jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparison of New Zealand and United States securities markets through the looking glass of the Efficienct Market Hypothesis

In the United States the Efficient Market Hypothesis has dictated academic debate on securities law, particularly in the consideration of the regulatory system of mandatory disclosure under the Securities Exchange Act 1934. In New Zealand the Efficient Market Hypothesis has rarely been cited by the legal fraternity, the courts or by politicians. However, capital market ideas are entrenched in the Efficient Market Hypothesis, and because New Zealand has been at the forefront of deregulation since the early 1980s it has a regulatory system of mandatory disclosure which reflects, at least in part, the principles of the Efficient Market Hypothesis Chapter 1 of this thesis reviews the literature concerning the Efficient Market Hypothesis. Chapter 2 provides a general description of the characteristics of the New Zealand and United States financial environments, and then focuses on the legal and regulatory systems of mandatory disclosure within which those countries operate. 1 Cunningham, Lawrence A., Capital Market Theory, Mandatory Disclosure, and Price Discovery, 51 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 843 (1994) at 844 2 Cunningham, Lawrence A., Capital Market Theory, Mandatory Disclosure, and Price Discovery, 51 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 843 (1994) at 844 Chapter 3 discussed applying the Efficient Market Hypothesis to the environments described in Chapter 2. It considers whether the New Zealand and United States financial markets can be considered efficient markets under the accepted definition. It then examines some examples of existing mandatory disclosure laws, both in the United States and New Zealand, which seem to rely on notions that are supported by the Efficient Market Hypothesis, whether or not these notions are expressed as such. Finally, Chapter 4 discusses the relationship between efficient markets and mandatory disclosure laws, and then summarises how this relationship has been reflected in New Zealand and the United States. The conclusion is that there are many aspects of Efficient Market Disclosure apparent in the legal and regulatory systems in the United States and New Zealand. INDEX WORDS: Efficient Market Hypothesis, Securities, Shares, Regulation, and Disclosure, Capital Markets COMPARISON OF NEW ZEALAND UNITED STATES SECURITIES MARKETS THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS OF THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS: ASPECTS OF THEIR SYSTEMS OF DISCLOSURE ACCORDING TO THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS

Topic: Financial Reporting and Valuation Research
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Micturition and the role of fetal urine in fluid and electrolyte balance in the sheep fetus

This thesis was scanned from the print manuscript for digital preservation and is copyright the author. Researchers can access this thesis by asking their local university, institution or public library to make a request on their behalf. Monash staff and postgraduate students can use the link in the References field.

Topic: Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Development and initial validation of the Teaching Multiple School Subjects Role Conflict Scale (TMSS-RCS)

There is a need to better understand the reality of enacting dual teaching positions, or roles, within a school. Therefore, role conflict experienced by teachers who are tasked with concurrently teaching multiple subjects warrants further understanding. For example, teachers responsible for teaching physical education (PE) and another school subject(s). There is, however, currently no published instrument for measuring role conflict of this nature. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Teaching Multiple School Subjects Role Conflict Scale, an instrument to measure interrole conflict between the roles of teaching PE and another school subject(s). Research aims included: (a) developing the instrument; (b) identifying a factor structure for the instrument using exploratory factor analysis; (c) confirming the factor structure through confirmatory factor analysis; and (d) examining the correlation between the newly validated measure and conceptually similar (i.e. role stress) and dissimilar (i.e. resilience) constructs. Exploratory factor analysis identified a stable three-factor, nine-item solution, including schedule conflict, energy expenditure conflict, and status conflict. Confirmatory factor analysis supported this solution, χ 2 (24) = 47.16, p &lt; 0.001, non-normed fit index = 0.950, comparative fit index = 0.967, standardized root mean square residual = 0.069, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.069. The newly validated scale correlated appropriately with conceptually similar and dissimilar constructs.

Topic: Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Economic Policy Instruments and Municipal Solid Waste Management for Sustainable Economic Development

In the past the assumption was that environment was free and unlimited and this led to both environmental damage and rapid resource depletion. Now humanity is realising that the natural environment is a scarce resource. Therefore the objective of growth should be to reduce the human induced (anthropogenic) waste to a level that is ‘acceptable’ to society, because it is scientifically impossible to completely eliminate the generation of anthropogenic waste. Also there is a need to balance growth with resource preservation so that the needs of the future generation will be balance with those of the present generation. Once scarcity is accepted, appropriate technology will be developed to minimise waste generation. This paper will demonstrate how waste reduction is consistent with the principle of sustainable development. The objective for sustainable development is to maximize service to throughput. Constant stock is required for sustainable development and with this the first sub objective is to maximize service and the other is to minimize throughput which is the entropic physical flow of energy for maintenance and renewal of the constant stock Minimization of throughput is achieved by adopting the 3 R principles of reduce, reuse and recycle. Environment is not a free good but a composite asset, and excessive waste generation leads to the undue depreciation of this asset reducing the services it is capable of providing.

Topic: Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
STUDIES ON PHOSPHORYLASE <i>b</i> KINASE FROM NEUTRAL TISSUES<sup>1</sup>

Abstract— Phosphorylase b kinase (ATP: phosphorylase phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.38), the enzyme which converts phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a (α‐1,4‐glucan: orthophosphate glucosyltransferase; EC2.4.1.1) was examined in nerve tissue. Both phosphorylase and phosphorylase kinase were present in all nerve tissues tested, with central tissues about ten times as active as peripheral nerve. Exceptions were the superior cervical and stellate ganglia, tissues rich in synapses, which displayed activity similar to brain. Phosphorylase kinase in brain had properties similar to those of the enzyme in skeletal and cardiac muscle; it was activated in vitro by ATP and adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and by Ca 2+ . Subconvulsive doses of insulin or of amphetamine administered to mice produced some activation of the enzyme. It is concluded that the mechanism for activation of phosphorylase in nerve tissue is similar to that in muscle.

Topic: Calpain Protease Function and Regulation
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Pentecostal Hermeneutics: The Challenge of Relating to (Post)-Modern Literary Theory

AbstractThe search by Pentecostal scholars to identify or propound a hermeneutic adequate to the dynamic and ethos of the movement includes proposals that post-modern literary theory be consulted or adopted in the task. This article surveys numerous views concerning what post-modernism is and what it is not, from various (mainly non-pentecostal) sources, concluding that it is a phenomenon and tendency that raises a number of crucial issues for Pentecostal theology: the role of history in their understanding of Scripture, the issue of truth, and the notion of absolutes. A survey is then made of contributions to the debate among Pentecostal theologians. Finally, a number of issues are raised which need to be resolved if any form of consensus on the nature of viable Pentecostal hermeutic is to be achieved. These include partisanship with non-Pentecostal groups such as Evangelicals or post-modernists, the contextualisation of Pentecostal ministry in a post-modern age, finding room in hermeneutical philosophy and practice for an ongoing experience with God, and the task of confronting the age with a “radical alternative” ethos: the ethos of the Scriptures themselves.

Topic: Pentecostalism and Christianity Studies
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Applicability of prompt gamma-ray analysis to the initial analysis of the extraterrestrial materials for chemical composition

When extraterrestrial materials are returned to the earth by future space missions, these materials are to be subjected to the initial examination. For such purposes, measurements are desired to be done non-destructively. In this study, we investigated the applicability of non-destructive prompt gamma-ray analysis (PGA) for determining chemical composition of the returned materials, focusing on levels of induced radioactivities and the effect on isotopic composition by PGA. Under current conditions applied for the PGA facility at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, essentially no residual radioactivities remain after appropriate cooling, making the same specimen analyzed by PGA usable for further research without any restriction. The effect on isotopic composition by PGA was examined both for neutron-induced reactions and for neutron-induced nuclear fission of 235U. No significant effect can be brought by neutron-induced reactions even for some noble gas nuclides such as 80Kr and 128I, which can be augmented by (n, γ) reactions on neighboring halogens. Neutron-induced nuclear fission reactions of 235U yield essentially no effect on isotopic composition. In addition, PGA has several advantages over other nondestructive analytical methods such as instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and synchrotron radiation x-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF); INAA leaves a significant level of induced-radioactivities and SR-XRF yields less reliable and less accurate values for elemental composition. Judging from these features and characteristics, it is concluded that PGA can be one of the most suitable analytical methods potentially applicable for initial analysis of returned samples from space.

Topic: Nuclear Physics and Applications
Subfield: Radiation
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
How Would You Manage This Patient With Decreased Bone Density? Grand Rounds Discussion From Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Osteoporosis is a skeletal condition characterized by low bone mass and fragility resulting in an increased risk for fracture. It affects all bones, but fractures most often occur in the hip and spine. Osteoporosis is common in postmenopausal women, with estrogen deficiency thought to be a major contributing factor. Screening for osteoporosis with bone densitometry is recommended in all women 65 years of age or older and in postmenopausal women younger than 65 who are at increased risk. In 2023, the American College of Physicians published updated guidance on the pharmacologic treatment of osteoporosis. Among the recommendations was for clinicians to take an individualized approach regarding whether to start treatment with a bisphosphonate in women older than 65 years with osteopenia (a lesser degree of bone loss) to reduce the risk for fractures. Here, 2 bone endocrinologists debate how to manage a patient with both osteopenia and osteoporosis on bone densitometry. They discuss how to interpret and address these findings.

Topic: Bone health and osteoporosis research
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Neonatal Autoimmune Diseases Caused by Maternal Pathogenic Autoantibodies

B cells exhibit the capacity to synthesize antibodies that are specific for both foreign and self-antigens. Active immunization with T-cell-dependent or -independent foreign antigens leads to production of antibodies with exquisite specificity for epitopes born by a large complement of foreign antigens. However, B cells can produce antibodies that display activity to self-antigens. Self-reactive antibodies are classified in three major categories: a. Natural, polyspecific autoantibodies. This subset constitutes a substantial fraction of the self-reactive repertoire. “Natural” serum antibodies are found in most species and are comprised of various Ig subclasses (IgM, IgG, IgA). They bind with moderate or low affinity to structurally dissimilar epitopes born by foreign and self-molecules (720). In humans and mice, they are produced by CD5+ B cells (721), a subset that is enlarged in some animal strains prone to autoimmune disease (722). Polyspecific autoantibodies can be found in increased concentrations in the blood of patients with autoimmune diseases, without induction of injury to normal tissue (723). b. Autoantibodies with exquisite specificity for autoantigens. These autoantibodies exhibit high binding affinity to self-antigens and can be found at low levels in healthy humans and animals. Their concentration can be increased in some autoimmune diseases and may be used as a diagnostic criterion (e.g., antitopoisomerase I in scleroderma; anticentromere in calcinosis, Reynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, s clerodactyly, and telangiectasia [CREST] syndrome; anti-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase or anti-Jo1 in polymyositis; and rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid arthritis). In certain conditions, autoantibodies can be pathogenic, as is the case of antithyroglobulin autoantibodies. Antithyroglobulin antibodies with similar epitope specificities are found in 50–70% of patients with autoimmune thyroiditis and 10–20% of normal subjects (724,725). c. Pathogenic autoantibodies. These autoantibodies appear to facilitate the onset of autoimmune disease that causes injury to tissue bearing specific target autoantigens. Although they lack particular immunochemical properties, they exhibit distinct physiopathological properties. Production of pathogenic autoantibodies results either from breakdown of central or peripheral tolerance for self-antigens or from immunization of mother with father antigens resulting from selfantigens displaying allelic polymorphism.

Topic: Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Laboratory diagnosis of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer].

The content of fibrin fibrinogen splitting products (FSP), radioimmune trypsin, C-peptide and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 in the blood of 82 patients with acute pancreatitis (edematous and hemorrhagic), and chronic recurrent pancreatitis at the stage of exacerbation, 42 patients with chronic pancreatitis, 34 patients with cancer of the pancreas (stages III-IV) and 22 healthy persons were studied. Results indicate a high diagnostic value of determination FSP, trypsin and C-peptide in patients with acute pancreatitis and chronic recurring pancreatitis at the stage of exacerbation, trypsin and C-peptide in patients with chronic pancreatitis associated with severe exocrine insufficiency of the pancreas, KA 19-9 in patients with cancer of the pancreas.

Topic: Pancreatitis Pathology and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
5. 'Got a date or something?': A corpus analysis of the role of humour and laughter in the workplace meetings of English language teachers

This chapter brings instances of humour and laughter into relief using a corpus of authentic institutional interaction of English language teachers in school staff meetings. Humour is used within the meetings as a means of showing mutual support and creating solidarity. The corpus also contains a large proportion of subversive humour, or humour which is directed against the institution, individuals in the group, the group itself and the students. Identifying humour in the data is not a simple case of finding instances of laughter or assuming that it signifies either the intention of the speaker to elicit laughter, or to be humorous.However, wherever humour is manifested, laughter frequently occurs. The methodological issue of identifying and transcribing humour is discussed.

Topic: Second Language Learning and Teaching
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Measurement of Switching Cost on the Customer Retention in the Banking Industry

Abstract This study discusses the relationships among switching costs, inertia, and customer retention in the case of customers of banking service industries and discusses in depth whether inertia affects switching costs. In this study, we surveyed 500 existing banking account holders in Taiwan and acquired 404 valid responses. The respondents were required to submit viewpoints regarding their most familiar financial institutions. The results show that the perception of switching costs and inertia has a positive impact on banking service industries’ customer retention. Customer word of mouth is a major factor in customer retention, the attraction of new customers, and customer retention intent. Financial service providers should also attach importance to customer segmentation in order to satisfy the real needs of various types of customers and thereby increase profits and competitiveness. This paper is an important empirical analysis highlighting the significance of the effects of switching costs and inertia on customer retention in banks.

Topic: Customer Service Quality and Loyalty
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Personal Documents as Data Sources for Social Sciences. A Review of History of Uses, Ethical, Methodological and Epistemological Considerations

Abstract This article envisages critically present the use of the personal documents, looking from a historical perspective at how it was practiced in different paradigms in the humanistic-social sciences. The exposé also considers the methodological and the ethical implications of using the method, underlining, in this respect, the aspects related to the preservation and reuse of the materials of this kind. By putting into balance the trumps and downsides of the personal documents method, the article highlights, in fact, the importance of using the personal documents method in studying a wide range of specific problems of the humanistic-social sciences. The ultimate purpose of the article is, therefore, that of prompting the social scientists to look more carefully and more trustingly at the alternative of choosing the personal documents method, as a potential powerful tool for sociological research, providing them, at the same time, with possible directions in discerning between the favourable and unfavourable situations for using it.

Topic: Data Analysis and Archiving
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Application of Chaos Synchronization of the Time-Varying Coupling Complex Network in Secure Communication

Based on the synchronization scheme of time-varying coupled complex dynamical network, secure communication between nodes was investiged. With the Lorenz system for node state equation, numerical simulations demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the application of the synchronization of complex network in secure communication.

Topic: Neural Networks Stability and Synchronization
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
ACETYL CHOLINE RELEASE FROM THE PARTICULATE FRACTION OF RABBIT BRAIN

It has been well known that most of the acetyl choline (ACh) in the brain tissue is ininactive bound form, while a considerable amount of ACh is actually found in free form.It seems that some free ACh is released artificially from bound ACh during estimation.Recently it has been reported that most part of the bound ACh in the brain was distributedin the particulate fraction. It still remains obscure, however, whether ACh is incorporatedsimply in particles or bound chemically with them. It seems to be an effective aproachto these problems to develop an inproved estimating method with less artificial effect tostudy ACh release from particles in vitro. This paper deals with a method for estimationof free and bound ACh. It also describes the effects of some inorganic ions on the rateof ACh release from the brain particulate fraction in vitro. The results obtained aresummarized as follows. The rate of ACh release was lower in a O.32N1 sucrose solutioncontaining 5xlO M eserine salicyte at OC than in any other solution tested, i.e., acidalcohol or frog Ringers solution. The free ACh in the rabbit whole brain was assayeddirectly with the homogenate of the brain, using the rectus abdominis muscle. As a resttlt, it was about 30% of total ACh. A hypertonic sucrose solution had only a small effect onthe rate of ACh release, as well as an isotonic sucrose solution, while a hypotonic sucrosesolution had an increasing effect on it. A Nail solution showed the same effect oftonicity on the rate of ACh release as the sucrose solution. Within a range of 0.32 to 0.62in tonicity, potassium ion in a high concentration had an increasing effect on the rate of AChrelease, while calciurn and magnesium tons ltad a small or no and sodium Ton no effect on it. Allthese tons, even potassium ion, had no effect in Ringers type concentratiorn. From theseresults, it might be assumed that ACh was not simply incorporated in particles but was bound to them, and that it was released from them by dilution and the presence ofpotassium ion.

Topic: Electron Spin Resonance Studies
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
9 Rational and Irrational Beliefs in Primary Prevention and Mental Health

Abstract This chapter reviews research on the relationship between rational beliefs (RBs) and indicators of emotional wellness, the predictive utility of RBs when identifying healthier adaptive functioning in children, adolescents, and adults; and the current status of RBs in the prevention literature. Research provides evidence for the associations between indicators of rational beliefs and adaptive responses to general negative life events and stressors, such as job-related stress, anticipation of surgery, adolescents' general adjustment in high school, relationship problems, and frustration/anger management, as well as more significant or chronic adversities, including loss of a loved one, imprisonment, management of a disability, and childhood maltreatment. What is less clear is what types of rational beliefs provide psychological protection against what kinds of problems.

Topic: Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences