jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Herding cats: Competitive underwriting of catastrophe‐exposed property risks ‐ A teaching case

Abstract Risk management is an important aspect of property insurance sales, underwriting, and rating that is covered lightly in standard texts or publishers' materials. This case is based on the risk management considerations of a fictitious insurer within an often competitive and always high‐stakes industry segment—the primary insurance market for property catastrophes. The case is primarily concerned with performance management and the inherent tension that the competitive business environment can add to the management of insurance sales, underwriting, and rating risk. This case engages students in risky decision making with the option to use a simulation game that can be restricted to one round and one class period or played over several rounds in or out of class time. The game simulates randomized loss occurrences (based on pseudo‐realistic probabilities) and competitive market dynamics (also containing an element of randomness). The case requires basic knowledge of commercial property insurance rating and underwriting, catastrophe risk, insurer performance analysis (namely, loss ratios and the premium‐to‐surplus ratio), and risk preferences. Decision making under uncertainty—with an appreciation of the linkages between sales, underwriting, loss costs, and risk capital—is a key learning of the case analysis. Group decision‐making is an element of the case, and as such a secondary learning is negotiation and conflict resolution. Usage of Excel for case analysis is necessary.

Topic: Insurance and Financial Risk Management
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Metabolomic Profiling as a Possible Reverse Engineering\nTool for Estimating Processing Conditions of Dry-Cured Hams

Dry-cured\nhams are popular among consumers. To increase the attractiveness\nof the product, objective analytical methods and algorithms to evaluate\nthe relationship between observable properties and consumer acceptability\nare required. In this study, metabolomics, which is used for quantitative\nprofiling of hundreds of small molecules, was applied to 12 kinds\nof dry-cured hams from Japan and Europe. In total, 203 charged metabolites,\nincluding amino acids, organic acids, nucleotides, and peptides, were\nsuccessfully identified and quantified. Metabolite profiles were compared\nfor the samples with different countries of origin and processing\nmethods (e.g., smoking or use of a starter culture). Principal component\nanalysis of the metabolite profiles with sensory properties revealed\nsignificant correlations for redness, homogeneity, and fat whiteness.\nThis approach could be used to design new ham products by objective\nevaluation of various features.

Topic: Meat and Animal Product Quality
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Combining Time-spirit with Reality and Strengthening the Practical Results of Teaching——On the Teaching of “A Survey of Mao Zedong Thought”

The combination of time-spirit with reality is a must for the teaching of “Conspectus of Mao Zedong Thought”. It can strengthen the practical results of teaching and actualize students' cognition, acceptance, belief and observance of Mao Zedong Thought. This process is in fact an attainment of the unity of cognition, belief and action.

Topic: Educational Reforms and Innovations
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Alveolar bone response distal to applied orthodontic forces in ovariectomized rats.

In conclusion, orthodontic forces applied to the dentoalveolar complex of ovariectomized rats affect bone remodeling, even in areas distal to the site of force application. This finding should be taken into account during orthodontic treatment of women during menopause.

Topic: dental development and anomalies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Gerontology Internship Program for Medical Students

Although the aged are the country's major users of medical care and social services, traditional medical school curricula devote little time to the aged and their social needs. This article reports on a community-based gerontology internship established for pre-clinical medical students to sensitize them to the needs of the elderly in the community. Students were assigned to community agencies servicing the elderly; working with elderly clients, they learned about needs and services. Students, agency staff and program faculty found the internship a meaningful, consciousness-raising experience, and an excellent vehicle for preparing future physicians to interact with and care for their aged patients.

Topic: Aging and Gerontology Research
Subfield: Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
MMNand attention: Competition for deviance detection ELYSE SUSSMAN,a,b ISTVAN WINKLER,c,d AND WENJUNGWANGb,e

We addressed the question of whether the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential reflects an attention-independent process. Previous studies have shown that the MMN response to intensity deviation was significantly reduced or even abolished when attention was highly focused on a concurrent sound channel, whereas no conclusive evidence of attentional sensitivity has been obtained for frequency deviation. We tested a new hypothesis suggesting that competition between detection of identical deviations in attended and unattended channels and the biasing of this competition induced by the subject’s task account for the observed MMN effects. In a fast-paced dichotic paradigm, we set up competition for frequency MMN and removed it for intensity MMN. We found that frequency MMN was now abolished in the unattended channel, whereas the amplitude of the intensity MMN was unaffected. These results support the competition hypothesis and suggest that selective attention in and of itself does not affect the MMN. Top-down processes can determine what information reaches the deviance-detection process when changes in multiple channels vie for the same MMN resource and one of the competing changes is relevant for the subject’s task. Descriptors: Mismatch negativity, MMN, Attention, ERP, Competition, Deviance detection The mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related brain potential (ERP) reflects a process of sensory discrimination in the auditory

Topic: Neuroscience and Music Perception
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Optimal Planning of Transit Routes for Large Cities

The developed system involves: selection of optimal hubs and delineation of their influence areas; estimation of demand; and generation of optimal paths and service frequencies. Fuzzy clustering and Self-organizing-map methods aggregate the stops into a number of clusters. A hub is located with the objective to minimize the `Total Travel Distance' within a cluster. Optimal set of clusters is one that provides the minimum `Total Passenger Time' for the network. Routing model generates reasonably direct routes with high frequency. Optimal path is selected on the basis of maximum `Desire passenger-km per km'. Number of trips to be operated for a route depends upon the demand served along the route and the passenger flow on various links of the route. To estimate the optimal trips for a route, an iterative heuristic algorithm is adopted in the scheduling model. The devised methodology is successfully implemented for New Delhi, the capital city of India. The total daily transit demand generated at 1542 stops is 7.67 million passengers. A set of fifty optimal hubs is identified and 181 inter hub routes are generated. Eighty-eight of these inter-hub routes, which have very high demand, need to be operated with automated transit vehicles (APM). A total of 305 secondary routes (intra-hub) are also generated. Optimal scheduling is done for all the 486 transit routes. For peak period, a total fleet of 11497 standard size buses is required at the desired level of service.

Topic: Transportation Planning and Optimization
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Automated test mapping and coverage for network topologies

Communication devices such as routers and switches play a critical role in the reliable functioning of embedded system networks. Dozens of such devices may be part of an embedded system network, and they need to be tested in conjunction with various computational elements on actual hardware, in many different configurations that are representative of actual operating networks. An individual physical network topology can be used as the basis for a test system that can execute many test cases, by identifying the part of the physical network topology that corresponds to the configuration required by each individual test case. Given a set of available test systems and a large number of test cases, the problem is to determine for each test case, which of the test systems are suitable for executing the test case, and to provide the mapping that associates the test case elements (the logical network topology) with the appropriate elements of the test system (the physical network topology).

Topic: Embedded Systems Design Techniques
Subfield: Hardware and Architecture
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Greater Discomfort as a Proximate Cause of Sex Differences in Competition

The research was designed to examine whether females exhibit greater discomfort than males in competitive contexts, which could account for females' greater avoidance of direct competition. In Study 1, 40 groups of 4 same-sex children from kindergarten or Grade 4 were asked to chose one leader for their groups. Although no sex differences were found in level of participation or length of negotiations during the process of leadership selection, females were found to exhibit significantly more discomfort than males. In Study 2, a new method was employed in which kindergarten and Grade 4 same-sex dyads competed by playing identical games. No sex differences were found in level of discomfort while the children played the games and a barrier prevented the children from communicating. After the games were over and the barrier removed, however, females displayed higher levels of discomfort than males both while waiting for the outcome of the competition and after the winner had been announced. Together, these studies provide consistent evidence that females exhibit higher levels of discomfort than males when competing directly with same-sex peers. One plausible proximate reason for sex differences in engagement in direct competition is females' more negative emotional response.

Topic: Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
[Osler-Weber-Rendu--a life-threatening disease in adults and children].

Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome or Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease. It is more common than previously estimated, with a prevalence of 1:5,000-10,000. It was described mainly in adults, however recent studies suggest a similar presentation in children. The clinical characteristics include epistaxis, skin and mucosal telangiectases and visceral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and diagnostic criteria for this disease have been established. Epistaxis and telangiectases appear in most patients. Epistaxis can be massive and difficult to treat. Pulmonary AVMs are present in 30% of patients and can result in right to left shunt, with dyspnea, cyanosis and polycythemia. The shunt, bypassing the pulmonary capillary bed, can also result in paradoxical emboli to the brain, strokes and brain abscesses. Different screening methods have been suggested for pulmonary AVMs, preferably high resolution chest CT and bubble echocardiography. Definite diagnosis is made by pulmonary angiography. The recommended treatment is pulmonary embolization and recent studies show excellent results in adults and children. Cerebral AVMs appear in 5% of patients and can result in cerebral hemorrhage. MRI is the recommended screening test. There is a debate as to whether to treat asymptomatic patients with cerebral AVMs. Mutations in two genes have been shown to cause 2 types of this disease. Both genes encode proteins, endoglin and ALK-1, which are components of the TGF-beta receptor. Mutations in these genes cause HHT1 and HHT2, respectively. Screening family members of patients for pulmonary AVMs is recommended, and children should probably be included.

Topic: Vascular Anomalies and Treatments
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Importance of 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Metabolite Monitoring in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Treated with Azathioprine

Abstract The active metabolite of azathioprine, 6-thioguanine nucleotide (6-TGN) is the main component responsible for the immunosuppressive effect in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between the concentration of 6-thioguanine nucleotide and disease activity, azathioprine-related adverse effects and time duration of treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Thirty-four patients were included in this study. Type of disease, gender, time duration of therapy and adverse effects were recorded. Metabolite concentration was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Twenty-one percent of patients have experienced an adverse effect, with leucocytopenia most commonly occurring (42.9%). More adverse effects were registered when patients were treated with azathioprine in a period of less than 3 months in comparison to the group of patients that have been under therapy between 3-12 months and more than 12 months (p˂0.05). Most of the patients that presented any adverse effect had high 6-TGN concentration (&gt;450 pmol/8x10 8 Er). The mean value of 6-TGN metabolite concentration in IBD patients treated with azathioprine was 437.46 pmol/8x10 8 Er ± 198.82 pmol/8x10 8 . The time duration of azathioprine treatment did not have any significant impact on the achieved 6-TGN concentration (p&gt;0.05).Twenty patients (58.9%) had achieved remission after therapy initiation with azathioprine. More alertness is recommended to clinicians towards patients in the first 3 months of the therapy. Our study demonstrated that higher 6-TGN concentration is associated with azathioprine toxicity.

Topic: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia research
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Community psychology and urban studies: Common connections and missed opportunities

Community psychology is an international subfield of psychology that focuses on encouraging well-being by examining transactions between individuals and larger social systems including organizations (e.g., schools, workplaces), local neighborhoods, and cities. Although the fields of community psychology and urban studies both address metropolitan problems, urban social change, and urban policy, it is unclear to what extent these fields inform each other. In this paper, I first trace the history and development of community psychology in three localities to urban issues such as access to community mental health services, unemployment, and urban poverty. Second, I describe how contemporary community psychologists have focused their research on a range of urban topics including urban education, homelessness and housing policy, and local politics. Third, using a network analysis of journal citations, I explore the extent to which community psychology and urban studies have informed each other over the past 10 years. Finally, I explore future directions for encouraging interdisciplinarity between community psychology and urban studies.

Topic: Community Health and Development
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Which criteria should be used for starting pharmacologic therapy for management of gestational diabetes in pregnancy? Evidence from randomized controlled trials

<b>Introduction:</b> There is inconclusive evidence to support any specific criteria for starting pharmacologic therapy after diet in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to analyze the most used criteria for starting pharmacologic treatment for patients with GDM. <b>Material and methods:</b> Electronic databases were searched from their inception to September 2017. We included all the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GDM managed initially by diet and exercise reporting criteria for starting pharmacologic therapy. RCTs in women with pregestational diabetes were excluded. Data regarding glucose values used for starting pharmacologic therapy were extracted and carefully reviewed. <b>Results:</b> We included 15 RCTs (4307 women) in the meta-analysis. For fasting glucose target, 8/14 (57%) used a value lower or equal to 90 mg/dL and the remainder used values <99 mg/dL. Of the 10 RCTs targeting 2-h postprandial values, the majority (9/10, 90%) used 120 mg/dL. The majority of RCTs (13/15, 87%) recommended pharmacologic therapy if either 1 or 2 values per 1- or 2-week period were higher than the target values: 7/13 (54%) used 1 value and 6/13 (46%) used 2 values higher than target values. One RCT (7%) used >50% of the values higher than the target values and another one (7%) used >30%. <b>Conclusion:</b> The majority of RCTs (87%) used very tight criteria of either 1 or 2 values over the target values in the 1 or 2-week period for starting pharmacologic treatment for patients with GDM; more than 50% used 2 values. Key Message Pharmacologic therapy should be considered in women with gestational diabetes when, despite an adequate diet and exercise, 1 or 2 blood glucose values are over the target values of 90mg/dL fasting or 120mg/dL 2-hour postprandial over 1 or 2 weeks.

Topic: Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Latent DNA detection

Trace DNA can be crucial evidence but remains undetectable. The introduction of DNA-binding dyes offered an opportunity to 'see' cellular material for the first time. Skin cells, in the form of keratinocytes and corneocytes, deposited on glass, plastic metals can be stained and visualized. Cells appear within 10 s and can be recorded using a portable microscope allowing detection away from the laboratory. Despite the many advantages afforded by using a DNA binding dye, the process has yet to be part of forensic processes. This extended abstract outlines the possibilities and limitations in the detection of latent DNA.

Topic: Protein Interaction Studies and Fluorescence Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in esophageal cancers (EC)

e13529 Background: EC patients face a dismal outcome despite tri-modality management strategy. Median survival remains 15–18 months despite platinum, fluropyrimidine &amp; irinotecan based therapy. BCRP is an ATP-dependent efflux protein associated with chemotherapy (CT) (e.g. irinotecan) resistance. Role of BCRP expression in EC and normal esophageal cells is not known. We examined the expression of this protein and correlate it with survival (OS) in patients receiving irinotecan-based CT. Methods: With IRB approval, 40 cases of EC diagnosed between 2004 and 2008 were stained for BCRP expression by IHC &amp; scored by the pathologist blinded to clinical data. Baseline demographics, therapy given &amp; OS data were collected and correlated with BCRP expression. BCRP score (membrane or cytoplasm) &gt;/= 30 was considered positive (calculated by multiplying BCRP intensity and % staining). Fisher's exact test used to determine association between BCRP expression &amp; demographics. Cox proportional hazards model used for association of BCRP &amp; OS. Results: Baseline patient and tumor characteristics: Gender: M 35, F 5; Histology: 37 Adenoca &amp; 3 SCC; Stage 1-III 27, Stage IV 10, unknown 3; CT: cisplatin+irinotecan (n=16), oxaliplatin+fluoropyrimidine (n=8), other (n=16); IHC: 30 of 40 cancers (75%) expressed BCRP [strong (n=28) &amp; intermediate (n=3); membranous (n=17), cytoplasmic (n=27) &amp; both (n=14)]. Down-regulation of BCRP expression in tumor compared to normal cells seen in 40% of patients. Median OS was 19 months with no difference in OS between BCRP positive and negative patients (p=0.13). Estimated hazard ratio (HR) of death for BCRP positive patients was 2.29 (95% CI 0.79 - 6.64).There was no association between BCRP expression and stage, age, gender or histology. For patients who received cisplatin and irinotecan as first line CT there was no difference in OS (p=0.39) of BCRP negative versus positive patients. Conclusions: BCRP expression is seen in a majority of EC &amp; normal esophageal mucosa. Response rates to irinotecan based therapies are seen in 30–40 % of EC, whether the 40% with low tumor BCRP constitute a majority of the responders needs to be prospectively validated in a larger dataset &amp; should include markers that predict response to 5-FU &amp; platinum based CT to allow individualizing therapy for this cancer. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Topic: Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Dyonic instantons in five-dimensional gauge theories

We show that there exist finite energy, non-singular instanton solutions for five-dimensional theories with broken gauge symmetry. The soliton is supported against collapse by a non-zero electric charge. The low-energy dynamics of these solutions is described by motion on the ADHM moduli space with potential.

Topic: Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Alcestis on Roman Sarcophagi

The sarcophagus of Caius Junius Euhodus and Metilia Acte belongs to a small group of Roman sarcophagi which depict the death of Alcestis. Unlike most other members of the group, however, the Euhodus sarcophagus also portrays Alcestis's return from death in a prominent position on the front of the box. This variation in the use of the mythological theme suggests that while in most cases the story of Alcestis was chosen because of its pathos, the theme of possible triumph over death may also have appealed to some of the clients who commissioned the sarcophagi. The inscription of the Euhodus sarcophagus confirms that the couple for whom it was made subscribed to the cult of the Magna Mater, a cult which evidently did believe in the possibility of life after death. The language of symbolism on this monument, however, seems to be derived not from mystery rites but from familiar scenes of everyday life. The scene in which Alcestis is restored to her husband by Heracles bears a strong resemblance to a conventional wedding scene. Such a visual reference would underscore the theme of reunion implicit in the story of Alcestis and Admetus. Euhodus and Metilia, whose portrait faces appear on the mythological figures, expected to be united in death at least in a physical sense, since their bodies were to be interred in the same sarcophagus. In view of their religious beliefs, they may have hoped for a reunion in a life after death as well.

Topic: Classical Antiquity Studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences