jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Genomic dairy cattle breeding: risks and opportunities for cow welfare

Abstract The aim of this paper is to discuss the potential consequences of modern dairy cattle breeding for the welfare of dairy cows. The paper focuses on so-called genomic selection, which deploys thousands of genetic markers to estimate breeding values. The discussion should help to structure the thoughts of breeders and other stakeholders on how to best make use of genomic breeding in the future. Intensive breeding has played a major role in securing dramatic increases in milk yield since the Second World War. Until recently, the main focus in dairy cattle breeding was on production traits, but during the past couple of decades more emphasis has been placed on a few rough, but useful, measures of traits relevant to cow welfare, including calving ease score and ‘clinical disease or not’; the aim being to counteract the unfavourable genetic association with production traits. However, unfavourable genetic trends for metabolic, reproductive, claw and leg diseases indicate that these attempts have been insufficient. Today, novel genome-wide sequencing techniques are revolutionising dairy cattle breeding; these enable genetic changes to occur at least twice as rapidly as previously. While these new genomic tools are especially useful for traits relating to animal welfare that are difficult to improve using traditional breeding tools, they may also facilitate breeding schemes with reduced generation intervals carrying a higher risk of unwanted side-effects on animal welfare. In this paper, a number of potential risks are discussed, including detrimental genetic trends for non-measured welfare traits, the increased chance of spreading unfavourable mutations, reduced sharing of information arising from concerns over patents, and an increased monopoly within dairy cattle breeding that may make it less accountable to the concern of private farmers for the welfare of their animals. It is argued that there is a need to mobilise a wide range of stakeholders to monitor developments and maintain pressure on breeding companies so that they are aware of the need to take precautionary measures to avoid negative effects on animal welfare and to invest in breeding for increased animal welfare. Researchers are encouraged to further investigate the long-term effects of various breeding schemes that rely on genomic breeding values.

Topic: Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Absorption Spectroscopy of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons under Interstellar Conditions

The presence and importance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, a large family of organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen) in the interstellar medium has already been well established. The Astrochemistry Laboratory at NASA Ames Research Center (under the direction of Louis Allamandola and Scott Sandford) has been the center of pioneering work in performing spectroscopy on these molecules under simulated interstellar conditions, and consequently in the identification of these species in the interstellar medium by comparison to astronomically obtained spectra. My project this summer was twofold: (1) We planned on obtaining absorption spectra of a number of PAHs and their cations in cold (4K) Ne matrices. The purpose of these experiments was to increase the number of different PAHs for which laboratory spectra have been obtained under these simulated interstellar conditions; and (2) I was to continue the planning and design of a new laser facility that is being established in the Astrochemistry laboratory. The laser-based experimental set-up will greatly enhance our capability in examining this astrophysically important class of compounds.

Topic: Atomic and Molecular Physics
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Synthesis of SnO<sub>2</sub>nanostructures by carbothermal reduction of SnO<sub>2</sub>powder

The mass preparation of SnO2 nanobelts and nanowires has been achieved by carrying out the reaction of SnO2 powder and graphite at 1150°C. A metallic catalyst and vacuum conditions are not necessary. The temperature of the substrates and the concentration of oxide vapour were the critical experimental parameters for the formation of different morphologies of SnO2 nanostructures. The as-synthesized SnO2 nanobelts formed in region II are single crystalline with a [101] growth axis, with widths ranging from 50 to 500 nm, width-to-thickness ratios of 5–10, and lengths up to a few millimetres.

Topic: Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Management of severe pre-eclampsia

Hypertensive disorders are the most common medical complication of pregnancy, affecting 6–8% of all pregnancies (National High Blood Pressure Working Group, 2000). Approximately 30% of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are due to chronic hypertension and 70% are due to gestational hypertension–pre-eclampsia. The spectrum of disease ranges from mildly elevated blood pressures with minimal clinical significance to severe hypertension and multi-organ dysfunction.

Topic: Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Non-surgical management of a large periapical lesion with internal resorption using PRF, hydroxyapatite and MTA

Periapical lesions of endodontic origin are caused by microbial infection of pulp. According to various studies, it is known that necrosis of pulp provides a favourable habitat for microbes to replicate and release various toxins into the periapical tissue leading to inflammation and formation of a periapical lesion. A variety of non-invasive methods to manage such lesions include conservative root canal treatment, aspiration-irrigation technique, decompression technique, calcium hydroxide therapy, lesion sterilisation and tissue repair therapy, and the apexum procedure. We present a case report describing non-surgical management of a large periapical lesion associated with a permanent central incisor displaying internal inflammatory resorption using platelet rich fibrin (PRF), bone graft and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA).

Topic: Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Ab Initio Study of Geminal Steric Hindrance Effects on the Stability of Conformations of Cyclohexane Derivatives

Ab initio and density functional theory methods (HF/3-21G*//HF/3-21G*, MP2/3-21G*//HF/3-21G*, B3LYP/3-21G*//HF/3-21G*, B3LYP/LANL2DZ*//HF/LANL2DZ*, MP2/LANL2DZ*//HF/LANL2DZ* and HF/LANL2DZ*//HF/LANL2DZ*) used to investigate the conformational properties of cyclohexane, 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane, 1,1-di-tert-butylcyclohexane, 1,1-bis(trimethylsilanyl)cyclohexane, 1,1-bis(trimethylgermanyl)cyclohexane and 1,1-bis(trimethylstannyl)cyclohex ane showed that the energy difference between the chair and twist-boat conformations and also the ring flipping energy barrier decreases from cyclohexane, 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane to 1,1-di-tert-butylcyclohexane, and increases from 1,1-bis(trimethylsilanyl)cyclohexane, 1,1-bis(trimethylgermanyl)cyclohexane to 1,1-bis(trimethylstannyl)cyclohexane.

Topic: Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Rehearing The Shining: Musical Undercurrents in the Overlook Hotel

Like The Exorcist and Rosemary’s Baby of a few years before, and in keeping
with a central lineage of horror films extending back through Psycho to
the earliest contributions to the genre, Stanley Kubrick’s cult 1980 film
The Shining is notable for a score that makes abundant use of radically
dissonant, sonorously extreme modernist musical languages. In fact, with
this film’s renowned selection of pre-existing compositions by Bela Bartok,
Gyorgy Ligeti, and Krzysztof Penderecki, it is tempting to say that this
central musical convention of the horror genre reaches a kind of apogee,
as measured in terms of pervasiveness and prominence. As Kevin Donnelly
suggests in the most significant published study of the score, the importance
of this whole array of avant-garde music to the overall experience of The
Shining demands a change in the usual descriptions of film’s multi-media
interactions. In this case, he rightly implies, any reference to “background
music” falls so obviously short of the music’s presence and power, scene
by harrowing scene, that we are forced to think, instead, in the exactly
opposite terms of “foreground music.”1

Topic: Literature, Film, and Journalism Analysis
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY IN CERTAIN MEMBERS OF THE CHIROPTERAN FAMILY MOLASSIDAE

This item was digitized from a paper original and/or a microfilm copy. If you need higher-resolution images for any content in this item, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.

Topic: Lepidoptera: Biology and Taxonomy
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in foods. Part 2: Risk Assessment

The Fifty-second Session of the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene (CCFH) requested the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Microbiological Risk Assessment (JEMRA) to undertake full production-to-consumption risk assessments of L. monocytogenes in foods to inform a possible revision of the Guidelines on the application of general principles of food hygiene to the control of Listeria monocytogenes in foods.In response to this request, JEMRA convened a series of meetings, to prepare and develop risk assessments for Listeria monocytogenes in various foods. Several risk assessment models were developed and evaluated to characterize the risk of listeriosis due to the consumption of diced ready-to-eat cantaloupe, frozen vegetables, and cold-smoked ready-to-eat fish. Additionally, an updated dose–response model for Listeria monocytogenes was developed.This report describes the output of this expert meeting and the advice herein is useful for both risk assessors and risk managers, at national and international levels and those in the food industry working to control the hazard in foods.

Topic: Listeria monocytogenes in Food Safety
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Mechanism of the Production of Suppression of Urine in Blackwater Fever

(1911). The Mechanism of the Production of Suppression of Urine in Blackwater Fever. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 287-312.

Topic: Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Radiosynthesis and Evaluation of Talazoparib and Its Derivatives as PARP-1-Targeting Agents

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a critical enzyme in the DNA repair process and the target of several FDA-approved inhibitors. Several of these inhibitors have been radiolabeled for non-invasive imaging of PARP-1 expression or targeted radiotherapy of PARP-1 expressing tumors. In particular, derivatives of olaparib and rucaparib, which have reduced trapping potency by PARP-1 compared to talazoparib, have been radiolabeled for these purposes. Here, we report the first radiosynthesis of [18F]talazoparib and its in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Talazoparib (3a″) and its bromo- or iodo-derivatives were synthesized as racemic mixtures (3a, 3b and 3c), and these compounds exhibit high affinity to PARP-1 (Ki for talazoparib (3a″): 0.65 ± 0.07 nM; 3a: 2.37 ± 0.56 nM; 3b: 1.92 ± 0.41 nM; 3c: 1.73 ± 0.43 nM; known PARP-1 inhibitor Olaparib: 1.87 ± 0.10 nM; non-PARP-1 compound Raclopride: &gt;20,000 nM) in a competitive binding assay using a tritium-labeled PARP-1 radioligand [3H]WC-DZ for screening. [18F]Talazoparib (3a″) was radiosynthesized via a multiple-step procedure with good radiochemical and chiral purities (98%) and high molar activity (28 GBq/μmol). The preliminary biodistribution studies in the murine PC-3 tumor model showed that [18F]talazoparib had a good level of tumor uptake that persisted for over 8 h (3.78 ± 0.55 %ID/gram at 4 h and 4.52 ± 0.32 %ID/gram at 8 h). These studies show the potential for the bromo- and iodo- derivatives for PARP-1 targeted radiotherapy studies using therapeutic radionuclides.

Topic: PARP inhibition in cancer therapy
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Improving the Quality of Learning in Accounting through Advice and Learning Experiences from Former Students

Abstract Purpose The primary purpose of this study is to introduce a method of using former students’ advice and learning experiences to affect subsequent students’ thoughts and beliefs about accounting learning in a positive way thereby improving their academic performance. Methodology/approach At the end of Fall 2009, the instructor invited the students to give suggestions to future accounting students about their learning experiences. On the first days of the following three semesters, I showed the feedback to the subsequent students. I recommended that the students read the suggestions after class and throughout the semester when necessary. I also conduct the survey to collect the students’ perceptions on the usefulness of former students’ advice. Analyses are conducted to assess the impact of the students’ advice on class attendance, exam performance, and the dropout rate for the course. Findings The results show that former students’ advice and learning experiences can help subsequent students improve class attendance, course performance, and the drop rate. Social implications The study provides a useful and easy-to-adopt learning supplement to help students succeed in a course that many students find challenging. The study also gives educators a simple but useful and efficient way to achieve greater student involvement in their learning processes. Originality/value To the best of my knowledge, this study is the first to focus on the impact of former students’ advice and learning experience on the following students’ learning performance in accounting education.

Topic: Accounting Education and Careers
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Three Dimensional Analysis of In Vitro Assembled HIV-1 Gag by Electron Cryotomography

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009

Topic: Advanced Electron Microscopy Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Structural Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Categorizing Semantic Representations for Neural Machine Translation

Modern neural machine translation (NMT) models have achieved competitive performance in standard benchmarks. However, they have recently been shown to suffer limitation in compositional generalization, failing to effectively learn the translation of atoms (e.g., words) and their semantic composition (e.g., modification) from seen compounds (e.g., phrases), and thus suffering from significantly weakened translation performance on unseen compounds during inference. We address this issue by introducing categorization to the source contextualized representations. The main idea is to enhance generalization by reducing sparsity and overfitting, which is achieved by finding prototypes of token representations over the training set and integrating their embeddings into the source encoding. Experiments on a dedicated MT dataset (i.e., CoGnition) show that our method reduces compositional generalization error rates by 24\% error reduction. In addition, our conceptually simple method gives consistently better results than the Transformer baseline on a range of general MT datasets.

Topic: Natural Language Processing Techniques
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ultrabroadband Nonlinear Optics in Dispersion Engineered Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Waveguides

We experimentally demonstrate the first g eneration of dispersion-engineered periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides. These waveguides achieve ultra-broadband second-harmonic generation (SHG) and multi-octave supercontinuum generation (SCG) with record-low pulse energies.

Topic: Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Moving as a whole: multirobot traveling problem constrained by connectivity

A multirobot system provides many advantages over a single robot. In certain situations, robots need to maintain global connectivity while proceeding through tasks such as traveling to spots of interest in an area. This paper formulates the problem of multiple robots traveling while constrained by connectivity and analyzes the limits of increase in total traveling distance (TTD) caused by connectivity constraints. A connection condition is proposed and proven, which can be used to direct the design of solutions. Two algorithms satisfying the connection condition, connected nearest neighbor (CNN) and bold Lin-Kernighan heuristic (B-LKH), are proposed to solve this problem, which consider the connectivity constraint in planning paths. Simulations are designed to investigate the influence of important parameters, and comprehensive comparisons among algorithms are also conducted. The results show that CNN and B-LKH significantly outperform previous systems with respect to TTD.

Topic: Robotic Path Planning Algorithms
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Laser-Ultrasonic Testing of the Structure and Properties of Concrete and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastics

This paper discusses the possibility of studying composite materials by non-destructive laser-ultrasonic testing technique. Concrete samples and carbon-epoxy composites were examined, defects located and elastic wave velocities measured. The internal structure of the samples was visualized in 2D images.

Topic: Advanced Energy Technologies and Civil Engineering Innovations
Subfield: Nuclear Energy and Engineering
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Role of Regional Airports in Connectivity and Regional Development

This article analyzes the contribution of regional airports in Colombia to the development of the domestic air transport network, and with it, to the connectivity of the regions and their social and economic development. The growth and evolution of Colombian regional airports are supported and driven by a set of public and investment policies, designed exclusively for the air sector and implemented, almost continuously, since the liberalization of the air transport industry in the country in the early 1990s and are still in development. Having said this, this work analyzes how the network of regional airports have been able to develop in two and a half decades through public policies, and later, how these airports have positively impacted connectivity and socioeconomic development in the territories. All this is done through the presentation and analysis of related indicators.

Topic: Aviation Industry Analysis and Trends
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Epidermal growth factor reduces the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal rat model

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal disease of prematurely born infants. Maternal milk plays an important protective role against NEC development and is the major source of epidermal growth factor (EGF) for neonates. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of orally administered EGF on the incidence of NEC in a neonatal rat model. Newborn rats were artificially fed either with growth factor-free rat milk substitute (RMS) or RMS supplemented with 500 ng/ml of EGF (RMS+EGF). Experimental NEC was induced by exposure to asphyxia and cold stress. Development of NEC was evaluated by gross and histological scoring of damage in the ileum. Ileal EGF receptor (EGF-R), EGF, and transforming growth factor-α mRNA expression was assessed by RT competitive-PCR, and the EGF-R was localized by immunohistochemistry. EGF supplementation of formula reduced the incidence and severity of NEC in rats (13/16 RMS vs. 4/13 RMS+EGF). Ileal EGF-R mRNA expression was markedly increased in the RMS group compared with RMS+EGF. Enhanced EGF-R expression in the RMS group was localized predominantly in the epithelial cells of injured ileum. These data suggest a new potential therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of NEC.

Topic: Infant Nutrition and Health
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
The dynamics of water in heterogeneous systems

Abstract A model for the dynamics of water molecules in heterogeneous systems proposed earlier and involving dynamically oriented water molecules at interfaces exchanging with others remote from interfaces is developed further with respect to the spin-relaxation properties of the hydrogen isotopes in the water molecules. A single-crystal system is considered in which all interfaces make the same angle with respect to an external axis. Expressions are derived for the contributions of both exchange of water molecules between surface and bulk sites and intermolecular proton exchange to proton relaxation at low frequencies for a system in which the observed proton spectrum is a single line. A density matrix treatment is used to describe the dependence on pulse separation of the deuterium transverse relaxation rate in such a system, measured using a 90° x′ (τ-90° y′-τ) n spin-echo sequence which removes the residual static quadrupole interaction, the source of the doublet deuteron spectrum. It is shown that a study of this τ dependence together with measurement of the deuteron T 1 allows the independent determination of the spectral densities of the fluctuating electric quadrupole interaction at the frequencies 0, ω0 and 2ω0. Measurements on the magnetically orientable lamellar phase of the caesium perfluoro-octanoate/water system are used to illustrate the various features of the theoretical results.

Topic: NMR spectroscopy and applications
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences