jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Parameter map error due to normal noise and aliasing artifacts in MR fingerprinting

Purpose To introduce a quantitative tool that enables rapid forecasting of T 1 and T 2 parameter map errors due to normal and aliasing noise as a function of the MR fingerprinting (MRF) sequence, which can be used in sequence optimization. Theory and Methods The variances of normal noise and aliasing artifacts in the collected signal are related to the variances in T 1 and T 2 maps through derived quality factors. This analytical result is tested against the results of a Monte‐Carlo approach for analyzing MRF sequence encoding capability in the presence of aliasing noise, and verified with phantom experiments at 3 T. To further show the utility of our approach, our quality factors are used to find efficient MRF sequences for fewer repetitions. Results Experimental results verify the ability of our quality factors to rapidly assess the efficiency of an MRF sequence in the presence of both normal and aliasing noise. Quality factor assessment of MRF sequences is in agreement with the results of a Monte‐Carlo approach. Analysis of MRF parameter map errors from phantom experiments is consistent with the derived quality factors, with T 1 (T 2 ) data yielding goodness of fit R 2 ≥ 0.92 (0.80). In phantom and in vivo experiments, the efficient pulse sequence, determined through quality factor maximization, led to comparable or improved accuracy and precision relative to a longer sequence, demonstrating quality factor utility in MRF sequence design. Conclusion The here introduced quality factor framework allows for rapid analysis and optimization of MRF sequence design through T 1 and T 2 error forecasting.

Topic: Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Soviet-American Relations

Essay| October 01 1990 Soviet-American Relations: The Cold War Ends Lawrence T. Caldwell Lawrence T. Caldwell Professor of Political Science, Occidental College Lawrence T. Caldwell has been scholar-in-residence at the Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Soviet Analysis; a research associate at the International Institute for Strategic Studies; and a consultant for the Rand Corporation. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Current History (1990) 89 (549): 305–308. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1990.89.549.305 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Lawrence T. Caldwell; Soviet-American Relations: The Cold War Ends. Current History 1 October 1990; 89 (549): 305–308. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1990.89.549.305 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCurrent History Search This content is only available via PDF. © 1990 by The Regents of the University of California1990 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Topic: Historical Geopolitical and Social Dynamics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Weak Cosmic Censorship in Kerr-Sen Black Hole under Charged Scalar Field

We investigate the weak cosmic censorship conjecture for Kerr-Sen black holes, which are solutions to the four-dimensional low-energy effective field theory for the heterotic string theory, based on the scattering of a charged scalar field. When the fluxes of the scalar field are assumed to transfer its conserved quantities to the black hole, extremal and near-extremal black holes cannot be over-spun and over-charged in their first-order variations, which is sufficient to conclude that the weak cosmic censorship conjecture is valid for Kerr-Sen black holes. We confirm our conclusion by relating it to the first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics.

Topic: Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Order Management System Proposal Using Inventory Balance Equation with Non-continuous Replenishment

The purpose of this paper is to present an inventory balance model including an order-up-to replenishment policy with partial backlogging. Pictured in the model is a situation, where goods are not replenished continuously, but only at predetermined intervals. The model is described by ordinary differential equations with delayed argument because of the assumption of a time lag between ordering and delivery.A computer simulation which helps to demonstrate and verify model behaviour is utilized for the numerical solution of the model. Sales data of a real company are used as the input data.Due to the comparison of the designed model outputs against the real state in the company, it was verified that it is possible to achieve a substantial reduction in warehousing costs without a disproportionate increase in the risk of inventory shortage. The authors note that modern methods of functional analysis can be successfully applied in solving an inventory balance model.

Topic: Operations Management Techniques
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Fuel characteristics, vegetation structure and fire behaviour of 11–15 year-old rehabilitated bauxite mines in Western Australia

Summary Bauxite mines rehabilitated in the early 1980s in Western Australia have built up substantial fuel loads that may be reduced through prescription burning. Fuel characteristics, vegetation structure and fire behaviour of 11–15 year-old rehabilitated bauxite mines were examined. Fuel loads were high in all pre-burn rehabilitation areas (23.4–35.1 t ha−1) although large ranges in fuel load estimates of sample plots (6.3–49.3 t ha−1) indicated the heterogenous nature of the fuel distribution that led to heterogeneity in fire behaviour. The vegetation structure of the rehabilitated areas differed from that of the native jarrah forest due to a lower proportion of live to dead plant material and the presence of a prominent mid-storey layer composed of dead Acacia plants. This mid-storey layer contributed 45% of the total fuel load and led to increased flame heights and subsequent higher levels of crown scorch regardless of the soil and litter moisture conditions. Seven prescription burns were carried out between 1994 and 1996 encompassing a range of fire intensities and seasons of burning. Autumn burns were generally of higher intensity than spring burns due to the drier nature of the fuel following summer drought. Re-accumulation of fuel in the first year following burning was rapid (6.4–9.5 t ha−1) but had levelled off by the second year (6.1–10.3 t ha−1). Vegetation structure of rehabilitated areas one and two years after burning indicated that the prescription burns had removed the mid-storey layer of senescent Acacia material and stimulated an increase in the proportion of live plant material, particularly following autumn burning. Maximum soil temperatures recorded by heat-sensitive crayons exceeded 200°C in the autumn burns and were generally well below 100°C in the spring burns. Hard-seeded species would have been stimulated to germinate in the top 2–5 cm following autumn burning and only in the top I cm following spring burning. Some seeds in the top 1 cm of soil may have been killed in the autumn burns. The fire management of rehabilitated areas will have to be different to that of the native jarrah forest due to differences in fuel characteristics, vegetation structure and fire behaviour of these two sites.

Topic: Fire effects on ecosystems
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Quantum field theory in a multimetric background

By means of simple models in a flat spacetime manifold we examine some of the\nissues that arise when quantizing interacting quantum fields in multi-metric\nbackgrounds. In particular we investigate the maintenance of a causal structure\nin the models. In this context we introduce and explain the relevance of an\ninterpolating metric that is a superposition of the individual metrics in the\nmodels. We study the renormalisation of a model with quartic interactions and\nelucidate the structure of the renormalisation group and its implications for\nLorentz symmetry breakdown.\n

Topic: Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Urolithiasis in primary obstructive megaureter: a management dilemma

Megaureter with urolithiasis is an uncommon entity. These stones may be located in the kidney, ureter or both. Management of these cases is difficult due to free mobility and stone multiplicity. As there are no guidelines about the management, the surgeon usually manages according to her/his experience, stone location or burden. The goal is to remove the stones and reimplant the ureters in the same session, if possible. We describe single-stage management of one such patient who presented with bilateral multiple ureteral and left renal stones. The left ureteral stones were first flushed into the kidney by the ureteroscope. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was then performed and stones were removed intact. The patient was then turned supine and the location of right ureteral stones was confirmed by fluoroscopy in the same location (right lower ureter). The patient underwent successful bilateral ureteroneocystostomy with simultaneous removal of right lower ureteral stones.

Topic: Kidney Stones and Urolithiasis Treatments
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Distinctive Features of 3‐Acetyl‐ and 3‐Benzoyl‐Isocoumarins’ Interaction with Active Primary Amines

Abstract Isoquinolones and isoquinolines are crucial natural and synthetic heterocyclic compounds exhibiting a range of biological activities. A less explored strategy for the recyclization of isocoumarins to isoquinolones involves the transformation of 1 H ‐isochromen‐1‐ones with a carbonyl group at position 3 using primary amines. This study presents a straightforward one‐pot protocol for the recyclization of 3‐acetyl‐ and 3‐benzoylisocoumarins into their corresponding isoquinolone derivatives using structurally diverse primary amines. This provides versatile and scalable routes for accessing a variety of 2‐R‐isoquinolin‐1(2 H )‐ones. Interestingly, the acyl group also reacted with the hydroxyl group of 2‐aminoethanol, leading to the simultaneous formation of 3,4‐dihydro[1,4]oxazino[4,3‐ b ]isoquinolin‐6(1 H )‐ones alongside lactone recyclization. Moreover, the recyclization process was accompanied by more complex alternative cyclizations, including an oxidative‐reductive stage. For instance, the recyclization of isocoumarins with benzylamine resulted in the formation of isochromeno[3,4‐ c ]pyrroles, whereas with glycine derivatives, 1,2‐dihydro‐6 H ‐pyrazino[1,2‐ b ]isoquinolin‐3,6(4 H )‐diones were obtained.

Topic: Synthesis and Biological Activity
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Ashe County's Civil War: community and society in the Appalachian South

Distinguished from traditional historical narrative by its balanced portrayal of wartime experiences both at home and on the battlefield and flavored by its vivid portrayal of a divided Appalachian community, Ashe County's Civil War: Community and Society in the Appalachian South breaks new ground in Southern social, political, and economic history.Martin Crawford contends that the experiences of Ashe County's men and women during the Civil War era were shaped as much by their membership in the wider American society as by uniquely local factors. Through a thoughtful blending of family correspondence, local and state historical documents, and the broader news of the divided country, Crawford re-creates the lives of Ashe County's citizens. Among them are teenager Selina Howell, whose suicide draws the reader into an intimate portrayal of kin and community dynamics, and Tom Crumpler, the young lawyer-politician who made the ultimate sacrifice for a cause he initially opposed. These people and their stories bring to life the very human side of the Civil War, carrying Crawford's narrative well beyond ordinary social history.

Topic: American Constitutional Law and Politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Assessment of Future Air Temperature and Rainfall Changes Based on the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM): The Case of the Wartburg Community in KZN Midlands, South Africa

The agriculture sector in Africa is dominated by small-scale farmers who account for about 80% of the total farms. However, small-scale farmers are vulnerable to climate change and climate variability. Their high susceptibility to climate change emanates from their inadequate ability to adapt to climate change. As a result, small-scale farmers are generally adversely impacted by climate change due to over-reliance on rainfed agriculture and natural resources. This exposure and susceptibility, however, differ across the regions due to the heterogeneity in topography, climate, access to resources, farmer resilience and adaptation capacity. Therefore, site-specific studies are encouraged to increase the awareness, resilience and adaptation capacity at the local level. The study intends to analyse historical climate (air temperature and rainfall) data from a weather station that has not been employed for climate change studies and project possible future changes in the same climate parameters due to global warming for a localised agricultural community within the sugarbelt region of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The study focuses mainly on air temperature and rainfall changes to inform local farmers about potential climate changes and possible impacts of the projected climate changes on the local agricultural productivity. This study was conducted in the KwaZulu-Natal midlands of South Africa, and the Representative Climate Pathways (RCP8.5 and RCP4.5) climate projection of the CanESM2 model were used for the projection of future air temperature and rainfall trends for the 2020s, the 2040s and the 2080s. According to the results, both minimum and maximum air temperatures will continue to increase for the entire study period. The RCP8.5 results indicate that maximum and minimum air temperatures will reach a maximum range of 1.72 to 3.14 °C and 1.54 to 3.48 °C, respectively. For the rainfall, the model projects a positive trend, although all the scenarios predict a declining trend for the near future (2020s) and an increase in the 2050s. These results indicate that, in the absence of adaptation the risk of small-scale farmers, particularly for sugarcane, which is largely planted in the area, the production losses will heighten and hence increase the likelihood of increased poverty, food insecurity and unemployment.

Topic: Climate variability and models
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Diagnostic Approach in Isolated Bulbar Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Case Report

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease. Based on the clinical manifestation, it is divided into spinal form and bulbar form. Bulbar form ALS is divided into two, progressive bulbar and isolated bulbar ALS (IBALS). Patients are diagnosed with IBALS whensymptoms are isolated in the bulbar region for at least six months. The prevalence of IBALS represents only 4% of the neuron disease.Objective: To provide the diagnostic approach of IBALS case based on the clinical signs and symptoms, physical examination, laboratory and radiology findings, electromyography, and fiber optic laryngoscopy examination.Case: A 64-year-old woman presented with slurred speech, the symptoms appeared 2 years ago. Within the last 6 months, the symptoms deteriorated, the patient was unable to speak, and had major difficulty in swallowing food and drinks. The functional status impairment was limited in the bulbar region.Laboratory and radiology findings did not lead to any certain disease. Electromyography and fiber optic laryngoscopy results suggesting a motor neuron disease.Conclusion: It is important to diagnose ALS patients to determine the treatment, progressivity, and prognosis of the disease.Keywords: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, bulbar form, diagnosis

Topic: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Web of venom: exploration of big data resources in animal toxin research

Abstract Research on animal venoms and their components spans multiple disciplines, including biology, biochemistry, bioinformatics, pharmacology, medicine, and more. Manipulating and analyzing the diverse array of data required for venom research can be challenging, and relevant tools and resources are often dispersed across different online platforms, making them less accessible to nonexperts. In this article, we address the multifaceted needs of the scientific community involved in venom and toxin-related research by identifying and discussing web resources, databases, and tools commonly used in this field. We have compiled these resources into a comprehensive table available on the VenomZone website (https://venomzone.expasy.org/10897). Furthermore, we highlight the challenges currently faced by researchers in accessing and using these resources and emphasize the importance of community-driven interdisciplinary approaches. We conclude by underscoring the significance of enhancing standards, promoting interoperability, and encouraging data and method sharing within the venom research community.

Topic: Venomous Animal Envenomation and Studies
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Competing Stories

Abstract This chapter traces the various portrayals of Vincent Ferrer in text and in art, produced between the time of Pietro Ranzano's vita and the early sixteenth century. The new medium of print helped to keep these various images alive, alongside a still vigorous circulation of manuscript materials. Already by the 1430s, Dominicans hoping to promote Vincent's sanctity had begun publicizing the preacher's career, even as crisis prevented the papal curia from devoting its attention to the cause of canonization. Also, at least two early biographers of Vincent Ferrer besides Ranzano made clear use of Ferrer's inquests, particularly the miracle-laden Brittany process. From these various sources, authors and artists pieced together their own Vincent Ferrers, at times in service of a cause such as the promotion of Observant reforms in the Dominican order.

Topic: Medieval Literature and History
Subfield: Classics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Algorithmically Curated Lies: How Search Engines Handle Misinformation about US Biolabs in Ukraine

The growing volume of online content prompts the need for adopting algorithmic systems of information curation. These systems range from web search engines to recommender systems and are integral for helping users stay informed about important societal developments. However, unlike journalistic editing the algorithmic information curation systems (AICSs) are known to be subject to different forms of malperformance which make them vulnerable to possible manipulation. The risk of manipulation is particularly prominent in the case when AICSs have to deal with information about false claims that underpin propaganda campaigns of authoritarian regimes. Using as a case study of the Russian disinformation campaign concerning the US biolabs in Ukraine, we investigate how one of the most commonly used forms of AICSs - i.e. web search engines - curate misinformation-related content. For this aim, we conduct virtual agent-based algorithm audits of Google, Bing, and Yandex search outputs in June 2022. Our findings highlight the troubling performance of search engines. Even though some search engines, like Google, were less likely to return misinformation results, across all languages and locations, the three search engines still mentioned or promoted a considerable share of false content (33% on Google; 44% on Bing, and 70% on Yandex). We also find significant disparities in misinformation exposure based on the language of search, with all search engines presenting a higher number of false stories in Russian. Location matters as well with users from Germany being more likely to be exposed to search results promoting false information. These observations stress the possibility of AICSs being vulnerable to manipulation, in particular in the case of the unfolding propaganda campaigns, and underline the importance of monitoring performance of these systems to prevent it.

Topic: Misinformation and Its Impacts
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Mobilizing social capital to pursue entrepreneurship

To invoke entrepreneurship is to utilize resources to discover, identify and exploit emerging market and technological opportunities. Accounts of the resources vary widely, yet one of the most critical concerns the embeddedness of social capital in the social relations of the entrepreneur. Three factors derived from social relations that create social capital are emphasized: opportunity, motivation and ability. Based on a comparative case study of Trend Micro (an antivirus firm) and TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, a foundry business), this paper shows how access to opportunity, motivation and ability is important to explaining entrepreneurship. It concludes with implications for theory, practice and research.

Topic: Social Capital and Networks
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A neat way out of social assistance

Original title: Verzorgd uit de bijstand&#13;\n&#13;\nIn recent decades, the emphasis in the Dutch social assistance benefit&#13;\nsystem has shifted from income support to reintegration into the labour&#13;\nprocess. As part of this shift, there has been a stronger focus on the&#13;\nobligations of benefit recipients to balance the entitlements. Recently, for&#13;\nexample, it was proposed that the language requirements in the Work and Social&#13;\nAssistance Act (Wet werk en bijstand) be tightened up. There have also been&#13;\nrecent proposals that social assistance beneficiaries should have their benefit&#13;\ncut if they arrive late or poorly turned out for mandatory job interviews.&#13;\nThese proposals prompted the Netherlands Institute for Social Research/SCP to&#13;\ncarry out this exploratory study. Interviews were conducted with case managers&#13;\nfrom municipal social service departments and employers who have taken on&#13;\npeople in receipt of social assistance benefit. Based on the findings, this&#13;\nreport describes the nature and backgrounds of the problems in relation to the&#13;\nbehaviour, appearance and language of social assistance beneficiaries who are&#13;\nreceiving route counselling to help them find work. The study also provides an&#13;\ninsight into how case managers deal with these complex issues. What scope do&#13;\nthey see for steering their clients on this point, and does it make sense to&#13;\nimpose sanctions in order to help them find 'a neat way out of social&#13;\nassistance'?&#13;\n&#13;\nMore information:&#13;\n&#13;\n&#13;\nTopics: social&#13;\nsecurity, labour

Topic: Dutch Social and Cultural Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences