jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cloning and Expression of Calmodulin Genes Regulating Phytoalexin Production in Carrot Cells

A homology-based cloning strategy yielded four cDNA clones encoding the open reading frame of carrot calmodulin, designated cam-4 and cam-8 from an oligogalacturonide elicitor-treated cell culture and cam-11 and cam-16 from cells exposed to ethylene, respectively. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that the expression of the cam-4 gene increased transiently when carrot seedlings were treated with oligogalacturonides, although, the cells incubated with fungal mycelial walls or ethylene did not show a significant change in the expression level. In contrast, marked and transient expression was observed for either cam-11 or cam-16 only when carrot cells were treated with ethylene. These results suggest that two classes of stimuli which are capable of triggering phytoalexin production in carrot cells, oligogalacturonides and ethylene, evoke the activation of the Ca2+ cascade in the cells by expressing distinct calmodulin genes to initiate the biosynthesis of the compound.

Topic: Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Citrus flavonoid, naringenin, increases locomotor activity and reduces diacylglycerol accumulation in skeletal muscle of obese ovariectomized mice

Scope Estrogen deficiency has been associated with central obesity, muscle loss and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. This study assessed naringenin accumulation in tissues and investigated the hypothesis that naringenin reverses diet‐induced metabolic disturbances in obese ovariectomized mice. Methods and results In study 1, we measured naringenin concentrations in plasma, liver, perigonadal and subcutaneous adipose tissues, and muscle of ovariectomized C57BL/6J female mice after 11 weeks of naringenin supplementation. Naringenin accumulated 5–12 times more in mice fed a 3% naringenin diet than in mice fed a 1% naringenin diet. In study 2, ovariectomized mice were fed a high‐fat diet (60 kcal% fat) for 11 weeks and half of the mice were then supplemented with 3% naringenin for another 11 weeks. Dietary naringenin suppressed weight gain, lowered hyperglycemia and decreased intra‐abdominal adiposity evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Naringenin‐fed mice exhibited elevated locomotor activity monitored by infrared beam breaks, maintained muscle mass and reduced muscle diacylglycerol content. Real‐time PCR analysis in muscle revealed decreased mRNA level for genes involved in de novo lipogenesis, lipolysis and triglyceride synthesis/storage. Conclusion Long‐term 3% naringenin supplementation resulted in significant naringenin accumulation in plasma and tissues, associated with attenuated metabolic dysregulation and muscle loss in obese ovariectomized mice.

Topic: Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Definition Consciousness is a state in which a person is awake, alert, and aware of his/her surroundings.Classification Consciousness exists on a continuum ranging from an alert cognitively intact state, to one in which there is complete unresponsiveness to any environmental stimuli (i.e. coma). Many terms have been used to describe impaired consciousness which may lead to confusion when applied inconsistently between observers. A detailed description of the patient's clinical state including motor postures and responses to various applied stimuli (e.g. verbal, tactile, noxious, etc.) is preferred. Detailed descriptions may not only prevent misinterpretation errors but may also have localizing value.

Topic: Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Hsp40 family chaperone protein DnaJB6 enhances Schlafen1 nuclear localization which is critical for promotion of cell-cycle arrest in T-cells

Tight control of cell-cycle progression is critical for T-lymphocytes to function properly. Slfn1 (Schlafen1) has been reported to play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of quiescence in T-lymphocytes. However, how Slfn1 accomplishes this critical function remains poorly understood. In the present study, we show that nuclear localization is a prerequisite for Slfn1 to induce cell-cycle arrest, with DnaJB6, identified as a new Slfn1-binding protein, playing a pivotal role in this process. DnaJB6, a chaperone protein of the DnaJ/Hsp (heat-shock protein) 40 family, stabilizes Slfn1 together with its partner Hsp70, and, more importantly, it enhances the nuclear import of Slfn1. Overexpression of DnaJB6 was found to increase Slfn1 nuclear accumulation and resulted in cell-cycle arrest, whereas, in DnaJB6 knock-down cells, Slfn1 was mainly sequestered in the cytoplasm and no cell-cycle arrest was observed. Furthermore, transgenic expression of DnaJB6 in T-lineage cells inhibited Slfn1's degradation, promoted its nuclear import and ultimately led to suppression of T-cell proliferation upon TCR (T-cell receptor) activation. In addition, DnaJB6 increased Slfn1's effect on its downstream target cyclin D1 in co-transfected cells. Altogether, our results demonstrate that DnaJB6 is necessary for translocation of Slfn1 into the nucleus, where Slfn1 down-regulates cyclin D1, induces cell-cycle arrest and programmes a quiescent state of T-cells.

Topic: Heat shock proteins research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Emily Y. Chew: current progress of Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2

Emily Y. Chew ( Figure 1 ), M.D. is the deputy director of the Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications and the deputy clinical director at the National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Dr. Chew has a strong clinical and research interest in diabetic eye disease and age-related eye diseases. She has thoroughly worked on analyzing the data from the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) and she continues to manage and analyze data from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS). In addition, she is working on a large clinical trial called the Actions to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD).

Topic: Retinal Diseases and Treatments
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
GMDF for noise reduction and echo cancellation

A noise-reduction (NR) enhancement to the generalized multi-delay frequency domain algorithm (GMDF) involving minimal additional computations is presented. Findings are presented on the ability of the algorithm to suppress street, office, air-conditioning and car noise from the microphone signal in hands-free telephony. For an additional eleven N/P real multiplies and eight N/P real additions per output sample, where N is the block size and P is the amount of output samples per GMDF iteration, results show an average increase in echo return loss enhancement (ERLE) of 9 dB at low SNR (-5 dB) and 6 dB at higher SNR (15 dB).

Topic: Speech and Audio Processing
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Direct evidence of tidally oriented behavior of the copepod <i>Eurytemora affinis</i> in the Seine estuary

Abstract The calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis dominates the zooplankton communities in most northern hemisphere estuaries. A recurrent behavior noticed in several estuaries suggests that this species maintains its horizontal position through vertical migration. In order to investigate this behavioral strategy in detail, we sampled E. affinis nauplii, copepodids and adults at high frequency at a fixed point in the low salinity zone of the Seine estuary. We took water samples in sub‐surface and near bottom during a 12‐ and 50‐h tide cycle, in May 2002 and May 2004, respectively. Since nauplii have weak swimming capabilities compared to copepodid and adult stages, we proposed here to consider them as passive particles. The variation of the relative abundances of nauplii to older stages regarding the vertical position was therefore viewed as direct evidence of the behavior of later stages. We showed that copepodids and adults tried to stay close to the bottom during the ebb, were re‐suspended in the water column 1 h after the low tide during the maximum current velocity, and then vertically migrated back to the bottom layer when current velocity decreased. We also showed that copepodids behaved as adults, with only a lower velocity, taking more time to go near the bottom.

Topic: Marine and coastal ecosystems
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
The McGill Thyroid Nodule Score's (MTNS+) role in the investigation of thyroid nodules with benign ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsies: A retrospective review

Background Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration (USFNA) biopsies of thyroid nodules sometimes create a decision-making dilemma for surgeons as they may yield falsely benign results. The McGill Thyroid Nodule Score + (MTNS+) was developed to aid in clinical guidance regarding the management of patients with these USFNA results. The aim of this study was to assess the MTNS+ as a clinical tool in patients with benign preoperative thyroid nodule USFNAs and to analyze the relationship between nodule size and malignancy in these patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of 1312 patients who underwent thyroidectomies between 2010 and 2015 at the McGill University Teaching Hospitals. Patients with Bethesda II (benign) USFNA results, calculated MTNS+, and nodule size evaluated on ultrasound were included in the study. The false-negative rate was calculated, and MTNS+ and nodule size were each compared to final pathology results. Binary logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. Results Of the 1312 patients, 101 met the inclusion criteria and together had an average MTNS+ score of 6.83, which corresponds to a predicted malignancy rate between 25 and 33 %. Final pathology revealed malignancy in 16 (15.8 %) subjects. The average MTNS+ of patients with malignant nodules on surgical pathology was 8.25, while that of patients with benign nodules was 6.56. Patients with nodule size 1–1.9 cm (a) and 2–2.9 cm (b) each had an equal rate of malignancy of 2.97 % ( n = 3), nodule size 3–3.9 cm (c) had a rate of 1.98 % ( n = 2), and nodule size ≥4 cm (d) a rate of 7.92 % ( n = 8). Conclusion The rate of malignancy (15.8 %) is higher than expected when reviewing the risk of malignancy in nodules considered as Bethesda class 2. On the other hand, the rate is lower than the 25–33 % predicted by the MTNS+. We also found a higher malignancy rate for nodules above 4 cm in size, but size was a poor predictor of malignancy when used alone. Therefore, while the MTNS+ may be helpful at helping to identify USFNAs that are incorrectly classified as benign, the percentage risk of malignancy is lower than expected.

Topic: Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Application of Seamless Prism Light Guide Used in a Room with High Temperature and Humidity

It has been long time for lighting designers to solve the problem of lighting in some special rooms such as high temperature and humidity rooms. In this paper, a seamless prism light guide made by extruding technique and its application in a concrete-curing room with high temperature and humidity is introduced. The illuminance level and uniformity of the room has been improved greatly by application of the guide. The average illuminance on working surface created by the seamless light guide system is 19.2 lux while that created by the original lighting fixtures is 6.2 lux. The application of the seamless light guide system also makes the maintaining work easier and safer.

Topic: Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Fast RBC loading by fluorescent antibodies and nuclei staining dye and their potential bioanalytical applications

Abstract This study was designed to load different antibodies (Abs) and a fluorescent dye onto the red blood cell (RBC) surface. We have used fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugate anti-human Ab, CD22-PE (B-cell marker-phycoerythrin Ab), and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for insertion over the RBC surface. In a first step, conjugation experiments were performed: in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), RBCs were conserved and modified by succinic anhydride to create an additional -COOH group, and then activated with 3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide- N -hydroxysuccinimide (EDC-NHS) in 2-( N -morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid hydrate buffer for insertion of labeled Abs or DAPI. In a second step, fluorescence signals were evaluated by microscopy and the mean fluorescence intensities of cell lysates were measured by spectrofluorometry. The results showed clear evidence for adsorption of FITC- and PE-labeled Abs to activated conserved RBCs. DAPI was adsorbed well also to DMSO-conserved RBCs without the need for an activation step. The DMSO conservation step was enough to create reactive RBCs for insertion of specific Abs and fluorescent dyes. The additional modification by succinic anhydride and activation with EDC-NHS resulted in two- to seven-fold increase in fluorescence signals, indicating a much higher RBC loading capacity. These Ab- and fluorescent dye-functionalized RBCs have potentially high application in developing new biomedical diagnostic and in vitro assay techniques.

Topic: Erythrocyte Function and Pathophysiology
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Kajian Ekstraksi Lada Hitam (Piper nigrum l.) Menggunakan Metode Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction

Piper nigrum l. or black pepper, is a plant native to Indonesia that grows in Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and other Southeast Asian countries. Black pepper is processed into oleoresin by extraction. Ultrasound-assisted extraction is a method to increase the yield and efficiency of oleoresin extraction. This study aimed to examine the effect of extraction time and temperature on yield, density, refractive index, study chemical components of black pepper oleoresin, and assess the best relative results according to SNI 01-0025-1987-B. Black pepper powder was extracted by ultrasound using ethanol solvent. The ratio of material and solvent used is 0.37 w/v. The operating conditions were carried out at extraction times of 20, 35, 50, 65, and 80 minutes and extraction temperatures of 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 ˚C with a frequency of 40 kHz. The results showed that increasing the extraction time and temperature caused the yield, density, and refractive index values to be greater. The best relative results at 80 minutes and 70˚C with a dark brown color, in the form of a liquid paste, with a distinctive pepper aroma, yield 22.57%, density 0.8350 gram/ml, piperine content 74.78%, content 25.22 %, and a refractive index of 1.4900

Topic: Medicinal Plant Research
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Breaking free from passwords: The secure shift for modern organizations

The transition from traditional password-based authentication to passwordless systems is gaining momentum across organizations. This shift is driven by the increasing need for better security, improved user experience, and cost reduction. However, the journey to passwordless authentication is complex and full of challenges, including technical limitations, resistance from users, integration issues with legacy systems and applications, and regulatory concerns. This paper explores the concept of going passwordless, highlight common challenges faced by organizations, and potential solutions to those challenges that can help achieve a successful outcome. The findings are based on a review of industry reports, and case studies, offering practical insights for IT and security professionals.

Topic: Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Characterization, Optimization, and Fabrication of Phase Change Material Germanium Telluride Based Miniaturized DC–67 GHz RF Switches

This paper presents the characterization, optimization, and fabrication of phase change material (PCM) germanium telluride (GeTe) based RF switches investigating the materials' aspect and design parameters of the switches and their impact on the RF performance. Surface properties of GeTe thin films are investigated through atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cross-wafer resistance mapping measurements. Optimized GeTe thin films exhibit over five orders of resistance change. Various GeTe switch design constraints are studied via cross sectioning of the fabricated device using a focused ion beam (FIB)-SEM. Current-carrying capacity and resistance of microheaters are extracted using electrical characterization. The RF performance of the PCM switches is optimized using diverse design parameters and characterization of PCM thin films. A six-layer microfabrication process is presented for monolithically integrating RF circuits with PCM switches. Methods to reduce parasitic elements in PCM switches are discussed. The RF performance of the optimized PCM based switch is simulated and measured demonstrating better than 0.4 dB of insertion loss and a return loss better than 20 dB from dc to 67 GHz.

Topic: Phase-change materials and chalcogenides
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Studies on age specific leukocyte and lymphocyte counts in normal Friesian, Red Danish and Jersey cattle in Denmark.

To determine reference values for leukocyte and lymphocyte counts of the most common cattle breeds in Denmark, especially regarding the evaluation procedure in the leukosis control work, blood samples from normal cattle of all ages within the Friesian, the Red Danish and the Jersey breeds were collected, transported and counted as in the routine leukosis control programme. Evaluation of breed- and age specific counts showed numerically small, but statistically significant differences in mean values of leukocytes and lymphocytes between on the one hand Jersey cattle and on the other hand Red Danish and Friesian cattle. However, it was found that the key values used in the leukosis control work are generally in good agreement with the calculated 99.87 percentiles of all age- and breed specific lymphocyte count distributions, which were approximated with logarithmic normal distribution curves.

Topic: Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Which TANF Applicants Are Diverted, and What Are Their Outcomes?

Thirty‐four states have diversion programs in place that offer lump‐sum payments or service vouchers to applicants for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) who have short‐term needs, enabling them to avoid beginning a spell of aid. Using data from the National Survey of America’s Families, I find that diversion programs appear to target applicants at the high and low ends of the educational spectrum, as well as Hispanic and married families. Diverters are substantially less likely to be employed than TANF leavers and more likely to receive food stamps. These findings suggest that the need for short‐term assistance may recur.

Topic: Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Growth Response of Eutrema salsugineum Seedlings on Media Containing Different Levels of Potassium

Potassium (K+) is a macronutrient essential for optimum plant growth and yield. Despite its agricultural significance, farmers frequently overlook the benefits of K+ fertilizers so K+ deficiencies can develop in crops. A defined nutrient medium was devised to assess the response of seedlings of the extremophile crucifer, Eutrema salsugineum (Yukon and Shandong accessions), to conditions lacking added K+ (0 mM K+) or K+ at concentrations of 0.5 and 2.0 mM. Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were also grown to provide a comparison to a well-documented phenotype for K+ deficiency symptoms. Due to different growth rates, the experiment ended on Days 10 and 15 for Yukon and Shandong Eutrema, respectively, compared to Day 7 for Arabidopsis. Like Arabidopsis, Eutrema shoot and root biomass was reduced in seedlings grown on media lacking K+ relative to plants on 2 mM K+ plates but the reduction in root biomass was most pronounced for Arabidopsis (5-fold) compared to Eutrema (2-fold). Eutrema had significantly shorter primary roots on 0 mM K+ plates and the 1.8-fold decrease relative to Yukon seedlings on 2 mM K+ plates was similar to the 2-fold reduction for Shandong plants. Eutrema seedlings had significantly reduced lateral root growth on 0 mM K+ plates although the 1.8-fold reduction relative to seedlings on 2 mM K+ plates was not as great as the 7-fold decrease for Arabidopsis roots. Shandong seedlings did not show K+- specific changes in root hair morphology but root hairs of Yukon seedlings were over 2- fold longer on 0 mM K+ plates compared to those of roots on 0.5 mM or 2 mM K+ plates. Overall, the data shows that Eutrema seedlings cope well with low K+ conditions but there are accession-specific differences that distinguish Yukon from Shandong plants.

Topic: Flowering Plant Growth and Cultivation
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Modeling international facility location under uncertainty: A review, analysis, and insights

In this article, we focus on international facility location models. First, we conduct an extensive literature review on the subject and we propose a classification of the surveyed papers. The classification includes the modeling approach used, international factors, as well as dynamic and stochastic aspects of the approach. Based on the literature review, we find that international facility location problems received little attention. In particular, dynamic facility location models under uncertainty have been hardly studied. Therefore, we develop a stochastic dynamic international facility location model, using a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation. Through a case study, we show that international factors, as well as the dynamic and stochastic components of the problem, might influence strategic location decisions. We also quantify the added value of using a stochastic model instead of a deterministic counterpart and we derive insights regarding policies that governments can use to attract investments.

Topic: Facility Location and Emergency Management
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences