jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fiat money: from the current Islamic finance scholars’ perspective

Purpose This paper aims to discuss the opinions of current Shariah scholars on the concept of debt money in the present-day fiat money system. Design/methodology/approach Research design of this paper is a quantitative investigation of Shariah experts by distributing a questionnaire to them. As majority of Shariah scholars are also Shariah advisory of the current banking system, it is important to find out their level of knowledge on the issue of debt money created by the commercial banking system through the fractional-reserve banking (FRB) system. Findings Based on this investigation, most Shariah scholars are unaware of and confused about the mechanics underpinning the creation of money, especially with respect to FRB as it is practiced by the conventional and Islamic banking systems. Originality/value Based on this research, it is recommended that these scholars should improve their understanding of the operation of the fiat money system and its consequences. It is recommended that, in future, Shariah scholars should think “outside of the box” by creating Islamic financial instruments that do not resemble those of the conventional system.

Topic: Islamic Finance and Banking Studies
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
[The clinical and hemodynamic effects of propionyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of congestive heart failure].

In order to evaluate the clinical and hemodynamic effects of propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC) a randomized, double-blind study versus placebo was performed in 50 patients of both sexes, between 48 and 69 years of age, affected by mild-moderate congestive heart failure. All patients participating in said study were on digitalis and diuretic treatment. 25 of these belonged to the control group, while the other 25 were treated with an oral dose of 1 g b.i.d of propionyl-L-carnitine. At the end of six months of treatment maximum exercise time on the treadmill increased 11.1% after 90 days and 16.4% after 180 in the group treated with PLC. From a hemodynamic standpoint, after 30, 90 and 180 days the ejection fraction increased by 7.3%, 10.7% and 12.1%. At the same time, moreover, the systemic vascular resistances were reduced by 14.9%, 20% and 20.6%. In the patients treated with placebo, however, the above-mentioned parameters showed no significant variation. Finally, no unexpected events or toxic effects were observed in any of the patients in either group. As a consequence of these results it is possible to affirm that propionyl-L-carnitine, due to its clinical and hemodynamic effects, represents a drug of notable therapeutic interest in patients with congestive heart failure, in whom it may be usefully combined with the usual pharmacological therapy.

Topic: Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Welfare and Macroeconomic Interdependence

We develop a baseline model of monetary and fiscal transmission in interde-pendent economies. The welfare effects of expansionary policies are related to monopolistic supply in production and monopoly power of a country in trade. An unanticipated exchange rate depreciation can be beggar-thyself rather than beggar-thy-neighbor, as gains in domestic output are offset by deteriorating terms of trade. Smaller and more open economies are more prone to suffer from infla-tionary shocks. Larger economies benefit from moderate demand-led expansions, but may be worse off if policy-makers attempt to close the output gap. Fiscal shocks are generally beggar-thy-neighbor in the long run; in the short run they raise domestic demand at given terms of trade, thus reducing the welfare benefits from monetary expansions. Analytical tractability makes our model uniquely suitable as a starting point to approach the recent “new open-economy macroeco-nomic ” literature. I.

Topic: Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Laboratory- and species-specific interpretive breakpoints for disk diffusion tests of chloramphenicol susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae

A total of 601 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae isolated in six different regions of Sweden were tested for chloramphenicol susceptibility by using agar dilution MIC determinations and disk diffusion tests. For seven strains MICs were 4 micrograms/ml or higher, and for one strain the MIC was 2 micrograms/ml. All eight strains produced chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. For the remaining 593 strains, MICs were less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml, and the MICs for 50% and 90% of the strains were both 0.5 microgram/ml. Disk diffusion tests carried out by using revised interpretive criteria introduced in 1984 by the Swedish Reference Group for Antibiotics correctly identified the 593 strains as susceptible and the 8 strains as resistant. Quality assessments were performed in 29 clinical microbiology laboratories. The revised criteria for chloramphenicol disk diffusion testing gave rise to false resistance results in some laboratories. The interpretive accuracy improved when the interlaboratory variation was compensated for by using adjusted breakpoints. Such revision was possible through peak correction, single-strain regression analysis, and standard curve regression analysis. Peak-corrected breakpoints improved the accuracy from an overall incidence of false-resistant isolates of 4.4% to 2.3%. Single-strain regression analysis and standard curve regression analysis provided laboratory- and species-specific breakpoints which reduced false resistance rates of 0.14% and 0%, respectively.

Topic: Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Heart rate and blood pressure responses to a competitive role‐playing game

The effects of the outcome of competitive encounters on physiological parameters have been studied, especially testosterone levels, but hardly on other systems that, however, present a high sensitivity to stress. This study assessed the effect of a competitive game on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) in a sample of university students. In addition, the influence of anxiety and attributions of the outcome was also explored. Only winners significantly showed a rise in HR during the competition followed by a decrease along the posttask phase in addition to more internal attributions. On the contrary, the average HR for losers during the competition was lower compared with their baseline values. No differences depending on the outcome were found in BP. The cardiovascular response as well as the subjective interpretation of the outcome suggest a more active strategy employed by winners vs. a more passive strategy of losers. Future studies should specifically investigate the importance of coping strategies for psychophysiological adaptation to contests and for the outcome reached. This would permit an advance in the understanding of the role of individual differences in the processes of stress and in associated diseases. Aggr. Behav. 27:351–359, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Topic: Behavioral Health and Interventions
Subfield: Applied Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
HEATR2 Plays a Conserved Role in Assembly of the Ciliary Motile Apparatus

Cilia are highly conserved microtubule-based structures that perform a variety of sensory and motility functions during development and adult homeostasis. In humans, defects specifically affecting motile cilia lead to chronic airway infections, infertility and laterality defects in the genetically heterogeneous disorder Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD). Using the comparatively simple Drosophila system, in which mechanosensory neurons possess modified motile cilia, we employed a recently elucidated cilia transcriptional RFX-FOX code to identify novel PCD candidate genes. Here, we report characterization of CG31320/HEATR2, which plays a conserved critical role in forming the axonemal dynein arms required for ciliary motility in both flies and humans. Inner and outer arm dyneins are absent from axonemes of CG31320 mutant flies and from PCD individuals with a novel splice-acceptor HEATR2 mutation. Functional conservation of closely arranged RFX-

Topic: Genetic and Kidney Cyst Diseases
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Multi-wavelength view of Lyman break galaxies at z ~ 3 : star formation and dust attenuation

Depuis le milieu des annees 1990, la taille des echantillons de galaxies situees a tres grande distance (“redshift”) de nous, au tout debut de la vie de l'univers a augmente grace a la sensibilite croissante des telescopes optiques / infrarouge proche. Cependant, les proprietes des poussieres continues dans ces galaxies sont mal connues en raison de l'absence d'observations profondes en infrarouge lointain et en sous-mm. Cette these explore les proprietes multi-longueur d'onde d'une population de galaxies observees ~ 2Gyr apres le Big Bang. Notre echantillon comprend 22000 galaxies, et il a ete selectionne a partir de la discontinuite de Lyman. Nous utilisons une technique statistique, appelee analyse d'empilement, qui combine le signal provenant d'un grand nombre de sources individuellement non detectees dans le but d’ameliorer les limites de detection par rapport aux observations actuelles, a ces longueurs d'onde. Elle nous permet d'obtenir une distribution spectrale d’energie complete de l’ultraviolet lointain a l’infrarouge lointain, et d'etudier la formation des etoiles et l'attenuation par la poussiere sur ces galaxies.

Topic: Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
Subfield: Instrumentation
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
THREE NEW CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF HEMICYCLIOPHORA DE MAN (CRICONEMATIDAE: NEMATODA) FROM CANADA

Three new species of the genus Hemicydiophora, closely related to H. similis Thorne, 1955 and H. silvestris Jenkins and Reed, 1964, are described. These are H. vivida, H. shepherdi, and H. minora. H. vivida differs from H. silvestris in the more anterior location of the vulva, the smaller relative length of spear to total body length, the hemizonid covering three annules, and the pattern of the en face view being different. H. shepherdi differs from H. similis in having a smaller number of annules between vulva and anus, and a smaller and elevated labial disc. H. minora differs from the above-mentioned species in being the smallest nematode and in having the excretory pore more anterior in location and a greater relative length of spear to total body length.

Topic: Nematode management and characterization studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Tourism Strategy of IP Image Cultural Forest Countryside Driven by Data

This paper discusses the sustainable development of forest and rural tourism from the perspective of regional culture. This paper points out that there is a dialectical relationship between regional culture and the development of forest and rural tourism. This paper focuses on the impact of regional culture on the sustainable development of forest and rural tourism. On this basis, this paper analyzes the restrictive factors of the sustainable development of forest and rural tourism in China through AHP analysis and data-driven methods, and puts forward the basis, steps and ideas for the establishment of forest and rural tourism cultural mechanism. Finally, the sustainable development of forest and rural tourism in a certain area of China is studied. The experimental results show that the research results of this paper have a certain reference value for the research of forest rural tourism strategy driven by data.

Topic: Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Zoning the Flood Risk in the Razi Chay Basin using the ANP Model

The watershed of Razi Chay located in Meshkin Shahr city is one of the areas of Ardebil province that is vulnerable to destructive floods. Therefore, investigation and zoning of flood in this basin is necessary. For this purpose, 10 variables affecting the occurrence of floods including: slope, aspect, elevation, distance from river, runoff height for maximum 24-hour rainfall, land use, vegetation, lithology, time of concentration and shape of the sub-basins were used. The analytical network process (ANP) was used to obtain the importance of each variable. Among the studied variables, the slope layers (with impact coefficient of 0.31), distance from river (with a coefficient of influence of 0.17) and runoff height (with a coefficient of influence of 0.12) yielded higher weight and, as a result of severe control on the occurrence of flooding in the Razi Chay watershed. The zoning results show that about 28% of the basin areais in high risk zones. These zones are mainly downstream of the basin and adjacent to main streams and flood plains around them. Regarding the spatial distribution of the settlements in the area, it can be said that most of the settlements located in the lower parts of the basin are subject to floods.

Key words: Flood, Analytical Network Process (ANP), Geographic Information System (GIS), Razi Chay basin.

Topic: Flood Risk Assessment and Management
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Rabbit Exploitation in the Middle Paleolithic: Insights from Experimental Archaeology Applied to the Level JJ faunal assemblage from Lapa do Picareiro, Portugal

The archaeological record from southwestern Europe, particularly the Iberian Peninsula and southern France, demonstrates the consistent inclusion of small prey, especially Leporidae, in the subsistence behaviors of both Neanderthal and anatomically modern human groups during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Despite their prevalence in relevant faunal assemblages, the methods used to hunt and process these animals, as well as the techniques for preserving their meat, remain underexplored. This study aims to address these gaps through an experimental program investigating three cooking and preservation methods: roasting, smoking, and drying. Eight rabbits were prepared using each method, with subsequent taphonomic analysis conducted on the resulting bone assemblages. The observed modifications were then compared with those identified in an archaeological contexts from the Paleolithic Iberian Peninsula, particularly, rabbit remains from the Middle Paleolithic Level JJ of Lapa do Picareiro, a cave site situated in Portuguese Estremadura. By providing a comprehensive dataset of experimentally derived bone modifications, this research offers a reference for interpreting small prey assemblages and elucidates on the economic behaviors of Middle Paleolithic human populations. These findings enhance our understanding of human subsistence strategies and contribute to broader discussions on mobility, resource management, and cultural practices in prehistoric Europe.

Topic: Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
PhorceField

Many widely deployed phishing defense schemes, such as SiteKey, use client-side secrets to help users confirm that they are visiting the correct website before entering their passwords. Unfortunately, studies have demonstrated that up to 92% of users can be convinced to ignore missing client-side secrets and enter their passwords into phishing pages. However, since client-side secrets have already achieved industry acceptance, they are an attractive building block for creating better phishing defenses. We present PhorceField, a phishing resistant password ceremony that combines client-side secrets and graphical passwords in a novel way that provides phishing resistance that neither achieves on its own. PhorceField enables users to login easily, but forces phishers to present victims with a fundamentally unfamiliar and onerous user interface. Victims that try to use the phisher's interface to enter their password find the task so difficult that they give up without revealing their password. We have evaluated PhorceField's phishing resistance in a user study in which 21 participants used PhorceField for a week and were then subjected to a simulated phishing attack. On average, participants were only able to reveal 20% of the entropy in their password, and none of them revealed their entire password. This is a substantial improvement over previous research that demonstrated that 92% of users would reveal their entire password to a phisher, even if important security indicators were missing[27].

Topic: User Authentication and Security Systems
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Original Article Traditional Chinese medical herbs staged therapy in infertile women with endometriosis: a clinical study

Background: Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease defined as the presence of endometri - oid tissue (glands and stroma) outside the uterus. About 30 to 40% patients with endometriosis are infertile. In traditional Chinese medical system, endometriosis associated infertility is mostly caused by kidney deficiency and blood stasis. The herb of reinforcing kidney and removing blood stasis is designed to treat the disease. Material and methods: All the 80 up-to-standard patients were divided into two different groups exactly according to the random principle. They were treated with hormone and traditional Chinese medical herb separately. After half year's therapy, all the patients received one year's follow-up. Their transvaginal ultrasonographic changes, serum hormone levels and pregnancy rate were recorded to analysis the effect. Results: No significant difference happened in two groups' demographic and clinical characteristics (P > 0.05). After the treatment, the effect on serum hormone levels and specific markers are significant ( P < 0.05). The transvaginal ultrasonographic changes were positive, too. The text on hepatic and renal function confirmed to the safety of the herb. Compared to hormone therapy, the traditional Chinese medical herb is safe and effective for endometriosis patients with infertility. Conclusion: Compared with hormone therapy, traditional Chinese medical herb's two-staged therapy is effective and safe for endometriosis patients with infertility.

Topic: Endometriosis Research and Treatment
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An Analysis of the Relationship among Stuttering Behaviors

The purpose of this study was to determine whether different topographies of disfluent behavior form a response class. A within-subject, repeated reversals (ABAB) design was used to analyze the stuttering behavior of three adult stuttering speakers. A single type of stuttering behavior was punished for each subject while frequencies of occurrence of other types were concurrently measured. The results showed that: (1) stuttering behaviors displayed direct behavioral covariation for all subjects, illustrating the existence of a response class; and (2) the response classes observed included both kernel and accessory features of stuttering. The results are discussed in terms of the literature on response classes and two-factor learning theory of stuttering with special emphasis on the implications of these results for our understanding of the development of stuttering.

Topic: Stuttering Research and Treatment
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Immune‑related pathophysiological causes relevant to a subset of patients with preeclampsia (Review)

Preeclampsia is characterized by inadequate extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion, leading to feto‑placental hypoxia, a release of an excessof anti‑angiogenic factors, and finally eliciting maternal endothelial dysfunction and maternal symptoms, such as new‑onset hypertension and proteinuria. Despite intensive research over the past decade, the initial pathogenesis of this disorder remains elusive. There are likely different subtypes of preeclampsia and maternal, fetal and placental factors all play an important role in the disease development. In this review, we focus on an immune‑related pathway or pathophysiological causes relevant to a subset of patients with preeclampsia. Using the PubMed database, we conducted a literature review of various studies related to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. The two‑stage theory is a notable postulate of the disease. The antecedents of poor placentation are immunological, epigenetic and environmental factors in origin. The causes of inadequate immune mechanisms at the maternal‑fetal interface in preeclampsia is considered to be a lack of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules, such as HLA‑G and HLA‑C. A reduction in HLA molecules facilitate EVTs to elicit an immune attack that furthers cell killing. A series of the HLA‑G promoter region on EVTs has been found to be more highly methylated in preeclampsia than in normal pregnancy, possibly due to the increased expression of DNA methyltransferase‑1 (DNMT‑1). Promoter hypermethylation is one of the major epigenetic alterations that may prime for HLA‑G gene inactivation. Epigenetic alterations are reversible, and nutrition, lifestyle and environmental factors may be the epigenetic regulators that modify gene expression. However, the timing, cause and underlying mechanisms of HLA gene methylation have not yet been fully established. The adverse intrauterine environment that contributes to immune responses, inflammation, or oxidative stress may be associated with increased susceptibilities for a number of adult diseases, including preeclampsia. We have hypothesized that close interactions between the inherited epigenetic architecture (hypermethylation of HLA molecules) and adverse intrauterine environmental exposures (oxidative stress and inflammation) leading to epigenetic modifications and to the aberrant DNA methylation of HLA class I molecules, may act as an early event of preeclampsia development.

Topic: Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences