jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Molecular Mechanisms of Raccoon Rabies Virus Progression in Its Natural Host

Rabies virus presents a global public health problem. Our current understanding of the molecular determinants of rabies virulence stems from rodent models and laboratory strains of the virus, however, it is unclear how well rodent models represent viral response in natural reservoirs. Here, we examined interactions between the raccoon variant of rabies virus (RRV) and its natural host, raccoons, to gain a better understanding of molecular determinants of virulence in this system. We found expression patterns of RRV genes under tight control until the virus reached the central nervous system where replication increased significantly. Further, our examination of viral variants within an individual revealed that variant diversity may have an effect on virulence. We found that a mutation at a region of a T helper cell epitope on the nucleoprotein was associated with viral challenge outcomes and could be associated with RRV pathogenicity.

Topic: Rabies epidemiology and control
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
An integrated model of clinical reasoning: dual‐process theory of cognition and metacognition

Abstract Rationale and aim Clinical reasoning is an important component for providing quality medical care. The aim of the present paper is to develop a model of clinical reasoning that integrates both the non‐analytic and analytic processes of cognition, along with metacognition. Method The dual‐process theory of cognition (system 1 non‐analytic and system 2 analytic processes) and the metacognition theory are used to develop an integrated model of clinical reasoning. Results In the proposed model, clinical reasoning begins with system 1 processes in which the clinician assesses a patient's presenting symptoms, as well as other clinical evidence, to arrive at a differential diagnosis. Additional clinical evidence, if necessary, is acquired and analysed utilizing system 2 processes to assess the differential diagnosis, until a clinical decision is made diagnosing the patient's illness and then how best to proceed therapeutically. Importantly, the outcome of these processes feeds back, in terms of metacognition's monitoring function, either to reinforce or to alter cognitive processes, which, in turn, enhances synergistically the clinician's ability to reason quickly and accurately in future consultations. Conclusions The proposed integrated model has distinct advantages over other models proposed in the literature for explicating clinical reasoning. Moreover, it has important implications for addressing the paradoxical relationship between experience and expertise, as well as for designing a curriculum to teach clinical reasoning skills.

Topic: Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
Subfield: Family Practice
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Symptomatic Immunologic Thrombocytopenic PurpuraAssociation with Virus DisordersProbably only chronic thrombocytopenic purpura is truly idiopathic. The acute form is often preceded by a "viral" infection, particularly the exanthematous infections of children, and may therefore have a clear etiology.Viruses have been associated with thrombocytopenia in various ways. Recent studies, including those of me and my co-workers,10, 78 have shown that human blood platelets contain large amounts of sialic acid (assumed to be the virus receptor) and that myxoviruses are adsorbed to and eluted from blood platelets. In this process of adsorption and elution blood platelets undergo severe morphologic changes and . . .

Topic: Platelet Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
How to Investigate the Temporalities of Health

This paper examines the way in which different temporalities interact in the production of health risks and the "risk identities" that they entail. My point of departure is contemporary health research, practice and policy and its focus on categories based on the calculation of a probability of developing a given condition—risk conditions—rather than on the clinical detection of existing signs of such conditions. The emergence of this new form of medicine means that "illness […] comes to inhabit a temporal space" (ARMSTRONG, 1995), in which potential events in the future are identified, managed and experienced in the present. The paper explores the complex processes that structure this "temporal space" through an analysis of two case studies: the technical controversies around hypertension and prodromal or preclinical dementia. It does so by analysing the dynamics of these controversies and suggesting that they are underpinned by a diversity of contrasting, yet interrelated calculations of the temporal. I start by considering how, in the health care domain, the emergence of what has been called the neoliberal form of governmentality (LEMKE, 2001) is predicated upon calculative practices that are themselves sustained by an intensification of epidemiological surveillance, screening and routine measurement of health indicators. In this section, I argue that the comparison between the two cases included in the paper is essential to understand how two categories which seem to belong to the same late modern, neoliberal form of organising embodiment and political subjectivity differently deploy the temporalities that govern "risk identities". In the main sections, I describe three different ways in which hypertension and prodromal dementia are understood: as a population problem, as an economic problem, and as a problem of professional labour. In the conclusion, I examine how the different temporalities deployed by these knowledge practices are mutually dependent, and draft some possible implications of this conclusion for further research on health risk and identity. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0701139

Topic: Mental Health and Psychiatry
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Quartz Crystal Microbalance-Based Aptasensors for Medical Diagnosis

Aptamers are important materials for the specific determination of different disease-related biomarkers. Several methods have been enhanced to transform selected target molecule-specific aptamer bindings into measurable signals. A number of specific aptamer-based biosensors have been designed for potential applications in clinical diagnostics. Various methods in combination with a wide variety of nano-scale materials have been employed to develop aptamer-based biosensors to further increase sensitivity and detection limit for related target molecules. In this critical review, we highlight the advantages of aptamers as biorecognition elements in biosensors for target biomolecules. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that electrode material plays an important role in obtaining quick, label-free, simple, stable, and sensitive detection in biological analysis using piezoelectric devices. For this reason, we review the recent progress in growth of aptamer-based QCM biosensors for medical diagnoses, including virus, bacteria, cell, protein, and disease biomarker detection.

Topic: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
How to De-Escalate a Cyber Conflict

De-escalation of a cyber conflict can be substantially more difficult than de-escalation of a conventional military conflict. This paper will first explain the reasons why de-escalation of a cyber conflict can be so difficult, and then present a list of suggestions about how to overcome these specific difficulties.

Topic: Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Updated study of peripartum cardiomyopathy and preeclampsia

HIGHLIGHTS 1. Cardiovascular disease that occurs during pregnancy is the peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM).2. Literature on the association between preeclampsia (PE) and PPCM was reviewed.3. It was not certain whether PE is the independent risk factor of PPCM or an early predictor of PPCM development. ABSTRACT Objectives: This paper aims to review the literature related to peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) and preeclampsia (PE) in order to know their frequency and relationship and the current knowledge on their pathophysiology and management. Materials and Methods: The articles reviewed in this study were primary clinical studies published around 2016 and 2021, retrieved using Google Scholar and PUBMED databases. After several evaluations, 14-full-text studies written in English were examined. Results: Overall prevalence of PE in PPCM cases varied, about 9.9% - 44% in the individual studies. The lactation hormone prolactin and placental-derived anti-angiogenic factor soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), which had been known to be able to cause cardiac dysfunction, were elevated in both PE and PPCM. This partly explained the pathophysiology that the incidence of concurrent PE in women diagnosed with PPCM was four times more than that in the general population. Conclusion: Epidemiologic studies showed significant overlap between PE and PPCM patients. However, there were not enough good quality data to fully draw conclusions about the relationship between PE and PPCM, whether PE as the independent risk factor of PPCM or an early predictor of PPCM development.

Topic: Cardiovascular Issues in Pregnancy
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Cannizzaro's atom-free stoichiometry

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCannizzaro's atom-free stoichiometryGeorge S. Morrison Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1976, 53, 11, 723Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1976Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 November 1976Published inissue 1 November 1976https://doi.org/10.1021/ed053p723RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views181Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (781 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Topic: Various Chemistry Research Topics
Subfield: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Characterization of few mode fiber components and connected systems

Methods for measurement of polarization dependent loss and cross talk of individual few mode fiber components and connected systems are presented. A new method for determining the cross talk of the individual components, from the measurements on the connected system is presented and verified through simulations and measurements. The method is based on Fourier analysis of the wavelength dependent interference of the loss of the system.

Topic: Optical Network Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Reporting Under International Human Rights Instruments by African Countries

In an address to the U.N. Commission on Human Rights on 31 January, 1994, the UN Under-Secretary-General for Human Rights stressed that the ratification of human rights instruments and die effective implementation of their provisions is fundamental in a world that aspires to the rule of law and the safeguard of fundamental freedoms. This followed the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations which reaffirmed that the effective implementation of the international human rights instruments is of major importance to the organization and urged all states that have not yet done so to become parties to the two International Covenants and to consider acceding to the Optional Protocols to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Topic: Human Rights and Development
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Hippocampal Slice Cultures

We have provided a detailed protocol for the preparation of interface hippocampal slice cultures from young mice or rats and have included modifications of the protocol necessary for culturing electrophysiologically viable slices from older animals. In addition to providing key points for successful measurements of synaptic function using electrophysiology, we have discussed approaches for studying models of neurological disease with hippocampal slice cultures. Future combination of the unique types of measurements afforded in slice cultures combined with the use of transgenic animals, exogenous reagent application, viral transfection, and the option to use slices from animals of different ages, promise to provide continued advances in understanding neural network phenotypes that may underlie neurological disease.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Medicalization of Criminal behavior among Mental Patients

The concept of medicalization suggests that a wider range of behaviors is becoming defined as legitimate for medical intervention. Through a comparison of the arrest rates of mental patients released during 1968 and 1975 with the general population rates, the relevance of this process to criminal behavior is examined. In both years the arrest rates for the patient groups exceeded those of the general population, these higher rates being explained by the increasing number of patients with prior police records. Patients without prior arrests had lower arrest rates after release than the general population for all crime categories except property crimes. Comparison of our data with data gathered on patients released in 1946-47 shows that over a 30-year period the proportion of males admitted to psychiatric facilities with police records has steadily and consistently increased. These findings are discussed within the framework of the increasing medicalization of society, with particular concern for adapting this concept to changes resulting from administrative pressures where corresponding changes in ideology are absent.

Topic: Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Application of transparent control on temperature control system

Stair-like dynamic matrix control (DMC) and PID were combined together to construct transparent control (TC) structure, and applied to the temperature control system. TC holds both the advantages of stair-like DMC and PID control. It can deal with model uncertainty and systems with dead time and constraints, thus is robust. The introduction of stair-like control strategy leads to reduction in computation. High speed sample of the inner PID controller makes it easy to suppress disturbances. The implementation of TC on the temperature control of the electric oven provides good results and shows excellent performance of TC structure.

Topic: Advanced Control Systems Optimization
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Application of a “Continuous‐Acquisition‐Method” to potassium isotope measurements by multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Rationale The very small mass difference between 41 K and 40 ArH + makes the flat, hydride interference‐free peak shoulders very narrow (0.002–0.003 m/z unit), bringing a number of analytical challenges when measuring K isotopic compositions by multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS). In traditional Sequence Run mode, the parameters are loaded every line of the sequence which can introduce tiny drifts of tune parameters and mass peaks. This may occasionally lead to the failure of K isotope measurements when mass drifts exceed 0.002 m/z unit. It is thus essential to keep the tune parameters, especially the magnet current, very stable to achieve high‐precision K isotopic compositions. Method We developed a “Continuous‐Acquisition‐Method” (CAM) MC‐ICP‐MS Run mode to improve the stability when determining K isotopes. Two sets of experiments were designed: (a) Stability test: measuring a single pure K solution (viz. NIST‐999c) for ~3 h and comparing the stability of the two run modes; and (b) GSB‐K test: measuring our inhouse pure K standard solution (GSB‐K) in both run modes and comparing the accuracy and precision. Results The traditional Sequence Run mode only kept the MC‐ICP‐MS system stable for the first ~1.5 h during the ~3‐h test, with an offset of the mass peaks of ~0.003 m/z unit. The CAM Run mode yielded higher stability during the whole test (~3 h), with a peak shift &lt;0.0004 m/z unit. Measurement of the GSB‐K standard solution in Sequence Run and CAM Run modes gives identical δ 41 K values when the magnet was kept stable, with the CAM Run mode offering a better precision and keeping the instrument stable for longer time. Conclusions The MC‐ICP‐MS CAM Run mode shows higher stability and better precision. It is, therefore, good for high‐precision K isotope measurements.

Topic: Isotope Analysis in Ecology
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Highly Efficient Volatile Organic Compounds Gas Sensor Based on Molybdenum Oxide Applied in Air Detection Inside Vehicles

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the major air pollutants inside vehicles. In this research, a highly sensitive gas sensor was developed based on an excellent sensing material and explored for VOCs sensing application. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were performed to evaluate the detailed structural features of sensing material. From the gas-sensing property tests to the three representative VOCs vapors, containing xylene, toluene and formaldehyde, the gas sensor fabricated from the exceptional sensing material significantly responses to the three VOCs vapors. In particular, the xylene response of the sensor is slightly larger than the other two gas response. Thus, the fabricated sensor could be a promising application for VOCs detection inside vehicles.

Topic: Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A new “marker” protein for astrocytes

A monoclonal antibody (Mab J1-31) has been produced by using human brain homogenate as immunogen in mouse. Double-label immunofluorescence microscopy on cryostat sections of human, rabbit and rat brain, reveals staining of cells that are also stained with antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a commonly used marker protein for astrocytes). However, there is no decrease in staining due to Mab J1-31 in sections incubated in antiserum to GFAP prior to incubation with the J1-31 ascites fluid. Immunoprecipitation of aqueous and detergent extracts of brain homogenate gives a single band at 30K by SDS PAGE followed by autoradiography. Immunoelectron microscopy shows that the J1-31 antigen is associated with the cytoskeleton. Thus, the Mab J1-31 recognizes a new protein present in GFAP positive cells (astrocytes) in the brain.

Topic: S100 Proteins and Annexins
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
An osteopathic approach to carpal tunnel syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common cause of medical and workforce-related expenses in the United States. It is also frustrating for patients who have difficulty using the affected hand, impairing their activities of daily living and decreasing their quality of life. By utilizing the philosophy of osteopathic medicine, providers can better implement a treatment plan by working with the patient to find one that incorporates all aspects of the patient’s environment. By using the practice of osteopathic manipulative therapy (OMT), osteopathic physicians can often effectively treat the patient’s symptoms without side effects found in medications. This is especially useful in patients who may be unable to take certain medications, such as pregnant patients. Other treatment modalities are also reviewed in this manuscript.

Topic: Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Results from a comparison of HCN measurements and Lagrangian backtrajectory analyses in the Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The StratoClim aircraft field campaign took place from Kathmandu, Nepal, in summer 2017 in&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;order to study the atmospheric composition, chemistry, and dynamics in the Asian Summer&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Monsoon Anticyclone (ASMA) which is known to transport surface emissions to the mid-latitude&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;lower stratosphere and the stratosphere worldwide. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) which is primarily&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;emitted from biomass burning and has a UTLS lifetime on the order of 1-2 years is a good tracer for&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;biomass burning import into the lower and free stratosphere.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;HCN in the ASM Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) was measured in-situ&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;employing the Chemical-Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer FUNMASS on board the&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;high-altitude research aircraft M55-Geophysica. The observed HCN mixing ratios in and above the&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;ASMA exhibit interesting vertical and horizontal signatures around the tropopause as well as in the&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;LS probably resulting from convective activity or air mass origin (AMO). We here compare&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;measured HCN to Lagrangian simulations by the ClaMS and TRACZILLA models which employ&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;two different approaches to represent higher-reaching convective events. The simulations succeed to&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;track some of the observed HCN features back to convective activity or AMO. The quality of the&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;reproduction and further outcomes on the atmospheric relevance will be discussed in the&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;presentation.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Topic: Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences