jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A comparison of contrast enhancement methods for 2D radiographic images: Applied to patient positioning in proton therapy

The positioning of patients following a proton therapy is paramount for improving the impact of this treatment in the diseased tissue as well as for reducing the damage to other tissues in the area. This positioning is, commonly, carried out using markers and X-ray images whose quality has to be improved to ensure a better alignment.

Topic: Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of wire width on strain distribution and bandgap in laterally aligned InGaAs/GaAs quantum wire nanostructures

The effect of InGaAs quantum wire width in the GaAs matrix on the strain distribution was studied using the finite element method and the resultant strain-modified bandgap was analysed in light of the 'model solid' theory of Van de Walle. The absolute magnitude of the strain in the bulk of the wire was attenuated significantly at the wire end along the width direction. Based on wire centres, the strain-modified direct bandgap increased with the decrease in wire width. The experimentally observed blueshift in photoluminescence spectra reported elsewhere was much higher than the predicted value based on the change in strain-modified bandgap especially at small-width wires. Other sources, such as the association of strain-relieved wire edge to the active region in the small-width wires, were interpreted to contribute significantly to the experimental blueshift.

Topic: Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Occupant Neck Injury Assessment Caused by Backward Movement of a Preceding Vehicle at a Low Impact Velocity

Abstract: This study assesses neck injury of occupants in a real traffic accident case that a preceding vehicle moved backward and impacted a parked vehicle at a low velocity. This case is different from a case of whiplash injury caused by rear impact on vehicle. The impact velocity was estimated from damages of the two vehicle bumpers and the displacement of the parked vehicle was also estimated from CCTV images. MADYMO simulation was performed based on the vehicle specifications and investigation report. The comparison of neck flexion moments with the

Topic: Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Excitation of mixed Rossby–gravity waves by wave–mean flow interactions on the sphere

Abstract The equatorial mixed Rossby–gravity wave (MRGW) is an important contributor to tropical variability. Its excitation mechanism capable of explaining the observed MRGW variance peak at synoptic scales in the troposphere remains elusive. This study investigates wave–mean flow interactions as a generation process for the MRGWs using the TIGAR model, which employs Hough harmonics as the basis of spectral expansion on the sphere, thereby representing MRGWs as prognostic variables. Idealized numerical simulations reveal the interactions between waves emanating from a symmetric tropical heat source and an asymmetric subtropical zonal jet as an excitation mechanism for the MRGWs. The excited MRGWs have variance spectra resembling the observed MRGWs in the tropical troposphere. The mixed Rossby–gravity energy spectrum has a maximum at zonal wavenumbers –5 also in the case of an asymmetric forcing that generates MRGWs across large scales. Effects of wave–wave interactions appear of little importance for the MRGW growth compared with wave–mean flow interactions. Application of the zonal‐mean zonal wind profiles from ERA5 reaffirms the importance of the asymmetry of the zonal mean flow.

Topic: Climate variability and models
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Intravenous Catheter Placement

Indications for intravenous catheter placement in foals include administration of fluids or prolonged administration of intravenous drugs. Catheter placement should be performed under sterile conditions. The most frequent site for catheter placement is the jugular vein. Alternatively, the cephalic vein, saphenous vein, or lateral thoracic veins may be used. Types of catheters used in foals differ based on material, method of placement, and number of lumens. This chapter discusses the technique for the placement of over-the-needle catheters, over-the-wire catheter, and peel away catheter. In addition, it discusses the processes involved in catheter maintenance and blood or catheter culture. The complications of intravenous catheter placement include thrombophlebitis extravascular or intra-arterial catheter placement, non-patent catheter, embolism, and catheter embolism.

Topic: Central Venous Catheters and Hemodialysis
Subfield: Emergency Medical Services
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Nap1 and Kap114 co-chaperone H2A-H2B and facilitate targeted histone release in the nucleus

Core histones, synthesized and processed in the cytoplasm, must be chaperoned as they are transported into the nucleus for nucleosome assembly. The importin Kap114 transports H2A-H2B into the yeast nucleus, where RanGTP facilitates histone release. Kap114 and H2A-H2B also bind the histone chaperone Nap1, but how Nap1 and Kap114 cooperate in transport and nucleosome assembly remains unclear. Here, biochemical and structural analyses show that Kap114, H2A-H2B, and a Nap1 dimer (Nap12) associate in the absence and presence of RanGTP to form equimolar complexes. A previous study had shown that RanGTP reduces Kap114’s ability to chaperone H2A-H2B, but a new cryo-EM structure of the Nap12•H2A-H2B•Kap114•RanGTP complex explains how both Kap114 and Nap12 interact with H2A-H2B, restoring its chaperoning within the assembly while effectively depositing it into nucleosomes. Together, our results suggest that Kap114 and Nap12 provide a sheltered path that facilitates the transfer of H2A-H2B from Kap114 to Nap12, ultimately directing its specific deposition into nucleosomes.

Topic: DNA Repair Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
CCDC 2043927: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
c-Space: 3D visualization and modelling of digital models on mobile devices

c-Space aims to stimulate users' creativity by giving them a set of tools that would allow the reconstruction of 3D scenes by just taking some pictures/videos of the real world. Of great importance is the possibility to exploit these tools in a mobile environment, in order to utilize the portability and accessibility offered by hand-held devices. However, the decision to support this kind of devices comes at a cost: many operations that are easily done in a desktop PC, are not in the mobile world: high loading times, complex 3D interactions and low memory are some of the faced problems. This paper introduces new metaphors of interaction that permits the editing of 3D scenes, even on displays of small sizes; moreover, it presents a visualization system that gives user extra freedom, when compared to existent tools, while keeping at the same time minimal levels of complexity.

Topic: Interactive and Immersive Displays
Subfield: Human-Computer Interaction
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Within-Plant Distribution of Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Development of Node-Based Sample Units for Estimating Whole-Plant Densities in Soybean

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is capable of reducing soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., yield up to 40% during severe outbreaks. Frequent sampling, which can be costly and time-consuming, is essential to making informed management decisions. However, one way to decrease sampling effort is to use a reduced sample unit when possible. The objectives of this study were to describe the vertical distribution of soybean aphid within soybean over time and to define node-based sample units of varying sizes by testing the ability of selected units to accurately estimate whole-plant aphid density. Within-plant distribution of soybean aphid changed significantly with time. However, the average nodal position where soybean aphids were found on soybean remained within the top half of the plant at all three locations studied across all sample dates. Consequently, selecting the node with the highest aphid density multiplied by the total number of infested nodes (NMAX′) was the best predictor of aphids on remaining soybean components in both the original (r2 = 0.855) and validation (r2 = 0.824) data sets. For sample units that included more than a single node to estimate densities, a weighted formula, which incorporated changes observed in the within-plant aphid distribution, improved model performance (higher r2 values) and reduced variability around parameter estimates compared with a node-averaged formula. Our results suggest that smaller sample units provide reliable estimations of whole-plant aphid density throughout the growing season for differently maturing soybean, which is essential to their use in pest management decisions and development of future sampling plans.

Topic: Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Implementation of double-pulse laser control in optical Kerr effect spectroscopy

Two-pulse control of time-dependent anisotropy in liquid CCl4 and CHCl3 at room temperature is implemented using femtosecond polarisation spectroscopy. Non-resonant excitation was enhanced by means of the double-pulse pump-probe technique. It is shown that by varying the delay between the exciting pulses and their relative intensity, selection of contributions of individual intramolecular modes into the recorded signal is achieved. The molecular responses were detected using the time-resolved optically heterodyne-detected optical-Kerr-effect technique.

Topic: Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
An Explosive Outbreak of <i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i> Infection in a Summer Camp

An outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection occurred in the summer of 1978 in a boys' camp in northern Wisconsin and affected 139 of 196 persons (71%); 115 (59%) had laboratory evidence of infection. In 77% of the cases, onset of disease occurred within three weeks after arrival at camp, in contrast to the usually indolent spread of the disease. Attack rates decreased with increasing age. The sensitivity of serology for detecting M pneumoniae disease may have been as low as 79%. There was shorter duration of cough in those treated with erythromycin within four days after onset of symptoms.

Topic: Microbial infections and disease research
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Immunomodulatory and antibacterial activities of extracts from Rutaceae species

Rutaceae is a taxon with species very well distributed in Brazilian semi-arid area, commonly used in folk medicine. Species from this genus have diverse biological activity described in literature. In this work, immunomodulatory and bactericidal activity are described for chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of three of them (Esenbeckia grandiflora Mart., Pilocarpus spicatus A.St.-Hil. and Galipea simplicifolia Schult.). Initially all the samples had their cytotoxicity evaluated, aiming to determine the LC50. The immunomodulatory potential was evaluated in cultures of murine splenocytes stimulated or not with concanavalin A and in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) using splenocytes from BALB/c (H-2d) mice immunized with splenocytes from C57Bl/6 (H-2b) mice. Four samples had higher values of lymphoproliferation inhibition in concanavalin A-stimulated cultures and were evaluated in MLR. The antibacterial activity of extracts was also evaluated and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for two active samples were 1.0 and 5.0 mg/ml for extracts from Esenbeckia grandiflora Mart. and Galipea simplicifolia Schult., respectively. Thus, our results reinforce data of literature relating biological activity for many species of the Rutaceae family and encourage studies with these species aiming to discover active compounds, candidates to new medicines.

Topic: Phytochemical compounds biological activities
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Effect of the Implementation of Modern Tax Administration System on Corporate Taxpayer Compliance in the Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratamamedan Barat, Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of modern tax administration systems on corporate taxpayer compliance at the Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Medan Barat. This study is motivated because the percentage of corporate taxpayer compliance registered at the Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Medan Barat is still very low from 2014-2017 even though there is an increase in the number of registered taxpayers, but the effectiveness of taxpayer compliance is still very low. The population used in this study was all corporate taxpayers registered at the Kantor Pelayanan Pajak (KPP) Pratama. The research sample was 100 corporate taxpayers with the convenience sampling technique. The data collection method used in this research is using a personal questionnaire (Personally Administered Questionnaires). Data analysis techniques use logistic regression analysis. The results of data analysis indicate that the variables of organizational restructuring, business processes and communication and information technology, human resource management and good governance have a positive and significant effect on taxpayer compliance. This means that if the modern tax administration system is implemented properly at the Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Medan Barat, then the probability of compulsory compliance will be better (increase).

Topic: Taxation and Compliance Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Multi-robot human scene observation based on hybrid metric-topological mapping

This paper presents an hybrid metric-topological mapping for multi-robot observation of a human scene. The scene is defined as a set of body joints. Mobile robots have to cooperate to find a position around the scene that maximizes the number of observed joints. It is assumed that the robots can communicate but have no map of the environment. The map is updated cooperatively by exchanging only high-level data, thereby reducing the communication payload. The mapping is also realized in an incremental way to explore promising areas of the environment while keeping state-space complexity reasonable. We proposed an on-line distributed heuristic search combined to this hybrid mapping. We showed the efficiency of the approach on a fleet of three real robots, in particular its ability to quickly explore and find the team position maximizing the joint observation quality.

Topic: Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Occurrence of mycorrhizae on ericaceous and pyrolaceous plants in northern California

Four hundred and eighty plants in northern California from 27 taxa in the Ericaceae and 5 in the Pyrolaceae were surveyed for presence of ectomycorrhizae, arbutoid, or ericoid mycorrhizae between September 1977 and April 1978. Of these, 337 in the Ericaceae and 8 in the Pyrolaceae had one or more types of mycorrhizae.At least 88% of the plants of larger shrubs or trees (Arbutus menziesii or Arctostaphylos spp.) were mycorrhizal in various locations in northern California. Of the plants in the remaining twenty-two taxa that were mycorrhizal, 67–100% had ectomycorrhizae or arbutoid mycorrhizae. Twenty-three taxa of ericaceous or pyrolaceous plants in the genera Cassiope, Gaultheria, Kalmia, Ledum, Leucothoe, Phyllodoce, Rhododendron, Vaccinium, Pyrola, and Chimaphila were also mycorrhizal. The type and abundance of mycorrhizae appear to depend on as yet undefined ecological factors.Ectomycorrhizae (including the Cenococcum type) or ericoid mycorrhizae are reported for the first time in Arbutus, most Arctostaphylos spp., Gaultheria shallon, Kalmia polifolia, Ledum glandulosum var. columbianum, Leucothoe davisiae, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Vaccinium arbuscula, V. ovatum, V. scoparium, Chimaphila menziesii, and Pyrola picta f. picta.

Topic: Seedling growth and survival studies
Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Economic Sanctions and the Politics of IMF Lending

What effect do economic sanctions have on the IMF lending decisions? Though countries under economic sanctions often face significant economic and financial difficulties, no comprehensive research to date has explored whether the IMF as a de facto lender of last resort intervenes in those countries in need. We posit that economic coercion is likely to hinder the target’s access to IMF credits as sanctioning (sender) countries are likely to use their political influence in the IMF to deny funds to the destabilized target economies. To assess the empirical merits of the hypothesis, we combine data on the IMF lending with the economic sanctions data for 120 emerging market economies from 1975 to 2005. Results indicate that target countries are less likely to receive IMF funds, especially when under sanctions by the United States and international institutions. Our findings contradict the conventional wisdom that the IMF is tasked with providing lifelines to member governments in need of help to ease their short-term balance of payment problems. Further, as much as IMF loans can be used as positive inducements to acquire a country’s strategic cooperation, we show that they might also be used by sender countries as a punishment tool against target countries to amplify the impact of sanctions regimes.

Topic: Economic Sanctions and International Relations
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Psychological examination of the signs of extremism in the users’ social network profiles

This article is dedicated to determination of the psychological signs of extremism in the information posted by users in social networks. The object of this research is the semantic content of a social network profile. The subject of this research is the evidence of proclivity for extremism. The relevance of this research is substantiated by the need to detect materials and people who incite social, ethnic, national, political, racial and religious hostility, as well as promote extremist views on the Internet. The goal is to determine the signs of propensity for extremism based on the social network profile. The article employs expert analysis for revealing semantic content of profiles in the social network VKontakte; content analysis for studying the materials of profiles in the social network Vkontakte; methods of statistical analysis, such as factor analysis of the selected signs of extremist personality and cluster analysis of profiles. The acquired results allow formulating the criteria for identification of individuals with extremist orientation via analyzing user profiles in the social networks, as well as determining the extremist-oriented content on the Internet, and promptly responding the law enforcement agencies to the threat of antisocial behavior on the Internet platforms. The developed set of the signs of extremism allows carrying out preventive work among youth, indicating the main manifestations of &amp;ldquo;hazardous&amp;rdquo; Internet content for parents and pedagogues, as well as teenagers themselves.

Topic: Sociopolitical Dynamics in Russia
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Effect of helicity on wrapping and bundling of semi-flexible filaments twirled in a viscous fluid

In many motile microorganisms, propulsion is achieved by rotating or twirling one or more long appendages called flagella. These semi-flexible filaments are also intrinsically helical. Recent studies have revealed that zero-Reynolds number propulsion in a viscous environment is possible even with simpler achiral filaments flexible enough to undergo a wrapping transition to twisted shapes when twirled at one end at high torques. We use simulations to show that intrinsic helicity eliminates the transition. This makes operating characteristics of more twisted filaments smoother over a wide range of applied torques, both in single filaments, as well as in a pair of filaments hydrodynamically bundling together when co-twirled in the same direction.

Topic: Micro and Nano Robotics
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Stray animals awareness campaign for SSPCA in Kuching

In Malaysia, the crisis of stray overpopulation is getting more and more serious. Due to the lack of awareness and social concern towards the crisis in the local society and many other factors, this social issue is often being neglected. Many other countries such as Singapore, Hong Kong and the United States of America have already started to take serious efforts in solving this problem and there are successful results to prove that the problem is solvable if the awareness towards the issue is educated among the people. However, Malaysia is still at the beginning stage of saving the poor strays and there is a lack of visual elements that could help in creating the awareness among the society. Therefore, the aim of this project is to propose an awareness campaign that implements the advertising techniques of Direct Marketing that could help the Sarawak Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SSPCA) in raising awareness, changing public attitudes and behaviour towards the issue of stray animals.

Topic: Halal products and consumer behavior
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Nitrates Evaluation in the National Térraba-Sierpe Wetland

This research aimed to describe, spatially and temporally, the concentrations of nitrates in correlation with anthropogenic activities surrounding the Sierpe River that crosses the National Térraba-Sierpe Wetland (HNTS). Although territorially protected by Costa Rican legislation, this wetland is surrounded by intense agricultural activity. In 2018, monthly monitoring of pH, nitrates, and dissolved oxygen was carried out in fourteen points of the river. A baseline around 5 mg NO3- / L was obtained in periods without agricultural activities and peaks up to 20 mg NO3- / L after fertilization activities. Correspondingly, a decrease in dissolved oxygen and pH was observed on days of high agricultural activity. In the months following fertilization, accelerated growth of aquatic plants and a general deterioration in mangrove reproduction were observed by collaborators of the HNTS management and surveillance program. Nevertheless, when high nitrates concentration in agricultural areas are observed, their decline is also observed in the direction of the river's flow until it reaches its mouth. This facts shows the still active function of the wetland and its importance in the processing of nitrates. To regulate activities not only in the territorial limit but also in the limits of the water system surrounding the HNTS is recommended to protect this ecosystem function.

Topic: Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences