jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Neuronal and behavioral responses to visual form

To support perception and guide behavior, the visual system must extract form information from retinal images. Form cues vary in their complexity and spatial extent. Human and macaque observers can detect forms that are defined by differences in texture. These cues are useful for segmenting figures from their backgrounds, and may also contribute to object identification. In the first experiment, I measured the development of behavioral sensitivity to texture-defined form in macaques. Infants could discriminate texture orientation as early as 6 weeks. Peak sensitivity continued to improve up to 40 weeks, reaching half of adult levels by 10–17 weeks. Surprisingly, texture sensitivity matured earlier than basic spatial acuity, and much earlier than global form sensitivity. Thus, different aspects of form vision develop over different rates, with local form mechanisms such as those implicated in texture processing maturing earlier than global form mechanisms. In the second experiment, I measured neuronal responses to texture-defined form in macaque visual area V2. Most cells responded best to texture patterns containing orientations that matched their preferences for luminance gratings. In some, these responses were modulated by aspects of the texture-defined form, either by its orientation or motion direction. Only a few cells preferred texture patterns whose orientations could not be predicted from their grating tuning, and thus showed true selectivity for the texture-defined form. Consistent with human imaging studies, these results suggest that signals related to texture-defined form in primates are found mainly in areas downstream of V2. In the third experiment, I identified V1 neurons projecting to V2 by antidromic electrical stimulation, and characterized their visual response properties. Projection neurons included both simple and complex cells. Most were tuned for orientation but not for direction, and were suppressed by large stimuli. In addition, most showed significant binocular phase interactions, and were better driven by luminance-modulated than chromatically-modulated stimuli. Thus, the heterogeneity of V1 inputs to V2 contributes to the diverse neuronal response types found there. These results provide a foundation for future work on how V1 inputs contribute to V2 receptive fields, particularly in the context of form vision.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Magnetic and charge ordering properties of Bi0.6-x(RE)xCa0.4MnO3 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) perovskite manganites

In this work, we studied structural, magnetic, and charge ordering properties of polycrystalline Bi0.6−x (RE)x Ca0.4MnO3 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6) samples, synthesized via solid state reaction route and by taking RE = La, Pr, and Nd, separately. The temperature dependence magnetization measurement reveals that the x = 0.0 compound (BCMO) exhibits a charge ordered (CO) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase with the charge ordering temperature (TCO) ∼289 K and the antiferromagnetic ordering temperature (TN) ∼136 K. Only a small fraction of La-dopant in BCMO is sufficient to destroy the CO completely, whereas a large concentration of La (viz., x = 0.2 to x = 0.6) promotes ultimately a paramagnetic to ferromagnetic (PM-FM) transition, and the PM-FM transition temperature (TC) decreases progressively from 241 K to 203 K as x increases from 0.2 to 0.5. In contrast, systematic substitution of Pr or Nd at Bi site induces an intriguing interplay between the charge ordering and antiferromagnetism. Our results demonstrate that the value of TCO decreases with increasing value of “x” and the value of TN increases sharply at both the extremes; however, it remains nearly constant from x = 0.2 to 0.4. In our samples, a glassy magnetic states are also observed at far below the TN.

Topic: Magnetic and transport properties of perovskites and related materials
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Determination and Confirmation of Narasin and Monensin in Chicken, Swine, and Bovine Tissues by LC/MS/MS: Final Action 2011.24

Abstract A multilaboratory study was conducted to validate the reproducibility of AOAC Official MethodSM 2011.24 for determination of narasin and monensin in chicken, swine, and bovine tissues. This study was intended to satisfy requirements for Final Action status through the AOAC Expert Review Panel process. Ten laboratories participated in the study, analyzing blind duplicates of five incurred residue materials for each analyte. After removal of invalid data sets, the method reproducibility (RSDR 12.8–60.6%, HorRat 0.45–1.47) was within AOAC acceptance criteria. The method was awarded Final Action status by the Official Methods Board on October 4, 2012.

Topic: Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Population Structure of Lepidocephalus Guntea (Hamilton-Buchanan) from KhohRiver, Garhwal Himalaya, India

The sex population status of the hill stream loach fish, Lepidocephalus guntea (Ham.) inhabiting the river Khoh in the foothills of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand is the central theme of the present study. The observed sex population ratio (1male:1.24 female) was found to be quite natural in Lepidocephalus guntea (Ham.).

Topic: Fish Biology and Ecology Studies
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Exploring novel dimensions of body experience after breast reconstruction

Abstract Background Studies on the post-breast reconstruction period are primarily conducted with questionnaires, focussing on general outcome parameters such as cosmetic result, quality of life or satisfaction. However, to explore how women see, appreciate and behave towards their own bodies, a different research approach is required. In this study, we used an empirical phenomenological design to explore how women experience their body after breast reconstruction in everyday practice. Methods A qualitative, descriptive phenomenological design was used. A total of 18 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with women who had undergone implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR, n  = 5) and autologous breast reconstruction (ABR, n  = 13). The interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim and subsequently coded and analysed using NVivo, a qualitative data analysis software program. Results A framework of six interrelated themes was identified: (1) ‘the cosmetic body, (2) the sensed and touched body, (3) the body in action, (4) the sexual body, (5) awareness and (6) sense of self'. We found that women who have undergone IBBR report relatively similar changes in body experiences on all six themes, whereas women who have undergone ABR report a broad variety in changed body experiences after the reconstruction. Conclusions The six identified themes indicate that various dimensions of body experience are at play for women after undergoing breast reconstruction. Women with IBBR have more similar body experiences compared with women who have undergone ABR. This knowledge can be implemented in counselling before surgery and can support shared treatment decisions.

Topic: Breast Implant and Reconstruction
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
‘That they will be capable of governing themselves’: Knowledge of Amerindian Difference and early modern arts of governance in the Spanish Colonial Antilles

Contrary to conventional accounts, critical knowledge of the cultural differences of Amerindian peoples was not absent in the early Conquest of the Americas. It was indeed a constitutive element of that process. The knowledge, strategies, and institutions of early Conquest relied on, and reproduced, Amerindian difference within the Spanish Empire as an essential element of that empire’s continued claims to legitimate authority. I demonstrate this through a focus on three parallel and sometimes overlapping texts: Ramón Pané’s Indian Antiquities; Peter Martyr d’Anghierra’s First Decade; and the first systematic attempt to govern colonized populations in the Americas, the Laws of Burgos. Not only did each text furnish the necessary material upon which the claims to intellectual, and so civilizational, superiority that were central to the justification of empire could be sustained. What is more, they transformed Amerindian difference from an object of knowledge into a subject of governance.

Topic: Colonialism, slavery, and trade
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The scandal of medical device regulation

Try describing Europe’s system for regulating medical devices and, as Peter McCulloch says in his editorial this week, the response from your audience will be incredulous (doi:10.1136/bmj.e7126). Read his description and see if you too find yourself asking, “How could this have come about?” It’s a question that now demands urgent remedy. If this was not already clear from recent BMJ investigations ( BMJ 2011;342:d2748, BMJ 2012;344:e1410), a new investigation makes it uncontrovertibly so. Working with undercover reporters from the Telegraph newspaper, the BMJ ’s Deborah Cohen has exposed a fragmented, poorly regulated, market driven system, with financial incentives to prioritise manufacturers’ interests over …

Topic: Healthcare Systems and Challenges
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Mixed Alcohol Synthesis Catalyst Screening

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) are conducting research to investigate the feasibility of producing mixed alcohols from biomass-derived synthesis gas (syngas). PNNL is tasked with obtaining commercially available or preparing promising mixed-alcohol catalysts and screening them in a laboratory-scale reactor system. Commercially available catalysts and the most promising experimental catalysts are provided to NREL for testing using a slipstream from a pilot-scale biomass gasifier. From the standpoint of producing C2+ alcohols as the major product, it appears that the rhodium catalyst is the best choice in terms of both selectivity and space-time yield (STY). However, unless the rhodium catalyst can be improved to provide minimally acceptable STYs for commercial operation, mixed alcohol synthesis will involve significant production of other liquid coproducts. The modified Fischer-Tropsch catalyst shows the most promise for providing both an acceptable selectivity to C2+ alcohols and total liquid STY. However, further optimization of the Fischer-Tropsch catalysts to improve selectivity to higher alcohols is highly desired. Selection of a preferred catalyst will likely entail a decision on the preferred coproduct slate. No other catalysts tested appear amenable to the significant improvements needed for acceptable STYs.

Topic: Catalysts for Methane Reforming
Subfield: Catalysis
Field: Chemical Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Identification of a DNA Aptamer That Binds to Human Monocytes and Macrophages

As cancer strategies shift toward immunotherapy, the need for new binding ligands to target and isolate specific immune cell populations has soared. Based on prior work identifying a peptide specific for murine M2-like macrophages, we sought to identify an aptamer that could bind human M2-like macrophages. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) adopt an M2-like phenotype and support tumor progression and dissemination. Here, we employed cell-SELEX to identify an aptamer ligand that targets this cell population over tissue resident (M0-like) or tumoricidal (M1-like) macrophages. Instead, we identified an aptamer that binds both human M0- and M2-like macrophages and monocytes, with highest binding affinity to M2-like macrophage (<i>K</i><sub>d</sub> ∼ 20 nM) and monocytes (<i>K</i><sub>d</sub> ∼ 45 nM) and minimal binding to other leukocytes. The aptamer binds to CD14<sup>+</sup> but not CD16<sup>+</sup> monocytes, and is rapidly internalized by these cells. We also demonstrate that this aptamer is able to bind human monocytes when both are administered <i>in vivo</i> to mice. Thus, binding to these cell populations (monocytes, M0-like and M2-like macrophages), this aptamer lends itself toward monocyte-specific applications, such as monocyte-targeted drug delivery or column selection.

Topic: Immune cells in cancer
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Distribution of the Level of Antibody to AIDS‐Associated Virus (LAV) in Sera from AIDS or AIDS Related Complex and Japanese Hemophiliacs Infected with AIDS‐Associated Virus

Abstract The level of antibody to AIDS‐associated virus (LAV) in sera from patients with AIDS or AIDS related diseases (AIDS related complex; ARC) and Japanese hemophiliacs was studied using indirect immunofluorescence. Titer of anti‐LAV antibody in sera from 89 patients with AIDS or ARC ranged between 10 and 40,960 (median: 1,280) and that of 83 Japanese hemophiliacs ranged from 20 to 20,480 (median: 640). The distribution of the level of anti‐LAV antibody in hemophiliacs was similar to that of patients with AIDS or ARC, and no correlation between the titer of antibody and the presence of symptoms of AIDS was observed. Our results suggested that hemophiliacs in Japan might have been infected with live LAV rather than been immunized with inactivated LAV by injection of factor VIII or IX concentrate, and more hemophiliacs in Japan might show symptoms of AIDS in the future as in the United States.

Topic: T-cell and Retrovirus Studies
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Nearly Optimal Pseudorandomness from Hardness

Existing proofs that deduce BPP = P from circuit lower bounds convert randomized algorithms into deterministic algorithms with a large polynomial slowdown. We convert randomized algorithms into deterministic ones with little slowdown . Specifically, assuming exponential lower bounds against randomized NP ∩ coNP circuits, formally known as randomized SVN circuits, we convert any randomized algorithm over inputs of length n running in time t ≥ n into a deterministic one running in time t 2+α for an arbitrarily small constant α &gt; 0. Such a slowdown is nearly optimal for t close to n , since under standard complexity-theoretic assumptions, there are problems with an inherent quadratic derandomization slowdown. We also convert any randomized algorithm that errs rarely into a deterministic algorithm having a similar running time (with pre-processing). The latter derandomization result holds under weaker assumptions, of exponential lower bounds against deterministic SVN circuits. Our results follow from a new, nearly optimal, explicit pseudorandom generator fooling circuits of size s with seed length (1+α)log s , under the assumption that there exists a function f ∈ E that requires randomized SVN circuits of size at least 2 (1-α′) n , where α = O (α)′. The construction uses, among other ideas, a new connection between pseudoentropy generators and locally list recoverable codes.

Topic: Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Morphology of the oscillatory flow behind a finite-span thrust-producing flapping wing

This thesis was scanned from the print manuscript for digital preservation and is copyright the author. Researchers can access this thesis by asking their local university, institution or public library to make a request on their behalf. Monash staff and postgraduate students can use the link in the References field.

Topic: Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
State Power

This chapter examines the history of state power in Goiás, Brazil and evaluates the effectiveness of state institutions in protecting the settler populations from real or potential threats, particularly the black slave population, Indians, and criminals. It analyzes revenue collection and patterns of expenditures, and provides statistics on the provincial budget from 1837 to 1888/9. The chapter suggests that the state presence and state power in the countryside advanced and ebbed over the course of the century and manifested themselves in different ways in different regions at different times.

Topic: Colonialism, slavery, and trade
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Poly(diarylfluorene) Deep-Blue Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Submicrometer-Scale Morphological Films Induced by Trace β-Conformation

The hierarchical structure of light-emitting conjugated polymers (LCPs) is the key factor to dominate the ultrafast photoexcitation dynamic behavior and further control the optoelectronic property of their light-emitting devices. Optimizing the submicrometer-scale structure by conformational transition in the amorphous film state is an effective strategy to improve the excitonic behavior and enhance singlet emission efficiency toward fabricating deep-blue polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). Herein, we demonstrate a series of submicrometer-scale morphological films of poly(diarylfluorene) (PODPF) via tuning the formation of a planar (β) conformation and interchain rearrangement under film pre- and post-treatment. Four types of PODPF films are prepared via spin coating, post-solvent vapor annealing (SVA), post-thermal annealing (TA), and pregelation (GEL) processing, which present variable submicrometer-scale morphologies with trace β-conformation. Compared to the relatively amorphous pristine and GEL films with a weak interchain interaction, PODPF@SVA and PODPF@TA films exhibit an excellent anisotropic fluorescence behavior and efficient deep-blue emission, which are closely associated with the trace β-conformation formation. Finally, PLEDs based on the PODPF@SVA film exhibit an excellent deep-blue emission with a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1.36% and Commission Internationale de l'Elcairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.17, 0.12), which are attributed to the synergistic effect of the formation of the submicrometer structure and trace β-conformation.

Topic: Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Modulation of the Neurothrophic Activity by Ballota nigra L. Crataegus oxycantha L., Passiflora incarnata L. and Valeriana officinalis L. and their Combination in vitro

Introduction Neurotrophins such as the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as cytokines play an important role in neuroprotec-tion, the control of the central nervous system, and change with different sleep patterns. We questioned whether the plant extracts of Ballotra nigra L, Crataegus oxycantha L, Passiflora incarnata L. and Valeriana officinalis L. alone or in combination can modulate the pro-inflam-matory cytokines, neurothrophines or neuro-transmitters in vitro.

Topic: Medicinal Plant Extracts Effects
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Partial discharge characteristics inside a void of air or SF&lt;SUB&gt;6&lt;/SUB&gt; in epoxy resin

This paper describes partial discharge (PD) characteristics in such a defect shaped as a needle-like void or a foil-like crack in epoxy resin filled with air of SF6. AC voltage up to about 6 kV/mm as field strength were applied. PD appears at a lower electric field and discharge quantity is higher for a deeper and wider defect. PD quantity mainly depends on the depth and width of a defect, almost independently of its cross sectional area. SF6-filled defects show the PD characteristics similar to those of gaseous discharge in a gas gap. These results were compared with the numerical calculation by the boundary element method.

Topic: High voltage insulation and dielectric phenomena
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
"I Didn't Know How All This Works": A Case Study Examining The Transition Experiences of Student-Athletes from High School to a Mid-Major DI Program

The transition period from high school to college includes a myriad of issues specific to student-athletes (Bernhard &amp; Bell, 2015; Bjornsen &amp; Dinkel, 2017; Comeaux, 2015). The present study sought to illuminate the specific transition issues faced by mid-major, DI student-athletes by providing them the platform to describe them in their own words, and provide their own recommendations for improvement. Utilizing a semi-structured interview guide which addressed transition issues, the qualitative study included 23 student-athletes in focus group settings. Analysis of interview data led to the emergence of two themes, with accompanying subthemes: 1) Encounters with academic support, with subthemes of transitioning to campus and perceived responsibilities of athletic academic advisors; and 2) Skewed perceptions and expectations of student-athlete life, with subthemes of expectations regarding the coach-athlete relationship, lifestyle modifications, and high stress practice environments. The findings suggest a notable trend – student-athletes lack the support they need to successfully deal with the transition. The transition process itself also appears to involve three specific periods: 1) Prior to arrival on campus; 2) Initial arrival on campus; and 3) Following the initial transition to campus. The findings will help to better design standards for helping student-athletes navigate the transition process.

Topic: Sports injuries and prevention
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The genomic diversity of Taiwanese Austronesian groups: Implications for the “Into- and Out-of-Taiwan” models

Abstract The origin and dispersal of the Austronesian language family, one of the largest and most widespread in the world, have long attracted the attention of linguists, archaeologists, and geneticists. Even though there is a growing consensus that Taiwan is the source of the spread of Austronesian languages, little is known about the migration patterns of the early Austronesians who settled in and left Taiwan, i.e. the “Into-Taiwan” and “out-of-Taiwan” events. In particular, the genetic diversity and structure within Taiwan and how this relates to the into-/out-of-Taiwan events are largely unexplored, primarily because most genomic studies have largely utilized data from just two of the 16 recognized Highland Austronesian groups in Taiwan. In this study, we generated the largest genome-wide data set of Taiwanese Austronesians to date, including six Highland groups and one Lowland group from across the island and two Taiwanese Han groups. We identified fine-scale genomic structure in Taiwan, inferred the ancestry profile of the ancestors of Austronesians, and found that the southern Taiwanese Austronesians show excess genetic affinities with the Austronesians outside of Taiwan. Our findings thus shed new light on the Into- and Out-of-Taiwan dispersals.

Topic: Forensic and Genetic Research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
STUDIES OF DESEGREGATION IN PROCESS

Journal Article STUDIES OF DESEGREGATION IN PROCESS Get access Charles H. Parrish Charles H. Parrish University of Louisville Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 22, Issue 2, SUMMER 1958, Pages 189–190, https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/22.2.189 Published: 01 January 1958

Topic: Race, History, and American Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences