jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Lipid Accumulation in the Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes and Human Adipose Stem Cells into Adipocytes by TAK-715, a Specific Inhibitor of p38 MAPK

Excessive preadipocyte differentiation is linked with obesity. Although previous studies have shown that p38 MAPK is associated with adipogenesis, the regulation of preadipocyte differentiation by TAK-715, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), remains unclear. Interestingly, TAK-715 at 10 μM vastly suppressed the accumulation of lipid and intracellular triglyceride (TG) content with no cytotoxicity during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. On mechanistic levels, TAK-715 significantly decreased the expressions of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and perilipin A. Similarly, the phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells was also reduced with TAK-715 treatment. Moreover, TAK-715 significantly blocked the phosphorylation of activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2), a p38 MAPK downstream molecule, during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Of importance, TAK-715 also markedly impeded the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and suppressed lipid accumulation during the adipocyte differentiation of human adipose stem cells (hASCs). Concisely, this is the first report that TAK-715 (10 μM) has potent anti-adipogenic effects on the adipogenesis process of 3T3-L1 cells and hASCs through the regulation of the expression and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, STAT-3, FAS, and perilipin A.

Topic: Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Stem characteristics of two forage maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) cultivars varying in whole plant digestibility. IV. Changes during the growing season in anatomy and chemical composition in relation to fermentation characteristics of a lower internode

Improving digestibility of forage maize (Zea mays L.) through breeding is important to optimize the efficiency of ruminant's rations. It can partly be achieved by improving the digestibility of stem tissue, a genetically complex and diverse trait changing drastically during the growing season. We tried to gain insight into this trait by analysing the changes during the growing season in the anatomy, chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of a lower internode (internode 7) of two forage maize cultivars differing in whole plant digestibility. These two cultivars, known to differ in digestibility, were grown in the Netherlands for two growing seasons. Cell wall thickness of the sclerenchyma tissue in the rind of internode 7 increased linearly with the temperature sum until reaching final cell wall thickness several days before anthesis. Volens, the less digestible cultivar, had a higher final cell wall thickness than Vitaro, the cultivar with a better digestibility. Chemical analyses included determination of NDF, ADF, ADL, crude protein, sugar content, and ash. Lignin content increased until shortly after anthesis in both cultivars, in both years. Lignin content was higher for Volens than for Vitaro and higher in 2000 than in 1999. Crude protein content decreased from 15–21% in early July to 2–5% in late September with no clear differences between cultivars or years. Fermentation characteristics showed that maximum gas production of cell wall components was highest immediately before anthesis and subsequently decreased. At all stages of development, Vitaro had a higher maximum gas production than Volens. The cultivar differences in digestibility could not be confirmed by differences in rate of cell wall disappearance. Seasonal changes showed an increase in fermentable cell wall material until anthesis; thereafter fermentability decreased. Differences in cell wall thickness and in lignin content reflected the changes in digestibility during the growing season best; the differences between the two contrasting cultivars were best reflected by the differences in cell wall thickness, lignin content and the decline of the potential digestibility in the period before anthesis

Topic: Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Researching the potential market for an electronic components magazine in Ireland

In order to ascertain if there is a market for an electronic&#13;\ncomponents publication in Ireland, I was compelled to undergo various&#13;\nstages of research.&#13;\nFirstly, I was required to establish if an electronic components&#13;\nmarket exists in Ireland, and if so, to determine if these electronics&#13;\ncompanies would be interested in a publication that would focus on that&#13;\nmarket.&#13;\nTo do so, several methods of research were considered. Primary&#13;\nresearch was the only option available to me, as the Central Statistics&#13;\nOffice does not have accurate figures relating to electronic components. In&#13;\nthat, I mean that it. does not correctly segment components in their three&#13;\ndistinct categories: active, passive and memory.&#13;\nAfter much deliberation regarding the merits of each type of&#13;\nresearch, I close to design a questionnaire. This was perhaps the most&#13;\ndifficult task of the entire study. I had never before learned how to design&#13;\na questionnaire, and therefore, had no alternative but to refer to&#13;\nguidebooks and texts. Phrasing the questions and structuring the&#13;\nquestionnaire were extremely difficult exercises.&#13;\nI then analysed the information obtained from the questionnaire. It&#13;\nhad been decided by the company, that if the results of my research were&#13;\npositive, I would then formulate a marketing plan detailing various&#13;\naspects of the proposed magazines' production.&#13;\nMy marketing plan consists of an analysis of the current market&#13;\nsituation; a SWOT analysis estimating the strengths, weaknesses,&#13;\nopportunities and threats facing the company in implementing&#13;\nproduction of the publication; the objectives of the plan; action&#13;\nprogrammes relating to how the magazine should look, its price etc.;&#13;\ncontrols for monitoring the plan.&#13;\nIn conducting my research of the Irish electronic components&#13;\nmarket, I attained all of my objectives. I can conclude that there is a&#13;\nsignificant gap in the market for a publication that would concentrate on that market. However, I feel that unless this void is filled soon by Computer&#13;\nPublications of Ireland Ltd., another publishing company will seize the opportunity to have competitive advantage in a market that has so far remained unpenetrated.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Evaporative Behavior Characteristics of Emulsified Fuels Containing Diesel and Hydrogen Peroxide

본 연구는 디젤-과산화수소 에멀젼연료의 과산화수소 혼합비가 증발특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 실험에 사용한 에멀젼연료의 디젤과 과산화수소를 혼합하기 위해 계면활성제를 전체 체적의 3%로 고정하여 혼합하였고 과산화수소의 혼합비가 다른 5종류(EF2, EF12, EF22, EF32 및 EF42)의 에멀젼연료를 사용하여 실험을 실시하였다. 실험은 가열판을 이용하여 에멀젼연료 액적 한 방울의 증발을 관찰하였고, 증기의 가시화를 위해 쉴리렌방법을 이용하였다. 또한 실험결과를 토대로 상용프로그램을 사용하여 수치해석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과로서 에멀젼연료 내 과산화수소의 증발로 인해 발생하는 미세폭발현상을 관찰할 수 있었고, 혼합비가 증가할수록 증발이 활발해지는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 수치해석으로 과산화수소 체적분율 계산을 통하여 미세폭발현상의 모사 방법을 제안하였고, 그 결과를 실험해석으로 구한 결과와 비교 · 검토하여 사용한 수치해석 방법의 유효성을 확인하였다.

Topic: Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Persistent mTORC1 signaling in cell senescence results from defects in amino acid and growth factor sensing

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and cell senescence are intimately linked to each other and to organismal aging. Inhibition of mTORC1 is the best-known intervention to extend lifespan, and recent evidence suggests that clearance of senescent cells can also improve health and lifespan. Enhanced mTORC1 activity drives characteristic phenotypes of senescence, although the underlying mechanisms responsible for increased activity are not well understood. We have identified that in human fibroblasts rendered senescent by stress, replicative exhaustion, or oncogene activation, mTORC1 is constitutively active and resistant to serum and amino acid starvation. This is driven in part by depolarization of senescent cell plasma membrane, which leads to primary cilia defects and a resultant failure to inhibit growth factor signaling. Further, increased autophagy and high levels of intracellular amino acids may act to support mTORC1 activity in starvation conditions. Interventions to correct these phenotypes restore sensitivity to the mTORC1 signaling pathway and cause death, indicating that persistent signaling supports senescent cell survival.

Topic: Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Evaluation of radioiodinated C6-O- and N-iodoallyl analogues of diprenorphine as ligands for cerebral opioid receptors

Analogues of diprenorphine (DPN) having C6-O-iodoallyl (O-IA-DPN) and N-iodoallyl (N-IA-DPN) substituents can be I-125 labeled in good yield with high specific activity by radioiododestannylation. When tested in vitro against [H-3]-DPN in rat brain membranes, the apparent affinity (Ki) of O-IA-DPN (1.35 nM) proved 17-fold stronger than that of N-IA-DPN (23.4 nM). Against selective [H-3]-ligands, O-IA-DPN showed high apparent affinities for {mu}(1.9 nM), {gamma}(1.1 nM) and {kappa}(0.9 nM) sites. Consistent with the low apparent affinity in vitro, [I-125]-N-IA- DPN did not allow localization of cerebral opioid receptors after i.v. administration to mice. By contrast, [I-125]-O-IA-DPN exhibited a regional brain distribution which reflects binding to multiple opioid receptors. The highest radioactivity concentrations were in superior colliculi, hypothalamus, olfactory tubercles, thalamus and striatum. Peak levels (2.5-3.5 %ID/g) were maintained over the first 60 min. At all times, the lowest levels of radioactivity were in the cerebellum. Binding in vivo was saturable by O-IA-DPN, was blocked by (-)- but not by (+)-naloxone, and was inhibited by naltrexone in dose-dependent fashion. Specific binding was 83-93% for all tissues except cerebellum, where 50% blockade was noted with naltrexone (5.0 mg/kg). Using naltrexone blockade to define non-specific binding, the highest ratio of specific to non-specific binding (>more » 14 to 1) was noted for superior colliculi at 60 min. Inhibition studies with drugs selective for {mu}, {gamma} or {kappa} sites established that multiple opioid receptors are labeled. [123I]-O-IA-DPN has been prepared (84%, >2400 mCi/{mu}mol), and allows visualization of opioid receptors in mouse brain by ex vivo autoradiography. Together, these results suggest that [123I]-O-IA-DPN is suitable for SPECT studies of multiple opioid receptors.« less

Topic: Anesthesia and Pain Management
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Multilayer regulatory landscape during pattern‐triggered immunity in rice

Summary Upon fungal and bacterial pathogen attack, plants launch pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI) by recognizing pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to defend against pathogens. Although PTI‐mediated response has been widely studied, a systematic understanding of the reprogrammed cellular processes during PTI by multi‐omics analysis is lacking. In this study, we generated metabolome, transcriptome, proteome, ubiquitome and acetylome data to investigate rice ( Oryza sativa ) PTI responses to two PAMPs, the fungi‐derived chitin and the bacteria‐derived flg22. Integrative multi‐omics analysis uncovered convergence and divergence of rice responses to these PAMPs at multiple regulatory layers. Rice responded to chitin and flg22 in a similar manner at the transcriptome and proteome levels, but distinct at the metabolome level. We found that this was probably due to post‐translational regulation including ubiquitination and acetylation, which reshaped gene expression by modulating enzymatic activities, and possibly led to distinct metabolite profiles. We constructed regulatory atlas of metabolic pathways, including the defence‐related phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis and linoleic acid derivative metabolism. The multi‐level regulatory network generated in this study sets the foundation for in‐depth mechanistic dissection of PTI in rice and potentially in other related poaceous crop species.

Topic: Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Situational ME-LOWA Aggregation Model for Evaluating the Best Main Battle Tank

OWA (ordered weighted averaging) operators have been extensively adopted to handle MCDM problems. However, previous operators are usually independent of their situations and cannot reflect change in situations. Besides, the evaluated data with linguistic preferences should be aggregated with feasible operators. To resolve above problems, a linguistic MCDM aggregation model with situational ME-LOWA operators is proposed in this study. The proposed model is applied to evaluate the best main battle tank, and experimental results indicate that the proposed model can deal the situational group MCDM problems with linguistic preferences.

Topic: Multi-Criteria Decision Making
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Regularity of Local times associated to Volterra-Lévy processes and path-wise regularization of stochastic differential equations

We investigate the space-time regularity of the local time associated to Volterra-Lévy processes, including Volterra processes driven by $α$-stable processes for $α\in(0,2]$. We show that the spatial regularity of the local time for Volterra-Lévy process is $P$-a.s. inverse proportionally to the singularity of the associated Volterra kernel. We apply our results to the investigation of path-wise regularizing effects obtained by perturba\Ption of ODEs by a Volterra-Lévy process which has sufficiently regular local time. Following along the lines of [15], we show existence, uniqueness and differentiablility of the flow associated to such equations.

Topic: Stochastic processes and financial applications
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis for Duplex Steel Tubular High Strength Concrete Short Columns under Axial Compression

By means of the finite element analysis software ANSYS,and comparing with the result of practical experiment,six groups duplex steel tubular high strength concrete short columns were numerical simulated.The load-displacement curves of axial loaded specimens were obtained,which agreed well with the test results.By analyzing longitudinal stress contours of every part of the specimen the loading mechanism and failure mode of specimens were analyzed.The test results show that the utilization of double steel pipe can significantly increase the load bearing capacity and deformation capacity,and present good fire-resistance and safety.

Topic: Structural Load-Bearing Analysis
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Development and application of spectrophotometric method for the determination of cefaclor in pharmaceutical formulations

A simple, fast and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of cefaclor in pharmaceutical raw and dosage forms based on reaction with ninhydrin is developed, optimized and validated. The purple color (Ruhemenn's purple) that resulted from the reaction was stabilized and measured at 560 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 4-80 µg mL-1 with molar absorptivity of 1.42 &#215; 10(5) L mole-1 cm-1. All variables including the reagent concentration, heating time, reaction temperature, color stability period, and cefaclor/ninhydrin ratio were studied in order to optimize the reaction conditions. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical adjuvant. The developed method is easy to use, accurate and highly cost-effective for routine studies relative to HPLC and other techniques.

Topic: Antibiotics Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862-1874

Preface Introduction: The Historical Background to the Founding of the Nguyen Dynasty, 1428-1802 Vietnam and the West, 1802-1858 The Franco-Spanish Invasion and the Treaty of Sai-gon, 1858-1862 The Hue Court and the Southern Nghia-Quan, 1862-1868 The Hue Court and Anti-Catholic Activism, 1862-1868 Hue's Policy of Peace and the Francis Garnier Affair, 1873-1874 Selected Bibliography Index

Topic: Vietnamese History and Culture Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A comprehensive review on the properties, production, and applications of functional glucobioses

Glucobiose is a range of disaccharides consisting of two glucose molecules, generally including trehalose, kojibiose, sophorose, nigerose, laminaribiose, maltose, cellobiose, isomaltose, and gentiobiose. The difference glycosidic bonds of two glucose molecules result in the diverse molecular structures, physiochemical properties and physiological functions of these glucobioses. Some glucobioses are abundant in nature but have unconspicuous roles on health like maltose, whereas some rare glucobioses display remarkable biological effects. It is unpractical process to extract these rare glucobioses from natural resources, while biological synthesis is a feasible approach. Recently, the production and application of glucobiose have attracted considerable attention. This review provides a comprehensive overview of glucobioses, including their natural sources and physicochemical properties like structure, sweetness, digestive performance, toxicology, and cariogenicity. Specific enzymes used for the production of various glucobioses and fermentation production processes are summarized. Additionally, their versatile functions and broad applications are also introduced.

Topic: Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Adsorption of Polymer and Surfactant from Their Binary Mixtures on Alumina

The adsorption of water-soluble polymers and surfactants on positively charged alumina has been investigated. In the case of same charged adsorbates, such as sodium poly (styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the competitive adsorption between PSS and SDS on alumina occurs, where the adsorption strength of SDS is much greater than that of PSS. The adsorption from opposite charged adsorbates of PSS and hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (HTAC) shows enhancement of HTAC adsorption by PSS due to a formation of their complexes on alumina surface, which provides a lower micropolarity compared with those of respective adsorbates. In the case of neutral polymer and anionic surfactants, such as poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and lithium dodecyl sulfate (LiDS), lithium perfluorooctanesulfonate (LiFOS), and sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate(AOT), the adsorption of anionic surfactants enhances remarkably the adsorption of PVP at low surfactant concentrations due to a formation of PVP-surfactant complexes. However, at high surfactant concentrations, the adsorption of

Topic: Polymer Surface Interaction Studies
Subfield: Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
WASP-120 b, WASP-122 b, and WASP-123 b: Three Newly Discovered Planets from the WASP-South Survey

We present the discovery by the WASP-South survey of three planets transiting moderately bright stars (V ~ 11). WASP-120b is a massive (5.0MJup) planet in a 3.6-day orbit that we find likely to be eccentric (e = 0.059+0.025-0.018) around an F5 star. WASP-122b is a hot-Jupiter (1.37MJup, 1.79RJup) in a 1.7-day orbit about a G4 star. Our predicted transit depth variation cause by the atmosphere of WASP-122b suggests it is well suited to characterisation. WASP-123b is a hot-Jupiter (0.92MJup, 1.33RJup) in a 3.0-day orbit around an old (~ 7 Gyr) G5 star.

Topic: Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Estimating the impact of contextual variables on the productivity: An enhanced slack-based DEA model

\n The contextual variable is an important issue that makes an indispensable impact on the productivities of decision making units (DMUs). Analyzing the contribution of such factors to productivity differences is an intriguing area of research in data envelopment analysis (DEA). We first investigate whether and how contextual variables impact performances of the DMUs based on slack-based measurement. We extend the implicit assumption of prior studies and suggest that contextual variables can be a catalyst to increase the productivity. Impact and error factors, which are derived from regression analysis and stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), are defined to better represent the composition of two contradictory impacts, catalyst and depressant, of contextual variables. A statistical analysis is provided to identify the significance of such impacts and recognize multi-collinearity among contextual variables. The two factors are also moderated flexibly by decision makers in accordance with various production scenarios. Accordingly, original inputs and outputs are appropriately adjusted. Further, modified slack-based DEA models are proposed to incorporate DEA and regression analysis within an integrated framework. Several properties and propositions are presented to better describe the characteristics of the models. An empirical example is shown to verify the feasibility of the proposed approach.\n

Topic: Efficiency Analysis Using DEA
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Optical Coherence Tomography for Neuro-ophthalmologic Diagnoses

OCT is probably one of the most revolutionary technologies that has appeared in ophthalmology in recent years. We are still trying to understand and clarify the use of OCT in neuro-ophthalmology. In this article we share our experience using various OCT devices over the last ten years, as well as the experience of others as reported in the literature.

Topic: Optical Coherence Tomography Applications
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Switchable Quarter-Wave Plate and Half-Wave Plate Based on Phase-Change Metasurface

Wave plates as important polarization control devices are widely used in the applications of biomedical imaging, fiber optical communication, astronomy, semiconductor industry and aerospace etc. To make the wave plate actively tunable, we propose a rectangular antenna-based metasurface based on the phase-changing material Ge<sub>2</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>5</sub> (GST) with high transmittance and polarization conversion rate. Before the GST phase transition, the metasurface operates as a quarter-wave plate in the wavelength range of 10.0&#x2013;11.9 &#x03BC;m. After the GST turning into crystalline state, the metasurface operates as a half-wave plate in the wavelength range of 10.3&#x2013;10.9 &#x03BC;m. The physical mechanism for the high transmittance efficiency and polarization conversion rate attributes to the combination of the electric dipole and magnetic dipole resonances. Moreover, the adjustable wavelength range can be further extended by changing the geometry of antenna-based GST to selectively enhancing or suppressing the electric and magnetic resonances. This work provides a new strategy for tunable wave plate, which would have the potential in the application of multi-functional integrated optical systems.

Topic: Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences