jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
S29 The impact of GOLD stage on the effectiveness of tiotropium/olodaterol in preventing COPD exacerbations in the DYNAGITO trial

<h3>Rationale</h3> The DYNAGITO trial investigated the effect of bronchodilation on exacerbation rate in patients with COPD. The observed rates were 0.90 per patient-year with tiotropium/olodaterol (T/O) and 0.97 per patient-year with tiotropium alone (Tio) (rate ratio 0.93; 99% confidence interval 0.85–1.02; P=0.0498). We investigated whether the effect on exacerbation rate was the same across patients with varying degrees of baseline airflow limitation. <h3>Methods</h3> DYNAGITO was a 52-week, double-blind trial in which patients with COPD were randomized (1:1) to receive T/O 5/5µg or Tio 5µg once daily, delivered via Respimat<sup>®</sup> (NCT02296138). Patients continued to take inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) if receiving them at baseline. Inclusion criteria included post-bronchodilator FEV<sub>1</sub> &lt;60% predicted at baseline and at least one moderate or severe exacerbation in the previous 12 months. In this post hoc analysis, we grouped patients by baseline Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages 2–4; there was a small number of patients classed as GOLD 1 (n=47), so we did not include this group. We used a negative binomial model adjusted for a number of covariates to calculate adjusted incidence rates and rate ratios. <h3>Results</h3> Overall, there were 2,784 patients classed as GOLD 2, 4,039 GOLD 3 and 992 GOLD 4. Baseline COPD treatment differed by GOLD stage. More patients were receiving a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) only or LAMA/long-acting β<sub>2</sub>-agonist (LABA) in GOLD 2 (12.6% and 13.4%) than GOLD 3 (7.5% and 12.0%) or 4 (5.6% and 8.4%), while fewer patients were receiving LAMA/LABA/ICS in GOLD 2 (32.6%) than in GOLD 3 (42.8%) or 4 (47.7%). T/O reduced the exacerbation rate compared with Tio in GOLD 2 and 3 patients, but not in GOLD 4 patients (figure 1). <h3>Conclusion</h3> The results demonstrate that improving bronchodilation with T/O reduced the exacerbation rate compared with Tio in patients with GOLD 2 and 3 COPD. The lack of effect of bronchodilators in the most severely limited patients has been reported previously (Wedzicha <i>et al</i>. N Engl J Med 2016;374:2222–34) and may reflect the complex contributors to airflow obstruction in very severe COPD.

Topic: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Preparation, X-ray Structure, and Reactivity of 2-Iodylpyridines: Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine(V) Reagents

2-Iodylpyridine and four examples of 3-alkoxy-2-iodylpyridines were prepared by oxidation of the respective 2-iodopyridines with 3,3-dimethyldioxirane. Structures of 2-iodylpyridine, 2-iodyl-3-isopropoxypyridine, and 2-iodyl-3-propoxypyridine were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. 2-Iodyl-3-propoxypyridine has moderate solubility in organic solvents (e.g., 1.1 mg/mL in acetonitrile) and can be used as a recyclable reagent for oxidation of sulfides and alcohols. The reduced form of this reagent, 2-iodo-3-propoxypyridine, can be effectively separated from the reaction mixture by treatment with diluted sulfuric acid and recovered from the acidic aqueous solution by adding aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Topic: Oxidative Organic Chemistry Reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Social Imaginary of Australian Cinema

Dermody and Jacka's two books extend their earlier work by examining the 'social imaginary' of Australian cinema. Drawing on Elsaesser's understanding of the 'social imaginary' of Weimar cinema as textual mode of address, positioning the German spectator as a 'double, watching himself, Dermody and Jacka examine the ambivalence of the 'social imaginary' of Australian cinema as a 'second cinema', proclaiming its national identity, yet economically and culturally dependent on Britain and the USA. They examine the 'aesthetic field of force' of Australian film in terms of these dependencies, and valorise Australian Gothic and 'Eccentric' films which play with or against the major tendencies of this aesthetic field. In this development of the 'Eccentric', generic play and sub-cultural 'resistance' are integrally related: in the end Dermody and Jacka's analysis tends more towards a critical ('cultural studies') and realist ethnography of cinema and audience than towards Elsaesser's more author-centred historical unconscious.

Topic: Cinema and Media Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Molecular dynamics simulation of aggregation of monocrystal and polycrystal copper nanoparticles

Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the aggregation of monocrystal and polycrystal nanoparticles. The lattice structure, displacement vector, potential energy, shrinkage ratio, relative gyration radius and mean square displacement of the two systems are compared. The results indicate that the aggregation of polycrystal nanoparticles is more drastic than that of monocrystal nanoparticles. Besides, the polycrystal nanoparticles are found contacted and melted at lower-temperature than that of monocrystal nanoparticles. The reason for all these phenomena is that there is additional surface energy in the grain boundary of polycrystal nanoparticles.

Topic: nanoparticles nucleation surface interactions
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Aristotle Kallis, <i>The Third Rome, 1922–1943: The Making of the Fascist Capital</i>

Book review of Aristotle Kallis, "The Third Rome, 1922–1943: the Making of the Fascist Capital," Palgrave-Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2014.

Topic: Italian Fascism and Post-war Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Subversive Plasticity of Posthuman Womanhood in the Cases of Vidal’s Myra Breckinridge and Larsson’s The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo

Roland Barthes utilizes the occurrence of plastic to interpret the zeitgeist of the twentieth century in which 'the hierarchy of substance is abolished,' according to Kim Toffoletti, 'plastic is the substance of simulation which dissolves the real and the representation.' Barbie is plastic embodiment simulated in human form, a genderly de-naturalized concept of womanhood, and also a subversion of human subjectivity for its refusal of 'fixed interpretation.' However, transgender female could be Barbie's human incarnation through surgical means, aspiring to collapse the established heterosexual dichotomy. Gore Vidal's 1968 cult classic Myra Breckinridge is a tour-de-force illustration of such plastic womanhood. Its transsexual protagonist Myra is a cinephile enamor of 1940s retro-Hollywood (simulacra), and Myra extends her love of simulacra into her obsession with Barbie's bodily perfection while trespassing the patriarchal domain with her plastic mimesis. The notorious passage is Myra's rape of a macho athlete named Rusty with a strap-on dildo (made of plastic). In this case, plastic disintegrates genders into a teetering state of interchangeability. What Myra Breckinridge shares in common with Stieg Larsson's Millennium Trilogy heroine, Lisbeth Salander, is the plasticity, which is crucial in many highlights of Dragon Tattoo: the dildo Lisbeth uses for revenge and the prosthetic breasts she puts on for self-disguise (as a Barbie-esque bombshell). Being a hacker, Lisbeth possesses Pierre Levy's so called 'cognitive prosthesis' which empowers her in the realm of 'collective intelligence,' cyberspace, where she's turned to a nomad with a virtual body devoid of physicality, which enables her to assist Mikael Bloomkvist to solve a serial-killer case of immigrant females. Here plastic liquefies the fixity of genders into a malleable state of transformativity, and the course of posthuman womanhood is initiated by plastic and then is mobilized by the internet to reach its ultimate subversion of binary oppositions.

Topic: Digital Media and Philosophy
Subfield: Computer Science Applications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Fully Dynamic $k$-Clustering with Fast Update Time and Small Recourse

In the dynamic metric $k$-median problem, we wish to maintain a set of $k$ centers $S \subseteq V$ in an input metric space $(V, d)$ that gets updated via point insertions/deletions, so as to minimize the objective $\sum_{x \in V} \min_{y \in S} d(x, y)$. The quality of a dynamic algorithm is measured in terms of its approximation ratio, "recourse" (the number of changes in $S$ per update) and "update time" (the time it takes to handle an update). The ultimate goal in this line of research is to obtain a dynamic $O(1)$ approximation algorithm with $\tilde{O}(1)$ recourse and $\tilde{O}(k)$ update time. Dynamic $k$-median is a canonical example of a class of problems known as dynamic $k$-clustering, that has received significant attention in recent years. To the best of our knowledge, however, previous papers either attempt to minimize the algorithm's recourse while ignoring its update time, or minimize the algorithm's update time while ignoring its recourse. For dynamic $k$-median, we come arbitrarily close to resolving the main open question on this topic, with the following results. (I) We develop a new framework of randomized local search that is suitable for adaptation in a dynamic setting. For every $ε&gt; 0$, this gives us a dynamic $k$-median algorithm with $O(1/ε)$ approximation ratio, $\tilde{O}(k^ε)$ recourse and $\tilde{O}(k^{1+ε})$ update time. This framework also generalizes to dynamic $k$-clustering with $\ell^p$-norm objectives, giving similar bounds for the dynamic $k$-means and a new trade-off for dynamic $k$-center. (II) If it suffices to maintain only an estimate of the value of the optimal $k$-median objective, then we obtain a $O(1)$ approximation algorithm with $\tilde{O}(k)$ update time. We achieve this result via adapting the Lagrangian Relaxation framework to the dynamic setting.

Topic: Advanced Clustering Algorithms Research
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Development and Allometry Patterns of Fine Scale Fish Larvae at Low Temperature

Abstract Ecological experiment was conducted to study the allometry of fine scale fish yolk-sac larvae and its significance in adaptation in early life stage. The results indicated organs such as feeding, breathing and swimming of larvae in the yolk sac stage are rapidly differentiated, and all key organs are allomorphic. In all parts of the body, the head length and tail fin length are growing at an allometric speed, the trunk is growing at a slow speed, and the body height is isokinetic growth; in the head organs, the rostrum length and head length are growing at a positive allometric speed; in the swimming organs, tail fin length is positive allometric growth; yolk sac width and yolk sac height are positive allometry consumption. The fast development of feeding, breathing, swimming and other organs in yolk-sac larvae of fine scale fish, increases larval survival ability at the early stage in the shortest possible time, and there were important ecological significance to adapt the complex and changing external environment.

Topic: Aquatic life and conservation
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Amplify Your Feminism

While locative media art is well-documented in its overt social and political aims, investigations into the role of social media feminism and locative art practices have yet to receive much scholarly attention. Social media feminism, in part popularized by celebrity culture, has made space for re-examinations of feminist thought, particularly around notions of intersectionality. For International Women's Day 2019, Melbourne-based creative hub BE Collective Culture installed a billboard mural outside Bakehouse Studios calling on passers-by to AMPLIFY YOUR FEMINISM and featuring a portrait collage of prominent local activists. The installation was accompanied by an Instagram post on the collective's page that argued "Your Feminism isn't Feminism Unless it's Intersectional." This chapter critically reviews the BE Collective Culture installation and accompanying social media posts as a case study for how locative media and social media feminist activism are colliding to reinvigorate debates about feminist activity and the importance of intersectionality. The method used involves an ethnography of the BE Collective Culture Instagram page and attendance at future BE Collective Culture events to explore how the artwork and its distribution through social media create copresence between audiences and artists. Intimacy generated through copresence allows for greater distribution of the artwork and increased mobility for artists and audiences. Curated copresence with artworks suggests mobile media art should use social media to create broader community access to politically engaged artworks, which, in turn, advances intersectional feminist politics.

Topic: Cultural Industries and Urban Development
Subfield: Urban Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
THE LANGTON CLINIC CLIENTELE: CHARACTERISTICS OF OUTPATIENTS

SUMMARY One year's experience of patients seeking treatment for the first time at the Langton Clinic, but not admitted, in 1980‐81, is reviewed. The majority (did%) 64 not require admission, while 30% needed admission but declined the offer. Of all patients attending however, those who declined were only 11% of those who needed admission. Alcohol‐related problems accounted for 75% of the outpatients, including some nondependent abusers, abstinent alcoholics and social drinkers with transitory disturbances. Of the 18% who were abusing some other drug with or without alcohol abuse, 10% were opiate dependent. Outpatient alcohol dependents tended to be younger and to have suffered less social damage than inpatients.

Topic: Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Robust Bond Risk Premia Predictability Test in the Quantiles

Different from existing literature on testing the macro-spanning hypothesis of bond risk premia, which only considers mean regressions, this paper investigates whether the yield curve represented by CP factor (Cochrane and Piazzesi, 2005) contains all available information about future bond returns in a predictive quantile regression with many other macroeconomic variables. In this study, we introduce the Trend in Debt Holding (TDH) as a novel predictor, testing it alongside established macro indicators such as Trend Inflation (TI) (Cieslak and Povala, 2015), and macro factors from Ludvigson and Ng (2009). A significant challenge in this study is the invalidity of traditional quantile model inference approaches, given the high persistence of many macro variables involved. Furthermore, the existing methods addressing this issue do not perform well in the marginal test with many highly persistent predictors. Thus, we suggest a robust inference approach, whose size and power performance are shown to be better than existing tests. Using data from 1980-2022, the macro-spanning hypothesis is strongly supported at center quantiles by the empirical finding that the CP factor has predictive power while all other macro variables have negligible predictive power in this case. On the other hand, the evidence against the macro-spanning hypothesis is found at tail quantiles, in which TDH has predictive power at right tail quantiles while TI has predictive power at both tails quantiles. Finally, we show the performance of in-sample and out-of-sample predictions implemented by the proposed method are better than existing methods.

Topic: Financial Markets and Investment Strategies
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Microbiological Fractionation of Sulphur Isotopes

SUMMARY: A fractionation of sulphur isotopes was found in all metabolic processes investigated except those in which elemental sulphur was the starting substrate for growth of Thiobacillus concretivorus and Chromatium sp. and for reduction by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Except for polythionates formed during sulphide oxidation by T. concretivorus or Chromatium sp., the products of metabolism were enriched in 32S relative to the starting substrates. The magnitudes of the enrichment differed for different processes and for the same overall process carried out by different organisms. The δ34S values (%0) ranged from -46·0 for sulphide from sulphate reduction by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans to +19·0 for polythionate formed during growth on sulphide by T. concretivorus. Fractionation during sulphate reduction was inversely proportional to rate of reduction when lactate and ethanol were electron donors and directly proportional with molecular hydrogen as the electron donor. Temperature and sulphate concentration, within the normal physiological ranges of these parameters, influenced fractionation only in so far as they influenced rate of reduction. However, anomalous fractionation effects were obtained at low temperatures and when a resting suspension reducing sulphite was subjected to changes in temperature. The data are discussed with reference to the mechanism(s) of fractionation.

Topic: Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal
Subfield: Pollution
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Blood transfusion from another person doubles infection risk after CABG surgery

Having a blood transfusion from another person after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is associated with a twofold increase in infection after operation, warns a US study, which also shows considerable variation in transfusion practices between different hospitals ( BMC Medicine 2009;7:37, doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-37).

The practice of blood transfusion is currently in transition, after growing evidence in the last few years of adverse effects, particularly with allogeneic transplants, in which blood is provided by another person. To investigate this further, researchers from the University of Michigan evaluated outcomes in 24 789 patients undergoing CABG surgery at hospitals in the …

Topic: Blood transfusion and management
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Using outcomes data to identify best medical practice: the role of policy models.

Increasingly, physicians are attempting to incorporate best evidence into their clinical decision making. However, best evidence takes a variety of forms, including clinical trials, cohort studies, administrative data, and patient preference data. Incorporating multiple data sources in a way that informs complex clinical decisions is a substantial analytical challenge. One approach to this challenge is to develop a simulation/decision model that explicitly represents the natural history of disease and the impact of treatments on that natural history. The model should be requisite--that is, sufficient in form to address the decision problem--but not overly complex. Such a model can be of value because it (1) allows a variety of viewpoints to be considered, (2) incorporates the best scientific evidence, and (3) permits sensitivity analyses to evaluate the impact of alternative clinical scenarios and uncertainty in model inputs. The Stroke Prevention Policy Model (SPPM) illustrates this approach. The SPPM is a simulation model designed to predict the best among various treatment alternatives for preventing strokes. Similar models can be applied to treatment outcomes for liver disease.

Topic: Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Effect of Clofibrate on the Metabolism of Bilirubin, Bromosulphophthalein and Indocyanine Green and on the Biliary Lipid Composition in Gilbert's Syndrome

1. Clofibrate (20 mg day−1 kg−1 body weight) given orally for 2 weeks to 18 subjects with Gilbert's syndrome reduced the total serum bilirubin concentration from 44.4 (22.1–71.7) μmol/l (median, range) to 15.0 (7.9–28.9) μmol/l, mainly by decreasing the ‘indirect’ fraction to 34.5% of pretreatment values. 2. In contrast to treatment with phenobarbitone, clofibrate did not change the ratio of bilirubin mono- to di-conjugates in bile. 3. The initial plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green and of bromosulphophthalein did not show consistent changes during clofibrate treatment but the ‘apparent’ maximal biliary secretion capacity of bromosulphophthalein (Tm) decreased in most of the patients studied, whereas the relative storage capacity (S) tended to increase. 4. As expected, the cholesterol saturation of bile increased in all subjects. 5. These results suggest that clofibrate increases mainly the glucuronidation of bilirubin, promoting as such the overall hepatic transport in Gilbert's syndrome. However, it decreases the maximal biliary secretion of bromosulphophthalein, possibly by an increased hepatic retention. These phenomena might be linked to the augmented content of Z protein in the liver.

Topic: Neonatal Health and Biochemistry
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Classifying quantum phases with the Kirby torus trick

Classifying phases of local quantum systems is a general problem that\nincludes special cases such as free fermions, commuting projectors, and others.\nAn important distinction in this classification should be made between\nclassifying periodic and aperiodic systems. A related distinction is that\nbetween homotopy invariants (invariants which remain constant so long as\ncertain general properties such as locality, gap, and others hold) and locally\ncomputable invariants (properties of the system that cannot change from one\nregion to another without producing a gapless edge between them). We attack\nthis problem using a technique inspired by Kirby's "torus trick" in topology.\nWe use this trick to reproduce results for free fermions (in particular, using\nthe trick to reduce the aperiodic classification to the simpler problem of\nperiodic classification). We also show that a similar trick works for\ninteracting phases which are nontrivial but lack anyons; these results include\nsymmetry protected phases. A key part of this work is an attempt to classify\nquantum cellular automata (QCA).\n

Topic: Quantum many-body systems
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences