jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Impurities transfert during the pressure oxidation leaching of polymetallic materials through the BioLix Process

This report focuses on the transfer of impurities in the pregnant leach solution during the pressure oxidation leaching of polymetallic materials through the BioLix Process (identification, quantification, effects of the operating conditions).

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Benefits of Cow Dung - A Human Ignored Gift

Cow is considered as mother and even as god. It is one of the largest domesticated mammals. The meaning of the word panchagavya in Sanskrit is "five cow-derivatives" consisting of three direct constituents like cow urine, dung, milk and the two derived products are curd and ghee. Cow dung and urine are the excretory products. Cow dung is an undigested residue of consumed food material of cow combined with faeces and urine, lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses being the major composition. Cow dung is an indigestible plant material from the intestine of cow released on to the ground. Generally, faeces, either from an animal or human is not a desired topic of conversation. Cow dung is worth discussing. It's a useful material and helps us in a variety of ways. Cow urine has been used as an antimicrobial not only for rituals but also therapeutically. But cow dung has been mostly used as a firework and/or biofertilizer in the form of cow patties. Researchers have ignored the therapeutical benefits of cow dung which is evident from the smaller number of pharmaceutical products in market amidst of its miraculous benefits. This review discusses about the existing traditional therapeutics and the respective medicinal property of cow dung and tries to change the mindset of the scientific community to carry out the further research in the future.

Topic: Advances in Cucurbitaceae Research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Local news as political institution and the repercussions of ‘news deserts’: A qualitative study of seven UK local areas

A transformation in the political economy of local news provision has led to claims that an increasing number of local areas have become ‘news deserts’ – areas that are poorly served or not served at all by professional and dedicated news services (Abernathy, 2022). Such developments have raised widespread concerns about the future health of local democracy. One aspect of local news’ declining capacity that has received little attention to date is the impact on its role as political institution. This paper first examines the impact of changes on those most closely affected by the reduction or closure of UK local news media outlets – the consumers and sources of local news. Through empirical research in 2021-22, the authors explore Cook’s theory of the news media as political institution (2005), by examining local citizens’ experience of – and attitudes towards – their local news outlets, and the extent to which they believe these continue to perform an institutional role. Second, the paper seeks to explore the extent to which other information services – most notably social media and online communities - substitute for the institutional roles of local news outlets. The paper argues that the diminishing role of local news media as political institution has significant political and democratic implications which are not being addressed by policymakers, who are more concerned with the economic interests of corporate media owners than the broader democratic and societal interests of local communities.

Topic: Media Influence and Politics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Thermal management investigation on fluid processing <scp>within</scp> porous rhombic cavities: Heatlines versus entropy generation

Abstract The study of natural convection in rhombic enclosure has been a subject of interest in the recent past. In the current work, the effect of various shapes of the rhombic enclosure ( φ = 45°, 60°, and 75°) is investigated for fixed areas ( A = 0.5, 1, and 1.5) over an extensive range of parameters ( Pr m = 0.015 − 1000, Da m = 10 −5 − 10 −2 , and Ra m = 10 6 ) for an optimal thermal configuration. The rhombic enclosure is subjected to the isothermal heating of the bottom wall along with the cold side and top walls. The results are shown in the form of entropy generation maps ( S θ and S ψ ) along with the heatlines (Π), streamlines ( ψ ), and isotherms ( θ ). It is observed that S θ decreases near the left wall whereas S θ near the top and right walls increases with φ , irrespective of A . A large regime near the bottom portion of the left wall and right portion of the bottom wall corresponds to the higher magnitude of S ψ and that extends over a wider region for the higher φ . The results in terms of total entropy generation ( S total ), average Bejan number ( Be av ), and average Nusselt number ( ) are compared with those within the square cavity ( ). Overall, it may be concluded that the rhombic enclosure with at A = 0.5 is the optimal configuration for the thermal processing of the fluids based on the moderate S total and .

Topic: Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Criteria for a Regulatory Framework of Human Enhancement

Given all the potential dangers and opportunities related to human enhancement technologies, the issue of regulating these technologies is one that we must address urgently as an international community. As is the case with most transnational issues, the best way to comprehensively address and regulate human enhancement technologies will be through an international forum. However, with human enhancement technologies, the preference for regulating these emerging technologies at the international level is not merely a desirable situation—given the nature of the technologies and the elements of human destiny that are at stake, it is an imperative.

Topic: Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Lower Groundwater 14C Age by Atmospheric CO2 Uptake During Sampling and Analysis

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Topic: CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
Subfield: Environmental Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Contribution to the knowledge of the lichen flora of Crete (Kriti), Greece

Christensen, S. N. & Svane, S.: Contribution to the knowledge of the lichen flora of Crete (Kriti), Greece. — Willdenowia 37: 587–593. — ISSN 0511 9618. — © 2007 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.37.37218 (available via http://dx.doi.org/)71 lichen taxa are reported from Crete. Five species, Caloplaca furfuracea, Koerberia biformis, Ochrolechia macrospora, Placidiopsis tenella and Xanthomendoza aphrodites, are new to Greece and further 34 taxa are new to Crete. Additional 13, 1, 6 and 10 taxa are reported for the first time for the Nomi Chanion, Rethimnion, Irakliou and Lassithi, respectively.

Topic: Lichen and fungal ecology
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Introduction

The conference out of which the chapters of this book originated was the second conference organized by the editors on the theme of the history of Chinese identity.1 Following on from an interest in local cultures and identities in China, discussed in the earlier conference, we seek in this volume to explore how Chinese people have characterized themselves with labels which suggest connections to town or country. We think we have arrived at a novel formulation as a solution to this problem, and in this introduction we shall state it as clearly as possible and relate it to the chapters that follow.

Topic: Chinese history and philosophy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Relationships between immune gene expression and circulating cytokine levels in wild house mice

Abstract Quantitative PCR (qPCR) has been commonly used to measure gene expression in a number of research contexts, but the measured RNA concentrations do not always represent the concentrations of active proteins which they encode. This can be due to transcriptional regulation or post‐translational modifications, or localization of immune environments, as can occur during infection. However, in studies using free‐living non‐model species, such as in ecoimmunological research, qPCR may be the only available option to measure a parameter of interest, and so understanding the quantitative link between gene expression and associated effector protein levels is vital. Here, we use qPCR to measure concentrations of RNA from mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and spleen tissue, and multiplex ELISA of blood serum to measure circulating cytokine concentrations in a wild population of a model species, Mus musculus domesticus . Few significant correlations were found between gene expression levels and circulating cytokines of the same immune genes or proteins, or related functional groups. Where significant correlations were observed, these were most frequently within the measured tissue (i.e., the expression levels of genes measured from spleen tissue were more likely to correlate with each other rather than with genes measured from MLN tissue, or with cytokine concentrations measured from blood). Potential reasons for discrepancies between measures including differences in decay rates and transcriptional regulation networks are discussed. We highlight the relative usefulness of different measures under different research questions and consider what might be inferred from immune assays.

Topic: Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The use of individually administered cognitive abilities tests with academically "at-risk" children.

The purpose of this study was to gather information about criterion-related and construct test validity as applied to a referral or "at-risk" sample. Two individually administered cognitive abilities tests, the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III) and the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised Tests of Cognitive Ability (WJ-R Cog), frequently used in the special education placement decision process have recently been revised. Before test generalizations obtained from the standardization sample can be presumed to apply to a referral or "at-risk" sample, research is needed to explore the applicability of these assumptions to this population. No previous research has used a random sample of children referred for special education evaluation who are not yet placed into a program to explore the construct and concurrent validity of both complete test batteries. A random sample of 183 students referred for possible special education placement was used. Ages ranged from 6 to 16 years. Students were classified into three age groups, four ethnic groups, and six possible special education classifications, including a non-placed category. Data were analyzed using a variety of techniques including: exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, stepwise multiple regression, and multiple discriminant function analysis. Findings of this study support the four factor WISC-III model and the seven factor WJ-R Cog model. Study results indicate a concurrent verbal component (approximately 50%) comprised of the WISC-III VC factor and the WJ-R Cog Gc, Gs, and Ga factors. This verbal component was the best composite predictor variable of academic achievement. Although "at-risk" students scored lower on these verbal component factors, BWL, or broad written language, was the best single discriminator variable in both a six and two group analyses. Special education classifications were examined for specific category profiles and the ACID/ACIDS profile was investigated. This study initiated information about the underlying test constructs and how these constructs relate to each other when given to an "at-risk" referral sample. It is hoped that this study will stimulate further research in this area.

Topic: Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The BALTO Toolkit - A New Approach to Ethical and Sustainable Data Collection for Equitable Public Transit

In most American cities commuters on public transit have disproportionately lower incomes than commuters who use automobiles. Given the proven link between geographic and economic mobility, it is critical to offer quality public transit to improve access to jobs, health care and education opportunities. Departments of Transportation (DOTs) routinely measure public transit performance and quality perceptions to assess the need for improvements in the transit systems. Nevertheless, the performance metrics used fail to capture the experiences of low-income individuals who often endure complex, lengthy trips, requiring several modes or transfers. We propose BALTO, a novel toolkit to characterize transit system performance and passenger's quality perceptions across all types of passengers and trips. We are designing the BALTO toolkit in collaboration with public housing residents from the Housing Authority of Baltimore City (HABC) and together with two local transit advocacy groups and the departments of transportation in Baltimore and in the state of Maryland.

Topic: Urban Transport and Accessibility
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Inappropriate spending of budgetary funds as a criminal form of behavior and dysfunction of the modern economy

The article is devoted to the study of a very complex economic and legal phenomenon —inappropriate spending of budget funds. The article presents economic and legal arguments substantiating the need to counteract this kind of delinquent-criminal behavior as a dysfunction of the modern economy. The substantiation of the social and legal conditionality of the criminalization of misuse of budget funds is proposed. A high level of blanketness of the disposition of Article 2851 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The most controversial examples of misappropriation of budgetary funds are demonstrated, within the framework of which the most frequent problems of qualification of this kind of socially dangerous behavior arise.

Topic: Legal and Policy Issues
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Echinococcal cyst of the liver: diagnosis and surgical management.

The encysted larval form of Echinococcus granulosus may infest man as an incidental host. The liver is the organ most commonly involved, but the lung and brain may be affected. The disease is endemic where sheep are raised with dogs in a pastoral environment. Areas of high endemicity exist in rural North America. Human echinococcal disease is now seen in urban medical centers because of the changing patterns of migration and immigration. An echinococcal cyst of the liver is reported in a resident of the New York City metropolitan area. Details of the life cycle, pathology, diagnostic imaging techniques and surgical management of hydatid cysts are reviewed.

Topic: Parasitic infections in humans and animals
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Countermeasure Strategy against Peramine Developed by Chilesia rudis in the Endophyte–Ryegrass–Herbivore Model

Exploitation of the symbiotic relationship between endophytic fungi and ryegrass is a crucial technique for reducing the incidence of insect pests. This is primarily due to the production of alkaloids, such as peramine, by the fungi. This alkaloid has been reported as both a deterrent and toxic to a variety of insects. However, insects have developed various strategies to counteract plant defenses. One of the most studied methods is their ability to sequester toxic compounds from plants. In this study, we examined the feeding preferences and adaptation to peramine in Chilesia rudis, a native Chilean larva. Using a no-choice assay, we assessed larval feeding preferences and mass gain on seven experimental lines and two commercial cultivars of endophyte-infected and non-infected ryegrass. Pupal development time and adult performance were evaluated post-assay. Additionally, we measured peramine content in larval carcasses, feces, and ryegrass leaves. Jumbo was the most preferred cultivar with 32 mm2 of leaf tissues consumed. The longest pupal development time was observed in L161 and ALTO AR1, both at 28 days. Wing length in adults was greatest in the Jumbo and L163 cultivars, measuring 1.25 cm and 1.32 cm, respectively. Peramine concentrations were detected in the bodies of C. rudis. In conclusion, this larva can adapt to endophyte-infected ryegrass and develop counter-adaptation mechanisms to mitigate the effects of peramine.

Topic: Plant and fungal interactions
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Effect of Azolla microphylla Substitution in Feed on Carcass Weight and Percentage of Male Magelang Ducks

The productivity of ducks has not been optimum due to the high cost of protein source feed. Azolla microphylla is considered weeds and has not been widely utilized. This study was designed to find out, and study feed alternatives that can substitute protein in duck feed. The research material used was 40 Magelang ducks at five weeks of age, which were grouped into four treatments, where: (P0) control without substitution of Azolla microphylla, (P1) 10% substitution Azolla microphylla, (P2) 15% substitution Azolla microphylla, and (P3) 20% substitution Azolla microphylla. The experimental design in this study was a non-factorial Complete Randomized Design (RAL). Variables observed were carcass weight and carcass percentage. Data were analyzed using 95% significance of variance analysis (ANOVA), and significant differences were analyzed with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Substitution of Azolla microphylla in feed influenced carcass weight (729.9±90.9a – 912.9±14.6b grams/head) but did not affect the percentage of the carcass (55.48±5.09 – 61.16±2.14). This study concludes that substituting Azolla microphylla at the proportion of 20% is still considered safe to produce a standard percentage of carcass.

Topic: Biological Control of Invasive Species
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Multilevel Meta-Analysis: A Comparison with Traditional Meta-Analytical Procedures

In this article, the authors compare the multilevel meta-analysis approach with the more traditional meta-analytical approaches. After a description and comparison of the under-lying models and some of the major techniques, the results of the multilevel approach are compared with those of the traditional approaches, using a simulation study. The results of the simulation study suggest that the maximum likelihood multilevel approach is in general superior to the fixed-effects approaches, unless only a small number of studies is available. For models without moderators, the results of the multilevel approach, however, are not substantially different from the results of the traditional random-effects approaches.

Topic: Diverse Approaches in Healthcare and Education Studies
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of essential oils and selected components on Heterorhabditis amazonensis Andaló et al. strain HC1

The effect of four essential oils and eleven selected components on the infective juveniles (IJ) of the<br> entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis amazonensis Andaló et al. strain HC1 was studied under laboratory conditions.<br> Susceptibility of this strain to seven organic solvents and surfactants was determined. The lethal and sublethal toxic effects on<br> IJ exposed directly to the essential oils and components were evaluated in 24 well plates for 24 h. Data of lethal toxic effects<br> were subjected to ANOVA and the means compared by Duncan´s multirange test at 0,05 %, whereas data of sublethal toxic<br> effects were analyzed by the multiple comparison of proportions (Wald´s Method, confidence level of 0,05). Toxicity of<br> Triton X-100 at 0,5 % on H. amazonensis strain HC1 was low and could be used in bioassays of chemical product<br> compatibility with this nematode strain. The essential oils of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav) S.T. Blake and Citrus sinensis<br> (L.) Osbeck caused no significant lethal toxic effect on IJ of H. amazonensis (strain HC1), while those of Piper aduncum<br> subsp. ossanum (C. DC.) Saralegui and Piper auritum Kunth produced moderate mortality. No sublethal effects were caused<br> by these four oils on the infectivity of IJ of H. amazonensis strain HC1. The essential oil components camphene, p-cymene<br> and piperitone did not affect IJ of H. amazonensis strain HC1; 1,8-cineole, limonene, camphor, and methyl chavicol showed<br> moderate toxicity, and carvacrol, eugenol, linalool, and thymol were highly toxic. According to the parameters evaluated, the<br> essential oils from M. quinquenervia and C. sinensis and the components camphene, p-cymene, and piperitone were<br> compatible with H. amazonensis strain HC1.

Topic: Entomopathogenic Microorganisms in Pest Control
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Full O(α) electroweak radiative corrections to e + e − → t ¯ tγ with GRACE-Loop

We present the full O(α) electroweak radiative corrections to the process e + e − → t ¯ tγ at the International Linear Collider (ILC). The computation is performed with the help of the GRACE-Loop system. We present the to- tal cross-section and the top quark forward-backward asym- metry (AFB) as a function of the center-of-mass energy and compare them with the process e + e − → t ¯. We find that the value of AFB in t ¯ tγ production is larger than AFB in t ¯ t pro- duction. It is an important result for the measurement of the top quark forward-backward asymmetry at the ILC. Apply- ing a structure function method, we also subtract the QED correction to gain the genuine weak correction in both the α scheme and the Gμ scheme (δ Gμ W ). We obtain numerical val- ues for δ Gμ W which are changing from 2 % to −24 % when we vary the center-of-mass energy from 360 GeV to 1 TeV.

Topic: Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences