jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Temporal Variation in Stable Isotopic Composition of Rainfall and Groundwater in a Tropical Dry Forest in the Northeastern Caribbean

Abstract Karst topography links rainfall to groundwater recharge; therefore, possible changes in the hydrology can play an important role in ecosystem function especially in tropical dry forests where water is the most limiting resource. This study investigates the temporal variation in isotopic composition (δ18O and δD values) of rainwater and groundwater in the Guánica Dry Forest of southwestern Puerto Rico. The study not only establishes a dataset of oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of rainwater to assist in local ecohydrological studies but also establishes the origin of rainfall in the semiarid region of the island. The geographical position of Puerto Rico in the northeastern Caribbean causes the study site to receive marine air masses from the North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. This research documents the monthly to annual variability in stable isotopic composition of rainwater and estimates the source of groundwater recharge in the Guánica Dry Forest. To calculate the local meteoric water line (LMWL), the authors analyzed the isotopic signatures of rainwater, collected at near-monthly intervals from January 2008 to December 2011. The LMWL (δD = 7.79δ18O + 10.85) is close to the global meteoric water line (δD = 8.17δ18O + 11.27). Isotopic signatures of rainwater for the Guánica Dry Forest are consistent with southeastern Caribbean, where rainfall is of marine origin with an annual cycle contributed by sea surface temperature (SST) and significant intermonthly fluctuations due to rainfall and winds during tropical weather events. The d-excess values in the period of data collection (2008–11) respond to the rainfall–evaporation balance, with little seasonal cycle and strong pulsing events. Comparison of rain and groundwater isotopic compositions in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) Guánica Dry Forest indicates that groundwater recharge is confined to rainfall events of more than 90 mm. Imbalances between rainfall and drought place cumulative stresses on ecosystems where plants and animals synchronize their growth phenology and reproduction to climatic patterns, especially in areas with variable annual cycles. Therefore, it is useful in ecohydrological studies to determine the origins and temporal dynamics of rainfall and groundwater recharge in the Caribbean, where predictions of climate models indicate drying trends.

Topic: Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry
Subfield: Geochemistry and Petrology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Tropospheric effects on L‐band geosynchronous circular SAR imaging

Circular synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging on the geosynchronous orbit has significant potential advantages, such as high resolution three‐dimensional imaging, large coverage, but it also has challenges to overcome. One major problem limiting the high‐resolution geosynchronous circular SAR (GEOCSAR) performances is the atmospheric effects including the tropospheric and ionospheric effects. In this study, the authors mainly consider the tropospheric effects on L‐band GEOCSAR imaging. Since the integration time of GEOCSAR may be as long as 24 h, and the coverage can reach 1/3 of the Earth's surface, the effects of the spatial and temporal variation of the tropospheric refractive index cannot be ignored if well focused images are to be obtained. The analysis shows that the temporal variation of the tropospheric refractive index may cause severe degradation of the SAR images; the spatial variation of the refractive index and the tropospheric turbulence are not the important factor limiting the GEOCSAR imaging performance.

Topic: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Towards a Psycholinguistics of Dialogue: Defining Reaction Time and Error Rate in a Dialogue Corpus

Traditionally, the study of psycholinguistic processes has been separate from the study of dialogue and the study of linguistic corpora. This chapter shows that two classic on-line psychological measures, reaction time and error rate, can be defined for a coded corpus of spoken dialogues. There is good reason to believe that reaction time and error rate measures can be found for dialogue. In laboratory paradigms, reaction time, measured from the presentation of a stimulus to the onset of a verbal response, is used to study perception, comprehension, and problem solving. Inter-move interval functions as a general measure of cognitive difficulty with independent contributions made by order, task difficulty, comprehension, production, and interpersonal factors. For both inter-move interval and disfluency, multiple regression results confirm the findings of studies exploring single cause-effect relationships. Models of speech production, for example, will have to consider why disfluency rate is insensitive to attested difficulties of comprehension.

Topic: Language, Metaphor, and Cognition
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Changing Requirements for Evaluation of Pharmacologic Agents

Children sadly have been excluded from some of the therapeutic advances that have marked pharmaceutical drug development during the past 100 years. Most drugs in use today lack Food and Drug Administration approval for use in children or are restricted to certain pediatric age groups, predominately older than 12 years. Only a few of the new drugs approved each year have pediatric indications and dosing guidelines described in the drug labeling information. However, many of these drugs are used in children. The lack of suitable information places children at risk for over- or underdosing, and there is a lack of suitable dosage forms, which can result in improper drug administration. This lack of information on the safe and effective use of drugs in the most vulnerable patients—infants and neonates—is of greatest concern. Recent changes in the regulations that govern drug development has dramatically increased the number of drugs that undergo testing in children. This article reviews new laws that govern drug testing in children and the use of children in therapeutic research.

Topic: Pharmaceutical studies and practices
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Antigen-Epitope Retrieval To Facilitate Proteomic Analysis of Formalin-Fixed Archival Brain Tissue

Formalin is a routine fixative facilitating tissue preservation and histopathology. Proteomic techniques require freshly frozen specimens, which are often difficult to procure, and methods facilitating proteomic analysis of archival formalin-fixed brain tissue are lacking. We employed antigen-epitope-retrieval principles to facilitate proteomic analysis of brain tissue that had been fixed and stored in formalin for 3-7 years. Twenty-micrometer-thick cryopreserved OCT-embedded sections from inferior temporal cortex of human (7 years in formalin) or mouse brain specimens (3 years in formalin) were hematoxylin-/eosin-stained. Approximately 16-64-mm2 areas of the tissue sections were manually scraped off slides, or approximately 2 mm2 of human brain cortex was captured off membrane-coated slides using laser microdissection. Tissue was treated using various pH and temperature conditions prior to trypsin digestion and nano-LC-MS/MS. The largest number of proteins were retrieved by solubilization at pH 9 at 95 degrees C for 1 h; treatments at pH 4 or 6 at 25 or 65 degrees C were generally ineffective. Three-year formalin-fixed murine tissue did not yield more proteins compared to human tissue. Use of formalin-fixed tissue for proteomics is an invaluable tool for medical research. The combination of proteomics and microdissection enables selective enrichment and identification of novel, unique, or abundant proteins that may be important in pathogenesis.

Topic: Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Cervical Versus Thoracolumbar Spinal Deformities

Study Design: Retrospective analysis of 2 prospectively collected multicenter databases, one for cervical deformity (CD) and the other for general adult spinal deformity. Objective: To investigate the relative quality-of-life and disability burden in patients with uncompensated cervical, thoracolumbar, or cervical and thoracolumbar deformities. Summary of Background Data: The relative quality-of-life burden of cervical and thoracolumbar deformities have never been compared with each other. This may have significant implications when deciding on the appropriate treatment intervention for patients with combined thoracolumbar and cervical deformities. Methods: When defining CD C2–C7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA)&gt;4 cm was used while a C7–S1 SVA&gt;5 cm was used to defined thoracolumbar deformity. Patients with both SVA criteria were defined as “combined.” Primary analysis compared patients in the different groups by demographic, comorbidity data, and quality-of-life scores [EuroQOL 5 dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D)] using t tests. Secondary analysis matched deformity groups with propensity scores matching based on baseline EQ-5D scores. Differences in disease-specific metrics [the Oswestry Disability Index, Neck Disability Index, modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association questionnaire (mJOA)] were analyzed using analysis of variance tests and post hoc analysis. Results: In total, 212 patients were included in our analysis. Patients with CD only had less neurological deficits (mJOA: 14.6) and better EQ-5D (0.746) scores compared with patients with combined deformities (11.9, 0.716), all P &lt;0.05. Regarding propensity score–matched deformity cohorts, 99 patients were matched with similar quality-of-life burden, 33 per deformity cohort. CD only patients had fewer comorbidities (1.03 vs. 2.12 vs. 2.70; P &lt;0.001), whereas patients with combined deformity had more baseline neurological impairment compared with CD only patients (mJOA: 12.00 vs. 14.25; P =0.050). Conclusions: Combined deformity patients were associated with the lowest quality-of-life and highest disability. Furthermore, regarding deformity cohorts matched by similar baseline quality-of-life status (EQ-5D), patients with combined deformities were associated with significantly worse neurological impairments. This finding implies that quality of life may not be a direct reflection of a patient’s disability status, especially in patients with combined cervical and thoracolumbar deformities. Level of Evidence: Level III.

Topic: Spinal Fractures and Fixation Techniques
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Syntheses of Higher Aliphatic α, β-Unsaturated Aldehydes.

澄鎖状脂肪族窃β一不飽和アルデヒドの一合成法の確立を目的とした研究である。脂肪酸塩化物に無水塩化アルミニウムを触媒としてアセチレンを作用させてβ一ク繋ルビニルケトンを合成,これにアルカリの存在下にメタノールを反応きせてβ一ケトアルデヒドージメチルアセタールとし,ついでアルミニウムイソプロポキシドで還元してβ一オキシアルデヒドージメチルアセタールとなし,これをヨウ素で脱水してαβ一不飽和アルデヒドを合成した。各反応はいずれも好収量で進行する。カプリル酸一とパルミチン酸一塩化物を原料として,それぞれ2一デセナ・・ルおよび2一オクタデセナー一ルを合成し,中間体と共にその性質を明らかにした。

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pengaruh Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Atonik Dan Pupuk Bokasi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

This study aims to determine the interaction of Bokasi Fertilizer and Atonic Growth Regulators on the growth of tomato plants. This research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Warmadewa University, JI. Ompong 24 Tanjung Bungkak, Denpasar with a height of 25 m above sea level. This research starts from August - October 2023. This experiment uses a factorial pattern Group Randomized Design (RAK) with two factors, namely: Factor I is atonic ZPT with 4 levels of concentration, namely: A0 = 0 cc 1-1, A1 = 1 cc 1-1, A2 = 2 cc 1-1, A3 = 3 cc 1-1, Factor II is bokashi fertilizer consisting of 4 concentrations, namely: B0= 0 tons / ha, B1 = 10 tons / ha, B2 = 20 tons / ha, B3 = 30 tons / ha, Thus there are 16 combination treatments, each of which is repeated 3x so that there are 48 experimental polybags. The treatment of atonic growth regulators 1 cc 1-1 tends to give the highest dry weight yield of 148.68 grams, which is not real from other treatments. The treatment of 30 tons / ha of bokasi fertilizer tends to produce the highest dry weight of 149.44 grams which is not real from other treatments. Bokasi fertilizer has a real effect (P&lt;0.05) on the fruit diameter and no real effect (P&gt;0.05) on other variables. The treatment of bokasi fertilizer of 30 tons / ha produces the highest fruit diameter of 3.49 cm which is not real with the treatment of fertilizer 0 tons / ha and 20 tons / ha with fruit diameters of 3.31 cm and 3.40 cm respectively, but differs markedly from the application of bokasi fertilizer of 10 tons / ha with a fruit diameter of 3.10 cm. Bocation fertilizer tends to show no real influence on the growth and yield of tomato plants which is likely due to goat manure bokashi fertilizer has not been absorbed by tomato plants optimally.

Topic: Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
ON CERTAIN MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TWO-PHOTON LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPY

In an earlier paper, we derived the distribution of the number of photons detected in two-photon laser scanning microscopy when the counter has a dead period. We assumed a Poisson number of emissions, exponential waiting times, and an infinite time horizon, and used an equivalent inhomogeneous Poisson process formulation. We then used that result to improve image quality as measured by the signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we extend that study in two directions. First, we treat the finite-horizon case to assess the accuracy of the simpler infinite-horizon approximation. Second, we use a direct approach by conditioning on the Poisson count for the infinite-horizon case to derive several polynomial identities.

Topic: Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Social, Economic and political factors influencing the supply and demand of foreign domestic workers

This thesis addresses the issue of foreign domestic workers. The government of Canada has been involved in the recruitment of people to perform domestic service for households since the turn of the century. The devaluation of domestic labour and increasing employment opportunities for Canadian women resulted in a constant shortage of labour to fill the demand. A variety of programs have been initiated to solve the "servant problem" culminating in the Foreign Domestic Movement in 1981. Within this policy foreign domestics are classified as a category of migrant labour and, as such, are formally denied citizenship rights. The majority of workers who come to Canada as foreign domestics under this program are Filipino women. These women often migrate to Canada as domestic workers due to limited options for employment in their home country. Their need to remain in Canada due to limited options in the Philippines, the lack of political rights in Canada, and the restrictions placed on workers who enter Canada under the Foreign Domestic Movement combine to situate these women in a position of dependence and vulnerability. In addition, live-in domestics perform devalued labour within an isolated work setting, and are often not included within provincial labour standards. These conditions keep wages depressed and lessen the ability to bargain for improved conditions of employment. The thesis problem is examined within an historic context. In addition to a literature review of the specific topic and related areas of gender and migrant labour, the data are from Statistics Canada, Employment and Immigration and the Special Collections Division of the University of British Columbia. The data shows : the labour market activity of Canadian women, the shift away from domestic service as other alternatives became open, the increasing number of dual income earning families, and the number of foreign domestics recruited to provide domestic service for Canadian households. Interviews with a variety of people draw out the particular factors leading to the reasons for the supply and demand of this group of workers. In addition, the interviews point to specific problems frequently experienced by women who work as live-in domestics.

Topic: Migration and Labor Dynamics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
P &amp; W 4837 448

•\nL\n442 MANUAL FOR VOLUNTEERS AND MI LITIA.\nTho colonel seeing tho ranks aligned commands : 1. 0./fiurHm(l non­col/\nulliuirm~&lt;i offic~.-.. 2. Tu th~ ji·o11t of yuur comprwie•-MARCU; on\nwhich the officers form themselves in one rank, twelve paces, and the\nnon-commissioned officers in one rank, six paces in advance, along the\nwhole front of their respective troops, in the order of rank, the highest\non the right and the lowest on the left: the trumpeters of uoh com­pany,\nat the same time. take post on the alignment of the front rank,\nsix paces fr&lt;&gt;m tho right.\nSeeing the last order in a train of oxeculion tho colonel commands:\n1. Field a11d stajf. 2. Tu th~frollt-l\\!A ncn. The commissioned offi­cers\nthus designated form themselves in one rank, twelve paces in front\nof the standards, in the following order, beginning on the right: lieu­tenant-\ncolonel, major, adjutant, quartcrma~tcr, etc. The non-com m is­sioned\nstalf in a si~ilar manner, six paces in rear of the preceding\nrank. The baud is formed in one rank, ten paces in rear of the col­umn,\ntho chief musician fuur paces in front of it.\nThe colonel, if u higher officer inspects tho column, now takes his\npost on the right of the lieutenant-colonel.\nThe iu•pcction commences in front. After inspecting the dress and\ngeneral appearance of the field nnu commi$sionc&lt;l stuff the inspector,\naccompaniefl by these officers, pa~se~ down the column, looking at e\\·ery\nrank, in front and rear, with a ''iew to tho same object. He afterward,\nin a like manner, pa~ses and in$pect~ the arm'!. As he succe~sh-el y\napproaches ooch compao~· fo&gt;r thi~ purpose its captain commands: I.\n.AII~ntiou . 2. ln8prctioll of-A RliS.\nThe inspector then dismounts 'vith tho field and commissioned staff,\nfor the purpose of inspecting horse furnituro and n:tlises, propnm tory\nto which tho colonel causes the colu ron to dismount. The men being\nthen in the position of 8lflnd II) horu, the colt•nol commands rest, for\nthe \\Vhole column, when the in~pector proceeds to make a minute in­spection\nof the se\\"cral ranks in succession, commencing in front.\nOn :tpproaching the non-commissioned staff and the band the adju­tant\ngi\\"es the necessary orders for the inspection of boxes and ,·alises;\nand in like manner as to the standard-bearer. The uon-COHimissioned\nstaff may be dismissed as soon as inspected.\nAs the in~pcctor successively approaches tbe companies each cn,ptaiu\ncommands : 1. .Attention. 2. (/n•trap ••ali•e~. :~. Op~11 box~~. when\nthe ,·ali$eS are placed at the feet of the men, with the ftaps from them.\nIn this position the inspector may examine the contents of the whole,\nboxes and ,-ali~es, or of as many as be may think necessary.\nAs the in~pector pu~ses each company the capta-in orders the valises\nto be repacked and restrapped, and the moo to file off to their tents or\nquarters, except the company which is to escor~ the standard, which\na waits the orders of the colonel.\n•

Topic: Spider Taxonomy and Behavior Studies
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Brain tissue guided treatment supplementing ICP/CPP therapy after traumatic brain injury.

The recent article by Meixensberger and colleagues comparing a brain tissue oxygen guided treatment protocol with a ICP/CPP protocol1 presents insufficient evidence to support the conclusion that PtiO2 guided cerebral perfusion management reduced cerebral hypoxic events following traumatic brain injury. Brain tissue oxygen levels can easily be modified through changes in FiO2.2,3 Although the authors indicated that changes in F …

Topic: Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Nexus between Tourism and Economic Growth in Pakistan: Using Gregory Hansen and ARDL with Structural Break

The tourism sector has achieved considerable importance over time in Pakistan as it makes indirect profits that increase foreign trade, public infrastructure, and foreign direct investment. Pakistan has massive potentials in the tourism sector. The present study analyzes the nexus between tourism and economic growth in Pakistan by using the Gregory Hansen co-integration and ARDL structural break econometrics approach on annual data from 1985 to 2020. The findings obtained through Gregory-Hansen's approach showed that structural break had appeared in the year 2009. For estimating the long-run coefficients structural break ARDL approach has been used. The study shows that tourism receipts significantly escalate economic growth. Furthermore, labor force participation and gross capital formation significantly and positively impacts the economic growth. The study recommends that Pakistan should pay proper attention to the tourism industry to promote allied sectors for achieving higher economic growth.

Topic: Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Bounding Data Aggregation for Ubiquitous Applications within Wireless Sensor Networks

We have formulated the data collection process within wireless sensor networks as a scheduling problem to alleviate workload on the data collection centers. A sensor device has three tasks: sensing data, processing data, and transmitting the collected data. We modeled the sensor's three tasks as a task-flow graph (TFG), and then we combined all TFGs for all sensors within the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) as a super task-flow graph (STFG). We utilized two scheduling algorithms, as soon as possible (ASAP) and as late as possible (ALAP), to order all tasks within the STFG subject to the data collection centers' limitations. The experimental results provide excellent boundaries on how early and how late to schedule all sensors' tasks with the variation of the number of data collection centers.

Topic: Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences