jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dispersion effects of Shallow Water Gravity Waves

Anomalous dispersion was found as a growing of the phase velocity of high-frequency bound components of shoaling gravity waves. The velocities of those components get bigger than that of the primary by up to 25% in the near shore zone, where wave heights are approximately equal to the water depth. The ef-fect thus contradicts the theoretical conception about non-dispersive motion as a limited case of shallow water wave movement depending on water depth only. According to the observations the anomalous dispersion effect (ADE) gets weaker with the water depth decreasing and the motion is found to be non-dispersive for bore-like structures in the surf zone. The effect had been detected by field measurements when deep sea storm waves had a narrow spectrum. In laboratory measurements initially monochromatic waves of periods 2.0 to 5.0 s and heights of 0.14 m shoaled over up-sloping plane bottom. The laboratory experiments do confirm the existence of the ADE. In particular the measure-ments show an increase of the intensity of the ADE with the wave periods also increasing. As a result of both investigations it is found that the ADE represents a nonlinear effect, which appears, however, to be hidden at conditions charac-terized by free components coinciding with bound components in the same spectrum. The anomalous dispersion effect is responsible for the transformation of waves into the so-called „saw-tooth“ form being a typical feature of the surf zone.

Topic: Coastal and Marine Dynamics
Subfield: Earth-Surface Processes
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Mitomycin-C for Post-PRK Corneal Haze

Reply: We appreciate the comments of Drs. Raviv, Majmudar, Epstein, and Mr. Dennis. As emphasized in our paper, lamellar keratectomy performed with the microkeratome should only be used as a last resort, before proceeding to penetrating keratoplasty in patients with severe corneal haze. In the technique described by Majmudar and coauthors, mitomycin-C appeared to be effective in preventing recurrence of “reticular” haze. The removal of the subepithelial opacities had to be done manually. In the case that we described, the patient had a very dense corneal scar. The virtue of our technique was that it was able to remove a scar that was quite deep and left a good quality optical surface. One wonders whether freehand mechanical dissection would produce an anterior corneal surface that was as regular in a cornea in which the scarring was deep and severe. In patients with smaller degrees of scarring, the technique described by Majmudar and coauthors is obviously an attractive alternative. Karim Rasheed MD, MSc, MRCOphth Yaron S. Rabinowitz MD

Topic: Corneal surgery and disorders
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An Immunohistochemical Study of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Various Feline Neoplasms

Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes catalyze the synthesis of prostaglandins and exist as two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2. COX-2 is a potent inducible mediator of inflammation. COX-2 is also upregulated in several human tumors and in canine squamous cell, renal cell, and transitional cell carcinomas, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and intestinal neoplasia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether COX-2 is expressed in various feline tumors. Results of this study may help determine whether COX-2 is a potential target for therapeutic and preventive strategies in cats. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on paraffin-embedded tissues using the amplified streptavidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase system. COX-2 was found in 7 of 19 (37%) feline transitional cell carcinomas and in 2 of 21 (9%) feline oral squamous cell carcinomas. No COX-2 immunoreactivity was detected in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (6), adenocarcinomas (nine mammary, eight pulmonary, seven intestinal), lymphomas (six nasal, six intestinal), or 10 vaccine-associated sarcomas. The widespread absence of COX-2 expression in most feline neoplasms might suggest that COX-2 inhibitors would have a low potential as anticancer agents.

Topic: Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An Interference Study with Different Working Potentials for an Amperometric Glucose Sensor

The correlation between working potential and amperometric response using an amperometric glucose sensor was investigated by amperometry. Influence of some potential interferents including bilirubin, creatinine, and uric acid was studied in real human blood samples. The test strips can provide correct glucose concentration values for an amperometric glucose sensor in the absence of interferents. The influence of interferents with different working potentials from +0.3 V to +0.7 V was considered based on average glucose values and coefficient of variation (CV). It shows low deviation at +0.5 V and +0.7 V for average glucose values and low CV values at +0.4 V for coefficient of variation. Optimization of working potentials can be further considered for various amperometric glucose sensors in the literature by the simple method.

Topic: Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Identification and bioactivity of the growth inhibitors in <i>Tuber</i> spp. methanolic extracts

The methanolic extracts of fresh fruiting bodies of <i>Tuber melanosporum</i>, <i>T. aestivum</i>, <i>T. magnatum</i> and <i>T. borchii</i> were evaluated for their free fatty acids (FFAs) content to test their contribution to truffle allelopathic activity. Linoleic acid was the major FFA detected in all truffle species. In addition to linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid were the other abundant FFAs in the <i>Tuber</i> spp. extracts. Looking at the total production, <i>T. melanosporum</i> and <i>T. aestivum</i> synthesized significantly higher amounts of all identified FFA than <i>T. magnatum</i> and <i>T. borchii.</i> The allelopathic activity, based on the specific activity (EC<sub>50</sub>) of the identified compounds, was evaluated in the growth of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, <i>Lotus corniculatus</i>, <i>Melica ciliata</i> and <i>Silene vulgaris</i>. Linoleic acid had the lowest specific activity and palmitic acid had the highest. The black truffle extracts had a higher inhibitory activity than white truffles, and this could be explained by the high relative amount of FFAs in them.

Topic: Fungal Biology and Applications
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus and its predictors among volunteer blood donors in Jimma, Ethiopia, 2018

<title>Abstract</title> Background: Transfusion of contaminated blood causes a significant burden of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection globally and more than 45,000 infections in Sub-Saharan Africa annually. However, very few studies were conducted in Ethiopia to assess the status of HBV. Objective: To determine the prevalence of HBV and its predictors among volunteer blood donors in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among volunteer blood donors who consecutively included from March 10 - April 20, 2018. The detection of the virus was made through the investigation of the Hepatitis B surface antigen in the serum. Data collected through a structured questionnaire were entered into Epi-data 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS 20. Adjusted Odds Ratio with 95% Confidence Interval computed using multivariable logistic regression and statistical significance established at P&lt;0.05. Results: A total of 548 (98.7%) volunteer blood donors participated. The overall prevalence of HBV infection was 16 (2.92%) with 12 (4.5%) and 4 (1.4%) prevalence among males and females respectively. Male sex [AOR=3.28, 95%CI: 1.01-10.68], age 18-24 years [AOR=0.17, 95%CI: 0.36-0.78], frequency of donation [AOR= 0.25, 95%CI: 0.08-0.76] and exposure to unsafe therapeutic drug injection [AOR= 6.98, 95%CI: 1.66-29.29] were significant factors for HBV infection. Conclusions: The prevalence of HBV in the study area was intermediate. Age, sex, frequency of donation, and exposure to unsafe therapeutic drug injection were independent predictors of HBV. Therefore, the blood bank should focus on blood donation among identified low-risk groups and should strengthen counseling for repeated volunteer blood donors.

Topic: Hepatitis B Virus Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
LHD nb1pwr_PortThrough #160397.1 (analyzed)

Neutral beam injector (NBI) power-PortThrough of beam line 1 (BL1). The effective power that actually reaches the plasma after the negative ion-based neutral particle beam emitted from the NBI system passes through BL1.

Topic: Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Better Access or better barriers? an evaluation of the Better Access initiative

The Better Access to Psychiatrists, Psychologists and General Practitioners through the Medicare Benefits Schedule (BAI) initiative is the most expensive of all the programs outlined in the National Action Plan on Mental Health 2006-2011. Over the five-year period, the Federal Government committed $753.8 million to this scheme alone. Its intention: to increase access to mental health services for all Australians. Since then, costs have ballooned. The initiative is expected to cost nearly three times the initial commitment. It is important, therefore, that an evaluation is undertaken to ensure it is working effectively and efficiently. This evaluation has been the primary aim of this study. Three issues were of particular concern: firstly, whether the 2009 changes regarding eligibility requirements to access the scheme negatively affected uptake; secondly, whether the central role of General Practitioners in the scheme amounts to ‘best practice’; and thirdly, whether there was any evidence that the program had been successful in targeting vulnerable groups, with a previously low engagement with mental health services. Contrary to predictions, changes to eligibility requirements in 2009 have not negatively impacted on the accessibility of services. Results of data from Medicare Australia and the Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing indicate that there has been an overwhelming overall uptake rate of services under the initiative. Nonetheless, there are several areas of concern. While GPs are invaluable to mental health, their central role as ‘gatekeepers’ to services may be inhibiting the efficiency of the initiative. Consistently lower access among key groups, including adolescent males; indicate a general failure to assist particularly vulnerable groups. These findings indicate that further research is required to ensure that the BAI initiative can continue to provide access to affordable mental health care beyond the 2011 end of funding commitments.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The mechanism of site-specific recombination encoded by TN3

The bacterial ampicillin resistance transposon Tn3 encodes a site-specific recombination system which mediates the second step in its transposition pathway: the resolution of cointegrates (Arthur and Sherratt (1979) Mol.gen.Genet. 175, 267-274). It vitro analysis has shown that this recombination system is simple: dependent on the transposon encoded resolvase protein acting at res, a site required in cis(Reed (1981) Cell 25, 713-719). Resolvase binds at res at three sites (Grindley et al (1982) Cell 30, 713-719). res was defined to a region of 139bp by in vivo analysis, which confirms that the extent of DNA bound by resolvase in vitro constitutes res. Truncated res regions have been analysed for resolvase binding and function. The results confirm the importance of a sequence determinant for resolvase binding, suggest non-cooperative binding at each of the three sites, but cooperativity for binding at both half-sites of the individual binding sites. In terms of function a truncated res region was shown to have secondary site, activity in that it could recombine with res-wt but not efficiently with itself. The difference in primary and secondary res sites is the presence of resolvase binding site III in the former. This binding site can be reintroduced at a different position to a truncated res to partially reconstitute primary site activity. The normal cointegrate substrate contains directly repeated copies of res. Inversion substrates, containing two inverted res regions, were analysed for recombination. Inversion is approximately 50 times less efficient than resolution. This rate is comparable to that of resolution of a substrate containing directly repeated secondary res-regions. These results, taken in context with evidence from other workers on both Tn3 encoded site-specific recombination and bacteriophage lambda site-specific recombination, suggest that the mechanism by which two res regions are brought together prior to recombination is determined by the higher-order structure formed by resolvase and res.

Topic: Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Novel Cell Density Prediction Design using Optimal Deep Learning with Salp Swarm Algorithm

Cell density prediction can be defined as the process of predicting the number of cells in a given quantity of a culture or cell suspension. It is considered a common practice in cell biology since cell density had a significant impact on cell behavior and can be utilized for monitoring the health and growth of cell culture. Precise prediction of cell density was significant for a range of applications in cell biology., which includes bioprocessing, cell-based assays, and cell culture. Therefore, this article develops a novel Cell Density Prediction design using Optimal Deep Learning with Salp Swarm Algorithm (CDP-ODLSSA) technique. The presented CDP-ODLSSA technique predicts the cell densities accurately on the images of cell suspensions or cultures. To do so, the presented CDP-ODLSSA technique employs Long Short Term Memory-Autoencoder (LSTM-AE) model for prediction of cell densities. In addition, the hyperparameter tuning of the LSTM-AE model takes place by the use of Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA). For experimental validation of the CDP-ODLSSA technique, a wide range of simulations was taken place. The obtained values highlighted the superiority of the CDP-ODLSSA technique compared to other approaches.

Topic: Cell Image Analysis Techniques
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma injection in the treatment of frozen shoulder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Frozen shoulder (FS) is characterized by progressive shoulder pain and a limited range of motion. Recently, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection is a newly developed treatment option for patients with FS and its efficacy needs to be examined. OBJECTIVE: By conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis, this study attempted to evaluate the efficacy of PRP injection in the treatment of patients with FS. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Elsevier, The Cochrane Library, WanFang Data and CNKI databases were searched up to May 31, 2020. This study included randomized controlled trials as well as prospective cohort studies. Two reviewers independently screened the title, abstract and full text in order to extract data from qualified studies. The main outcome was pain visual analogue score (VAS) while the secondary outcome was range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint that consists of four parts: internal rotation, flexion, external rotation and abduction. RESULTES: Three randomized controlled trials and one prospective cohort study met the inclusion criteria. Accordingly, a total of 359 cases were analyzed and followed up to 3 months. The control group included corticosteroids (CS), ultrasound therapy, and stellate ganglion block. Compared to other groups, VAS was statistically significant after 1 month and 3 months of treatment (SMD: -0.46, 95% CI: -0.75 to -0.18, P= 0.002; I=2 43.2%), (SMD: -0.87, 95% CI: -1.23 to -0.50, P= 0.00, I=2 61.9%). Compared to the control group, only flexion of the patients treated with PRP demonstrated no significant improvement at 1 month, whereas internal rotation, flexion, external rotation and abduction of the shoulder were found to be improved following 3 months of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The corresponding findings illustrate that compared to other non-operative treatments, local injection of PRP can effectively improve pain and shoulder motion in patients with FS. However, due to the short follow-up time and limitations regarding the quantity and quality of studies, the above conclusions require further elucidation by performing additional high-quality studies.

Topic: Shoulder Injury and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Low-field electron transport mechanism in GaAs Gunn diodes and GaAs/GaAs/sub ins/ layers (MBE)

We present the basis of resistance calculations of Gunn diodes in a magnetic field and its dependence on field direction angle to the diode plane. Also the influence on the experimental results of diode electrode shape is considered. The current transport between electrodes and diode subsurface layers is shown to be tunnelling. For comparison the transport properties of thin GaAs/GaAs/sub ins/ layers are presented. The transport in the thin Gunn diodes layers is significantly better. We consider that the cause of such behaviour is the lower compensation ratio in the VPE layers of Gunn diodes material in contrast to MBE epitaxial layers.

Topic: Superconductivity in MgB2 and Alloys
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Low myoplasmic Mg2+ potentiates calcium release during depolarization of frog skeletal muscle fibers.

The role of intracellular free magnesium concentration ([Mg2+]) in modulating calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was studied in voltage-clamped frog cut skeletal muscle fibers equilibrated with cut end solutions containing two calcium indicators, fura-2 and antipyrylazo III (AP III), and various concentrations of free Mg2+ (25 microM-1 mM) obtained by adding appropriate total amounts of ATP and magnesium to the solutions. Changes in AP III absorbance were used to monitor calcium transients, whereas fura-2 fluorescence was used to monitor resting calcium. The rate of release (Rrel) of calcium from the SR was calculated from the calcium transient and found to be increased in low internal [Mg2+]. After correcting for effects of calcium depletion from the SR and normalization to SR content, the mean values of the inactivatable and noninactivatable components of Rrel were increased by 163 and 46%, respectively, in low Mg2+. Independent of normalization to SR content, the ratio of inactivatable to noninactivatable components of Rrel was increased in low internal [Mg2+]. Both observations suggest that internal [Mg2+] preferentially modulates the inactivatable component of Rrel, which is thought to be due to calcium-induced calcium release from the SR. This could also explain the observation that, in low internal [Mg2+], the time to the peak of the calcium transient for a 5-ms depolarizing pulse was not very different from the time to the peak of the delta [Ca2+] for a 10-ms pulse of the same amplitude. Finally, in low internal [Mg2+], the calcium transient elicited by a short depolarizing pulse was in some cases clearly followed by a very slow rise of calcium after the end of the pulse. The observed effects of reduced [Mg2+] on calcium release are consistent with a removal of the inhibition that the normal 1 mM myoplasmic [Mg2+] exerts on calcium release in skeletal muscle fibers.

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Prosecutorial Accountability and Victims’ Rights in Latin America. By Verónica Michel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. 245p. $110.00 cloth, $32.99 paper.

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Topic: Criminal Law and Evidence
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
TUMORS OF RATHKE'S CLEFT

The nomenclature of pituitary and parapituitary lesions needs revision. In the first place, the term pituitary should be accepted and that of hypophysis discarded, or<i>vice versa</i>. Since the term pituitary, derived from the root<i>pituita</i>, or phlegm, was adopted by the ancients because the structure was believed to supply the mucous secretion to the nasal membrane, we suggest abandoning it and accepting the alternate term hypophysis. There is general acceptance of the terms applied to the component parts of the hypophysis, namely, the pars anterior, pars intermedia and pars posterior, although Tilney proposed that the pars anterior be called the pituitary gland and the pars posterior (the neural lobe) the processus infundibuli. However, this communication does not concern the hypophysis itself but the parahypophyseal lesions, which are commonly called tumors of Rathke's pouch and craniopharyngeal tumors or craniopharyngiomas. But these last two terms, as Tilney says,<sup>1</sup>are unquestionably

Topic: Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Noninvasive carcinoma of the breast presenting in adenosis.

Although sclerosing adenosis is a common abnormality in the female breast, malignant change presenting in this setting is exceedingly rare, as fewer than 20 cases have been reported. Since sclerosing adenosis is a lesion of the mammary lobule, it is not surprising that the majority of reported cases have been lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Nine patients with noninvasive carcinoma, restricted in the initial biopsy specimen to foci of sclerosing adenosis, are reported. Seven of the patients had LCIS, one had intraductal carcinoma (DCIS), and one had both LCIS and DCIS. In six of the nine patients, the carcinoma was an incidental finding in a breast biopsy performed for fibrocystic changes or for a fibroadenoma, and in three patients, the abnormality presented as a grossly discrete lesion due to confluence of foci of adenosis (tumoral adenosis). It is important to recognize this microscopic pattern of neoplasia to prevent its misdiagnosis as invasive carcinoma. Two patients had no further treatment following initial excisional biopsy. No residual carcinoma was found in the breast or in lymph nodes in the four patients who had mastectomy. Eight of these patients have been followed for an average of 3 yr (range, 2 to 7 yr), and all are alive and well, without recurrence. Because of the possibility of multifocality, the rarity of the lesion, and the relatively brief follow-up interval, it seems prudent to treat these patients in a manner comparable to that of patients with more common presentations of noninvasive carcinoma.

Topic: Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences