jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Pathologist Views Diagnosis and Prognosis of Carcinoma of the Breast

The surgical pathologist studies submitted tissue specimens with two objectives. The first is correct diagnosis or description. In this Symposium, the diagnosis of mammary carcinoma will be taken for granted. The histologic diagnosis is straightforward in 95 per cent of the cases, and frozen-section diagnosis with practically perfect accuracy is commonplace in interested laboratories. We shall consider the infiltrating duct carcinoma, or scirrhous carcinoma, as the prototypetumor. Unless otherwise stated, the large series quoted usually group all histologic types under the collective term, carcinoma; only occasionally are special groups described. A second objective of the pathologist is to offer relevant prognostic information based on the biopsy and whatever material may be received subsequently. Significant prognostic data are available for mammary carcinoma, and these will be presented with the following constraints in mind: 1. Individual prognosis is impossible, especially in breast carcinoma. Long as well as short survival in the face of widely disseminated metastasis is well known. We offer only the more probable paths the disease will follow, hopefully to be contradicted occasionally in the grave cases. The term “survival” is preferred to “cure” ; even a happy ten-year follow-up may end in local or distant, fatal reappearance of disease. 2. Two factors combine to determine outlook: the state of the patient and the type of therapy. This paper will discuss therapy only rarely, and the series to be offered come from institutions performing conventional radical mastectomy, usually with postoperative radiation. There is no thicker statistical jungle than that confronting the student of breast-cancer therapy: he is beset on one side by various, often undescribed, clinical selection methods, and on the other by lack of operative details (especially concerning degree of axillary excision) and radiation factors. Only recently have we begun to see studies based on clinically comparable groups treated by different methods (2). Furthermore, clinical classifications will not be used in discussion of prognostic factors; this must not be construed as an opinion that they have no value; the pathologist simply does not see many of these factors in his material (2, 3). 3. A study of survival must naturally include causes of death operating independently of the tumor: the actuarial risk of any age group. Such a survey, representative of many large series, is shown in Figure 1. The serious losses consequent to axillary metastases are obvious, and the figures of this large, long-term series may be used as a representative group of the breast cancer problem (4). The five-year survival without metastasis is 75 per cent, falling to 30 per cent if metastases are present. After ten years, the curves roughly parallel the actuarial one. The patient's risk of dying then is no greater than that of her cohorts without breast cancer.

Topic: Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Valuing Film Violence: Student Perceptions on the Inclusion of Violent Films and Film Violence within the Undergraduate Learning Experience

This chapter explores a range of issues linked to the inclusion of film violence within the undergraduate learning experience from the perspective of students. It contributes to the discussion contained within this volume through the foregrounding of the views of learners within debates over the interplay between textual and contextual factors impacting upon how films are valued. The chapter also seeks to inform pedagogic discussion linked to the value of including potentially challenging films within the undergraduate curriculum. The investigation draws empirical evidence from qualitative questionnaires completed by final-year students who took the module 'The Regulation of Film Violence in Britain' at the University of Winchester during the academic year 2007–8. While this is a small-scale empirical project conducted in the UK, it is suggested that its findings constitute a starting point for the broader consideration of the value of including potentially challenging texts within Higher Education (HE) curricula.

Topic: Film in Education and Therapy
Subfield: Health Information Management
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Vehicle Detection System Using Machine Learning

This project focuses on developing a vehicle detection system using OpenCV, a real-time computer visionlibrary in Python. The project aims to create a vehicle counting and detection system that works effectively forvideos using OpenCV for image processing. The system will utilize OpenCV's computer vision capabilities to identifyvehicles and count the number of vehicles along with addinga unique id for each vehicle in the video. The system has potential applications in traffic monitoring, parking management, and transportation planning. The results of the project demonstrate the capabilities of OpenCV in creating efficient and accurate vehicle detection and classification systems.

Topic: Vehicle License Plate Recognition
Subfield: Media Technology
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Short‐Run Dynamics in Cointegrated Systems

In this paper we build a unifying framework under which the time‐domain properties of the permanent‐transitory decompositions available in the literature are investigated. Starting from the state space representation of a cointegrated system expressions are derived for the (common) trends and cycles of the Beveridge–Nelson decomposition involving quantities already available from the interim multiplier representation. The cycles result from both movements along the attractor and adjustment dynamics; the latter are shown to be the transitory component of the Gonzalo–Granger decomposition. The two decompositions are equivalent when the number of common cycles and trends add up to the dimension of the system. Algorithms for the extraction of the components are given and the results are illustrated with respect to a trivariate system consisting of US per capita GNP, Private Consumption and Investment.

Topic: Economic theories and models
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Revelation

In the lecture which provides the theme for this volume Morna Hooker (1984) urges that we read the New Testament writings in their own context, not ours: what then is the context? The question is raised sharply by Revelation, which though addressed to the Hellenistic cities of the Province of Asia is perhaps the most overtly Jewish book in the New Testament, or at least the most scriptural. But what sort of Judaism? Does the scriptural texture spring from living experience, as in the Thanksgiving Hymns of Qumran, or is it literary and antiquarian? The book claims to be apocalypse (I.I) and prophecy (I.3), but these terms have been seen as representing types of literature and religious positions which are poles apart. Apocalyptic is held to be other-worldly, dualistic, pessimistic, esoteric, sectarian – looking to the imminent end of this corrupt world, but centred in the literary past and divorced from the main stream of national life (Vielhauer 1965, pp. 581–600). Prophecy on the other hand works with hope of restoration within this world – a salvation dependent on repentance and obedience to Torah, as interpreted by the down to earth Pharisees and their rabbinic successors

Topic: Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Zinc‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrosilylation of Ketones and Imines under Solvent‐Free Conditions

Abstract The zinc acetate promoted asymmetric hydrosilylation of various ketones and imines under solvent‐free conditions was examined by using an unprecedented low catalyst loading. Exposure of ketones to 0.05 mol % Zn‐based chiral diamine complex in the presence of triethoxysilane afforded enantioenriched alcohols in excellent yields (up to 98 %) and enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee ). This methodology also allowed for the chemoselective 1,2‐reduction of α,β‐unsaturated ketones and imines.

Topic: Asymmetric Hydrogenation and Catalysis
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Rapid screening for aluminum tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.)

A significant decrease in maize grain yield due to aluminum toxicity is considered to be one of the most important agricultural problems for tropical regions. Genetic improvement is a useful approach to increase maize yield in acid soils, but this requires a rapid and reliable method to discriminate between genotypes. In our work we investigated the feasibility of using hematoxylin staining (HS) to detect Al-tolerant plants at the seedling stage. The original population along with two populations obtained after one cycle of divergent selection were evaluated by net root growth (NRG) and HS after 7 days in nutrient solution. Results showed a negative correlation between NRG and HS in all populations, in which sensitive plants, characterized by low NRG, exhibited more intense staining than tolerant plants. These results indicate that HS is a useful procedure for selecting Al-tolerant maize seedlings.

Topic: Aluminum toxicity and tolerance in plants and animals
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Assembling Market B/Orders: Violence, Dispossession, and Economic Development in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico

Using an ongoing land conflict in Ciudad Juárez as a case study, I seek to show how maquiladora decision makers stabilize a regional development model even at times of extreme social and economic crisis. I argue that the current killings associated with drug trafficking play an ambivalent role in the reproduction of order in Juárez. At first sight, the violence is represented as a threat, unmasking as it does a regional development model as failure. Decision makers accordingly respond by doing everything possible to distance the maquiladora industry from the violence. On the one hand, this is being done by familiar means, not unlike in previous moments of crises. But on the other hand the events around Lomas del Poleo additionally assume a new quality, as maquiladorization goes hand in hand with an explicit strategy of spatial distanciation, integrating places and people that have hitherto been linked only marginally to the industry. And it is here that the narco-related violence plays different roles: As a convenient veil that allows what might be termed ‘ordinary’ assertions of brute force to be used under the cover of extraordinary, excessive, violence; and as a welcome excuse in moments of emergency that legitimize violent measures for the sake of a greater good.

Topic: Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
David Hume: The Making of a Philosophical Historian. A Reconsideration

The thesis is concerned with the exploration of the interconnections between philosophy&#13;\nand history in David Hume’s work and seeks to provide a reassessment of his&#13;\nremarkable transition from metaphysical philosopher and polite essayist to philosophical&#13;\nand narrative historian. The first part of the thesis puts forth a detailed reappraisal of&#13;\nHume’s intellectual preoccupations and literary pursuits in the crucial but neglected&#13;\nperiod 1748-1752, a period that witnessed Hume’s tour of several European courts in&#13;\n1748, his intensive reading of the classics and his engagement with Montesquieu’s new&#13;\nsystem of socio-political analysis. These years saw a decisive shift in Hume’s thinking&#13;\nabout human nature that resulted in an increasing emphasis on its historicity. It is argued&#13;\nthat this helps to explain his growing insistence on the necessity of accounting for the&#13;\nvaried manifestations of human nature in different historical periods by a reconstruction&#13;\nof the social, political and economical conditions of past societies as well as their&#13;\ncustoms, manners and belief systems. It is furthermore argued that Hume’s new holistic&#13;\nview of past civilisations found its expression in a number of diverse pieces which can&#13;\nbe read as fragments of a cultural history of classical antiquity and contain an important&#13;\nagenda for a new kind of cultural history.&#13;\nThe second part of the thesis considers the significance of this thinking for Hume’s&#13;\nplans for a large-scale work of modern British political history. The discussion is&#13;\nfocussed on the History of Great Britain under the House of Stuart (1754-56) and pays&#13;\nparticular attention to his intentions as a political historian. It is shown that the success&#13;\nof his work depended largely on his skill in raising his readers’ ‘interest’ and his&#13;\nadeptness in conveying his own ‘impartiality’ as a historian. It is argued that Hume’s&#13;\nachievement can best be understood through an in-depth analysis of his innovative&#13;\nappropriation of a narrative device that had already been used by many historians from&#13;\nThucydides to Rapin-Thoyras, the set-piece political debate, which Hume employed as&#13;\nthe main device for explaining the emergence of a mixed British constitution. The thesis&#13;\nthus offers a fresh interpretation of the relationship between Hume’s concept of philosophical history and his aims and techniques as a narrative historian and seeks to&#13;\ncontribute to our understanding of the trajectory of his intellectual and literary career as&#13;\nwell as the profound transformation of historical writing in the High Enlightenment.

Topic: Indian History and Philosophy
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Security challenges in Internet of Vehicles (IoV) environment

With recent advancements in technology, different devices that are used in our day-to-day lives are able to connect to internet, communicate and exchange messages with each other. This new paradigm is called "Internet of Things" and is providing services such as smart hospitals, smart city, home automation etc. "Internet of Things" has changed conventional small scale Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) to a highly scalable, manageable internet based "Internet of Vehicle" (IoV). IoV is a vehicular network model consisting of vehicles, users and other smart devices connected to network and aims to provide various safety as well as entertainment services. Vehicles in IoV system are equipped with different sensors that collect different types of data and send it to computation unit for computation and analysis, based on which directions and other information is sent to each vehicle. We present a model overview of IoV system in this paper. Security in IoV becomes of paramount importance as any system failure directly affects user safety. In this paper, we discuss security issues, various security attacks and their countermeasures from IoV perspective. We also propose an authentication mechanism for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication in IoV.

Topic: Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Preparing the Ernani Paraphrase for Performance

Piano transcriptions are often treated as superficial works, the sole purpose of which is to display the technical prowess of the performer. In this dissertation, I engage critically with this perspective by investigating the various layers present in transcriptions. The study will focus on the Ernani Paraphrase by Franz Liszt. The investigative question of this study is: âHow can I intertwine the layered information gained through the analysis process of the Ernani Paraphrase with the embodied discoveries, in preparation towards performance?â I offer the palimpsest as an analogy through which to analyze the Ernani Paraphrase. In the palimpsest layers, dealing with the analyses, I trace a trajectory from the play and opera that inspired Lisztâs transcription, through the musical and social circumstances surrounding the transcription, and a musical analysis of the transcription itself. These layers are referred to as the âpeeling awayâ phases in the process. In the palimpsest layers, that follow the analytical phase, I engage autoethnographically with embodied explorations of the score while interacting with the piano as I prepare for an eventual performance. These embodied layers are perceived as the re-accumulation phase. Separating these various layers provides a unique overview of the work, its influences, and origins. Ultimately, all these layers will reaccumulate into what will become the palimpsest of performance. The analogy of the palimpsest proved effective in outlining the many origins and influences of the transcription which then inform later layers in preparing for the eventual performance.

Topic: Musicology and Musical Analysis
Subfield: Music
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Primary special needs and the National Curriculum

This new edition of Ann Lewis's widely acclaimed text has been substantially revised and updated to take into account the recent revisions to the National Curriculum and the guidance of the Code of Practice. It provides: *an analysis of the issues and practicalities of implementing the National Curriculum at primary school level *an exploration of the main trends concerning the education of children with learning difficulties *guidelines on safeguarding a broad curriculum, assessing children's learning and helping all children gain access to the National Curriculum Related issues such as the grouping of children, the role of the special needs coordinator, resources, record keeping and the legal position are also examined. These areas are explored in the light of classroom practice, evidence about the impact of the National Curriculum to date and wider research evidence and policy analysis.

Topic: Education Systems and Policy
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Effect Of Brand Diversification And Systematic Risk On Firm Shareholder Wealth: The Case Of Brinker International, Inc.

Divestiture activity within the restaurant industry has increased in the last twenty years, however there is a dearth of research investigating the subsequent effects of the phenomenon. In particular none of the studies in the literature, have specifically examined the effects of restaurant firms' brand diversification strategies and systematic risk on shareholder wealth when controlling for divestiture completions. This research extends the knowledge from previous work on corporate unbundling and brand diversification strategies to the unique restaurant industry. Drawing on agency theory, the long- and short-term effects of the resulting brand diversification levels on firm shareholder wealth following a divestiture is examined. In addition, the effect of systematic risk on shareholder wealth following a divestiture is investigated. The study is applied to one of the leading U.S. restaurant firms, Brinker International, Inc., since the company has completed a number of divestitures that have resulted in a reduction of its brand diversification. Time series data from 1994 to 2013 is used in the study. The Wharton Research Data Services database and Brinker International, Inc.'s Securities and Exchange Commission annual and quarterly filings are utilized in acquiring the data for the study. Data analysis for the study consists of a cointegration error correction model. Specifically, the study's methodology includes unit root tests, cointegration, vector error correction, and causality tests for the proposed hypotheses. The results indicate that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between shareholder wealth, brand diversification, and systematic risk. In addition, a short-term positive relationship exists between Brinker's level of systematic risk and divestiture completion. In addition, a negative short-term relationship is found between Brinker's brand diversification and shareholder wealth with divestiture completion. However, no statistically significant relationships are found between brand diversification, systematic risk, and shareholder wealth for Brinker in the short term. Overall, the study's model for the short-term explains 23.63% of the variance in Brinker's shareholder wealth. This study provides various theoretical and managerial implications for the restaurant literature, as well as, provides a catalyst for future studies to expand on the relationships between brand diversification, systematic risk, and shareholder wealth for restaurant firms when considering divestitures.

Topic: Corporate Finance and Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Internet gambling

S. 692 (Sen. Kyl) as passed by the Senate, and H.R. 3125 (Rep. Goodlatte), as brought to the House floor on a suspension motion, would have outlawed commercial use of the Internet to gamble or to facilitate gambling, with fairly broad exceptions for certain forms of legalized gambling. Individual bettors were not covered and there were exemptions for pari-mutuel betting on horse racing and dog racing, and for state lotteries, among others. Violations were subject to criminal penalties and court injunctions. Service providers who cooperated with authorities in good faith enforcement of the Act were immunized for their cooperation and for violators occurring through use of their facilities. Both bills left intact the Wire Act which proscribes use of the telephone facilities to gamble and transmit gambling information.H.R. 5020 (Rep. Conyers) would have amended the Wire Act so as to resolve disputes over its coverage of Interact gambling and otherwise. The bill had no explicit exceptions for pari-mutuel gambling or state lotteries.H.R. 4419 (Rep. Leach), as reported out of the House Committee on Banking and Financial Services (H.Rept. 106-771), would have prohibited gambling businesses from accepting bettors' credit cards, electronic fund transfers, or checks, in connection with illegal Internet gambling, and established criminal, civil, and regulatory mechanisms for enforcement of its proscriptions.None of these proposals were enacted during the 106th Congress.The Justice Department appropriation legislation, did include a section (§ 629) subsequently enacted and drafted to clarify the legality of the use of interstate communications in connection with off-track pari-mutuel gambling, 144 Cong.Rec. H12481 (daily ed. Dec. 15, 2001).

Topic: Gambling Behavior and Treatments
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Characterization of 5HT3 Receptor Mediated Electrical Responses in Nodose Ganglion Neurones and Clonal Neuroblastoma Cells Maintained in Culture

Voltage-clamped adult rabbit nodose ganglion (NG) neurones and murine NlE-115 neuroblastoma cells respond to locally applied 5-HT with an inward current response mediated by the opening of 5-HT3 receptor-linked cation selective ion channels. 5-HT-induced currents reversed in sign at a potential close to 0 mV and desensitized rapidly. The conductance of the 5-HT3 receptor ion channel complex in NlE-115 cells ( ~ 0.3 pS) was estimated to be approximately 155-fold lower than that found in rabbit NG neurones ( ~ 17.0 pS). Ondansetron and metoclopramide demonstrated similar IC50 values in blocking 5-HT-induced currents in the two cell types, but the antagonist potencies of (+)-tubocurarine and cocaine in NlE-115 cells (IC50 values 0.85 nM and 7.9 μM respectively) were different to those determined in rabbit NG neurones (160 nM and 80 nM) under similar recording conditions. The relative contributions of species and tissue differences to these discrepancies are discussed, together with preliminary data obtained from guinea-pig nodose ganglion neurones, which suggests the former to be an important variable.

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences