jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Abstract W MP100: Hospital SAH Volume Associated With Better Outcomes

Objective: The net impact of hospital care on outcomes in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has not been well established. We hypothesized that increased experience and technical expertise at high volume hospitals would lead to better outcomes. Methods: We performed a serial cross-sectional retrospective study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2002-2010. All adult (&gt;18 years) discharges with a primary diagnosis of SAH (ICD-9-CM 435) from 2002-2010 were included and records with trauma or AVM were excluded. Survey-weighted descriptive statistics were used to estimate temporal trends. Multi-level logistic regression was used to estimate volume-outcome associations for two outcomes: inpatient mortality and discharge home. Models were adjusted for demographics, year, transfer status, insurance status, all individual Charlson comorbidities, intubation, and APR-DRG mortality. Analyses were repeated by excluding records where aggressive care was not pursued _ no intubation, no procedures and in-hospital death within 48 hours. Results: A total of 66,818 discharges were included in the weighted sample, including 19, 356 who received clipping or coiling. Inpatient mortality declined from 32.2% (30.1%- 33.9%) to 22.2% (20.8%-23.6%) from 2002 to 2010 while discharges to home increased from 28.5% (27.0-30.03%) to 40.8% (39.1%-42.4%). Hospitals in the highest volume quintile (greater than 63 discharges per year) had an unadjusted inpatient mortality of 22.7% (95% CI 22.0%-23.2%) compared to 41.5% (39.0%-43.7%) in quintile 3 (11-21 discharges per year) compared to 51.9% (47.0 -55.7%) in quintile 1 (less than 6 discharges per year). Similar trends were observed when excluding cases where aggressive care was not pursued. The proportion of patients discharged home also increased with hospital volume: 39.3 %( 38.0-39.9%) in quintile 5 vs. 23.2% (21.0%-25.1%) in quintile 3 vs. 16.7% (13.0%-19.7%) in quintile 1. Conclusion: Inpatient SAH mortality has decreased over time while the likelihood of discharge home has increased. High volume hospitals have more favorable outcomes than low volume hospitals and the magnitude of this effect is substantial. SAH volume should be accounted for in developing SAH systems of care.

Topic: Trauma and Emergency Care Studies
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A spectral analysis of the 21 May 1997, Jabalpur, India, earthquake (<i>Mw</i>= 5.8) and estimation of ground motion from future earthquakes in the Indian shield region

Abstract The Jabalpur earthquake (23.08° N, 80.06° E, H = 36 km) is the first event in the Indian Peninsular shield region to be well recorded by a newly installed, 10-station, broadband seismographic network. Using these data, we estimate Q of Lg wave in the Indian shield region as Q = 508ƒ0.48 (1 ≦ ƒ ≦ 20 Hz). The corrected source spectrum, with M0 = 5.4 × 1024 dyne-cm (reported in the Harvard CMT catalog) and an ω2-source model, requires a stress parameter, Δσp, of ∼420 bar to explain high-frequency spectral level. The computed seismic energy from the records is 7.4 × 1020 erg, which yields an apparent stress and Brune stress drop of 62 and 270 bars, respectively. The analysis of the Jabalpur earthquake provides some elements for the estimation of ground motions during future earthquakes in the Indian shield region. Based on the results of the Jabalpur earthquake and on studies of tectonically similar region of eastern North America, we assume that (1) the sources follow an ω2 model; (2) S waves dominate at R &amp;lt; 100 km, and Lg waves dominate at R ≧ 100 km; (3) Q(f) = 508ƒ0.48; (4) the ground motion is a bandlimited, finite-duration, Gaussian white noise; and (5) the effective duration of the ground motion equals ƒ−1c + 0.05R, where fc is the corner frequency. We apply random vibration theory (RVT) to compute various measures of ground motion, such as Amax and Vmax. At near-source distances, the source finiteness is approximately taken into account. The attenuation curves for 5.5 ≦ Mw ≦ 7 and for Δσp of 100-400 bar are presented. As expected, the predicted values (with Δσp ∼ 420 bar) agree reasonably well with the limited Jabalpur data. An Amax of ∼150 gal is predicted in the epicentral region of this earthquake. The predicted curves imply Δσp ≦ 100 bar for the Latur earthquake of 1993 (Mw = 6.1; H = 2.5 km) to explain Amax &amp;lt; 1 g and the reported isoseismal intensities in the epicentral region. For Koyna earthquake of 1967 (Mw 6.3), the inferred Amax and Vmax from isoseismal intensities and the recorded strong motions at the Koyna dam site are in agreement with the prediction curves for Δσp ∼ 100 bar. The RVT predictions seem reasonable but need validation from more strong-motion data, which is presently lacking.

Topic: earthquake and tectonic studies
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Detection of MicroRNAs in Microglia by Real-time PCR in Normal CNS and During Neuroinflammation

Microglia are cells of the myeloid lineage that reside in the central nervous system (CNS)1. These cells play an important role in pathologies of many diseases associated with neuroinflammation such as multiple sclerosis (MS)2. Microglia in a normal CNS express macrophage marker CD11b and exhibit a resting phenotype by expressing low levels of activation markers such as CD45. During pathological events in the CNS, microglia become activated as determined by upregulation of CD45 and other markers3. The factors that affect microglia phenotype and functions in the CNS are not well studied. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a growing family of conserved molecules (~22 nucleotides long) that are involved in many normal physiological processes such as cell growth and differentiation4 and pathologies such as inflammation5. MiRNAs downregulate the expression of certain target genes by binding complementary sequences of their mRNAs and play an important role in the activation of innate immune cells including macrophages6 and microglia7. In order to investigate miRNA-mediated pathways that define the microglial phenotype, biological function, and to distinguish microglia from other types of macrophages, it is important to quantitatively assess the expression of particular microRNAs in distinct subsets of CNS-resident microglia. Common methods for measuring the expression of miRNAs in the CNS include quantitative PCR from whole neuronal tissue and in situ hybridization. However, quantitative PCR from whole tissue homogenate does not allow the assessment of the expression of miRNA in microglia, which represent only 5-15% of the cells of neuronal tissue. Hybridization in situ allows the assessment of the expression of microRNA in specific cell types in the tissue sections, but this method is not entirely quantitative. In this report we describe a quantitative and sensitive method for the detection of miRNA by real-time PCR in microglia isolated from normal CNS or during neuroinflammation using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for MS. The described method will be useful to measure the level of expression of microRNAs in microglia in normal CNS or during neuroinflammation associated with various pathologies including MS, stroke, traumatic injury, Alzheimer's disease and brain tumors.

Topic: MicroRNA in disease regulation
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Cellular Defense Mechanisms in Bivalve Molluscs

Many bivalve species are cultured widely around the world due to their commercial importance. As a result of the increases in areas and production associated with intensive culture, mass mortalities of bivalves caused by a wide variety of agents have become a serious problem. Various infectious diseases represented by protozoan and bacterial diseases have been threatening shellfish culture industries, and hence, many investigations have been made on the defense mechanisms, as well as diseases, in bivalves. The molluscan defense mechanism is comprised of the only innate immunity, which is also dependent on cellular components such as hemocytes possessing phagocytic and bactericidal activities and on humoral defense molecules such as lectin and lysozyme. In this review, we summarize cellular defense mechanisms in bivalve molluscs focusing on hemocytes: 1) morphology and classification, 2) functional profiles (phagocytosis, encapsulation, wound repair), 3) reactive oxygen species, 4) effects of natural and anthropogenic environmental factors, and 5) stress and signaling pathways.

Topic: Marine Bivalve and Aquaculture Studies
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Cost-Effective and High-Sensitivity Optofluidic Refractive Index Sensor for Rapid Edible Oil Analysis

Edible oil plays an irreplaceable role in the diet worldwide. It not only grants unique flavors to the food but also provides the necessary nutrition we need for daily life. Therefore, the quality of edible oil directly affects our health conditions, and public health issues caused by unqualified edible oil occur every year, especially in low-income populations. Unfortunately, currently available edible oil detection methods usually involve bulky equipment and various reagents which are cost intensive and not friendly to undeveloped areas. In this study, we design and fabricate a disposable sensor for edible oil detection with high sensitivity by measuring the refractive index (RI) of the edible oil using an arched optofluidic waveguide. The experimental results show that our sensor can measure the RI of the edible oil with a high sensitivity of 16.175 mW/RIU and a low-noise-equivalent detection limit (NEDL) of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4.099\times 10^{-{5}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> RIU simultaneously in a dynamic range from 1.45839 to 1.47399 RIU. In addition, our miniaturized sensor can rapidly detect a sample within only 30 s, providing a highly efficient and convenient solution for edible oil analysis in various settings. The remarkable RI sensing capability enables the sensor to distinguish different types of commercial edible oil. Moreover, our sensor can accurately monitor the RI change of the edible oil as the frying time increases, which is potentially employed for nutrition/toxicological evaluation. We believe our sensor that can provide a promising solution for cost-effective and high-sensitivity edible oil detection in underdeveloped areas and hence contribute to human health.

Topic: Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effects of Number and Rate of Goat Manure Application on Soil Properties, Growth and Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)

&lt;p&gt;Alternative sources of plant nutrients have now become highly imperative especially for vegetable crop production in Nigeria. Due to the escalating costs, environmental and health problems associated with excessive use of inorganic fertilizers on continuously cropped fields, there is a need for more research on the use of organic manures and residues. A field experiment was conducted in the late growing season from September to December, 2012 in Calabar, a humid forest agroecology in south eastern Nigeria to evaluate the effects of two types of goat manure (GM) application (single and double split doses), five rates of GM (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and 400kg ha&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;NPK fertilizer (120:60:60 kg ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) rate on soil chemical properties and agronomic performance of sweet maize (&lt;em&gt;Zea mays&lt;/em&gt; L. saccharata Strut). Factorial combinations of the treatments were fitted into a randomized complete block design with three replications. The application of GM significantly (P ? 0.05) increased soil pH, organic matter (OM) content, total N, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) status of the soil. Soil exchangeable acidity (EA) was reduced from 1.76 to 0.64 cmol kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; at 20 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;GM rate. The 20 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;also recorded the highest values for soil pH, OM, P, Ca, Mg and CEC, while the values for residual N and K peaked at the NPK fertilizer treatment. The double split application of GM recorded higher values for growth and yield attributes, and increased soil properties than the single application. Growth and yield parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter (TDM), number and weight of grains/ear and total grain yield were significantly (P &lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; 0.05) increased by GM and NPK fertilizer treatments. The values obtained for all growth and yield parameters except LAI at the 20 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; GM rate were not significantly different from those at the NPK fertilizer treatments. The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment. The interactions between number of applications and rates showed that split applying GM at 20 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;maximized TDM, weights of whole and dehusked green ears and total grain yield compared to other GM rates, hence it is recommended.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Crop Yield and Soil Fertility
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The effects of micronutrient-enriched media on the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis as biological control agent against Meloidogyne incognita

The root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita poses a serious threat to horticultural food and plantation crops. One of the effective and efficient measures to overcome this nematode is using bacteria as a biological control agent. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of Bacillus subtilis bacteria grown on media with additional micronutrients as a biological control agent for M. incognita. The test was carried out by growing bacteria in 100 mL of nutrient broth (NB) added with FeCl2, MnCl2, and CuCl2. Each type of micronutrient was administered at concentrations of 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, and 55 ppm. As a control, NB media was used without the addition of micronutrients. The test results showed that the best performances on bacterial growth were 55 ppm MnCl2, 45 ppm MnCl2, 40 ppm MnCl2, 40 ppm CuCl2, 50 ppm MnCl2, and 35 ppm MnCl2. These six treatments were then used in an antagonism test. A total of 150 J2 M. incognita in 4 mL of suspension was put into a petri dish with a diameter of 5 cm. After that, 1 mL of each bacterial suspension was put into a petri dish following the treatment. The mortality rate of M. incognita in each treatment was 77.5% in 55 ppm MnCl2, 74.5% in 45 ppm MnCl2, 77.25% in 40 ppm MnCl2, 73.25% in 40 ppm CuCl2, 78.75% in 50 ppm MnCl2, 79% in 35 ppm MnCl2, and 53.25% in control. The same six treatments were also used to measure the chemotaxis index of M. incognita on tomato roots. Tomato seeds of the Tantyna variety were soaked for 60 minutes in a bacterial suspension grown on micronutrient-enriched media. After seven days, the tomato seed roots were removed and placed in 5 mL 20% Pluronic F-127 Gel which had been infested with 100 J2 M. incognita. After 6 hours, the number of nematodes approaching the roots was observed. The chemotaxis index in the treatments ranged from 16% to 24%, while that in the control was 33%. This study corroborates that the addition of micronutrients MnCl2 and CuCl2 to the growth medium of B. subtilis can increase antagonistic activity against M. incognita and suppress its chemotaxis response in tomato roots soaked in the bacterial suspension.

Topic: Nematode management and characterization studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Imaging the complexity of neuron behavior with fluorescent ion indicators

Individual neurons have an elaborate architecture. These cells receive electrical and chemical signals over their extensive dendritic fields and send action potentials along axons that often branch before reaching their targets. Electrical recordings usually reveal information about the response in only one location in the cell and indicate little about the complexity of intracellular molecular signaling. Imaging techniques have been developed that can reveal aspects of the spatial heterogeneity of the neuron's behavior. Many of these techniques take advantage of fluorescent molecules that have been designed to change their emission intensity when the concentration of different ions or small molecules in their environment changes. Sensors for Ca2+ and Na+ are popular and indicators for Cl" and cAMP have been developed. These indicators can be injected into individual living neurons in the brain or in a piece of the brain. They spread throughout the cell and their fluorescence can be detected with sensitive cameras. High-speed movies of the fluorescence changes correspond to dynamical changes in ion concentration in different parts of the neuron. Typical imaging devices are cooled scientific grade CCD cameras and confocal microscopes.

Topic: Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
Subfield: Bioengineering
Field: Chemical Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Critical Scenario Search Method for Intelligent Vehicle Testing Based on the Social Cognitive Optimization Algorithm

Intelligent vehicle testing has been a hotspot in the field of intelligent vehicles. Due to the multi-dimensional parameters and the continuity of testing scenarios, a complete test of all scenarios requires a large amount of manpower and several material resources. In critical scenarios, deficiencies in an intelligent vehicle's performance and defects of an algorithm can be exposed. Therefore, increasing the search efficiency and coverage of critical scenarios is key in improving scenario-based intelligent vehicle testing technology. In this study, a critical scenario search method for intelligent vehicle testing based on the social cognitive optimization (SCO) algorithm is proposed. This method has two main parts: global search and local search. The global search, based on the modified SCO algorithm, integrates the density peak clustering (DPC) algorithm and the cooling scheduling function, and aims to find all local aggregation areas of critical scenarios in a logical scenario space. The local search applies a multi-dimensional convolution algorithm to the global search results to find critical scenarios near the local aggregation areas. Finally, a longitudinal automatic driving algorithm is tested using the proposed method under a specified logical scenario in a simulation environment. The test results show that the proposed method can improve both the search efficiency and coverage of critical scenarios.

Topic: Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Gender, tenure security, and landscape governance: Synthesis of studies of PIM’s Governance of Natural Resources Flagship Program, 2013–2020

A substantial body of research on these important issues comes from a research theme of the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) that focused on the governance of natural resources (Flagship 5, or PIM5). Research in Flagship 5 examined the policy and institutional foundations for improved natural resource management. It analyzed how tenure security affects sustain¬able management and how individuals, groups, and communities govern the land, water, fish stocks, and forests. An important focus of this work is on understanding who has what rights with respect to these resources, particularly women and members of marginalized groups; what their roles are in managing natural resources; and the livelihood benefits they receive. Without a contextualized understanding of these questions, policies and practices can inadver¬tently exclude women, reinforce historic practices of gender injustice, or introduce new inequalities that worsen natural resource management and poverty. Thus, research teams in Flagship 5 worked with partners in governments, universities, the private sector, and civil society with the goal of identifying actions that can strengthen the tenure rights of poor and marginalized people, particularly women, in order to improve the governance of natural resources; and that can strengthen institutional arrangements for sustainable use of natural resources within shared landscapes. &#13;\nThis paper provides a synthesis of PIM5’s contributions to knowledge about gender and its influence on tenure security and landscape governance. The focus of Flagship 5’s research was on gender and social inclusion in relation to tenure (land and natural resources) and to landscape governance (for example, land use planning). This review focuses on a subset of the research studies undertaken in this program from 2013 to 2020. It discusses the scientific contributions to the broader wealth of related literature by analyzing and summarizing key lessons about gender from these studies, where possible, with respect to outcomes and impacts on natural resource management, food security, and poverty alleviation. This analysis will help researchers better communicate the results of the Flagship’s research in order to inform policymakers and donors and to influence strategies and interventions aimed at addressing challenges related to these three arenas.

Topic: Mining and Resource Management
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Hymn of Freedom

Research Article| September 01 1987 Hymn of Freedom Natalie Curtis Burlin Natalie Curtis Burlin Natalie Curtis Burlin (1875-1921), during her ethnomusicological and folkloric research at Hampton Institute, authored Hampton Series Negro Folk-Songs, in four volumes (1918-1919) and Songs and Tales of the Dark Continent (1920). Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Black Sacred Music (1987) 1 (2): 42–43. https://doi.org/10.1215/10439455-1.2.42 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Natalie Curtis Burlin; Hymn of Freedom. Black Sacred Music 1 September 1987; 1 (2): 42–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/10439455-1.2.42 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsBlack Sacred Music Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. © Copyright 1987 JBSM/Jon Michael Spencer1987 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Topic: Music History and Culture
Subfield: Music
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences