jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A New Experimental Approach to Evaluate Plasma-induced Damage in Microcantilever

&lt;p&gt;Plasma&amp;nbsp; etching,&amp;nbsp; during&amp;nbsp; micro-fabrication&amp;nbsp; processing&amp;nbsp; is&amp;nbsp; indispensable&amp;nbsp; for&amp;nbsp; fabricating&amp;nbsp; MEMS&amp;nbsp; structures.&amp;nbsp; During&amp;nbsp; the&amp;nbsp;plasma&amp;nbsp; processes,&amp;nbsp; two&amp;nbsp; major matters,&amp;nbsp; charged&amp;nbsp; ions&amp;nbsp; and&amp;nbsp; vacuum–ultraviolet&amp;nbsp; (VUV)&amp;nbsp; irradiation&amp;nbsp; damage,&amp;nbsp; take&amp;nbsp; charge&amp;nbsp; of&amp;nbsp;reliability&amp;nbsp; degradation.&amp;nbsp; The&amp;nbsp; charged&amp;nbsp; ions&amp;nbsp; induce&amp;nbsp; unwanted&amp;nbsp; sidewall&amp;nbsp; etching,&amp;nbsp; generally&amp;nbsp; called&amp;nbsp; as&amp;nbsp; “notching”,&amp;nbsp; which causes&amp;nbsp; degradation&amp;nbsp; in&amp;nbsp; brittle&amp;nbsp; strength.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,&amp;nbsp; the&amp;nbsp; VUV&amp;nbsp; irradiation&amp;nbsp; gives&amp;nbsp; rise&amp;nbsp; to&amp;nbsp; crystal&amp;nbsp; defects&amp;nbsp; on&amp;nbsp; the&amp;nbsp; etching surface.&amp;nbsp; To overcome&amp;nbsp; the&amp;nbsp; problem,&amp;nbsp; neutral&amp;nbsp; beam&amp;nbsp; etching&amp;nbsp; (NBE),&amp;nbsp; which&amp;nbsp; use&amp;nbsp; neutral&amp;nbsp; particles&amp;nbsp; without&amp;nbsp; the&amp;nbsp; VUV irradiation,&amp;nbsp; has&amp;nbsp; been&amp;nbsp; developed.&amp;nbsp; In&amp;nbsp; order&amp;nbsp; to&amp;nbsp; evaluate&amp;nbsp; the&amp;nbsp; effect&amp;nbsp; of&amp;nbsp; the&amp;nbsp; NBE&amp;nbsp; quantitatively,&amp;nbsp; we&amp;nbsp; measured&amp;nbsp; the&amp;nbsp; resonance property of a micro-cantilever before and after NBE treatment. The thickness of damage layer (δ) times the imaginary part&amp;nbsp; of&amp;nbsp; the&amp;nbsp; complex Young's&amp;nbsp; modulus&amp;nbsp; (Eds)&amp;nbsp; were&amp;nbsp; then&amp;nbsp; compared,&amp;nbsp; which&amp;nbsp; is&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; parameter&amp;nbsp; of&amp;nbsp; surface&amp;nbsp; damage.&amp;nbsp; Although plasma processes&amp;nbsp; make the initial surface of cantilevers damaged during their fabrication, the removal of that damage by NBE was confirmed as the reduction in δEds. NBE will realize a damage-free surface for microstructures.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Advanced MEMS and NEMS Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Toxic Risks: Science, Regulation, and Perception

There may be no more difficult topic for scientific communication than that of toxic environmental risks. Not only is the subject scientifically complex, involving several different specialized disciplines, notably toxicology and epidemiology, but it is highly sensitive from the viewpoint of society. While scientific knowledge must be interpreted for regulatory purposes, however incomplete that knowledge may be, public perceptions greatly color how such regulations and their scientific underpinnings are understood. Emotions often run high and understanding low when possibilities of community-wide exposures to radiation or chemicals are raised. In such settings, explanations from scientific and regulatory authorities can seem obscure or contradictory because of the sheer complexity of scientific data, of risk assessment procedures, and of the regulatory process itself. Unfortunately, when such situations arise, and they do so not infrequently, simplistic and often distorted explanations are likely to receive greater attention and credence than sober ones that put scientific

Topic: Risk Perception and Management
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Embryo Disposition Disputes: <i>Controversies and Case Law</i>

Abstract When prospective parents use in vitro fertilization, many of them hope to generate more embryos than they intend to implant immediately. The technology often requires multiple attempts to reach a successful pregnancy, and couples can cryopreserve any excess embryos so that they have them on hand for later attempts. As part of obtaining informed consent for IVF or cryopreservation, clinics typically ask patients to specify their preferences for the embryos in the event of divorce or death, offering options such as use of the embryos by a specified partner, donation to research, or discarding the remaining embryos. Still, many courts face a recurring problem: the partners dissolve their relationship (typically through divorce), and one party wants to use the frozen embryos over the objections of the other. Courts and legislatures have struggled with how to handle these cases, which seem to pit one partner's right to procreate against the other's right not to procreate. In this essay, we use one of the most recent decisions in this line of cases—the Appellate Court of Illinois's decision in Szafranski v. Dunston—to explain the current state of the law and make recommendations for changes. The issue is ripe for revisiting because in the last year, embryo disputes have become a battlefront for larger conflagrations over the moral status of embryos.

Topic: Reproductive Health and Technologies
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Studies on Chemotherapeutical Drugs. III. : Synthesis of Nitrofuran Derivatives. (2). : Preparation of (5-Nitro-2-furyl) vinyl Derivatives and their Antibacterial Activities.

Starting with alkyl 5-nitro-2-furan acrylimidate hydrochloride (II), N-acetamido-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylimidic acid (IV) (Table I), 2-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl) vinyl]-(5-substituted)-1, 3, 4-oxa (or thia) diazoles (V) (Table II), 2-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl) vinyl]-(5-substituted)-benzimida (or oxa, thia) zoles (VII) (Table III), and other derivatives (IX, X) (Table IV) were synthesized. Antibacterial action of these derivatives in vitro was examined and the results are listed in Table V.

Topic: Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Herennia Thorell 1877

<i>Herennia</i> Thorell 1877 Kuntner (2005) revised the genus <i>Herennia.</i> According to this work the species diversity of <i>Herennia</i> in the islands of SE Asia is high, whereas <i>H multipuncta</i> (Doleschall 1859) is an invasive species and widely distributed from India to Eastern Indonesia.

Topic: Spider Taxonomy and Behavior Studies
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Biomaterials, Dental Materials, and Device Retrieval and Analysis

Introduction ......................................................................................................... 123 Methods and Procedures ................................................................................... 124 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................... 125 Summary and Conclusion ................................................................................. 131 References ............................................................................................................. 132Experience gained over the period since the late 1960s within the authors' program has focused on studies of surgical implant biomaterials and intraoral dental materials, and were based on observations from retrieved and analyzed devices and prostheses from human clinical applications. This approach focused on functional conditions, primarily on two central themes: (1) interfacial transfers of elements, and (2) interfacial transfers of forces. The ever-evolving worldwide science from basic and applied viewpoints has strongly supported analyses utilizing these themes. The inclusion of individuals with materials, mechanical, and biomedical engineering backgrounds has permitted interactions within a multidisciplinary university program based in the school of dentistry departments and sections of biomaterials, biomechanics, and prosthodontics.

Topic: Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Corporate rent-seeking and the managerial soft – budget constraint an incremental cash flow approach to some corporate governance issues

This paper seeks to expand on two topical strands in Government Finance and Political Science literature, rent-seeking and the soft-budget constraint, so as to bring forth a strong linkage with corporate governance environments. It will attempt to accomplish this task by setting up a distinctive framework of analysis that hinges on incremental cash flows. Firstly, it claims that both rent-seeking behavior and the soft-budget constraint are worthy of being applied to corporate governance learning and practice. Secondly, the paper contributes to focus on cash-flows reliability and managers’ accountability. Thirdly, it is shown how conflicts of interest underlie rent-seeking behavior, and how the latter relates to the soft-budget constraint.

Topic: Corporate Finance and Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Influence of Traffic Emissions on the Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Outdoor Breathable Particles

Because polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been proven to be toxic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic, there is widespread interest in analyzing and evaluating exposure to PAHs in atmospheric environments influenced by different emission sources. Because traffic emissions are one of the biggest sources of fine particles, more information on carcinogenic PAHs associated with fine particles needs to be provided. Aiming to further understand the impact of traffic particulate matter (PM) on human health, this study evaluated the influence of traffic on PM10 (PM with aerodynamic diameter < 10 microm) and PM2.5 (PM with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 microm), considering their concentrations and compositions in carcinogenic PAHs. Samples were collected at one site influenced by traffic emissions and at one reference site using low-volume samplers. Analysis of PAHs was performed by microwave-assisted extraction combined with liquid chromatography (MAE-LC); 17 PAHs, including 9 carcinogenic ones, were quantified. At the site influenced by traffic emissions, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were, respectively, 380 and 390% higher than at the background site. When influenced by traffic emissions, the total concentration of nine carcinogenic compounds (naphthalene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b) fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, and dibenzo(a,l)pyrene) was increased by 2400 and 3000% in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively; these nine carcinogenic compounds represented 68 and 74% of total PAHs (sigma(PAHs)) for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. All PAHs, including the carcinogenic compounds, were mainly present in fine particles. Considering the strong influence of these fine particles on human health, these conclusions are relevant for the development of strategies to protect public health.

Topic: Air Quality and Health Impacts
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Diffusion and NCC combined image registration

Image registration is a process of transforming a data set from one coordinate system into another. There are two typical approaches for image registration: Feature point match based and Area similarity comparison based. The feature point match based approach, using points to establish the correspondence between two images, is relatively fast, but it involves feature extractions and parameter selection to create feature points. Feature extractions involve derivatives which are ill-posed problems and may lead to robustness issues. The area similarity comparison based approach compares intensity patterns using a correlation metric such as normalized cross correlation (NCC). Since it does not require feature extraction, is simple and not sensitive to noise. However its computational cost is high. Even when some fast techniques like FFT are used to reduce the computational cost, the implementation is still time consuming. In this paper, we propose a diffusion equation and normalized cross correlation (NCC) combined method to perform robust image registration with low computational cost. We first apply the diffusion equation to two images received from two sensors (or the same sensor) and allow these two images to evolve by this diffusion equation. Based on the characteristics of evolutions, we select a very small percentage of stable points in the first image and perform the normalized cross correlation to the second image at each transformation point. The highest NCC point provides the transformation parameters for registering these two images. This new method is resistant to noise since the evolution of the diffusion equation reduces noise and it chooses only stable points for the NCC computation. Furthermore, the new method is computationally efficient since only a small percentage of pixels involve in the transformation estimation. Finally, the experiments for video motion estimation and image registration are provided to demonstrate that the new method is able to estimate the registration transformation reliably in real time.

Topic: Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Comparison of the Intertidal Harpacticoid Copepod Assemblages of Sandy Beaches in Galway Bay (Ireland) And Northern Brittany (France)

The comparative research programme on harpacticoid copepod assemblages of the west coast of Ireland and northern Finistere began in 1982. During 1981 in Galway, D. Jackson sampled three sandy beaches around Galway Bay (Figure 1), Grattan Road Strand, Silver Strand and An Poll Brean (on Mweenish Island) near Carna (simply called Carna in the following text) and was preparing his PhD thesis (Jackson, 1985). Between 1978 and 1984 in Brittany, P. Bodin had been conducting a long-term ecological survey (Bodin, 1988) of three sandy beaches polluted by the 'Amoco Cadiz' oil spill; Brouennou, Corn ar Gazel and Kersaint (Figure 2). As these six beaches shared common characteristics of granulometry, salinity, temperature and hydrodynamics, it was decided to undertake a comparative study of the systematics, ecology and biology of their harpacticoid copepod assemblages.

Topic: Marine Biology and Ecology Research
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
ENHANCED COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING THROUGH REAL-TIME EEG-DRIVEN ADAPTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Future air traffic systems aim at increasing both the capacity and safety of the system, necessitating the development of new metrics and advisory tools for controllers’ workload in real-time. Psychophysiological data such as Electroencephalography (EEG) are used to contrast and validate subjective assessments and workload indices. EEG used within augmented cognition systems form situation awareness advisory tools that are able to provide real-time feedback to air-traffic control supervisors and planners. This augmented cognition system and experiments using the system with air traffic controllers are presented. Traffic indicators are used in conjunction with EEG-driven cognitive indicators to adapt the traffic in real-time through Computational Red Teaming (CRT) based adaptive control mechanisms. The metrics, measures, and adaptive control mechanisms are described and evaluated. The best mechanism to improve system efficacy was found when the system allowed for real-time adaptation of traffic based on engagement metrics driven from the EEG data.

Topic: Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The selection and progress of young mining employees in the National Coal Board with special reference to the use of the Industrial Training Research Unit (Cambridge) job disposition questionnaire

This thesis is concerned with a project to find a valid form of selection in the recruitment of young trainees for the N.C.B. It describes an attempt to establish the predictive validity of two tests devised by the Industrial Training Research Unit (Cambridge): one is an occupational interest inventory called&#13;\nthe Job Disposition Questionnaire and the other is a special&#13;\naptitude test called the Trainability Test.&#13;\nThe design and completion of the J.D.Q. study was the responsibility of the writer who was also one of the team who designed the N.C.B. Trainability Test and throughout the whole study acted as liaison with the I.T.R.U. The structure and procedures of the W.C.B. were a major influence in the design, methodology and outcome of the project.&#13;\nThe J.D.Q. is based on finding a statistically proven "job profile" of likes and dislikes of the present successful incumbents of the job to compare with those of potential recruits. Thus the validation of the J.D.Q. consisted of successfully establishing the mining profiles, using them to score the J.D.Q. performance of recruits and then recording absence and supervisors' assessments of their performance over an eighteen month period to compare Kith their J.D.Q. scores.&#13;\nThe Trainability Test is a job-specific test, designed around&#13;\nthe essential elements of that job. This part of the study&#13;\nconsisted of designing and staging a test, giving it to&#13;\npre-selected recruits and, as before, monitoring their progress.&#13;\nNo statistically significant correlations were found between&#13;\ntests and job progress scores but there was an observable match between test scores and supervisors' assessments for the J.D.Q.&#13;\nThese findings are partly confirmed in two other industrial&#13;\nstudies where no empirical correlations were found but one&#13;\nshowed a similar positive trend on their J.D.Q. study.&#13;\nThe difficulties of sustaining a long study, relying on people&#13;\nin many different locations, were well illustrated as were also&#13;\nthe limitations associated with some of the chosen criteria.&#13;\nT'he results were sufficiently encouraging to suggest setting up a second stage of the study to assess the participants now that they have more job experience; and the results from the external studies point to a need to continue with the work on special aptitude testing.

Topic: Mining Techniques and Economics
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
[The health indices of those working in the cleanup during accident recovery operations].

Having analyzed the data base of All-Army register contained information about 35,970 rescuers it was determined that 45.5% of them during works in dangerous radiative conditions complained of the health change for the worse characterized by the state of irritation of mucous membrane of superior respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. The direct correlation between value of irradiation dose and frequency of complaints, and also degree of lowering of there physical performance have been defined.

Topic: Spaceflight effects on biology
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Migrant domestic workers, vulnerability and the law: immigration and employment laws in Cyprus and Spain

The intersection of gender, welfare and immigration regimes has been one of the main focus of a rich scholarship on paid domestic work in Europe. This article brings into the discussion the nexus of employment and immigration law regimes to reflect on the role of legal regulation in structuring and reducing the vulnerability of domestic workers. I analyse this nexus by looking at the cases of Cyprus and Spain, two states falling under the cluster of Southern Mediterranean welfare regimes, that share certain characteristics in terms of immigration regimes, but have substantially different employment law regulation models. The first part sketches the debate on the employment law regulation of domestic work. The second part starts by giving an overview of the immigration regimes of Cyprus and Spain in relation to migrant domestic workers and then proceeds to analyse the two countries’ models and substance of employment law regulation in domestic work. The comparison of these two divergent approaches informs the debate on how the legal regulation of domestic work should be best structured. In Spain there have been recent dynamic legislative changes in the employment law regulation of domestic work. The final part of the article traces these changes and reflects on why such processes have not taken place in Cyprus.

Topic: Social Policy and Reform Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Edición modernizada y anotada de Saber del mal y del bien de Pedro Calderón de la Barca.

The purpose of this thesis is to present, for the first time, a modernized and annotated edition of the play Saber del mal y del bien, by Pedro Calderon de la Barca, published in the Primera Parte de Comedias in 1636. In this thesis the text has been modernized in conformity to the rules of modern punctuation, accentuation, and spelling. Every fifth verse has been numbered, and the different strophes indicated in the text, and studied in my introduction. The introduction includes a brief analysis of some of the central themes of the play in the hope that it may awaken interest in this relatively obscure Calderonian piece. I also attempt to reconstruct the possible staging of the original play which, according to Valbuena, was presented by the theatrical company of Roque de Figueroa on March 28, 1628. My proposed staging is based on what we know of the theatrical conventions which existed in the Spanish Golden Age. The most substantial part of a modernized edition consists in establishing and annotating the text. The purpose of the philological annotation is to explain references, allusions, and passages of the play of historical or mythological character as well as symbols and even aphorisms which are in the text and which, for a modern reader, amy seem ambiguous or confusing. The purpose of these notes is not only to elucidate these allusions but to also relate them to the text in order to offer an interpretation which is faithful to the original sense of the play. In conclusion, all these factors render Saber del mal y del bien an important comedia which will no longer remain in obscurity.

Topic: Early Modern Spanish Literature
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Knockdown of KLF9 promotes the differentiation of both intramuscular and subcutaneous preadipocytes in goat

Abstract KLF9 is reported to promote adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells and pigs. However, the roles of KLF9 in adipocytes differentiation of goat remain unknown. In this study, the expression profiles of KLF9 were different between subcutaneous and intramuscular preadipocytes of goat during differentiation process. After silencing KLF9 gene, the lipid droplets were increased in both two types of adipocytes. In subcutaneous preadipocyte with silencing KLF9, the expressions of C/EBPβ, PPARγ, LPL, KLF1-2, KLF5, and KLF17 genes were up-regulated, while KLF12, KLF4, and KLF13 genes were down-regulated in expression level. In intramuscular preadipocyte, aP2, C/EBPα, KLF2-3, KLF5, and KLF7 gene were up-regulated, and Pref-1 gene was down-regulated. In addition, the binding sites of KLF9 existed in the promoters of aP2, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, LPL and Pref-1. Taken together, KLF9 play a negative role in the differentiation of both intramuscular and subcutaneous preadipocytes in goats, but the functional mechanism may be different.

Topic: Kruppel-like factors research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences