substantiates the theoretical and methodological approaches to the choice of marketing competitive strategies of enterprises and presents areas for their improvement. The peculiarities of marketing strategies, their tasks and principles of formation are highlighted. The algorithm of formation of marketing strategy of the enterprise on the basis of the structural and logical scheme and an estimation of competitive positions of the enterprise is offered. On the basis of the conducted research the grouping of marketing competitive strategies on the level of influence on competitive advantages of the enterprise is carried out. It is established that when choosing a marketing strategy it is necessary to focus on the goals, the main features of the marketing strategy, such as: long-term orientation; based on the results of strategic marketing analysis; a certain subordination in the hierarchy of enterprise strategies; defined market orientation (in relation to consumers and competitors). It is highlighted that in the process of substantiation and development of marketing strategies, depending on the type of enterprise development, three interrelated tasks are solved: * development of a set of marketing activities; * adaptation of the enterprise to changes in the external environment; * ensuring the adequacy of the company's marketing policy to the changing needs of customers. Subject to the gradual development of marketing strategy, based on the proposed structural and logical scheme and assessment of the competitive position of the enterprise should take into account both its existing and potential customers and competitors. The company needs to constantly analyze competitors and develop competitive marketing strategies that will provide it with effective positioning in relation to competitors and provide the maximum possible competitive advantage. The competitor-oriented approach is based on the strategy and tactics of counteracting competitors. Within this approach, two ways to achieve competitive advantage can be used: cost leadership and a set of actions to degrade the quality of the competitive environment. The main method of achieving competitive advantage, which is used within the consumer-oriented approach, is product differentiation. The tool of differentiation is positioning, which is carried out primarily through a set of marketing communications and promotion strategies.

Topic: Business and Economic Development
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences