jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Assessment of critical tank design aspects for high temperature large-scale molten salt storage

Solar thermal power plants use large atmospheric steel tanks filled with molten salt operating at temperatures up to 560°C for thermal energy storage. The ever increasing demand for higher storage capacities and lower costs is the reason why the scalability of these tanks is of great interest for industry and research.&#13;\nState of the art two tank storage systems consist of at least one hot tank and one cold tank. Only little information from literature is available on the design of such tanks and there is no standard according to which such a high-temperature tank with molten salt is designed. To resolve this issue a literature overview on the different design aspects such as material strength, thermal stresses, static and cyclic stresses, gas handling, corrosion as well as thermal losses is given in this study. The focus will be on the tank shell thickness, insulation concepts and foundation. The question of optimum tank dimensions will be assessed.&#13;\nThe advancement of the two-tank storage system is characterized by two general directions. One direction is to improve the commercial two tank system. Aspects of interest are the optimum number and size, as well as an increase of the maximum temperature of the storage system. Higher temperatures have an influence mainly on material strength and thermal losses. Another direction is to decrease the total costs by installing only one tank. In the single tank concept there is a hot zone at the top and a cold zone at the bottom of the tank. Some design aspects such as thermal stresses become more severe than in the two tank concept due to temperature gradients in the tank walls. The technical boundaries from a tank design point of view will be highlighted for both development directions and a comparison of the conceptual tank design for a two tank and a single tank system will be presented.&#13;\nThe outcome of this work provides an overall contribution to a better understanding of the molten salt thermal energy storage design and its potential for improvements in terms of scalability, temperature increase and single tank design.

Topic: Phase Change Materials Research
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pope Urban II's council of Piacenza. March 1–7, 1095. By Robert Somerville. Pp. viii+151. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. £55. 978 0 19 925859 8

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Topic: Medieval Literature and History
Subfield: Classics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A 0.5-GHz to 2.5-GHz PLL With Fully Differential Supply Regulated Tuning Merrick Brownlee, Student Member, IEEE, Pavan Kumar Hanumolu, Student Member, IEEE,

Abstract—This paper describes a wide-range clock generation phase-locked loop (PLL) incorporating several features that make it suitable for integration in highly scaled processes. A fully differential supply regulated tuning scheme is used to combat power supply noise. The charge pump uses a resistor rather than an active current source to define the pumping current in order to reduce the charge pump flicker noise. Fabricated in a 0.18- m CMOS process, the PLL occupies 0.15 mmP die area and achieves a frequency range of 0.5 to 2.5 GHz. When operating at 2.4 GHz, the power consumption is 14 mA from a 1.8-V supply while the jitter is 2.36 ps rms. Index Terms—Phase-locked loop, power supply noise, supply regulation, charge pump, flicker noise, voltage-controlled oscillator. I.

Topic: Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Survey of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in cereal-based products by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

It is well known that cereal crops exposed to deoxynivalenol (DON) infection are capable of detoxifying this mycotoxin through the plant metabolism. In this context, one major pathway is the conjugation of DON to a glucose moiety giving rise to 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-deoxynivalenol (D3G). Though no longer toxic for plants, this metabolite may potentially be hydrolysed in the digestive tract of humans and animals, releasing thus the toxic precursor (DON). The co-occurrence of DON and D3G in cereal-based products has already been reported but data about their absolute and relative concentrations are still insufficient. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the significance of D3G, the quantitative determination of DON and D3G has been carried out in 22 cereal samples and 4 malt-based products collected from 9 countries by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/ MS). DON was detected in all cereal samples (min: 3 µg/kg; max: 2,864 µg/kg; median: 176 µg/kg) but only in 1 malt-based product (16 µg/kg) whereas D3G was detected in 21 cereal samples (min: &lt;1 µg/kg; max: 367 µg/kg; median: 19 µg/kg) and only in 1 malt-based product (6 µg/kg). The proportion of D3G in relation to DON concentration was within a 6-29% range with an average value at 12±7% in the tested samples.

Topic: Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The rhesus macaque as a success story of the Anthropocene

Of all the non-human primate species studied by researchers, the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is likely the most widely used across biological disciplines. Rhesus macaques have thrived during the Anthropocene and now have the largest natural range of any non-human primate. They are highly social, exhibit marked genetic diversity, and display remarkable niche flexibility (which allows them to live in a range of habitats and survive on a variety of diets). These characteristics mean that rhesus macaques are well-suited for understanding the links between sociality, health and fitness, and also for investigating intra-specific variation, adaptation and other topics in evolutionary ecology.

Topic: Primate Behavior and Ecology
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
SPECIAL SESSION: Educational Methods and Tools to Encourage Conceptual Learning

Abstract SPECIAL SESSION: Educational Methods and Tools to Encourage Conceptual LearningThe goal of this special session is to provide educators with an overview of specific educationalmethods and tools that they can bring back to the classroom to encourage their students to thinkdeeply about the concepts central to core chemical engineering and materials science courses.Presentations will focus on the use of concept inventories, peer instruction and conceptests,repair of misconceptions, and technology-based tools to facilitate active pedagogies. The sessionwill culminate in a panel discussion to address barriers to implementing these methods. Theintent of this session is to create a dialog amongst educators and develop the community ofinstructors interested in increasing engagement of their students in learning core concepts in theclassroom.This session will contain papers and provide a panel discussion on two uses of concept-basedquestions – one summative, one formative. With traditional instruction and testing methods,students are better rewarded by rote learning than by conceptual understanding. However,requiring students to solve problems by routine does not prepare them well to solve differenttypes of problems based on the same concepts. Two seminal works from the physics educationresearch community have dramatically reshaped how conceptual teaching and learning is viewedin college-level physics courses. First, through the Force Concept Inventory (FCI), Halloun andHestenes provided an instrument to measure students’ fundamental conceptual understanding ofNewtonian mechanics. Second, Eric Mazur published his book Peer Instruction, which describesthe use of ConcepTests to engage students in conceptual learning during lecture. Both criticallyrequire well crafted conceptual questions. There is interest in applying these methods toengineering education. For example, a search of ASEE conference proceedings over the past 15years shows 24 papers with a title including concept inventory or concept inventories and 17papers with peer instruction, clickers or response systems in the title. This special session willcombine speakers who have developed conceptual questions and applied them to ConceptInventories or to Peer Instruction. The objective of this special session is to develop a richerunderstanding of conceptual learning by comparing and contrasting these approaches.The following short presentations from panelists will precede the panel discussion: 1. Update on the Thermal and Transport Concept Inventory 2. Conceptests in Chemical Engineering Courses 3. The Use of Inquiry-Based Activities to Repair Student Misconceptions Related to Heat, Energy and Temperature 4. Uncovering, Addressing and Assessing Misconceptions and Their Repair in a Materials Course 5. Clickers and Beyond: Innovative uses of Technology to Promote Conceptual Learning

Topic: Science Education and Pedagogy
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
ASEAN’s Quiet Resilience

Many expected ASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to falter under the strain of rising geopolitical tensions. But as its leadership on the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership shows, ASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has quietly managed to deliver peace and economic growth to Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia, helping to uphold a global, multilateral trading order.

Topic: International Development and Aid
Subfield: Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
HUBUNGAN KASIH SAYANG DIRI SENDIRI TERHADAP STATUS KESEHATAN MENTAL PADA LANSIA DI KELURAHAN AIR TIRIS KECAMATAN KAMPAR

Mental health status is a mental state or psychological state that is disturbed marked by problems that exist within oneself (internal) and problems that exist in the external environment (external). One cause of disturbed mental health status is self-affection. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship of self-affection to the mental health status of the elderly in Air Tiris Village, Kampar District. This research is a quantitative study with cross sectional design. The sample in this study were some of the elderly who were in Air Tiris Village, Kampar District, totaling 79 people with simple random sampling technique. Data processing uses the chi-square test. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between self-affection towards mental health status in the elderly in Air Tiris Village, Kampar Subdistrict (p value&gt; α (0.05). The results of this study were expected to be used by the elderly to further improve worship. and get closer to Allah SWT and follow the activities carried out by elderly groups such as mothers' recitation.

Topic: Public Health and Nutrition
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
NTIRE 2021 Challenge on Quality Enhancement of Compressed Video: Methods and Results

This paper reviews the first NTIRE challenge on quality enhancement of compressed video, with a focus on the proposed methods and results.In this challenge, the new Large-scale Diverse Video (LDV) dataset is employed.The challenge has three tracks.Tracks 1 and 2 aim at enhancing the videos compressed by HEVC at a fixed QP, while Track 3 is designed for enhancing the videos compressed by x265 at a fixed bit-rate.Besides, the quality enhancement of Tracks 1 and 3 targets at improving the fidelity (PSNR), and Track 2 targets at enhancing the perceptual quality.The three tracks totally attract 482 registrations.In the test phase, 12 teams, 8 teams and 11 teams submitted the final results of Tracks 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The proposed methods and solutions gauge the state-of-the-art of video quality enhancement.The homepage of the challenge: https: //github.com/RenYang-home/NTIRE21_VEnhTable 2.The results of Track 2 (fixed QP, perceptual) Team MOS

Topic: Advanced Image Processing Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Study on the effect of nursing intervention on enhancing the compliance with doctors' order in patients with peptic ulcer

Objective To explore the role of compliance with doctors' order in the treatment of peptic ulcer and to direct nurses to improve the quality of nursing and curative effect through nursing intervention.Method 120 outpatients diagnosed as peptic ulcer by gastroscopy were randomly divided into three groups.40 patients in group A were treated with conventional treatment;40 patients in group B were treated with conventional treatment integrated with nursing intervention on patients;and 40 patients in group C were treated with conventional treatment integrated with nursing intervention both on patients and their family members.Then the patients' compliance with doctors' order and curative effect were compared in the three groups.Results There was significant difference in the patients' compliance in the three groups,with the patients' compliance in group C was better than that of the other two groups,and the curative rate of patients with good compliance achieved to 93.5%.Conclusion Applying integrated nursing intervention both on patients and family members to enhance the patients' compliance was one of the effective measures to guarantee the curative effect for peptic ulcer.

Topic: Medical Research and Treatments
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Painful Knee: Arthroscopy or MR Imaging?

While neither arthroscopy nor magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is perfect, both can delineate pathologic changes in the knee with reasonable accuracy. The greatest advantage of MR imaging is that it is noninvasive and can be used to detect pathologic changes both inside and outside the synovial cavity. Arthroscopy has the distinct advantage of allowing definitive treatment at the time of diagnosis in most cases, but carries with it the potential risks associated with any invasive diagnostic technique. Both modalities are expensive, and their judicious use is therefore dictated, especially in this era of cost containment. The decision to use one or both studies is best made by the orthopaedic surgeon.

Topic: Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Significance of in-vitro studies ofr the evaluation of gastrointestinal motility].

To study the function of the smooth muscles taken from the gastrointestinal tract the simple organ bath or various superfusion techniques can be used. With the aid of these methods it is possible to measure contractile and electrical phenomena of the isolated muscles. In addition the reactivity to various stimuli can be tested. Such in-vitro-systems elucidate principal questions of physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. However, there is no direct clinical significance of in-vitro-investigations of gastrointestinal motility up til now. The clinical benefit of such investigations can be seen in the better understanding of the pathophysiology and in the discovery of new drugs in the field of gastrointestinal motility.

Topic: Diet and metabolism studies
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Analgesic narcotic antagonists. 9. 6-Methylene-8.beta.-alkyl-N-(cycloalkylmethyl)-3-hydroxy- or -methoxymorphinans

Series of N-(cyclopropylmethyl) (P series) or N-(cyclobutylmethyl) (B series) 3-methoxy (1) or 3-hydroxy (2) morphinan-6-ones with hydrogen (a), methyl (b), or ethyl (c) groups in the 8 beta position were converted to the 6-methylene compounds 3 or 4 by reaction with Ph3P = CH2. One member of this new series, N-(cyclobutylmethyl)-8 beta-methyl-6-methylenemorphinan-3-ol (4Bb), had potent mixed agonist-narcotic antagonist properties and, in contrast to the previously studied 6-oxo compound 2Bb, did not substitute for morphine in dependent rats or monkeys.

Topic: Eicosanoids and Hypertension Pharmacology
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The degree of lymphocytic mitochondrial transmembrane potential and blood magnesium concentrations during coronary artery bypass grafting.

1) CABG with extracorporeal circulation was associated with a decrease of magnesium concentration in the blood and an increase of lymphocyte apoptosis intensity. 2) The decrease of magnesium blood concentration may increase the degree of lymphocyte apoptosis. 3) Lymphocyte apoptosis after extracorporeal circulation has a two-phase course.

Topic: Magnesium in Health and Disease
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Just War as a Theory, Just Peace as a Virtue

Pope Francis both grants the right to use armed force in self-defense and regards all war as ‘a defeat for humanity’. This seeming paradox can be explained by the fact that what is a theoretically just use of force (according to the criteria of just war theory) inevitably results in unjust violence when carried out in practice. The undertaking, processes and practices of war are highly susceptible to what Augustine called the libido dominandi. The theory of just war is carried forward in institutions of actual war-making that foster escalation, discourage restraint, and adapt the theory itself to accommodate increasing violence. ‘Just war’ fails to embody the social and institutional virtue of justice. Thus, as Pope Francis exhorts, the Christian ethics of war and peace should prioritize the theory of just peace and the cultivation of peacebuilding dispositions, practices, and institutions. These strategies favor justice, but success is not guaranteed.

Topic: War, Ethics, and Justification
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A Note on Banking Policy and the Income-Velocity of Circulation of Money

IT is the purpose of this note to consider the effects of an increase in the amount of saving made by the public through the mediation of the banking system. It is generally agreed that this change, which is a decrease in the income-velocity of circulation of money, will upset equilibrium. The quantitative importance of such a change as a cause of disequilibrium has, however, often been exaggerated due to the neglect of the distinction between autonomous and induced changes. An autonomous change may be defined as a change in the saving habits of the public which is not brought about by a condition of disequilibrium. An induced change may be defined as one which is itself the effect of disequilibrium. To a certain extent it is merely the monetary aspect of the conditions of disequilibrium, but it may itself become an aggravating cause. The more important quantitative changes in income-velocity take place during the downward swings of the trade cycle and are to be considered as induced changes. These changes would, of course, be avoided by the elimination of the inflationary boom. This note deals only with the effects of an autonomous change. The effects of an increase in the amount of saving which directly causes a reduction in income-velocity depend upon the policy of the banking system. The results of such a change can be analysed on the basis of three different assumptions regarding the reaction of the banking system. The banking system may take no action; it may maintain the quantity of money multiplied by its income-velocity of circulation constant; it may maintain the quantity of money constant. i. If the banking system takes no action it will, in effect, be maintaining the money rate of interest above the equilibrium rate.' This will cause a reduction in the quantity of money. The decrease in incomevelocity will mean a reduction in the amount of money spent on consumers' goods and a fall in the prices of these goods. If stocks are not increased the public will consume just as much as before with a lower money expenditure because prices will have fallen proportionately. Voluntary saving will thus be in excess of investment and the new savings

Topic: Economic Theory and Policy
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
THE PATTERNS OF THE EMERGENCE OF CITIES AND URBANIZATION IN THE HISTORY OF IRAN

The background and the history of urban relations and conditions in Iran are very lengthy and complicated. Therefore, the related discussions are also very difficult. Among these complicated discussions one may refer to the patterns of the emergence of the urban society which possess a unique place in the history of urban studies in Iran. The long history of urban relations in Iran, and the socioeconomic consequences of this form of communal life in the evolution of Iranian society show the importance of research in this field. The studies dealing with the similarities and differences between cities and villages and the continuity of urban and rural societies prepare the ground for studies in the social history of Iran. The present study attempts to observe whether urbanization was a natural consequence of the social relations in Iran or was it the result of a range of heterogeneous factors. The results of the present study show that, in spite of the usual ideas, urbanization in Iran is the result of multiple factors and it should not be attributed only to the political factor which is only one of the many influencing and affecting factors.

Topic: Islamic Studies and History
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Measuring Propargyl-Linked Drug Populations Inside Bacterial Cells, and Their Interaction with a Dihydrofolate Reductase Target, by Raman Microscopy

We report the first Raman spectroscopic study of propargyl-linked dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors being taken up by wild type Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus cells. A novel protocol is developed where cells are exposed to the fermentation medium containing a known amount of an inhibitor. At a chosen time point, the cells are centrifuged and washed to remove the extracellular compound, then frozen and freeze-dried. Raman difference spectra of the freeze-dried cells (cells exposed to the drug minus cells alone) provide spectra of the compounds inside the cells, where peak intensities allow us to quantify the number of inhibitors within each cell. A time course for the propargyl-linked DHFR inhibitor UCP 1038 soaking into E. coli cells showed that penetration occurs very quickly and reaches a plateau after 10 min exposure to the inhibitor. After 10 min drug exposure, the populations of two inhibitors, UCP 1038 and UCP 1089, were ~1.5 × 10(6) molecules in each E. coli cell, ~4.7 × 10(5) molecules in each K. pneumonia cell, and ~2.7 × 10(6) in each S. aureus cell. This is the first in situ comparison of inhibitor population in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial cells. The positions of the Raman peaks also reveal the protonation of diaminopyrimidine ring upon binding to DHFR inside cells. The spectroscopic signature of protonation was characterized by binding an inhibitor to a single crystal of DHFR.

Topic: Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences