jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Mendelian diseases and conditions in Croatian island populations: historic records and new insights.

Among Croatian islands, there are several which are known for unusual autochthonous diseases and specific medical conditions that result from the reproductive isolation and specific population genetic structure. These populations are characterized by high degree of genetic isolation, consanguinity, and inbreeding. The reported diseases include Mal de Meleda on Mljet island, hereditary dwarfism on Krk island, familial learning disability on Susak island, familial ovarian cancer on Lastovo island, and several other rare diseases and conditions inherited in Mendelian fashion. We present a historical perspective on how these conditions were first described, interpreted, and assessed. We reviewed the information obtained through genetic research in the past several years, when the genetic etiology of some of these conditions was explained. The disease gene causing Mal de Meleda was first localized at 8q chromosome, and mutations in the ARS (component B) gene encoding SLURP-1 (secreted mammalian Ly-6/uPAR-related protein 1) protein were identified subsequently. The genetic etiology of dwarfism on the island of Krk is explained by a mutation in the PROP1 gene, responsible for the short stature. The search for mutations underlying other monogenic diseases in Croatian islands is under way.

Topic: Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Identification and biological characterization of the pathogen responsible for acute haemorrhagic disease in largemouth bass

To investigate the cause of mass mortality in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) at an aquaculture farm in Hubei due to acute hemorrhagic disease, a dominant bacterium named LY02 was isolated from the brain and major internal organs of diseased fishdise. A re-infection experiment confirmed that LY02 was the pathogenic bacterium responsible for the mass mortality. Histopathological studies revealed that the infection caused varying degrees of necrosis and congestion in the brain and major internal organs of the largemouth bass. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection showed that the LY02 isolate carried the toxin genes simA, pdi, sagA, and cfi. Whole-genome analysis identified LY02 as Streptococcus iniae, carrying 330 toxin factor-related genes and 164 resistance factor-related genes. LY02 was found to be highly sensitive to ceftizoxime, cefradine, cefotaxime, azithromycin, erythromycin, enoxacin, doxycycline, and netilmicin; moderately sensitive to norfloxacin and enrofloxacin; and resistant to gentamicin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tobramycin, and neomycin. This study is the first to isolate and identify S. iniae from infected largemouth bass, providing a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and prevention of acute hemorrhagic disease in this species.

Topic: Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
A 'Desi' Multinational –A Case Study Of Hindustan Unilever Limited

India has become a second home to many multinationals" over the years. The fact that India has second largest population in the world is alluring because it translates itself into a huge opportunity to encash for marketers across the globe. Hindustan Lever Limited which set foot as the subsidiary of Unilever has been one such multinational which has almost become a home grown brand. The strategies adopted by this corporate leaves no stone unturned in cashing in on the tiniest niche markets available. Reaching the four billion populations in the base of the pyramid markets has been a topic of research in recent times. Lot of exploratory and case studies have been made in this field. This paper is a study on the strategies developed by Hindustan Lever Limited which has been one of the most successful companies to foray into the emerging markets in South East Asia and successfully tapped the base of the pyramid in India. A case study using archival material and secondary information sources suggest that having a global lookout and one world one market strategy is not successful when attempting to cut into base of the pyramid segments in emerging markets. The critical aspect here is developing grassroots" connection and social empathy which should translate to a cooperative spirit which will leverage the strengths and overcome the weaknesses.

Topic: Indian Economic and Social Development
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
CosmoNote: A Web-based Citizen Science Tool for Annotating Music Performances

CosmoNote is a web-based citizen science tool for annotating musical structures, with a focus on structures created by the performer during expressive musical performance. The software interface enables the superimposition of synchronized discrete and continuous information layers which include note data representations, audio features such as loudness and tempo, and score features such as harmonic tension in a visual and audio environment. The tools provide the means for users to signal performance decisions such as segmentation and prominence using boundaries of varying strengths, regions, comments, and note groupings. User-friendly interaction features have been built in to facilitate ease of annotation; these include the ability to zoom in, listen to, and mark up specific segments of music. The data collected will be used to discover the vocabulary of performed music structures and to aid in the understanding of expressive choices and nuances.

Topic: Music and Audio Processing
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Endometriosis : a radiological review

Endometriosis is a chronic gynaecological disorder primarily affecting women of reproductive age of uncertain aetiology. It is pathologically defined as the presence of functioning endometrium outside the uterus. Its physical presentation, clinical course and radiological appearances are varied. Endometriosis most commonly affects the ovaries and adjacent pelvic structures. Deposits on serosal surfaces lead to fibrosis and subsequent adhesions, strictures and tubal obstruction. Ultrasound is useful in identifying and characterising adnexal endometriotic cysts by their characteristic ultrasonographic appearance including low level internal echoes. X-ray computed tomography plays a limited role in identification of an ovarian mass and sequelae of endometriosis such as bowel obstruction, pelvic effusions, ureteric obstruction and haemorrhagic pleural effusions. Magnetic resonance imaging plays an important role in characterising and quantifying adnexal and extra adnexal disease. It is particularly useful in identifying small deposits on the serosal surfaces of small and large bowel. These may appear as fibrotic linear areas or spiculate foci. Disease affecting the uterine ligaments and tubes often leads to obstructive hydrosalpinx with resultant sub fertility. Involvement of the urinary bladder and distal ureters may lead to stricturing and subsequent hydronephrosis. MRI is useful in characterising endometriotic deposits in unusual locations such as subcutaneous tissues and in relation to surgical scars. Disease of the pelvic side wall may involve the sacral plexus with resultant deep pelvic and lower limb referred pain. These sites are amenable to MRI investigation. MRI is playing an increasingly important role in the pre operative staging of endometriosis, enabling more focal targeting of disease during laparoscopy.

Topic: Endometriosis Research and Treatment
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Local parties, participation and campaigning in post-devolution Scotland

The main findings of the thesis are: Scotland’s local parties are poorly resourced, and rely heavily upon their members and activists to provide them with the facilities they need to continue operating; A degree of ambivalence is evident in local parties both about their place in intra-party relations, and in respect to the impact respondents felt their activities had upon various democratic indicators; Despite some short-term upward movement for two parties in the 1990s, the membership levels of Scottish constituency parties are currently on a downward trend; The membership recruitment and retention activities of Scotland’s constituency parties do not appear to lead to local organisations having higher memberships; Activist density is estimated in relation to membership size, voters and the constituency electorate as a whole. The picture that emerges is of only a small number of members being active between elections in each constituency, while the proportion of local activists to a party’s constituency voters and to the constituency electorate as a whole is also low; Assessment of activity levels demonstrates that sizeable proportions of each party’s organisations are classified as “paper branches” that are virtually inactive between elections. Local parties seem most active in terms of organisational maintenance activities such as holding meetings and fundraising. Where they claim to communicate with the electorate, relatively traditional activities such as leaflet delivery and newsletter publishing predominate; Local parties were relatively well prepared for the 2003 Scottish parliament election. By the simple indicator of numbers of election volunteers, levels of activity increased across all parties between the start and towards the end of the campaign; Constituency parties primarily ran mobilising campaigns in 2003. While they did make conversion efforts, canvassing and polling day activities revolved primarily around parties, own voter, not undecided voters. Campaign activities essentially revolved around traditional methods of campaigning, such as leaflet delivery, and largely failed to embrace ‘new’ or distinctively Scottish aspects of electioneering; Creation of an index of campaigning demonstrated that very few local organisations fell into the high effort category. Instead, the vast majority of each party’s associations were classified as expending medium effort on the 2003 campaign; The impact of various aspects of campaigning upon electoral outcomes was assessed. Particularly important for each party’s constituency organisations was the number of volunteers working for the local party towards the end of the campaign.

Topic: Scottish History and National Identity
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Sub-Bandgap States in Lead-Halide Perovskites Revealed by two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy

Methylammonium lead halide perovskites possess excellent properties for photovoltaic applications, with the power conversion efficiency of solar cell devices based on them exceeding 22%. [1] Being solution processed semiconductors, it is widely expected that the crystal structure contains many more defects compared to well-grown semiconductors. Surprisingly however, typical effects from traps (low fill factor, low open circuit voltage, and strong non-radiative recombination) are not observed in their photophysical properties [2,3]. In this work, we study iodide and bromide perovskites with two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) with -10 fs pulses spectrally covering the bandgap and sub-bandgap regions. Even though in linear absorption the onset of the excitonic peak and the band edge are very sharp, in 2DES we observe an instantaneous bandgap signal following sub-bandgap excitation extending down to the limit of our spectral coverage. The superior sensitivity of 2DES to detect these sub-bandgap states is due to the fact that absorption to a sub-bandgap electron trap state creates a hole in the valence band, which in turn generates a bleach signal of the very bright bandgap transition. [4] This observation was made for methylammonium lead iodide and bromide perovkites, showing that not only sub-bandgap states do exist, but that they can be populated by direct absorption. We also use complementary transient absorption experiments with narrowband and broadband pulses to demonstrate that excitation above the bandgap creates an instantaneous transmission increase extending well below the bandgap. However, the dynamics of these signals do not show capture of conduction band electrons by the traps within the investigated timescales, which is consistent with other studies on high quality perovskites. [3,5].

Topic: Perovskite Materials and Applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Genome-wide selection signature analysis identified new candidate genes for the teat number in three distinct strains of Large White pigs

The number of teats is a critical reproductive trait in sows, exerting a direct impact on the survival rate of weaned piglets. Existing studies on selection signals associated with teat numbers in different strains of Large White pigs are scarce. We performed selection signal detection on three distinct strains of Large White pigs with 16 or more nipples: the French CG (Choice Genetics), the French Cooperl, and the Dutch Topigs. Our goal was to identify pivotal candidate genes contributing to the higher nipple count in Large White pigs. A comprehensive analysis, including CLR (Composite Likelihood Ratio), iHS (integrated haplotype score), and nSL (number of segregating sites by length) methods, alongside XP-EHH (Cross-population Extended Haplotype Homozygosity), was undertaken to identify genetic positive selection signatures in Large White pigs. Through our analysis, we identified six key candidate genes in the CG Large White pigs: DPP6, COL22A1, TRPC7, PROX1, ROR2, and ABCG1. In the Cooperl Large White pigs, the key candidate genes were PPARA, TRPC7, and NR3C1. In the Topigs Large White pigs, the key candidate genes were DOCK1, PCM1, and MRTFA. Among the aforementioned genes, PCM1 and DOCK1 have been identified as correlated with the number of teats in pigs, while TRPC7, DOCK1, and MRTFA have shown a significant link with teat number based on PheWAS (Phenome-wide association study) analysis. Our findings show that multiple genes associated with teat development in Large White pigs have experienced significant selection pressure throughout the breeding program. These results deepen our understanding of the progress in breeding Large White pigs and provide a valuable framework for their continued selection.

Topic: Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Parents and Children Learning Together A Study of the Effectiveness of Parental Involvement on Children's Problem Solving Skills

This study developed from the findings of a previous set of studies into parental involvement in pre-school education. Amongst some interesting results, significant were parents concerns, and uncertainties about their roles in facilitating the learning experiences of their children in the home environment. Additionally, the findings revealed that when parents do spend time with their children, reading stories and playing board games were popular past-times. Research elsewhere reveals that the kinds of pre-school activities most effective in the development of thinking skills, involve construction, drawing and board games. Thus, an aim of this study, is to investigate the extent to which parents' understanding of the competencies involved in these activities, affects their involvement in them at home and the progress of their children in school. This paper presents the findings of a pilot study of the role of the tutor in problem solving. It is an attempt to identify the kinds of knowledge and information about children that tutors, and subsequently parents, would need to have to be effective, and the kinds of activities which elicit developmentally appropriate strategies in children when presented with problem solving tasks. The results show that if parents are to be effective as collaborators in their children's learning, an understanding of qualitative differences in children, the kinds of activities and experiences provided, and methods of presentation, are vital factors for success.

Topic: Parental Involvement in Education
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Sphericalization of the potential of interaction of anisotropic molecules with spherical particles

The possibility of employing sphericalized intermolecular potentials to describe the interactions between nonpolar anisotropic molecules (CCl4 and benzene) with spherical nonpolar molecules (Ar, Xe, and CH4) has been tested for binary systems having liquid- and gas-like densities. Median and RAM sphericalization procedures have been used and their capacity to account for the experimental values of cross second virial coefficients and Henry’s constants are compared. It is shown that the median sphericalized potentials, which are temperature and density independent, give a fairly good description of the data which is better than that provided by RAM potentials. The possibility of accounting correctly for the change of properties when the relative size of the interacting partners changes (e.g., conformal systems) is noteworthy.

Topic: Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism and Dopamine Neurodegeneration in the Mesolimbic Pathway after Prolonged Methamphetamine Self‐Administration in Mice

The dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway mediates the reinforcing properties of methamphetamine. Postmortem and brain imaging studies indicate that chronic methamphetamine users develop injury and neurodegeneration in the brain structures that form part of this pathway. Moreover, methamphetamine exposure produces an increase of oxidative molecules derived from increased release and metabolism of dopamine, which in turn is thought to initiate an imbalance of the redox metabolism in the mesolimbic pathway. Here we use a model of methamphetamine self‐administration in mice to determine how the oxidative environment produced by chronic methamphetamine exposure affects 1) mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and redox balance of the antioxidant molecule glutathione (GSH) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and striatum and, 2) electrophysiological function and survival of dopamine neurons in the VTA. Adult mice were implanted with a jugular catheter and were trained to nose poke to self‐administer methamphetamine in operant chambers in daily two hours sessions. Mice were trained with a schedule that gradually increased the number of nose pokes required to receive an infusion of methamphetamine from a fixed ratio (FR) 1 to a FR3. After training was complete, mice were placed in a FR3 schedule to complete 35–40 days of total methamphetamine self‐administration exposure. Our results showed that drug‐seeking behavior, evaluated with a progressive ratio protocol, was enhanced after 20 days of methamphetamine self‐administration exposure. Using high resolution respirometry and HPLC we detected an increase of mitochondrial OCR accompanied by a decrease of GSH levels in the VTA. Conversely, GSH levels were decreased in the striatum. A decrease in dopamine neuron firing rate and an increase of cell excitability was also detected in whole cell recordings in VTA slices. The number of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons was also decreased in the VTA. Our results suggest that prolonged methamphetamine self‐administration exposure produces an oxidative environment along the mesolimbic pathway that affects dopamine neurotransmission and dopamine cell survival in the VTA. The results are consistent with increased oxidative damage in VTA dopamine neurons contributing to neurodegeneration of the mesolimbic pathway and to the development of drug‐seeking behavior with prolonged methamphetamine exposure. Support or Funding Information This project was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants R01 DA32701 and AG52606 to MJB This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .

Topic: Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Land Use and Individual Correlates of Pedestrian Commuting: Who Walks to Their Work or Place of Study in the Large Cities of the MENA Region?

The body of research on the determinants of pedestrian commuting and the characteristics of on-foot commuters at the international level and especially in the Global South is inconsistent; hence, this study focuses on this topic with the case of megacities in the Middle East and North Africa. The study is based on 8284 face-to-face interviews with respondents in the three cities, 4543 of whom worked, and of those 4543, 658 individuals walked to their work or place of study. By using binary logistic regression, the determinants of walking to work were identified. Age, household car ownership, last relocation time, intersection density, number of accessed facilities from home, average walking accessibility to neighborhood amenities, and commuting distance are the significant determinants of on-foot commuting. The study identifies younger commuters with fewer cars or no driving license living in neighborhoods with connected street networks as the walkers. The results of the Mann–Whitney U Test show that there is a significant difference between the values of these determinants for walking commuters and those who commute by other modes. Based on these findings, this paper encourages urban planners and decision-makers of the MENA region to use urban land use, including street networks and access to local facilities, to motivate commuters to commute on foot, especially those who work within a walkable distance to their work or place of study.

Topic: Urban Transport and Accessibility
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Does CSR Branding Matter to the Young Consumers in Thailand: The Mediation Effect of Product Brand Attitudes

This study investigates the research in two-folds including; the relationship between CSR branding and product brand attitudes, and the mediation effect of product brand attitudes on the relationship of CSR branding and purchase intention.  The research was conducted on the 220 young Thai consumers asking about a single well-known product.  The statistical analysis used for hypothesis testing was multiple regression with the mediation testing included.  The finding suggests that only employee concern and financial fairness dimensions of CSR branding influenced both utilitarian and hedonic product brand attitudes, while there is no evidence shown for environmental awareness and community commitment dimension.  In the light of product brand attitudes, the research found its role is fully mediating the relationship of CSR branding and purchase intention.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences