jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Neanderthals and Modern Humans

Neanderthals and Modern Humans develops the theme of the close relationship between climate change, ecological change and biogeographical patterns in humans during the Pleistocene. In particular, it challenges the view that Modern Human 'superiority' caused the extinction of the Neanderthals between 40 and 30 thousand years ago. Clive Finlayson shows that to understand human evolution, the spread of humankind across the world and the extinction of archaic populations, we must move away from a purely theoretical evolutionary ecology base and realise the importance of wider biogeographic patterns including the role of tropical and temperate refugia. His proposal is that Neanderthals became extinct because their world changed faster than they could cope with, and that their relationship with the arriving Modern Humans, where they met, was subtle.

Topic: Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
2. Explaining sound change

When specific languages are thought to be genetically related, because of systematic and recurrent form-meaning similarities in a large number of lexical roots in particular involving basic vocabulary as well as grammatical morphemes, it is usually possible to set up regular sound correspondences between segments in cognate forms. Moreover, as illustrated in the preceding chapter, specific sound changes may be reconstructed as a next step. Experience has shown not only that similar principles of regular sound change apply to language after language, but also that similar types of sound changes occur again and again in different parts of the world. Some of these more widespread structural changes in sound systems are illustrated next.

Topic: Linguistics and language evolution
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
International Association of Legal Science: Annual Meeting of Executive Committee

International Association of Legal Science: Annual Meeting of Executive Committee Get access John N. Hazard John N. Hazard Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Journal of Comparative Law, Volume 22, Issue 4, Autumn 1974, Page 822, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/22.4.822 Published: 01 October 1974

Topic: Conflict of Laws and Jurisdiction
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Clay Mineral Analysis of Sediments in the Changjiang Delta Plain and Its Application to the Late Quaternary Variations of Sea Level and Sediment Provenance

Clay mineral analysis was conducted on the fine-grained sediments of a 20-meter core of Late Quaternary deposit in the south-central portion of the modern Changjiang delta plain to understand and characterize paleoenvironmental depositional conditions. Four clay mineral suites (Zones I to IV) were recognized in the core. The lowest level (Zone I, Late Pleistocene) of kaolinite (48%) and illite (45%) is representative of a pedogenic formation of alluvial environment. The next upper suite (Zone II, Early Holocene) of kaolinite (44%) and chlorite (22%) is related to an erosional coastal environment associated with an encroaching sea level. The suite (Zone III, Early to mid-Holocene) overlying Zone II incorporates the addition of smectite (6%), the abundance of which is closely linked to the topographic change and the relative sea level fluctuation in the study area. The uppermost suite (Zone IV, Late Holocene) of illite (53%) and smectite (7%) accumulated during the period of major deltaic progradation and presents a change of sediment source from the more local western highlands to the regional Changjiang River basin. Significant variations in the clay mineral signatures support concepts of morphologic change from a subaerially exposed area to the present depression-centered southern Changjiang delta plain during the Holocene as the delta margin was affected by sea level rise and sediment supply and source.

Topic: Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Generating location overviews with images and tags by mining user-generated travelogues

Automatically generating location overviews in the form of both visual and textual descriptions is highly desired for online services such as travel planning, to provide attractive and comprehensive outlines of travel destinations. Actually, user-generated content (e.g., travelogues) on the Web provides abundant information to various aspects (e.g., landmarks, styles, activities) of most locations in the world. To leverage the experience shared by Web users, in this paper we propose a location overview generation approach, which first mines location-representative tags from travelogues and then uses such tags to retrieve web images. The learnt tags and retrieved images are finally presented via a novel user interface which provides an informative overview for a given location. Experimental results based on 23,756 travelogues and evaluation over 20 locations show promising results on both travelogue mining and location overview generation.

Topic: Geographic Information Systems Studies
Subfield: Geography, Planning and Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Dyotropic (6 + 4)‐Hydrogen Migration in a 2,3‐Bis(methylene) decahydroanthracene

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Topic: Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Lithium Bistrifluoromethanesulfonimidate-Mediated Regioselective Ring Opening of Aziridines by Amines

In the presence of a catalytic amount of LiNTf2 as a new promoter, a variety of N-substituted aziridines undergo ring opening by amines to afford the corresponding 1,2-diamino compounds, in high yield and with good regio- and stereoselectivity.

Topic: Synthesis and Catalytic Reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Valproate-induced Periorbital Edema.

Introduction Valproate is an antiepileptic medication that can be used to manage behavioral symptoms associated with Alzheimer's dementia. We present a rare case of valproate-induced periorbital edema. Case A 76-year-old man came to the emergency room with agitation and aggression. He was medically cleared and referred to a psychiatric facility where he was treated with haloperidol. When he developed drug-induced parkinsonism, the haloperidol was stopped, and the patient was started on valproate 250 mg twice daily. The day after valproate administration, the patient developed periorbital edema. After ruling out other causes of periorbital edema, adverse drug reaction was suspected. Valproate was discontinued, and the edema rapidly resolved within five days. Conclusion Periorbital edema is a rare side effect of valproate. It can occur in patients who are being treated with valproate for behavioral changes in Alzheimer's disease. The edema resolves with discontinuation of the medication.

Topic: Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus

A 31-year-old female soldier developed subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, which remained undiagnosed for 4 years. Referral to dermatology and a punch biopsy confirmed the diagnosis and effective treatment was instituted. The presence of an unresolving annular rash in light-exposed areas, especially in a young woman, should prompt thorough investigation and referral if necessary. The prognosis for this condition is generally good, although a small proportion of patients will go on to develop systemic lupus erythematosus. The occupational implications of this condition require thoughtful management in the military population.

Topic: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
"A Study on Tax Avoidance and Firm Value of Firms Issuing Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock"

본 연구는 2011년도 상법 개정으로 인하여 다양한 종류주식의 발행이 가능해진 이후 자본조달의 수단으로서 최근 활발하게 이용되고 있는 상환전환우선주의 발행이 기업의 조세회피 및 기업가치와 어떠한 관련성이 있는지 실증적으로 검증하였다. 상환전환우선주는 대체 자금조달수단인 부채와 유사하지만 이자비용을 지급하지 않고, 일정한 요건을 충족하면 자본으로 분류되어 재무구조를 개선할 수 있는 자본조달 수단이다. 따라서 세금 절감의 유인이 상대적으로 낮은 기업이 상환전환우선주를 발행할 가능성이 높으므로 상환전환우선주 발행 기업은 조세회피에 적극적이지 않을 것으로 예상된다. 또한, 상환전환우선주는 상환권과 전환권을 모두 포함하고 있으므로 투자자를 유인하기 좋은 자금조달 수단이다. 이러한 상환전환우선주의 발행이 투자자에게 긍정적인 신호로 전달된다면 기업가치에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상되지만 투자자에게 부정적인 신호로 전달되어 기업가치에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 가능성도 존재한다. 본 연구는 2011년부터 2018년도까지 비금융업 상장기업을 대상으로 상환전환우선주의 발행기업의 조세회피 수준과 기업가치를 분석하였으며, 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 상환전환우선주를 발행한 기업의 조세회피 수준은 비발행기업에 비해 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 이자비용으로 인한 세금절감 효과가 있는 대체 감세수단인 부채 대신에 상환전환우선주를 선택하여 자금을 조달한 기업은 조세회피에 적극적이지 않음을 보이고 있다. 둘째, 상환전환우선주 발행 기업의 기업가치는 비발행기업에 비해 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 상환전환우선주의 발행이 투자자들에게는 충분히 가치있는 투자안을 위한 자금조달을 시사하여 투자자들에게 긍정적인 신호로 전달됨으로서 기업가치를 증가시키는 것으로 해석된다. 본 연구는 선행연구들과는 달리 상환전환우선주라는 특정 종류주식에 대한 분석을 통해 우선주에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓히고 있다는 측면에서 의의를 가진다. 또한, 상환전환우선주의 발행과 조세회피 및 기업가치와의 관련성에 대한 본 연구의 결과는 투자자 및 관할 감독기관 등 다양한 이해관계자에게 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대하는 바이다.

Topic: Corporate Taxation and Avoidance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
An Endoscopic Procedure for the Simultaneous Treatment of both Otosclerosis and Malleus Fixation

To report the case of the simultaneous treatment of otosclerosis and malleus fixation through an entirely endoscopic transcanal approach. A targeted transcanalar epitympanotomy with annular bony ridge conservation was planned preoperatively, with 3D CT localization of the fixed part of the malleus head. The upper part of the malleus head and the superior ossified ligament of the malleus were drilled. A 0.6 mm stapedotomy was performed and a piston inserted. The patient's recovery was uneventful, with closure of the air‐bone gap on her postoperative audiogram, associated with an overclosure in 500Hz, 1kHz, 2 kHz and 4 kHz. Laryngoscope , 134:2411–2414, 2024

Topic: Ear Surgery and Otitis Media
Subfield: Otorhinolaryngology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Certification of Reference Materials for Engineering Applications

Harmonisation of materials testing approaches is a prerequisite for global comparability of data on materials properties. Because the development of standardised procedures is often not sufficient to obtain mutual confidence in measurement results, an increasing number of laboratories and companies is choosing to work under particular accreditation schemes. Recent developments in the accreditation of materials testing laboratories have increased the significance of reference materials in general and certified reference materials in particular. This paper shows examples of certified reference materials (CRMs) produced at IRMM in the field of engineering materials. The Charpy impact test us used as an example to explain how CRMs can be used to assess measurement uncertainty.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Effect of Certain Head and Neck Tumors and Their Treatment on the Ventilatory Function of the Eustachian Tube and Hearing Loss

The management of patients with middle ear disease should be based on an understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and its course. In this group of investigations, patients with pathological conditions such as cleft palate, which affects ET function, are studied. Animal models are then developed to simulate the clinical condition, thus providing a method of isolating the variables.

Topic: Ear and Head Tumors
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Lichen metabolites inhibit UV light and nitric oxide-induced plasmid DNA damage and cell growth in human melanoma cells

In humans both UVA and UVB cause gene mutations and suppress immunity, and these two biological events caused by UV lead to skin cancer. Inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) appears particularly promising as ROS and RNS production by both UVA and UVB contributes to inflammation, immunosuppression, gene mutation and carcinogenesis [1]. Chilean lichens live in regions where the UVR is particularly intensive, and in these conditions, they are stimulated to synthesize metabolites with a strong absorption in the UV region, that exhibit a large variety of biological activity. In a previous study we isolated sphaerophorin, pannarin and epiphorellic acid-1 from Sphaerophorus globosus, different species of the genus Psoroma (Psoroma reticulatum, P. pulchrum, P. palladium) and Cornicularia epiphorella, respectively [2,3]. In this work, we evaluated, in cell free systems, the effect of lichen compounds on pBR322 DNA cleavage induced by nitric oxide and by hydroxyl radicals, generated from UV-photolysis of hydrogen peroxide, and their superoxide anion scavenging capacity. In addition, we investigated the growth inhibitory activity of these natural compounds against a human melanoma cell line (M14). Under our experimental conditions, sphaerophorin, pannarin and epiphorellic acid-1 showed a protective effect on DNA damage and exhibited a superoxide dismutase like effect, but only sphaerophorin and pannarin were able to reduce significantly (p<0.001) the vitality of M14 cells, inducing apoptotic cell death, as demonstrated by the high fragmentation of genomic DNA and by a significant increase (p<0.001) of caspase-3 activity.

Topic: Lichen and fungal ecology
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
THE REPRESENTATION OF BEAUTY STANDARDS REFLECTED IN THE MOVIE I FEEL PRETTY 2018

The objective of this study is to identify indications of beauty standards and elucidate the portrayal of beauty standards through visual and audio elements in the movie I Feel Pretty. This study employs a descriptive qualitative research design to explore comprehensively the representation of beauty standards as reflected in the subject of this research, the movie I Feel Pretty. The data collection procedures employed in this research are observation, documentation, and literature study. The obtained data were analyzed using Roland Barthes' semiotic model, which consists of denotation, connotation, and myth. This model describes and connects the representation of beauty standards with existing signs or symbols. The results of this research on the first level examine the reality of appearance, namely clothing, expression, environment, and dialog. The second level of representation displays the meaning codes that refer to the sign. The third ideological level builds upon the previous stages by delving deeper into the meanings of all existing elements. The movie I Feel Pretty (2018) critiques the demands of the social system by examining the concept of female beauty standards.

Topic: Media, Gender, and Advertising
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Use of Old Stories and ‘New’ Possibilities - For the Beautiful Farewell and Reunion of Old Stories and Fairy Tales

옛이야기의 활용의 새로운 가능성을 어떻게 마련할 수 있을까? 본 논문은 이 점을 비판적 관점에서 고찰한 것이다. 주지하다시피 옛이야기는 초등교육의 재제 및 창작 동화의 소재로 지속적으로 활용되어 왔다. 그런데 일제강점기에 형성된, ‘옛이야기=전래동화’라는 잘못된 인식이 아동문학계 및 초등교육계에 만연되어 있어서, 현재에 이르기까지 심각한 문제점을 발생시키고 있다. 옛이야기 저자인 것처럼 행세하기, 옛이야기인 것처럼 소개하기, 옛이야기인 것처럼 교육하기 등이 그것이다. 그리고 옛이야기의 표현이나 소재를 이용한 동화 창작을 ‘옛이야기의 올바른 활용법’이라고 생각하는 경향이 아동문학계에 널리 퍼져 있고, 이렇게 해서 창작된 동화들을 ‘창작옛이야기’라고 지칭하자는 주장까지 제기되고 있는데, 이 역시 옛이야기와 전래동화를 동일시하는 데서 발생한 문제점이라고 할 수 있다. 그렇다면 이런 문제점들을 어떻게 시정할 수 있을까? 필자는 옛이야기가 활용되어 온 역사에서 그 시사점을 얻을 수 있다고 본다. 옛이야기는 고전소설의 형성과 발전에 크게 기여해 왔으면서도, 고전소설과 동일시되지 않았고, 역사의 전면에서도 사라지지 않은 채 그 독자적 면모를 계속해서 유지해 왔기 때문이다. 따라서 옛이야기는 옛이야기대로, 동화는 동화대로 그 독자성을 인정하여, 상호 독자적이고 대등한 관계로 되돌려놓는 것이야말로, 앞서의 여러 문제점을 해결하는 근본적 열쇠가 된다고 할 수 있다. 말하자면 아동문학계, 초등교육계에서 옛이야기를 ‘새롭게’ 활용하기 위해서는, 옛이야기와 동화의 아름다운 이별과 재회의 과정을 순차적으로 논의해야 할 것이라고 본다. 이를 창작 동화의 경우에 한정해 설명하자면, 옛이야기의 소재, 표현뿐만 아니라 그 본질(구술성, 또는 구술성의 정신역학)까지를 담아내는 쪽으로 창작의 방향을 정하는 게 마땅할 것이다. 그래야 옛이야기의 독자적 성격을 제대로 담아내는 동화 창작이 실현될 수 있고, 그런 동화들이야말로 옛이야기와는 별개의 성격을 갖는 독자적 작품으로 평가될 수 있을 것이기 때문이다. 그리고 그런 동화들은 ‘창작옛이야기’가 아니라, ‘옛이야기동화’라는 동화의 한 하위 갈래로 지칭될 수 있을 것이다. 아동문학계에서는 동화의 소재에 따라 역사동화, 현실동화처럼 그 하위 갈래를 명명하는 게 일반적이기 때문이다. 앞으로 일제강점기에 형성된 옛이야기와 동화의 잘못된 관계를 바로 잡을 수 있는 구체적, 체계적 연구가 활발하게 이뤄질 수 있기를 기대한다.

Topic: Folklore, Mythology, and Literature Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The Advantage and Impact of CIRC-Typed and Problem-Based Cooperative Learning Models on Students’ Mathematical Argument

Mathematics learning in undergraduate education level mostly used group discussion and problem-based approach.Hence, every undergraduate student should have good argumentation skill.However, they often felt difficult to construct and propose their mathematical arguments.Therefore, this study applied cooperative learning model which type referred to Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) and Problem-Based Learning (PBL).This study aimed to describe whether or not the difference of students' argumentation skills between those using CIRC and those using PBL:, in addition to showing the cause of such difference.It was an experimental research with randomized control group pretest and posttest design.Two classes were used as experiment classes, and another one class was used as control class.One experiment class applied CIRC and another one applied problem-based learning method, while the control class applied conventional learning.90 students participated as the sample of this study.The instrument was test of mathematical argumentation skill.The result found that (1) the students' mathematical argumentation skills were not significantly different between those using CIRC and those using Problem-Based Learning method; (2) the students' mathematical argumentation skills were not significantly different between those using CIRC and those using conventional method; (3) the students' mathematical argumentation skills were significantly different between those using PBL and those using conventional method.Hence, CIRC and PBL brought effects to students' mathematical argumentation skills.

Topic: Mathematics Education and Pedagogy
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Resources used for study o the Inter-sectionalities between social perceptions and behaviors on disability and the lives of Persons living with disability in Kigali, Rwanda.

This data includes interview guides, images portraying the lack of accessibility for persons with disabilities across Kigali, Rwanda as well as merged responses from survey and focus group discussion.

Topic: Interpreting and Communication in Healthcare
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Characterization of Udp-Glucuronate Partitioning in Androgen-Dependent and Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Reveals Trends for Therapeutic Targets

Prostate epithelial cells rely on a tight balance of androgens to regulate male reproduction, development, and function. To maintain ideal androgen levels, prostatespecific UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) 2B15 and 2B17 use UDP-glucuronate (UDP-glcA) to inactivate and solubilize excess androgens for elimination. UDP-glcA is generated from UDP-glucose by a two-step NAD+-dependent oxidation catalyzed by UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH). Androgen stimulated UGDH drives UDP-glcA production and UGT-catalyzed glucuronidation. Here we evaluated glucuronidation potential by characterizing UDP-glcA flux towards androgen glucuronidation. First, an isogenic LNCaP model was used to compare the response of an androgen dependent versus castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) to available androgens. Despite a significantly lower glucuronide output, LNCaP 81 cells expressed higher levels of UGDH, UGT2B15, and UGT2B17. However, these cells exhibited blunted liganddependent AR gene response, observed in the magnitude of androgen-activated UGDH and PSA and androgen-repressed UGT2B15/17 expression. Furthermore, ligandactivated binding of AR to the PSA promoter was significantly reduced in the CRPC cells. Steady state and androgen-responsive metabolite analysis revealed channeling of UDP-glcA through the proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic pathways (instead of androgen glucuronidation), leading to increased surface expression of Notch1. Knocking down UGDH in an androgen-dependent line removed Notch1 and increased the glucuronide output. The second part of this study characterized UGDH’s role in androgen glucuronidation. Steady state and androgen-dependent analyses of steroid clearance in a UGDH knockdown context were performed. The steady state knockdown of UGDH resulted in increased androgen-mediated PSA and UGT2B17 expression, androgen-glucuronide production, and decreased UDP-glcA accumulation. UGDH knockdown also showed increased magnitude of ligand-dependent AR gene expression, particularly with a 5-6-fold stimulation of PSA expression, 55% greater repression of UGT2B17 compared to the controls as well as increased ligand-dependent androgen glucuronidation. Surprisingly, prolonged depletion of exogenous androgens increased expression of the steroid clearing enzymes and the androgen-glucuronides. However, subsequent treatment (48 h) with saturating steroids revealed a higher ligand-dependent AR gene response and a more pronounced prioritization to glucuronidation. Finally, UGDH knockdown stunted androgen-dependent cell growth regardless of available androgens. Overall, these results characterize androgen regulated UDP-glucuronate partitioning and glucuronidation potential.

Topic: Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Akurasi dalam Identifikasi Penyakit Sapi Pesisir Menggunakan Metode Forward Chaining

Coastal cattle are livestock that have economic value, such as selling beef and cattle breeds. Cow disease can cause the quality of its sales to decrease. This study aims to help cattle breeders to determine the type of cow disease, from the symptoms that exist in these cows. So that the prevention of the risk of cow disease can be avoided. All data used are sourced from experts. In determining the type of disease in cows, the Forward Chaining method is used. The fact-finding technique is then put into the predetermined rules to get a conclusion. Making a website based expert system makes it easy for breeders to access it online. The accuracy of the system has been tested by related parties so as to produce fast and efficient information. From research, it can help breeders in diagnosing the symptoms experienced by cows and the test results can detect the type of disease accurately.

Topic: Edcuational Technology Systems
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Steady-State Growth and the Elasticity of Substitution

In a neoclassical economy with endogenous capital- and labor-augmenting technical change the steady-state growth rate of output per worker is shown to increase in the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. This confirms the assessment of Klump and de La Grandville (2000) that the elasticity of substitution is a powerful engine of economic growth. However, unlike their findings my result applies to the steady-state growth rate. Moreover, it does not hinge on particular assumptions on how aggregate savings come about. It holds for any household sector allowing savings to grow at the same rate as aggregate output.

Topic: Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences