jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An Insight into the Educational Buildings of the First National Architecture Period in Turkey Based on Egli’s Architectural Design Language: Development of a Grammar-Based Model

The objective of this study is to analyse the principles of educational buildings in the First National Architectural style in Turkey by examining the works of Ernst A. Egli, who is considered one of the pioneers of the modernisation process during the National Architecture Period. To this end, shape grammar was selected as the most appropriate method, as it offers the potential to analyse design languages and produce similar or hybrid designs within this language. The method was first developed by Stiny and Gips in the 1970s with the objective of defining design rules through an algorithmic process. In line with this methodological framework, the study employed a typological analysis of Egli’s educational buildings to derive shape grammar rules. These rules were then presented as input to the design process, with a hybrid application that explores potential design alternatives in accordance with Egli’s design approach by adopting parametric modelling methodology. The findings of the study are discussed comparatively with the buildings of other architects of the period. In this context, the analysis of Egli’s buildings reveals that his designs are compatible with the contemporary architects of his period. Accordingly, a design language that reflects the characteristic features of the First National Architecture Period is presented.

Topic: Classical Studies and Philology
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Optimal Training Data Selection in Active Learning for Discrimination and Classification

Active learning has become a popular learning process for classification. By selecting the most beneficial training data, an active classifier achieves better classification accuracy than a passive classifier. We investigate the methods of developing two different types of optimal active learning processes, via either estimated discriminant functions or logistic regression. A comparison study is presented for the classifiers obtained by these methods. Performance of proposed active classifiers is evaluated under various conditions and assumptions. Optimal two-stage active learning is provided. Monte Carlo simulations have shown improved classification accuracy of our proposed active learning processes compared to passive learning process for all scenarios considered, with up to 10% accuracy improvement.

Topic: Machine Learning and Algorithms
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Entrepreneurship in tourism education: a self-efficacy approach

This paper is a report of a study to measure changes in tourism e-microentrepreneurial self-efficacy (TeMSE) in undergraduate students after attending an introductory survey course on tourism management. Given that high entrepreneurial self-efficacy is associated with enterprise success, enhancing levels of TeMSE is warranted to grow a more just tourism economy in a sector largely controlled by profit-oriented large corporations. This need is stronger among women, who may doubt their entrepreneurial competences due to stereotyped gender-role socialization. Consequently, universities have become aware of the importance of developing entrepreneurial potential, and are focusing on equipping students with skills and abilities necessary to pursue their own microenterprises. Accordingly, we developed a battery of hands-on learning tools to enhance efficacy beliefs in tourism entrepreneurial skills. Analysis of pre-post data suggests improvements only in the Pursuing Innovation dimension of TeMSE. Moreover, unlike previous research, we found no evidence of baseline lower self-efficacy among females.

Topic: Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for folate

Following a request from the European Commission (EC), the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the revision of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for folic acid/folate. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to assess evidence on priority adverse health effects of excess intake of folate (including folic acid and the other authorised forms, (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid glucosamine and l-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid calcium salts), namely risk of cobalamin-dependent neuropathy, cognitive decline among people with low cobalamin status, and colorectal cancer and prostate cancer. The evidence is insufficient to conclude on a positive and causal relationship between the dietary intake of folate and impaired cognitive function, risk of colorectal and prostate cancer. The risk of progression of neurological symptoms in cobalamin-deficient patients is considered as the critical effect to establish an UL for folic acid. No new evidence has been published that could improve the characterisation of the dose-response between folic acid intake and resolution of megaloblastic anaemia in cobalamin-deficient individuals. The ULs for folic acid previously established by the Scientific Committee on Food are retained for all population groups, i.e. 1000 μg/day for adults, including pregnant and lactating women, 200 μg/day for children aged 1-3 years, 300 μg/day for 4-6 years, 400 μg/day for 7-10 years, 600 μg/day for 11-14 years and 800 μg/day for 15-17 years. A UL of 200 μg/day is established for infants aged 4-11 months. The ULs apply to the combined intake of folic acid, (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid glucosamine and l-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid calcium salts, under their authorised conditions of use. It is unlikely that the ULs for supplemental folate are exceeded in European populations, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of folic acid/5-methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid salts.

Topic: Folate and B Vitamins Research
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
CLINICAL UTILITY OF CONTINUOUS SUBCUTANEOUS INSULIN INFUSION IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES: A MACEDONIAN REPORT

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the efficacy and safety of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in all patients with type 1 diabetes on pump therapy in Macedonia. The study was performed at University Department of Endocrinology in Skopje from January 2004 until December 2006. CSII was initiated in diabetics with poor metabolic control. HbA 1c , severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis in the year before CSII were compared with the respective values during one-year pump treatment. Fourteen patients (6 male and 8 female) aged 18.9±6.4 years with type 1 diabetes were included in the study. The mean HbA 1c of 9.4±1.1% in one year pre-pump period decreased to 7.3±0.8% one year after CSII. The rate of severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis was reduced upon switch to pump treatment in the next year. CSII is effective and safe treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes to achieve

Topic: Diabetes Management and Research
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty

Objective To describe the procedure and result of a newly designed total knee prosthesis Methods During the period of July 1991 through December 1997,there were 8 revision knee arthroplasties performed in 7 patients Five patients had RA, 2 OA (3 keens) The major indications for revision surgery were aseptic loosening with pain or deformity Results The follow up periods lasted from six months to eight years Five knee had 80° of flexion and walking distance was over 500 m They could climb stairs with the help of a hand rail The range of motion of other 3 knees was less than 40° of flexion and walking ability was limited Conclusion The current design of the revision total knee prosthesis provides a new stable device for the patients who need the revision of the failed total knee replacement

Topic: Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Globalisation, international transport and the global environment: a Dutch perspective

This paper aims to provide a survey of the intricate relationships between globalisation trends, international transport and global environmental change, against the background of the open Dutch economy. Based on a systematic typology of globalisation factors proposed by the OECD, the paper attempts to assess the force field involved and its implications for environmental indicators (in particular, CO2). A comprehensive statistical sectoral analysis of the Dutch economy is carried out in order to estimate the time trajectories of CO2 emissions.

Topic: Transportation Planning and Optimization
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Oligopogon rossi Londt 2014, sp. n.

Oligopogon rossi sp. n. Figs 2E, 5 Etymology: Named for Dr E.S. Ross who has collected many interesting and valuable Asilidae on his various African expeditions. Description: Head: Dark red-brown to black, red-gold and silver pruinose, extensively black setose. Antenna: Dark red-brown. Segmental ratios: 1:1.0:3.2:3.3 (scape, pedicel, postpedicel, style). Scape and pedicel of similar development, black setose. Postpedicel circular in cross-section, tapering distally. Style of similar diameter to distal end of postpedicel, equipped with long black setae projecting from all surfaces. Face and vertex silver pruinose, frons dull red-gold pruinose, mystax black, ocellar macrosetae black. Occiput silver pruinose except for two large subtriangular apruinose areas between dorsal eye margin and cervical region (see Fig. 2E), black setose dorsally, white setose ventrally. Face to head width ratio in anterior view 1:4.0 (face much narrower than one eye). Proboscis dark red-brown, straight, brown and pale yellow-white setose. Palpi minute, 2-segmented, brown, white setose. Thorax: Dark red-brown to black, extensively red-gold and silver pruinose, black and pale yellow setose. Mesonotum: Extensively pruinose except for postpronotal lobes, a pair of large lateral spots posterior to transverse suture and postalar lobes. 2 black npl (other macrosetae poorly developed), general setae longish, mostly dark red-brown (few whitish). Scutellum dark red-brown, entirely silver pruinose, fine dark red-brown setose (ca. 4 thin apical macrosetae). Pleura fairly uniformly silver pruinose. Katatergal setae white. Legs: Coxae dark red-brown, silver pruinose, whitish setose. Trochanters dark red-brown, white setose. Femora dark red-brown, mixed dark red-brown and white setose. Tibiae and tarsi brown-yellow, dark red-brown setose. Wings: 5.1 × 1.8 mm (holotype). Membrane entirely microtrichose, appearing pale yellow (Fig. 5). Abdomen: Terga dark red-brown, largely apruinose except for narrow silver pruinose lateral margins, white setose. Sterna dark red-brown, extensively apruinose except for large silver pruinose anteromedial areas. ♂ and ♀ terminalia dark red-brown. Holotype: ZAMBIA: 1♂ ‘ N. Rhodesia: / Chambezi [river ca. 11°28'S 30°21'E] Pon- / toon, 25 mi. S. / of Kasama / ii-11-58, 1220m’, ‘ E.S. Ross & / R.E. Leech / collectors’ (CASC). Paratypes: ZAMBIA: 3♂ 7♀ 3? Data as for holotype (CASC, NMSA 1♂ 1♀). Note: Some identified by Oldroyd as penicillatus, others as superciliatus. Distribution (Table 1), phenology (Table 2) and biology: Known only from the type locality in Zambia. The species has only been collected in February. The preferred habitat is not recorded.

Topic: Diptera species taxonomy and behavior
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Smuggler nation: how illicit trade made America

America is a smuggler nation. Our long history of illicit imports has ranged from West Indies molasses and Dutch gunpowder in the 18th century, to British industrial technologies and African slaves in the 19th century, to French condoms and Canadian booze in the early 20th century, to Mexican workers and Colombian cocaine in the modern era. Contraband capitalism, it turns out, has been an integral part of American capitalism. Providing a sweeping narrative history from colonial times to the present, Smuggler Nation, now available in paperback to retell the story of America--and of its engagement with its neighbors and the rest of the world--as a series of highly contentious battles over clandestine commerce. As Peter Andreas demonstrates in this provocative and fascinating work, smuggling has played a pivotal and too often overlooked role in America's birth, westward expansion, and economic development, while anti-smuggling campaigns have dramatically enhanced the federal government's policing powers. The great irony, Andreas tells us, is that a country that was born and grew up through smuggling is today the world's leading anti-smuggling crusader. In tracing America's long and often tortuous relationship with the murky underworld of smuggling, Andreas provides a much-needed antidote to today's hyperbolic depictions of out-of-control borders and growing global crime threats. Urgent calls by politicians and pundits to regain control of the nation's borders suffer from a severe case of historical amnesia, nostalgically implying that they were ever actually under control. This is pure mythology, says Andreas. For better and for worse, America's borders have always been highly porous. Far from being a new and unprecedented danger to America, the illicit underside of globalization is actually an old American tradition. As Andreas shows, it goes back not just decades but centuries. And its impact has been decidedly double-edged, not only subverting U.S. laws but also helping to fuel America's evolution from a remote British colony to the world's pre-eminent superpower.

Topic: Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Modalités de sélection des sites d’enfouissement technique en Algérie et leur prise en charge par les instruments d’aménagement du territoire et d’urbanisme

Landfilling has always been the most common form of treatment in Algeria.The technical nature of this activity has increased considerably since the promulgation of law 01-19-2001 on waste management. Thus, we have passed from the uncontrolled discharge, which is practiced for a long time, to controlled discharge and then to the technical landfill (TL). This latter must allow the final disposal of solid waste in a safe manner, minimizing environmental and public health impacts.The search for suitable sites must not only meet the technical and environmental criteria (waterproofing of the soil and treatment of liquid and gaseous effluents), but also, territorial and urban planning orientations. As a result, territorial and urban planning instruments must provide for a land portfolio for future landfill centers.The aim is to limit the proliferation of uncontrolled dumps and other wild dumps.This work aims first to understand the scope of these instruments and their objectives through a critical reading. Second, to evaluate the management of technical landfill center by these instruments in the case of Algiers agglomeration. La mise en décharge des déchets a toujours constitué en Algérie, le mode d’élimination le plus dominant. La technicité de cette activité a fortement progressé depuis la promulgation de la loi 01-19-2001 relative à la gestion des déchets. Ainsi, on est passé de la décharge sauvage pratiquée depuis longtemps à la décharge contrôlée et puis, au centre d’enfouissement technique (CET). Ce dernier doit permettre la disposition finale des déchets solides de façon sécuritaire en minimisant les impacts sur l’environnement et la santé publique.La recherche de sites appropriés doit ainsi, non seulement répondre aux critères techniques et environnementaux (imperméabilisation du sol et traitement des effluents liquides et gazeux), mais aussi, aux orientations de l’aménagement du territoire et de l’urbanisme. De ce fait, les instruments d’aménagement du territoire et d’urbanisme doivent prévoir un portefeuille foncier pour les futurs centres d’enfouissement technique. Le but est de limiter la prolifération de dépotoirs anarchiques et autres décharges sauvages.Ce travail consiste, en premier lieu, à comprendre la portée de ces instruments et les objectifs qui leurs sont attribués à travers une lecture critique. En deuxième lieu, il vise à évaluer la prise en charge des CET par ces instruments dans le cas de l’agglomération Algéroise.

Topic: Multiculturalism, Politics, Migration, Gender
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Comparison of routine techniques for cell breakage and release of β-lactamase activity

Four physical techniques have been assessed for their ability to rupture and release β-Iactamase activity from bacterial cells. Ultrasonic treatment was the most effective and rapid technique. Osmotic shock may be useful where many enzyme preparations are required and high release of β-lactamase activity is not essential. Freeze-thaw is slow and only low levels of β-Iactamase are released. Sand grinding is not an effective technique for cell breakage.

Topic: Enzyme Production and Characterization
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Etruscan Tomb Paintings, their subjects and significance. By F. Poulsen. Translated by I. Andersen, X + 63 pp., 47 illustrations. Clarendon Press, 1922.

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Topic: Classical Antiquity Studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Persistent Virus Infection despite Chronic Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Activation in Gamma Interferon-Deficient Mice Infected with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus

ABSTRACT The role of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in the permanent control of infection with a noncytopathic virus was studied by comparing immune responses in wild-type and IFN-γ-deficient (IFN-γ −/−) mice infected with a slowly invasive strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV Armstrong). While wild-type mice rapidly cleared the infection, IFN-γ −/− mice became chronically infected. Virus persistence in the latter mice did not reflect failure to generate cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) effectors, as an unimpaired primary CTL response was observed. Furthermore, while ex vivo CTL activity gradually declined in wild-type mice, long-standing cytolytic activity was demonstrated in IFN-γ −/− mice. The prolonged effector phase in infected IFN-γ −/− mice was associated with elevated numbers of CD8 + T cells. Moreover, a higher proportion of these cells retained an activated phenotype and was actively cycling. However, despite the increased CD8 + T-cell turnover, which might have resulted in depletion of the memory CTL precursor pool, no evidence for exhaustion was observed. In fact, at 3 months postinfection we detected higher numbers of LCMV-specific CTL precursors in IFN-γ −/− mice than in wild-type mice. These findings indicate that in the absence of IFN-γ, CTLs cannot clear the infection and are kept permanently activated by the continuous presence of live virus, resulting in a delicate new balance between viral load and immunity. This interpretation of our findings is supported by mathematical modeling describing the effect of eliminating IFN-γ-mediated antiviral activity on the dynamics between virus replication and CTL activity.

Topic: Immune Cell Function and Interaction
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Psoriasis vulgaris occurring in a known case of neurofibromatosis type I: A rare association

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is an autosomal dominantly inherited neurocutaneous disorder due to mutations in the neurofibromin (NF) gene that encodes protein NF. NF regulates signal transduction by inactivating RAS proteins. Mutations in the NF-1 gene increases RAS activity causing increased transduction of many growth factors and kinase pathways leading to increased mitosis and occurrence of neoplasms and proliferative conditions such as psoriasis. Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory proliferative condition of the skin in which both genetic and environmental factors have a vital role. The underlying pathogenesis is epidermal proliferation, vascular changes, and inflammatory changes mediated by multiple growth factors of which in particular are epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha etc. We report a rare association of NF-1 with psoriasis occurring by chance or due to decreased NF protein.

Topic: Neurofibromatosis and Schwannoma Cases
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Factor Analysis of Commuters’ Willingness to Use Public Transport

Abstract Jabodetabek is the largest Indonesian metropolitan city with estimated daily trips of 47.5 million. According to Priadmaja, Anisa, Prayogi (2017), only 16.7% of the population uses public transport, contributing to 53% of traffic congestion in Jabodetabek. Furthermore, the continued increase of urban migration in search of employment, education, and other services has heightened the traffic congestion within the city and its surrounding areas. To mitigate this challenge, the Transit-Oriented Development concept was initiated to maximize the use of public transport. However, not many people prefer to travel using public means and therefore, this research sought to analyze the factors that influence the commuters’ willingness to use the available modes. Six variables were considered, including security, safety, amenities, affordability, equity, and regularity with limitations to KRL, MRT, and BRT modes. Questionnaires were issued to the respondents who filled the required information and sent them back. The collected data was analyzed with the help of multiple linear regression equations. The results indicated that amenities, regularity, equality, safety, and affordability variables influenced the use of KRL mode. Furthermore, the MRT mode was affected by regularity, affordability, and equality variables while the variables that influenced the use of BRT mode included amenities, safety, orderliness, and equality.

Topic: Urban Transport Systems Analysis
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences