jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Identification of the accessory nerve by its relationship to the great auricular nerve

Objectives: To describe the use of the great auricular nerve as a 'road map' for locating the accessory nerve in the anterior and posterior triangle, in comparison with other methods described in the literature.Design: A review of the literature using Medline and Embase searches was performed. Illustrative photographs were taken from consenting, elective patients.Results: Various methods have been described, using different anatomical landmarks. We describe a new method, based on the fact that the great auricular nerve runs, with relation to the edges of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, 1 cm superior to the accessory nerve anteriorly and 1 cm inferior posteriorly.Conclusions: This is a reliable and safe method, used by the senior authors in their extensive work as head and neck and skull base surgeons. It allows the accessory nerve to be located in both the anterior and posterior triangle. This avoids the inherent dangers of following the nerve's tortuous course through the sternocleidomastoid.

Topic: Nerve Injury and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effects of drought and rewatering on antioxidant enzyme systems in Microula sikkimensis

The effects of drought and rewatering on antioxidant enzyme systems in Microula sikkimensis was studied in a pot trial.The water content of soil during both the temporary and the permanent wilting period of M.sikkimensis were 7.06% and 6.20% respectively and the relative water content in the leaves of M.sikkimensis in the temporary wilting period was 71.4%.After rewatering,the temporarily wilted M.sikkimensis absorbed water quickly and gradually recovered.After six hours the plants became basically the same as the controls in appearance,and the relative water content rose from 71.4% to 81.9% of the controls.There was no significant difference in SOD activity during the stress period but it increased to some extent after rewatering.During the stress period,CAT activity and POD activity rose initially then fell,but both were significantly higher than those of the control.After rewatering they also maintained a high activity.As the drought stress period progressed,the MDA content in the leaves of M.sikkimensis rose quickly,and reached its zenith at the eighth day,but was quickly reduced after rewatering and five days later,there was no significant difference between the treatment and the CK.These results showed that M.sikkimensis has a great ability to withstand drought.

Topic: Environmental and Agricultural Sciences
Subfield: Water Science and Technology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Geriatric neurosurgery: Analysis of a single tertiary centre in Hong Kong

The elderly aged 80 years and older represent a rapidly growing proportion of Hong Kong's population.It was 3.1% in 2007 and has increased to 4.9% in 2017.It is expected to further raise to 10% in 2037.A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted for all neurosurgery admission of aged 80 years and above in Queen Elizabeth Hospital from 1st January 2007 to 31st December 2016.Data was retrieved from Clinical Management System from Hospital Authority.Patient demographics, principal diagnosis, operation performed, perioperative complications, length of stay and mortality were collected and analyzed.A total of 2611 geriatric admissions were included, which accounted for 11.9% of all neurosurgery admission in that period.The majority (51%) of the elderly were admitted for head trauma.There were 397 elderly patients (15.2%) underwent neurosurgical operations.About 1/8 of elderly patients succumbed during the index hospital stay.When we dichotomized this 10-year period, our elderly population increased from 3.5% to 4.5%, however our geriatric admission percentage doubled from 7.8% to 15%.There was increased rate of performing neurosurgical operations on the elderly, from 9.3% rose up to 17.5% (p=0.129).The operation mortality rate dropped from 11.8% to 10.3% (p=0.157) and their average length of stay reduced from 38.9 days to 25 days (p=0.368).There was increasing demand for elderly neurosurgical care in the setting of growing geriatric population in Hong Kong.They were mostly trauma related.Nearly one-fifth of them required neurosurgical interventions.In recent years, we could achieve lower operation mortality rate and shorter length of stay.

Topic: Migration, Aging, and Tourism Studies
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Unique mating behavior, and reproductive biology of a simultaneous hermaphroditic marine flatworm (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Maricola)

Abstract Flatworms generally are simultaneous hermaphrodites that exhibit various kinds of mating behavior. Here we report on the mating behavior and reproductive biology of the planarian Paucumara falcata . We recognized three phases in its mating behavior: a courtship, copulation, and postcopulatory phase. During the last‐mentioned phase, the partners showed a unique and very characteristic behavior in which their bodies intertwined, forming a spiral. Histological study of partners in copula revealed that the sclerotic tip of the musculo‐parenchymatic organ pierces the body wall of the partner and then becomes lodged in its parenchyma, suggesting that this organ may act as an anchor, thus stabilizing the worms during copulation. Similar organs in other species of marine triclad may also perform a stabilizing role during copulation. During copulation in individuals of P. falcata , sperm transfer was reciprocal or only unilateral. Copulation duration ranged 13–35 min (average 20 ± 5 min), irrespective of whether the mating was successful (i.e., resulted in the production of fertile cocoons). The spiraling phase lasted on average 10 min; some worms did not show the postcopulatory spiraling phase during their mating behavior. After successful copulation, an individual worm produced 1–12 fertile cocoons over a period of 1–17 days; from a cocoon hatched either one young (in 70% of the cases), or two young worms.

Topic: Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Modularization and Dilemma Breakthrough of Industrial Cluster Innovation

Innovation is the key feature of cluster and the lifeblood of cluster evolution. Synergy and spillover not only promote clusters access to external economy, but also breed clusters with the innovative inert. This makes cluster lose innovation vitality, and in the long term, may lead to technology dependence and technical sluggishness, which ultimately lead to a recession. This paper applies the modularization theory to the study on cluster development and analyses modularization characteristics in promoting technical innovations. Meanwhile, the "Championship" model of R&D and the structure model of the modular R&D organization are established and reveal the modularization mechanism to facilitate technological innovation. Then this paper analyses the breakthrough of cluster innovation dilemma in motivation and efficiency that are key factors influencing its innovative ability, and thereby thinks modular organization as the basic way to solve the dilemma and the modular clusters will certainly become a new development model of industrial structure.

Topic: Innovation and Knowledge Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Development Of Smart Safety Cradle Sensor

The title of this project is Smart Safety Cradle Sensor. This project is designed to provide maximum comfort to the baby in addition to maintaining their health. The main
objective of this project is to design the Smart Safety Cradle Sensor which this cradle can rock on automatically when any movement of baby detected. This is because;
experiments found that using electric cradle are 2-4 minutes lesser than the traditional manual cradle for babies to fall asleep. The experts confirmed that the traditional manual swing size and speed are not stable. Unbalanced swing can make babies' brain not regulate smoothly, and then can affect their health for entire life. Besides that, this baby’s cradle also is safe and comfortable for baby with the timer that make a smooth
rock on and not continuously that can affect the babies’ health.

Topic: IoT-based Smart Home Systems
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Comparative study of the alkyl and peroxy radical-scavenging activity of 2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA) and its dimer, and their theoretical parameters.

Upon PhCOO* or R* scavenging, BHA with a lower BDE, IP(koopman's), electronegativity, and electrophilicity value, but not bis-BHA with higher corresponding values, highly suppressed propagation. This may be due to the formation of highly reactive free-radical intermediates, which are potentially toxic.

Topic: Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Variational Approach for Image Decolorization by Variance Maximization

Color-to-grayscale conversion is the process used to convert a color image to a grayscale one, which is a basic tool in digital printing, photograph rendering, and single-channel image processing. The main aim of this paper is to propose a variational approach for image decolorization by variance maximization. Our idea is to use an energy functional to determine local transformations for combining red, green, and blue channel pixel values together by maximizing the local variance of the output grayscale image and preserving the brightness of the input color image. In order to minimize the differences among the local transformations at nearby pixel locations, the total variation regularization of the transformation is incorporated into the functional for the decolorization process. The existence and uniqueness of the minimizer of the variational model can be shown. We also present an effective algorithm for solving the variational model numerically, and show the convergence of the algorithm. Experimental results are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, and its performance is better than those of the other testing methods for a set of benchmark color images.

Topic: Image Enhancement Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
SparseMamba-PCL: Scribble-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation via SAM-Guided Progressive Collaborative Learning

Scribble annotations significantly reduce the cost and labor required for dense labeling in large medical datasets with complex anatomical structures. However, current scribble-supervised learning methods are limited in their ability to effectively propagate sparse annotation labels to dense segmentation masks and accurately segment object boundaries. To address these issues, we propose a Progressive Collaborative Learning framework that leverages novel algorithms and the Med-SAM foundation model to enhance information quality during training. (1) We enrich ground truth scribble segmentation labels through a new algorithm, propagating scribbles to estimate object boundaries. (2) We enhance feature representation by optimizing Med-SAM-guided training through the fusion of feature embeddings from Med-SAM and our proposed Sparse Mamba network. This enriched representation also facilitates the fine-tuning of the Med-SAM decoder with enriched scribbles. (3) For inference, we introduce a Sparse Mamba network, which is highly capable of capturing local and global dependencies by replacing the traditional sequential patch processing method with a skip-sampling procedure. Experiments on the ACDC, CHAOS, and MSCMRSeg datasets validate the effectiveness of our framework, outperforming nine state-of-the-art methods. Our code is available at \href{https://github.com/QLYCode/SparseMamba-PCL}{SparseMamba-PCL.git}.

Topic: Brain Tumor Detection and Classification
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Water-Striders of the American Genus Trochopus

In April 1898 the veliid genus Trochopus Carpenter was erected to hold a new halophilous water-strider from Jamaica, described as marinus. The specimens were netted in numbers on standing salt waters beneath mangrove trees in swamps near the head of Kingston Harbour. In August of the same year CHAMPION described the second member of the genus, Trochopus salinus, collected in the mangrove swamps of the Pearl Islands, Gulf of Panama. Subsequently, KIRKALDY (1900) wrongly considered the genus Trochopus to be a synonym of Rhagovelia Mayr (1865), but correctly treated the trivial name marinus as a synonym of Rhagovelia plumbea Uhler. This generic synonymy was largely accepted until CHINA &amp; USINGER (1949) took Trochopus out of synonymy and restored it to its original status. As the trivial synonymy is correct, this makes the genotype Trochopus plumbeus (Uhler) (= marinus Carpenter). Recently BACON (1956) and also MATSUDA (1956) followed KIRKALDY and wrongly repudiated Trochopus as a synonym of the older genus Rhagovelia, including the transfer of plumbeus and salinus back into the latter genus.&#13;\nIn the present paper, the authors are in full concurrence with the classification of CHAMPION and of CHINA &amp; USINGER, in which Trochopus is restored to its original status. As here systematized, Trochopus comprises T. plumbeus, T. salinus, and the new species described below from Surinam.

Topic: Marine Biology and Ecology Research
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
WEAKLY CLASSICAL THEORIES OF IDENTITY

Abstract There are well-known quasi-formal arguments that identity is a “strict” relation in at least the following three senses: (1) There is a single identity relation and a single distinctness relation; (2) There are no contingent cases of identity or distinctness; and (3) There are no vague or indeterminate cases of identity or distinctness. However, the situation is less clear cut than it at first may appear. There is a natural formal theory of identity that is very close to the standard classical theory but which does not validate the formal analogues of (1)–(3). The core idea is simple: We weaken the Principle of the Indiscernibility of Identicals from a conditional to an entailment and we adopt a weakly classical logic. This paper investigates this weakly classical theory of identity (and related theories) and discusses its philosophical ramifications. It argues that we can accept a reasonable theory of identity without committing ourselves to the uniqueness, necessity, or determinacy of identity.

Topic: Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The Uses of Memory

pioneering writer, Higuchi Ichiyo (1872-1896) has been described as last woman of old Japan, a consummate stylist of classical prose, whose command of the linguistic and rhetorical riches of the pre-modern tradition might suggest that her writings are relics of the past with no concern for the problems of modern life. Timothy Van Compernolle investigates the social dimensions of Ichiyo's artistic imagination and argues that she creatively reworked the Japanese literary tradition in order to understand, confront, and critique the emerging modernity of the Meiji period. For Ichiyo, the classical canon was a reservoir of tropes and paradigms that could be reshaped and renewed as a way to explore the socio-political transformations of the 1890s and cast light upon the human costs of modernization. Drawing critical momentum from the dialogical theory of Mikhail Bakhtin, the author explores in five of Ichiyo's best known stories how traditional rhetoric and literary devices are dialogically engaged with discourses associated with modernity within the pages of Ichiyo's narratives. In its close, sensitive readings of Ichiyo's oeuvre, The Uses of Memory not only complicates the scholarly discussion of her position in the Japanese literary canon, but also broaches larger theoretical issues.

Topic: Translation Studies and Practices
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ABDOMINAL ESOPHAGUS AND CARDIA IN DOGS

Differential diagnoses for regurgitation and vomiting in dogs include diseases of the gastroesophageal junction. The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to describe ultrasonographic characteristics of the abdominal esophagus and gastric cardia in normal dogs and dogs with clinical disease involving this region. A total of 126 dogs with no clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease and six dogs with clinical diseases involving the gastroesophageal junction were included. For seven euthanized dogs, ultrasonographic features were also compared with gross pathology and histopathology. Cardial and abdominal esophageal wall thicknesses were measured ultrasonographically for all normal dogs and effects of weight, sex, age, and stomach filling were tested. Five layers could be identified in normal esophageal and cardial walls. The inner esophageal layer was echogenic, corresponding to the cornified mucosa and glandular portion of the submucosa. The cardia was characterized by a thick muscularis, and a transitional zone between echogenic esophageal and hypoechoic gastric mucosal layers. Mean (±SD) cardial wall thicknesses for normal dogs were 7.6 mm (±1.6), 9.7 mm (±1.8), 10.8 mm (±1.6), 13.3 mm (±2.5) for dogs in the &lt;10 kg, 10–19.9 kg, 20–29.9 kg and ≥30 kg weight groups, respectively. Mean (±SD) esophageal wall thicknesses were: 4.1 mm (±0.6), 5.1 mm (±1.3), 5.6 mm (±1), and 6.4 mm (±1.1) for the same weight groups, respectively. Measurements of wall thickness were significantly correlated with dog weight group. Ultrasonography assisted diagnosis in all six clinically affected dogs. Findings supported the use of transabdominal ultrasonography as a diagnostic test for dogs with suspected gastroesophageal disease.

Topic: Gastroesophageal reflux and treatments
Subfield: Gastroenterology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Yes? No! Maybe … Seductive Ambiguity in Dance, by Emilyn Claid, 2006. London and New York: Routledge. x + 214 pp., notes, bibliography, index. $125 cloth, $42.95 paper.

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Topic: Diversity and Impact of Dance
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Data from A Proangiogenic Signature Is Revealed in FGF-Mediated Bevacizumab-Resistant Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Resistance to antiangiogenic therapies is a critical problem that has limited the utility of antiangiogenic agents in clinical settings. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we established a novel xenograft model of acquired resistance to bevacizumab. To identify molecular changes initiated by the tumor cells, we performed human-specific microarray analysis on bevacizumab-sensitive and -resistant tumors. Efficiency analysis identified 150 genes upregulated and 31 genes downregulated in the resistant tumors. Among angiogenesis-related genes, we found upregulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) and fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR3) in the resistant tumors. Inhibition of the FGFR in the resistant tumors led to the restoration of sensitivity to bevacizumab. Furthermore, increased FGF2 production in the resistant cells was found to be mediated by overexpression of upstream genes phospholipase C (PLCg2), frizzled receptor-4 (FZD4), chemokine [C-X3-C motif] (CX3CL1), and chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 5 (CCL5) via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In summary, our work has identified an upregulation of a proangiogenic signature in bevacizumab-refractory HNSCC tumors that converges on ERK signaling to upregulate FGF2, which then mediates evasion of anti-VEGF therapy. These findings provide a new strategy on how to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Implications:&lt;/b&gt; Novel xenograft model leads to the discovery of FGF as a promising therapeutic target in overcoming the resistance of antiangiogenic therapy in HNSCC. &lt;i&gt;Mol Cancer Res; 11(12); 1585–96. ©2013 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
LIPOXYGENASE INHIBITION BY RED WINE PHENOLICS COMPOUNDS

ABSTRACT Despite the abundant information about the antioxidant properties of individual components of wine, the studies about the efficiency of wine as inhibitor of enzymatic systems involved in oxidative processes are scarce. In this work we describe the effect of wine on the activity of soybean lipoxygenase and human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase. This prooxidant enzyme is involved in inflammatory processes and stress oxidative. In the presence of increased concentration of wine phenolics, a reduction of the lipoxygenase activity in a dose-dependent mode is observed for soybean and human recombinant enzymes. Our results clearly show the high efficiency of wine as inhibitor of lipoxygenases. This anti-lipoxygenase activity of wines is related with their Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, being the total content of phenolic compounds the main factor responsible for the antioxidant efficiency of wines. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS In this study we show the high efficiency of phenolic compounds present in wines as lipoxygenase inhibitors. In addition to the potential relevance of this effect at a pharmacological level, it is known that lipoxygenase activity is the origin of the off flavor generation in a number of foods from animal and vegetal sources. On the basis of the anti-lipoxygenase activity shown by phenolics present in wines, the use of these compounds as food preservatives may contribute to enhance the oxidative stability of foods and, as consequence, the phenolic extracts obtained from wines or from by products of the winemaking may be of great interest for the agrofood industry.

Topic: Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium, Excess Molar Enthalpies, and Excess Molar Volumes of Binary Mixtures Containing 2-Ethoxy-2-methylpropane or 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane and Acetonitrile or Propanenitrile

Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE), excess molar enthalpies (HE), and excess molar volumes (VE) provide complementary data for thermodynamic models. In this work, new data of binary mixtures of acetonitrile (ACN) or propanenitrile (PPN) with 2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane (ETBE) or 2-ethoxy-2-methylbutane (TAEE) are reported. Isothermal VLE data were measured by using a circulation still at 333 K for ETBE + ACN, at 343 K for TAEE + ACN, and at 363 K for TAEE + PPN. HE were measured by using a SETARAM C80 calorimeter equipped with a flow mixing cell at 298 K for all four binary systems. VE were measured by using an Anton Paar DMA 512P densimeter at 298 K for all four binary systems. HE data and measured VLE data, or literature VLE data for the binary system of ETBE and PPN, were used for the optimization of Wilson model parameters by using VLEFIT software. Redlich–Kister equation parameters were separately regressed for the VE data.

Topic: Thermodynamic properties of mixtures
Subfield: Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes
Field: Chemical Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences