jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cobalt Doping on Zirconium Titanate as a Potential Photocatalyst with Visible-Light-Response

Synthesis of cobalt-doped zirconium titanate (Co-doped ZrTiO4) as a potential photocatalyst with visible-light-response had been conducted. Materials used in this research were titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as a precursor of TiO2, ZrO2 as another semiconductor for coupling, and CoSO4·7H2O as the source of cobalt dopant. The composite was prepared by the sol-gel method with various cobalt contents and calcination temperatures. Composites with various Co dopant contents (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9% (Co wt./Ti wt.)) were calcined at 500 °C for 4 h. In addition, the composite with 5% of dopant content was calcined at 700 and 900 °C to observe the influence of calcination temperature. All samples were characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction method (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), specular reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy (SRUV), and scanning electron microscopy equipped with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Co-doped ZrTiO4 with the lowest bandgap (2.94 eV) was achieved in a sample containing 3% of cobalt content calcined at 500 °C.

Topic: TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells
Subfield: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Oxygen Level Measurement Techniques: Pulse Oximetry

This paper reviews the architectural structure of the main types of pulse oximetry probes. There are two main oximeter types used nowadays. These are the transmittance probes and reflectance probes. The paper compares the design, complexity, reliability and accuracy, with different points of view each. The paper reviewed the various methods used in the measurement of oxygen levels in the human blood. The advantages and drawbacks of each oximeter method have been presented together with the accuracy and domains of use for each technique.

Topic: Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Masked cochlear whole-nerve response intensity functions altered by electrical stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle

Cochlear whole-nerve response (CAP) intensity functions were recorded from the guinea pig round window. The intensity functions were obtained in the presence of masking noise, with electrical stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle (COCB), and the combination of masking noise and COCB stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the COCB produced the expected reduction of CAP magnitude for low- to moderate-intensity tone bursts. Masking noise produced reductions in CAP magnitude over the whole signal intensity range used in this study. The combination of electrical stimulation of the COCB with the masking noise produced CAP magnitude changes graded between reduction and enhancement dependent on signal and masker levels. In general, at low signal levels, the masked CAP magnitude is reduced compared to the masked alone condition. At high signal levels, the masked CAP is increased in magnitude. These results confirm and extend the earlier observations of Nieder and Nieder [Exp. Neurol. 28, 174–188 (1970); also, Nature 227, 184–185 (1970)].

Topic: Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics
Subfield: Sensory Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Data from Inhibition of Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated and RAD3-Related (&lt;i&gt;ATR&lt;/i&gt;) Overcomes Oxaliplatin Resistance and Promotes Antitumor Immunity in Colorectal Cancer

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Although many patients with colorectal cancer initially respond to the chemotherapeutic agent oxaliplatin, acquired resistance to this treatment remains a major challenge to the long-term management of this disease. To identify molecular targets of oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer, we performed an shRNA-based loss-of-function genetic screen using a kinome library. We found that silencing of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and RAD3-related (ATR), a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in the response to DNA stress, restored oxaliplatin sensitivity in a cellular model of oxaliplatin resistance. Combined application of the ATR inhibitor VE-822 and oxaliplatin resulted in strong synergistic effects in six different colorectal cancer cell lines and their oxaliplatin-resistant subclones, promoted DNA single- and double-strand break formation, growth arrest, and apoptosis. This treatment also increased replicative stress, cytoplasmic DNA, and signals related to immunogenic cell death such as calreticulin exposure and HMGB1 and ATP release. In a syngeneic colorectal cancer mouse model, combined administration of VE-822 and oxaliplatin significantly increased survival by promoting antitumor T-cell responses. Finally, a DNA repair gene signature discriminated sensitive from drug-resistant patients with colorectal cancer. Overall, our results highlight the potential of ATR inhibition combined with oxaliplatin to sensitize cells to chemotherapy as a therapeutic option for patients with colorectal cancer.&lt;/p&gt;Significance:&lt;p&gt;These findings demonstrate that resistance to oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer cells can be overcome with inhibitors of ATR and that combined treatment with both agents exerts synergistic antitumor effects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: DNA Repair Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
ISO Code of Concrete Production-ISO 22965 (Concrete Specification, Performance, Production and Conformity of Concrete)

コンクリートの製造に関するISO規格のISO 22965 (コンクリートの仕木兼, 性能, 製造および適合性) が, 2007年2月20日締切りの最終国際規格案 (FDIS) 投票で可決された。今後の国際整合化において, このISO規格は, JIS A 5308などに大きな影響を及ぼすものである。既に国際規格案のISO/DIS 22965にっいては, 我が国で馴染みの薄い適合性評価システムを中心に報告した。本文では, ISO 22965について, その制定の背景と規格の構成をまず報告する。そして, 適用範囲, 3種類のコンクリートの分類, 環境区分, 強度とコンシステンシーによるクラス分けに重点を置いて紹介する。そして新しいJISマーク制度と同様な適合性評価システムについても言及する。

Topic: Recycled Aggregate Concrete Performance
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluating Coliform Monitoring Strategies for Contamination Scenarios in a Distribution System Model

Large public water utilities currently are required to take several 100 mL water samples every month in their distribution systems and to test these samples for the presence of total coliforms to comply with the Total Coliform Rule. How and where they take these samples is not specified. The Total Coliform Rule is currently undergoing review and revision. One possible revision is more specific rule language or guidance of where and when utilities take their monthly coliform water samples. This project considers various drinking water distribution system monitoring strategies for a large drinking water utility using simulations within an EPANET computer model of that utility's distribution system. A review of the literature and the use of best professional judgment help to inform the understanding of the primary causes of the occurrence of coliform bacteria in drinking water distribution systems. In this analysis, both contamination scenarios and coliform monitoring approaches are simulated in the EPANET computer model to better understand what types of contamination events might be detected by routine coliform monitoring and to what extent monitoring strategies affect observed results. In addition, statistical strengths of the various strategies and their respective results are considered in this project. Analysis of model output supports the assertion that water age may be a good factor to consider in designing a monitoring plan, especially if sampling cannot be conducted every day and that taking samples immediately after and in the vicinity of rapid changes in flow (e.g., during a firefighting incident) may help utility operators to better understand what associated risk, if any, exists to consumers of drinking water as a result of these flow conditions.

Topic: Water Systems and Optimization
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Psychometric evaluation of the Energy Conservation Strategies Survey

Objective: To examine the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Energy Conservation Strategies Survey (ECSS), a tool that was specifically designed to determine if people with multiple sclerosis who attended the six-week energy conservation course actually implemented the strategies taught to them. Design: The instrument ECSS was administered at six weeks and seven weeks post intervention to evaluate the test-retest reliability, while data from six weeks post intervention were utilized to assess the internal consistency of the ECSS. Setting: Community locations in Illinois and Minnesota, USA. Subjects: Data from 53 participants with multiple sclerosis living in the community were utilized for the psychometric study. Measures: Energy Conservation Strategies Survey. Results: The internal consistency of 0.92 reveals that all the items are consistent with each other and measure a single construct. Inferential analyses using intraclass correlation coefficient indicates good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)=0.79). Conclusion: Findings of the study suggest that the ECSS exhibits high internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. The study implies that the ECSS could be valuable in measuring changes in behavior over time among people with multiple sclerosis after the completion of the six-week energy conservation course provided by occupational therapists.

Topic: Occupational Therapy Practice and Research
Subfield: Occupational Therapy
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
MD simulation of martensitic transformations in TiNi alloys with MEAM

The martensitic transformations in TiNi alloys were studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The modified embedded atom method was used with the pseudo monoatomic potentials, which included angular dependence of each atoms. The thermally induced B2 → B19′ martensitic and B19′ → B2 reverse martensitic transformations have been obtained in the present molecular dynamics simulations with a bulk (no surface) computational model. The martensitic transformation temperature of TiNi varies very rapidly with composition in the range 35∼60 at.%Ni in the present MD simulations.

Topic: Shape Memory Alloy Transformations
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Reactive Power Control for Wind Turbine using Exact Linearization Feedback

The quality of service and the respect of contractual characteristics of the voltage is a major issue of the transmission system operator. In this context, the code requires that the wind turbine system participate in the regulation of the voltage. Any variation in voltage must be compensated by producing or absorbing reactive power. This article studies the modelling and control strategies of a wind energy conversion system based on a doubly fed induction generator. It presents a linear quadratic regulator with integrator (LQI) and an exact linearization feedback (ELF) controller for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). In the ELF technique, the nonlinear model of DFIG is linearized and the reference of active and reactive powers values are calculated by using reactive power management algorithm.The simulation results show that the decoupling control strategy for DFIG is satisfactory and the predefined operating conditions are respected.

Topic: Wind Turbine Control Systems
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Survey Expectations, Rationality and the Dynamics of Euro Area Inflation

pour usage personnel et non commercial uniquement.Sauf autorisation, la duplication, la location, le prêt, l'utilisation de ce produit pour exécution publique sont interdits.Ce programme, les données y afférantes et d'autres éléments doivent donc être traités comme toute autre documentation sur laquelle s'exerce la protection par le droit d'auteur.

Topic: Monetary Policy and Economic Impact
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Advances in ionic liquid-catalyzed poly(ethylene terephthalate) degradation

<p indent="0mm">Ionic liquids as green media have shown excellent performance in catalyzing poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) degradation due to their homogeneous catalytic properties. Our group has developed several series of ionic liquid catalysts for PET glycolysis in recent years. This work summarizes and reviews the research progress of ionic liquid catalysts in our group and other teams. We focus on PET glycolysis catalysts, and also describe PET hydrolysis and aminolysis ionic liquid catalysts briefly. The effects of catalyst and reaction conditions on conversion and yield are detailed. The kinetic model of PET glycolysis and the activation energy for different catalysts are summarized. The mechanisms of ionic liquid catalysts are summarized to provide a theoretical basis for the development of efficient PET degradation catalysts.

Topic: Green IT and Sustainability
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Radiological exploration of pulmonary systemic hypervascularization. Study of our results concerning 83 cases. Confrontation of the angiographic results with the existence of hemoptysis (author's transl)].

The authors present the results of selective bronchial and parietal arteriography of pulmonary systemic hypervascularization, in 83 cases. They emphasize the advantages of previous pulmonary venous angiography and overall aortography for the success of selective injections. Failures are evaluated at 6 to 7%. On occasions, a medullary branch was opacified. No medullary accidents were noted. The angiographic appearances of the lesions encountered are described. A comparative study of the angiographic results of non-tumoral acquired lesions was carried out in those patients with hemoptysis and in those who were free from them.

Topic: Vascular Anomalies and Treatments
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Thoughts on Ethics in the Development of an Internet Medical Service System for Vulnerable Population

The development of Internet medicine as a new medical treatment is highly valued around the world.Internet healthcare is mainly used in the United States, followed by countries in Europe, Africa, Latin America, and the Asia-Pacific region.More than 60% of US residents communicate with their doctors via video, and some of them compare doctors via the internet.Most people in Europe and Japan use the internet to get medical information.Internet medical treatment, based on 5G technology, has significant advantages and economic benefits, but the medically vulnerable service also has some shortcomings.Based on this, this paper defines the concept of medically vulnerable population and discusses how the internet medical service system incorporates two medical ethics principles: the principle of nonmaleficence and the principle of justice.Furthermore, we examine the most recent data and future prospects of Internet medical and conclude that global Internet healthcare has significant development potential and market value, which can effectively relieve the pressure on vulnerable groups to seek medical care.So, the construction of the vulnerable population network service system has certain application value, and provides a new idea for the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of vulnerable patients.

Topic: Homelessness and Social Issues
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
The Chinese in Britain: A Model Minority?

The main aim of my thesis which deals with the Chinese minority in Britain is to question the stereotype of the British Chinese as a model minority. The main focus is on the British-born Chinese and their current situation and position in British society. The work is divided into four main parts, first of which discusses first Chinese immigrants in Britain and the presence of Chinese culture in Britain. In the following chapters, I examine the success of British-born Chinese, and then the identity issue of the BBCs. The issues such as multiculturalism, identity or ethnicity are also discussed. In the last chapter, I look at the possible directions of the BBCs in the future.

Topic: Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Sputum mediator profiling in severe asthma: relationships with clinical phenotypes, airway inflammation and morphometry in stable disease and at exacerbations

Asthma is characterised by typical symptoms or cough, breathlessness and wheeze with variable airflow obstruction. It is severe in about 10% of asthmatics with persistent symptoms and frequent exacerbations. There is increasing recognition that asthma, and to a greater extent severe asthma, is a heterogeneous disease with respect to its aetiology, inflammatory profile, and clinical expression and treatment responses. However, our understanding of the relationship between cellular and cytokine profiles in severe asthma with symptoms, physiology, airway morphometry and environmental exposure to pathogens in stable disease and at exacerbations is poorly understood. I hypothesized that sputum mediator profiling in severe asthma would identify clinically important biological phenotypes in stable disease and provide insights into relationships with airway remodelling and reveal key dynamic changes in airway inflammation at exacerbation. I undertook a multivariate analysis of sputum mediators from severe asthmatics in stable state and found distinct biological phenotypes associated with clinical features and moreover differential sputum cell counts. Interestingly, in obese asthmatics sputum IL-5 was elevated in spite of a low sputum eosinophil count whereas bronchial submucosal eosinophils were increased suggesting eosinophil trafficking is altered in obese asthmatics. Sputum mediator profiles were weakly associated with airway morphometry. At exacerbation there were marked differences in sputum mediator profiles with upregulation of Th1 cytokines, TNF-R1 and IL-1β in those with evidence of bacterial colonisation and with IL-6R most strongly associated with severe exacerbations of asthma. In summary, this thesis has explored sputum mediator profiles in severe asthma; informed our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the heterogeneity of disease and identified biomarkers of exacerbations.

Topic: Asthma and respiratory diseases
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Carbon monoxide-cytochrome interactions in the brain of the fluorocarbon-perfused rat

Reflectance spectrophotometry through the skull was used to investigate carbon monoxide (CO) binding by tissue hemoproteins in the brains of barbiturate-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. After splenectomy and extensive perfluorotributylamine exchange transfusion, steady-state spectral scans were obtained in Soret and visible wave-length regions during O2 ventilation, during subsequent exposure to O2-enriched gases containing 1, 3, or 5% CO, and finally after N2 anoxia. These CO exposures were well-tolerated and electroencephalograph (EEG) activity continued to be present. Initial difference spectra were influenced by CO binding to residual hemoglobin, but spectral evidence of CO-mediated b-type cytochrome reduction was obtained in the visible region as CO concentration was increased to 3 or 5%. This was associated with Soret spectra compatible with formation of the reduced cytochrome a3-CO complex. Reduction of cytochrome a at 605 nm and cytochrome c + c1 at 550 nm was absent. These findings may indicate respiratory chain branching through b cytochromes, either to a separate a3-like oxidase independent of the classical cytochrome aa3 or to an unidentified alternative CO-sensitive oxidase.

Topic: Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
CONGENITAL HYPERPLASIA OF THE ADRENALS IN THE FEMALE (FEMALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODISM)

Excerpt Of the relatively uncommon symptom complexes which comprise the adrenogenital syndrome, female pseudohermaphrodism is the most frequently encountered. An almost uniform abnormality of sex d...

Topic: Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Psychotic disorders in women in later life

Introduction The clinical picture of a cognitively intact elderly woman - living alone, hearing impaired and always having been a little suspicious - developing new and florid delusions and hallucinations of someone in her home is familiar to most clinicians practicing in psychiatry of old age. The health, social and economic implications of the aging population are increasingly recognized across the globe (e.g., Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013; Institute of Ageing, Oxford, UK). Yet, the phenomenon of psychosis occurring for the first time in older people in the absence of mood disorder, dementia or other apparent neurological cause remains understudied and enigmatic. Research on this topic is bedeviled by the generic problems facing studies of people with psychotic illness and is further hampered by problems inherent in studying older persons. Heterogeneous populations, inconsistent definitions of caseness and reliance on syndromes that likely reflect multiple underlying pathophysiologies exemplify the former. Frequent presence of comorbidity, difficulties with enrollment and retention in research studies and limitations in collateral history exemplify the latter (Michelet, et al., 2014). Examination of this “gap” in the psychiatric literature suggests that social stigma, pessimistic attitudes towards treatment expectations and an overall lack of clinical data compound the difficulties in conducting research in this domain (Jeste, et al., 1999a). Notwithstanding, the available data suggest that first presentation of a non-affective psychotic disorder in later life is not rare (Castle & Murray, 1993; Harris & Jeste, 1988; Kohler et al., 2007; Rodriguez-Ferrera et al., 2004; van Os et al., 1995; Meesters et al., 2012). This chapter presents a summary of the current state of knowledge about first presentation of “functional,” non-affective psychotic symptoms in the elderly. We focus on the preponderance of women in those experiencing these symptoms and the implications for hypotheses of etiology and development of effective management strategies. History and nosology There remains much controversy in the literature about age cutoffs and terminology for the definition of “late onset” non-affective psychoses. Kraepelin first described these symptoms as the (rare) later onset of “dementia praecox.” Manfred Bleuler subsequently coined the term “late onset schizophrenia” in delineating a subtype of schizophrenia that begins after 40 years of age. He noted some differences from earlier onset illness, particularly with respect to course and outcome. German-speaking psychiatry subsequently focused on the question of whether this group represents a subtype of schizophrenia or is a discrete illness (e.g., Riecher-Rossler, 1999).

Topic: Schizophrenia research and treatment
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
HMO Calculation and the Reactivity of Quinolinecarbonitriles and Isoquinolinecarbonitriles with Nucleophilic Reagent

2-あるいは4-キノリンカルボニトリルおよび1-あるいは3-イソキノリンカルボニトリルとは異なり, 3-キノリンカルボニトリルおよび4-イソキノリンカルボニトリルは, Grignard試薬などの求核試薬との反応でシアン基の炭素よりもむしろ縮合複素環上の炭素に対して優先的に反応する事実を説明するためにHMOの計算を行ない,また,最適パラメーターも検討した。パラメーターとしてCoulomb積分には縮合複素環中の窒素原子に対しα+0.5β,シアン基の窒素原子に対しα+1.1β, 共鳴積分にはシアン基の炭素-窒素原子間を1.4βにとった場合に反応性指数と化合物の反応実験結果との間によい対応を見いだすことができ,また, IR吸収ならびにプロトンのNMRの化学シフトもよく説明し得ることが判明した。

Topic: Organic Chemistry Cycloaddition Reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences