jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Centre-surround Suppression of Contrast through the Form and Motion Pathways

Centre-surround suppression of contrast is the phenomenon where the perceived contrast of a central stimulus is reduced when presented with a surround. A number of stimulus features influence the amount of suppression the surround induces on the perceived contrast of the centre, with the focus of this study being on the orientation and direction of motion of the surround relative to the centre. Suppression declines as the similarity between centre and surround stimulus properties increases and this decline is thought to reflect multiple mechanisms of centre-surround suppression. However, this is yet to be established in the motion pathway in human participants. A two-mechanism model has been proposed involving a narrowly-tuned process, requiring very similar stimuli in the centre and surround, and a weaker, broadly-tuned process unselective for stimulus features. Five participants completed a two-interval forced choice contrast discrimination task relative to a 40% reference. Stimuli included both static and moving Gabor grating patterns whose high contrast (95%) surrounds had either parallel or orthogonal (90°) orientations relative to the centre. The motion manipulation included surrounds drifting in either the same or opposite direction to the centre. The results with static stimuli showed contrast suppression when surrounds were present and replicated the more substantial suppression when the centre and surround had the same orientation than when they were orthogonal. With motion stimuli all surround conditions were significantly more suppressed than the no-surround condition and the surround condition with the same orientation and direction of motion as the centre was significantly more suppressed than either the opposite direction of motion conditions or the orthogonal orientation conditions. There was no difference between the orthogonal orientation conditions and the opposite direction of motion conditions. These findings support the extension of the two mechanism model of contrast suppression to the motion pathways.

Topic: Optical measurement and interference techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Dangers of Top-Down Mobilization and Other Tips for Safe Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: In Reply to Toro and colleagues

Deng, Shirley X MD; Greene, Brittany MD, MSc, FRCSC; Tsang, Melanie E MD, MSc, FRCSC; Jayaraman, Shiva MD, MESc, FRCSC, FACS Author Information

Topic: Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Islands in Bianchi type-I Universe

We study the conditions for finding an island in an anisotropic universe - Bianchi Type-I filled with radiation. We verify that the existence of islands does not depend on their shape. We then find that islands may form at certain times, near the turnaround point - where the universe turns from contraction to expansion in one of the directions. This is in line with previous analyses regarding cosmological space-times where islands form if one has two energy scales in the problem, such as the typical temperature of the universe and, on top of that, cosmological constant, curvature, anisotropy, or some mass scale.

Topic: Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties and Electronic Structure of Manganese‐Based Blue Pigments: A High‐Frequency and ‐Field EPR Study.

Abstract Solid solutions of YIn 1‐x Mn x O 3 (0.02 &lt; x &lt; 0.25) are prepared according to the literature.

Topic: Pigment Synthesis and Properties
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TURNING BEHAVIOR AND MOTORIC DOMINANCE IN HUMANS

This study attempted to correlate turning direction on the stepping test with three measures of motoric dominance—handedness, footedness, and eyedness. 111 high school students performed the stepping test while deprived of visual and auditory cues during a 1-min. interval. Although only slightly more than half of the subjects rotated rightward, the direction and magnitude of turning correlated significantly with footedness and eyedness but not with handedness. Thus, axial turning biases and motoric dominance may partially share a common mechanism, possibly involving vestibular asymmetry.

Topic: Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Growing condition variations and grain prices in Niger and Nigeria

Abstract In this paper, we describe how both the existing degree of price correspondence and tradability are important factors explaining why and the extent to which grain price relationships adjust due to growing condition variations. For a set of maize and millet markets in Niger and Nigeria with different agro-ecological characteristics and strengths of price relationships, we use normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) data to identify years with weather-related production shocks. We then measure the degree to which price transmission between the commercial hub and reference market in each country in the anomalous weather years varies from that in normal years.

Topic: Market Dynamics and Volatility
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
How to do a quick search for evidence

Doctors quote lack of time and lack of knowledge as major obstacles to searching the literature for evidence. This article argues that it is possible to do a literature search in 10–15 minutes with little specialist knowledge, using the Clinical Queries option of Medline (PubMed). PubMed is a free, user friendly service available to anyone with access to the internet and designed by librarians for use by clinicians who are not skilled in electronic searching. Numerous hidden search filters built into Clinical Queries facilitate targeted searches and find all published systematic reviews (including Cochrane Reviews). If no systematic reviews are available, the clinician can find randomised controlled trials and observational studies.

Topic: Health Sciences Research and Education
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Identifying potential patient‐specific predictors for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction outcome – a diagnostic in vitro tissue remodeling platform

Abstract Purpose Upon anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture, reconstruction is often required, with the hamstring tendon autograft as most widely used treatment. Post‐operative autograft remodeling enhances graft rupture risk, which occurs in up to 10% of the patient population, increasing up to 30% of patients aged under 20 years. Therefore, this research aimed to identify potential biological predictors for graft rupture, derived from patient‐specific tissue remodeling‐related cell properties in an in vitro micro‐tissue platform. Methods Hamstring tendon‐derived cells were obtained from remnant autograft tissue after ACL reconstructions (36 patients, aged 12–55 years), and seeded in collagen I gels on a micro‐tissue platform. Micro‐tissue compaction over time – induced by altering the boundary constraints – was monitored. Pro‐collagen I expression was assessed using ELISA, and protein expression of tenomodulin and α‐smooth muscle actin were measured using Western blot. Expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase 2 were determined using gelatin zymography. Results Only micro‐tissues corresponding to younger patients occasionally released themselves from the constraining posts. Pro‐collagen I expression was significantly higher in younger patients. Differences in α‐smooth muscle actin and tenomodulin expression between patients were found, but these were age‐independent. Active matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression was slightly more abundant in younger patients. Conclusions The presented micro‐tissue platform exposed patient‐specific remodeling‐related differences between tendon‐derived cells, with the micro‐tissues that released from constraining posts and pro‐collagen I expression best reflecting the clinical age‐dependency of graft rupture. These properties can be the starting point in the quest for potential predictors for identifying individual patients at risk for graft rupture.

Topic: Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Significance of Protection Tests with the Serum of Man and Other Animals against the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus

Summary Seventy-eight per cent of the sera from 55 domestic cows from Western States and Okinawa neutralized the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus while of 18 “controls” from Nevada desert range none protected. In fresh bovine sera antiviral substances were frequently present which disappeared after storage for 2 or 3 months. Sixty-seven per cent of a similar group of 48 horses were positive and only one of 15 desert controls protected. Forty-four per cent of 112 domestic or “exposed” chickens were positive while only 2 of 43 controls sheltered in the laboratory protected. Of other domestic mammals 45 per cent of 58 protected while none of 30 from wild species were positive. Of domestic birds other than chickens 30 per cent of 63 protected while 19 per cent of 26 from wild species were positive. None of 31 sera from laboratory monkeys, guinea pigs, rabbits, pigeons or doves were positive. Sera from many of these had high titers to one or more of the encephalitis viruses. Monkeys, cotton rats and hamsters inoculated with monkey cord virus of a strain immunologically related to the Lansing strain (MEF-1) responded with neutralizing antibodies though showing no other signs of infection. Three other strains of virus (Brock, Lemos and Bigelow) produced no such response. Chickens inoculated with MEF-1 and other virus strains did not develop antibodies. Furthermore, serum from chickens frequently behaved in an irregular and unexplainable manner. No virus could be isolated from the feces of chickens which were fed or were inoculated with a freshly isolated poliomyelitis virus. Paired, two phase sera from 102 poliomyelitis patients gave the following results: 84 had a high titer at onset or showed no change; 10 showed an increase and 8 a decrease. Few of the human sera taken at onset gave an equivocal result; they tended to be either definitely negative or positive. Fifty-seven of 84 were positive. It is concluded that some strains of poliomyelitis virus fail to stimulate any or significant titers of antibody to the Lansing strain and that others do, this probably is the result of antigenic differences. However, it is far from being established that all Lansing antiviral substances encountered in man or animals are due to contact with poliomyelitis virus.

Topic: Viral Infections and Immunology Research
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Connective-Tissue Glycoconjugates of Bovine Tendon and Skin

Conference Article| April 01 1977 Connective-Tissue Glycoconjugates of Bovine Tendon and Skin JOHN C. ANDERSON; JOHN C. ANDERSON *Departments of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar RHONA I. LABEDZ; RHONA I. LABEDZ *Departments of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar PAUL E. BRENCHLEY PAUL E. BRENCHLEY †Departments of Immunology, Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1977) 5 (2): 431–433. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0050431 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation JOHN C. ANDERSON, RHONA I. LABEDZ, PAUL E. BRENCHLEY; Connective-Tissue Glycoconjugates of Bovine Tendon and Skin. Biochem Soc Trans 1 April 1977; 5 (2): 431–433. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0050431 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1977 Biochemical Society1977 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Topic: Tendon Structure and Treatment
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Nineteenth-century planned industrial communities and the role of aesthetics in spatial practices: the visual ideologies of Pullman and Port Sunlight

In the 1880s British and American planned industrial communities revealed a distinct shift in spatial practices as two discrete architecture and landscape architectural aesthetics were applied to community design: Beaux Arts, and Arts and Crafts. Two of the most extensive planned industrial communities during this decade received aesthetic attention: Pullman, Illinois near Chicago (1880), established by George Pullman, and Port Sunlight, near Liverpool (1888), established by William Lever. Both Pullman and Lever believed that by applying a distinctive aesthetic they could establish a cohesive visual ideology for social control. Lever and Pullman believed that by creating “beautiful” spaces, this would encourage and/or constrain worker attitudes and behaviors, what Henri Lefebvre calls “means of control” (1991, p 26). In addition, both Pullman and Port Sunlight became central to establishing and maintaining each company's brand identity. This paper explores the visual ideologies these two industrialists used to produce a distinctive sense of community while also revealing the inherent tensions and limitations of those aesthetics. Not only do Pullman and Port Sunlight reflect an important shift in spatial practices during the 1880s, their architects and landscape architects became influential leaders in the visual ideologies of the City Beautiful and Garden City planning movements.

Topic: Landscape and Cultural Studies
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Genetic and cytochemical analysis of high 57-kD polypeptide mutants in rice

This article 'Genetic and cytochemical analysis of high 57-kD polypeptide mutants in rice' appeared in the International Rice Research Notes series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based systems. The series is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported.

Topic: GABA and Rice Research
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Scribal Innovation, Education, and the Female Body in Ezekiel and Proverbs

Literary depictions of the sexually strange, dangerous, and adulterous woman in Prov 1–9 and the prophet books are innovative, creative, and disturbing. There are no easy parallels to such imagery in biblical or Near Eastern texts. Focusing specifically on Prov 1–9 and the book of Ezekiel, this article explores comparisons between the motif of the adulterous woman in these books as potentially reflective of a scribal movement of ideas between Proverbs and the prophets. I propose that the aim of this patriarchal view of female sexuality is to educate young scribes, and other men indirectly, by transforming the male gaze on the female body into a pedagogical tool. Analyzing the metaphor and its potential contexts, the author's goal is to invite readers into a deeper engagement with the texts and critique such metaphors in contemporary settings.

Topic: Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE LOAN AGREEMENT IN THE LIGHT OF THE NEW CIVIL CODE

The loan contract contract is a legal contract by which a person, lender, transmits to another person, loanee, the use or the full legal rights regarding an object, with the obligation of returning, at a certain time, of the good or another good of the same quantity and quality The loan contract has two forms, the loan for use and the loan for consumption. The loan for use (Romanian: comodatul) is a free basis contract by which a party, lender (Romanian: comodant), hands in a movable or immovable good in order to be used by the other party, loanee with the obligation of returning, at a certain time, according to the contract . The loan for consumption contract is an agreement by which a person, the lender, gives to another person, the loanee, a sum of money or any goods that are fungible and will be consumed by own nature and the loanee will return the same sum of money or the same quantity and quality of goods.

Topic: Conflict of Laws and Jurisdiction
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Cabbage Maggot Control in Transplanted Cabbage, 1990

Abstract Two plots were transplanted for testing of insecticides for cabbage maggot control using a 2-row transplanter dispensing about one cup of dilute fertilizer solution/plant. The directed insecticide sprays were applied to the bases of the plants using a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 255 gal/acre. The diazinon transplant treatment was planted by hand using the same rate (1 cup) of the dilute fertilizer solution but with the addition of diazinon to the solution. Injury ratings were made on 14 Aug and 30 Oct by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present. The first plot, transplanted on 15 Jun, was established on the Robbins Farm using the variety 'Atria.' These plants were pulled in Maryland during the last week in May and remained in cold storage (38°F) for at least 2 wk prior to planting. Soil conditions at the time of the planting of this plot were extremely poor, the soil being parched and tilth consisting mainly of large, dry clods. Directed sprays were applied on 20 Jun. The second plot, transplanted 22 Jun, was established on the Hansen Farm using the variety Titanic.' These plants were pulled locally on the day prior to planting and spent no time in cold storage. Soil conditions at the time of the planting of this plot were extremely good, the soil possessing both adequate moisture and good tilth. Directed sprays were applied on 28 Jun.

Topic: Plant Disease Management Techniques
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Denaturalized Phonetic Processes

Abstract Classic sound change begins in phonetic environments but rapidly gives way to more abstract (phonological, morphological, etc.) conditioning. Extension to broader contexts can initially yield complication but ultimately allow for greater regularity in a different domain. This chapter treats a specific type of denaturalization that involves a split between basic and derived strings. This includes generalization at a morpheme boundary, within a morphological category, as well as examples not so restricted. The former include assimilation in Finnish participles and compensatory lengthening in the Ancient Greek aorist. The latter include the Sanskrit ruki‐rule, assibilation in Finnish, and alternations between aspirate and voiced stop in Ancient Greek.

Topic: Linguistics and language evolution
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Microcirculation in Hemorrhagic Shock With Relationship to Blood Pressure

BLOOD pressure is measured as one index of the adequacy of the circulation. Circulating blood delivers to tissue adequate oxygen and carries away metabolic products. Adequate function depends on the volume of blood flow and rate. But Schumer et al<sup>1</sup>reported that there was no correlation between blood pressure and the microcirculatory change. In fact, blood pressure can be quite independent of flow, and blood flow is not readily measured and the limits of volume perfusion related to metabolic activity of various tissues have not been defined.<sup>2</sup> The purpose of this study was to observe the relationship of the microcirculation of the intestinal system and systemic arterial blood pressure in dog before and during shock. <h3>Material and Method</h3> Twenty mongrel dogs of both sexes weighing 8.9 to 19.6 kg were used. The principles of laboratory animal care as promulgated by the National Society for Medical Research were observed.

Topic: Hemoglobin structure and function
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Mediastinal exploration by sternotomy in surgery of hyperparathyroidism. 36 cases].

Mediastinal exploration by sternotomy was carried out 36 times in 35 patients with evidence of hyperparathyroidism amongst a group of 1,461 operations for hyperparathyroidism between 1962 and 1987. The exploration was indicated 30 times as re-operation for hyperparathyroidism persistent after one or more negative cervicotomy procedures or recurrent, and 6 times from the outset, (5 in a context of acute hypercalcemia). Exploration was positive 20 times (16 adenomas, 2 hyperplasias, 2 metastases of a parathyroid carcinoma), but negative 16 times (3 diagnostic errors, 6 cervical lesions discovered subsequently, 7 explorations totally negative). The site of mediastinal parathyroid lesions is usually intrathymic (13 cases) but may sometimes (3 cases) be in the middle mediastinum. Pre-operative investigation to identify the site of a possible mediastinal lesion, in re-operation surgery, remains unreliable, the best investigation in this series being thoracic CT scan with 63% true positives. Thallium-Technetium subtraction isotope scan, carried out once with a good result, should now have a place amongst investigations. The principal post-operative complication is hypoparathyroidism which can be prevented by cryopreservation of a fragment of the lesion for possible subsequent reimplantation. Mediastinal exploration is rarely indicated in hyperparathyroid surgery and should be undertaken only after meticulous cervical exploration.

Topic: Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Supplementary Figure 3 from A Hypusine–eIF5A–PEAK1 Switch Regulates the Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Cancer

&lt;p&gt;Contains additional data on in vitro and in vivo growth of PDAC cells with eIF5A knockdown or overexpression.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Polyamine Metabolism and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Research progress on the mechanism and signalling pathway of ferroptosis and its potential role in dermatosis research

Abstract Ferroptosis is a novel type of cell death that is dependent on lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation, which distinguishes it from other types of programmed cell death. Current research indicates a significant association between ferroptosis and various pathological conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases, albeit with a relatively unexplored role in dermatological afflictions. This paper elaborates on the mechanisms and signalling pathways of ferroptosis, summarizing the recent studies on ferroptosis and its related factors in dermatosis. Our objective is to shed light on novel perspectives and therapeutic strategies for dermatosis, enhancing the understanding of this under‐researched area through this comprehensive review.

Topic: Ferroptosis and cancer prognosis
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences