jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Choice of Conversion Factors to the Shallow and Deep Dose Equivalents for Use in a U.S. Personnel Dosimetry Performance Testing Programme

In June 1981, the Health Physics Society Standards Committee adopted a standard that will be used in a future mandatory U.S. personnel dosimetry performance testing programme. In this standard, a set of factors is specified for converting from the quantities generally used to characterise the radiation fields in which radiation protection instruments are calibrated to the shallow and the deep dose equivalent specified for reporting the results of future performance tests. For photons, the choice of these conversion factors was the cause of considerable controversy. For this reason, it was decided to publish this relatively detailed discussion of the considerations which were the basis for the choice of all the factors used.

Topic: Radiation Dose and Imaging
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Supplementary Data from HYD1-induced increase in reactive oxygen species leads to autophagy and necrotic cell death in multiple myeloma cells

Supplementary Data from HYD1-induced increase in reactive oxygen species leads to autophagy and necrotic cell death in multiple myeloma cells

Topic: Toxoplasma gondii Research Studies
Subfield: Parasitology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Bitter Laughter and Colonial Novellistica in Galeotto Cei’s Relazione delle Indie

The ornery prologue of Florentine merchant Galeotto Cei's travel account accurately sets the tone for the striking sixteenth-century narrative of a lengthy stay in the Americas. Cei, member of an exiled Florentine family, left for the Americas in 1539, engaged in trading activities and participated in Spanish expeditions into South American territories before returning to Europe fourteen years later. Certainly Florentine merchant Cei's Relazione delle Indie fits in well with a corpus of merchant writing. The context of the Decameron offers compelling points of comparison in examining Cei's text, in particular the role of the practical joke. As Giuseppe Mazzotta writes, in any discussion on laughter, the obvious point of reference is tragedy, and it, by comparison, seems all too accountable. If the noble youths' stories in the Decameron served as an antidote to the apocalyptic conditions of Florence during the 1348 plague, Cei's bitter comedy can be seen in relation to the horrific conditions he describes in the Americas.

Topic: Italian Literature and Culture
Subfield: General Arts and Humanities
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Development of accelerometer with Zero-Compliance Mechanism ( 1st report ) Principle of Measurement

Accelerometer using zero-compliance mechanism is purposed in this paper. This accelerometer is invented to measure long-period and small oscillations such as ground motions and building vibrations with a high resolution. The zero-compliance mechanism is composed of two suspensions with positive stiffness and negative stiffness. Force acting on the inertial mass at the point of force is proportional to the displacement of the connection point of two suspensions, which is referred to as detection point. Acceleration is estimated by dividing the force by the inertial mass. An experimental apparatus according to the principle is fabricated to study basic characteristics of the proposed accelerometer. To achieve the zero-compliance property, a linear actuator is incorporated into the mechanism. The experimental static acceleration is given to the apparatus by gravity. The static acceleration measurements show that the displacement of the detection point is proportional to the acceleration. It is confirmed that the displacement of the point of force is virtually zero. The dynamic measurement results show that the experimental apparatus and a conventional servo-type accelerometer have mostly same output. These results demonstrate that zero-compliance mechanism can be applied to acceleration measurement.

Topic: Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Application of global positioning system and questionnaires data for the study of driver behaviour on two‐lane rural roads

Methodologies based on naturalistic observation provide the most accurate data for studying drivers’ behaviour. This study presents a new methodology to obtain naturalistic data related to drivers’ behaviour in a road segment. It is based on the combination of using global positioning system data and drivers’ questionnaires. The continuous speed profiles along a road segment and the characteristics of drivers, of their trips and the type of their vehicles can be obtained for a great amount of drivers. It has already been successfully used for several studies, such as the development of models to estimate operating speed profile in two‐lane rural road segments; or the characterisation of driving styles. These operating speed models have been the key for the development of a new geometric design consistency model, allowing an easier road safety evaluation. Besides, knowledge on the human factors that influence speed choice may be useful for road safety media campaigns and education programs designers, and also for the improvement of intelligent driver assistance systems.

Topic: Traffic and Road Safety
Subfield: Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of novel pyridinium-hydrazone derivatives

A series of substituted phenylethylidenehydrazinylpyridinium derivatives bearing methyl, ethyl, propyl, and propylphenyl groups on the pyridinium nitrogen were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmania tropica by using the microdilution method. Among the tested compounds, 3d, 5c, 3b, and 3c were found to be the most active derivatives against the promastigotes of L. tropica (IC50 values are 6.90, 9.92, 11.69 and 12.03 µM, respectively) and to be more active than reference drug meglumine antimonaite (glucantime) (IC50 value: 20.49 µM). The derivatives investigated in this study may have the potential to be lead compound against leishmanial infection.

Topic: Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Antigen Presenting Cell Lectin-like Receptor gene Complex, APLEC, regulates susceptibility to oil induced arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, and clinically heterogeneous disease characterized by symmetric inflammation in the peripheral joints, leading to cartilage destruction and bone erosion. Epidemiologic data indicate that the disease evolves from complex interactions of multiple environmental and genetic factors. Experimental arthritis models provide opportunities to both control and manipulate genetic and environmental factors, in order to identify these factors.\n\nHere we have used the oil induced arthritis (OIA) model to map a genetic factor that determines the outcome arthritis development in a susceptible rat strain. We have fine-mapped the gene locus to reside in the Antigen presenting cell lectin-like receptor gene complex, APLEC. APLEC encode receptors with immunoregulatory function. We have further narrowed down the gene candidates to Mincle, Dcir1 and Dcar1 based on sequence and expression analysis. A SNP analysis of human RA patients revealed an association of anti-CCP negative RA to Dcir, the human ortholog to Dcir1. Thus, data from both the experimental model and human studies points to a role of APLEC genes in precipitation of inflammatory joint disease.

Topic: Immune Cell Function and Interaction
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Elementary properties of axonal calcium currents in type B photoreceptors in Hermissenda crassicornis.

Axons of the type B photoreceptors form synapses with hair cells and interneurons that are involved in classical conditioning in Hermissenda. We examined the differences in the Ca2+ channels expressed in the soma and axons of the B photoreceptors by direct functional recordings of single-channel currents. Although the soma of the B cells express two Ca2+ current subtypes, a transient BayK 8644-insensitive (approximately 17 pS) current and a sustained BayK 8644-sensitive (approximately 10 pS) current, the axons expressed only the latter. The axonal Ca2+ current activated at potentials positive to -20 mV. Moreover, the Ca2+ channels are distributed heterogeneously along the length of the axon, with the higher channel density (approximately 10-15 channel microm(-2)) occurring at the distal one-third of the isolated axons, with respect to the soma. The regions of Ca2+ channel clusters may represent the presynaptic site of the photoreceptor-interneuron synapses. Furthermore, the high-density clusters of Ca2+ channels may augment postsynaptic responses. The results of the present study represent the first direct recordings of Ca2+ currents at presumed synaptic sites. Expression of different Ca2+ channel subtypes at distinct compartments of the type B photoreceptors may generate diverse Ca2+ domains that may be required for neuronal plasticity in Hermissenda.

Topic: Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
[Radiological diagnosis of non-neoplastic bowel diseases].

Intestinal non-neoplastic diseases, including inflammation, bleeding and trauma, are common and frequently-occurring diseases. With the development of diagnosis and the change of disease spectrum, more and more clinical attentions are paid to autoimmune intestinal colitis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, ischemic bowel disease, intestinal polyps and other non-neoplastic diseases. Radiological modalities and characteristics of non-neoplastic bowel diseases are summarized and evaluated in this article. We hope to provide useful information for clinicians to select radiologic methods correctly.

Topic: Microscopic Colitis
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Perverse Affections of Ezra Pound: A Response to Larry Scanlon

I must confess that I have not thought about Ezra Pound for quite some time. Of course, I have taught his poetry and recited facts about him in my classes. I have even discussed how to interpret the complexities of Pound's various experiments with poetic voice, but that is not precisely the same task as thinking about him. I probably have not thought about him seriously since I decided somewhere around the late 1990s—along with a host of other literary scholars—that Ezra Pound was your garden variety brilliant but authoritarian modernist, certainly an agent provocateur, but not someone whose aesthetic and poetry I would return to and reinterpret with any earnest effort. For me, Pound's work embodied what he himself called “the Totalitarian Synthesis,” in order to name that curious melding of art, artist, nation, and culture that flourished in the modernism that came into being during the age of excessive nationalism and state power. I had certainly never bothered to devote any serious consideration to Pound's relationship to the medieval, the intense study of medieval and Romance languages that he undertook during his graduate education, or his revision of the tropes of laureation and courtly love. However, Larry Scanlon's article has me thinking about Ezra Pound again. By discussing Pound in terms of laureation and, particularly, in terms of courtly love, Scanlon has offered us a new metric by which to measure Pound's poetic and political perversity, for it is at the level of its perversity that Pound's extorted yet innovative logic might just provide us with a coherent way to discuss his aesthetic. What I will offer are my thoughts about this perversity and then pose a few questions.

Topic: Poetry Analysis and Criticism
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Borderline personality disorder: what do we know about the possibilities of pharmacotherapy? Literature review and case study

Abstract Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a specific personality disorder characterized by emotional instability, intense anger that can be difficult to control, impulsivity, intensive and unstable relationships, distorted self-image, chronic feelings of emptiness, self-destructive and suicidal tendencies and transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms It affects 1.6% of the general population, 10% of the psychiatric outpatient population, and 20% of the psychiatric inpatient population. Psychotherapy is the first-line treatment; however, as some symptoms can hamper everyday functioning of patients, the use of pharmacotherapeutic treatment could be necessary. Meta-analyses of available pharmacological interventions demonstrate that antidepressants are not effective in reducing BPD symptoms, while the use of some antipsychotics and mood stabilizers can be beneficial. The authors presented the case of a 25-year-old patient with BPD who was successfully treated with a low dose of oxcarbazepine

Topic: Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
“Cyclophilin A” Enzymatic Effect on the Aggregation Behavior of 1N4R Tau Protein: An Overlooked Crucial Determinant that should be Re-considered in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis

Background: Neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD) involve the abnormal aggregation of tau protein, which forms toxic oligomers and amyloid deposits. The structure of tau protein is influenced by the conformational states of distinct proline residues, which are regulated by peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases). However, there has been no research on the impact of human cyclophilin A (CypA) as a PPIase on (non-phosphorylated) tau protein aggregation. Methods: On the basis of these explanations, we used various spectroscopic techniques to explore the effects of CypA on tau protein aggregation behavior. Results: We demonstrated the role of the isomerization activity of CypA in promoting the formation of tau protein amyloid fibrils with well-defined and highly ordered cross-β structures. According to the "cistauosis hypothesis," CypA's ability to enhance tau protein fibril formation in AD is attributed to the isomerization of specific proline residues from the trans to cis configuration. To corroborate this theory, we conducted refolding experiments using lysozyme as a model protein. The presence of CypA increased lysozyme aggregation and impeded its refolding process. It is known that proper refolding of lysozyme relies on the correct (trans) isomerization of two critical proline residues. Conclusion: Thus, our findings confirmed that CypA induces the trans-to-cis isomerization of specific proline residues, ultimately leading to increased aggregation. Overall, this study highlights the emerging role of isomerization in tau protein pathogenesis in AD.

Topic: Signaling Pathways in Disease
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Development of a topical epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) formulation

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a potent polyphenoclic antioxidant extracted from green tea. Due to its antimutagenic and antitumor activities it is a promising candidate for use in topical formulations for skin cancer prevention. The overall objective of this dissertation was to develop a formulation suitable for the topical delivery of (EGCG). A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was developed to evaluate the possible degradation of EGCG from the various solvents used to incorporate it into topical formulations in the preformulation studies. This method was validated to establish linearity, precision, and accuracy and also was successfully applied to determine the stability of the finished formulations. First, the stability of EGCG in 0.05 M aqueous buffers in the pH range 3-9 was evaluated. The results indicated that the degradation of EGCG in aqueous media is strongly dependent on its storage conditions. EGCG exhibited its highest stability at low pH and 4°C. Stability studies of EGCG in organic solvents indicated that the degradation of EGCG can be reduced significantly. Furthermore, it was found that the addition of EDTA and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) resulted in an even greater stability of EGCG. Next, different types of polymers were investigated for their ability to form non-aqueous gels with glycerin, the solvent found most suitable for enhancing EGCG's stability. Methacrylic acid derivatives (Carbopols RTM) were found to be the most efficacious gelling agents. Carbopol RTM 974, best known for its mucoadhesive properties, was found to produce the highest viscosity. In the last phase of the study EGCG was incorporated into the anhydrous formulations. The in vitro release characteristics were then evaluated using a Franz-type diffusion cell system. The results indicated that the release of EGCG obeys the Higuchi equation. Furthermore, it was found that a stable EGCG formulation in glycerin can be developed.

Topic: Tea Polyphenols and Effects
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
MANIFESTAREA TOLERANȚEI LA INCERTITUDINE ȘI A STIMEI DE SINE A STUDENȚILOR

THE MANIFESTATION OF STUDENTS ‘TOLERANCE TO UNCERTAINTY AND THEIR SELF-ESTEEM. The research of tolerance to uncertainty and self-esteem as an individual predisposition to report to complex social and professional situations is particularly current and important in the context of the pandemic that revealed several psychological problems. The psycho-emotional well-being of the population is interpreted as the way the person perceives himself, evaluates his life, the way he feels and activates on a personal and social level. This interpretation has changed during the pandemic crisis. Young people mention that in moments of uncertainty their safety is affected, which leads them to make impulsive, anxiety-filled choices. Respectively, self-esteem undergoes changes with the confrontation of situations full of uncertainty. A high level of self-esteem allows people to act effectively, to cope with the difficulties of existence.

Topic: Resilience and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Structure identification and biological activities of a new polysaccharide isolated from Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.) Sing

Background: Polysaccharide biology, whose core is the structure, function, and edible value of polysaccharides, is regarded as the last great scientific frontier outside the field of protein and nucleic acid research. Materials and Methods: In this study, highperformance gelpermeation chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis were performed to identify the structure of a new polysaccharide isolated from Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.) Sing (LDS-1). The anticancer and immunomodulatory ability of the polysaccharides (LDS-1) was also investigated. Results: The results showed that the average molecular weight of LDS-1 was 8681 Da, and the ratio between glucose and galactose was 2:1. Structural analysis revealed four (1 →4)-α-D-Glcp moieties with branches at 6-O position, and the branches consisted of two (1 →6)-β-D–Galp moieties. Our results showed that LDS-1 exhibits immunological activity. At a concentration ranging from 2.5 to 25 μg/mL, LDS-1 could distinctly promote the growth of T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, and RAW264.7 cells; increase the secretion of IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF-β, and interleukin-2, and enhance the phagocytotic activity of RAW264.7 cells to phagocytize fluorescent microspheres, when compared with the blank control group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, under in vitro conditions, LDS-1 (2.5-20 μg/mL) exhibited significant antineoplastic activity (P < 0.01) against colon cancer cells (CT26.WT) and S180 cells when compared with the blank control group. However, the inhibition effect was different. The research for antineoplastic activity of LDS-1 in vivo indicated that the tumor inhibition rate was 54.32%. Conclusion: In conclusion, the polysaccharides of LDS-1 exhibited good biological activities, which shows that it can be used as an immunomodulator and an antitumor agent.

Topic: Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Experience in Financial Decision-Making: Field Evidence from Malawi

When offered a choice between two savings accounts, prior account holders are significantly less likely to switch to a cheaper account, compared with new subjects without a prior account. While 49 percent of account holders retained their original, expensive accounts, none of the new subjects who opened an account chose the expensive one. This finding is consistent with the effect. Exploiting previous experimental variation in account usage among prior account holders, the paper finds that the endowment effect disappears among those with higher induced usage. This finding suggests that familiarity with the account can mitigate behavioral anomalies and improve financial decision-making.

Topic: Islamic Finance and Banking Studies
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Fabrication of All-glass Polarization Maintaining Photonic Crystal Fiber

A kind of all-glass polarization maintaining PCF is designed and fabricated using rod-in-tube method and capillary-stacking technique.The microscopic end profile of the fiber exhibits an excellent maintenance in the fine structure of the PCF.Thus,this design has effectively overcome the defect of air-holes collapse in traditional PCF fabrication process.Measurement of the fiber attenuation with the cutback method is 6.84 dB/m at 1 550 nm.The polarization measurement indicates that the fiber has a good capability to maintain polarization.Therefore it is feasible to achieve the fiber that can effectively maintain polarization and is easy to be fabricated by this all-glass design.

Topic: Photonic Crystal and Fiber Optics
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Trachypithecus barbei: Groves, C.P., Brockelman, W. &amp; Geissman, T.

Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A 2-Year Follow-Up Study of Anxiety and Depression in Women Referred for Colposcopy After an Abnormal Cervical Smear

Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease: October 2008 - Volume 12 - Issue 4 - p 331 doi: 10.1097/01.lgt.0000305266.43499.ae

Topic: Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences