jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Properties of Al‐Ni‐La Bulk Metallic Glass

Al85.5Ni9.5La5 bulk metallic glass (BMG) with a size of 1 mm is synthesized for the first time through a two-step melt treatment. The treatment effectively removes the local structural ordering and high-temperature phases, as well as allowing a high cooling rate. The sample displays good mechanical properties. The compressive fracture strength is about 1180 MPa, which is higher than that of most Mg-based BMGs and Al alloys.

Topic: Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloys
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Edinburgh encyclopedia of Continental philosophy

Classical idealism: covering Kant, Hegel, Reinhold, Holderlin, Schiller, Fichte, Schelling, Schlegel, Novalis, Schopenhauer and idealism outside Germany existentialism: including work on Kierkegarrd, Nietzsche, theology (Buber, Jaspers, Marcel), humanism (Sartre and Heidegger), ethics (de Beauvoir), literature and art (Dostoevsky, Rilke, Kafka, Giacometti, sartre and Camus) philosophies of life and understanding: covering von Humbolt, Bultmann, Apel, von Wright, Schleimacher, Dilthey, Gadamer, Ricoeur, Peirce and Rorty phenomenology: covering Hartman, Ingarden, Jaspers, Scheler, neo-Kantians (Natorp, Cohen, Rickert and Cassierer), Brentano, Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, and J.L. Astin politics, psychoanalysis and science: including Feuerbach and the young Hegelians, Marx, Freud, and continental political theory (Gramsci, Scmitt, Arendt, Lefort, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, Castoriadis), and science (Duhem, Bachelard, Canguilhem, Steegmuller, Dessauer, Heidegger) the Frankfurt school and critical theory: covering Lukacs, Mannheim, Wittfogel, Fromm, Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, Benjamin, Bloch and Habermas structuralism: including linguistics (Saussure), anthropology (Levi Strauss), marxism (Althusser), psychoanalysis (Lacan), theology (Dumezil) and literary theory (Barthes) post-structuralism: including Foucault, Levinas, Deleuze, Lyotard, Baudrillard, Irigaray, Kristeva, Cixous, LeDoeuff, Kofman, Derrida, Bachelard, Kojeve, Hyppolite, Bataille, de Man, Blanchot, Artaud, Bouveresse, Lacoue-Labarth and Nancy.

Topic: Critical Theory and Philosophy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
<i>SCN1A</i> IVS5N+5 Polymorphism and Response to Sodium Valproate: A Multicenter Study

Aim: Approximately 30% of epilepsy patients do not response to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The functional SCN1A IVS5N+5 polymorphism may play a role in response to some AEDs. The purpose of this study was to examine this hypothesis in a cohort study of Malaysian and Hong Kong Chinese epilepsy patients on sodium valproate (VPA) monotherapy and in a meta-analysis. Patients & methods: The SCN1A IVS5N+5 polymorphism was genotyped in 583 Malaysian (84%) and Hong Kong Chinese (16%) epilepsy patients receiving VPA monotherapy. The related association studies, including the current study, were meta-analyzed by using fixed- and random-effects models under various genetic models. Results: A total of 277 (47.5%) and 306 (52.5%) patients were VPA nonresponsive and responsive, respectively. Unlike Chinese and Indian patients, Malay nonresponsive patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy showed significant association, probably caused by the small sample size. Conclusion: The cohort study and meta-analysis did not demonstrate an association between AED responsiveness and this polymorphism. Future studies with a larger sample size of Malays with idiopathic generalized epilepsy are suggested. Original submitted 15 June 2012; Revision submitted 23 July 2012

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A New WIMP Population in the Solar System and New Signals for Dark-Matter Detectors

We describe in detail how perturbations due to the planets can cause a sub-population of WIMPs captured by scattering in surface layers of the Sun to evolve to have orbits which no longer intersect the Sun. We argue that such WIMPs, if their orbit has a semi-major axis less than 1/2 of Jupiter's, can persist in the solar system for cosmological timescales. This leads to a new, previously unanticipated WIMP population intersecting the Earth's orbit. The WIMP-nucleon cross sections required for this population to be significant are precisely those in the range predicted for SUSY dark matter, lying near the present limits obtained by direct underground dark matter searches using cyrogenic detectors. Thus, if a WIMP signal is observed in the next generation of detectors, a potentially measurable signal due to this new population must exist. This signal, lying in the keV range for Germanium detectors, would be complementary to that of galactic halo WIMPs. A comparison of event rates, anisotropies, and annual modulations would not only yield additional confirmation that any claimed signal is indeed WIMP-based, but would also allow one to gain information on the nature of the underlying dark matter model.

Topic: Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Review and Analysis of Autonomous Vehicles - Current State and Challenges

Vehicles that can function independently of human control are known as autonomous vehicles. They detect their surroundings, make judgments, and steer clear of danger using a network of sensors and cameras fed data by complex computer algorithms. The findings of this study summarise the present status of autonomous car technology and its ramifications on society. The paper begins by discussing the different types of autonomous vehicles and the sensors and technologies used to enable their operation. It then examines the challenges that must be overcome to achieve widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles, including safety, regulation, and public acceptance. Finally, the paper also explores the potential benefits of autonomous vehicles, such as improved transportation efficiency, reduced traffic congestion, and improved accessibility for people with disabilities.

Topic: Transportation and Mobility Innovations
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
SH2835607.08FU

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.

Topic: Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Electron Spin Resonance Probed Magnetic Interactions in Fe-, Cr-, and Ni-Doped ${\hbox{TiO}}_2$

A series of Fe-, Cr-, and Ni-doped TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> nanoparticles with doping concentration ranging from 2% to 10% are prepared by the sol-gel method for the study of their structural and magnetic properties. X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive x-ray analysis reveal that the particles are of a single anatase phase with successful substitution of Ti <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+4</sup> with the dopant ions except Ni, which has a low solubility. Electron spin resonance (ESR) is performed with temperature variation to probe the magnetic interactions. For Fe- and Cr-doped nanoparticles, a similar temperature dependence of signal intensity is observed, indicating the same coupling mechanism. The major paramagnetic resonance signal at g ~ 2 suggests a dipolar interaction associated with the doping-induced free spins in the nanoparticle system whose strength increases with the concentration. This work demonstrates that ESR is a sensitive probe for distinguishing the type of spin interaction in dilute magnetic semiconductors.

Topic: ZnO doping and properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Energy‐related influences on variation in breastfeeding duration among indigenous Maya women from Guatemala

Abstract Objectives The causes of variation in breastfeeding duration in humans are poorly understood, but life history factors related to maternal energetics drive much of the variation in lactation duration in nonhuman animals. With this in mind, we investigated whether four energy‐related factors influence variation in breastfeeding duration in a non‐industrial human population: (1) mortality risk during mother's development (assessed via mother's adult height), (2) reliance on nutrient‐dense weaning foods, (3) access to and need for help with infant feeding and care (“allomaternal care”), and (4) maternal tradeoffs between current and future reproduction (measured via child's birth order). Materials and methods The data pertain to 51 Kakchiquel‐speaking Maya mothers and 283 children from a village in rural Guatemala. We developed a linear mixed model to evaluate the relationships between breastfeeding duration and the energy‐related factors. Results Duration of breastfeeding was associated with two of the energy‐related factors in the ways we predicted but not with the other two. Contrary to predictions, taller mothers breastfed for shorter periods and we found no evidence that weanling diet quality impacts breastfeeding duration. As predicted, women who had more help with infants breastfed for shorter periods, and later‐born infants breastfed longer than earlier‐born ones. Discussion The results regarding allomaternal care suggest that help reduces mothers' lactation demands. The energy saved may be redirected to increasing fecundity or investment in other children. The birth order result suggests that children born to mothers nearing reproductive senescence receive higher levels of investment, which likely impacts children's fitness.

Topic: Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Modelling the ecosystem effects of nitrogen deposition: Model of Ecosystem Retention and Loss of Inorganic Nitrogen (MERLIN

Abstract. A catchment-scale mass-balance model of linked carbon and nitrogen cycling in ecosystems has been developed for simulating leaching losses of inorganic nitrogen. The model (MERLIN) considers linked biotic and abiotic processes affecting the cycling and storage of nitrogen. The model is aggregated in space and time and contains compartments intended to be observable and/or interpretable at the plot or catchment scale. The structure of the model includes the inorganic soil, a plant compartment and two soil organic compartments. Fluxes in and out of the ecosystem and between compartments are regulated by atmospheric deposition, hydrological discharge, plant uptake, litter production, wood production, microbial immobilization, mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification. Nitrogen fluxes are controlled by carbon productivity, the C:N ratios of organic compartments and inorganic nitrogen in soil solution. Inputs required are: 1) temporal sequences of carbon fluxes and pools- 2) time series of hydrological discharge through the soils, 3) historical and current external sources of inorganic nitrogen; 4) current amounts of nitrogen in the plant and soil organic compartments; 5) constants specifying the nitrogen uptake and immobilization characteristics of the plant and soil organic compartments; and 6) soil characteristics such as depth, porosity, bulk density, and anion/cation exchange constants. Outputs include: 1) concentrations and fluxes of NO3 and NH4 in soil solution and runoff; 2) total nitrogen contents of the organic and inorganic compartments; 3) C:N ratios of the aggregated plant and soil organic compartments; and 4) rates of nitrogen uptake and immobilization and nitrogen mineralization. The behaviour of the model is assessed for a combination of land-use change and nitrogen deposition scenarios in a series of speculative simulations. The results of the simulations are in broad agreement with observed and hypothesized behaviour of nitrogen dynamics in growing forests receiving nitrogen deposition.

Topic: Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics
Subfield: Environmental Chemistry
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Wild-Type MIC Distributions and Epidemiological Cutoff Values for Caspofungin and Aspergillus spp. for the CLSI Broth Microdilution Method (M38-A2 Document)

ABSTRACT Clinical breakpoints have not been established for mold testing. Epidemiologic cutoff values (ECVs) are available for six Aspergillus spp. and the triazoles, but not for caspofungin. Wild-type (WT) minimal effective concentration (MEC) distributions (organisms in a species-drug combination with no acquired resistance mechanisms) were defined in order to establish ECVs for six Aspergillus spp. and caspofungin. The number of available isolates was as follows: 1,691 A. fumigatus , 432 A. flavus , 192 A. nidulans , 440 A. niger , 385 A. terreus , and 75 A. versicolor isolates. CLSI broth microdilution MEC data gathered in five independent laboratories in Canada, Europe, and the United States were aggregated for the analyses. ECVs expressed in μg/ml that captured 95% and 99% of the modeled wild-type population were for A. fumigatus 0.5 and 1, A. flavus 0.25 and 0.5, A. nidulans 0.5 and 0.5, A. niger 0.25 and 0.25, A. terreus 0.25 and 0.5, and A. versicolor 0.25 and 0.5. Although caspofungin ECVs are not designed to predict the outcome of therapy, they may aid in the detection of strains with reduced antifungal susceptibility to this agent and acquired resistance mechanisms.

Topic: Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Comparison of Shaping Properties among 4 Microcatheters—Shapability into Spirals and Shape Consistency

Objective: Four microcatheters were compared, and the properties of new microcatheters that are designed to be more shapable (Headway 17 and Excelsior XT 17) were evaluated.Case Presentations: After the tips of the catheters were shaped into one, two, and three spiral rounds about 4 mm in diameter, they were allowed to stand in physiologic saline at 37°C, and changes in the shape between immediately after and 10 min after shaping were compared. There was no difference in the shape among the catheters immediately after shaping, but the initial shape was better retained in Headway 17 and XT 17 after 10 min.Conclusion: Headway 17 and XT 17 had higher shape consistency than Excelsior SL 10 and Echelon 10, and better retained their original shape.

Topic: Central Venous Catheters and Hemodialysis
Subfield: Emergency Medical Services
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
STOCKS AND DEPRECIATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL: NEW EVIDENCE FROM A PRESENT‐VALUE PERSPECTIVE

Responding to a perceived growing interest in human wealth estimates, this paper offers a framework for measuring the aggregate stock of human capital and then implements the procedure for the United States male population age 14 to 75. Unlike previous estimates of human wealth that are based upon historical or resource costs, these estimates measure the capital stock as the discounted resent‐value of expected lifetime returns. In the estimation, returns are equated with earnings data from the 1970 U.S. Census 15 percent Public Use Sample for out‐of‐school males, adjusted for employment and survival probabilities, adjusted for an assumed exogenous growth in future earnings, and discounted at 7.5 percent. We provide cross‐sectional estimates of individual stocks of human capital by age and educational attainment, as well as expected lifetime wealth profiles for individuals by level of education. These individual profiles can be used to obtain direct estimates of age‐specific depreciation which suggest human capital is subject to significant and prolonged appreciation before nearly straight‐line depreciation begins around middle age. This finding is all the more significant since resource‐cost estimates of human capital which must assume a depreciation pattern to obtain stocks have always imposed a much faster rate much sooner. Finally, an aggregate estimate of the stock of human capital for all males is supplied and its sensitivity to the choice of the discount rate, tax laws, and expected exogenous growth is analyzed. This seemingly‐conservative stock estimate is then compared to a much lower resource‐cost estimate offered recently by John Kendrick. A discount rate over 20 percent would be needed to equate the two measures. In trying to reconcile the two figures, we raise some new questions about the validity of both approaches for human capital accounting.

Topic: Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Data from Synergistic Anticancer Activity of Arsenic Trioxide with Erlotinib Is Based on Inhibition of EGFR-Mediated DNA Double-Strand Break Repair

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Arsenic trioxide (ATO), one of the oldest remedies used in traditional medicine, was recently rediscovered as an anticancer drug and approved for treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. However, its activity against nonhematologic cancers is rather limited so far. Here, we show that inhibition of ATO-mediated EGF receptor (EGFR) activation can be used to potently sensitize diverse solid cancer types against ATO. Thus, combination of ATO and the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib exerted synergistic activity against multiple cancer cell lines. Subsequent analyses revealed that this effect was based on the blockade of ATO-induced EGFR phosphorylation leading to more pronounced G&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;–M arrest as well as enhanced and more rapid induction of apoptosis. Comparable ATO-sensitizing effects were also found with PI3K/AKT and mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitors, suggesting an essential role of the EGFR-mediated downstream signaling pathway in cancer cell protection against ATO. H2AX staining and comet assay revealed that erlotinib significantly increases ATO-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) well in accordance with a role of the EGFR signaling axis in DNA damage repair. Indeed, EGFR inhibition led to downregulation of several DNA DSB repair proteins such as Rad51 and Rad50 as well as reduced phosphorylation of BRCA1. Finally, the combination treatment of ATO and erlotinib was also distinctly superior to both monotreatments against the notoriously therapy-resistant human A549 lung cancer and the orthotopic p31 mesothelioma xenograft model &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;. In conclusion, this study suggests that combination of ATO and EGFR inhibitors is a promising therapeutic strategy against various solid tumors harboring wild-type EGFR. &lt;i&gt;Mol Cancer Ther; 12(6); 1073–84. ©2013 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Two Unrecorded Enophytic Fungi Isolated from Root of Ligusticum chuanxiong in Korea:SPithomyces chartarum and Plectosphaerella niemeijerarum

Endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the sterilized roots of a medicinal plant,Ligusticum chuanxiong and identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular analysis of internal transcribed spacer, large subunit rDNA, and beta-tubulin DNA regions. Our results confirmed the presence of SPithomyces chartarum and Plectosphaerella niemeijerarum in the fungal strains. To the best of our knowledge, the fungal strains have not been reported in Korea. In this report, we describe morphological characteristics and phylogenetic trees of these endophytic fungal strains.

Topic: Fungal Biology and Applications
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Opsonic and Complement‐Dependent Bactericidal Activities of Various Immunoglobulin Preparations for Intravenous Use

Abstract. Some effector functions of various immunoglobulin (IgG) preparations have been compared. Tests for opsonic activity were performed in vitro with human peripheral blood leukocytes and in vivo with mice. The augmentation effects on luminol‐dependent chemiluminescence were investigated with human leukocytes. The complement‐dependent bactericidal activities were tested with Escherichia coli. Five IgG preparations: pH 4‐treated preparation (IG‐100), polyethyleneglycol‐treated preparation (PEG‐G), sulfonated preparation (S‐G), pepsin‐treated preparation (Pep‐G) and a preparation for intramuscular use (GGN) were studied. The results were as follows: (1) IG‐100 and PEG‐G exhibited strong activities in all test systems; (2) GGN showed a strong opsonic activity; (3) S‐G showed relatively weak activities in all test systems, but the revertant S‐G preparation exhibited somewhat stronger activities in all systems, and (4) Pep‐G showed weak or no activity in all systems. These results suggest that the IgG molecules in IG‐100 and PEG‐G preparations have satisfactory effector functions. On the other hand, IgG molecules in S‐G and Pep‐G preparation may have significant deficiencies in their biological functions.

Topic: Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Auditory object-motion perception during actual self-motion

We investigated the effect of actual self-motion on auditory object-motion detection. There have been several studies that investigate how eye, head, and whole body movements modulate visual motion processing. However, less is known about their effects on auditory motion processing. Our previous study showed that sounds moving in the congruent directions with visually induced self-motion were detected more quickly and more accurately than those in the conflicting directions, when sounds were presented in rear space (Teramoto et al., 2006 IMRF). In the present study, we used a rotary chair surrounded with random dots and two loudspeakers attached on either the front or the back of the chair, in order to confirm the phenomenon in a more realistic environment. Observers were asked to judge in which direction a sound appeared to move, leftward or rightward, while being rotated around their vertical axis. The results for the rear space condition were consistent with our previous study. On the other hand, those for the front space condition showed that sounds moving in the conflicting directions with self-motion were detected more accurately. The implications of these results are discussed in light of the contribution of the self-motion mechanisms to auditory spatiotemporal processing.

Topic: Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences