jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The role of local framework luminance range in the simultaneous lightness contrast illusion with double increments

In double increment Simultaneous Lightness Contrast two equiluminant squares rest on darker backgrounds that differ in luminance. Research on such displays has produced conflicting results as to whether an illusion is observed. Anchoring theory of lightness predicts no illusion with double increment displays. Here we test the hypothesis that an illusion can be predicted if the framework containing the target and the darkest background carries more weight in lightness computations. We tested two displays, one with a general white and one with a general black background. An illusion was obtained only in the first display. These results suggest that an illusion can occur with double increment displays when the global value of the targets differs from their local value, as these conditions allow different local framework weighting to affect the targets? final lightness. We propose that this parameter be added to the Anchoring Theory.

Topic: Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
RACE, FILM, AND COLLECTIVE DESTINY - Cara Caddoo. Envisioning Freedom, Cinema and the Building of Modern Black Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014. 294 pp. $35.00 (hardcover), ISBN 0-6743-6805-3.

RACE, FILM, AND COLLECTIVE DESTINY - Cara Caddoo. Envisioning Freedom, Cinema and the Building of Modern Black Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014. 294 pp. $35.00 (hardcover), ISBN 0-6743-6805-3. - Volume 14 Issue 2

Topic: Race, History, and American Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Spirituality of, and at, Greenham Common Peace Camp

This paper explores the spirituality of, and experienced at, Greenham Common Peace Camp, Berkshire, Southern England (1981-2000). Although mentioned in much of the discourse on the nuclear protest site Greenham, spirituality is, at best, marginalized in favour of socio-politics. However, there is evidence to suggest that spirituality played a significant role for many of the Greenham women, informing their protests through poetry, song and prose, as well as visually— with eco-feminist thealogy a potent theme. Through examining existing discourse and by interviewing protesters (I use an initial to identify those preferring to remain annoymous), this paper concludes that spirituality at Greenham Common Peace Camp requires further attention, and should no longer be seen as a subsidiary aspect of the camp.

Topic: Religion, Society, and Development
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Reaction and regrowth control of CeO2 on Si(111) surface for the silicon-on-insulator structure

The interface structure of CeO2/Si(111) grown by laser ablation in ultrahigh vacuum was investigated by, reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The deposited film was single-crystalline CeO2. However, during the deposition, a reaction between CeO2 and Si occurred at the interface, that resulted in the formation of an oxygen deficient amorphous CeO2−x and SiO2 layer. Post annealing in oxygen atmosphere caused the regrowth of crystalline CeO2 from CeO2−x and increased of the SiO2 thickness. The modified structure of CeO2/SiO2/Si is expected to be useful as a silicon-on-insulator structure since it maintains the desirable SiO2/Si interface followed by a single-crystal insulating film lattice-matched to Si.

Topic: Semiconductor materials and devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Predicting mechanical competence of trabecular bone using 3D tensor-scale-based parameters

Trabecular bone (TB) consists of a network of interconnected struts and plates occurring near the joints of long bones and in the axial skeleton. In response to mechanical stresses it remodels such that trabeculae are aligned with the major stress lines, thus leading to a highly anisotropic network. Beside bone volume fraction, anisotropy and topological indices are known to be strong predictor of the TB mechanical competence. In osteoporosis, the most common bone disorder, the remodeling balance is perturbed due to increased resorption, resulting in net bone loss accompanied by architectural deterioration, leading to fragile bone and increased fracture risk. In vertebral osteoporosis, preferential loss of transverse trabeculae leads to increased anisotropy and change in topology, hence exact measurements of these parameters are of paramount interest. Current <i>in vivo</i> imaging yields voxel size comparable to TB thickness, thus resulting in inherently fuzzy representations. The commonly used methods for anisotropy require binarization which is difficult to achieve in the limited spatial resolution regime where the intensity histogram is mono-modal. Here, we present a new tensor scale (t-scale) based TB architectural measures that (1) obviates binarization, and (2) yields localized measures. We evaluate the performance of this method on micro-CT images of vertebral bone and test the hypothesis that the method, along with BMD and other structural parameters, allows prediction of TB's mechanical competence. Toward this goal, we estimate Young's modulus (YM) of (13mm)<sup>3</sup> vertebral TB samples under uniaxial loading and examine linear correlation of different t-scale parameters computed via micro-CT imaging .

Topic: Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Establishment of a noradrenergic clonal line of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells which respond to nerve growth factor.

A single cell clonal line which responds reversibly to nerve growth factor (NGF) has been established from a transplantable rat adrenal pheochromocytoma. This line, designated PC12, has a homogeneous and near-diploid chromosome number of 40. By 1 week's exposure to NGF, PC12 cells cease to multiply and begin to extend branching varicose processes similar to those produced by sympathetic neurons in primary cell culture. By several weeks of exposure to NGF, the PC12 processes reach 500-1000 mum in length. Removal of NGF is followed by degeneration of processes within 24 hr and by resumption of cell multiplication within 72 hr. PC12 cells grown with or without NGF contain dense core chromaffin-like granules up to 350 nm in diameter. The NGF-treated cells also contain small vesicles which accumulate in process varicosities and endings. PC12 cells synthesize and store the catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine. The levels (per mg of protein) of catecholamines and of the their synthetic enzymes in PC12 cells are comparable to or higher than those found in rat adrenals. NGF-treatment of PC12 cells results in no change in the levels of catecholamines or of their synthetic enzymes when expressed on a per cell basis, but does result in a 4- to 6-fold decrease in levels when expressed on a per mg of protein basis. PC12 cells do not synthesize epinephrine and cannot be induced to do so by treatment with dexamethasone. The PC12 cell line should be a useful model system for neurobiological and neurochemical studies.

Topic: Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SURVIVAL OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF FISH IN LOW TENSIONS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN

The resistance to low tensions of dissolved oxygen over periods ranging from less than a day to a week was determined for rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdnerii Richardson), perch ( Perca fluviatilis L.), roach ( Rutilus rutilus (L.)), and mirror carp, a domestic form of the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) at 10°, 16° and 20°C., tench ( Tinea tinea (L.)) at 10° and 16°C., dace ( Leuciscus leuciscus (L.)) at 16° and 20°C., chub ( Squalius cephalus (L.)) at 20°C., and bleak ( Alburnus alburnus (L.)) at 16°C. At each temperature period of survival decreased with fall in oxygen tension. Rise in temperature between 10° and 20°C. reduced resistance to lack of oxygen of all species except rainbow trout, in which there was no significant difference between resistance at 16° and 20°C. Rise in temperature between 10° and 16°C. did, however, lower resistance considerably. Tench were the most resistant to lack of oxygen and, in general, trout were the most susceptible. At 20°C. mirror carp required a higher tension of oxygen to enable them to survive for a week than did rainbow trout, but for shorter periods could withstand much lower tensions than rainbow trout; at 10° and 16°C. their resistance was intermediate between that of tench and rainbow trout.

Topic: Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Enzymatic potential for decomposition of detrital biopolymers in sediments from Kiel Bay

Abstract Enzymatic activities involved in the solubilization of particulate organic matter (POM) were determined in the surface samples from coastal sediments of Kiel Bay (Baltic Sea). For this purpose dye release assays were developed and standardized to measure the enzymatic conversion of dye-labelled particulate protein, cellulose, chitin, agar, and algal cell walls to soluble fragments. On the average, about half of the total POM-solubilizing activities were proteolytic. These were reduced when oxygen availability or Eh became limiting. Seasonal and spatial distribution patterns showed opposite trends for protein- and polysaccharide-solubilizing enzymes (most clearly for cellulase). Among the polysaccharases investigated, agarase activities were consistently predominant. During periods of intensive advection of macroalgae in winter they reached even the level of proteolytic activities. Intermediate levels of activity were noted for stained cell walls as a mixed natural substrate. Seasonal changes of the enzyme activities during winter and spring were dominated by the impact of a settling phytoplankton bloom at 18 m water depth, whereas samples from the maximal depth (28 m) with similar ATP levels showed extremely low activities. Concluding from the temporal patterns, the half-lives of the enzymes were a few weeks or less. During the main sedimentation event, agar- and cellulose-solubilizing enzymes peaked earlier than the proteolytic enzymes. Time-lags between the maxima of ATP-related and volume-based protease activities suggested particularly strong regulatory impacts on the proteases. The analytical potential of dye-release assays to elucidate rate-controlling factors and kinetic details of POM degradation in marine sediments is discussed.

Topic: Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Haavikko’s method and reference centile curves for age estimation in Bosnian-Herzegovian children aged 4-15

The aims of this study were to evaluate adopted Haavikko method (1974) based on Finnish sample for dental age estimation in Bosnian-Herzegovian children and to create reference centile curves with LMS method for clinical, legal and forensic usage. Materials and methods In cross-sectional, retrospective study, the panoramic radiographs (OPGs) taken from 805 girls and 636 boys in Bosnia and Herzegovina, aged between 4 and 15 years, were studied. Method is based on scoring of four permanent teeth, 41, 44, 46, and 47 up to 10 years of age and and 13, 43, 44, and 47 in children over 10 years of age, with one of 12 mineralization stages. Dental age is than computed from the Haavikko’s tables as the mean of all four teeth. Kappa statistic and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used for testing intra- and inter-observer repeatability of mineralization stages and observed dental age by assessments of 10% (N=144) of OPGs. Results showed that Haavikko’s method underestimate the dental age in the BH children. Mean underestimation was -0.33 (SD 0.72) years in girls and -0.12(SD 0.82) years in boys. Cohen kappa scores were 0.79 for intra- and 0.80 for inter-observer agreement for mineralization stages and average measures for ICC for dental age were 0.98 for intra- and 0.90 for inter-observer agreement. In addition, 1st, 3rd, 5th, 50th, 95th, 97th and 99th centile curves of chronological age against the dental age were constructed for girls and boys separately using the LMS method by Cole and Green (LMS ChartMaker Software, Medical Research Council, UK), which could be used for age estimation in the BH children.

Topic: Health and Well-being Studies
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Embedding NiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles into a 3DHPC Assisted by CO<sub>2</sub>-Expanded Ethanol: A Potential Lithium-Ion Battery Anode with High Performance

A high-performance anode material, NiCo2O4/3DHPC composite, for lithium-ion batteries was developed through direct nanoparticles nucleation on a three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon (3DHPC) matrix and cation substitution of spinel Co3O4 nanoparticles. It was synthesized via a supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) expanded ethanol solution-assisted deposition method combined with a subsequent heat-treatment process. The NiCo2O4 nanoparticles were uniformly embedded into the porous carbon matrix and efficiently avoided free-growth in solution or aggregation in the pores even at a high content of 55.0 wt %. In particular, the 3DHPC was directly used without pretreatment or surfactant assistance. As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the NiCo2O4/3DHPC composite showed high reversible capacity and improved rate capability that outperformed those composites formed with single metal oxides (NiO/3DHPC, Co3O4/3DHPC), their physical mixture, and the composite prepared in pure ethanol (NiCo2O4/3DHPC-E). The superior performance is mainly contributed to the unique advantages of the scCO2-expanded ethanol medium, and the combination of high utilization efficiency and improved electrical conductivity of NiCo2O4 as well as the electronic and ionic transport advantages of 3DHPC.

Topic: Advancements in Battery Materials
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Liberal attachments to the unreformed metropolis

A fresh interpretation of London's early Victorian political culture, devoting particular attention to the relationship which existed between Whigs and vestry-based radicals. In the second quarter of the nineteenth century the British capital witnessed a growing polarisation between metropolitan Whig politicians and the increasingly vocal political force of London radicalism - a tension exacerbated by urban, and in many respects specifically metropolitan, issues. Though Whiggery was a political creed based on tenets such as the defence of parliament and free trade, it has been traditionally thought out of place and out of favour in large urban settings, in part because of its association with aristocracy. By contrast, this book shows it to have been an especially potent force in the early Victorian capital where continual conflict between Whigs and radicals gave the metropolitan constituencies a singularly contested and particularly vibrant liberal political culture. From the mid-1830s, vestry-based metropolitan radicals active in local governing structures began to espouse an anti-Whig programme, aimed in part at undermining their electoral strength in the metropolitan constituencies, which emphasised the preservation and extension of &quot;local self-government&quot;. This new cause displaced the older radical rhetorics of constitutional &quot;purification&quot; and &quot;re-balance&quot;, and in so doing drove metropolitan radicalism away from its earlier associations and towards a retrenchment-obsessed and anti-aristocratic liberalism. Benjamin Weinstein is assistant professor of history at Central Michigan University.

Topic: American Constitutional Law and Politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Actinomycete Variants with Impaired Differentiation: Production in High Yield, Recognition and Phenotypic Characterization in Seven Species

S ummary . When plated on mineral synthetic media with D‐fructose as a sole carbon and energy source 7 strains of actinomycetes belonging to different streptomycete species regularly produced secondary variant colonies in high yield. Beside the ability of strepto‐mycetes to utilize fructose as a sole carbon source, the following factors were shown to be of importance in the control of variational events: the state of the parent culture used for platings; the composition of fructose‐containing media used for the production of variants. Indole, anthranilate and phenol inhibited formation of secondary colonies by most strains. Phenotypically all the variants obtained shared in common the loss of ability to form secondary (aerial) mycelium and spores as well as a tendency of the substrate mycelium to fragment. These traits were shown to be: hereditarily stable on all media tested for variants derived from Streptcmyces ruber, Str. roseolus, Str. lateritius and Str. roseoflavus var. roseofungini; less stable and nutritionally affected for variants derived from Str. albocyaneus, Str. roseoflavus and Str. anthocyaneus; unstable on all except fructose‐containing mineral medium for the variants of Str. flavofungini. Vegetative growth of some of the variants obtained was not inferior to that of parent cultures; some variants produced increased amounts of intracellular antibiotics. Some implications of the reported findings are discussed.

Topic: Fungal Biology and Applications
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Alleviation of Interlanguage Among Chinese College Students—A Change of Perspectives

Interlanguage, as a pervasive and imminent phenomenon, is the headache for almost every second language learner.Its origin can be traced back to the tremendous difference on the level of thought.Among numerous attempts to tackle the problem, a change of perspectives from culture aspects is an approach to alleviating the interference of mother tongue and to improving interlanguage.Several perspective conversion patterns are dealt with, including subjective and objective thinking pattern conversion, narrative sequence conversion, negation conversion, parataxis and hypotaxis thinking pattern conversion, and topic subject and thematic structure conversion.The feedbacks from the drills in the college English classes of Harbin Engineering University in 2015 prove the validity of the cultivation approach.

Topic: Second Language Learning and Teaching
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Ahead of his Age: Bishop Barnes of Birmingham. By John Barnes. Pp. 487 + 8 plates and 2 drawings. London: Collins, 1979. £12.95.

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Topic: Reformation and Early Modern Christianity
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Planning Beyond Tactics: Towards a Military Application of the Philosophy of Design in the Formulation of Strategy

The recognition of the failure at the strategic and operational levels of war during the Global War on Terror, specifically in Iraq, has resulted in a quest for intellectual solutions to complex operational and strategic problems. To date this has resulted in a tacit acknowledgement that the Military Decision Making Process (MDMP) is not equipped to tackle ill defined problems and that a complementary approach is required. The emphasis on problem framing as defining a problem has been the hallmark of this new approach that is facilitated through institutional learning and a process of reframing rather than the advocating of predictive solutions. This monograph does not attempt to evaluate these new processes or seek to incorporate them within existing doctrine. Instead, it sets out the philosophy behind a design approach to planning. The broad design theory is an amalgam of the Israeli concept of Systemic Operational Design (SOD), Effects-Based Approach (EBA) and Systems of Systems Analysis (SoSA) as a systemic design process that is complementary to existing decision making tools. The monograph elucidates the philosophical functions that are contingent to this process. Importantly, this is not a 'how to' manual providing a prescriptive approach, but an illumination, a theory of becoming that focuses on the why of the process, in order to offer a level of understanding. The distinction between Form, Function and Logic has been embraced as the method used for explaining the philosophy of design. This builds on the writing of Deleuze and his 'philosophy of difference' and also in compartmentalizing between explaining the form of the design approach, from its functions and logic. The design approach produces more robust planning guidance, a frame of reference that enables reframing when the situation changes, an easily communicable strategy, across the whole of government and the explicit step of acknowledging our own biases and perspectives in shaping how we view the world. The conclusion of this monograph is not to replace MDMP and existing practices for planning or as a tool for decisions of implementation, but that a design approach is more appropriate for the creation of strategy, at every level, and concerns primarily decisions of consequence.

Topic: Anthropology: Ethics, History, Culture
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
PTEN deficiency in mast cells causes a mastocytosis-like proliferative disease that heightens allergic responses and vascular permeability

Abstract Kit regulation of mast cell proliferation and differentiation has been intimately linked to the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3K). The activating D816V mutation of Kit, seen in the majority of mastocytosis patients, causes a robust activation of PI3K signals. However, whether increased PI3K signaling in mast cells is a key element for their in vivo hyperplasia remains unknown. Here we report that dysregulation of PI3K signaling in mice by deletion of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) gene (which regulates the levels of the PI3K product, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate) caused mast cell hyperplasia and increased numbers in various organs. Selective deletion of Pten in the mast cell compartment revealed that the hyperplasia was intrinsic to the mast cell. Enhanced STAT5 phosphorylation and increased expression of survival factors, such as Bcl-XL, were observed in PTEN-deficient mast cells, and these were further enhanced by stem cell factor stimulation. Mice carrying PTEN-deficient mast cells also showed increased hypersensitivity as well as increased vascular permeability. Thus, Pten deletion in the mast cell compartment results in a mast cell proliferative phenotype in mice, demonstrating that dysregulation of PI3K signals is vital to the observed mast cell hyperplasia.

Topic: Mast cells and histamine
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences