jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Studies on Some Possible Biochemical Treatments of Primary Hyperoxaluria

The effects of some putative inhibitors of oxalate production or urinary oxalate excretion have been investigated in the Cynamolgus monkey and in patients with Type I primary hyperoxaluria (hyperoxaluria with glycollic aciduria). Sodium-1-hydroxybutan-sulphonate, D,L-phenyllactate, succinimide and isocarboxazide did not reduce the urinary oxalate excretion in the monkeys. Pyridoxine reduced the excretion of oxalate and glycollate in some patients, and its therapeutic use has been documented over a five-year period. Succinimide, which has been used by other workers for the treatment of non-hyperoxaluric stone formers, did not decrease the excretion of either oxalate or glycollate in three patients in whom it was tried. It did not change the inhibitory activity of the urine with respect to the growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals in any of the three patients, and it did not have any consistent effect on the excretion of calcium oxalate crystals in the one patient who had detectable crystaluria before treatment. We have identified several metabolites of succinimide in the urine of patients taking the drug. These include 2,3-dehydrosuccinamic, 2-hydroxysuccinamic and 3-hydroxysuccinamic acids. Isocarboxazide, cholestyramine and thiamine did not affect the urinary oxalate excretion in the patients. The significance of these observations from the viewpoint of the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria is discussed.

Topic: Kidney Stones and Urolithiasis Treatments
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Drug dependence study on vigabatrin in rhesus monkeys and rats.

The dependence potential of vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl GABA; R(-)/S(+)-4-amino-5-hexenoic acid, CAS 60643-86-9, MDL 71,754) was assessed in rhesus monkeys and rats. In the test of cross physical dependence potential, morphine- and barbital-dependent monkeys were both withdrawn from the respective drugs and the ability of vigabatrin to suppress the withdrawal signs was assessed. In morphine-dependent monkeys, subcutaneous doses of vigabatrin at 256 and 1000 mg/kg did not suppress withdrawal signs while subcutaneous doses of codeine phosphate at 4 and 8 mg/kg clearly suppressed the withdrawal signs. In barbital-dependent monkeys, subcutaneous and intravenous dose of vigabatrin, both at 1000 mg/kg, did not suppress the withdrawal signs, while intragastric doses of diazepam at 8 and 16 mg/kg clearly suppressed them. Thus, while the cross-physical dependence potential of codeine/morphine and of diazepam/barbital was clearly observable, vigabatrin appeared to have no such potential. In the test of physical dependence-producing potential with the drug-admixed food method in rats, vigabatrin and diazepam were given to rats mixed with food for 28 days in an increasing dosage schedule, followed by feeding a drug-free diet to observe withdrawal signs for 7 days. Upon withdrawal, no decrease in food intake or body weight was observed in the vigabatrin-treated groups, and the gross condition of the animals did not differ from that in the control group. In contrast, food intake and body weight decreased markedly in the diazepam group, and most rats showed hyperreactivity to external stimuli. Thus, while the physical dependence-producing potential of diazepam was clearly demonstrated, such potential was not shown with vigabatrin. In the test of reinforcing effect, 4 monkeys were allowed to self-administer pentobarbital at 1 mg/kg/infusion, or vigabatrin at 16, 32, and 64 mg/kg/infusion, intravenously through an indwelling catheter. Each drug was preceded and followed by saline self-administration for at least 7 days. Active self-administration of pentobarbital was observed in all monkeys tested, while the self-administration rate of vigabatrin did not differ from saline. Thus, while the reinforcing effect of pentobarbital was clearly observed, such effect was not observable with vigabatrin. Based on these results, it was considered that vigabatrin was devoid of dependence potential.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
School Of The Future: View Of The "Digital Natives" Of The Present

The purpose of the study was to identify ideas of adolescents of 14-15 years old /age about the likelihood of school transformations in the future.It was suggested that these ideas would be based more on knowledge and personal experience of interacting with new technologies than on fiction images.The theoretical part of the study provides a brief analysis of the works of literature, cinema and animation, which present the image of the school in the past, present and future.In a few works containing the image of the school of the future, it contains the main features of a traditional school.To test this assumption, the author developed a methodology containing 8 categories characterizing the traditional school and 6 probable options for changes for each of the categories; the survey participant should evaluate the likelihood of a specific change in the future.Adolescents of 14-15 years old /age of an average Russian city showed that the image of school in its substantive and organizational foundations is little changed: most of them do not support the idea of no lessons, homework, marks, discipline and communication with classmates and teachers, but admit their technological change.Most assessments of future school changes are based on the experience of schoolchildren or their ideas about the use of new technologies in education and everyday life.The options for changing the school in the future in the understanding of participants are diverse, they can be described as quite realistic.

Topic: Educational Innovations and Challenges
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Community-Based Intrusion Detection

Today, virtually every company world-wide is connected to the Internet. This wide-spread connectivity has given rise to sophisticated, targeted, Internet-based attacks. For example, between 2012 and 2013 security researchers counted an average of about 74 targeted attacks per day. These attacks are motivated by economical, financial, or political interests and commonly referred to as “Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)” attacks. Unfortunately, many of these attacks are successful and the adversaries manage to steal important data or disrupt vital services. Victims are preferably companies from vital industries, such as banks, defense contractors, or power plants. Given that these industries are well-protected, often employing a team of security specialists, the question is: How can these attacks be so successful? \n\nResearchers have identified several properties of APT attacks which make them so efficient. First, they are adaptable. This means that they can change the way they attack and the tools they use for this purpose at any given moment in time. Second, they conceal their actions and communication by using encryption, for example. This renders many defense systems useless as they assume complete access to the actual communication content. Third, their\nactions are stealthy — either by keeping communication to the bare minimum or by mimicking legitimate users. This makes them “fly below the radar” of defense systems which check for anomalous communication. And finally, with the goal to increase their impact or monetisation prospects, their attacks are targeted against several companies from the same industry. Since months can pass between the first attack, its detection, and comprehensive analysis, it is often too late to deploy appropriate counter-measures at businesses peers. Instead, it is much more likely that they have already been attacked successfully.\n\nThis thesis tries to answer the question whether the last property (industry-wide attacks) can be used to detect such attacks. It presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a community-based intrusion detection system, capable of protecting businesses at industry-scale. The contributions of this thesis are as follows. First, it presents a novel algorithm for community detection which can detect an industry (e.g., energy, financial, or defense industries) in Internet communication. Second, it demonstrates the design, implementation, and evaluation of a distributed graph mining engine that is able to scale with the throughput of the input data while maintaining an end-to-end latency for updates in the range of a few milliseconds. Third, it illustrates the usage of this engine to detect APT attacks against industries by analyzing IP flow information from an Internet service provider. \n\nFinally, it introduces a detection algorithm- and input-agnostic intrusion detection engine which supports not only intrusion detection on IP flow but any other intrusion detection algorithm and data-source as well.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Developing cross-cultural neuropsychology through the lens of cross-cultural cognitive neuroscience

H.W. Huang and C.M. Huang review empirical evidence from cross-cultural cognitive neuroscience which investigates whether and how sustained exposure to cultural experiences influences the neurobiological basis of human cognition and behavior. They highlight several cross-cultural brain imaging studies showing that individuals with sustained exposure to interdependent/collectivistic or independent/individualistic cultural experiences present dissociable styles of processing information that modulate neurocognitive processes, influence neural functions, and shape brain structures. Several brain regions are implicated in processing culturally preferred information including the ventral-visual and fronto-parietal cortices associated with culture-related differences in visual perception, attention and memory, executive control, semantic representation, and language comprehension. H.W. Huang and C.M. Huang conclude by discussing some methodological considerations and potential challenges of performing cross-cultural cognitive neuroscience that need to be addressed when developing cross-cultural neuropsychological assessments to evaluate individual variations in behavior-brain associations across cultures.

Topic: Cultural Differences and Values
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Electronic theory of ordering and segregation in transition-metal alloys

A model for the electronic energy of alloys with arbitrary composition and short-range order is applied to $4d$ transition metals. The model is not ab initio, but only requires information about pure elemental properties which is readily available. A model Hamiltonian for the alloy is derived from these elemental properties. The electronic density of states and heat of formation are calculated from the Hamiltonian with the alloy cluster-Bethe-lattice method. Charge transfer is treated self-consistently. Results for the twenty-eight $4d$ transition-metal alloys are compared to experiment and other calculations. Predictions for the stable phase at zero temperature are in excellent agreement with experiment. The model calculation allows us to examine the physical basis for experimental trends.

Topic: Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Women Economists and the Changes in the Discipline of Economics in Germany (1895-1961)

In Germany, women could attend universities as regular students only in the twentieth century. However, in the 1890s the female pioneers of economics and the social sciences attended seminars as guests. Their research was published in the journals of their supervisors. The changes in the (higher) education system and the discipline of economics are the background to the presentation of four generations of female economists in this paper. Selected biographies and the research of the respective economists are analyzed and the developments of the broader context reflected on this background. The selected works span the time period between 1895 and 1961. Starting with the historical-ethical school the analysis also sheds light on the evolution of the discipline of economics in Germany and the approach towards the Anglo-American mainstream beginning after World War I.

Topic: Economic Theory and Institutions
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Diiodidobis(thioacetamide-κ<i>S</i>)cadmium(II)

Thioacetamide complexes are used for the synthesis of metal sulfide powders. In the title molecular complex, [CdI 2 (C 2 H 5 NS) 2 ], the Cd II atom is located on a twofold rotation axis and is tetrahedrally coordinated by two iodine atoms and two thioacetamide molecules. The Cd—I distance is 2.7615 (17) Å and the Cd—S distance is 2.5586 (17) Å.

Topic: Crystal structures of chemical compounds
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Figure S6 from Toxicology and Pharmacokinetic Studies in Mice and Nonhuman Primates of the Nontoxic, Efficient, Targeted Hexameric FasL: CTLA4-FasL

&lt;p&gt;Transient and reversible decrease of lymphocytes subpopulations in treated monkeys&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Diabetes and associated disorders
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Management Earnings Forecasts, Information Asymmetry, and Liquidity: An Empirical Investigation

This study investigates (1) whether forecasting firms have lower liquidity prior to the issuance of a management-earnings forecast than non-forecasting firms and (2) whether forecasting earnings has a persistent affect on a firm's liquidity. I find that, first, forecasting firms have greater liquidity in the period prior to a forecast. Second, while issuing forecast increases liquidity in over short windows, this effect is not significant over longer windows. Third, initiating or ceasing the issuance of earnings forecasts has no significant long-term effect on the firm's liquidity. Combined, these results suggest that management earnings forecasting decision does not appear to be driven by liquidity-improvement goals, and that management earnings forecasts do not appear to strongly affect firms' liquidity.

Topic: Auditing, Earnings Management, Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Probabilistic Speech-Driven 3D Facial Motion Synthesis: New Benchmarks, Methods, and Applications

We consider the task of animating 3D facial geometry from speech signal. Existing works are primarily deterministic, focusing on learning a one-to-one mapping from speech signal to 3D face meshes on small datasets with limited speakers. While these models can achieve high-quality lip articulation for speakers in the training set, they are unable to capture the full and diverse distribution of 3D facial motions that accompany speech in the real world. Importantly, the relationship between speech and facial motion is one-to-many, containing both inter-speaker and intra-speaker variations and necessitating a probabilistic approach. In this paper, we identify and address key challenges that have so far limited the development of probabilistic models: lack of datasets and metrics that are suitable for training and evaluating them, as well as the difficulty of designing a model that generates diverse results while remaining faithful to a strong conditioning signal as speech. We first propose large-scale benchmark datasets and metrics suitable for probabilistic modeling. Then, we demonstrate a probabilistic model that achieves both diversity and fidelity to speech, outperforming other methods across the proposed benchmarks. Finally, we showcase useful applications of probabilistic models trained on these large-scale datasets: we can generate diverse speech-driven 3D facial motion that matches unseen speaker styles extracted from reference clips; and our synthetic meshes can be used to improve the performance of downstream audio-visual models.

Topic: Face recognition and analysis
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pitfalls of Strategy Creation and Selection after COVID-19

We see a possibility for researching the issue of strategic processes as a whole in companies, as there are publications on individual strategic processes, but from the point of view of the complete picture in company, the view of the intervention of foreign capital is absent. We want to point out significant differences in individual management strategic processes, while pointing out the difference in the functioning of companies with and without the participation of foreign capital. The method of data collection was carried out on the basis of a questionnaire survey, which consisted of 5 parts of the strategic process, namely: Vision, mission, goals; Analysis of the external environment; Analysis of the internal environment; Choosing and creating a strategy; Strategy implementation and control. The factor Participation of foreign capital was selected for the purposes of the work. The participation of foreign capital in companies has a fundamental impact on strategic processes and companies’ sustainability and efficiency, as our results suggest. In our conclusion, investigating the issue of foreign capital participation has a fundamental impact on understanding the business environment. For the sustainability of a high-quality business, we consider updating and understanding the issue to be an important point for efficiency and sustainability.

Topic: Business and Economic Development
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Reason minus zero/no limit: Trying to bring it back home

Negotiations connected with database renewals are sharply critical and ultimately impact renewal decisions. Today, academic libraries face an ever-consolidating marketplace, often accompanied by disruptive cost increases that toss sound reasoning aside. Instances of super-exponential cost increases transfigure once reasonable practices based on sound criteria to unsustainable subscriptions and inappropriate access models. Most troubling is that libraries have seldom been asked to participate in stakeholder discussions before these models and decisions were made. The paper reviews University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Libraries struggle with these changing metrics. In context, the paper looks at how recent political upheaval in Wisconsin has overturned Wisconsin’s progressive heritage and contributed to a rapid dismantling of state funding for public higher education and its’ associated services. Wisconsin has been known as a ‘laboratory for democracy’ with its’ Wisconsin Idea, publicly championing higher education’s mission and expertise in service of the common good. Times are changing. Today, not only does Wisconsin’s public higher education confront losses of state funding, it faces changing demographics, reduced FTE’s, all equating to even less budget dollars. In turn, budget shortfalls have made it nearly impossible to address declining infrastructures, needs for academic program reorganization and institutional restructuring, much less maintain and enhance existing services.

Topic: Library Science and Administration
Subfield: Library and Information Sciences
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Ultrastructure of sporulating cells of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> type A grown in the presence of raffinose

Seven-hour sporulating cells of Clostridium perfringens type A strain NCTC 10240 grown in the presence of raffinose versus starch were larger, produced a thicker cortex, and were altered in spore coat structure. Strain NCTC 8798 possessed an expanded subcoat region and (or) produced coat fragments when grown in the presence of raffinose.

Topic: Legume Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Neighborhood Disadvantage and Reliance on the Police

Contemporary theories suggest that, due to limited access and generalized distrust, residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods are relatively unlikely to report matters to police. Although existing studies reveal few ecological differences in crime reporting, findings may be limited to victim/offense subsets represented in aggregated victimization data. Using calls-for-service (CFS) data from a Pacific Northwest city, this study assesses the degree to which neighborhood block groups ( N = 164) vary in incidents reported to police overall and subsequent to the elimination of a major nonemergency-reporting mechanism. Two hypotheses are assessed: First, CFS rates will vary inversely with neighborhood disadvantage, net of the effect of objective levels of crime and other control variables; second, CFS originating in affluent neighborhoods will exhibit greater year-to-year decreases relative to disadvantaged neighborhoods following reduction of local reporting services in 2004. Findings from spatial analyses indicate that residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods tend to rely on police for assistance as much as, if not more than, people elsewhere.

Topic: Crime Patterns and Interventions
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Soviet-Polish expedition on the study of natural radioactivity of the Baltic sea sediments (June-July 1975)

Results of the work of the common Soviet-Polish expedition on natural radioactivity of the Baltic Sea ground during June-July 1975 are presented. The work was aimed at revealing higher concentrations of heavy minerals and certain valuable mineral complexes and at establishing the rules of their localization at the sea bottom by means of radiometric and radiospectral survey of sea bottom. Spectrometric surveying made it possible to collect simultaneously with the ship's movement continuous information on distribution and contents of natural radioactive minerals, i.e. uranium, thorium and potassium in the upper layers of marine sediments. The level of gamma-activity of the sea grounds was being recorded. A correlation was found between the ground radioactivity level in certain areas of Eastern Baltics and the contents of some minerals, in particular, zircon. The maps of bottom concretion fields for some areas was composed. 'Splashes' of gamma-activity which is primarily due to thorium were found to be associated with the presence of local morphological elements of buried ancient relief covered by thin layers of silt at the sea bottom. It was established that iso-lines of gamma-radiation field run primarily along the latitudes; that the total intensity of soil radiation and its richness in heavy elements increase from the West to the East and the enriched band apparently becomes narrower in the same direction.

Topic: Radioactivity and Radon Measurements
Subfield: Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences