jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Faecal Calprotectin and 7-&alpha; Cholestenone Levels in Microscopic Colitis: Experience from Edinburgh

Matt Davie,1 Rebecca Trimble,1 Alexander R Robertson,2 Anastasios Koulaouzidis2 1The University of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK; 2Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UKCorrespondence: Anastasios KoulaouzidisDepartment of Gastroenterology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UKTel + 44131 536 1000Email akoulaouzidis@hotmail.comIntroduction: Microscopic colitis (MC) is an important cause of chronic, watery diarrhoea. Currently, there is no specific biomarker available to guide diagnosis. The use of faecal calprotectin (FCP) as a potential marker has been addressed in only a few studies. Further, bile acid malabsorption (BAM) often accompanies MC. Current practice recommends the selenium-labelled homocholic acid-taurine (SeHCAT) test, but at our centre, 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (7&alpha;C) is used as a simpler and less expensive alternative to SeHCAT, with values over 22ng/mL indicating BAM. This study aims to evaluate the use of FCP as a biomarker in the diagnosis of MC and the role of 7&alpha;C in detecting concomitant BAM with MC.Methods: Pathology records were retrospectively reviewed for patients diagnosed with collagenous colitis (CC) between 2000&nbsp;and&nbsp; 2018 and lymphocytic colitis (LC) between 1995&nbsp;and&nbsp; 2011. FCP and 7&alpha;c results, if measured within 6 months of pathological diagnosis, were extracted for analysis.Results: Between 2000&nbsp;and&nbsp; 2018, 646 CC&nbsp;cases were confirmed on histology. Of 646&nbsp;patients,&nbsp; 147 had FCP measured; in 111 (75.5%) FCP was elevated with mean levels&nbsp; 238.1&mu;g/g (SD&plusmn; 273.0); 140/646 had 7&alpha;C measured; 16 (11.4%) indicated BAM. Mean levels were 10.2ng/mL (SD&plusmn; 9.4). During a 21-year period (1995&ndash; 2011), 204 LC diagnoses were made: 14/204 had FCP measured; 8 (57.1%) were elevated. Mean levels were&nbsp; 128.4&mu;g/g (SD&plusmn; 107.7). Of 204 LC patients,&nbsp; 20 had 7&alpha;C measured, 5 (25%) indicating&nbsp;BAM. Mean levels were&nbsp; 13.95ng/mL (SD&plusmn; 9.4).Discussion: Both CC and LC were associated with raised FCP during the diagnostic phase, supporting the potential role of its use in clinical practice. Furthermore, we present results of using 7&alpha;C in identifying BAM amongst patients with MC. In our cohort, low levels of 7&alpha;C suggest relatively low concordance of BAM with MC.Keywords: microscopic colitis, bile salt malabsorption, biomarkers, 7-&alpha;&nbsp;cholestenone, faecal calprotectin

Topic: Microscopic Colitis
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Defective FXR-SHP Regulation in Obesity Aberrantly Increases miR-802 Expression, Promoting Insulin Resistance and Fatty Liver

Aberrantly elevated expression in obesity of microRNAs (miRs), including miR-802, contributes to obesity-associated metabolic complications but the mechanisms underlying the elevated expression are unclear. Farnesoid-X-Receptor (FXR), a key regulator of hepatic energy metabolism, has great potential for treatment of obesity-related diseases. We examined whether a nuclear receptor cascade involving FXR and FXR-induced Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP) regulates expression of &lt;i&gt;miR-802&lt;/i&gt; to maintain glucose and lipid homeostasis. Hepatic miR-802 levels are increased in FXR-knockout (KO) or SHP-KO mice and are decreased by activation of FXR in a SHP-dependent manner. Mechanistically, transactivation of &lt;i&gt;miR-802 &lt;/i&gt;by&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) is inhibited by SHP. In obese mice, activation of FXR by obeticholic acid treatment reduced miR-802 levels and improved insulin resistance and hepatosteatosis, but these beneficial effects were largely abolished by overexpression of miR-802. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients and obese mice, occupancy of SHP is reduced and that of AHR is modestly increased at the &lt;i&gt;miR-802&lt;/i&gt; promoter, consistent with elevated hepatic miR-802 expression. These results demonstrate that normal inhibition of &lt;i&gt;miR-802&lt;/i&gt; by FXR-SHP is defective in obesity, resulting in increased &lt;i&gt;miR-802&lt;/i&gt; levels, insulin resistance and fatty liver. This FXR-SHP-miR-802 pathway may present novel targets for treating type 2 diabetes and NAFLD.

Topic: MicroRNA in disease regulation
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Application of 3D‐TOCSY‐trNOESY for the Assignment of Bioactive Ligands from Mixtures

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Topic: Computational Drug Discovery Methods
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Fostering Impact Evaluations at Agence Française de Développement: A Process of In-house Appropriation and Capacity-Building

Nonie is a network of networks for impact evaluation comprised of the DAC Evaluation Network, The United Nations Evaluation Group (UNEG), the Evaluation Cooperation Group (ECG), and a fourth network drawn from the development evaluation associations (AfrEA, IOCE, IDEAS, ReLAC, and IPEN). Its purpose is to foster a program of impact evaluation activities based on a common understanding of the meaning of impact evaluation and approaches to conducting impact evaluation. To this end a task team has been constituted and tasked with the following activities: 1. Preparation of impact evaluation guidelines 2. Agreeing collaborative arrangements for undertaking impact evaluation, leading to initiation of the program 3. Developing a platform of resources to support impact evaluation by member organizations

Topic: Social Sciences and Governance
Subfield: Urban Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Cooking and eating characteristics of some newly identified inter sub-specific ( indica/japonica) rice hybrids

Experiments were conducted to determine the cooking and eating characteristics of 17 newly identified inter sub-specific ( indica/japonica) rice hybrids. Superior cooking performance over DRRH-1 was observed in 14 hybrids for length of cooked rice elongation, all the hybrids for kernel elongation ratio, 14 hybrids for elongation index, 11 hybrids for water uptake, and 6 hybrids for volume expansion. Among the hybrids, 2 hybrids showed low amylose content (18.8%) and 7 hybrids showed high amylose content (26-30%), while the remaining 8 hybrids showed intermediate amylose content (20-25%) which was considered the best from the cooking point of view. The amylose content of the hybrids depended on the amylose content of parents. Maximum hybrids showed intermediate gelatinization temperature (GT) and intermediate amylose content which is preferred by the consumers. High amylose grains had low GT, intermediate amylose grains had intermediate GT while low and very low amylose types had high GT.

Topic: GABA and Rice Research
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Gold Nanoparticle-based Aptasensor for Specific Detection of CA125

Background: In this work, an aptamer-based biosensor was successfully developed based on the salt-induced gold nanoparticle (AuNP) aggregation phenomenon for the detection of carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), which is an important tumor marker for ovarian cancer. Materials and Methods: Citrate-coated AuNPs are relatively highly dispersed NPs. In the presence of different salts, the electrostatic stability of NPs is reduced, and depending on the type of salt and its concentration, different degrees of aggregation occur. On the other hand, the aptamer is easily adsorbed on the AuNP surface and can prevent salt-induced AuNP aggregation. This phenomenon was used in this study to develop a simple biosensor for the detection of CA125. Results: In the presence of CA125, the aptamer was desorbed from the AuNP surface to bind to its antigen due to the higher affinity, leading to the aggregation of AuNPs and a change in the absorption spectra of the solution. Under the optimum condition, the fabricated aptasensor showed a linear range of 15-160 U/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 14.41 U/mL. Conclusion: The aptasensor exhibited good repeatability with notable selectivity with regard to CA125 detection, even in human serum samples, as compared to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In conclusion, the engineered aptasensor can serve as a promising tool for the simple, rapid, and cost-effective detection of CA125.

Topic: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
PillowVR: Virtual Reality in Bed

We demonstrate PillowVR, virtual reality framework that integrates the smartphone, magnifier and sensors into a pillow/cushion for immersive VR experience in bed. PillowVR is applied for presenting immersive bed time stories to children to help them go to sleep and therefore its interaction was designed to minimize excessive bodily movements – only simple back-of-the head pressure events are used to browse the content. PillowVR illustrates shows how VR can be more woven into our daily lives inexpensively and naturally by customizing the set up and interaction for the specific task and experience.

Topic: Sleep and related disorders
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Survey and Research Issues in Data Stream Mining

These days, an immense assortment and volume of information is constantly getting created from heterogeneous sources accordingly prompting a huge enthusiasm for the rising field of information stream mining.Information stream mining is where information is extricated from the data accessible in the information streams.There exist numerous applications which require this information for impromptu creation and business needs.Therefore preparing information streams in a proficient way is investigated by the specialists.In this paper, we present a short survey of different strategies accessible for the information stream mining.

Topic: Data Stream Mining Techniques
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A History of U.S. Higher Education in Accounting, Part II: Reforming Accounting within the Academy

In the 1970s, efforts to reform accounting education revolved around the movement toward schools of accountancy (or independent departments). These efforts were largely unsuccessful. However, in the 1980s, the movement to expand accounting education beyond a four-year undergraduate degree resulted in American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) members passing a rule mandating 150 hours of education for AICPA membership. The reaction to this rule was varied. Many state boards of accountancy and state legislatures adopted rules requiring 150 hours; however, the requirements for taking the CPA exam and licensure varied across states. After the rule's passage academicians responded by creating the Accounting Education Change Commission, whose purpose was to improve accounting education regardless of the number of credit hours students earned. Also, the AICPA shifted its attention to the possibility of expanding certification to practitioners who were not accountants. Both of these efforts were forestalled, and public attention shifted to the highly publicized accounting scandals of the 1990s. Efforts to reform accounting education since then have been led primarily by the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA).

Topic: Psychology of Social Influence
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Implicit and explicit gender attitudes as predictors of the effectiveness of non-traditionally gendered advertisements.

Explicit measures of gender attitudes are vulnerable to egalitarian norms and thus may not predict the effectiveness of gendered advertising consistently. We report three quantitative studies which manipulate egalitarian norms (Study 1) and employ hierarchical regression analyses to test the predictive power of explicit and implicit gender attitudes in explaining the effectiveness of gendered advertisements. Study 1 (n=47) showed uniquely that only under conditions where egalitarian norms were inactive did the (subtle) explicit Benevolence toward Men attitude predict the effectiveness of non-traditional Househusband advert types (i.e. the higher the benevolence the greater effectiveness of these adverts). Study 2 (n=60) showed that under the same conditions a new paper Implicit Association Test (IAT) predicted their effectiveness better than explicit attitudes (the higher the relative implicit preference for non-traditional vs. traditional male type the greater effectiveness of the Househusband advert). Study 3 (n=72) replicated these findings for non-traditional female advert types (the higher the relative implicit preference for non-traditional vs. traditional female type the greater effectiveness of the Businesswoman advert). Thus paper IATs had greater utility than explicit gender attitude measures in predicting the effectiveness of gendered ads.

Topic: Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Variability in food consumption patterns of adults in the U.S. population

This study used the 24‐hour dietary recall data of white adult respondents in the NHANES I to demonstrate variability in food consumption patterns among subgroups of this population. Both a quantitative dimension, mean intake levels and the qualitative dimensions of nutrient density and diet diversity were used. Generally males consumed more food energy and nutrients than did females, as did younger, as compared to older subjects. This pattern was less consistent for vitamins A and C than for other nutrients. Sex differences in diet diversity were small. The higher energy and nutrient consumption of males, similarity in the number of “nutritious” foods in the diet and higher nutrient density values found among females, together, support the existence of variability in food consumption.

Topic: Nutritional Studies and Diet
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Application of Organolithium and Related Reagents in Synthesis. Part 27. Effect of the Nucleophilic Character of Silyl Enol Ethers upon the Conversion of 3‐Arylphthalides into 2‐(1‐Aryl‐2‐methoxycarbonyl) Benzoic Acids.

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Topic: Coordination Chemistry and Organometallics
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
The sensitivity to antibiotics of strains of group B streptococcus isolates from pregnant women in Belgrade

Introduction: Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a significant human pathogen. GBS colonizes the vagina and it is one of the most important causes of early neonatal sepsis and meningitis. In many countries, screening of pregnant women and intrapartal use of antibiotics are common practice. Macrolide and lincosamide resistant strains of GBS are a significant problem, because these antibiotics are the second line therapy in case of penicillin allergy. Aim: Our aim was to investigate the frequency of antibiotic resistant strains of GBS and to detect macrolide resistance phenotypes in GBS strains obtained from pregnant women in Belgrade. Material and Methods: 105 GBS isolates were obtained from vaginal swabs of pregnant women attending two Gynecology and Obstetrics Centers in Belgrade. The isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and D test were performed on Mueller Hinton agar. Results: Macrolide and lincosamide resistance was found in 30.4 %, and 23.8 % of isolates, respectively. There was a high frequency of tetracycline resistant strains (88.6 %). Most frequent macrolide resistant phenotype was iMLSb (macrolide and inducibile lincosamide resistance) (62.4%). Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that there is a high level of macrolide resistance among GBS isolates in Serbia and the active surveillance is needed.

Topic: Neonatal and Maternal Infections
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Boon or Bane? Discursive Construction of the Shale Gas Controversy

This study explores strategies in pro and anti-shale organizations’ discourse by combining the Discourse-Historical Approach (Wodak, 2001) with corpus linguistics. With the help of keyword lists, collocations, concordances, and key semantic domains, the representations of shale gas extraction, relevant actors and argumentation schemes in opposing discourses of the pro-shale Marcellus Shale Coalition and anti-shale Americans Against Fracking were analyzed. The findings of the study show that the advocates presented shale gas as a bonus for the crisis-struck American society while backgrounding its environmental impacts. The opponents, on the other hand, represented shale gas as a threat to the American ecosystem and public health through an alarming and scientific discourse. The empirical findings of this study add to a growing body of literature on discursive strategies employed by opposing camps of environmental controversies.

Topic: Rhetoric and Communication Studies
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Executive succession and competitive advantage in U.S. hospitals: Simulating a randomized control trial

Research linking executive succession and competitive advantage has produced inconsistent findings. Definitive empirical evidence is not available to reconcile how executive leadership succession influences competitive advantage and more specifically whether organizational insiders or outsiders perform better. Two significant concerns exist about the methods used to explore the executive succession-organizational performance phenomenon. First, improved study designs are needed allowing for more robust causal inferences to be made about succession's competitive impact. Second, disagreements about competitive advantage's measurement have contributed to inconsistent results. This study suggests design improvements for executive succession-organizational performance studies with an empirical example using a sample of U.S. hospitals. Propensity score matching was used to simulate a randomized control trial with executive succession as the intervention. Stochastic frontier estimation was used to measure organizations' competitive performances before and after executive succession occurred. The results provided empirical evidence from a simulated random sample indicating that change in leadership and specifically outside succession led to increased competitive capabilities. In general, executive leadership changes led to increased competitive capabilities in this study and outsiders were able to close the performance gap faster in the sampled hospitals. Insiders performed no better than the control group creating a relative reduction in gains to the frontier as compared to outsiders.

Topic: Innovation and Knowledge Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Hominid‐pongid distinctiveness in the miocene‐pliocene fossil record: The lothagam mandible

Abstract The Lothagam mandibular fragment, found in 1967 west of Lake Turkana, Kenya, has been dated to 5.5 million years ago. This date is significant because it may lie within the suggested time range during which the hominid and pongid clades diverged. Because of its fragmentary condition and great age, this specimen has run the gamut of taxonomic assignations, from ramapithecine to pongid to hominid. These three nomenclatural categories serve as the basis for three hypotheses tested in this study. First, morphological and metric comparisons between Lothagam and a sample of Euroafrican ramapithecines address the hypothesis of “Lothagam as predi‐vergence hominoid.” Second, comparisons with a sample of Pan test the “Lothagam as postdivergence, African protopongid” hypothesis. Finally, samples of Australopithecus afarensis and A. africanus were utilized to evaluate the hypothesis of “Lothagam as postdivergence, early hominid.” Unlike previous studies attempting to ascertain the evolutionary affinities of this enigmatic fossil, this work benefits from the large sample of A. afarensis specimens now generally available for study. Metric and morphological comparisons demonstrate Lothagam's affinity to A. afarensis in sharing derived, hominid states in such features as the mental foramen vertical position, the ascending ramus origin, the breadth of the alveolar margin, the reduction of the hypoconulid, the dimensions of the M 1 and the dimensions of the mandibular corpus. It is suggested that the dental/gnathic features enumerated in this study can be employed to distinguish ancestral hominid from pongid in future Mio/Pliocene paleontological discoveries.

Topic: Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The legal differentiation between same-sex and heterosexual life partnerships as far as intestate succession is concerned in the wake of Laubscher v Duplan 2017 (2) SA 264 (CC) and subsequent judicial developments

&lt;p dir="ltr"&gt;A life partnership is a relationship where two people can legally marry, but instead choose to live together in an intimate relationship without ever marrying in terms of South African marriage legislation,1 or registering their relationship as a civil partnership in terms of the Civil Union Act, 2 or entering into a purely religious marriage.3&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Legal Issues in South Africa
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Portfolio as an assessment method in PBL

Problem and Project Based Learning (PBL) is generally regarded as an innovative method for engineering education. When compared to traditional lecture-based or teacher-centered engineering curriculum, the PBL model appears to inspire a higher degree of involvement in study activity. The definition of PBL is still somewhat open and designing a PBL curriculum is dependent on the objectives of a particular institution. What is even more undefined and under developed in a PBL curriculum is constructive alignment. The principle of constructive alignment is that the curriculum is developed so that the learning activities and assessment tasks are aligned with the learning outcomes that are intended in the unit of study. Therefore, assessment tasks and assessment methods are a critical issue not just in a PBL curriculum but also in a teacher-centered environment. This paper focuses on a portfolio as a method of assessment in PBL environment. The paper will illustrate two case studies. The first case study will outline Victoria University in Melbourne Australia experience to evaluate projects by the use of portfolio, whereas the second case study will describe the Aalborg University Denmark experience of course assignment to assess students' process competencies.

Topic: Problem and Project Based Learning
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences