jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A heavy metal- and oxidant-free, one-pot synthesis of pyridines and fused pyridines based on a Lewis acid-catalyzed multicomponent reaction

Pyridines and fused pyridines are accessible by a combination of a Lewis acid-catalyzed multicomponent reaction and aromatization involving loss of a 2-furylmethyl chain.

Topic: Multicomponent Synthesis of Heterocycles
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Specific heat of simple liquids

Residual specific heats c v/* are calculated from a Weeks-Chandler-Andersen-type perturbation theory for Lennard-Jones (LJ) and two-centre-Lennard-Jones (2CLJ) liquids. For spherical molecules the theory predicts that as the density is increased up to slightly above three times the critical density (ρc), c v/* increases to 2R. Corresponding states considerations indicate that rotational degrees of freedom in 2CLJ fluids make no contributions to c v/*. Comparing with real liquids, the theoretical predictions of c v/* agree, within the accuracy of the experiments, with experimental data for liquid argon, methane, and oxygen, at densities ρ/ρc > 2·5. For ethane, the theoretical predictions of c v/*, assuming a 2CLJ fluid with elongation L = 0·67, are too low. This deficiency in the theory for long molecules is attributed to the neglect of the angle-dependence of the background correlation function. However, computer simulation results for c v/* in 2CLJ fluids of elongation L = 0·67 agree with the perturbation theory predictions for the spherical LJ liquid at corresponding states. Again, for ρ/ρc > 2·5, both these latter results agree with the experimental values for ethane, within or nearly within the experimental accuracy.

Topic: Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cations Functionalized Carbon Nano‐Dots Enabling Interfacial Passivation and Crystallization Control for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Realizing the full potential of perovskite photovoltaic requires stringent control over nonradiative losses in the devices. Herein, the interfacial carrier recombination of inverted planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is suppressed using rationally designed natriumion‐functionalized carbon nano‐dots (CNDs@Na). The binding effect of carbon dots on Na + inhibits the interstitial occupancy of alkali cations and reduces the microstrain of the polycrystalline film. Furthermore, modified surface wettability improves the ordering and crystal size of perovskite, which restrains ion diffusion and improves interfacial contact, leading to reduced interfacial charge recombination. Consequently, the effective interfacial passivation and crystallization control enhance the photovoltaic performance and long‐term stability of PSCs, resulting in an efficiency of over 20% with negligible hysteresis.

Topic: Perovskite Materials and Applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Inferring transcriptional bursting kinetics from single-cell snapshot data using a generalized telegraph model

Gene expression has inherent stochasticity resulting from transcription's burst manners. Single-cell snapshot data can be exploited to rigorously infer transcriptional burst kinetics, using mathematical models as blueprints. The classical telegraph model (CTM) has been widely used to explain transcriptional bursting with Markovian assumptions. However, growing evidence suggests that the gene-state dwell times are generally non-exponential, as gene-state switching is a multi-step process in organisms. Therefore, interpretable non-Markovian mathematical models and efficient statistical inference methods are urgently required in investigating transcriptional burst kinetics. We develop an interpretable and tractable model, the generalized telegraph model (GTM), to characterize transcriptional bursting that allows arbitrary dwell-time distributions, rather than exponential distributions, to be incorporated into the ON and OFF switching process. Based on the GTM, we propose an inference method for transcriptional bursting kinetics using an approximate Bayesian computation framework. This method demonstrates an efficient and scalable estimation of burst frequency and burst size on synthetic data. Further, the application of inference to genome-wide data from mouse embryonic fibroblasts reveals that GTM would estimate lower burst frequency and higher burst size than those estimated by CTM. In conclusion, the GTM and the corresponding inference method are effective tools to infer dynamic transcriptional bursting from static single-cell snapshot data.

Topic: Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The estimation of serum thyroxine by competitive binding analysis: A modified method

The method of estimating serum thyroxine by competitive binding analysis has been examined stage by stage. The extraction procedures recommended by some authors are shown to extract protein as well as thyroxine, and so produce inaccurate results. A modified method is proposed which increases accuracy and precision.

Topic: Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
A new species and a new record of Proctolaelaps Berlese (Acari: Melicharidae) associated with insects

This study reports a new species and a new record of Proctolaelaps. Proctolaelaps taiyuanensis sp. nov. was found on the body surface of Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytinae); Proctolaelaps bickleyi (Bram) was collected from the culture medium of lab-raised Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). An identification key to the species of Proctolaelaps from China is presented.

Topic: Study of Mite Species
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Twelve- or 24-Hour Oxygen Therapy: Why a Clinical Trial?

The question posed at the Sugarloaf Conference is significant, and finding an answer important, because of the high prevalence of COPD and the magnitude of the public health problem it represents. It is estimated that 8 to 9 million people in the United States have COPD, and for about 1 million of these, activity is limited. Obviously, with such numbers, personal suffering and societal losses are considerable. Present knowledge does not provide a basis for effective prevention of the disease or for a cure, once it is established. In many instances the lingering course ends in death. Today COPD ranks sixth among the leading causes of death in the United States, having reached 44,000 deaths in 1976, an increase of 44% over the number in 1968. The progressive hypoxia that is characteristic of COPD is the major cause of morbidity and can lead to cor pulmonale, a complication of hypoxia

Topic: Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
EP15.05: Influence of supracervical hysterectomy, ulipristal acetate and uterine artery embolisation on ovarian reserve: an observational study

To assess and compare the influence of three fibroid treatment options: supracervical hysterectomy (SH), ulipristal acetate (UPA) and uterine artery embolisation (UAE) on ovarian reserve. Premenopausal Caucasian women with symptomatic uterine fibroids were recruited into 3 groups: patients qualified for SH; patients qualified for UPA treatment scheduled for SH or myomectomies; patients qualified for UAE. The following markers of ovarian reserve were investigated: antral follicle count (AFC), anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), inhibin B (INHB), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2). These markers were assessed before and 3 months after SH, before and 3 months after UAEs, and before and after 3 months of UPA treatment, before the scheduled surgeries. Baseline characteristics (age, parity, dominant fibroid volume, hemoglobin level, BMI, as well as AFC, AMH, INHB, FSH and E2) were compared between the study groups by Kruskall-Wallis ANOVA. Pre- and postinterventional values of AFC, AMH, INHB, FSH and E2 in the studied groups were compared with the Wilcoxon matched pairs test. Twenty-six, 27 and 30 patients were included in the final analysis in the SH, UPA and UAE groups, respectively. Three months after SH INHB and E2 significantly decreased, while AFC, AMH and FSH remained unchanged. After 3 months of UPA treatment the values of all the assessed markers of ovarian reserve were not significantly different in comparison to baseline. Conversely, three months after UAE the values of AFC, AMH, INHB, and E2 were significantly decreased, while FSH was significantly increased. UAE seems to have the greatest impact on ovarian function and should not be offered to patients concerned about their ovarian function. SH did not affect the most accurate markers of ovarian reserve, and therefore appears to be safe in terms of ovarian function. UPA did not change any of the studied markers of ovarian reserve and seems a reasonable option when ovarian function is concerned. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Topic: Uterine Myomas and Treatments
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Biomechanical study on 3-dimensional finite element model of simulated maxillary protraction after maxillary fissure repair].

The maxillary fissures have an enlarged trend by protraction without repair.The protraction treatment benefits the development of maxillary bone after repairing maxillary fissure.

Topic: Cleft Lip and Palate Research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[The role of aldehyde dehydrogenases in the malonic dialdehyde metabolism in the rat liver].

The enzymes catalyzing the NAD-dependent oxidation of malonic dialdehyde (MDA) were isolated from rat liver extracts. Upon 5'-AMP-Sepharose chromatography MDA dehydrogenase was separated into two isoforms, I and II. Isoform I was eluted from the affinity carrier with a 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 8.0. This isoform had a broad substrate specificity towards aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Kinetic studies showed that short- and medium-chain aliphatic aldehydes (C2-C6) were characterized by the lowest Km values and the highest Vmax values. The Km' values for MDA and acetaldehyde were 2.8 microM and 0.69 microM, respectively. Isoform II was eluted with a 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 8.0 containing 0.5 mM NAD, was the most active with medium- and long-chain aliphatic aldehydes (C6-C11) and had Km values for MDA and acetaldehyde equal to 37 microM and 52 microM, respectively. Isoform I was much more sensitive towards disulfiram inhibition than isoform II. Both isoforms had an identical molecular mass (93 kD) upon gel filtration. It is concluded that MDA dehydrogenase isoform I is identical to mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase having a low Km for acetaldehyde, whereas isoform II may be localized in liver cytosol. The role of aldehyde dehydrogenases in the metabolism of aldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation is discussed.

Topic: Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effectiveness Test of Saliara Leaf Extract (Lantana camara) on Escherichia coli Bacteria Kirby Bauer Disc Method

Death due to infection is the most common cause and is a challenge in the health sector. In 2019, 7.7 deaths were due to bacterial infections, 90 to 100 cases were urinary tract infections and Escherichia coli bacteria contributed to 90% of urinary tract infections. This research uses the Kirby Bauer Disc method to determine the effectiveness of Saliara (Lantana camara) leaves against Escherichia coli bacteria. The type of research is a Laboratory experiment using the Kirby Bauer disc method with a post-test-only control group design. Data analysis uses recording of identifying the inhibition zones formed The research showed that a sample's concentration can influence the inhibition zone's resulting diameter. Saliara leaf extract with concentrations of 100%, 150%, and 200% produced an inhibition zone of 8.55 mm; 9.59mm; 12.34 mm in the proliferation of Escherichia coli bacteria. The positive control with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin produced an inhibition zone of 19.56 mm on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. Control with negative distilled water does not create an inhibition zone because it does not have antibacterial activity. The conclusion is moderate inhibitory activity in Saliara (Lantana camara L.) leaf extract at concentrations of 100% and 150%. It is strong at a concentration of 200% against the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria.

Topic: Medicinal Plant Research
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Trends in the diagnosis and the management of Meniere's disease: Results of a survey

OBJECTIVE To determine the practices of the American Neurotology Society (ANS) membership in the evaluation and treatment of the Meniere's patient. STUDY DESIGN Prospective. INTERVENTION Questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Respondents’ response to questions pertaining to the diagnostic and therapeutic practices in the management of Meniere's disease. RESULTS Three hundred members of ANS were mailed a 15‐item questionnaire. Two hundred three responded, for a 67.7% response rate. For the diagnosis of Meniere's disease, 1 in 3 practitioners relied solely on history, physical exam, and audiometry, whereas 2 in 3 relied in part on adjunctive tests, such as electrocochleography (ECOG) and electronystagmography (ENG). Two in 3 practitioners pursued retrocochlear studies on initial evaluation, with the overwhelming majority using MRI. In treating Meniere's disease, conservative medical management was preferred. For medically recalcitrant Meniere's disease, endolymphatic sac surgery (ESS) was the most commonly employed initial intervention (50%), followed by transtympanic gentamicin (38%). Currently, &lt;10% routinely recommend the Meniett device. Eighty‐three percent include ESS as a therapeutic option for medically recalcitrant Meniere's disease. The vast majority continue to perform surgical labyrinthectomies and vestibular nerve sections for Meniere's disease. CONCLUSIONS Meniere's disease continues to pose a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic problem, resulting in heterogeneous approaches to both evaluation and treatment. Despite the 1995 American Academy of Otolaryngology guidelines in the diagnosis of Meniere's disease, most clinicians rely in part on ENG or ECOG in diagnosing Meniere's disease. Furthermore, despite the passing of 20 years since the publications claiming a purely placebo effect, ESS is the most commonly employed initial surgical treatment for Meniere's disease. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;132: 722‐6.)

Topic: Vestibular and auditory disorders
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Electrical detection of single-base DNA mutation using functionalized nanoparticles

We report an electrical scheme to detect specific DNA. Engineered hairpin probe DNA are immobilized on a silicon chip between gold nanoelectrodes. Hybridization of target DNA to the hairpin melts the stem nucleotides. Gold nanoparticle-conjugated universal reporter sequence detects the open hairpins by annealing to the exposed stem nucleotides. The gold nanoparticles increase charge conduction between the electrodes. Specifically, we report on a hairpin probe designed to detect a medically relevant mutant form of the K-ras oncogene. Direct current measurements show three orders of magnitude increase in conductivity for as low as 2fmol of target molecules.

Topic: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Cellular Mechanisms of Cognitive Enhancement: The <i>In Vivo</i> Modulation of the Firing Activity and the Responsiveness of Rat Hippocampal Neurons by Memantine and Alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Ligands

Promising new pharmacological strategies for the enhancement of cognition target either nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR). There is also an increasing interest in low-dose combination therapies co-targeting the above neurotransmitter systems to reach greater efficacy over the monotreatments and to reduce possible side effects of high-dose monotreatments. In the present study, we assessed modulatory effects of the α7 nAChR-selective agonist PHA-543613 (PHA), a novel α7 nAChR positive allosteric modulator compound (CompoundX) and the NMDAR antagonist memantine on the <i>in vivo</i> firing activity of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the rat hippocampus. Three different test conditions were applied: spontaneous firing activity, NMDA-evoked firing activity and ACh-evoked firing activity. Results showed that high but not low doses of memantine decreased NMDA-evoked firing activity, and low doses increased the spontaneous and ACh-evoked firing activity. Systemically applied PHA robustly potentiated ACh-evoked firing activity with having no effect on NMDA-evoked activity. In addition, CompoundX increased both NMDA- and ACh-evoked firing activity, having no effects on spontaneous firing of the neurons. A combination of low doses of memantine and PHA increased firing activity in all test conditions and similar effects were observed with memantine and CompoundX but without spontaneous firing activity increasing effects. Our present results demonstrate that α7 nAChR agents beneficially interact with Alzheimer's disease medication memantine. Moreover, positive allosteric modulators potentiate memantine effects on the right time and the right place without affecting spontaneous firing activity. All these data confirm previous behavioral evidence for the viability of combination therapies for cognitive enhancement.

Topic: Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Case of African International Students in China at the Height of COVID-19

This scholarly reflection centers the experiences of African international students hosted in China during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Media coverage and photos of African student maltreatment during the first and second waves of COVID-19 are compiled after a cursory commentary of Sino-African relations. In the midst of soaring anti-Asian hatred around the world, African international students were discriminated against and subject to inhumane treatment across China. We acknowledge both of these violences coexist and call on critical interculturalist and agents of internationalization to consider issues of global anti-blackness and adopt an intersectional lens in studying international students’ experiences.

Topic: China's Global Influence and Migration
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Paleoproterozoic A-type granite from the southwestern margin of the North China block: high temperature melting of tonalitic crust in extensional setting

Proterozoic igneous rocks in the southern margin of the North China Craton can place constraints on its crustal evolution. This paper reports geochemistry, zircon U-Pb ages, Sr-Nd isotopes and Lu-Hf isotopes for the Proterozoic Angou granite from the southwestern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). The Angou granite has zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age of 1819 ± 14Ma (MSWD = 1.3, n = 37), which is synchronous with the Proterozoic Xiong’er Group in the southeastern margin of the NCC. The granite has A-type granite affinity: (1) high SiO<sub>2</sub> (67.12% to 73.16%) and alkali (Na<sub>2</sub>O+K<sub>2</sub>O = 7.18% to 8.75%) contents, with K<sub>2</sub>O/Na<sub>2</sub>O ratios of 1.04 to 4.78; (2) high FeO<sub>T</sub>/MgO values (4 to 36); (3) significantly negative Eu anomalies (Eu*/Eu = 0.33 to 0.53) and negative Sr anomalies (38.1 to 102ppm); (4) high 10<sup>4</sup>× Ga/Al (2.55 to 4.75, with an average of 3.43) values and Zr+Ce+Nb+Y (634 to 1022ppm) contents; (5) high zircon saturation temperatures (871 to 957°C). In combination with its slightly peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.02 to 1.26) nature, the Angou granite can be classified as slightly peraluminous A-type granite. It displays negative ɛ<sub>Nd</sub>(t) values of −2.0 to −3.9, variable ε<sub>Hf</sub>(t) values (−8.81 to +1.98) with Hf model ages of 2194 to 2721Ma, combined with its high Rb/Sr (1.05 to 3.26) and low Rb/Ba (0.08 to 0.18) ratios, suggesting that the Angou granite was derived from high temperature melting of tonalite in middle-lower crust. The formation of Angou A-type granite is consistent with the mafic dyke swarms and Xiong’er bimodal volcanic rocks in NCC, indicating a Paleoprotozoic extensional setting in the southwestern margin of the NCC.

Topic: Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Locating the Dynamic of Policy Reversal, 1983–87

In any thorough examination of how the PLP and the Labour Movement became sympathetic to European integration, it is imperative to identify and explain how far the party moved in such a short passage of time. This development becomes even more significant when it is acknowledged that the European issue acted as the chief dynamic behind the twin processes of party renewal and modernisation. Furthermore, over the period under consideration (1983-99), the policy reversal once declared, has remained unchallenged.

Topic: European Union Policy and Governance
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The relation of humor structure appreciation with sensation seeking and judgments of complex-abstract art and sophisticated music

The aim of the present study is two-fold. Firstly, the relation between sensation seeking and humor structure appreciation has been investigated (Carretero-Dios &amp; Ruch, 2010), and also the association between humor structure appreciation and complex-abstract art has been reported (Ruch &amp; Hehl, 1998). In that sense, this study aims to replicate previously reported findings. Second, the association between humor structure appreciation and sophisticated music (Rentfrow, Goldberg, &amp; Levitin, 2011) was explored. Results obtained from 77 participants partially supported the predictions. Sensation seeking was negatively related with the aversiveness ratings of Nonsense humor, while pleasantness of complex-abstract art was negatively associated with funniness of Incongruity?Resolution humor and positively with the structure preference index. Aversiveness of Incongruity?Resolution humor correlated negatively with sophisticated music ratings. Finally, ratings on the abstract-art paintings and sophisticated musical excerpts were positively associated. Implications of the findings, limitations of this study and avenues for further research are examined.

Topic: Humor Studies and Applications
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences