jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Reno'Portal Venous Anastomosis upon the Renal Function in the Experimental Renal Hypertension

As previously reported, the reno-portal venous anastomosis had curative effect on the elevated blood pressure of the renal hypertensive dogs and this was probably due to the inactivating ability of the liver to the pressure substance released from the kidney. It has also been reported that this anastomosis han no significant noxious effect on the liver function during the long period of observation. Another important problem which should be solved before this technique can be used clinically is its effect on the renal function. In the present experiments, the renal function before and after the reno-portal venous anastomosis was examined by means of renal "Clearance" in normotensive and hypertensive dogs. Experimental hypertension was produced under the modified GOLDBLATT method by constricting the right renal artery with a tantalum plate or under the modified MASUGI'S method by intravenous administration of the anti-dog-kidney-cortex rabbit immune serum in the previously left nephrectmized dogs. The anastomosis was carried out by end to side anastomosis between the right renal vein and the portal vein or to the root of the superior mesenteric vein. Blood N. P. N., and serum Na, K and Cl were measured to investigate the influence caused by such reno-portal venous shunt. Blood N. P. N., serum Na, K and Cl remained within its normal level. Adult female mongrel dogs weighing approximately 10 kg were used for the experiments. In normotensive dogs, no significant change was noted in both the blood pressure and the renal function after the anastomosis. In hypertensive dogs with constricted renal arteries, the impaired renal function showed a slight improvement after the anastomosis and that was accompanied with normalization of the elevated blood pressure. In the nephrotoxic nephritis, the renal function was compared between the non-anastomosed and the anastomosed group, after induced nephritis. In the anastomosed group, no significant elevation of the blood pressure was followed after the administration of the immune serum, whereas the blood pressure of the non-anastomosed elevated markedly. As to the renal function, however, no significant difference concerning the degree of impairment could be found between the two groups after giving the immune serum. It may be concluded that the reno-portal venous anastomosis has no significant effect on the normal kidney, whereas it has the favourable effect upon the impaired kidney function, especially when this is produced by the constriction of the renal artery.

Topic: Renal and Vascular Pathologies
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Effect of Intensity of Aerobic VO2max Resting Heart Rate and Blood Pressure

The AGSM recommends 20 to 60 minutes of continuous or intermittent activity 3 to 5 times per week to maintain cardio respiratory fitness (Pollock et al., 1998). The 1996 Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health indicates that Americans are not meeting these physical activity recommendations (DHHS). Several clear consequences of physical inactivity are the appearance of cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity. Two recent review articles suggested that higher intensity exercise will elicit a greater reduction in cardiovascular disease risk factors (Swain and Franklin, 2002; Swain and Franklin, 2006). In order to determine whether various exercise intensities differentially affect resting heart rate, resting blood pressure and aerobic capacity, college-aged males and females were recruited for this study. Sixty-one healthy subjects were matched for age, gender, and VO2max and randomly assigned to a moderate-intensity, vigorous-intensity, maximal-intensity or a non-exercising control group. The weekly duration of training varied in opposition to the intensity to ensure there was equivalent energy expenditure across all groups. Subjects completed a six-week training protocol on a stationary bicycle ergometer. After training, VO2max significantly increased across all exercising groups (P < 0.05). The maximal-intensity group had the greatest increase of 7.2 ml·min1·kg-1, followed by an increase of 4.8 ml·min 1·kg-1 in the vigorous-intensity group and an increase of 3.4 ml·min1·kg-1 in the moderate-intensity group. Percent increases in the moderate (10.0%), vigorous (14.3%) and maximal-intensity (20.6%) groups were all significantly different from each other. There were no significant changes in resting heart rate or resting blood pressure following training. The results indicate that when energy expenditure is controlled, higher intensities of exercise are more effective for improving VO2max than lower intensities of exercise in healthy, young, college-aged students.

Topic: Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
1 A Case Study in Group Polarization (with Warnings for the Future)

Why did the overwhelming majority of Republicans, representatives and citizens alike, support the impeachment of President Clinton? Why did the overwhelming majority of Democrats, inside and outside Congress, oppose impeachment? Consider some remarkable numbers. In the House of Representatives, 223 of 228 Republicans, or 98 percent, voted for impeachment on at least one count, whereas 5 of 206 Democrats, or 2 percent, voted for impeachment on at least one count. In the Senate, 51 of 55 Republicans, or 93 percent, voted to remove the President from office, whereas 0 of 45 Democrats, or 0 percent, voted to remove the President from office. Within the citizenry, there were also exceedingly sharp divisions, with the vast majority of Democrats believing that impeachment would be a mistake, and the vast majority of Republicans believing exactly the opposite. (Independents typically opposed impeachment, and helped produce the large anti-impeachment numbers among the public as a whole.) What accounts for this difference? To get ahead of the story, I ask this question because I believe that the answer involves a general phenomenon, one with implications for a wide range of issues in a diverse democracy. The phenomenon, sometimes called group polarization, involves the tendency of like-minded individuals, engaged in discussion with one another, to fortify their prediscussion views, and indeed to move toward a more extreme point in the general direction in which they were already tending. If Republicans are talking with Republicans, if Democrats are talking with Democrats, if members of the religious right speak mostly to each other, and if the same is true for feminist

Topic: Electoral Systems and Political Participation
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
METALLOTHIONEIN GENE EXPRESSION IN THE REPRODUCTIVE TISSUES OF THE MALE WISTAR RAT: EFFECTS OF TREATMENT WITH METALS OR GLUCOCORTICOIDS

The male reproductive tissues appear to be particularly sensitive to the toxic metal cadmium. The basis of this sensitivity may involve the expression of the metallothionein (MT) gene. This series of experiments sought to define the expression of the MT gene in the major lobes of the rat prostate (dorsolateral and ventral) and in the testes under both normal circumstances and after exposure to agents that are known to upregulate hepatic MT gene expression, such as zinc, cadmium, and glucocorticoids. The hepatic MT system was selected because it has a well-defined activity and responsiveness to including stimuli, while dexamethasone was selected as the glucocorticoid because it has been shown to induce MT both in vitro and in vivo. Male Wistar rats were treated with cadmium (2.5, 20, and 40 umol/kg, sc), zinc (2 mmol/kg, sc), or dexamethasone (0.2, 2, or 20 umol/kg, sc) as a single dose. Controls received saline. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after exposure, and a single liver (~250 mg) sample, both testes, and the entire ventral or dorsolateral lobes of the prostate were removed and quick frozen in liquid nitrogen. RNA was then extracted, blotted, and probed for MT-I gene expression using a 32P-labeled cDNA probe specific for the rat MT-I gene. Blots were quantified by densitometry. The dorsolateral lobe of the prostate had very high basal levels of MT mRNA, much higher than ventral prostate (15.3-fold), liver (15.1-fold), or testes (4.6-fold). Cadmium treatment markedly increased the expression of the MT gene in the liver but had little, if any, effect on the gene in the testes or in the ventral or dorsolateral prostate. Dexamethasone treatment also increased the expression of the MT gene in the liver but had no effect on the expression in the testes or dorsolateral prostate. In the ventral prostate the glucocorticoid stimulated MT gene expression minimally, if at all. Zinc had a marked effect on MT gene expression in the liver, increasing it 4.2-fold over control levels, but expression in the ventral prostate was not modified. Small increases in expression occurred with zinc exposure in the dorsolateral prostate where levels of MT gene expression increased 1.7-fold, which was one of the quantitatively larger increases detected in this study given the high basal expression in ths tissue. The results of the present study indicate wide variability in basal or induced expression of the MT gene in various tissues of the Wistar rat.

Topic: Trace Elements in Health
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
LHD 10O-AD25-NF #165411.2

The plasma monitor cameras are installed in 6-T, 6-O and 10-O ports for monitoring LHD plasmas. Five cameras are set in 3-O port for observing the lower divertor structure near 2.5-L port and the plasma-wall interactions on the divertor plates.

Topic: Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Treatments
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A New Solution to Exeter Book Riddle 4

RIDDLE 4 is one of the most enigmatic texts in the Exeter Book Riddle collection and continues to be a subject of speculation for scholars of Old English. Solutions have ranged from ‘bell’, ‘millstone’, ‘flail’, and ‘lock’, to ‘hand-mill’, ‘pen’, and ‘necromancer’.1 None of the solutions are fully satisfying and their drawbacks have been well-noted by Craig Williamson in his 1977 edition of the riddles.2 Two more recent solutions, ‘plough team’ and ‘Devil’ also have their shortcomings.3 I propose the new solution ‘sword’ and believe that this solution adequately accounts for all of the diverse enigmatic clues, from the multitude of rings to the warm limb and foolish master. Two other Exeter Book riddles, 20 and 71, have also been solved as ‘sword’ (Hilda Ellis Davidson’s suggestion that Riddle 80 is also ‘sword’ is relatively sound),4 and Riddle 4 clearly draws on some of their motifs. Here is Riddle 4 in full, followed by my own translation:

Topic: Medieval Literature and History
Subfield: Classics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Fuzzy Kalman Filter Modeling Based on Evolving Clustering of Experimental Data

A methodology to system identification based on Evolving Fuzzy Kalman Filter, is proposed in this paper. The mathematical formulation using an evolving Takagi-Sugeno (TS) structure is presented: the offline Gustafson Kessel (GK) Algorithm is used to a window of initial data set; after that, an evolving GK algorithm estimate the antecedent parameters. A fuzzy version OKID (Observer/Kalman Filter Identification) algorithm is formulated to obtain the state matrix, the input influence matrix, the output influence matrix, the direct transmission matrix, and the Kalman gain matrix, recursively, composing the consequent parameters. Computational results from the estimation of parameters of nonlinear dynamic system show the efficiency and applicability of the proposed methodology.

Topic: Structural Health Monitoring Techniques
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
DOI 10.1007/s00122-009-1161-8ORIGINAL PAPER Development, polymorphism, and cross-taxon utility of EST–SSR markers from saZower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Abstract Due to their highly polymorphic and codomi-nant nature, simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers are a common choice for assaying genetic diversity and genetic mapping. In this paper, we describe the generation of an expressed-sequence tag (EST) collection for the oilseed crop saZower and the subsequent development of EST– SSR markers for the genetic analysis of saZower and related species. We assembled 40,874 reads into 19,395 unigenes, of which 4,416 (22.8%) contained at least one SSR. Primer pairs were developed and tested for 384 of these loci, resulting in a collection of 104 polymorphic markers that amplify reliably across 27 accessions (3 spe-cies) of the genus Carthamus. These markers exhibited a high level of polymorphism, with an average of 6.0 § 0.4 alleles per locus and an average gene diversity of 0.54 § 0.03 across Carthamus species. In terms of cross-taxon transferability, 50 % of these primer pairs produced an amplicon in at least one other species in the Asteraceae, and 28 % produced an amplicon in at least one species out-side the saZower subfamily (i.e., lettuce, sunXower, and/or Gerbera). These markers represent a valuable resource for the genetic analysis of saZower and related species, and also have the potential to facilitate comparative map-based analyses across a broader array of taxa within the Asteraceae.

Topic: Sunflower and Safflower Cultivation
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
<scp>B</scp>‐cell very late antigen‐4 deficiency reduces leukocyte recruitment and susceptibility to central nervous system autoimmunity

Natalizumab, which binds very late antigen‐4 (VLA‐4), is a potent therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS). Studies have focused primarily upon its capacity to interfere with T‐cell migration into the central nervous system (CNS). B cells are important in MS pathogenesis and express high levels of VLA‐4. Here, we report that the selective inhibition of VLA‐4 expression on B cells impedes CNS accumulation of B cells, and recruitment of Th17 cells and macrophages, and reduces susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These results underscore the importance of B‐cell VLA‐4 expression in the pathogenesis of CNS autoimmunity and provide insight regarding mechanisms that may contribute to the benefit of natalizumab in MS, as well as candidate therapeutics that selectively target B cells. Ann Neurol 2015;77:902–908

Topic: Immune Response and Inflammation
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
The use of a proforma improves colorectal cancer pathology reporting.

The detail and accuracy of pathological reporting for colorectal cancer is becoming increasingly recognised as important in the overall management of the patient. However, there is criticism of the variable standards of reporting. We assessed how the use of a proforma affected the completeness of reporting within one hospital. Data on all colorectal cancer patients attending one teaching hospital has been collected prospectively over a 15 month period from 1997 to 1998. The Royal College of Surgeons/Association of Coloproctology proforma lists all items considered to be essential for a complete pathological report of colorectal cancer. Its introduction in September 1997 allowed us to compare reporting before the proforma to that after. Of 54 patients, 46 (85%) had one or more items missing from their report before introduction of the proforma compared with only 8/44 (18%) patients after the proforma (P < 0.001). Circumferential resection margins and apical node status were the items most often absent, being significantly more frequently reported after the proforma (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). There was no difference in the median number of lymph nodes harvested after proforma introduction. The introduction of the proforma has not only resulted in improvements in reporting, but has increased the dialogue between surgical oncologists and pathologists. These features should result in improved overall management of the colorectal cancer patient.

Topic: Colorectal Cancer Surgical Treatments
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Framework for Sustainability Metrics

This work presents the application of a new framework for sustainability metrics to industrial processes, in particular, to chemical processes. The sustainability of an industrial process can be evaluated using a set of three-dimensional (3D) indicators that represent all three dimensions of sustainability: economic, environmental, and societal. The four 3D metrics proposed in this worknamely, material intensity, energy intensity, potential chemical risk, and potential environmental impactare applicable to a wide range of process systems. The first two metrics are associated with the process operation. The remaining two metrics, potential chemical risk and potential environmental impact, respectively represent chemical risk to human health in the process environment, and the potential environmental impact of the process on the surrounding environment. To illustrate this framework and the applicability of the proposed set of 3D metrics, two case studies are presented: chlorine production process using three different alternatives (membrane, diaphragm, and mercury cells), and the separation of an acetone/chloroform mixture by two different solvents (benzene and methyl-n-pentyl-ether). Results of this study show that this framework can be effective in selecting the more-sustainable process by comparing process alternatives.

Topic: Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
HF-signal surveillance: signal detection, classification and parameter estimation

Communication signal surveillance in the crowded HF-band (3-30 MHz) is a difficult task. There is no normed frequency spacing in the HF-band. Due to the long range of HF-signals, the signals may spectrally overlap at the receiver, even if the transmitter intended to use an open channel. Some signals are intentionally hidden next to strong interferences. A multitude of digital and analog signalling formats are used. We propose a communication signal surveillance system for short-time stationary signals. The signal modulation amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, minimum shift keying, binary and quarternary phase shift keying, single side band analog transmission and unmodulated carrier are considered. Center frequency, bandwidth and the dwell time of the signals of interest are assumed to be unknown. The bandwidth of the signals is up to 5 kHz. Multirate filterbanks, morphological processing of the time-frequency plane, linear prediction, polynomial classification, which is an analog to neural networks, and AR-parameter models are used to detect, classify and estimate the parameters of the digital communication signals. Using the digitised receiver E1800A, the DSP board S56X and a SUN workstation, the real time signal surveillance system was configured and tested. In the paper we give the principles of the signal surveillance system and first test results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Catalytic Asymmetric [4 + 1] Annulation of Sulfur Ylides with Copper–Allenylidene Intermediates

The first copper-catalyzed asymmetric decarboxylative [4 + 1] cycloaddition of propargylic carbamates and sulfur ylides was successfully developed. This strategy led to a series of chiral indolines with synthetically flexible alkyne groups in good yields and with high enantio- and diastereoselectivities (up to 99% yield, 98% ee, and >95:5 dr). A possible mechanism and stereoinduction mode with copper-allenylidenes were proposed as the possible dipolar intermediate.

Topic: Catalytic C–H Functionalization Methods
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
The physical and chemical properties of camelina (<i>Camelina sativa</i>(L.) Crantz) seeds subjected to sulfur fertilization

Camelina is an oilseed crop. Seeds may have an application in various industries. Sulfur applied to soil can increase the seed yield. However, there is insufficient information on the optimal dose of sulfur fertilization that provides the best physical and chemical properties of seed. The aim of this study was to determine the physical and chemical properties of camelina seeds subjected to sulfur fertilization at 0 (control), 15, 30 kg S ha −1 applied as potassium sulfate. The content of crude fat of camelina seeds ranged from 346.4 g kg −1 dm (30 kg S ha −1 ) to 360.9 g kg −1 dm (control plots). The selected shape factors and linear dimensions of camelina seeds were significantly positively affected by sulfur fertilizer applied at 30 kg S ha −1 . The results can be used to select the optimal dose of sulfur fertilizer, which has the greatest positive effect on camelina seed properties. Seeds with the best characteristics are desirable for the processing. The optimal dose of sulfur fertilizer is 30 kg S ha −1 . It may be useful in practice that the selected linear dimensions and shape factors of seeds were significantly positively affected by sulfur fertilizer applied at 30 kg S ha −1 .

Topic: Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Communities of soil-living enchytraeids (Annelida, Clitellata, Enchytraeidae) of the European part of Russia

Enchytraeids are key organisms in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, but despite this, the fauna and population of enchytraeids of the European part of Russia (ER) have been studied rather poorly. Based on our own collections from 193 sites across the main biomes of the ER from 2019 to 2023, 74 species of enchytraeids belonging to 15 genera were identified. The presence of tundra, boreal, nemoral and desert faunal complexes of enchytraeids, as well as a group of polyzonal species, was shown. From a faunal perspective, the Caucasus, which is inhabited by a group of species that are not found anywhere else in Russia, stands out within the ER. Analysis of enchytraeid communities in various biomes of the ER at the species level will allow for a more correct assessment of their role in detrital food webs and the functioning of ecosystems overall.

Topic: Invertebrate Taxonomy and Ecology
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Response: Religion and ideology between reason and the irrational

This article responds to the other contributions in this special issue, focusing on points of convergence among them. These include a shared sense that the media mishandled the trucker convoy; a common conviction that the protestors’ rhetoric often involved an ideological substitution of part for whole (or vice versa); and a shared interest in how mythic narratives of the past shape present actions. The response concludes by pointing to the salience of Canadian regionalism and the mythic image of the pioneer, and how this relates to the protestors’ construction of distinctive masculinities.

Topic: American Constitutional Law and Politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences