jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The measurement of aerosol optical properties at a rural site in Northern China

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols constitute one of the largest sources of uncertainty in the estimation of radiative forcing for climate. From April 2003 to January 2005, in situ measurements of aerosol optical properties were conducted at a rural site in Northern China, Shangdianzi Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) regional station (SDZ), about 150 km from Beijing. Mean values (standard deviation, S.D.) of scattering and absorption coefficients for the entire period are 174.6 Mm−1 (189.1 Mm-1) and 17.5 Mm−1 (13.4 Mm-1), respectively. These values are approximately one third of the reported values for scattering coefficients and one fifth of those for absorption coefficients obtained in the Beijing urban area. The mean single scattering albedo (SSA) for the entire period was estimated as 0.88 (0.05), which is about 0.07 higher than the values reported for the Beijing urban area, and also higher than the values (0.85) used in a reported climate simulation for China and India. Both the absorption and scattering coefficients showed a seasonal cycle with the lowest values in winter, while the highest values occurred in summer for absorption coefficients and in fall for scattering coefficients. The mean SSA values were lowest in spring and highest in winter. The daily variations of aerosol absorption and scattering coefficients were strongly influenced by synoptic changes throughout the observation period. A trajectory cluster analysis was applied to discern the source characteristics of aerosol optical properties for different air masses. The cluster-mean aerosol scattering coefficients, absorption coefficients and SSA were all high when the air masses moved from SW and SE-E directions to the site and aerosols were influenced with heavy pollution from the dense population centers and industrial areas. The cluster-mean SSA for air masses coming from the polluted areas was not only higher than those with trajectories from the "clean" directions, but also higher than the reported values for the regions with high pollution emissions (such as the Beijing urban area). This fact might reflect the substantial secondary aerosol production during transport. The characteristics of aerosol optical properties measured at this rural site suggest significant impacts of human activities on the regional aerosol.

Topic: Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Microwave emissions from snow

The radiation emitted from dry and wet snowpack in the microwave region (1 to 100 GHz) is discussed and related to ground observations. Results from theoretical model calculations match the brightness temperatures obtained by truck mounted, airborne and spaceborne microwave sensor systems. Snow wetness and internal layer structure complicate the snow parameter retrieval algorithm. Further understanding of electromagnetic interaction with snowpack may eventually provide a technique to probe the internal snow properties

Topic: Cryospheric studies and observations
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Computing Self-Efficacy in Undergraduate Students: A Multi-Institutional and Intersectional Analysis

Computing self-efficacy is an important factor in shaping students' motivation, performance, and persistence in computer science (CS) courses. Therefore, investigating computing self-efficacy may help to improve the persistence of students from historically underrepresented groups in computing. Previous research has shown that computing self-efficacy is positively correlated with prior computing experience, but negatively correlated with some demographic identities (e.g., identifying as a woman). However, existing research has not demonstrated these patterns on a large scale while controlling for confounding variables and institutional context. In addition, there is a need to study the experiences of students with multiple marginalized identities through the lens of intersectionality. Our goal is to investigate the relationship between students' computing self-efficacy and their prior experience in computing, demographic identities, and institutional policies. We conduct this investigation using a large, recent, and multi-institutional dataset with survey responses from 31,425 students. Our findings confirm that more computing experience positively predicts computing self-efficacy. However, identifying as Asian, Black, Native, Hispanic, non-binary, and/or a woman were statistically significantly associated with lower computing self-efficacy. The results of our work point to several future avenues for self-efficacy research in computing.

Topic: Gender and Technology in Education
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
EVALUATION OF EXISTING PAVEMENT BASED ON DEFLECTION AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE AND OVERLAY DESIGN

To perform maintenance and repair of an asphalt pavement having reached its service limit, it is necessary to make a mechanical evaluation of the existing pavement and subgrade. On a road being in service, however, it is difficult to perform destructive examination. It is therefore needed to establish an evaluation procedure by non-destructive method. In view of this, the author et al. have dealt with a procedure for evaluating existing pavements by determining the stiffness moduli of the subgrade and pavement from data obtainable from the surface of pavement. There are two methods of dividing the existing pavement into two layers: one into the subgrade and pavement and the other into the asphalt treated layer and bearing layer. The former is suitable for evaluation by compressive strain of the subgrade and deflection and the latter, by tensil strain at the bottom of asphalt treated layer and radius of curvature. Field verification was made on local roads being in service about 10 years and by comparing the stiffness moduli of the subgrade and pavement, which were estimated from material testing of the existing pavement with due consideration for environmental and traffic conditions, to those estimated by non-destructive method. Since it was ascertained that not only deflection but also the stiffness moduli of the pavement and subgrade follow a logarithmic normal distribution, field measurements of deflection and radius of curvature were statistically treated to present an adequate procedure for determining a typical structure of existing pavements. As the existing pavement was evaluated by the two-layer system, overlay design was made by the three-layer system. That is, examinations were made assuming the pavement structure as being divided into the subgrade, pavement and overlay when a limit is placed upon strain on the subgrade or deflection and as being divided into the bearing layer, asphalt treated layer and overlay when a limit is placed upon tensile strain at the bottom of asphalt treated layer or radius of curvature. The values of deflection and radius of curvature estimated by computation for two types of overlay used on the site were compared to the values measured after the overlaying. As the result, the computed values were found close to the average of the measurements, proving adequacy of the design. /Author/

Topic: Asphalt Pavement Performance Evaluation
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Collecting duct carcinoma presenting as a bleeding complicated renal cyst

Collecting duct carcinoma is a rare type of renal cell carcinoma. It is usually diagnosed pathologically and carries a poor prognosis. Renal cell carcinoma arising within a cyst is also rare. We report a case of collecting duct carcinoma presenting as a giant, bleeding complicated renal cyst with minimal solid component. The patient had a relatively long survival after nephrectomy. image image

Topic: Renal cell carcinoma treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Geography of Vice

This chapter is a spatial analysis of Tonkin's black market sex industry. It investigates how the area's physical, administrative, economic, and political geography shaped the ways that unregistered sex was sold in Tonkin. Some of the areas discussed here include the Red River Delta, Hanoi, Hanoi's suburbs, Hai Phong City, the military bases, the border towns, and the coast of Tonkin. The chapter discusses how the geographic and political landscape of Tonkin enabled traffickers and clandestine sex workers to evade colonial police. It talks about how colonial land policies, the tax system, and the government's neglect of the suburbs further impoverished peasants, leading women to seek alternative income through sex work.

Topic: Vietnamese History and Culture Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Three-dimensional echocardiography to assess left ventricular geometry and function

<b>Introduction</b>: Quantification of left ventricular (LV) size and function represents the most frequent indication for an echocardiographic study. New echocardiographic techniques have been developed over the last decades in an attempt to provide a more comprehensive, accurate, and reproducible assessment of LV function.<b>Areas covered</b>: Although two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) is the recommended imaging modality to evaluate the LV, three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has proven to be more accurate, by avoiding geometric assumptions about LV geometry, and to have incremental value for outcome prediction in comparison to conventional 2DE. LV shape (sphericity) and mass are actually measured with 3DE. Myocardial deformation analysis using 3DE can early detect subclinical LV dysfunction, before any detectable change in LV ejection fraction.<b>Expert opinion</b>: 3DE eliminates the errors associated with foreshortening and geometric assumptions inherent to 2DE and 3DE measurements approach very closely those obtained by CMR (the current reference modality), while maintaining the unique clinical advantage of a safe, highly cost/effective, portable imaging technique, available to the cardiologist at bedside to translate immediately the echocardiography findings into the clinical decision-making process.

Topic: Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Analysis and Stability of Orotic Acid in Milk

A method based on HPLC and ion pairing techniques was used to determine the orotic acid concentrations in cows' milk.Average amounts were 69 to 74 mg/L.Orotic acid in milk was stable to heating but decreased during commercial yogurt fermentation.Correlations were made between the loss of orotic acid and the increase or decrease in pH during fermentation.

Topic: Phytoestrogen effects and research
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Telogen effluvium revisited.

Telogen effluvium (TE) is heterogeneous disorder. It can be classified into three main categories: the premature teloptosis, the collective teloptosis and the premature entry into telogen. The last category can be divided in three types: the drug induced TE, TE due to dietary deficiencies and the "autoimmune" TE. Despite this heterogeneity, the large majority of TE that arrive at the dermatologist's observation pertain to the autoimmune type, featuring a standard presentation. The typical patient is a woman claiming to have always had a "full head of hair" and reporting her hair to come out suddenly "by the handful". Usually, she is accurate about the date of onset of her shedding. She is in good health, without signs of anorexia nor nutrient deficiencies. She admits to having been in an anxious state for some months, and felt, occasionally or not, a painful or burning sensation at the scalp (trichodynia). Usually, the course of the disorder is chronic but intermittent, with apparent remissions being irregularly intermitted by relapses. The shed hairs do not exhibit telogen roots, but mostly exogen ones. This distinct entity, shares some analogies with alopecia areata, including the triggering role of emotional stress, trichodynia and the frequent association with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Methods to assess its severity and to monitor treatment are described. In the absence of a documented etiopathogenesis, no treatment can be endorsed, but a course of topical corticosteroids could be tried.

Topic: Hair Growth and Disorders
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Assessment of genetic variability estimates in Kodo millet Paspalum scrobiculatum (L.)

Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) genotypes were evaluated at Agricultural Research Station, Vizianagaram to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for six yield contributing traits. The ANOVA revealed significant differences among eighteen genotypes for all the characters included under study except plant height, number of productive tillers per plant and fodder yield. Moderate PCV was recorded for fodder yield followed by grain yield and plant height whereas the GCV for all the characters were low compared to PCV indicating the interaction of genotypes with the environment. High heritability was recorded for days to maturity and days to 50% flowering. The maximum genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for days to 50% flowering followed by days to maturity. High heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for days to 50% flowering indicating that these traits are under influence of both additive and non-additive gene action and selection may be effective for this trait. Grain yield per plant recorded moderate heritability with moderate genetic advance as percent mean which also indicates presence of both additive gene action and this trait was found to be significantly and positively correlated with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and fodder yield. Indirect selection for days to 50% flowering may help in better advancement for grain yield as flowering is supposed to be controlled by fewer genes with major effect compared to grain yield. The above yield components also exhibited positive inter-correlation among themselves.

Topic: Plant Taxonomy and Phylogenetics
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Data from Tumor Subtype-Specific Cancer–Testis Antigens as Potential Biomarkers and Immunotherapeutic Targets for Cancers

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Cancer–testis (CT) antigens are potential targets for cancer immunotherapy because of their restricted expression in immune-privileged germ cells and various malignancies. Current application of CT-based immunotherapy has been focused on CT expression–rich tumors such as melanoma and lung cancers. In this study, we surveyed CT expression using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets for ten common cancer types. We show that CT expression is specific and enriched within certain cancer molecular subtypes. For example, &lt;i&gt;HORMAD1, CXorf61, ACTL8&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;PRAME&lt;/i&gt; are highly enriched in the basal subtype of breast cancer; &lt;i&gt;MAGE&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;CSAG&lt;/i&gt; are most frequently activated in the magnoid subtype of lung adenocarcinoma; and &lt;i&gt;PRAME&lt;/i&gt; is highly upregulated in the ccB subtype of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Analysis of CT gene expression and DNA methylation indicates that some CTs are regulated epigenetically, whereas others are controlled primarily by tissue- and subtype-specific transcription factors. Our results suggest that although for some CT expression is associated with patient outcome, not many are independent prognostic markers. Thus, CTs with shared expression pattern are heterogeneous molecules with distinct activation modes and functional properties in different cancers and cancer subtypes. These data suggest a cancer subtype–orientated application of CT antigen as biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Immunol Res; 2(4); 371–9. ©2013 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Cave deposits in Cordillera de la Sal (Atacama, Chile)

Although the Atacama Desert is one of the driest places on earth there are several halite caves in the Oligocene-Miocene outcrop of evaporites that forms the Cordillera de la Sal. The caves contain a variety of deposits including speleothems, allogenic sediments, and archaeological remains that have provided information on cave evolution and proxy information on past climates in the area. &#13;\nThis study presents the first report of monocrystalline halite stalactites whose initial formation and subsequent evolution are controlled by (1) the degree of supersaturation of the feeding solution, (2) capillary and/or gravity flow along the speleothem, and (3) air currents in the cave. Also, we report a new cave mineral (atacamite) together with a zeolite (clinoptilolite), where genesis was controlled by thermal fluids rising under pressure along a fault plane.&#13;\nAnalysis and radiocarbon dating of the allogenic sediments and archaeologic remains shows that the halite caves of Atacama are very young and that development is rapid during rare floods brought on by sudden, short rainstorms that may only affect a single stream catchment. By contrast, between these rare events, which may be several hundred years apart, there is little or no cave development.

Topic: Karst Systems and Hydrogeology
Subfield: Earth-Surface Processes
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Linguistic Processing of Motion: A Survey.

The concept of linguistic processing of motion is introduced in the report. It is defined as the structural analysis and synthesis of motions and their representations by a computer. The motions are regarded as being composed of simpler, eventually primitive, motions called terminals. The basic concepts of programming languages are extended into the domain of computer-oriented description of motions. The concepts of formal treatment of motions. In particular, the linguistic processing of motion is suggested as an extension of linguistic picture processing into the domain of time. The report consists of two parts. In the first the problem of linguistic processing of motion is defined and an overall approach for its solution is outlined. In the second, a survey of the relevant literature is given. (Author)

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Similar challenges, different approaches: a review of student support systems in UK veterinary schools

The characteristics of individuals pursuing a veterinary career, and the negative impact of undergraduate training, have been suggested as possible contributing factors to poor mental wellbeing in the profession (Bartram and Baldwin 2010). Therefore, veterinary students may be a vulnerable student population (Collins and Foote 2005, Hafen and others 2006, Sutton 2007). On-site counselling services were offered at approximately half the American veterinary schools in 2001 (Kogan and McConnell 2001). The aim of this study was to collate information on support systems in UK veterinary schools.&#13;\n&#13;\nA web-based questionnaire (Survey Monkey, Palo Alto, California, USA; freely available at www.surveymonkey.com) was electronically delivered to the Heads of Teaching at all UK Veterinary Schools in August 2011 which contained 16 closed (10 with additional free text option) and 13 open multiple choice questions. Questions included where on campus student teaching was undertaken, the distance of the school from the main campus, and the availability and types of counselling and other support services offered.&#13;\n&#13;\nResponses were received from all seven UK schools, although details of student support were received from only six schools. Veterinary teaching was undertaken at both the main university and a separate veterinary campus at four schools, exclusively at a separate veterinary campus at two schools and solely at the main university campus by one school. Two schools shared a campus with other schools/departments.

Topic: Veterinary Practice and Education Studies
Subfield: Speech and Hearing
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Friendship Through Social Media and Real Friends

본 논문의 목적은 소셜미디어를 통해서 형성되는 친구 사랑은 진정한 친구 사랑에 도달할 수 없음을 밝히는 것이다. 아리스토텔레스에 의하면 진정한 친구는 자신의 품성과 유사한 도덕적 가치에 대한 신념 때문에 친구를 사랑한다. 특히 아리스토텔레스는 친구 간의 상호 존중과 상호 사랑의 중요성을 강조한다. 온라인에서는 장점만을 선택적으로 제시함으로써 혹은 서로 다른 정체성을 혼합함으로써 자아를 세련되게 하는 일이 얼마든지 일어날 수 있고 실제로 일어난다. 특히 대화방처럼 익명인 환경에서는 더욱 그러하다. 이렇게 되면 서로의 사랑과 존중을 보장하기가 어렵게 된다. 또한 소셜 커뮤니티 사이트들은 대화 시점, 대화 방법, 대화 시간의 측면에서 현실과는 다른 방식으로 친구를 선택하는 것을 허용하므로 뜻하지 않게도 친구들은 특정한 상황에서만 의사소통할 수밖에 없다. 이렇게 되면 친구의 특성의 중요한 측면 혹은 잠재적으로 문제가 있는 측면을 놓친다. 결국 친구의 전체가 아니라 일부를 흠모하고 사랑하게 된다. 물론 알려지지 않은 부분이 알려진 특성만큼 도덕적일 수도 있다. 하지만 한정된 정보에 기반하고 있다는 단순한 사실이 가상공간에서의 친구 사랑으로부터 진정한 친구 사랑의 자격을 박탈한다. 결론적으로 온라인에서는 진정한 친구 사랑이 성취될 수 없다.

Topic: Diverse Approaches in Healthcare and Education Studies
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
JOHN WESLEY AND THE TEACHING MINISTRY: RAMIFICATIONS FOR EDUCATION IN THE CHURCH TODAY

Abstract John Wesley, the principal founder of the Methodist movement in eighteenth‐century England, was deeply concerned about the process of shaping persons into Christians. To this end, Wesley developed and applied educational methods, wrote and distributed teaching materials, and insistently exhorted his preachers to fulfill their responsibility as teachers of the faith. In our contemporary culture characterized by spiritual superficiality, biblical illiteracy, and theological confusion, those who seek to form and nurture Christians may profitably attend to the guidance that Wesley's ministry offers.

Topic: Mormonism, Religion, and History
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The Prognostic Value of Fibroblastic Foci Quantity in Patenets with Usual Interstitial Pneumonia

Background Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is a progressive fibrous lung disease with occasional fatal outcomes. However, the extent and rate of progression varies markedly from one patient to another. As a result, it is difficult to determine the time of the initial treatment and assess the disease activity and course. Fibroblast foci (FF) is well known to synthesize collagen actively by their myofibroblasts component. However, the prognostic value of the FF have not been evaluated in patients with UIP. Therefore this study was undertaken to determine how the number of fibroblastic foci can reflect the disease activity and progression. Methods Twenty patients with UIP(M:F=13:7), who were diagnosed by a surgical lung biopsy. The number of fibroblastic foci was analyzed in terms of its correlation with the clinical manifestations. pulmonary function test, arterial blood gas analysis, and a bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL). Results The number of fibroblastic foci did not correlate with the various lung function tests and the other clinical parameters. Intersetingly, the percentage of neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid did correlate with the quantity of the normalized Vv of FF(r=0.60, p<0.05). The patients were divided into 2 groups, group I and II, arbitratily, according to the value of the normalized Vv. The clinical parameters and the PFT results were not different between the two groups. In particular, the survival rate between the two groups according to the Kaplan-Meier analysis were not different. Conclusion A large number of FF does not imply a bad prognosis in patients wit UIP.

Topic: Interstitial Lung Diseases and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences