jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fluorination/Defluorination\nBehavior of Y&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C in Fluoride-Ion Battery Anodes

Despite the high theoretical energy density of fluoride-ion\nbatteries\n(FIBs), their practical applications are hindered by the large volume\nchanges associated with the redox reactions (typically metal ↔\nmetal fluoride interconversions) of most of the corresponding anode\nmaterials. Consequently, FIB anode materials that react at low potentials\nwith small expansion and shrinkage are desired. Inspired by the low\ntheoretical volume change (8%) of the Y&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C ↔ Y&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; interconversion, we herein evaluated Y&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C as an FIB anode material and determined its initial discharge\nand charge capacities as 565 and 432 mAh g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively.\nThe first fluorination was characterized by a capacity plateau equivalent\nto a two-electron reaction at −2 V vs Pb/PbF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. The\nfirst and second halves of this region corresponded to the Y&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C → Y&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; intercalation reaction and\nY&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; lattice expansion, respectively, whereas\nfurther fluorination led to a YF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-like structure. Y&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; formed at the end of the first plateau was\nreversibly defluorinated to Y&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C upon charging. The reversible\nchange in the shape of the C K-edge electron energy loss spectrum\nduring charge–discharge indicated the contribution of carbon\nto the redox reaction. Thus, this paper presents, for the first time,\nan account of the reversible electrochemical intercalation of fluoride\nions in FIB anode materials, paving the way for FIB commercialization.

Topic: Inorganic Fluorides and Related Compounds
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Genetic Complementation Studies of Human Pin1 in Azotobacter vinelandii Revealed that it Requires Amino Terminus of the NifM to Deliver PPIase Effect to the Fe-protein of Nitrogenase

The NifM is a peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase and is required for the maturation and activation of the Fe protein of Nitrogenase. Since the carboxyl terminus of NifM is similar to the Human Pin1, we expressed the Human Pin1 in A. vinelandii BG98, a nifM mutant strain containing a kanamycin insertion and found that it could not complement the function of nifM. It was hypothesized that the amino terminus of the NifM might be required for the Pin1 to bind to NifH similar to requirement of the WW domain for the binding to pSer/Thr-Pro of Cdc25C. Therefore we expressed a NifM amino-terminal and Pin1 fusion protein chimera in A. vinelandii BG98 and this chimera was able to complement the function of NifM. This observation indicated that the amino-terminal of NifM is responsible for the specificity for NifH similar to the specificity of WW domain of Pin1 for pSer/Thr-Pro while the carboxyl terminal domain functions as peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase.

Topic: Signaling Pathways in Disease
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Expanding the case study: The narrative thread

A new research framework is described in this paper, termed 'the narrative thread'. It is a development of the case study, but argues that the paradigm of physical boundaries that has been used to define the case, can be shifted so that it is the phenomenon itself that defines the case, not where the case takes place. In addition, this framework has a number of attractive attributes, in that it is highly flexible, supports an inductive then a deductive approach, and gives formal guidance for both the incorporation of knowledge gained in literature reviews and the generation of theory.

Topic: Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Role of Shadow Banking in the Monetary Transmission Mechanism and the Business Cycle

This paper investigates the heterogeneous impact of monetary policy shocks on financial in- termediaries. I distinguish between banks and shadow banks based on their funding constraints. Because credit creation by banks responds to economy-wide productivity endogenously, bank reaction to shocks corresponds to the balance sheet channel. Shadow banks are constrained by their available funding and their behavior is better explained by the lending channel. In line with empirical observations, shadow bank lending moves in the opposite direction to bank lending following monetary policy shocks, which mitigates aggregate credit responses. The propagation of real and financial shocks is likewise altered when shadow banks are identified as a distinct sector among financial intermediaries. Following estimation of the model using Bayesian methods, a historical shock decomposition highlights the roles of banks and shadow banks in the run-up to the 2007 - 08 financial crisis.

Topic: Banking stability, regulation, efficiency
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Defeating Normal Thermoregulatory Defenses

Therapeutic hypothermia may be useful in various circumstances including stroke. However, core body temperature is normally tightly regulated. Even mild hypothermia in conscious subjects thus provokes vigorous thermoregulatory defenses which are potentially harmful in fragile patients. Furthermore, thermoregulatory responses are effective, which reduces the rate at which hypothermia can be induced. Drugs are thus often given to blunt normal thermoregulatory defenses. General anesthetics profoundly impair thermoregulatory control, but prolonged general anesthesia is rarely practical or appropriate. A variety of other drugs have therefore been evaluated. Most opioids only slightly impair thermoregulatory defenses, but meperidine is considerably more effective than equipotent doses of other opioids. The central α-2 agonists clonidine and dexmedetomidine are also useful. However, the best overall approach to inducing thermal tolerance appears to be a combination of buspirone and meperidine, which reduces the core temperature triggering shivering to about 33.5°C in doses that maintain adequate ventilation.

Topic: Thermal Regulation in Medicine
Subfield: Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Diagnostic value of immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimens for bullous pemphigoid

In contrast to previous studies, our findings in an unselected patient cohort indicate that IHCA are not sufficiently sensitive to replace DIF studies for confirming the diagnosis of BP. IHCA sensitivity significantly increases in the presence of histological blistering and/or of circulating autoantibodies. IHCA represents a potential rescue diagnostic technique only if specialized laboratories and/or a second biopsy specimen for DIF are unavailable.

Topic: Autoimmune Bullous Skin Diseases
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
843. Isothiazoles. Part VII. Quaternary isothiazoles

P. Chaplen, R. Slack and K. R. H. Wooldridge, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 4577 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650004577

Topic: Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Peer Review #2 of "Grazing effects on woody and herbaceous plant biodiversity on a limestone mountain in northern Tunisia (v0.1)"

Mediterranean maquis vegetation is highly biodiverse, but widespread grazing poses a challenge for management and conservation.We sampled woody and herbaceous plants separately on a limestone mountain with strong mesic-xeric gradients in Tunisia's Parc National de L' Ichkeul, assessed grazing pressure (on a scale of 1-3), and asked whether grazing had a significant effect on plant compositional abundance before and after controlling for environmental covariates.Sites on the more mesic lakeside face of the mountain were most compositionally unique, and forbs contributed most to the herbaceous beta-diversity on the mountain.We used variance partitioning to separate the collective and individual effects of the abiotic environment, grazing, human activity, and space on herbaceous and woody beta-diversity.However, the individual effect of grazing on overall plant community composition was confounded with space, due to the spatially autocorrelated grazing pressure on the mountain.Importantly, we found that herbaceous and woody communities responded differently to increasing levels of grazing intensity: herbaceous beta-diversity was highest between sites with no grazing pressure, while woody beta-diversity peaked under light grazing.Herbaceous community composition was sensitive to any intensity of grazing pressure, and biotic homogenization occured under moderate-to-high grazing pressure.On the other hand, woody community composition remained relatively similar under no to light grazing pressure, but differed under moderate-to-heavy grazing.Using a one-way permutational analysis of variance analysis, we showed that grazing had a significant effect when controlling for abiotic and spatial covariates.Our findings offer insight into the effects of grazing on maquis vegetation at Jebel Ichkeul, acting as a microcosm of similar conservation and management issues elsewhere in the Mediterranean.We suggest that a combination of monitoring and carefully controlled grazing may enhance plant diversity and maintain the region's biodiverse maquis vegetation, potentially maintaining a key climate refugium for

Topic: Mediterranean and Iberian flora and fauna
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Adrenal incidentaloma: subclinical Cushing’s syndrome

Summary Adrenal incidentalomas present a significant differential diagnostic challenge. All patients with an incidentally discovered adrenal lesion should be carefully considered and re-evaluated to exclude extra-adrenal malignancy. Tumours with hypersecretory syndromes require excision, whilst those tumours more than 6 cm in size, particularly if they exhibit other features of malignancy on computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or scintigraphy, should also be excised. In all cases screening for phaeochromocytomas should be performed, and in the context of hypertension and spontaneous hypokalaemia, a primary aldosterone-secreting tumour requires exclusion. However, the natural history and treatment regimens for those individuals demonstrating ‘subclinical Cushing’s syndrome’ is far from clear. Size, as determined by CT or MR scanning, does not in itself reliably distinguish benign from malignant disease. Scintigraphy may be a useful adjunct, with discordant patterns suggesting malignant disease. Fine needle aspiration should not routinely be used but may be useful in cases of doubt about other extra adrenal malignancy.

Topic: Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
From integrative structural biology to cell biology

Integrative modeling is an increasingly important tool in structural biology, providing structures by combining data from varied experimental methods and prior information.As a result, molecular architectures of large, heterogeneous, and dynamic systems, such as the ~52 MDa Nuclear Pore Complex, can be mapped with useful accuracy, precision, and completeness.Key challenges in improving integrative modeling include expanding model representations, increasing the variety of input data and prior information, quantifying a match between input information and a model in a Bayesian fashion, inventing more efficient structural sampling, as well as developing better model validation, analysis, and visualization.In addition, two community-level challenges in integrative modeling are being addressed under the auspices of the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB).First, the impact of integrative structures is maximized by PDB-Dev, a prototype wwPDB repository for archiving, validating, visualizing, and disseminating integrative structures.Second, the scope of structural biology is expanded by linking the wwPDB resource for integrative structures with archives of data that have not been generally used for structure determination but are increasingly important for computing integrative structures, such as data from various types of mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, optical microscopy, proteomics, and genetics.To address the largest of modeling problems, a type of integrative modeling called metamodeling is being developed; metamodeling combines different types of input models as opposed to different types of data to compute an output model.Collectively, these developments will facilitate the structural biology mindset in cell biology and underpin spatiotemporal mapping of the entire cell.

Topic: Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Food and Feeding Habits of Herdmania pallida (Heller) (Urochordata: Ascidiacea) from Palk Strait, Southeast of India

2 Abstract: In the present observation, the food and feeding habit of the simple ascidians, Herdmania pallida was carried out during the study period (July 2008 to June 2009). The percentage contribution of food items comprised of 51% of sand particles, 30% of micro flora, 13 % of meio fauna, 2% of macro fauna and 4% of other materials. The percentage of feeding intensity were observed throughout one year as poorly feed 20%, heavy feed 26%, medium 18 %, active 24% and empty 12%, The poorly feed were more recorded in the month of June (32.5%), heavy feed was highly recorded in the month of January (37.5 %), active feed was more reported in the month of February (34.6%),medium feed was more in the month of January (20.2%), empty feed was reported high in the month of July (18.9%). Key word: Food and feeding ・ Herdmania pallida ・ Ascidiacea

Topic: Marine Ecology and Invasive Species
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A simple incubation test for determining soil dispersion and gypsum rates

Context High levels of exchangeable sodium or potassium in soils can lead to issues such as dispersion and deterioration of soil structure, reduced hydraulic conductivity and inadequate aeration. Gypsum is the most common soil amendment used to treat these issues but current methods to determine application rates (e.g. based on exchangeable sodium percentage or addition of dissolved calcium to diluted soil extracts) have limitations. Aim The aim of this study was to develop a simple soil incubation test to determine gypsum rates that are sufficient to eliminate soil dispersion. Methods Accurately weighed amounts of gypsum (to represent rates between 0 and 10 t ha-1) were mixed with soil (n = 8, three replicates) in small columns (50 mL plastic syringe-valve) and incubated under wet conditions for different periods. The turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH and cation concentrations in the column leachate were measured. Key results As gypsum rate increased, turbidity in the leachate decreased and this relationship was fitted with a natural logarithm function for each soil (average R2 = 0.71). A desired leachate turbidity target of =10 NTU was used in the equation to estimate the gypsum rate when dispersion was overcome for each soil. Testing suggested that a 1-day soil incubation time was sufficient. Conclusions Advantages of this new method include (a) non-reliance on exchangeable cation measurements, (b) direct relationship of the turbidity measure with soil dispersion and (c) the influence of soil salinity on dispersion being implicitly considered. Implications This method should provide improved decision support for management of dispersive soils.

Topic: Soil and Unsaturated Flow
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Structure of C. elegans TMC-1 complex illuminates auditory mechanosensory transduction

Abstract The initial step in the sensory transduction pathway underpinning hearing and balance in mammals involves the conversion of force into the gating of a mechanosensory transduction (MT) channel. Despite the profound socioeconomic impacts of hearing disorders and the fundamental biological significance of understanding MT, the composition, structure and mechanism of the MT complex has remained elusive. Here we report the single particle cryo-EM structure of the native MT TMC-1 complex isolated from C. elegans. The 2-fold symmetric complex is composed of 2 copies each of the pore-forming TMC-1 subunit, the calcium-binding protein CALM-1 and the transmembrane inner ear protein TMIE. CALM-1 makes extensive contacts with the cytoplasmic face of the TMC-1 subunits while the single-pass TMIE subunits reside on the periphery of the complex, poised like the handles of an accordion. A subset of particles in addition harbors a single arrestin-like protein, ARRD-6, bound to a CALM-1 domain. Single-particle reconstructions and molecular dynamics simulations show how the MT complex deforms the membrane bilayer and suggest crucial roles for lipid-protein interactions in the mechanism by which mechanical force is transduced to ion channel gating.

Topic: Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
Subfield: Aging
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Constituency Representation in Korea: Sources and Consequences

This paper investigates the sources of variation in the level of constituency work performed by South Korean legislative members and the effect of members' previous constituency work upon their subsequent electoral success. Using data derived from questionnaire surveys, this study has found that a member's perception of the electoral payoff of constituency work, his self-description of the job, his party affiliation, and the constituency's demands and location are important factors in explaining the level of his constituency work. Also, it is shown that active constituency work significantly enhances the member's electoral support. The main conclusion is that there are in Korea strong electoral incentives for member's active constituency work.

Topic: Korean Urban and Social Studies
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
143 An ethical analysis of evidence-based medicine

<h3>Background</h3> (Evidence-based medicine is a clinical decision making framework which makes claims about what physicians ought to do. Though heralded as the cutting edge of medical science evidence-based medicine is a value laden normative theory which implicitly depends on substantive views regarding what is morally good or right. <h3>Objectives</h3> In this paper, I provide an ethical analysis of evidence-based medicine. <h3>Method</h3> I consider its normative underpinnings in three ethical theories: utilitarianism, Kantian deontology, and virtue ethics. <h3>Results</h3> In the face of uncertainty, evidence-based medicine endorses expected utility theory using the best available evidence in order to avoid doing more harm than good. In accordance with the Kantian respect for individuals as ends in themselves, evidence-based medicine calls for integrating the values and preferences of the patient. De-emphasizing intuition, clinical expertise, and pathophysiologic rationale emphasizes the need for the intellectual virtues of curiosity, critical thinking, and courage. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Evidence-based medicine is a successful clinical practice that can be morally justified by all three major ethical theories. Although its focus on maximizing good health outcomes and integrating respect for individual patients has been emphasized, the role of the intellectual virtues in evidence-based medicine remains highly under-explored.

Topic: Ethics in medical practice
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Dynamic Response of a Beam With Absorber Exposed to a Running Force: Fractional Calculus Approach

This paper analyzes the transverse vibration of Bernoulli-Euler homogeneous isotropic simply-supported beam. The beam is assumed to be fractionally-damped and attached to a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) absorber with fractionally-damping behavior at the mid-span of the beam. The beam is also exposed to a running force with constant velocity. The fractional calculus is introduced to model the damping characteristics of both the beam and absorber. The Laplace transform accompanied by the used decomposition method is applied to solve the handled problem with homogenous initial conditions. Subsequently, curves are depicted to measure the dynamic response of the utilized beam under different set of vibration parameters and different values of fractional derivative orders for both of the beam and absorber. The results obtained show that the dynamic response decreases as both the damping-ratio of the absorber and beam increase. The results reveal that there are critical values of fractional derivative orders which are different from unity. At these optimal values, the beam behaves with less dynamic response than that obtained for the full-order derivatives model of unity order. Therefore, the fractional derivative approach provides better damping models for fractionally-damped structures and materials which may allow researchers to choose suitable mathematical models that precisely fit the corresponding experimental models for many engineering applications.

Topic: Fractional Differential Equations Solutions
Subfield: Modeling and Simulation
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Care Workers’ Involvement with Those Facing Their Own Death

The last chapter considered the experience of people who are facing death. Here, I look at the experience of social care practitioners whose work brings them into contact with them. The first section of this chapter offers examples, from across the range of social care services, of situations in which the anticipated or imminent death of the service user is a significant factor in the work to be done. The section that follows relates to the workers' responses. What is the role of the practitioner? What is distinctive about it, and what are some of the practice issues and tensions? Links will be made with the features identified in Chapter 2 as characteristic of social care (section 2.3). The last section identifies specialist skills and knowledge that are seen by the workers involved to underpin their current work with dying people, and the training and support that is available to them. Throughout the chapter, use will be made, as appropriate, of the theoretical concepts identified in Chapter 3, and references made to the experiences and needs of dying people, as discussed in Chapter 4.KeywordsSocial WorkerHome CarerService UserSocial CareResidential HomeThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Topic: Mental Health and Patient Involvement
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Climate Change, Deforestation, and the Fate of the Amazon

The forest biome of Amazonia is one of Earth's greatest biological treasures and a major component of the Earth system. This century, it faces the dual threats of deforestation and stress from climate change. Here, we summarize some of the latest findings and thinking on these threats, explore the consequences for the forest ecosystem and its human residents, and outline options for the future of Amazonia. We also discuss the implications of new proposals to finance preservation of Amazonian forests.

Topic: Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences