jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fatty acids and sugar composition of avocado fruit during harvesting time and post-harvest ripening period: a review

In a study of the maturity of avocado fruit it is important to elucidate the lipid metabolism in the fruit during growth and storage, since the avocado stores a large amount of lipids in the edible pulp. Meanwhile the fatty acids may then form fats by combining with glycerol, a sugar metabolism product, and sugar metabolism of the avocado fruit should be considered.

Topic: Plant Physiology and Cultivation Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
[Genesis, development and application prospect of antibody library: a review].

Antibodies are immunoglobulins specifically introduced by immunity response of high animals, with the responsibility for recognising and cleaning out specific antigens. Antibody is not only a powerful weapon against pathogen invasion in the organism, but also a tool for specific molecular recognition used in basic scientific research. The diversity of antibody molecules resulted in the concept of antibody library; each individual animal is a natural antibody library. In the post-genome era, in order to fit various "omics", especially for proteomics requirement of high throughput technology, some gene engineering antibody libraries and antibody alternative libraries have been constructed based on phage display technology. Yet, more and more in vitro display systems such as ribosome display, mRNA display have been used for antibody library study, and that present more advantages than phage display. This mini review outlines the genesis, development and application prospect of antibody libraries according to the published reviews and research articles, and offers up to date development and application prospect of antibody library technology.

Topic: Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A quadricuspid aortic valve that was mistakenly diagnosed as insidious rheumatic carditis: A 13-year-old case.

Quaricuspid aortic valve (QAV) is a very rare congenital heart defect characterized by the presence of four valves of the same or different sizes. This anomaly may cause progressive aortic regurgitation or rarely valve stenosis. The diagnosis of QAV may be difficult, misdiagnosed or overlooked if careful evaluation is not made. Here, a 13-year-old patient with QAV who presented to the outer center with a complaint of chest weight, who was mistakenly diagnosed with insidious rheumatic carditis due to aortic regurgitation, was presented, and and it was aimed to draw attention to this rare congenital heart valve disease.

Topic: Aortic Disease and Treatment Approaches
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Study on the Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Particulate Matter Pollution in Coal Production Cities in China

In recent years, with the continuous advancement of China’s urbanization process, regional atmospheric environmental problems have become increasingly prominent. We selected 12 cities as study areas to explore the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter in the region, and analyzed the impact of socioeconomic and natural factors on local particulate matter levels. In terms of time variation, the particulate matter in the study area showed an annual change trend of first rising and then falling, a monthly change trend of “U” shape, and an hourly change trend of double-peak and double-valley distribution. Spatially, the concentration of particulate matter in the central and southern cities of the study area is higher, while the pollution in the western region is lighter. In terms of social economy, PM2.5 showed an “inverted U-shaped” quadratic polynomial relationship with Second Industry and Population Density, while it showed a U-shaped relationship with Generating Capacity and Coal Output. The results of correlation analysis showed that PM2.5 and PM10 were significantly positively correlated with NO2, SO2, CO and air pressure, and significantly negatively correlated with O3 and air temperature. Wind speed was significantly negatively correlated with PM2.5, and significantly positively correlated with PM10. In terms of pollution transmission, the southwest area of Taiyuan City is a high potential pollution source area of fine particles, and the long-distance transport of PM2.5 in Xinjiang from the northwest also has a certain contribution to the pollution of fine particles. This study is helpful for us to understand the characteristics and influencing factors of particulate matter pollution in coal production cities.

Topic: Air Quality and Health Impacts
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
P2‐023: Examining CSF biomarkers and their ability to predict dementia, a systematic review of the literature

Early detection and intervention in Alzheimer's disease (AD) with effective therapies presents an opportunity to reduce disease progression. Validation of biomarkers with highest prognostic value for the development and progression of AD is an essential step for ongoing research and as part of future treatments for slowing the progressive degenerative course of the disease. A systematic review using Cochrane methods evaluated the clinical effectiveness of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) tau and Aß42 in identifying early stages of AD (pre-dementia, preclinical AD, and mild cognitive impairment [MCI]) and for their validity in predicting development of AD. Studies published in English between January 2003 and July 2010, with a minimum of 12 months follow up and reporting outcomes of hazard or odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity, or area under the curve were included. Of 656 citations, final screening yielded 17 papers examining CSF biomarkers as predictors of conversion to AD (range of follow up; 12-48 months). Cox proportional hazards models revealed that abnormally low CSF Aß42 yielded a significantly higher risk of progression from MCI to AD, (HR range 5-9, sensitivity 60-90%, specificity 53-84%). Significantly increased risk of progression was found in patients with elevated total-tau (t-tau) levels (HR 2-7, sensitivity 63-87%; specificity 53-94%). Similar results were found for p-tau (HR 2-3.5, sensitivity 73-88%; specificity 47-88%). Studies of diagnostic accuracy of different combinations of CSF Aß42 to tau ratios in differentiating MCI-progressors from MCI-stable showed that generally, combinations of biomarkers yielded higher risk of progression to AD (HR range 1.8-32.8). The combinations of CSF biomarkers also yielded higher sensitivity and specificity for differentiating MCI-AD patients than each marker alone. Abnormal levels of Aß42 and t-tau in MCI patients were consistently found to be significant predictors of progression to AD. Ratios of the biomarkers yielded higher relative risk, sensitivity, and specificity than individual biomarkers alone. The findings were consistent across studies of MCI patients. CSF-biomarkers show significant predictive power in aiding in the diagnosis and early identification of MCI patients at risk for progression to AD.

Topic: Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On the Epinephrine Content of the Suprarenals in the Unilaterally Splanchnectomized Rabbit

The approximate equality of the epinephrine load in the sister suprarenal glands in the cat as well as in the rabbit is a well established fact.It is probably ales the case in the dog.Concerning the rabbit especially abundant confirmation is to be found in the numerous reports, which have been made along these lines.In the 148 male rabbits of Fujii, for example, the difference of the epinephrine content in the sister glands, assayed by means of Kodama's modification of Folin, Cannon and Denis' method, was under 0.02 mgrm. in the majority of the cases, while the average total storage in both glands was 0.44 mgrm.1)That unilateral splanchnectomy does not disturb this approximate equality in cats was first observed by Elliott.2)It was further proved to be the case in dogs(?), cats(?) and also rabbits by Stewart and his associate.3)Fujii's determinations of the chromaffine substance in the rabbit agreed with their findings.4)As a matter of course, sufficient time should be given between the denervation and the principal experiment in order to allow the reestablishment of the load after the postopera tive exhaustion of the unprotected gland.In a recent research in the case of dogs, however, Fujii was able to find a somewhat greater load on the intact side than on the splachnectomiz 1)

Topic: Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
Subfield: Small Animals
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
Fatty-acyl-CoA thioesters inhibit recruitment of steroid receptor co-activator 1 to α and γ isoforms of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors by competing with agonists

Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α and γ are ligand-dependent transcription factors that are key regulators of lipid and carbohydrate homoeostasis. Fatty acids bind to the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of PPARα and PPARγ and activate these receptors. To clarify whether fatty-acyl-CoAs interact directly with the LBDs of PPARα and PPARγ, we performed a competition binding assay with radiolabelled KRP-297, a known dual agonist for these receptors. We show here that fatty-acyl-CoAs bind directly to PPARα and PPARγ. Interestingly, fatty-acyl-CoAs, unlike fatty acids, failed to recruit steroid receptor co-activator 1 (SRC-1), on the basis of conformational changes in the LBDs of PPARα and PPARγ. Moreover, fatty-acyl-CoAs also markedly inhibited agonist-induced recruitment of SRC-1. These findings demonstrate that fatty-acyl-CoAs have a novel function in the signalling pathways of PPARα and PPARγ.

Topic: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Study on temperature difference of aluminium nitride nanofluid used in solar flat plate collector over normal water

In solar panel system, Flat Plate Collector (FPC) is generally used for household hot-water making, room space heating as well as drying etc., Nano fluids are one of the combinations of fluid with Nano-sized solid particles with high thermal conductivity for increase the performance of the system. In this simple study deals with temperature difference of Aluminium nitride used as nanofluid in FPC and comparisons with normal water for the same operating condition. From this study about the mixture of Nano fluids and water to increase temperature difference and improve the efficiency of heating.

Topic: Scientific and Engineering Research Topics
Subfield: Periodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
FIGURES 12–16. Nazeris yipingae 12 in Two new species of Nazeris Fauvel in the Luoxiao Mountain Range, China (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Paederinae)

FIGURES 12–16. Nazeris yipingae 12—forebody; 13—male sternite VII; 14—male sternite VIII; 15—aedeagus, in ventral view; 16—aedeagus, in lateral view. Scale bars: 12: 1 mm, 13–16: 0.5 mm.

Topic: Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
III. THE EFFECTS OF CHLORINATION ON THE RATE OF PENETRATION OF PHENOXYACETIC ACID AND BENZOIC ACID INTO LEAVES OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS

A comparative study has been made of the penetration into leaf disks of Phaseolus vulgaris of (a) phenoxyacetic acid and its 2-, 4-, 2,4-, 2,6-, 3-5, 2,4,5-, and 2,4,6- chloro derivatives, and (b) benzoic acid and its 2-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,3,6 chloro and 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy derivatives. The methods of synthesis of each compound with 14C incorporated in the carboxyl group are described. In the series of substituted phenoxyacetic acids it was established that only for 2,4,5-T was there an appreciable loss of radioactivity from the system either in the light or darkness. In contrast, with the exception of 2,4-DCBA, 14C is lost from each member of the series of substituted benzoic acids. The level and pattern of penetration in the two series is differentially affected by chlorination. In general progressive chlorination of phenoxyacetic acid leads to an increase in the rate of penetration in both light and darkness. There are, however, exceptions; for illuminated disks the rate of entry of 2,4,5-T is exceeded by 2,4,6-T, 2,4-D, and 2,6-D whereas in the dark 2,4,5-T has by far the highest rate of penetration. Progressive chlorination of benzoic acid, however, depresses entry in both light and darkness. Possible relationships between these findings and changes in selected physical properties of each series of compounds have been examined. Between members of the series of substituted phenoxyacetic acids there is little variation in the dis sociation constant whereas for the substituted benzoic acids there is a marked lowering of the pK as the degree of chlorination increases. The rate of elution with chloroform of each compound from a buffered Silocel column gives a measure of the degree of partition into a lipid medium at a given pH. At pH 5-2 chlorination of phenoxyacetic acid results in more rapid elution whereas chlorina tion of benzoic acid causes a longer hold up. An apparatus was designed to enable measurements to be made of the rate at which a compound moves from one aqueous phase to another through a layer of lipid. Chlorination promotes the rate of transfer of phenoxyacetic acid through octanol but retards the transfer of benzoic acid. The extent to which chlorination depresses the rate of transfer of benzoic acid matches the diminution in the rate of leaf penetration. For the series of substituted phenoxyacetic acids transfer rates and penetration rates follow similar trends in the dark but in the light agree ment is less good. These findings are discussed in relation to prior studies on the rate of uptake and the metabolic fate of the individual compounds in a number of plant tissues.

Topic: Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
School nurses’ perceptions and experiences with an interprofessional concussion management team in the secondary school setting

Following a concussion, both cognitive and physical rest are imperative aspects of injury management. The inclusion of academic adjustments and the formation of an interprofessional concussion management team (ICMT) provide a mechanism to manage academic issues following a concussion. As one of the sole healthcare providers presents during school hours, the school nurse may offer unique insight regarding the infrastructure of an ICMT in the secondary school setting. The purpose of this study was to explore school nurses' perceptions of and experiences with an ICMT for adolescents following a concussion in the secondary school setting. The consensual qualitative research approach was used to guide this study. Semi-structured individual telephone interviews were conducted with 15 school nurses employed in the secondary school setting across the United States. During data analysis, themes and categories were established based on a consensus process by the research team. Study findings indicated that school nurses identified several stakeholders regarding the concussion management team that are essential to include in the concussion management process. In addition to the school nurse, participants perceived an ICMT should include a physician, athletic trainer, school counsellor, teachers, and other stakeholders such as the patient and their parents. Additionally, participants discussed their perceptions of their own role as a member of an ICMT in the secondary school setting. The inclusion of an ICMT to aid the recovery following a concussion is vital to ensure proper care for the adolescent patient. Furthermore, the school nurse and athletic trainer must effectively collaborate, when possible, to ensure that concussed adolescents are allowed sufficient cognitive rest via the incorporation of academic adjustments during the recovery process.

Topic: Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Combining short and long-term models for predicting blood glucose concentrations on diabetic patients

This work presents a study about identification techniques applicable to predict the blood glucose concentration (glycaemia) taking into account data of two free-living patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The main objective is to have an efficient way to model the inter-patient and intra-day variability to improve the design of control algorithms to be implemented in the context of artificial pancreas (AP). Historically, multiple models have been proposed to attack this kind of problems. The novelty here is new since we propose to generate a family of long and short term models which predictions are selected according to specific conditions closely related with the historical data of the patient. Therefore, a systematic methodology is developed firstly obtaining an average long term prediction model (ALTPM), considering insulin and carbohydrates as inputs and glycaemia as output. Secondly, the ALTPM glycaemia predictions together with historical data allows to obtain statistically an interval long term prediction model (ILTPM), to be able to define the range of blood glucose variations at least for the 70% of the time considered for the experiments. To improve the short term predictions we use a particular approach based on Kalman Filter which helps us to tracking glycaemia every five minutes and estimate two weight parameters. These weights affect the predictions of the ILTM to improve the quality of the estimations which are evaluated through the commonly used Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) metric.

Topic: Diabetes Management and Research
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Real-world reporting rates of administration-site reactions with on-demand treatment of hereditary angioedema attacks

Background: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is characterized by recurrent and unpredictable episodes of subcutaneous and/or submucosal swelling. Objective: To characterize the real-world treatment burden associated with existing on-demand therapies, we analyzed administration-site adverse drug reactions (ADR) associated with approved on-demand HAE therapies reported in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Methods: We searched the FAERS database from October 1, 2009, to March 31, 2022, for reports of all FDA-approved on-demand therapies for HAE: plasma-derived C1-inhibitor (pdC1-INH), ecallantide, icatibant, and recombinant C1-inhibitor (rhC1-INH). ADRs in which the drug was listed as the “primary suspect” were recorded for each drug. ADR preferred terms were grouped into 18 ADR domains based on semantic and/or clinical similarity, and the number of reports for each drug was calculated per year from the time of approval through March 2022, and descriptive results were presented. Preferred terms associated with administration-site ADRs identified from clinical trials and denoted on approved HAE drug U.S. package inserts were examined in a complementary analysis. Results: The highest reported rates of administration-site ADRs per year were site pain (17.9 reports per year), site erythema (7.4 per year), and site swelling (6.7 per year). RhC1-INH was the only drug for which access-site complications and/or malfunctions were reported (9.5 per year). PdC1-INH had the highest rate of incorrect route of product administration (3.7 per year). PdC1-INH showed statistically significant elevated reporting rate of injection-site reactions (reporting odds ratio [ROR] 3.59 [2.36‐5.46]; empirical Bayesian geometric mean [EBGM] 1.97 [1.39]). Icatibant and rhC1-INH showed a statistical trend toward an increased reporting rate of administration-site reactions. Conclusion: Real-world data from FAERS were generally consistent with adverse events reported in clinical trials and suggest that patients experience substantial treatment burden associated with FDA-approved parenteral on-demand therapies for HAE attacks. It should be noted that ADR rates are not exposure adjusted and are based on spontaneous reporting.

Topic: Coagulation, Bradykinin, Polyphosphates, and Angioedema
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Evaluation of the effectiveness of a mobile application in the management of dental anxiety: A randomised controlled trial

Abstract Background The software, which was developed according to the principle of perceived control, can be installed on tablets and smartphones and used by patients to help them control their anxiety. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a specially designed mobile application developed to provide patients with a sense of anxiety control during the various stages of endodontic treatment. The patients' anxiety was assessed by measuring their salivary cortisol levels. Methods A total of 46 patients requiring endodontic treatment were recruited. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group used the special communication application, while the control group did not. Salivary samples were collected from all patients preoperatively, postanaesthesia, and postoperatively. The samples were analysed with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay to measure the cortisol levels. Results A significant difference in cortisol levels was observed between the experimental and the control group (Mann–Whitney U ‐test, p &lt; .05). This difference was significant in the experimental group in each step ( p &lt; .01). No difference was found in the control group steps ( p &gt; .05). Conclusions Perceived control of anxiety using the specially designed software was effective in reducing salivary cortisol levels.

Topic: Dental Anxiety and Anesthesia Techniques
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Dopaminergic activity in the medial prefrontal cortex modulates fear conditioning.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) dopaminergic system in fear conditioning response considering individual differences. Animals were initially counterbalanced and classified based on open field test, and then were given a single infusion of the dopamine agonist, amphetamine (AMPH) and antagonist, clozapine (CLZ) into the medial prefrontal cortex. Rats received tone-shock pairing in a classical fear conditioning test and then exposed to the tone alone. Freezing responses were measured as conditioned fear index. The results showed that both AMPH and CLZ infusion in mPFC reduced the expression of conditioned fear. This finding indicates that elevation or reduction in the dopaminergic activity is associated with the decrease of fear responses, despite preexisting individual-typological differences.

Topic: Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences