jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Observations on Southern White Rhinoceros <i>Ceratotherium simum simum</i> Translocated to Uganda

Translocation is increasingly common in conservation but remains controversial due, in part, to limited information. Here, in a brief study, we consider the translocation of the southern white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum simum to a fenced 64-km 2 reserve in Uganda (a replacement for the locally extinct native northern subspecies, Ceratotherium simum cottoni). We examined the condition, behavior, and habitat use of two female-calf groups. Rhinos were least active during the early afternoon. Both groups spent more time feeding in Microchloa kunthii grasslands than expected given the small extent of such areas but spent most time in the more abundant woodlands and Hyparrhenia grasslands. The small ranges of the two groups, 11.8 and 9.0 km 2 (100 h of observations over a 1-month period in 2011), and their apparent good health suggest satisfactory feeding conditions. Reassuringly, we identify no concerns but also note that our judgments are constrained by limited information and guidance. There is scope for novel observations, for example, our observations suggest that mothers lead calves more frequently in habitats with reduced visibility versus more open habitats. Every translocation is an experiment, but lessons will be lost without greater emphasis on transparency and assessments.

Topic: Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Multiple Cervical Artery Dissection

Background and Purpose— Little is known about factors contributing to multiple rather than single cervical artery dissections (CeAD) and their associated prognosis. Methods— We compared the baseline characteristics and short-term outcome of patients with multiple to single CeAD included in the multicenter Cervical Artery Dissection and Ischemic Stroke Patients (CADISP) study. Results— Among the 983 patients with CeAD, 149 (15.2%) presented with multiple CeAD. Multiple CeADs were more often associated with cervical pain at admission (odds ratio [OR], 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–2.30), a remote history of head or neck surgery (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.16–3.00), a recent infection (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.12–2.61), and cervical manipulation (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.26–3.95). On imaging, cervical fibromuscular dysplasia (OR, 3.97; 95% CI, 2.04–7.74) and the presence of a pseudoaneurysm (OR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.86–4.57) were more often seen in patients with multiple CeAD. The presence of multiple rather than single CeAD had no effect on functional 3-month outcome (modified Rankin Scale score, ≥3; 12% in multiple CeAD versus 11.9% in single CeAD; OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.60–2.41). Conclusions— In the largest published series of patients with CeAD, we highlighted significant differences between multiple and single artery involvement. Features suggestive of an underlying vasculopathy (fibromuscular dysplasia) and environmental triggers (recent infection, cervical manipulation, and a remote history of head or neck surgery) were preferentially associated with multiple CeAD.

Topic: Intracranial Aneurysms: Treatment and Complications
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effects of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Flowering of Gymnocalycium baldianum

【Objective】The study aims to screen out the types, concentrations and application methods of plant growth regulators that can effectively promote early flowering and improve flowering uniformity of Gymnocalycium baldianum, and provide technical support for the regulation of flowering period of G. baldianum.【Method】With uniform seed balls of G. baldianum as test materials, the effects of different concentrations (100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/L) of paclobutrazol, uniconazole, indoleacetic acid and gibberellin on its flowering was explored.【Result】Spraying 100-800 mg/L paclobutrazol, uniconazole and indoleacetic acid solutions had no significant difference in the colour of seed balls, seed ball diameter increment, number of flowers and flowering rate. However, these three plant growth regulators could promote the early flowering of G. baldianum within a appropriate concentration range. The treatment of 100 mg/L paclobutrazol had the best result, which bloomed about 9.0 days earlier than that under water treatment. It could reach the full blooming period within 11.7 days, which was about 20.0 days shorter than that under water treatment, and the flowering had better uniformity. While the 100-800 mg/L gibberellin solution had an inhibitory effect on the flowering of G. baldianum, however, it could promote vegetative growth. The ball size, the number of thorns in the thorn seat, the thorn length, and the mass of the thorn seat all increased, and the colour of the seed ball was greener.【Conclusion】The study results can provide technological support for promoting the early flowering of G. baldianum and improving the uniformity of flowering. At the same time, it can improve the ornamental characters of G. baldianum according to individual needs, and improve its ornamental value, which has great significance to increase market share furtherly.

Topic: Flowering Plant Growth and Cultivation
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Important Changes in the ACLS 2000 Guidelines for the Management of Cardiac Arrest

This feature examines the impact of pharmacologic interventions on the treatment of the critically ill patient—an area of health care that has become increasingly complex. It will review recent advances (including evolving and controversial data) in drug therapy for adult ICU patients and assess these new modalities in terms of clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes.

Topic: Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Function and expression of checkpoint inhibitors and immune agonists on immune cells in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) and MM and tumor-specific T lymphocytes.

11577 Background: Characterization of expression and function of immune regulatory molecules in tumor microenvironment will provide the framework for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Methods: We evaluated the expression and functional impact of various immuno-regulatory molecules, PD-1, PDL-1, PDL-2, LAG3, TIM3, OX40 and GITR, on the CD138 + tumor cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and T cell subsets from patients with MGUS, SMM and active MM (newly diagnosed, relapsed, relapsed/refractory), and the myeloma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) induced with XBP1/CD138/CS1 peptides. Results: PDL-1/PDL-2 was more highly expressed on CD138 + myeloma cells in active MM than SMM or MGUS. G-type MDSC (CD11b + CD33 + HLA-DR low CD15 + ). Treg cells (CD3 + CD4 + /CD25 + FOXP3 + ) numbers were increased and expressed higher levels of PD1/PD-L1 in active MM than in MGUS, SMM or healthy donors. Among the checkpoint molecules (PD-1, PDL-1, PDL-2, LAG3, OX40, GITR) evaluated, PD-1 showed the highest expression on CD3 + CD4 + and CD3 + CD8 + T cells in BMMC and PBMC from patients with active MM. Functionally, T cells from MM patients showed increased proliferation upon treatment with an individual immune agonist ( &gt; 150%) or checkpoint inhibitor ( &gt; 100%). Interestingly, each individual anti-checkpoint molecule induced proliferation of T cells expressing other checkpoint molecules. In addition, the blockade of PD1, LAG3 or TIM3 enhanced MM antigen-specific cytotoxicity, assessed by parameters including CD107a, granzyme B and IFN-g production, which was most prominent within the memory CTL subset of MM antigen-specific T cells. Conclusions: These results demonstrate an increased frequency of immune regulatory cells, which highly express checkpoint inhibitors in active MM. Direct stimulation with an immune agonist or blockade of a checkpoint inhibitor increased MM patients’ T cell proliferation and myeloma-specific CTL function, supporting development of combination immune regulatory therapies to improve patient outcome in MM.

Topic: Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Essential Tremor

Tremor is a common neurologic symptom and should be distinguished from other movement disorders that may superficially resemble tremor. In addition, essential tremor, a primary tremor disorder consisting of bilateral upper limb action tremor, is commonly misdiagnosed. A careful history and clinical examination for other neurologic findings, such as bradykinesia, dystonia, or evidence of peripheral neuropathy, can reveal potential alternative etiologies of tremor. Drug-induced tremor and metabolic disturbances should always be considered in patients with recent-onset tremor. Oral pharmacotherapies, including propranolol and primidone, are mainstays of treatment, whereas DBS and focused ultrasound thalamotomy can be offered to alleviate disabling, medication-refractory tremor. Novel oral pharmacologic agents, noninvasive stimulation for tremor, and botulinum toxin injections for hand and head tremor need further study but may serve as potential future treatment options.

Topic: Neurological disorders and treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Metabolic Stridor: A Case Report

The clinical features of severe hypokalaemia include constipation, ileus, ventricular and atrial tachycardias, weakness, hypotonicity and rarely an ascending motor paralysis with ventilatory failure. We describe a patient who presented with severe diarrhoea, hypokalaemic normal anion gap metabolic acidosis and hypophosphataemia. He developed stridor and respiratory failure following early correction of his hypokalaemia which was successfully managed with endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation and further correction of his fluid and electrolyte abnormalities.

Topic: Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Discriminating Paradoxical and Psychophysiological Insomnia Based on Structural and Functional Brain Images: A Preliminary Machine Learning Study

Insomnia disorder (ID) is a prevalent mental illness. Several behavioral and neuroimaging studies suggested that ID is a heterogenous condition with various subtypes. However, neurobiological alterations in different subtypes of ID are poorly understood. We aimed to assess whether unimodal and multimodal whole-brain neuroimaging measurements can discriminate two commonly described ID subtypes (i.e., paradoxical and psychophysiological insomnia) from each other and healthy subjects. We obtained T1-weighted images and resting-state fMRI from 34 patients with ID and 48 healthy controls. The outcome measures were grey matter volume, cortical thickness, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation, degree centrality, and regional homogeneity. Subsequently, we applied support vector machines to classify subjects via unimodal and multimodal measures. The results of the multimodal classification were superior to those of unimodal approaches, i.e., we achieved 81% accuracy in separating psychophysiological vs. control, 87% for paradoxical vs. control, and 89% for paradoxical vs. psychophysiological insomnia. This preliminary study provides evidence that structural and functional brain data can help to distinguish two common subtypes of ID from each other and healthy subjects. These initial findings may stimulate further research to identify the underlying mechanism of each subtype and develop personalized treatments for ID in the future.

Topic: Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Influence of the Invasive Earthworm Eisenia nana (Lumbricidae) on the Content of Water-Soluble Forms of Cations (NH4+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+) in Soil

Using a field simulation experiment in mesocosms, the influence of epi-endogeic earthworms was assessed, invasive E. nana and native E. nordenskioldi (in monopopulations and when kept together), on the availability of cations (NH4+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+) in soil. A significant effect of both species on the increase in the content of sodium ions in the 10–15 cm soil layer relative to the control without worms, differences between the E. nana and E. nordenskioldi monovariants in the content of magnesium and calcium ions in the 0–5 cm layer, and a significant effect of the interaction of species on an increase in the availability of ammonium in the 20–30 cm layer.

Topic: Invertebrate Taxonomy and Ecology
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Enhanced Carbachol‐Mediated Relaxation in Aorta of Mice Lacking the Potassium Channel TWIK‐2

TWIK‐2, a member of the Two‐Pore Domain K channel family, is highly expressed in the vascular system, however the function is unknown. We hypothesized that TWIK‐2 is involved with regulating vascular tone in arteries and tested this hypothesis on animals lacking TWIK‐2 (KO). Body composition analyses and blood pressures were similar in the KO and wild type (WT) mice. Isolated arteries were evaluated by wire myography. The tension in response to 60 mM KCl was enhanced in the TWIK‐2 KO. However, constrictor responses to phenylephrine and U46619, a thromboxane A2 mimetic, were similar. Relaxation to carbachol, an acetylcholine analog, was measured after precontraction with phenylephrine (0.5 μM). Arteries from KO animals showed that dose dependent relaxations to carbachol were enhanced by 37% (n=5, p&lt;0.01). The NO‐synthase inhibitor, L‐NAME (100 μM), abolished the relaxations to carbachol in both strains. In summary, our data indicates that TWIK‐2 does have a role in regulating arterial tone. Additional studies are ongoing to determine the specific mechanism of TWIK‐2 in regulating vascular tone. This work was supported by research grants R01 NS 46666 and NS 038660.

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
“Communitas in Crisis”: An Autoethnography of Psychosis Under Lockdown

In this article, I use autoethnography to examine time spent on an acute psychiatric ward during the COVID-19 lockdown. I employ the device of “communitas in crisis” to emphasize the precarious nature of this experience and the extent to which, for myself at least, informal social interactions with fellow patients and “communitas” were significant features of my hospital experience and subsequent discharge. I suggest that a lack of emphasis on inpatient to inpatient relationships in the recovery literature is an omission and a reflection of psychiatry’s authority struggles with both service users and professionals, along with a general perception of psychosis as individual rather than as a socially constructed phenomenon. I also suggest that, especially in the wake of greater social distancing, mental health and social services should safeguard against psychological and social isolation by creating more spaces for struggling people to interact without fear or prejudice.

Topic: Mental Health and Psychiatry
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Hydrophobic Surfactant Proteins SP-B and SP-C: Special Analytical Problems

The primary structures and posttranslational modifications of the two major hydrophobic surfactant proteins have been determined by chemical means. They were found to be entirely different for the two molecules and presented special analytical problems. The solubility properties, the presence of extremely hydrophobic polypeptide segments, the existence of truncated forms, and the covalent linkage of fatty acids severely complicated ordinary analyses. This necessitated the use of modified methods.

Topic: Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
WHO International Standards and Reference Preparations for Cytokines and Growth Factors

The ability to quantify the activity of cytokines is an essential part of experimental and clinical investigation and is largely dependent upon the availability of suitable cytokine standards and reference reagents. The International Cytokine and Interferon Society (ICIS) Standards Committee was established to make recommendations regarding interferon and cytokine standards and standardization to the ICIS membership, and thereby to the international cytokine scientific community. The Committee works closely with the World Health Organization (WHO), the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Biodefense and Emerging Infections Resources Repository (BEI Resources), pharmaceutical manufacturers, and regulatory agencies. The Committee includes members from several of these organizations. The role that the Committee plays as a source of information and recommendations to the ICIS membership, and to the international cytokine scientific community as a whole, is very much dependent upon suitable standards and reference materials being made available by the NIBSC. Similarly, the Standardization and Nomenclature Committee of the ICIS reviews the need for cytokine standards and their usage. With the expanding role of cytokines and growth factors in the development and manufacture of biotechnology-derived products, for example, monoclonal antibodies targeting cytokines/growth factors, biosimilar medicines, cell and/or gene therapy products, the need for suitable standards is increasing.

Topic: Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Progress and Tradeoffs in Neural Language Models

In recent years, we have witnessed a dramatic shift towards techniques driven by neural networks for a variety of NLP tasks. Undoubtedly, neural language models (NLMs) have reduced perplexity by impressive amounts. This progress, however, comes at a substantial cost in performance, in terms of inference latency and energy consumption, which is particularly of concern in deployments on mobile devices. This paper, which examines the quality-performance tradeoff of various language modeling techniques, represents to our knowledge the first to make this observation. We compare state-of-the-art NLMs with "classic" Kneser-Ney (KN) LMs in terms of energy usage, latency, perplexity, and prediction accuracy using two standard benchmarks. On a Raspberry Pi, we find that orders of increase in latency and energy usage correspond to less change in perplexity, while the difference is much less pronounced on a desktop.

Topic: Topic Modeling
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
ALT1^ (MEINE DGS – annotiert. Öffentliches Korpus der Deutschen Gebärdensprache, 1. Release)

Ein Type aus der Annotation von MEINEDGS mit allen seinen Tokens aus MEINEDGS: The Public DGS Corpus consists of more than 50 hours of video data from the DGS-Korpus project made available together with annotations for research purposes. In this project, data were collected all across Germany in the timeframe 2010-2012. The public corpus shows 330 informants in 4 different age groups (from 18 years on) from 13 different regions. All parts are conversations between two informants in German Sign Language (DGS). The majority of transcripts included cover discussions and reports on Deaf life and personal experiences, although there are examples of other tasks such as story retellings as well.<br>Transcripts are made available in iLex and ELAN format as well as in SRT subtitles format that can be imported in MaxQDA and other analysis tools, together with the mp4 video files in 360p50. Diese DOI identifiziert die Version 1.0 des Datensatzes.

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Fidaxomicin (Dificid), a Novel Oral Macrocyclic Antibacterial Agent For the Treatment of Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea in Adults.

As its name suggests, Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea (CDAD) is a common infection caused by the toxin-producing bacterium C. difficile. The infection can result in inflammation and cellular damage in the colon, leading to potentially severe complications, including enterocolitis with toxic megacolon, and possible death.1–3 CDAD accounts for more than $1.1 billion in health care costs each year in the U.S.3–6 The disease is usually associated with antimicrobial exposure, gastrointestinal (GI) surgery, advanced age, a compromised immune system, and long stays in health care settings, among other risk factors (Table 1).5,7–9 Between 1999 and 2004, the mortality rate associated with CDAD increased from 5.7 to 23.7 deaths per 1 million people in the U.S.10 Individuals become infected if they touch items or surfaces contaminated with the bacteria or spores and then touch their mouths.5



Table 1

Risk Factors for Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea



For decades, therapies for CDAD have been studied in numerous comparative randomized trials, but current treatment guidelines favor metronidazole and oral vancomycin (Vancocin, ViroPharma).5,11,12 Current guidelines from Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) state that vancomycin is the drug of choice for the treatment of severe CDAD, whereas metronidazole is the drug of choice for mild-to-moderate CDAD.13 Because of concerns about emerging vancomycin-resistant enterococci and cost, however, metronidazole may be preferred.2,14–16

In May 2011, the FDA approved fidaxomicin (Dificid, Optimer Pharmaceuticals) for the treatment of CDAD based on recent data from a large phase 3 trial that compared fidamoxacin with vancomycin in infected patients.17 Fidaxomicin is the first antibacterial agent approved for CDAD in nearly 30 years.

According to the drug’s labeling, fidaxomicin should be used only for infections that are known or are strongly suspected to be caused by C. difficile to avoid the development of drug-resistant bacteria, which would lessen the effectiveness of fidaxomicin.17 To date, fidaxomicin and vancomycin are the only medications approved for the treatment of CDAD.

No prophylactic therapies are used in patients with CDAD, but preventive measures include the judicious use of antibacterial agents, thorough hand-washing between patient contacts, cautious handling of an infected patient or of items in the patient’s immediate environment, proper disinfection of objects, education of staff members, and isolation of the infected patient.7

Topic: Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Positioning and Location-Aware Communications for Modern Railways with 5G New Radio

Providing high-capacity radio connectivity for high-speed trains (HSTs) is one of the most important use cases of emerging 5G New Radio (NR) networks. In this article, we show that 5G NR technology can also facilitate high-accuracy continuous localization and tracking of HSTs. Furthermore, we describe and demonstrate how the NR network can utilize the continuous location information for efficient beam-management and beamforming, as well as for downlink Doppler precompensation in the single-frequency network context. Additionally, with particular focus on millimeter wave networks, novel concepts for low-latency intercarrier interference (ICI) estimation and compensation, due to residual Doppler and oscillator phase noise, are described and demonstrated. The provided numerical results at 30 GHz operating band show that sub-meter positioning and sub-degree beam-direction accuracies can be obtained with very high probabilities in the order of 95-99%. The results also show that the described Doppler precompensation and ICI estimation and cancellation methods substantially improve the throughput of the single-frequency HST network.

Topic: Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences