jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Effects of COVID-19 on the Rent-a-Car Industry

Doubtless, COVID-19 has accelerated an economic financial crisis since 2008, affecting seriously not only the tourism industry but the global commerce. Governments have adopted different positions and programs to mitigate the economic aftermath of COVID-19. As never before in its history, tourism has been placed between the wall and the deep blue sea. Although the interests and studies evaluating the impact of COVID-19 have captivated the attention of countless scholars, less attention was given to the rent-a-car industry, which occupies a central position in the tourist system. As substitute competitors of train, bus, and airplanes, the rent-a-car organizations seem to be a quintessential actor of the tourist system. Of course, because we live in a world without tourists, empirical-based studies do not abound. To fill such a gap, the present chapter describes the economic downturn of a rent-a-car organization giving a firm empirical case. Although illustrative to some extent, the obtained outcome cannot be extrapolated to other universes or samples.

Topic: Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
LAPAROTOMY FOR RECTAL BLEEDING

THE PROBLEM of the infant or child with rectal bleeding is familiar to all clinicians. The term "rectal bleeding" has through common usage come to mean the passage of blood from the rectum–whether it be bright red or dark, unrelated to, on the surface of, or mixed with the stool. Anal or gastrointestinal bleeding would be a more accurate term, but for the purposes of this paper rectal bleeding will be used in its widest connotation. This study was undertaken to attempt to evaluate the place of surgery in the investigation and treatment of this perplexing condition. The literature is surprisingly barren of any series of this kind. Several authors of textbooks on pediatric surgery do not even mention the possibility of a fruitless abdominal exploration. Others appear to hazard a guess. However, Nixon and O'Donnell state that probably one-third of patients with rectal bleeding never have the cause diagnosed. White and Dennison give 20% as a likely figure. Gross, in a small review of 65 patients presenting with rectal bleeding as a diagnostic problem, could find no cause for the bleeding in 18, i.e., 27%. Of the 18 patients who were operated upon, only 4 had negative laparotomies. Nevertheless, he states that in an astounding proportion of cases the cause for the rectal bleeding is never found, even after extensive investigation and laparotomy. Macbeth in a recent paper refers to the difficulties in gathering a series of cases with available methods of coding. Fortunately, at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, case notes are coded in such a way that the histories of patients with rectal bleeding are readily available.

Topic: Intestinal Malrotation and Obstruction Disorders
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Recent Advances in the Development of Mammalian Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Inhibitors

The enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) catalyzes the synthesis of the 20-carbon isoprenoid geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). GGPP is the isoprenoid donor for protein geranylgeranylation reactions catalyzed by the enzymes geranylgeranyl transferase (GGTase) I and II. Inhibitors of GGDPS result in diminution of protein geranylgeranylation through depletion of cellular GGPP levels, and there has been interest in GGDPS inhibitors as potential anti-cancer agents. Here we discuss recent advances in the development of GGDPS inhibitors, including insights gained by structure-function relationships, and review the preclinical data that support the continued development of this novel class of drugs.

Topic: HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
&lt;strong&gt;Tyrosine Hydroxylase, the Rate- Limiting Enzyme in Catecholamine Biosynthesis Could be an Index of Functionality in Pheochromocytoma Diagnosis&lt;/strong&gt;

Aim: Excess release of catecholamines is a characteristic for pheochromocytomas. The rate of catecholamine synthesis is determined by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) enzyme. Usually, TH is detected by immunohistochemistry. In our study, we evaluated this enzyme in plasma from pheochromocytoma subjects establishing correlations with some metabolites. Subjects and Methods:10 subjects (9 women /1man aged 40-72 years ) clinically suspected of pheochromocytoma, were biochemically investigated for free plasma normetanephrines (NMNp)/ metanephrines (MNp), plasma chromogranin A (CgA), plasma TH and IGF-1.Comparison of tumoral metabolites values was done with our lab normal range. Statistical analysis used multiple regression to evaluate relationship between TH and all 3 parameters: NMNp/MNp/CgA. Results: All subjects showed excessive plasma NMNp (median: 1434 pg/mL); in 7 cases we observed an over-secretion of MNp (median: 441pg/mL) and CgA was higher in 9 cases (median: 668 ng/mL). TH was identified in all plasma samples with a median of: 2.08 ng/mL. Higher values of TH were detected in cases with an over-excess of metabolites. Good correlations were established between NMNp/TH (0.51), MNp/TH(0.81) and NMNp/CgA (0.71). Conclusion: Metabolites in excess are well correlated with TH values proving a great rate of catecholamine synthesis in some cases. We could affirm TH could be used as an index of functionality in pheochromocytoma diagnosis.

Topic: Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
CCDC 186769: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Analysis of Microbiological Contamination in Ready-to-eat Foods

This study was carried out to examine microbiological contamination of ready-to-eat foods (kimbab, sushi, salad, sandwich,sashimi) and to prove hazard of ready-to-eat foods by microbiological analysis. Col- lection of 440 samples of ready-to-eat foods were obtained from department stores, discount stores, super-markets in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, Gyeongsang, Honam areas. Sushi showed the highest detection rate of microorgan- ism with value of 20.4%, and then detection rates of kimbab, sashimi and salad were 13.0%, 12.5% and 6.9%, respec- tively. S. aureus was the most detected microorganism with value of 6.6%, and then Coliform and L. monocytogenes were detected 2.7% and 2.3%.

Topic: Food Safety and Hygiene
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Analysis of Potentiometric Flexible Arrayed Urea Biosensor Modified by Graphene Oxide and γ-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanoparticles

In this work, we used radio frequency (RF) system and screen printing technology to fabricate urea biosensor based on urease-maghemite nanoparticles (γ-Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> NPs)/graphene oxide (GO)/nickel oxide (NiO) sensing membrane on silver conductive wire printed polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. The V-T measurement system was used to investigate the sensing characteristics of urea biosensors based on GO/NiO sensing membrane modified by γ-Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> NPs. The sensing membrane was modified by adding different contents of γ-Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> NPs. The concentration of γ-Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> NPs was 1 mg/mL. When the volume ratio of urease/γ-Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> NPs was 1/1, it had the best sensitivity.The average sensitivity,the linearity, and the limit of detection of (LOD) of the best urea biosensor in this work were 52.36 mV/decade ± 0.22 mV/decade, 0.996, and 7.91 μM, respectively. The effect of temperature on the urea biosensor was investigated from 25 °C to 65 °C. The stability of urea biosensors was evaluated by the effect of hysteresis and long-term storage stability. After 29 days, the average sensitivity remained 80.62% of the initial value. Compared with other urea biosensors, our urea biosensor based on urease-γ-Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> NPs/GO/NiO sensing membrane has better average sensitivity.

Topic: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Bom m 9 from <i>Bombyx mori</i> is a novel protein related to asthma

ABSTRACT The silkworm ( Bombyx mori ) can cause severe IgE‐mediated allergic disease, however, the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunologic mechanism by which silkworms induce allergy. Whole silkworm pupa proteins were separated by SDS‐PAGE and 2‐D PAGE. Then, IgE‐binding proteins were detected by immunoblotting with sera of patients having an allergy to Bombyx mori . After tryptic digestion, the peptides of IgE‐binding proteins were analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry. Database searches were used to identify allergens in silkworm pupa, after which Bom m 9 was to construct an asthma model. Thus, in the current study, a mouse asthma model was constructed with Bom m 9.

Topic: Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Closure of Blepharoplasty Incisions With Autologous Fibrin Glue

Autologous fibrin glue was prepared from individual patients and used as a surgical adhesive. Sixteen patients undergoing elective eyelid operations were studied. The fibrinogen was prepared from autologous blood by a cryoprecipitate technique. When mixed with commercially available thrombin, a fibrin clot develops with sufficient adhesive strength that the need for extensive suturing is obviated. Complications were few, and due to technical factors in the initial cases, all patients were followed up for at least 1 year. Problems associated with suture closure of wounds (eg, cysts, granulomas, milia) were not seen. The fibrin glue not only sealed the wound but also acted as a hemostatic agent. The autologous preparation is superior to commercial products since it avoids the problem of transfusion-transmitted disease. The fibrin glue and minimal suture technique is an alternative to eyelid incision closure and may be useful in many other types of operative procedures.

Topic: Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Corruption: Does Environmental Damage Constitute Staters Financial Loss?

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the equalization of environmental damage with the financial loss of the S tate by the KPK's prosecutor in indicting the perpetrators of corru ption charged under article 2 and 3 of Act No. 31 Year 1999.The decision of the Corruption Court in Nur Alam case stating that the accused has been proven in committing corruption which is detrimental to the S tate's financial or economy, is a new breakthrough in handling corruption cases related to environmental damage.For the first time, the KPK's Prosecutor equates environmental damage with financial or economic losses of the S tate in Article 2 and Article 3.This paper will argue that the KPK's Prosecutor has used both the analogy and extensive interpretation.This article then explains the reasons, in which original definition of the S tate financial loss does not cover environmental damage.Secondly, the existence of Article 4 of the law on corruption eradication shows that environmental damage is not included in the S tate financial loss.The last is that the law maker does not have the idea that environmental damage is included in the State financial loss.

Topic: Corruption and Economic Development
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Cloning of DNA segments of phage 2C, which allows autonomous plasmid replication in Bacillus subtilis

The chromosome of Bacillus subtilis phage 2C is a 100-MDa double-stranded DNA molecule, containing hydroxymethyluracil in place of thymine and carrying redundant ends each encompassing 10% of the genome. 2C DNA was cleaved with EcoRI and HindIII, and cloned in the shuttle plasmids pSC 540 and pCP 115, both containing segments originating from B. subtilis and Escherichia coli plasmids. These chimaerical plasmids, carrying the chloramphenicol resistance gene, were unable to replicate in B. subtilis; this ability was restored, however, after the insertion of viral DNA segments. Physical maps of the recombinant plasmids were made; a large deletion of the E. coli-derived segment of pSC 540 was observed (which paralleled a loss of replication in this host), whereas addition of 2C DNA segments in pCP 115 was not accompanied by deletion (replication in E. coli was conserved in this case). Cloned viral segments mapped mostly, but not exclusively, within the redundant ends of 2C DNA. It is suggested that the thirteen recombinant clones carried the replication origin region of phage 2C DNA, and that these sequences originated within or close to the redundant extremities of the viral chromosome.

Topic: Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Association Analysis between the Deletion Mutant Allele of Claudin-16 Deficiency and Carcass Traits in Japanese Black Cattle

黒毛和種の常染色体性劣性遺伝性疾患であるClaudin-16 (CL-16 ) 欠損症の原因となる変異遺伝子 (原因遺伝子d ) と産肉成績との関連性についてアソシエーション解析を行った. 原因遺伝子d キャリア種雄牛3頭 (Sire-1～-3) の産子である肥育牛464頭とSire-1の産子である繁殖雌牛140頭のCL-16 遺伝子型を検査した結果, 肥育牛では正常遺伝子ホモ型 (DD ) 234頭およびキャリア (Dd ) 230頭であった. 繁殖雌牛では正常遺伝子ホモ型 (DD ) 60頭およびキャリア (Dd ) 80頭であった. 3頭のキャリア種雄牛は共通した祖先を持ち, その共通祖先牛はキャリア牛であることが確認されている. CL-16 遺伝子型と産肉成績との関連性を調べるため, CL-16 遺伝子型を要因として, 産肉成績について最小二乗分散分析を行った. 種雄牛間の変動は皮下脂肪厚を除いてすべての形質で有意であった. 性の影響は枝肉重量で, 農家についてはBMSナンバー, 枝肉重量及びバラの厚さで有意差が認められた. このように産肉成績に関与する環境要因を取り除いてもCL-16 遺伝子型の産肉成績には有意差は見られなかった. 繁殖雌牛のSire-1産子140頭の産肉形質に関する予測育種価も, 原因遺伝子d と有意に関連する結果は得られなかった (P>0.05). また, 136頭で構成されるSire-1の父方半兄弟家系を用いて連鎖解析を行ったが, CL-16 遺伝子座領域 (約30cM) は上記の形質に関する有意な連鎖は認められなかった (P>0.05). したがって, CL-16 欠損症の発症を避けるため原因遺伝子d を集団から排除しても産肉成績に影響する危険性は少ないと考えられる.

Topic: Barrier Structure and Function Studies
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
New Schiffbase and Its Complexes Synthesis

Metalcomplex can be synthesised by metalion and schiffbase containing N.S.Some complexes have characteristics of antibacteriantvirus and anti-cancer.Some complexes are used in organic chemistry and biochemistry.In this paper a new schiffbase ligand and its complexes containing Cu (II),Zn(II),Ni(II),Co(II) are synthesized by 2,5dihydoxyacetophone with ethanolamine;its structure has been characterized by IR and uv/vis.

Topic: Metal complexes synthesis and properties
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Introduction to the American Convention on Human Rights: Essential Rights

This Introduction presents the Inter-American Human Rights System’s impact, primary legal instruments, and its two key institutions, the Inter-American Court and Inter-American Commission. Next, we synthesize crucial developments in the System’s jurisprudence and briefly refer to several of our critiques and alternative conceptual proposals - all of which are elaborated in our book. Finally, we outline the structure and methodology of the rest of our book.

Topic: Comparative constitutional jurisprudence studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Measuring Quality of Life in Chronic Limb-threatening Ischemia Patients and Informal Carers: A Scoping Review

Objective: To review quality of life (QOL) instruments for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) patients and informal carers, and their use in QOL and cost-utility analysis (CUA) studies. Background: CLTI is a global health problem with significant morbidity affecting patients and informal carers. QOL is increasingly measured for holistic outcomes assessment and CUA. However, measurement instruments in CLTI are poorly understood. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, COSMIN, PROQOLID, CEA registry, and NHS EED databases were searched for all English language studies up to May 2021. Features of instruments, evidence of measurement property appraisal, and trends in use were assessed. Prospective protocol registration (Open Science Framework: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/KNG9U). Results: A total of 146 studies on QOL instruments (n=43), QOL outcomes (n=97), and CUA (n=9) were included. Four disease-specific QOL instruments are available for lower extremity arterial disease (intermittent claudication or CLTI). VascuQoL-25 and VascuQoL-6 have been used in CLTI. There is no CLTI-specific instrument. Of 14 generic instruments, SF-36, EQ-5D-3L, NHP, and WHOQOL-BREF were most common. Studies reporting partial measurement property appraisal favored VascuQoL-25, VascuQoL-6, and SF-36. Feasibility considerations include mode of administration and responder burden. None of 4 available carer-specific instruments have been used in CLTI. Since 1992, the number of QOL studies has increased considerably, but CUA studies are scarce. Informal carers have not been assessed. Conclusions: This review provides a comprehensive reference for QOL measurement in CLTI that helps end-users with instrument selection, use, and interpretation. However, a CLTI-specific instrument is needed. There is an opportunity to benefit society through future CUA studies and evaluation of QOL in informal carers.

Topic: Peripheral Artery Disease Management
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Intercity Relationship and Structure of Anhui Province from the Perspective of Passenger Flow of Coach Travel

The analysis on intercity relationship and regional spatial structure from the perspective of passenger flow of long-distance coach travel is an important approach to provincial spatial structure studies.Daily passenger flow of long-distance coach travel is a significant part of passenger flow among cities which can reflect functional intercity relationships and reveal the inner-provincial spatial relationship clearly.Based on the daily passenger flow of long-distance coach travel,in this article,Anhui Province is taken as an example.The characteristics of intercity relationships and spatial structure of Anhui Province is explored.To examine the characteristics of intercity relationships and spatial structure of Anhui Province,the research data are analyzed from two aspects.1) The intensify characteristics of the intercity passenger flow.Passenger flow is graded according to the numerical size,then the passenger characteristics of traffic flow in different regions are analyzed in this article,especially focusing on relationships between the provincial capital(Hefei) and other cities in this province.2) The structural characteristics of intercity passenger flow.According to directions of the largest passenger flow and the second largest passenger flow,the overall trend and spatial structure of the daily population movements among cities are analyzed,and the provincial nodes in the urban network from the perspective of topological characteristics and the flow strength on the city level are examined in this article.The conclusions are as follows: 1) On the whole,Anhui Province presents a mono-center structure,and the inter-regional links between cities are relatively weak except the center city(Hefei);Hefei affects and maintains frequent contact with Chaohu directly,Lu'an and Huainan.There seems to be a high possibility that these three cities would become a major part of the metropolitan area of Hefei,the economic center and capital of Anhui Province.2) Wuhu,Ma'anshan,Anqing and Tongling connect with each other tightly,and are the main constitutions of urban belt in Wanjiang,an important carrier of economic development and urbanization in Anhui Province,and further influence Chizhou and Xuancheng.3)Intercity relations are weak and scattered in the northern region of Anhui Province.The three pairs of cities—Fuyang and Bozhou,Huaibei and Suzhou,Bengbu and Huainan,are important urban groups in the northern Anhui Province.Each of them maintains a close contact within the urban group.And Huainan is the regional hub of northern Anhui Province.

Topic: Urban Transport and Accessibility
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
CCDC 700653: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Biotechnological Production of Methyl-Branched Aldehydes

A number of methyl-branched aldehydes impart interesting flavor impressions, and especially 12-methyltridecanal is a highly sought after flavoring compound for savory foods. Its smell is reminiscent of cooked meat and tallow. For the biotechnological production of 12-methyltridecanal, the literature was screened for fungi forming iso-fatty acids. Suitable organisms were identified and successfully grown in submerged cultures. The culture medium was optimized to increase the yields of branched fatty acids. A recombinant carboxylic acid reductase was used to reduce 12-methyltridecanoic acid to 12-methyltridecanal. The efficiency of whole-cell catalysis was compared to that of the purified enzyme preparation. After lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the fungal lipid extracts, the released fatty acids were converted to the corresponding aldehydes, including 12-methyltridecanal and 12-methyltetradecanal.

Topic: Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences