jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Entrepreneurial Personality, Human Capital, and Social Capital with Social Entrepreneurial Intention (SEI) among Students in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)

The government responds well to efforts to empower the field of social entrepreneurship through the provision of business grants, recognition of accreditation, and encouragement of activities starting at the higher education level. This effort has had a positive effect on increasing the level of understanding of the concept of social entrepreneurship among its citizens compared to the previous year. Although the percentage is not high, it turns out that the education sector is the biggest contributor to the operation of social enterprises in The State of Social Enterprise in Malaysia 2018. Thus, this sector shows good potential because the majority of entrepreneurs are young people. The change of the goal of this activity from profit maximisation to social orientation has created a gap that needs an explanation of the factors that predict social entrepreneurial intention. This intention study based on the Theory of Planned Behavior approach, Ajzen (1991). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between entrepreneurial personality, human capital, and social capital with SEI in higher education institutions. A descriptive-correlational study was used on 742 samples consisting of students in HEIs, who were members of social entrepreneurship clubs, based on proportional stratified random sampling. This research instrument met the requirements of the face and content validity as the reliability value exceeded 0.80. Inferential statistics involved analysing the relationship between the entrepreneur’s personality, human capital, and social capital with SEI using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The findings of the study found that there is a significant positive relationship between entrepreneurial personality, human capital and social capital with SEI. The implications of this study contribute to the strengthening evidenced through the analysis of the relationship between external factors that act as predictors of SEI. The findings of this study provide guidance to higher education institutions to plan curricula and diversify ideal entrepreneurial culture programme strategies for students.

Topic: Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Assessing the Fairness of AI Systems: AI Practitioners' Processes, Challenges, and Needs for Support

Various tools and practices have been developed to support practitioners in identifying, assessing, and mitigating fairness-related harms caused by AI systems. However, prior research has highlighted gaps between the intended design of these tools and practices and their use within particular contexts, including gaps caused by the role that organizational factors play in shaping fairness work. In this paper, we investigate these gaps for one such practice: disaggregated evaluations of AI systems, intended to uncover performance disparities between demographic groups. By conducting semi-structured interviews and structured workshops with thirty-three AI practitioners from ten teams at three technology companies, we identify practitioners' processes, challenges, and needs for support when designing disaggregated evaluations. We find that practitioners face challenges when choosing performance metrics, identifying the most relevant direct stakeholders and demographic groups on which to focus, and collecting datasets with which to conduct disaggregated evaluations. More generally, we identify impacts on fairness work stemming from a lack of engagement with direct stakeholders or domain experts, business imperatives that prioritize customers over marginalized groups, and the drive to deploy AI systems at scale.

Topic: Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Robustness of average Stokes polarimetry characterization of digitally addressed parallel-aligned LCoS displays

Work supported by Min. de Trabajo y Competitividad of Spain (projects FIS2011-29803-C02-01 and FIS2011-29803-C02-02), by Gen. Valenciana of Spain (projects PROMETEO/2011/021 and ISIC/2012/013), and by Universidad de Alicante (project GRE12-14).

Topic: Optical Polarization and Ellipsometry
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Comparisons of Lattice Boltzmann and Finite Difference Methods for a Two-Dimensional Viscous Burgers Equation

Lattice Boltzmann methods have been proposed as a computational means for solving various partial differential equations. We look at three lattice Boltzmann methods and an analogous finite difference method for solving a two-dimensional scalar, viscous Burgers equation with periodic boundary conditions. First, using monotonicity arguments we prove that in the $\ell _1 $ norm the lattice Boltzmann methods converge first-order temporally and second-order spatially. Then we provide some computational results which substantiate the theoretical results. Finally, we compare the lattice Boltzmann and finite difference methods. The basis of comparison includes numerical results with regard to accuracy, order of convergence, performance, and timing measurements; memory requirements; and conservations laws.

Topic: Lattice Boltzmann Simulation Studies
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Understanding the Concept of Madhhab (Schools of Islamic Law) and Its Implications for the Problem of the Closed Door of Ijtihad (Pemahaman Konsep Mazhab Hukum dan Implikasinya terhadap Persoalan Tertutupnya Pintu Ijtihad)

English abstract: The discourse on the closing of the door to ijtihad has become a central issue in the discussion of Islamic law because it relates to the existence of Islamic law in life: is Islamic law static so that its followers must accept what has been formulated by the jurists (Islamic jurists) in the last medieval period? Or is Islamic law flexible in nature so that it can play a vital role in all conditions and situations? The answer to this question is closely related to understanding the concept of a legal school in the history of Islamic law itself. After the emergence of schools of law, Islamic legal thought is considered to have been established, and no new thinking is needed. This assumption has led to the idea that the door to ijtihad has been closed. In fact, the door to free thought has never been closed in Islam. Modern Islamic jurists can still find the courage to express different opinions against the imams of the great schools and the originality of opinions at every stage of the history of Islamic law. This condition should provide a way for reviewers of Islamic law in the modern era to dare to criticize the material of Islamic law that they learn from classical fiqh books so that Islamic law does not lose its vital role in life.

Malay abstract: Wacana penutupan pintu ijtihad menjadi isu sentral dalam pembahasan hukum Islam karena berkaitan dengan keberadaan hukum Islam dalam kehidupan: apalah hukum Islam statis sehingga para pengikutnya harus menerima apa yang telah dirumuskan oleh para ahli hukum. (Ahli hukum Islam) di periode abad pertengahan terakhir. ? Ataukah hukum Islam bersifat fleksibel sehingga dapat memainkan peran vital dalam segala kondisi dan situasi? Jawaban atas pertanyaan ini berkaitan erat dengan pemahaman konsep mazhab hukum dalam sejarah hukum Islam itu sendiri. Setelah munculnya mazhab, pemikiran hukum Islam dianggap telah mapan, dan tidak diperlukan pemikiran baru. Asumsi ini memunculkan gagasan bahwa pintu ijtihad telah ditutup. Faktanya, pintu menuju pemikiran bebas tidak pernah ditutup dalam Islam. Ahli hukum Islam modern masih dapat menemukan keberanian untuk mengungkapkan pendapat yang berbeda terhadap para imam dari mazhab-mazhab besar dan orisinalitas pendapat di setiap tahap sejarah hukum Islam. Kondisi ini seharusnya memberikan jalan bagi para pengkaji hukum Islam di era modern untuk berani mengkritisi materi hukum Islam yang mereka pelajari dari kitab-kitab fiqh klasik agar hukum Islam tidak kehilangan peran vitalnya dalam kehidupan.

Topic: Legal Studies and Policies
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The voluntary <scp>C</scp>ode of conduct on invasive alien plants in <scp>B</scp>elgium: results and lessons learned from the <scp>A</scp>lter<scp>IAS LIFE</scp>+ project

Voluntary approaches have been recently used in the horticultural sector to deal with the introduction and spread of invasive alien plants. In B elgium, the first C ode of conduct has been developed within the frame of the A lter IAS project, a LIFE + “ I nformation &amp; C ommunication” project aiming at raising the awareness of horticulture professionals and gardeners on the invasive plants issue. The B elgian C ode was prepared in consultation with representatives from the ornamental sector, public authorities and the scientific community. The C ode was promoted throughout the country with a specific communication campaign entitled “ P lant different”. Thanks to communication efforts, a positive dynamic of involvement was observed over time. Surveys were performed to assess the changes of attitudes and the perception of the C ode by the target audience of the project. Positive results were achieved for horticulture professionals. However, the C ode will require more time to be widely adopted by the ornamental sector in B elgium.

Topic: Biological Control of Invasive Species
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Impact of Organic Mulching on Weed Suppression, Soil Moisture Conservation and Yield in Vegetable Crops: A Comprehensive Review

Mulching is a time-tested agro-technique that significantly enhances vegetable crop performance, especially under water-limited and organic production systems. Organic mulching, which involves the use of biodegradable materials such as straw, hay, leaves, compost, and plant residues, has gained renewed attention due to its multifaceted benefits. This review consolidates recent findings on the impact of organic mulching on weed suppression, soil moisture conservation, and crop yield enhancement in vegetable crops. Organic mulches effectively suppress weed emergence by creating a physical barrier and blocking light, which limits seed germination and seedling establishment. In particular, they are most effective against annual broadleaf weeds and small-seeded species, though less so against aggressive perennials. Mulching also enhances soil moisture retention by reducing evaporation, moderating soil temperatures, and improving water infiltration. These effects are particularly beneficial in arid and semi-arid climates, where water availability is a major constraint. Furthermore, the gradual decomposition of organic mulch improves soil structure, microbial activity, and fertility, thereby promoting healthier root systems and better plant growth. Studies in vegetables like tomato, chilli, okra, brinjal, and cucumber have shown significant increases in yield, biomass accumulation, and fruit quality under organic mulching. The practice also helps maintain soil health over the long term and reduces the need for frequent irrigation and chemical weed control. Integration of organic mulching with other agronomic practices can enhance its effectiveness and mitigate its limitations. However, challenges such as labour-intensive application, possible introduction of weed seeds, and the risk of nitrogen immobilization must be managed for optimal outcomes. Overall, organic mulching stands out as a sustainable and ecologically sound practice to enhance productivity and resource efficiency in vegetable cultivation systems.

Topic: Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Report of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Effects of Oral NADH on Physical Endurance Levels

Background: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride [NADH] is a vital coenzyme involved in cellular energy production and redox regulation. Oral NADH supplementation has shown promise in enhancing physical and mental performance; however, its direct effects on exercise endurance and related biochemical markers in healthy individuals remain understudied. Objective: This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study aimed to evaluate the impact of oral NADH supplementation on physical endurance, aerobic capacity, and key metabolic markers (NADH, NAD+, ATP, and phospho-AMPKα1) in healthy, untrained young adults. Methods: Sixteen healthy male medical students aged 20–22 years were randomly assigned to receive either 40 mg/day of sublingual NADH or placebo for three weeks. Physical endurance was assessed using the PWC170 cycle ergometer test to estimate VO2max. Heart rate, blood pressure, and pulse pressure were monitored both before and after exercise. Blood samples were analyzed for NADH, NAD+, ATP, and phospho-AMPKα1 levels in leukocytes. Results: After three weeks, the NADH group demonstrated significant improvements in PWC170 [+25.6%] and VO2max (+23.9%) compared to both the baseline and placebo groups [p &lt; 0.05]. Heart rate recovery post-exercise improved, and systolic blood pressure decreased, suggesting enhanced cardiovascular efficiency and reduced stress response. However, no significant changes were observed in the levels of NADH, NAD+, ATP, or phospho-AMPKα1 in leukocytes, possibly due to increased cellular utilization during physical exertion or tissue-specific effects. Conclusion: Oral NADH supplementation significantly enhances physical endurance, aerobic capacity, and cardiovascular recovery in healthy young adults under stress, without altering leukocyte metabolic markers. Further research is warranted to explore tissue-specific metabolic effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Topic: Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Incidence of geriatric poisoning at Kasturba Hospital Manipal, South India

Geriatric poisoning is a common medical emergency associated with a high morbidity and mortality. In developing countries like India, the poisoning emergencies are becoming a major cause of mortality in elderly. Studies done worldwide on poisoning cases are more or less concentrated on the adult population and hence there is an inadequate data on the elderly. This study is taken up to understand the number of elderly poisoning cases (based on gender). A ten year retrospective study from January 1999 to December 2008 was conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, to understand the magnitude ofgeriatric poisoning cases amongmales and females at Kasturba Hospital, Manipal. Males were predominantly affected (male: female::3.76: 1). Our study looks at the difference in place and outcome of poisoning among males and females to identify population at risk and give suggestions so as to reduce the morbidity and mortality in elders.

Topic: Poisoning and overdose treatments
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Studies on Biology and Antibiosis Resistance in Mango (Mangiferae indica) Varieties Against Mango Mealy Bug, Drosicha mangiferae Green (Hemiptera: Margarodidae)

Abstract Mango is known as king of fruits. Among mango pests, mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae (MMB), is considered one of the most destructive pests of mango orchards and other plantations. Whenever it enters in any orchards it is difficult to eradicate it from those orchards. The experiment was conducted at Entomological Research Sub Station, Multan-Punjab, Pakistan, during 2009 and 2010, to evaluate fitness of mango mealy bug on different varieties of mango and biology on ‘Chaunsa’ variety. Mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae Green (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae), is matter of concern, as it is widespread pest of woody plants even in urban areas. A study was conducted on cultivar resistance and fecundity of mango mealy bug. The ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar of mango proved highly susceptible to mango mealy bug with maximum number of eggs laid, i.e. 335.90, and maximum weight, i.e. 0.239 g of the female, was recorded on the cultivar ‘Chaunsa’. The maximum length, i.e. 1.63 cm, and width, i.e. 0.80 cm of female, was observed on ‘Chaunsa’, which showed a susceptible response and did not differ significantly with the width of female on ‘Black Chaunsa’. Regarding biology, the 1 st instar male and female duration on an average is 56.3 days, whereas the 2 nd instar has 26 days. In case of the 3 rd instar, female has duration 19.5 days and male has three days. Male has pupal stage, while it is absent in female. On an average two study years, the ranking of susceptibility of mango cultivars was as under: ‘Chaunsa’ &gt; ‘Black Chaunsa’ &gt; ‘Malda’ &gt; ‘Fajri’ &gt; ‘Retaul-12’ &gt; ‘Langra’ &gt; ‘Sensation’ &gt; ‘Sindhri’ &gt; ‘Dusehri’ &gt; ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ &gt; ‘Anwar Reutul’ and &gt; ‘Tukhmi’.

Topic: Research on scale insects
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Diet overlap of non‐native alewife with native yellow perch and spottail shiner in nearshore waters of southwestern Lake Michigan, 2000–2007

Abstract – Lake Michigan has experienced many ecological changes as a result of introductions of non‐native species. Arguably the most significant was that of alewife ( Alosa pseudoharengus ), yet studies on diet overlap with native species are lacking. We analysed diet trends of alewife, spottail shiner ( Notropis hudsonius ) and yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) collected in summer and fall 2000–2007 near Waukegan, IL, in 3–10 m depths. Mean percentage composition by dry weight for 23 prey taxa was used in multivariate analysis to test whether diet differed across species and size classes. We also tested whether zooplankton and benthic invertebrate community composition changed over time. Fish diets were similar over all years but differed seasonally. In summer, diets of large alewife were similar to both small alewife and small yellow perch, with Bosminidae, chironomid larvae and copepods as primary common prey. During fall, alewife and yellow perch size classes exhibited strong intraspecific diet overlap, while there was low diet overlap between species. Primary distinctions between species’ diets in fall were higher consumption of amphipods by yellow perch and dreissenids by spottail shiners compared to alewife, which consumed higher proportions of zooplankton. Overall, high yellow perch diet overlap with alewife during summer and with their larger conspecifics during fall could lead to negative implications for yellow perch growth before the critical overwintering period. Detailed insights into diet overlap and prey availability are critical first steps in understanding competitive interactions between native and non‐native fish that dominate the nearshore community in southwestern Lake Michigan.

Topic: Fish Ecology and Management Studies
Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Trash from a temple: a deposit next to the Isis Temple at Berenike (Egypt)

The article discusses the stratigraphy and chronological phasing of a late antique trash deposit discovered just outside the north wall of the Isis Temple courtyard. It appears to be consumption waste collected from a large-scale event taking place in the immediate vicinity over a short period of time. Several elements of architectural decoration were found among the rubble, including three fragments of ‘Ionic’ cornice blocks that are an indication of the presence of at least one building with a classical-style architecture in the urban landscape. The fragments are quite unusual in the southern part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt and the first and somewhat unexpected attestation of this style recorded from Berenike.

Topic: Archaeology and Historical Studies
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Positive Externality of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004

U.S. multinational enterprises repatriated over $300 billion under the 2004 tax holiday. The repatriated funds can improve debt financing environment of nonrepatriating firms, especially those that are financially constrained. We document that such an externality of the tax holiday increases debt financing and consequently investments for financially constrained nonrepatriating firms relative to less constrained nonrepatriating firms. Using private loan market data, we further confirm a link from repatriated funds to increased debt financing for financially constrained nonrepatriating firms. Overall, the 2004 tax holiday appears to have benefited the U.S. economy through its positive externality on the debt market.

Topic: Legal and Labor Studies
Subfield: Industrial relations
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
SH1102864.09FU

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.

Topic: Agricultural pest management studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Postwar Attitudes towards the Soviet Union

The change from a Conservative to a Labour government in July 1945 during the Potsdam Conference was less significant in the foreign policy field than it might have been because the new Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, and the new Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, had played key roles in the wartime inner Cabinet. Both had been members of the Armistice and Post-War Committee which was the focus for discussions about the postwar period and which acted as a clearing house for proposals from the Foreign Office, the Chiefs of Staff and from a wide variety of official committees. It met 23 times between April and the end of 1944 and considered no fewer than 127 papers and reports. Alan Bullock has rightly argued that 'no better apprenticeship for a future Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary could have been devised'.1 This continuity was reflected in the attitude towards the Soviet Union. In the months that followed the end of the war, growing difficulties with the Soviet Union over events in Eastern Europe and the Middle East exacerbated existing suspicions amongst Foreign Office officials. As those suspicions grew, Bevin was prepared to take a tough stand with the Soviet leaders. The new Foreign Secretary was a 'combative, tough-hewn, forceful' individual with a long experience in the Trades Union movement which had left a suspicion of Communism.2 He went to Potsdam determined 'not to have Britain barged about'.

Topic: World Wars: History, Literature, and Impact
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences