jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Radiosensitizers in the temozolomide era for newly diagnosed glioblastoma

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is a challenging diagnosis with almost universally poor prognosis. Though the survival advantage of postoperative radiation (RT) is well established, around 90% of patients will fail in the RT field. The high likelihood of local failure suggests the efficacy of RT needs to be improved to improve clinical outcomes. Radiosensitizers are an established method of enhancing RT cell killing through the addition of a pharmaceutical agent. Though the majority of trials using radiosensitizers have historically been unsuccessful, there continues to be interest with a variety of approaches having been employed. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, antiangiogenic agents, and a number of other molecularly targeted agents have all been investigated as potential methods of radiosensitization in the temozolomide era. Outcomes have varied both in terms of toxicity and survival, but some agents such as valproic acid and bortezomib have demonstrated promising results. However, reporting of results in phase 2 trials in newly diagnosed GBM have been inconsistent, with no standard in reporting progression-free survival and toxicity. There is a pressing need for investigation of new agents; however, nearly all phase 3 trials of GBM patients of the past 25 years have demonstrated no improvement in outcomes. One proposed explanation for this is the selection of agents lacking sufficient preclinical data and/or based on poorly designed phase 2 trials. Radiosensitization may represent a viable strategy for improving GBM outcomes in newly diagnosed patients, and further investigation using agents with promising phase 2 data is warranted.

Topic: Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The elephant in the living room: or extending the conversation about the politics of evidence

The controversies surrounding the evidence-based research movement are reviewed from a critical pedagogy framework. Standards for assessing quality are forms of interpretive practice that enact a politics of evidence and truth. Moral and ethical criteria for judging qualitative research are reviewed.

Topic: Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Survival as Victory: Ukrainian Women in the Gulag. By Oksana Kis. Trans. Lidia Wolanskyj. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2020. xii, 640 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Illustrations. Photographs. Figures. Tables. $94.00, hard bound.

Survival as Victory: Ukrainian Women in the Gulag. By Oksana Kis. Trans. Lidia Wolanskyj. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2020. xii, 640 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Illustrations. Photographs. Figures. Tables. $94.00, hard bound. - Volume 81 Issue 2

Topic: Soviet and Russian History
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Chemical and Structural Characterization of the Amorphous Phases in Fused Fluxes for Submerged-Arc Welding

A study of chemical and structural characterization of fused fluxes for submerged-arc welding was conducted. Two flux formulations were prepared using mineral oxides for fusing processes. The micro-morphology and chemical composition of fused flux was compared by using the methods of Chemical analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM)/Energy Disperse Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The phases of two fluxes were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determinate type of amorphous formed. This kind of flux characterization enables us to quantify the ions that might be present in the plasma arc during the submerged welding process due to the fluxes. This analysis is also possible the prediction of reactions in the weld pool.

Topic: Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Community Service Program to Increase the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Organic Fertilizer from Goat Faeces in Wonorejo Village, Baluran National Park Buffer Zone

The Community Service Program was carried out in Wonorejo Village, Banyuputih District, Situbondo. The program implementer is a Community Service team and students participating in MMD 1000 Villages in 2023 funded by MMD 1000 Villages Grant Universitas Brawijaya. The target recipients of the program are members of the Soponyono Kendal farmers group that produces organic fertilizer and the purpose of the program was to aid facilities and training for effective organic fertilizers processing acivities. The methods used are Focus Group Discussion, hybrid extension, providing modules, providing production advice, and assistance in making NIB/BIN (Business Identification Number) as legalization of business production. The result is that the program has succeeded in achieving the planned output target. Moreover, this activity is also able to involve the village government and BABINSA (Bintara Pembina Desa/Village Development Officer).

Topic: Agriculture and Agroindustry Studies
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Simultaneous Integrated Boost by Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) with Concurrent Mitomycin and Capecitabine in Anal Canal Carcinoma

<strong>Background:</strong> Combined treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy is the standard approach in non-metastatic anal carcinoma. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy are currently the most accepted radiation techniques. We intend to report the clinical outcomes of patients that have been treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy concomitant with mitomycin C and capecitabine.<br /> <strong>Methods:</strong> This was a retrospective analysis of 11 patients diagnosed with anal carcinoma who received volumetric modulated arc therapy and a simultaneous integrated boost with concurrent chemotherapy. The chemotherapy protocol consisted of intravenous infusions of mitomycin C (12 mg/m2) on days 1 and 29, and oral capecitabine (825 mg/m2) twice daily with radiotherapy treatment.<br /> <strong>Results:</strong> Most patients had stage IIIB (45.4%) disease. The majority of patients (63.7%) received a dose of 59.4Gy per 33 fractions to the primary tumor and enlarged lymph nodes (median dose: 59.4 Gy; range: 54 Gy-61 Gy). The overall treatment period ranged between 34-56 days. All patients received the planned chemotherapy protocol of two cycles with the exception of one patient who received one cycle due hematologic toxicity and intolerance. Grade 3 skin toxicity occurred in three (27.3%) patients followed by grade 3 gastrointestinal toxicities in 18.2% of patients. Grade 2 anemia (18.2%), neutropenia (27.3%), and thrombocytopenia (27.3%) were observed in eight patients. Complete response was achieved in 90.9% of patients. Patients had an overall one-year survival of 89% and overall 3-year survival of 71% (95% CI: 20.75%- 38.49%). After the median follow up period of 12 months, patients had a progression-free survival of 75% (95% CI: 21.29%-38.6%) and 2-year colostomy free survival of 68% (95% CI: 17.2%-32.1%).<br /> <strong> Conclusion:</strong> Volumetric modulated arc therapy is a safe and effective modality of intensity modulated radiotherapy when combined with chemotherapy (mitomycin C and capecitabine) in anal cancer patients.

Topic: Colorectal and Anal Carcinomas
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Report of the Committee for Fungi: 5

Summary Gams, W.: Report of the Committee for Fungi: 5. – Taxon 44: 411‐414. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262. The Committee for Fungi reports action on 19 proposals to conserve or reject names, recommending 14.

Topic: Lichen and fungal ecology
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Purification and characterization of yeast myristoyl CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase.

Myristoyl CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) catalyzes the addition of myristic acid to the amino-terminal glycine residues of a number of eukaryotic proteins. Recently, we developed a cell-free system for analyzing NMT activity and have begun to characterize the substrate specificity of this enzyme by using a series of synthetic peptides. We have now purified NMT from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to apparent homogeneity. The native enzyme is a 55-kDa protein, exhibits no requirement for divalent cation, and appears to contain a histidine residue critical for enzyme activity. A total of 42 synthetic peptides have been used to define structure/activity relationships in NMT substrates. An amino-terminal glycine is required for acylation; substitution with glycine analogues produces peptides that are inactive as substrates or inhibitors of NMT. A broad spectrum of amino acids is permitted at positions 3 and 4, while strict amino acid requirements are exhibited at position 5. Replacement of Ala5 in the peptide Gly-Asn-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Arg-Arg with Asp ablates the peptide's myristoyl-accepting activity. A serine at this position results in a decrease by a factor of approximately equal to 500 in the apparent Km in the context of three different sequences. Penta- and hexa-peptides are substrates, but with decreased affinity. These studies establish that structural information important for NMT-ligand interaction exists beyond the first two amino acids in peptide substrates and that the side chains of residue 5 play a critical role in the binding of substrates to this enzyme.

Topic: Fungal and yeast genetics research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The 3′-untranslated region of CaMKIIα is a cis-acting signal for the localization and translation of mRNA in dendrites

Neuronal signaling requires that synaptic proteins be appropriately localized within the cell and regulated there. In mammalian neurons, polyribosomes are found not just in the cell body, but also in dendrites where they are concentrated within or beneath the dendritic spine. The α subunit of Ca 2+ -calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKIIα) is one of only five mRNAs known to be present within the dendrites, as well as in the soma of neurons. This targeted subcellular localization of the mRNA for CaMKIIα provides a possible cell biological mechanism both for controlling the distribution of the cognate protein and for regulating independently the level of protein expression in individual dendritic spines. To characterize the cis-acting elements involved in the localization of dendritic mRNA we have produced two lines of transgenic mice in which the CaMKIIα promoter is used to drive the expression of a lacZ transcript, which either contains or lacks the 3′-untranslated region of the CaMKIIα gene. Although both lines of mice show expression in forebrain neurons that parallels the expression of the endogenous CaMKIIα gene, only the lacZ transcripts bearing the 3′-untranslated region are localized to dendrites. The β-galactosidase protein shows a variable level of expression along the dendritic shaft and within dendritic spines, which suggests that neurons can control the local biochemistry of the dendrite either through differential localization of the mRNA or variations in the translational efficiency at different sites along the dendrite.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Arginine-nitric oxide pathway and cerebrovascular regulation in cortical spreading depression

Nerve cells release nitric oxide (NO) in response to activation of glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype. We explored the hypothesis that NO influences the changes of cerebral blood flow (CBF) during cortical spreading depression (CSD), which is known to be associated with NMDA receptor activation. CBF was monitored in parietal cortex by laser-Doppler flowmetry in halothane-anesthetized rats. Under control conditions, CSD induced regular changes of CBF, which consisted of four phases: a brief hypoperfusion before the direct current (DC) shift; a marked CBF rise during the DC shift; followed by a smaller, but protracted increase of CBF; and a prolonged CBF reduction (the oligemia). NO synthase inhibition by intravenous and/or topical application of NG-nitro-L-arginine enhanced the brief initial hypoperfusion, but the CBF increases and the oligemia were unchanged. L-Arginine prevented the development of the prolonged oligemia after CSD but had no influence on the marked rise of CBF during CSD. Animals treated with L-arginine recovered the reduced vascular reactivity to hypercapnia after CSD much faster than control rats. Functional denervation of cortical and pial arterioles by tetrodotoxin accentuated the pre-CSD hypoperfusion and the oligemia but did not affect the CBF increases. The results suggest that NO is important for the changes of cerebrovascular regulation following CSD. The observations may have clinical importance, since CBF changes during migraine may be triggered by CSD.

Topic: Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Comparison of tree-based ensemble models for regression

When multiple classifications and regression trees are combined, tree-based ensemble models, such as random forest (RF) and Bayesian additive regression trees (BART), are produced.We compare the model structures and performances of various ensemble models for regression settings in this study.RF learns bootstrapped samples and selects a splitting variable from predictors gathered at each node.The BART model is specified as the sum of trees and is calculated using the Bayesian backfitting algorithm.Throughout the extensive simulation studies, the strengths and drawbacks of the two methods in the presence of missing data, high-dimensional data, or highly correlated data are investigated.In the presence of missing data, BART performs well in general, whereas RF provides adequate coverage.The BART outperforms in high dimensional, highly correlated data.However, in all of the scenarios considered, the RF has a shorter computation time.The performance of the two methods is also compared using two real data sets that represent the aforementioned situations, and the same conclusion is reached.

Topic: Statistical Methods and Inference
Subfield: Statistics and Probability
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Directed cardiomyocte generation from human pluripotent stem cells using a chemically defined protocol (GiWi2) v1

The GSK3 inhibitor and Wnt inhibitor, named GiWi2, are utilized for robust differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into cardiomyocytes under serum-free and growth factor-free conditions. This differentiation protocol, developed previously by Dr. Xiaojun Lian (Nat Methods. 2015 Jul; 12(7): 595–596), applies two small molecules at precise developmental stages to sequentially promote mesoderm formation and ventricular cardiomyocyte (vCM) specification. The protocol produces 88–98% cTnT+ cells with yields exceeding 1×10^6 cardiomyocytes/cm² across multiple human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. The resulting cardiomyocytes exhibit spontaneous contraction for over eight months, demonstrating their functionality and long-term viability.

Topic: Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The enhanced transfer of drug-resistant genes in NIH-3T3 cells transformed by the EJras oncogene.

The spontaneous transfer of drug resistance genes has been shown to take place between cultured mammalian NIH-3T3 cells and occurs with a hierarchy of transfer efficiencies, transformed cells being more efficient than non-transformed cells. This experiment was accomplished by co-cultivating two NIH-3T3 sublines, each transfected by standard plasmid methods with a different drug resistance gene, subjecting the mixed population to double selection by adding both drugs to the mixed cell culture, and isolating single cells which were resistant to both drugs. The genes used were the neo gene and gpt gene which conferred resistance to the drugs G418 and mycophenolic acid, respectively. DNA analysis confirmed the presence of both resistance genes in the cells which were resistant to both drugs. The mechanism of this gene transfer was by cell fusion rather than by chromosomal DNA uptake. The efficiency of gene transfer, as indicated by the number of double-resistant colonies standardized by number of cells cultured, was much higher between two sublines of cells transformed by the EJras oncogene than between one transformed and one non-transformed subline, which in turn was higher than between two non-transformed sublines. The higher efficiency of gene transfer between the transformed cells also occurred when these cells were injected into nude mice, thus demonstrating that the same process occurred in vivo. It would appear that drug resistance genes may be transferred spontaneously in cultured mammalian cells by cell fusion, and that transformed cells have a higher efficiency of gene transfer compared to non-transformed cells.

Topic: Hepatitis B Virus Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Less Developed Countries, Tourism Investments and Local Economic Development

Abstract This paper analyzes the forward linkages of a multinational's investment in a resort that kicks off tourism activity in a less developed country. We show that, under quite natural assumptions, overnight stays are increasing in the number of differentiated tourism‐related goods and services. These goods and services, if supplied by the local community, represent forward linkages of FDI in tourism. We investigate the multinational's incentives to promote, reduce or eliminate these forward linkages and the effectiveness of some policy instruments available to a local government to leverage on the presence of FDI and to stimulate domestic entrepreneurship.

Topic: International Business and FDI
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
The Evolution of the Right to Water in India

Water is indispensable to human life. From references to water in numerous international treaties to ultimately, the adoption of United Nations (U.N.) General Assembly resolutions emphasising separate recognition of the “right to water” in 2010, we now have a freestanding human right to water. In this paper, I review the constitutional and legal framework underlying the right to water in India, and present a comprehensive analysis of judicial decisions that have enforced this right, based on insights from two original datasets. The first dataset is a compilation of all water laws, and the second is a compilation of all High Court and Supreme Court judicial decisions on the right to water. My review of the articulation of the “right to water” in India shows that this articulation has occurred largely oblivious of the international human rights movement on water. Apart from the mainstream articulation of the “right to water”, I also describe specific articulation of the right by two marginalised groups, namely Dalits and Adivasis. In so doing, I show how the articulation of the “right to water” has strengthened the claims of the former, but not those of the latter group.

Topic: Water Governance and Infrastructure
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Green Costa Rican COVID-19 Recovery: Aligning Costa Rica's Decarbonization Investments with Economic Recovery

In this follow-on analysis to their 2020 study on the benefits and costs of Costa Rica's National Decarbonization Plan (NDP), the authors assess how the implementation of NDP could contribute to a just and robust COVID-19 recovery. The authors find that five years of decarbonization investments would offset the lingering impacts that COVID-19 would have on employment and economic activity.

Topic: COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Commentary on: Practice Patterns: An American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) Member Survey, 2000 and 2020—How Much Has Browlifting Changed?

Journal Article Corrected proof Commentary on: Practice Patterns: An American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) Member Survey, 2000 and 2020—How Much Has Browlifting Changed? Get access Grady B Core, MD, FACS, Grady B Core, MD, FACS Corresponding Author: Dr Grady B. Core, Grandview Parkway, Suite15o, Birmingham, AL 35243, USA. E-mail: gcore@gcoremd.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Andrew W Steele, MD, MS Andrew W Steele, MD, MS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Aesthetic Surgery Journal, sjad274, https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjad274 Published: 29 August 2023 Article history Editorial decision: 15 August 2023 Published: 29 August 2023 Corrected and typeset: 28 September 2023

Topic: Body Contouring and Surgery
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Crystal Structure of Fragment D from Lamprey Fibrinogen Complexed with the Peptide Gly-His-Arg-Pro-amide<sup>,</sup>

The crystal structure of fragment D from lamprey fibrinogen has been determined at 2.8 A resolution. The 89 kDa protein was cocrystallized with the peptide Gly-His-Arg-Pro-amide, which in many fibrinogens-but not lamprey-corresponds to the B knob exposed by thrombin. Because lamprey fragment D is more than 50% identical in sequence with human fragment D, the structure of which has been reported previously, it was possible to use the method of molecular replacement. The space group of the lamprey crystals is P1; there are four molecules in the unit cell. Although the fragments are packed head to head by the same D:D interface as is observed in other related preparations containing fragments D, the tails are uniquely joined by an unnatural association of the terminal sections of the residual coiled coils from adjacent molecules. Some features of the lamprey structure are clearer than have been observed in previous fragment D structures, including the beta-chain carbohydrate cluster, for one, and the important gamma-chain carboxyl-terminal segment, for another. The most significant differences between the lamprey and human structures occur in connecting loops at the entryways to the beta-chain and gamma-chain binding pockets.

Topic: Blood properties and coagulation
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences