jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Vessels of Political Communication

De’ Barbari’s woodcut highlights the city’s commercial prosperity and military might. The more than five hundred vessels in the image represent the maritime trade that was the backbone of medieval Venice’s power. This vision of peace and prosperity contrasts starkly with the tumultuous political and economic events of the time. Between 1497 and 1500, Venetian merchants were alarmed to learn that the Portuguese had circumnavigated the Cape of Good Hope, threatening Venice’s Mediterranean monopoly on the spice trade, and the Venetian economy was rocked by banking failures and changes in patrician galley patronage. While some have seen the View as a representation of a self-satisfied city at the peak of its prosperity, chapter 6 argues that it was a product of crisis. The print formed part of the propagandistic culture intended to disseminate ideas, showing that Venetian commercial strength would allow the city to persist in the face of adversity.

Topic: Reformation and Early Modern Christianity
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Open-Domain, Content-based, Multi-modal Fact-checking of Out-of-Context Images via Online Resources

Misinformation is now a major problem due to its poten-tial high risks to our core democratic and societal values and orders. Out-of-context misinformation is one of the easiest and effective ways used by adversaries to spread vi-ral false stories. In this threat, a real image is re-purposed to support other narratives by misrepresenting its context and/or elements. The internet is being used as the go-to way to verify information using different sources and modali-ties. Our goal is an inspectable method that automates this time-consuming and reasoning-intensive process by fact-checking the image-caption pairing using Web evidence. To integrate evidence and cues from both modalities, we intro-duce the concept of 'multi-modal cycle-consistency check' starting from the image/caption, we gather tex-tual/visual evidence, which will be compared against the other paired caption/image, respectively. Moreover, we propose a novel architecture, Consistency-Checking Network (CCN), that mimics the layered human reasoning across the same and different modalities: the caption vs. textual evidence, the image vs. visual evidence, and the image vs. caption. Our work offers the first step and bench-mark for open-domain, content-based, multi-modal fact-checking, and significantly outperforms previous baselines that did not leverage external evidence <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> For code, checkpoints, and dataset, check: https://s-abdelnabi.github.io/OoC-multi-modal-fc/.

Topic: Misinformation and Its Impacts
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Synthetic Binder of Breast Cancer Stem Cells

Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are associated with drug resistance, metastasis and recurrence of cancer. A synthetic binder of CSCs can provide a valuable tool to study the biology of CSCs and a lead to develop imaging, diagnostic and therapeutic agents targeting CSCs. Herein, a synthetic ligand ( 1 ) that specifically binds to CSCs over non‐CSCs of breast cancer cells was identified for the first time via a cell‐binding screening of a chemical library. The ligand 1 showed specific binding to CD24 − /CD44 + /ALDH + CSC population of MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231. We have demonstrated that 1 ‐immobilized beads can be used as matrices for affinity isolation of 1 ‐binding CSC population from breast cancer cells. The 1 ‐binding population showed significantly increased expressions of stemness‐associated transcription factors. Importantly, the 1 ‐binding population demonstrated accelerated tumor growth in vivo, and the resulting tumor displayed an increased migratory activity and high expressions of CSC markers.

Topic: Cancer Cells and Metastasis
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Sacrum abnormalities and neural tube closure defect: different manifestations of a same genetic disease?].

The authors report the case of a full-term female infant exhibiting an anterior meningocele, combined with a hemi-sacrum and an anal dysfunction. Both her father and brother had the same although less pronounced abnormalities. The father's sister was anencephalic. This case, together with previously published data, suggests that sacrum malformations and neural tube defects may derive from a unique dominant autosomal gene with variable expressivity.

Topic: Congenital gastrointestinal and neural anomalies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Status of antioxidants and other biochemical abnormalities in children with dengue fever

During an outbreak of dengue fever in 1996, 66 children between 45 days and 12 years of age with dengue fever and 25 healthy controls were studied for antioxidants and other biochemical abnormalities. As per World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, 14 children were classified as having classical dengue (DEN), 42 with dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), and 10 (including three who died) as having dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and albumin (ALB), the three main antioxidants studied, were found to be abnormal in 96, 94, and 40 per cent of the cases respectively. The levels for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), total protein (TP), total cholesterol (CHO), and triglycerides (TGL) were abnormal in 79, 50, 30, 93, and 67 per cent of the cases respectively. Among the different groups of dengue the abnormalities were more marked in children with DSS than in those with DEN and DHF, especially with respect to ALB, TP, TGL, AST, ALT, and CPK (p &lt; 0.005). This preliminary report of dengue confirms the assumption of free radical generation and alteration in antioxidant status during acute illness. However, to understand their complex interaction in disease progression and therapeutic utility, further studies are required.

Topic: Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Oxidative Cross‐Linking of Pentosans by a Fungal Laccase and Horseradish Peroxidase: Mechanism of Linkage Between Feruloylated Arabinoxylans

ABSTRACT The potential of a laccase from the fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus to cross‐link feruloylated soluble wheat arabinoxylans was investigated using capillary viscometry, size‐exclusion HPLC, and reverse‐phase HPLC of phenolic compounds. The laccase results were compared with those for a hydrogen peroxide/horseradish peroxidase system. The oxidants provoked an increase in viscosity of a 0.2% (w/v) arabinoxylan solution. A gel was formed after 30 min with laccase. Hydrogen peroxide was consumed rapidly before a gel could be formed. Free ferulic acid, methyl ferulate, and vanillic acid inhibited the gelation, whereas fumaric acid had no effect. This suggests that the aromatic ring, and not the propenoic chain of ferulic acid, was the initiating site for arabinoxylan cross‐linking. Ferulic acid and its 8‐ O ‐4′, 8‐5′, and 5‐5′ dehydrodimers were present in nonoxidized arabinoxylans. Upon oxidation, the 8‐8′ and 8‐5′ benzofuran dehydrodimers appeared and the 8‐ O ‐4′ and 8‐5′ dimers increased. The production of dimers was proportional to the consumption of ester‐bound ferulic acid. In cross‐linked arabinoxylans, the major dimers were 8‐5′ benzofuran, 8‐8′, and 8‐ O ‐4′, whereas the 5‐5′ dehydrodimer remained at the same level as in the nonoxidized solution.

Topic: Enzyme-mediated dye degradation
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
P &amp; W 5583 24

2 CAUSE AND CONTRAST.\nbas converted free institutions into instruments of des­potism;\nhe bas prepared armed men for the sack and\ncarnage of great commercial cities, and the waste and\ndesolation of harvest fields-peaceful and happy homes;\nand the Ocean, which should be the natural bond of\nlove and amity between the Nations, he has changed\ninto a high road of terror for the merchant, and a\nb:macks for his ships of war.\nII .\nTHE historia•n s of fu ture ages, in philosophising upon\nthe unaccountable events of the past, ·will have to record\nhow the greatest and most favored ·country upon earth,\nwith the most liberal code of laws that the world had\nyet witnessed, growing out of the rational theory of\nindividual self-government, was destroyed by the per­verse\nfanaticism of a certain political organization, the\nchosen chief of which is Abraham Lincoln. The ethics,\nor doctrines rather, of this party are founded upon the\nallegation, that negro subordination is contrary to Divine\nlaw and revolting to the moral sense of mankind, and\nthat slavery is the creature of local or municipal codes\nand at war with Nature. Such assumptions are unten­able,\nfictitious, and iniquitous. And before passing over\nto a review of that cruel question, which more immediately\ndestroys the peace and happiness of the American\npeople, we will proceed with a refutation of these funda­mental\nerrors : establishing that slavery is coeval with\nthe dawn of history and civilization, and existed ante­cedent\nto all written codes; showing that the subordina­tion\nof tbe negro to the Caucasian is not slavery, but, that\nbeing of physical and intellectual inferiority of organism,

Topic: Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Multiple Forms of<i>β</i><sub>2</sub>-Microglobulin in Human Colostrum

Purification of β2-microglobulin from human colostrum was performed by removal of fat by centrifugation and of casein by acid precipitation, followed by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography of the whey. The β2-microglobulin was isolated in two peaks by Sephadex G–75 column chromatography. The high molecular weight fraction had the molecular weight of 48,000 which is the same as that of lactollin, a tetrameric form of β2-microglobulin. The other fraction of β2-microglobulin showed three bands on disc gel electrophoresis at pH 8.5 and all of them were able to react with the antiserum of β2-microglobulin. They were not separated each other by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography and apparently had the same molecular weight of 12,000. However, they migrated as a single band in disc gel electrophoresis at pH 4.3 and it was concluded that these three bands at pH 8.5 were charge isomers.

Topic: Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Does Morbidity among Elderly Increase Household Health Care Expenditure?

The study examines the effect of population ageing on health expenditure at the household and individual levels utilising NSS 60th Round data. It found that one quarter of the elderly reported their health as poor and the proportion increased with increase in age. Disease prevalence among elderly was high. It was more than 40 per cent and it increased with age so that per capita hospitalization cost for the elderly is four times higher than for others. The skewness in health expenditure towards the elderly tends to diminish when we adjust the aged population for their higher risk of getting diseases. Presence of elderly in the household augments per capita hospitalisation cost for the household.

Topic: Global Health Care Issues
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Endotoxin adsorption method may affect serum procalcitonin

IntroductionIn order to find out the frequency rates of domestic and wild animal bites as well as the evaluation of the prevalence rates of rabies disease in the human population in the Province of Kerman, a retrospective study was designed to analyze statistically the collected recorded data related to this project.Methods This study was conducted within the framework of MPVM student research projects by means of collaboration between

Topic: Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Analytical and clinical evaluation of the Immulite® estradiol assay in serum from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization: estradiol increase in mature follicles

Abstract We examined an immunoassay for estradiol (E2) on the Immulite®—an automated, random access chemiluminescent immunoassay system—to determine its accuracy and precision required for in vitro fertilization (IVF) studies. The assay, which has a reportable range from 73 to 7300 pmol/L, demonstrated good linearity under dilution, a detection limit of 44 pmol/L, and interassay CVs of 12.6% and 7.6% at 466 and 6164 pmol/L, respectively. In a retrospective analysis of 545 serum samples, the assay showed adequate agreement with an antibody-coated-tube RIA. The two E2 assays showed good agreement, even on samples from patients receiving a variety of different estrogen replacement therapies. Longitudinal studies of individual IVF cycles showed good parallelism between the automated system and the RIA, and results by the automated assay correlated well with the total number of follicles.

Topic: Ovarian function and disorders
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Oxygen metabolite-induced cytotoxicity to cultured rat gastric mucosal cells

Reactive oxygen metabolites have been reported to be responsible for the pathogenesis of ischemia-induced gastric mucosal lesions. We have investigated the possible protective effect of specific enzymes and oxygen radical scavenging agents on oxygen metabolite-induced injury to cultured gastric mucosal cells. Oxygen-reactive metabolites were generated by 1 mM xanthine and 10–100 mU/ml xanthine oxidase. Cytotoxicity was quantified by measuring 51Cr release from prelabeled cells. Xanthine oxidase caused a dose-dependent increase of 51Cr release in the presence of 1 mM xanthine. Catalase (an enzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide) diminished xanthine-xanthine oxidase-induced 51Cr release in a dose-dependent manner. Superoxide dismutase (a scavenger of superoxide radical) failed to affect the amounts of 51Cr release induced by xanthine plus xanthine oxidase. Pretreatment with diethyl maleate, which depletes intracellular glutathione, potentiated oxygen radical-mediated 51Cr release dose dependently. The presence of ferrous ion or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-chelated iron, which promote the formation of hydroxyl radical, did not alter xanthine-xanthine oxidase-induced cellular injury. Furthermore, agents that inactivate hydroxyl radical also failed to protect the cells from oxygen metabolite-induced injury. We conclude that in vitro oxygen metabolites, extracellularly generated, have a direct toxic effect on gastric mucosal cells; hydrogen peroxide is a major mediator of oxygen metabolite-induced gastric cell injury; the oxygen-derived superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are less toxic to gastric mucosal cells than hydrogen peroxide; and intracellular glutathione, which detoxifies hydrogen peroxide, may be involved in antioxidant defense mechanisms.

Topic: Gout, Hyperuricemia, Uric Acid
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Global dynamics of a non-local delayed differential equation in the half plane

In this paper, we first derive an equationfor a single species population with two age stages and a fixedmaturation period living in the half plane such as ocean andbig lakes.By adopting the compact open topology, we establish some a prioriestimate for nontrivial solutions after describing asymptotic propertiesof the nonlocal delayed effect, which enables us to show thepermanence of the equation. Then we can employ standard dynamical system theoretical arguments to establish the globaldynamics of the equation under appropriate conditions. Applyingthe main results to the model with Ricker's birth function andMackey-Glass's hematopoiesis function, we obtain threshold resultsfor the global dynamics of these two models.

Topic: Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the Hepatopancreas from Macrobrachium rosenbergii Exposed to the Heavy Metal Copper

The contamination of aquatic ecosystems by the heavy metal copper (Cu) is an important environmental issue and poses significant risks to the physiological functions of aquatic organisms. Macrobrachium rosenbergii is one of the most important freshwater-cultured prawns in the world. The hepatopancreas of crustaceans is a key organ for immune defense, heavy metal accumulation, and detoxification, playing a pivotal role in toxicological research. However, research on the molecular response of the hepatopancreas in M. rosenbergii to Cu exposure is still lacking. In this study, the transcriptomic response in the hepatopancreas of M. rosenbergii was studied after Cu exposure for 3 and 48 h. Compared with the control group, 11,164 (7288 up-regulated and 3876 down-regulated genes) and 10,937 (6630 up-regulated and 4307 down-regulated genes) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after 3 and 48 h exposure, respectively. Most of these DEGs were up-regulated, implying that gene expressions were largely induced by Cu. Functional enrichment analysis of these DEGs revealed that immunity, copper homeostasis, detoxification, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis were differentially regulated by Cu. Seven genes involved in immunity, detoxification, and metabolism were selected for validation by qRT-PCR, and the results confirmed the reliability of RNA-Seq. All these findings suggest that M. rosenbergii attempts to resist the toxicity of Cu by up-regulating the expression of genes related to immunity, metabolism, and detoxification. However, with the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the antioxidant enzyme system was destroyed. As a result, DNA damage repair and the cellular stress response were inhibited, thereby exacerbating cell damage. In order to maintain the normal function of the hepatopancreas, M. rosenbergii removes damaged cells by activating the apoptosis mechanism. Our study not only facilitates an understanding of the molecular response mechanisms of M. rosenbergii underlying Cu toxicity effects but also helps us to identify potential biomarkers associated with the stress response in other crustaceans.

Topic: Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Climatic dipoles drive two principal modes of North American boreal bird irruption

Significance This study is the first, to our knowledge, to reveal how climate variability drives irruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds. Patterns of Pine Siskin irruption and associated climate drivers manifest as two modes (North-South and West-East) in which dipoles of temperature and precipitation anomalies push and pull irruptive movements across the continent at biennial to decadal periodicities. Our study accentuates the value of sustained and synoptic biological observations, contributed by citizen scientists in this case, that match the spatial and temporal scales at which climatic phenomena are observed and understood. Such observations can help probe new questions, such as the role of climatic dipoles in other large-scale ecological processes.

Topic: Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Test Methods for Radioactivity Hazards in Industrial Waters

Prior to World War II, interest in the radioactivity of water was nonexistent except for the possible exploitation of such water for bathing or drinking. Fortunately, a few investigators were sufficiently interested in the phenomenon of natural radioactivity to pursue serious studies so that some information was accumulated on radioactive waters (16). This work has proved helpful because it focused attention on the exceedingly small amounts of materials involved and led to the development of methods suitable for their measurement.

Topic: Nuclear and radioactivity studies
Subfield: Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Self‐selection or Socialization? A Dynamic Analysis of Committee Member Preferences

Theories on committee power assert that legislators self‐select to committees and therefore have preferences regarding the policy issues under the committees' jurisdictions that differ from the preferences of noncommittee members. I argue that preference outliers may be shaped both by processes of self‐selection and by endogenous processes within committees. Contrary to previous examinations of committee member preferences, the study utilizes a dynamic approach to examine the development of preferences over time in order to separate self‐selection from endogenous processes. Analyzing the development in the spending preferences of 859 Danish local politicians over three different election periods, I find that politicians increasingly prefer spending on their committees' jurisdictions over time, but their preferences do not change to the same extent on policy issues beyond their committees' jurisdictions. The findings point to the importance of endogenous processes in committees. Hence, committees may be outliers for very different reasons than those proposed by mainstream theory.

Topic: Electoral Systems and Political Participation
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Altered modulation of lamin A/C‐HDAC2 interaction and <i>p21</i> expression during oxidative stress response in HGPS

Abstract Defects in stress response are main determinants of cellular senescence and organism aging. In fibroblasts from patients affected by Hutchinson–Gilford progeria, a severe LMNA ‐linked syndrome associated with bone resorption, cardiovascular disorders, and premature aging, we found altered modulation of CDKN1A , encoding p21, upon oxidative stress induction, and accumulation of senescence markers during stress recovery. In this context, we unraveled a dynamic interaction of lamin A/C with HDAC2, an histone deacetylase that regulates CDKN1A expression. In control skin fibroblasts, lamin A/C is part of a protein complex including HDAC2 and its histone substrates; protein interaction is reduced at the onset of DNA damage response and recovered after completion of DNA repair. This interplay parallels modulation of p21 expression and global histone acetylation, and it is disrupted by LMNA mutations leading to progeroid phenotypes. In fact, HGPS cells show impaired lamin A/C‐HDAC2 interplay and accumulation of p21 upon stress recovery. Collectively, these results link altered physical interaction between lamin A/C and HDAC2 to cellular and organism aging. The lamin A/C‐HDAC2 complex may be a novel therapeutic target to slow down progression of progeria symptoms.

Topic: Nuclear Structure and Function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Relationship Between Structure and Electroluminescent, Photochromic, or Second‐Order Nonlinear Optical Property

Electroluminescent materials, photochromic materials, and second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials are three kinds of optical materials that significantly influence our life. This chapter reviews some typical examples of these materials and tries to summarize relations between structure and optical property for guiding exploration of new better materials and new application in future.

Topic: Nonlinear Optical Materials Research
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences