jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Coyotes can do ‘puppy dog eyes’ too: comparing interspecific variation in <i>Canis</i> facial expression muscles

Facial expressions are critical for non-verbal communication. The Canis genus epitomizes the interplay between behaviour and morphology in the evolution of non-verbal communication. Recent work suggests that the levator anguli oculi medialis (LAOM) muscle is unique to dogs ( Canis familiaris ) within the Canis genus and evolved due to domestication. The LAOM raises the inner eyebrows, resulting in the ‘puppy dog eyes’ expression. Here, we test whether the LAOM is a derived trait in dogs by (i) examining the facial expression muscles of a closely related and ancestral wild Canis species, the coyote ( C. latrans ) and (ii) comparing our results with other Canis and canid taxa. We discover that coyotes have a well-developed LAOM like dogs, which differs from the modified/absent LAOM in grey wolves. Our findings challenge the hypothesis that the LAOM developed due to domestication. We suggest that the LAOM is a basal trait that was lost in grey wolves. Additionally, we find inter- and intraspecific variations in the size of the muscles of the outer ear, forehead, lips and rostrum, indicating potential adaptations related to sensory perception, communication and individual-level functional variations within canids. Together, this research expands our knowledge of facial expressions, their evolution and their role in communication.

Topic: Human-Animal Interaction Studies
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Guinea-Bissau

Portugal was the major power in the area throughout the colonial period. In 1974, after the Portuguese revolution, Portugal abandoned the struggle to keep Guinea-Bissau and independence was formally recognized on 10 Sept. 1974. In 1975 Cape Verde also became independent but the two countries remained separate sovereign states. On 14 Nov. 1980 a coup d’état was in part inspired by resentment in Guinea-Bissau over the privileges enjoyed by Cape Verdians. Guineans obtained a more prominent role under the new government. In May 1984 a new constitution was approved based on Marxist principles but after 1986 there was a return to private enterprise in an attempt to solve critical economic problems and to lift the country out of poverty. A year-long civil war broke out in 1998 between army rebels and the country’s long-time ruler. Neighbouring Senegal and Guinea sent troops in to aid the government. In May 1999 President João Bernardo Vieira was ousted in a military coup led by former chief of staff Gen. Ansumane Mané, whom the president had dismissed in 1998. Following the coup Mané briefly headed a military junta before National Assembly speaker Malam Bacaï Sanhá took power as acting president. After presidential elections in Nov. 1999 and Jan. 2000 Kumba Ialá gained the presidency in a landslide victory. Marking a change towards a democratic future in Guinea-Bissau’s politics, Ialá rejected a demand made by the outgoing junta for special consultative status following the elections. Kumba Ialá was overthrown in a coup in Sept. 2003 led by army chief of staff Gen. Veríssimo Correia Seabra. Vieira returned from exile to win the 2005 presidential election but was murdered in March 2009 by a group of soldiers following the assassination of his rival Batista Tagme Na Waie, the Army Chief of Staff. Malam Bacaï Sanhá became president in July 2009. In July and Aug. 2011 Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior survived popular calls for his resignation amid spiralling food prices. In Jan. 2012 Sanhá died after a long illness. After the first round of polls two months later to find a successor, the military staged a coup, installing Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo as head of a transitional government until June 2014, when the country was returned to civilian rule following the election of José Mário Vaz as president. The political volatility characterizing Vaz’s five-year term of office continued following disputed presidential elections in late 2019 that returned Umaro Sissoco Embaló, a former prime minister, amid ongoing opposition dissent.

Topic: African Studies and Ethnography
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The ecologist's role in development for tourism: a case study in the Caribbean

Journal Article The ecologist's role in development for tourism: a case study in the Caribbean Get access F. B. GOLDSMITH F. B. GOLDSMITH 1Conservation Course, Department of Botany and Microbiology, University College, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 5, Issue 3, September 1973, Pages 265–287, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1973.tb00706.x Published: 14 January 2008

Topic: Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
CO2 Emissions from air transport

By moving goods and people over large distances, air transport facilitates international trade and tourism and thus contributes to economic growth and job creation. At the same time, it also comes with environmental challenges, largely related to air emissions and their impact on global warming. Air transport has been disproportionately negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic with associated reductions in air emissions. However, recent projections show that, in the absence of accelerated technological developments and more ambitious policy measures, aviation-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will grow again at a rapid pace after the pandemic. This paper describes a new OECD database providing near-real-time and global information on aviation-related CO2 emissions, with allocations across countries following either the territory or the residence principle. This database provides a public good for both statistical measurement and environmental policy analysis. On the statistical front, it will facilitate the compilation of global Air Emission Accounts according to the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA), bring granular and timely information on a significant source of CO2 emissions, and allow tracking their evolution during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The comparison with official statistics that are available with a significant delay and at lower frequency demonstrates the accuracy of the OECD estimates. On the environmental policy front, it is expected that the OECD database will help monitor the impact of technological developments and policy measures to curb aviation-related CO2 emissions in the future.

Topic: Aviation Industry Analysis and Trends
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
The "Efficient but Poor" Hypothesis*

Theodore W. Schultz was an enormously influential economist; the second person in a distinguished department at the University of Chicago to be awarded the Nobel Prize in economics (in 1979, three years after Milton Friedman); the first development economist, along with W. Arthur Lewis of Princeton, to win the Nobel; and the first winner of the Nobel Prize who had devoted much of his early career to studying problems of agriculture. Schultz transformed how the economics profession looked at problems confronting developing countries. During the 1950s and early 1960s, it was widely accepted among economists and policymakers that the marginal product of labor in agriculture in developing countries was zero, so that labor could be withdrawn from agriculture for industrialization at no cost to agricultural production. It was also widely argued that farmers in developing countries were guided by tradition or culture and did not respond to economic incentives. In Transforming Traditional Agriculture, Schultz demolished these arguments. A central thesis of Schultz's work was that farmers in developing countries are but (or, as many put it, but efficient), meaning that they make efficient use of their few resources. For economists trained since Transforming Traditional Agriculture was published and subsequently incorporated into the mainstream of the profession, it is difficult to appreciate how revolutionary Schultz's views on development economics were within the intellectual milieu of the 1960s. Recently, some development economists have questioned the efficient but poor hypothesis, arguing that aspects of agricultural household decisions and land tenancy arrangements in developing countries seemingly defy efficient

Topic: Land Rights and Reforms
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Image_1_Biomechanical Strategies Underlying the Robust Body Armour of an Aposematic Weevil.TIF

&lt;p&gt;Robust body armor is one of many anti-predator strategies used among animal taxa. The exoskeleton of insects can serve as the secondary defense mechanism in combination with the primary defense such as warning color. Aposematic Pachyrhynchus weevils advertise their unprofitability and use their robust exoskeleton for effective defense against lizard predators. While the mature weevils survive after the predatory attack, the soft teneral ones can easily be consumed. To reveal how the mature weevils achieve such effective protection, we investigated the ontogenetic changes in the microstructure and material properties of the exoskeleton of the adult weevils. We also tested the functional role of a weevil-specific structure, the fibrous ridge, in the robustness of the elytral cuticle of the mature weevils. The results showed that the mature weevils have thicker, stiffer and more sclerotized cuticle than the teneral ones. The fibrous ridges in the endocuticle considerably increase the overall stiffness of their cuticle. Together these biomechanical strategies enable Pachyrhynchus weevils to achieve robust body armor that efficiently protects them from lizard predation.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Deep levels near ‘‘buried’’ ZnSe/GaAs(100) heterointerfaces

We have used low energy cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (CLS) and laser photoluminescence spectroscopy (PLS) to identify the energies and depth variation of deep levels near the buried, molecular beam epitaxy-grown ZnSe/GaAs(100) heterointerface. Using a combination of electron excitation energies and laser wavelengths to obtain CLS/PLS ‘‘depth profiles’’ through the interface regions of 150–500-nm-thick ZnSe epilayer/GaAs substrate structures, we find that deep electronic states are formed near the heterojunction and within the epilayer whose relative emission intensities vary dramatically with beam pressure ratio. For Zn (Se)-rich interface, features at 0.9, 1.0, and 1.14 eV (1.3 eV) are dominant. An additional feature at 1.9 eV appears with high temperature annealing. In general, intensities of the 1.3 and 1.9 eV features appear most intense for excitation depths corresponding to the buried interface regions. These spectral features demonstrate substantial differences in the localized interface states formed under variant epilayer growth conditions. They also provide an effective in situ monitor of heterointerface quality and stability.

Topic: Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Rapid Deletion and Inactivation of CTLs upon Recognition of a Number of Target Cells over a Critical Threshold

Abstract Initiation of CTL responses against foreign pathogens also primes anti-self CTLs. Mechanisms of CTL inactivation inhibit anti-self CTLs to prevent tissue damage. These mechanisms are exploited by pathogens and tumors to evade the immune response, and present a major hurdle to adoptive CTL therapies. It is unclear whether CTL inactivation is Ag specific and, if so, which APCs are involved. Potential candidates include the target cells themselves, dendritic cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and macrophages. In this study, we show that lymphoma-specific CTLs are rapidly deleted in an Ag-specific manner after adoptive transfer into lymphoma-bearing mice, and the surviving CTLs are functionally impaired. The only APCs responsible were the target cells directly presenting Ag, notwithstanding the presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and CD8+ dendritic cells cross-presenting tumor Ag. The capacity to inactivate CTLs critically depended on the number of tumor/target cells; small numbers of targets were readily killed, but a large number caused quick deletion and functional inactivation of the CTLs. Application of mild, noninflammatory, and nonlymphoablative chemotherapy to specifically reduce tumor burden before CTL injection prevented CTL deletion and inactivation and allowed eradication of tumor. Our results advocate the use of adoptive CTL therapy soon after mild chemotherapy. They also suggest a simple mechanism for Ag-specific impairment of anti-self CTLs in the face of an active anti-foreign CTL response.

Topic: Immune Cell Function and Interaction
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Quality of Life in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Abstract The construct of quality of life (QOL), which has both subjective and objective components, has gained increasing importance in psychiatric research for several important reasons, not the least being the current importance of pharmacoeconomic issues. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been suggested to be the worlds 10th most disabling disorder, and pharmacoeconomic studies have indicated that its cost to the world economy runs into the billions of dollars. The use of QOL scales derived from general medicine and other areas of psychiatry has demonstrated the enormous negative impact of OCD on several domains, including occupational function, social function, and family function. Further work to ascertain the extent of changes in QOL during treatment of OCD is necessary.

Topic: Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Optimization of pyrolysis conditions for production of reductant charcoal

Steel is one of the most important materials used in modern society. The majority of the steel produced today is based on the use of coke and contributes a lot to greenhouse gases emission. Many researchers have been laid on the possibility to replace part of the fossil-based energy source in iron making with renewable, biomass-derived reducing agent. The main problems of this replacement are some difference of in quality between coke and wood charcoal (more reactive, less strength and carbon content) It causes a little shutdown of production in blast furnace and additional cost to modify a furnace. The aim of this paper was to determine in a statistical manner how carbonizations parameters impact the charcoal quality, especially reactivity and mechanical parameter. We applied a random factorial design and used the General linear System procedure to perform the statistical analysis. The experimental study was carried out using Eucalyptus Urophylla and Eucalyptus Camadulensis wood and involved two carbonization temperature (350 and 600°C), two relative working pressure (2 and 6bars) and two heating rates(1 and 5°C/min). Six response variables were analyzed and discussed following a random factorial design: the charcoal yield (y char), the fixed carbon content (Cf), the bulk density (D), the compressive strength (Rm), friability (F) and the reactivity(R) of charcoal. Except for the friability of charcoal, all other property are well correlate with carbonization parameter. In the range of low carbonisation parameter, reactivity of charcoal is affected only by carbonization temperature.

Topic: Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Organization, Society and Politics

'Organization' is a term that is used very widely here, consistent with its use in the leading journal in Critical Management Studies (CMS), itself titled Organization. A recent editorial in this journal embraces a generous usage conceptualizing 'organization' 'as noun and verb, accomplishment and process' (Parker, 2010: 5). Since 'organization' is so often used to refer to a place of work, or business, re-describing it in these broader terms is an act of politics. This is because the narrow and broader definitions of organization are expressions of inclusion and exclusion, of privilege and deprivation. Before elaborating on this and on the senses of organization as noun and as verb, it is helpful to restate the definition of organization that was developed in the introductory chapter, as an extension of the Fact that a human being is zōon politikon: Organization as verb describes the activities of humans as political animals. As noun, 'organization' describes the groups and places within which such activities take place, but these groups and places result from acts of organization. As groups and places, these organizations in turn structure acts of organizing.

Topic: Management and Organizational Studies
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Review of State Legislative Approaches to Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 2002–2011

We conducted a legal mapping study of state bills related to racial/ethnic health disparities in all 50 states between 2002 and 2011. Forty-five states introduced at least 1 bill that specifically targeted racial/ethnic health disparities; we analyzed 607 total bills. Of these 607 bills, 330 were passed into law (54.4%). These bills approached eliminating racial/ethnic health disparities by developing governmental infrastructure, providing appropriations, and focusing on specific diseases and data collection. In addition, states tackled emerging topics that were previously lacking laws, particularly Hispanic health. Legislation is an important policy tool for states to advance the elimination of racial/ethnic health disparities.

Topic: Healthcare Policy and Management
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Abstract CN01-02: Chromosomal instability as a driver of tumor metastasis

Abstract Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer, and it results from ongoing errors in chromosome segregation during mitosis. While CIN is a major driver of tumor evolution, its role in metastasis has not been established. Here we show that CIN promotes metastasis by sustaining a tumor-cell autonomous response to cytosolic DNA. Errors in chromosome segregation create a preponderance of rupture-prone micronuclei that expose their DNA content to the cytosol. This leads to the activation of the cGAS-STING cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway and downstream noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Genetic suppression of CIN significantly delays metastasis even in highly aneuploid tumor models, whereas inducing continuous chromosome segregation errors promotes cellular invasion and metastasis in a STING-dependent manner. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we uncover a CIN-induced transcriptional switch from a proliferative and metabolically active state to a mesenchymal phenotype associated with inflammatory pathways, offering an opportunity to target chromosome segregation errors for therapeutic benefit. Citation Format: Samuel F. Bakhoum. Chromosomal instability as a driver of tumor metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2017 Oct 26-30; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2018;17(1 Suppl):Abstract nr CN01-02.

Topic: interferon and immune responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Permutation Models and SVC

Let M be a model of ZFAC (ZFC modified to allow a set of atoms),\nand let N be an inner model with the same set of atoms and the same pure sets (sets with no atoms in their transitive closure) as M. We show that N is a permutation submodel of M if and only if\nN satisfies the principle SVC (Small Violations of Choice),\na weak form of the axiom of choice which says that in some sense,\nall violations of choice are localized in a set. A special case is considered in which there exists an SVC witness which satisfies a certain homogeneity\ncondition.

Topic: Economic theories and models
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
A New Approach for Interpreting TEM Data in Time Domain

Based on the relaxation effect of electromagnetic field,a new approach was established for interpreting central loop TEM acquired data.By 3-dimensional modeling of the responses of center loop TEM,the characteristics of the responses of a buried target geological body at different depthes or with different electrical parameters was studied.The technique is used for surveying a cave of water reservoir,better effect is obtained,the result of hole drilling shows that a 2m diameter karst cave is discovered at 34m,,it is consistent with the result of interpretation.

Topic: Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Wirkungen der Familienpolitik auf die Fertilität in modernen Wohlfahrtsstaaten

The Impact of Family Policy on Fertility in Modern Welfare States: Many European welfare states face far-reaching demographic challenges. Concerns about the future institutional stability of modern welfare states are especially heightened by low birth rates. This study examines the impact family policy measures, current regulations in welfare states and socio-cultural transformation have on the fertility rate of a given country. Findings suggest that family policy may have different effects in different contexts, for its impact on fertility depends, ultimately, on the particular social conditions of the given welfare state.

Topic: Social and Demographic Issues in Germany
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Pious wives of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) Specific study of wasilatul-Faqir fi sharh asma al-Nabi al-Bashir by Makhdoom Hashim

Makhdoom Hashim thatvi RA is known as biographer of Holy Prophet SAWW. He has a different methodology then other biographer have. He has collected 1180 Names (Asma Un Nabi) of Holy Prophet SAWW and had written a booklet “Hadiqat us Sifa fi Asma un Nabi al Mustafa” then wrote a detailed interpretation in persion language “Wasilat ul faqir fi asma Sherh Asma un Nabi” this article discusses the same manuscript in detail

Topic: Linguistic, Cultural, and Literary Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences