jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Electron transfer from aromatic compounds to phenyliodinium and diphenylsulfinium radical cations

Phenyliodinium (I˙+) and diphenylsulfinium radical cations (II˙+) have been generated by flash photolysis (λinc= 347 nm) of diphenyliodonium ions (I+) and diphenyl (4-phenylthiophenyl) sulfonium ions (II+) in acetonitrile solutions at room temperature. I˙+ and II˙+ were found to undergo electron-transfer reactions with benzene derivatives resulting in the formation of radical cations of the aromatic compounds. A study involving 25 compounds including various methyl- and methoxy-benzenes, biphenyl, phenol and cresols revealed that electron transfer is independent of the ionization energy Ei provided that the rates are encounter-controlled. This applies to cases where Ei does not exceed a critical value: Ei, crit≈ 820 kJ mol–1(I˙+) and 780 kJ mol–1(II˙+). Bimolecular rate constants decrease with increasing Ei in the case of aromatic compounds having ionization energies exceeding the critical values. A Marcus-inverted region was not detected.

Topic: Photochemistry and Electron Transfer Studies
Subfield: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Strategies to improve outcomes for acute type A aortic dissection with cerebral malperfusion

Abstract OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify predictors of postoperative permanent neurological deficits (PNDs) and evaluate the early management of cerebral perfusion in patients undergoing surgical repair of acute type A aortic dissection with cerebral malperfusion. METHODS Between October 2009 and September 2018, a total of 197 patients with acute type A aortic dissection underwent aortic replacement. Of these, 42 (21.3%) patients had an imaging cerebral malperfusion (ICM). ICM was assessed preoperatively, which also revealed whether dissected supra-aortic branch vessels were occluded or narrowed by a thrombosed false lumen. After September 2017, early reperfusion and extra-anatomic revascularization were performed in cases with ICM. RESULTS Hospital mortality rates for cases with ICM were 4.8% (2/42). Before September 2017, PND were observed in 6 patients (54.5%) with preoperative neurological symptoms (n = 11), and 7 patients (33.3%) without neurological symptoms (n = 21) in patients with ICM. Occlusion or severe stenosis of supra-aortic branch vessels (odds ratio, 7.66; P &amp;lt; 0.001), regardless of preoperative clinical neurological symptoms, was a risk factor for PND. After September 2017, 7 of 10 patients with ICM underwent early reperfusion and extra-anatomic revascularization. PND did not occur in any of these 7 patients. CONCLUSIONS Occlusion or severe stenosis of supra-aortic branch vessels is a predictor of PND risk in patients undergoing surgery for acute type A aortic dissection. Early reperfusion and extra-anatomic revascularization may reduce the risk of neurological complications in patients with ICM, with or without neurological symptoms.

Topic: Aortic Disease and Treatment Approaches
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Type IIB Flux Vacua and Tadpole Cancellation

Abstract We consider flux vacua for type IIB orientifold compactifications and study their interplay with the tadpole‐cancellation condition. As a concrete example we focus on , for which we find that solutions to the F‐term equations at weak coupling, large complex structure and large volume require large flux contributions. Such contributions are however strongly disfavored by the tadpole‐cancellation condition. We furthermore find that solutions which stabilize moduli in this perturbatively‐controlled regime are only a very small fraction of all solutions, and that the space of solutions is not homogenous but shows characteristic void structures and vacua concentrated on submanifolds.

Topic: Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Albumin and IgG turnover in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

A decreased serum albumin is almost invariably present in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Although an abnormal intestinal protein loss is well documented it is not known to what extent it contributes to the hypoalbuminaemia, since no reports published so far have compared the size of protein loss with albumin synthesis.

Topic: Microscopic Colitis
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Enhanced Cloning Efficiency of Murine Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells After Chlorozotocin Treatment: Relationship With Enhanced Lung Metastasis

The effect of chlorozotocin [(CZT) CAS: 54749-90-5; 2-(3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)-d-gluco-pyranose] was studied on a series of tumor cells, cultured or extracted fresh primary or transplanted tumors, by means of clonogenic assay. The ability of most rat rhabdomyosarcoma cells to form colonies in soft agar was enhanced when exposed to the water-soluble nitrosourea chloride CZT. The tumor cells tested were derived from a) several primary tumors induced in WAG rats by colloidal nickel, then cultured and exposed to CZT early during in vitro passage; b) the 9-4 tumor, also Ni-induced but maintained in long-term culture; and c) the Ni-induced 9-4/0 tumor, maintained by transplantion in syngeneic rats. No inhibition of colony formation was observed in any of the cell lines even at high concentrations of CZT. Adriamycin, chosen as a control treatment, strongly inhibited the cloning efficiency (CE) of the tumor cells. In vivo, the weekly injection of 10 mg CZT Ikg body weight into syngeneic rats bearing transplanted tumors led to an enhancement of lung metastasis formation. The CZT enhancement of CE of tumor cells and its relationship to increased in vivo tumor metastasis is discussed.

Topic: Metal complexes synthesis and properties
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Urban greenery management problems

In this paper, we look at the urban greenery management as a principal-agent (PA) problem. PA problems arise whenever the management of activity requires cooperation of at least twohierarchical levels. In the case analysed in this paper, the city mayor (the higher level) wants to maximise the pollution-mitigation capacity of trees planted; the greenery manager (the lower level) wants tomaximise the municipal budget devoted to planting trees subject to some constraints on the outcomeof this activity. While the higher level wants certain services to be delivered in the future actually, thelower level is interested in the potential benefits provided by the most attractive tree species, eventhough they will be delivered only partially and probably in the short run only. As a result, the speciescomposition of trees planted is different from what it would have been if the PA model implementedwas incentive compatible.

Topic: Land Use and Ecosystem Services
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Comparison of the carcinogenic effects of five nitrosamines in guinea pigs.

Five nitrosamines which were potent carcinogens in rats or hamsters were administered by gavage in olive oil solution twice a week to 20 male strain 2 guinea pigs. Nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine given at 80 mg/kg/week for 12 weeks or at 32 mg/kg/week for 35 weeks gave rise to hemangioendothelial sarcomas of the liver in 6 and 19 animals, respectively. The same tumors were induced in 18 animals by dinitroso-2,6,dimethylpiperazine, together with hepatocellular carcinomas in six animals. Nitrosomethyldodecylamine also induced mainly hemangioendothelial sarcomas of the liver (12 animals). A few bile duct carcinomas were also observed. Neither nitrosoheptamethyleneimine nor nitrosomethyldiethylurea seemed to induce tumors in guinea pigs under our conditions.

Topic: Polyamine Metabolism and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Cancer patients’ experiences of living with venous thromboembolism: A systematic review and qualitative thematic synthesis

Background: Cancer-associated thrombosis is common. Recommended treatment is daily injected low-molecular-weight heparin for 6 months. Most studies focus on prophylaxis and treatment; few have explored the patients’ experience. Aims: To identify and synthesise the available literature concerning patients’ experience of cancer-associated thrombosis. Design: Systematic literature review and qualitative thematic synthesis. Data source: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO (until 10/2016; limited to English) were searched. Eligible papers were qualitative studies of adult patients’ experience of cancer-associated thrombosis. Two researchers screened titles/abstracts/papers against inclusion criteria with recourse to a third for disagreements. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative checklist tool was used for quality appraisal. Results: A total of 1397 articles were identified. Five qualitative studies (total n = 92; age range 32–84 years) met the inclusion criteria. Participants had various cancer types. Most had advanced disease and were receiving palliative care. Four major themes emerged from the data: knowledge deficit (patients and clinicians), effects of cancer-associated thrombosis (physical and psychological), effects of anticoagulation and coping strategies. Conclusion: The cancer journey is difficult in itself, but thrombosis was an additional, frightening and unexpected burden. Although the association between cancer and thromboembolism is well-known, cancer patients are not routinely educated about the risk or warning symptoms/signs of thromboembolism which may otherwise be misattributed to the cancer by patient and clinician alike. This systematic review highlights the impact of cancer-associated thrombosis on the lives of cancer patients, and calls for education for patients and clinicians to be part of routine care and further work to address this patient priority.

Topic: Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
Subfield: Internal Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Clearance receptor and neutral endopeptidase-mediated metabolism of atrial natriuretic factor

A novel small linear C-atrial natriuretic factor receptor ligand [C-ANF-(11-15)] and phosphoramidon (PHO) were used to determine the effects of C-ANF receptor blockade alone, or in combination with inhibition of neutral endopeptidase (NEP), on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ANF in the rat. C-ANF-(11-15) infusion decreased apparent volume of distribution (Vss) and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of administered 125I-ANF-(1-28) to one-third of their control values, whereas PHO alone was without effect on these parameters. In combination with C-ANF-(11-15), however, PHO further decreased MCR of 125I-ANF-(1-28) and increased plasma half time by more than threefold. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that C-ANF-(11-15) inhibited the delayed appearance of free 125I and [125I]monoiodotyrosine but had no effect on the small proportion of NEP metabolites in plasma. The combination of C-ANF-(11-15) and PHO further delayed the appearance of small metabolites, abolished the appearance of NEP metabolites, and markedly prolonged the permanence of intact 125I-ANF-(1-28) in plasma. The results demonstrate that C-ANF receptor blockade by C-ANF-(11-15) impairs clearance and metabolism of ANF, an effect which is synergistically potentiated by concomitant inhibition of NEP. C-ANF-(11-15) alone or in combination with NEP inhibitors may be a potentially useful therapeutic tool in the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases.

Topic: Heart Failure Treatment and Management
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Impacts of Some Biostimulants on the Phenolic Synthesis and Furanochromones Content in <i>Ammi visnaga</i> L.

The traditional medicinal Ammi visnaga L. plants can be considered as an important economic source of raw materials for the drug industry. Nowadays, increasing the drug raw materials by using safe and favourable treatments is an important issue. So searching for the proper concentration of the suitable bioregulators which achieving high growth rate and enhancing chemical constituents of A. visnaga plants is the goal of this investigation. Foliar application of different concentrations of eitheramino acids (tyrosine and phenylalanine) and phenolic acids (trans-cinnamic acid, benzoic acid and salicylic acid) displayed significant positive effects on the accumulation of chemical constituents including phenolic compounds, flavonoids and total furanochromones in A. visnaga L. Moreover, the high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that some phenolic acids are highly increased, decreased or disappear in A. visnaga plants treated with various concentrations of amino acids and phenolic compounds as being compared with untreated control plants. Ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid and P-hydroxy benzoic acid are the most dominant phenolics in Ammi plants. Phenolics are more effective in stimulating the accumulation of phenols, flavonoids, chromones and consequently the scavenging capacity compared with the investigated aromatic amino acids. Such stimulatory effects are positively related to the applied investigated concentrations of the applied bioregulators. Indeed, Ammi plants treated with phenolics particularly benzoic acid (20 mg L−1) exhibited the greatest accumulated levels of phenolics and chromones there by enhancing thee conomic source of raw materials for drug industry.

Topic: Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Concurrent Calculation of System of Linear Equations

Concurrent calculation system of linear equations is a very active problem in the research area of concurrent algorithm, It is an important tache in scientific calculation of full-length project. Analgze actuality of concurrent calculation of system of linear equations is briefly introduced, the current research is colligted and it is observed, the future developmental prospects are expected, the difficulty and the challenge are suggested from aside of concurrent calculation system of linear equations—concurrent calculation of full-length discrete equations in this paper.

Topic: Advanced Computational Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Activity for Examining Light Reflectance, Transmittance, and Absorbance with Textiles and Light-Emitting Diodes

Recent research has demonstrated the unambiguous positive effects of active learning in a variety of college-level courses. We report the implementation and assessment of a 50 minute active-learning in-class activity to conceptualize light absorbance, reflectance, and transmittance, coupled with a writing-to-learn exercise. The activity is suitable in a classroom setting using portable hand-held sensors and samples, including textiles and food-dye solutions. The assessment of the activity included a quasi-experimental design, in which 116 students in an introductory university chemistry course completed the activity, with outcomes compared to a different section, including 322 students, without the active-learning exercise. To determine the efficacy of the activity, students' written reports and exam assessment items relating to reflectance, transmittance, and absorbance were evaluated. With the assessment questions showing statistically significant improvement, it was concluded that the hands-on activity was effective in helping the students better understand the relationships among the three properties of light.

Topic: Color perception and design
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The Impact of COVID-19 on Behavior and Physical and Mental Health of Romanian College Students

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 significantly marked people’s lives with respect to their behavior, and their physical and mental health. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2021 for a period of 5 months. The study sample included 218 students from the College of Physical Education and Sports of the University of Suceava who filled in a questionnaire on mental, physical and behavioral symptoms caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the Anxiety Assessment Questionnaire (STAI). Results: The responses indicated increased anxiety, physical symptoms, altered behavior, and increased perception of social restrictions. Regression analyses indicated that the levels of anxiety during the COVID-19 outbreak were strongly correlated with cognitive, physical and behavioral symptoms of the students. These were influenced by the living arrangements, location (urban vs. rural), age group and study year. Conclusions: The results show that first-year students did not exhibit significant physical and cognitive symptoms despite reporting anxiety, probably due to their enthusiasm as beginners. The 3rd year students were prone to anxiety and reported cognitive symptoms, possibly due to the prospects of an uncertain future.

Topic: COVID-19 and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Onset of sliding across scales: How the contact topography impacts frictional strength

When two solids start rubbing together, frictional sliding initiates in the wake of slip fronts propagating along their surfaces in contact. This macroscopic rupture dynamics can be successfully mapped on the elastodynamics of a moving shear crack. However, this analogy breaks down during the nucleation process, which develops at the scale of surface asperities where microcontacts form. Recent atomistic simulations revealed how a characteristic junction size selects if the failure of microcontact junctions either arises by brittle fracture or by ductile yielding. This work aims at bridging these two complementary descriptions of the onset of frictional slip existing at different scales. We first present how the microcontact failure observed in atomistic simulations can be conveniently "coarse grained" using an equivalent cohesive law. Taking advantage of a scalable parallel implementation of the cohesive element method, we study how the different failure mechanisms of the microcontact asperities interplay with the nucleation and propagation of macroscopic slip fronts along the interface. Notably, large simulations reveal how the failure mechanism prevailing in the rupture of the microcontacts (brittle versus ductile) significantly impacts the nucleation of frictional sliding and, thereby, the interface frictional strength. This work paves the way for a unified description of frictional interfaces connecting the recent advances independently made at the micro- and macroscopic scales.

Topic: Adhesion, Friction, and Surface Interactions
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ultrasound field characterization using synthetic schlieren tomography

Synthetic schlieren imaging, also known as background oriented schlieren imaging, is used to determine the acoustical field of a focused ultrasound transducer operating at 1.01 MHz frequency with peak pressure amplitude of 0.97 MPa. The measurement setup is composed of a commercial off-the-shelf digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera with an ordinary objective, a high power light-emitting diode driven in pulsating mode, water tank, ultrasound transducer, rotation stage, and driving electronics. Measurements are performed in tomographic fashion by rotating the ultrasound transducer within the water tank and photographing an imaged target behind the ultrasound field. The photographs are processed with a Horn-Schunck-type algorithm, commonly used in optical flow analysis, in order to determine the deflection of light rays as caused by ultrasound field induced acousto-optic effect. Inverse Radon transform is then used, with the deflection data, to obtain three-dimensional spatial distribution of the pressure field gradient, from which an approximation of the ultrasonic pressure field is computed. The pressure field obtained with synthetic schlieren tomography is then compared to hydrophone measurements mainly qualitatively.

Topic: Flow Measurement and Analysis
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Form of Referential Expressions in Discourse

Abstract Most instances of real‐life language use involve discourses in which several sentences or utterances are coherently linked through the use of repeated references. Repeated reference can take many forms, and the choice of referential form has been the focus of much research in several related fields. In this article we distinguish between three main approaches: one that addresses the ‘why’ question – why are certain forms used in certain contexts; one that addresses the ‘how’ question – how are different forms processed; and one that aims to answer both questions by seriously considering both the discourse function of referential expressions, and the cognitive mechanisms that underlie their processing cost. We argue that only the latter approach is capable of providing a complete view of referential processing, and that in so doing it may also answer a more profound ‘why’ question – why does language offer multiple referential forms.

Topic: Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Study of the Sacharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal stalk interactions with other ribosomal components using chemical cross-linking

Tesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 13-12-2004

Topic: Fungal and yeast genetics research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Living With Parents and Emerging Adults’ Depressive Symptoms

Whether moving back home after a period of economic independence or having never moved out, the share of emerging adults living with parents is increasing. Yet little is known about the associations of coresidence patterns and rationales for coresidence for emerging adult well-being. Using the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study ( n = 891), we analyzed depressive symptoms among emerging adults who (a) never left the parental home, (b) returned to the parental home, and (c) were not currently living with a parent. About one fifth of emerging adults had boomeranged or moved back in with their parents. Among those living with parents, nearly two fifths had boomeranged or returned to their parental home and they reported significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms. Among coresident emerging adults, both intrinsic and utilitarian motivations (i.e., enjoy living with parents and employment problems) partially mediated the association between coresidence and depressive symptoms. Returning to the parental home was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms only among emerging adults experiencing employment problems. These findings are especially relevant because the recession hit emerging adults particularly hard. The ability to distinguish boomerang emerging adults and emerging adults who have never left home provides a more nuanced understanding of parental coresidence during this phase of the life course.

Topic: Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences