jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode <i>Meloidogyne arenaria</i> Infecting Noni in China

Noni (Morinda citrifolia) is an important medicinal plant and its fruit and root are of high value. In recent years, noni has been cultivated widely on Hainan Island, China. A survey of eight commercial noni fields in four counties found that most fields had plants with symptoms consistent with damage caused by root-knot nematodes. Above-ground symptoms included reduced vigor, plant stunting, and chlorosis. Affected roots were galled, swollen, cracked, and rotten. Fruit loss associated with diseased plants was quantified as 85%. In each field, three samples were taken consisting of 15 cm wide × 20 cm deep soil (containing roots). The nematode population was extracted and quantified according to Barker (1). Nematodes were found in all soil and root samples with population densities ranging from 450 to 835 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2s) per 200 g subsample of soil, and 685 to 985 eggs and J2s per 10 g sub-sample of fresh roots. Three single egg masses were respectively hand-picked from one sample of diseased noni roots and inoculated onto tomato plants grown with sterilized soil at 20 to 28°C in the greenhouse. After 8 weeks, nematodes were extracted from the roots of tomato plants and identified by morphology, enzyme analysis, and molecular characterization. Morphology of the female perineal patterns showed a low dorsal arch with large lateral lines separating the striae of the dorsal and ventral sectors, leading to the tail terminus; and wavy, coarse striae with forking at lateral lines and short irregular striae near the lateral lines. Enzyme analysis of the esterase phenotype was also typical of the A1 phenotype in M. arenaria. Based on the perineal pattern and esterase phenotype, the Meloidogyne species was identified as M. arenaria (Est A1) (3). Total genomic DNA was extracted from ca. 10 μl of packed second-stage juveniles (J2s) using the method of Cenis (2). The primers C2F3 (5′-GGTCAATGTTCAGAAATTTGTGG-3′) and 1108 (5′-TACCTTTGACCAATCACGCT-3′) (4) was used to amplify the intergenic region between COII and LrRNA genes of the mtDNA and an amplification product (1,700 bp) was obtained, similar to M. hispanica, M. incognita, and M. javanica. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) have been reported to be cause disease on noni in Hawaii. However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of M. arenaria (Est A1) infecting noni in China. References: (1) K. R. Barker. Pp. 19 in: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Vol. II, Methodology. K. R. Barker et al. eds. North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, 1985. (2) J. L. Cenis. Phytopathology 83:76,1993. (3) P. E. Esbenshade and A. C. Triantaphyllou. J. Nematol. 17:6,1990. (4) T. O. Power and T. S. Harris J. Nematol. 25:1,1993.

Topic: Nematode management and characterization studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Danube+20: More Jobs Due to Better Inland Water Transport?

The Danube region is an area of Europe that has wide variations in terms of economic development levels and integration. There is a common belief that raising economic performance levels across these countries will deliver welfare gains and promote cooperation across borders. As part of the European Union Strategy for the Danube Region (EUSDR), a range of actions and projects have been formulated to stimulate the development of inland waterway transport, ranging from waterway infrastructure projects to port & terminal development and from educational programs to promotional initiatives. The set of measures aims to develop a more attractive and more efficient inland transport system, resulting in more effective and extended use of the Danube as a transport corridor. This development should contribute to employment growth in the IWT sector itself, in the sectors associated to IWT (e.g. ports and terminals) and in the sectors using IWT as a transport mode. To assess the possible effects of the actions and projects defined in the EUSDR, the European Commission commissioned a study, with the aim to estimate the employments levels that would be achieved if transport volumes on the Danube would increase by 20% in 2020 compared to 2010.

Topic: Maritime Ports and Logistics
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
BMP4 promotes human Sertoli cell proliferation via Smad1/5 and ID2/3 pathway and its abnormality is associated with azoospermia.

Sertoli cell plays critical roles in regulating testis development and spermatogenesis. Any change in the number or biological functions of Sertoli cells can affect the normal formation of spermatozoa. However, the roles and molecular mechanisms of factors in controlling the fate determinations of human Sertoli cells and underlying male infertility remain unknown. Here we have for the first time explored the function and signaling pathway of BMP4 in regulating adult human Sertoli cells and their association with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients. Immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry revealed that BMP4 and its multiple receptors were present in human Sertoli cells. Cell proliferation and BrdU incorporation assays showed that BMP4 promoted DNA synthesis and proliferation of Sertoli cells. In contrast, BMP4 antagonist noggin and BMP4 knockdown reduced the division of Sertoli cells. Moreover, BMP4 knockdown inhibited the synthesis of FGF2, SCF, zonula occludens 1, and claudin 11 but enhanced p27kip1 transcription. BMP4 activated Smad1/5 phosphorylation and upregulated ID2 and ID3 transcription, whereas noggin counteracted these increases. Significantly, tissue arrays disclosed that overexpression of BMP4 may be associated with Sertoli cell-only syndrome and maturation arrest in spermatogonia or spermatocytes. BMP4 was identified as the first autocrine factor that regulates the proliferation and protein synthesis of human Sertoli cells via Smad1/5 and ID2/3 and its abnormality is associated with human non-obstructive azoospermia patients. This study thus provides novel insights into molecular mechanism underlying adult human Sertoli cell growth and offers new targets for gene therapy of male infertility.

Topic: Sperm and Testicular Function
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Bibliometric and visualized analysis of the top-100 highly cited articles on immunotherapy for endometrial cancer

Background: Immunotherapy is a promising method for the treatment of endometrial cancer (EC). We aimed to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric study of the top 100 most-cited publications on immunotherapy for EC and provide a reference for future research. Methods: Global publications on immunotherapy for EC published from 1985 to the present in the Web of Science core database were retrieved. We focused on the study of the top 100 most-cited articles by extracting information such as year, country, journal, author, institution, literature, and keywords. Microsoft Excel, VOSviewer, and R were used to perform descriptive statistics and visual analyses. Results: The top 100 most-cited articles were published between 2002 and 2022, including 70 original papers and 30 reviews. The total frequency of citations per article ranges from 15 to 287. Developed countries dominated these publications, with the United States contributing the most (50 articles). According to Bradford Law, 6 journals, including Gynecologic Oncology and the Journal of Clinical Oncology, are highly recommended. Santin A. D. from Yale University and Makker.V. from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center have made positive contributions. Among the top ten most-cited articles, 7 focused on clinical trials exploring the efficacy of immunotherapy drugs, of which 4 were lenvatinib combined with pembrolizumab for the treatment of advanced EC. The immune-microenvironment, immune antitumor mechanisms, immunomodulatory drugs, especially anti-pd-1/pd-l1 checkpoint inhibitors, and their clinical trials are the focus of current research. Conclusion: The attention of researchers from different countries to EC immunotherapy, especially immunosuppressants, has brought a breakthrough in this field. A large number of clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy and safety of immune agents, and immune combination therapy (especially targeted therapy) shows positive therapeutic promise. Immunodrug sensitivity and adverse events remain urgent issues. The key to promoting the development of EC immunotherapy is to select the best patients according to the molecular classification and immunophenotype such as tumor mutation load, MMR status, pd-l1 expression, tumor infiltrating immune cells to truly achieve accurate and personalized treatment. More new and influential EC immunotherapies, such as adoptive cell immunotherapy, still need to be explored in future clinical practice.

Topic: Endometrial and Cervical Cancer Treatments
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Effect of Raising the Australian Statutory Inventive Step on the Australian Global Production System

This paper analyses the effect of raising the inventive step requirements in the Patents Act 1990 on Australia?s position in the global supply chain. In particular, it considers the likely effects on the intentions of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) to invest in Australia and the ability of Australian businesses to compete in the global market. The authors provide a brief background discussion on the nature of global production, that is, what determines whether an MNE will choose to undertake foreign direct investment in Australia and the factors determining the revealed inventive step. For each affected party ? domestic inventors, foreign MNEs and rivals of these two groups ? theyconsider the likely effects on behaviour under four sets of stylised circumstances.

Topic: Intellectual Property and Patents
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Blockchain interoperability: the state of heterogenous blockchain‐to‐blockchain communication

Abstract Blockchain technology has been increasingly adopted over the past few years since the introduction of Bitcoin, with several blockchain architectures and solutions being proposed. Most proposed solutions have been developed in isolation, without a standard protocol or cryptographic structure to work with. This has led to the problem of interoperability, where solutions running on different blockchain platforms are unable to communicate, limiting the scope of use. With blockchains being adopted in a variety of fields such as the Internet of Things, it is expected that the problem of interoperability if not addressed quickly, will stifle technology advancement. This paper presents the current state of interoperability solutions proposed for heterogenous blockchain systems. A look is taken at interoperability solutions, not only for cryptocurrencies, but also for general data‐based use cases. Current open issues in heterogenous blockchain interoperability are presented. Additionally, some possible research directions are presented to enhance and to extend the existing blockchain interoperability solutions. It was discovered that though there are a number of proposed solutions in literature, few have seen real‐world implementation. The lack of blockchain‐specific standards has slowed the progress of interoperability. It was also realized that most of the proposed solutions are developed targeting cryptocurrency‐based applications.

Topic: Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
HYPOTHYROIDISM COMPLICATED BY DIABETES MELLITUS

The influence of the thyroid gland in cases of diabetes has been recognized since Dumonpallier reported a case of glycosuria with exophthalmic goiter in 1867.<sup>1</sup>Since then there have been many reports in which it has been attempted to establish a relationship between disease of the thyroid gland and diabetes. By far the majority of the reports deal with the association of hyperthyroidism and diabetes. Sanger and Hun<sup>2</sup>observed the existence of hyperglycemia in cases of hyperthyroidism and thought the hyperglycemia due to faulty storage of dextrose. Joslin and Lahey<sup>3</sup>found that 38.6 per cent of 5,908 patients with hyperthyroidism had glycosuria. Friedman and Gottesman<sup>4</sup>also expressed the belief that there is a definite relationship between hyperthyroidism and diabetes and even suggested thyroidectomy for the cure of juvenile diabetes. Wilder and his associates<sup>5</sup>performed a total thyroidectomy on a patient with diabetes who had no

Topic: Diabetes and associated disorders
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Human Rights

Abstract Human rights provide a way of looking at the world. Since the publication of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR; United Nations General Assembly, 1948), all human beings have potential access to a shared language to describe and name ways in which human dignity may be violated and can be protected. This is facilitated by the existence of 375 different language versions of the Declaration, demonstrating a commitment by the United Nations (UN) to communicating directly with people irrespective of the official status of their language.

Topic: Multilingual Education and Policy
Subfield: Linguistics and Language
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Factors Causing Health and Safety Hazards at Construction Sites

The Construction industry is prone to risk to health and safety hazards. Construction workers should have the knowledge of health and safety and apply the knowledge while working. The main objective of this paper was to review and to identify the factors that cause accidents at construction sites and the methods to improve health and safety. The review revealed that lack of awareness about site safety and negligence of workers in wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) were the main causes of poor safety practices. It is necessary to create employer’s and contractor’s interests in safety management and enhance awareness on possible risk factors to reduce these risk factors among workers. Effective implementation of training and safety awareness programs among construction workers is vital to improve health and safety of construction workers.

Topic: Occupational Health and Safety Research
Subfield: Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
About breast sarcomas

The question of the frequency of breast lesions with sarcomas of various genesis and sarcoma-like tumors remains debatable to date. According to literature data, this relatively rare disease ranges from 0.34% to 12% [8] of all malignant neoplasms of this organ. Such a significant difference in the incidence of breast sarcomas is explained by the fact that some authors [8, 10] attribute leaf-shaped tumors to true breast sarcomas. According to the majority of researchers differentiating breast sarcomas into sarcomas developed from the stromal elements of the gland and malignated preceding fibroadenes and phylloid fibroadenes, breast sarcoma occupies no more than 0.84%-2% [2, 6] in the structure of malignant tumors of this organism, which corresponds to the general frequency of soft tissue sarcomas [3].

Topic: Breast Lesions and Carcinomas
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Adoption of cattle rearing practices by dairy cattle owners in Latur district.

The present investigation was undertaken to study the adoption of cattle rearing practices by dairy cattle owners. The sample of 60 respondents was selected for present study. 53.33 per cent of the respondents were between 36 and 50 years with 36.67 per cent had primary school education and 63.33 per cent of the respondents were having nuclear type of family. 28.33 per cent of the respondents were semi medium farmers (2.01 to 4.0 hectares land) and 78.33 per cent of the respondents depend on agriculture. It was noticed from the study that 45.00 per cent of the respondents were having annual income ranging from Rs. 36,001 to 60,000/-. Regarding breed wise livestock population is concerned that 55.00 per cent respondents possessed Deoni breed followed by Red Khandari (43.33%), non descriptive cattle (33.33%) and Marathwadi buffalo (10.00%). It was observed from study that, maximum score was obtained for adoption of cattle breeds of the region (90) followed by rearing of improved cattle breeds (65), adoption of types of cattle breeding (64), appropriate age of cow for breeding (53) and selection of bull for breeding (45) as adoption of breeding practices by the dairy cattle owners. It was also observed that the category wise adoption index was presented in which feeding practices for cow possessed more adoption index (57.36) followed by feeding practices for newly born calf (54.83), breeding practices (52.83) and health care practices (40.20). The overall adoption index was 52.17.

Topic: Livestock Management and Performance Improvement
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A SOUTH AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE ON HOME GARDENS: PROMOTING SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE POST COVID-19

Home gardens are recognised globally and can address the challenges of food insecurity and malnutrition. However, climate change, infertile soil, reduction in freshwater supply and increasing demand for food, coupled with crisis pandemics, put further strain on food systems and society. The authors focused on a desktop review to understand the principles of home gardens and consolidate the suggestions provided in the literature to determine possible strategies for resilience and continuation of home gardens post-COVID-19 to ensure sustainability within rural households and communities within South Africa. Besides enhancing the food supply within each household, home gardens can improve family health, women empowerment, and possible individual economic benefits by selling excess food, which, in the bigger scope, contributes to the self-efficiency and sustainability of households and communities. The global pandemic has reinforced the strain on the societal issues within South Africa, namely unemployment, food supply and hunger. Recommendations from the literature reveal practical approaches towards educational material to better transfer skills amongst generations, provide better-quality seeds and promote the growth of nutrient-dense foods, such as indigenous foods.

Topic: Urban Agriculture and Sustainability
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Michigan State UniversityCFD Analysis in Air-Fuel Premixer Design for Gas Turbine Injector of A Rich-Catalytic Lean-burn RCL ® Combustion Pilot

Objectives: Implemented CFD Analyses in designs of air-fuel premixer and postmixer, pilot cartridge without and with swirl effect by using different turbulent fluid modeling. Achievements: o Finished CFD studies of turbulent fluid modeling for air-fuel premixer design. o Supported RCL ® tests. o Accomplished CFD studies in designs of air-fuel premixer and postmixer, pilot cartridge without and with swirl effect by different turbulent fluid modeling. Spin-Offs: o Initiated the use of turbulent fluid modeling in Standard K-Epsilon (SKE) model, Re-Normalization Group K-Epsilon Model (RNG KE), and Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) for validating and optimizing air-fuel premixer design of gas turbine injector application. o Concentrated on further details of CFD studies in support of validating feasible and optimal designs for a Rich-Catalytic Lean-burn RCL ® Combustion. o Recommended possible designs of air-fuel premixer to reduce the unmixedness percentage and provide lower NOx emissions.

Topic: Combustion and flame dynamics
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Virtual screening of truncated single stranded DNA aptamers for Staphylococcal enterotoxin type A

Single stranded DNA (ssDNA)/RNA aptamers, are screened through the labor intensive, iterative Systematic Evolution of Ligand by Exponential Enrichment process (SELEX) method. Complete sequence of screened aptamers never interacts with target or participates in final structure. Hence, <i>in silico</i> tools can be used to redesign a short length aptamer from previously reported aptamers which can have high affinity and specificity to the target. This approach is fast, cost effective, and less laborious than <i>in vitro</i> SELEX towards finding an aptamer sequence with better affinity with the target. Here, Staphylococcal enterotoxin type A (SEA) was used as target. A total of nine aptamers reported for different Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) enterotoxins were used as a starting pool. The aptamers were variously truncations and thoroughly analyzed through <i>in silico</i> methods. Three truncated aptamers namely AptSEA1.4, AptSEA2.4 and AptSEA8.4 were found to show higher affinity with target SEA. The computational data was also validated with DOT BLOT assay complemented with image analysis. These results also confirmed that the % specific binding and the dissociation constant (Kd) of truncated aptamers AptSEA1.4, AptSEA2.4 and AptSEA8.4 was better than their original counterparts. The truncated aptamers showed great promise to be used as a capture reagent in developing a sensitive assay for detection of SEA. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Topic: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Threeholding media, including thevitamin-free Casitone holding medium(m- VFC)recommended byStandard Methods fortheExamination ofWaterand Wastewater for usewiththedelayed-incubation

membrane filter procedure, were compared fortheir ability tomaintain viability offecal coliforms. Eachmedium was tested according totheprocedure described intheabovereference with60to 80pure cultures offecal coliforms anda variety ofnatural watersamples containing fecal coliforms. Fecal coliform recoverywithm-STholding medium (containing ethanol, sulfanilamide, andTris[pH8.6]) was significantly greater thanrecoverywithm-VFC(containing vitamin-free casein hydrolysate, sodium benzoate, sulfanilamide, andethanol). Recovery withm-VFC,was, inturn, significantly greater thanwithNSBmedium(containing nutrient broth, boric acid, andNaClasmajor ingredients). Fecal coliform countsobtained withm-STbythe delayed-incubation membrane filter procedure were higher thancountsobtained bythestandard immediate incubation. Thisresult suggested that some ofthe sublethally injured fecal coliforms innatural watersamples may haverecovered during theincubation period. We proposethat m-STbeusedinplace ofm-VFC forthedelayed-incubation membranefilter procedure.

Topic: Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Densely-Populated Transceiver Surface Coil Array for the Human Brain Studies at 7T

Transceiver surface coil arrays improve transmit performance and B1 homogeneity for head imaging up to 9.4T. Arrays with larger number of smaller elements further improve SNR and parallel imaging. Overlapping adjacent elements optimizes both the loading and the penetration depth, but complicates the decoupling. First, the adjacent coils generate substantial mutual resistance and cannot be decoupled using common methods, which compensate only for the mutual reactance. Second, in a densely-populated overlapped array, coupling exists between non-adjacent elements. We have developed a single-row (1x16) overlapped surface coil transceiver head array with decoupling of both the adjacent and the next-to-one neighboring elements.

Topic: Wireless Body Area Networks
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences