jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Asylum, Temporary Protection, and the Refugee Policy Toolkit

I have so far argued that asylum is a distinctive mode of refugee relief because it is expressive rather than merely palliative. That sets it apart from other refugee policy tools, such as humanitarian protection and in situ relief aid. This chapter further explores asylum's place in the refugee policy toolkit. In particular, I address two questions.

Topic: Migration, Refugees, and Integration
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
J<scp>ohn</scp> G<scp>ilbert</scp> M<scp>c</scp>C<scp>urdy</scp>. <i>Quarters: The Accommodation of the British Army and the Coming of the American Revolution</i>.

Though most historians know in a general way that the quartering of British troops was a key grievance prior to the American Revolution, they have only a limited and often mistaken understanding of the issue. This is not surprising. As John Gilbert McCurdy notes, there has never been a book-length treatment of the subject. Happily, this omission has now been redressed in McCurdy’s excellent monograph. The neglect of this topic is part of a larger failure to put military history into conversation with social and political history in a sustained and insightful way. Since John Shy’s work inspired the “new military history” more than half a century ago, examples of the genre in early American historiography are surprisingly few. Clearly argued and gracefully written, Quarters is an important contribution to this neglected area of inquiry that illuminates much about the challenges of imperial governance and the sensitivities of the revolutionary...

Topic: Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis
Subfield: History and Philosophy of Science
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Adjustment to trade opening: The case of labor share in India's manufacturing industry

While trade opening is generally welfare enhancing, it requires a reallocation of capital and labor across sectors and firms. The empirical evidence on how this reallocation works is still relatively thin. Our paper contributes to this literature by studying how the labor’s share of income adjusted due to trade liberalization in India’s formal manufacturing sector during the period 1998–99 to 2007–08. Our baseline model suggests that a fall in output tariffs led to an increase in the labor share while a fall in input tariffs brought about a decrease in labor share. However, once we control for factor and technology intensity of production, we find that this differential impact of tariff reduction on labor share aligns with these classifications. Tariff liberalization led to a decline in labor share in technology and capital-intensive sectors while in labor-intensive and low-tech sectors it brought about an increase. This suggests that following trade opening, demand for labor improved in labor-intensive and low-tech sectors but deteriorated in capital-intensive and high-tech sectors. India’s manufacturing bias towards the latter explains the overall decline in labor share in the post-reform period. Furthermore, we find that labor adjustment occurred more efficiently in states with flexible labor laws.

Topic: Global trade and economics
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
The Interaction of Penicillin and Chloramphenicol Against Meningococci <i>In Vitro</i>

Combinations of penicillin and chloramphenicol are frequently used initially in the treatment of bacterial meningitis. The simultaneous effects against meningococci of these two drugs were examined in vitro in a chemically defined, proteinfree medium. The investigation was performed with different combinations of the antibiotics, including optimal concentrations. In most instances, penicillin and chloramphenicol seemed to have an additive, but not an iso‐additive, effect. No antagonism was found, and only one out of nine strains showed indifference.

Topic: Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
The congruence of the "ego "-graphy of professionalization teaching staff

The text visualizes an innovative concept in pedagogical sciences, namely that of the "ego "-graph of the professionalization of teaching staff. The author investigated the concept in a multi-level and multi-functional perspective, assigning it socio-professional, humanistic and cultural values and functions. The concept is contextualized in the process of professionalization of teaching staff and is focused on the process of developing initial and continuing training plans and programs.

Topic: Psychology of Development and Education
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Retrospective Results on the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C with Different Interferon Regimes in a General Hospital

Introduction: Little is known about the effectiveness of various interferon regimes in patients with chronic hepatitis C in every day clinical practice. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective evaluation and analysis of all therapy results from patients treated with interferon in our general care hospital during the last 12 years. Patients and methods: 108 patients (66 men, 42 women) with bioptically confirmed hepatitis C and HCV-RNA positivity received and completed interferon therapy. Therapy consisted of interferon-α (IFN-α, for 48 weeks; group A, n=22), IFN-α plus ribavirin (for 48 weeks; group B, n=32) or pegylated IFN-α (PEG-IFN-α) plus ribavirin (for 24 weeks for genotypes 2 and 3, and 48 weeks for genotypes 1 and 4; group C, n=54). Virological response (HCV negativity) at end the of treatment as well as after follow-up of 24 weeks were analyzed. Results: In group A (100% genotype 1), virological response at the end of treatment was 36.4%, while in group B (100% genotypes 2 and 3) it was 59.4 and in group C (57.4 genotype 1) 77.8% (p≤ 0.05). In group A (IFN-α), SVR was 10.5%, in group B (IFN-α/R) 45.0, and the overall SVR in group C (PEG-IFN-α/R) was 63.3% (p≤ 0.05). Regarding SVR for genotype 1, PEG-IFN-α/R outmatched monotherapy with IFN-α (10.5% vs. 50.0%; p≤ 0.05), and for genotype 2 and 3, therapy with IFN-α/R (45.0 vs. 77.8 ; p≤ 0.05). Conclusion: For group A (IFN-α) and group C (PEG-IFN-α/R), our therapy results were comparable to the findings of randomized controlled studies, whereas results from group B (IFN-α/R) were significantly lower compared to the virological response rates of these studies. Nevertheless, in patients with chronic hepatitis C, good treatment results may be achieved in every day clinical practice outside randomized controlled studies. Keywords: Chronic hepatitis C, interferon-α, pegylated interferon-α, ribavirin

Topic: Hepatitis C virus research
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The adhesion strength of the thermal spray powder coating with the surface of steel 45

Problem. Improving the performance of materials can be achieved by changing the condition and properties of their surface by flame spraying. It is relatively simple to apply coatings on any limited surface area of a product made from a wide variety of materials using this method. Goal. The goal is improving of the methods of flame spraying and studying the influence of the degree of surface roughness and the thickness of the coating on the adhesion strength. The object of the study is Steel 45. A powder was a nickel based alloy PG-10Н-01 for the application of a flame coating. Methodology. The results are obtained on the basis of a bead-blasting surface treatment. The surface roughness of the steel was investigated using profiler – profile meter 252. Experimental strength tests were carried out on a wipe using glue. Results. It has been established that spraying at a right angle corresponds to the optimal mode of applying a gas-fired coating; surface preheating temperature ≈ 1500 С; the distance from the cut of the nozzle of the burner to the metal surface is 75–250 mm; spraying speed 130– 170 m/s. The adhesion strength of the coating with steel 45 increases with a surface roughnes and with a decrease in the thickness of the coating. It is necessary to apply a flame coating with thickness h ≤ 200 μm and a roughness parameter Ra ≥ 12,5 μm to increase the adhesion strength. Originality. For the first time the parameters of gas-flame spraying of such objects were established. The adhesion strength of the coating with steel 45, the degree of surface roughness and the thickness of the coating PG-10Н-01 were analyzed. Practical value. The obtained results can be used for improving the gas-flame spraying technology to increase the durability of machine parts.

Topic: Material Properties and Applications
Subfield: General Materials Science
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Apigenin Naturally Occurring Flavonoids: Occurrence and Bioactivity

The flavonoid, glycosides, alkaloids saponin, tannins etc represent an unusual group of structurally diverse secondary metabolites, derived from the convergence of multiple biosynthetic pathways that are widely distributed through the plant and animal kingdoms. Many of them have been discovered through bioassay-guided chemical investigations of traditional medicines, suggesting potential therapeutic significance. Apigenin is a flavonoid found in the medicinal plant and acts as source of pharmacological activities. Potential therapeutic indications are as diverse as cancer and viral infections, inflammation and immunomodulation, neurological and psychiatric conditions, and diabetes etc. In the view of their various pharmacological and biological actions, it seems to have great therapeutic potential.

Topic: Hops Chemistry and Applications
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Drawing Circles in the Sand

One of the most important differentiators between Commercial Games and Serious Games is content; delivered in a way that is successfully integrated with engaging game play and achieves the desired learning outcomes by delivering skills and knowledge effectively to the end-user. This ability to integrate content effectively is the key to producing “killer” Serious Games that deliver demonstrable learning outcomes, business benefits and overall value. However, achieving this nirvana is not a trivial task. Utilising lessons learned and case studies, this chapter provides an overview of why this process can be so challenging, including the differing experiences from the perspective of three stakeholders (game designer, instructional designer/learning psychologist and subject matter expert), how to manage preconceptions and balance their priorities. The case studies will also show how different methodologies, techniques and technology have been applied to help solve this fundamental challenge of delivering a successful serious game. Advice is provided on how to facilitate this process, capture the correct requirements andcreate a design that meets and exceeds the expectations of all the stakeholders involved, including the client/customer and the end user.

Topic: Educational Games and Gamification
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
MODELS FOR CONTINOUS AND HYBRID SYSTEM SIMULATION

The DEVS formalism was defined as a method for modeling and discrete event systems. DEVS theory evolved and it was recently upgraded in order to permit modeling of continuous and hybrid systems. Here, we present a first experience on the use of two of the existing methods for defining continuous variable DEVS models (namely, the QDEVS and the GDEVS formalisms), to develop continuous and hybrid systems simulations. We show how to model these dynamic systems under the discrete event abstraction. Examples of model simulations with their execution results are included. An experimental analysis on

Topic: Simulation Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Proper Efficiency and Tradeoffs in Multiple Criteria and Stochastic Optimization

The mathematical equivalence between linear scalarizations in multiobjective programming and expected-value functions in stochastic optimization suggests to investigate and establish further conceptual analogies between these two areas. In this paper, we focus on the notion of proper efficiency that allows us to provide a first comprehensive analysis of solution and scenario tradeoffs in stochastic optimization. In generalization of two standard characterizations of properly efficient solutions using weighted sums and augmented weighted Tchebycheff norms for finitely many criteria, we show that these results are generally false for infinitely many criteria. In particular, these observations motivate a slightly modified definition to prove that expected-value optimization over continuous random variables still yields bounded tradeoffs almost everywhere in general. Further consequences and practical implications of these results for decision-making under uncertainty and its related theory and methodology of multiple criteria, stochastic and robust optimization are discussed.

Topic: Risk and Portfolio Optimization
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Social and environmental factors influencing drug promotion in Ethiopia

Drug promotion influences physicians in such a way that they have a tendency for irrational prescribing, preference for newer, more expensive drugs and an inability to identify incorrect claims about drug products. Therefore, this study assessed interactions of drug promoters and physicians and its effect on prescribing in Ethiopia. A cross sectional study was conducted among physicians working both in private and public health facilities, and drug promoters in Dessie town, Ethiopia. Data was collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 20 software. This study found that drug promoters visited most of physicians and half of them accepted a gift from drug promoters. Drug sample, office stationery and invitation for training were the most common types of gifts offered to physicians. Regarding to perception of physicians, nearly two third of physicians perceived that the information received from drug promoters is not adequate. Most of the physicians said that promoters did not influence the prescribing behaviour of physicians about newly promoted drugs. About half of the physicians believed that drug promoters should not promote their products in the way they are doing currently. Drug companies were claimed to be sources of information for physicians to learn about drugs; however, they perceived that information received from drug promoters is biased in favour of their products. Key words: Social and environmental factors, drug promotion, Ethiopia.

Topic: Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Abstract 13949: Quantitative Assessment of the Left Atrial Appendage as a More Reliable Method of Thromboembolic Risk Stratification

Introduction: Assessment of the left atrial appendage (LAA) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing cardioversion for thromboembolic risk stratification is inherently qualitative. Oftentimes, interobserver assessment may disagree, leading to differences in risk stratification and patient management. We propose a novel method of quantitative LAA assessment and examine its predictive value for future thromboembolic events. Hypothesis: Evaluation of LAA using ImageJ pixel density quantification software in patients with AF will be superior to qualitative assessment by expert readers in assessing and predicting future thromboembolic risk. Methods: A total of 124 patients (mean age 59 ± 13 years, 70% male) undergoing transesophageal echocardiography to exclude LAA thrombus prior to radiofrequency pulmonary vein isolation or electrical cardioversion for AF were retrospectively studied. LAA were examined by two expert readers and identified as thrombus ( n = 9), sludge ( n = 11), spontaneous echocontrast ( n = 90), or normal ( n = 138). LAA were then separately examined using ImageJ to calculate a gain-independent ratio between the average pixel density of the LAA cavity and the average pixel density of the LAA wall (C/W ratio). Results: There was significant disagreement between the two expert readers in LAA assessment (weighted Kappa 0.510, p &lt; 0.0001). Qualitative LAA analysis was significantly related with C/W ratio ( p &lt; 0.0001) and thromboembolic events ( p &lt; 0.0002). C/W ratio was also significantly related with thromboembolic events (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.095 - 2.347, p &lt; 0.0152). According to Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the ROC curve, C/W ratio (AUC 0.73, 95% CI 0.60 - 0.86) was a more reliable predictor for future thromboembolic when compared to qualitative LAA assessment (AUC 0.72, 95% CI 0.53-0.90). Conclusions: Quantitative LAA assessment using the C/W ratio provided by ImageJ software is more reliable than qualitative assessment by expert readers for identifying future thromboembolic events while reducing reader variability.

Topic: Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Copper Toxicity in Phaseolus vulgaris L. as Influenced by Iron Nutrition. II. Elemental and Electron Microprobe Analyses1,2

Abstract In plants grown without Fe or with Fe tartrate, 0.50 ppm Cu reduced Fe concn only in the roots. When FeEDTA was used, Fe concn were higher in the roots at 0.04 and 0.50 ppm Cu than other treatments. Concentrations of Cu in the roots increased with the increase in Cu in the nutrient solution; in the shoots there was little difference. With FeEDTA, the Cu concn in the roots and shoots at both levels of Cu was considerably less than with Fe tartrate or without Fe. Microprobe analysis showed accumulations of Fe in wall areas of some xylem elements in the midrib of leaves of plants grown with Fe tartrate-0.50 ppm Cu only. Iron did not accumulate in comparable tissues with Fe tartrate-0.04 ppm Cu and with FeEDTA-0.04 and 0.50 ppm Cu. Copper was distributed uniformly throughout the tissues but P accumulated only in wall areas of the cells. The localization of Fe and P in the same cell suggested that high Cu induced chlorosis by precipitation of Fe as Fe phosphate.

Topic: Plant Micronutrient Interactions and Effects
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
ABCA6 Regulates Chondrogenesis and Inhibits Joint Degeneration via Orchestrated Cholesterol Efflux and Cellular Senescence

Abstract Patellar dysplasia (PD) can cause patellar dislocation and subsequent osteoarthritis (OA) development. Herein, a novel ABCA6 mutation contributing to a four‐generation family with familiar patellar dysplasia (FPD) is identified. In this study, whole exome sequencing (WES) and genetic linkage analysis across a four‐generation lineage presenting with six cases of FPD are conducted. A disease‐causing mutation in ABCA6 is identified for FPD. Further analyses reveal a consistent correlation between ABCA6 expression downregulation and PD occurrence, chondrocyte degeneration, and OA onset. Moreover, ABCA6‐KO mice demonstrate severe knee joint degeneration and accelerated OA progression. Besides, synovial mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) are extracted from WT, ABCA6 −/+ , and ABCA6 −/− mice to create chondrogenic organoids in vitro, confirming ABCA6 deficiency can lead to chondrocyte degeneration via modulating cell cycle and activating cellular senescence. Moreover, transcriptome and metabolomic sequencing analysis on ABCA6‐KO chondrocytes unveils that the ABCA6 deficiency inhibits cholesterol efflux, leading to intracellular cholesterol accumulation and subsequent cellular senescence and impaired chondrogenesis.A disease‐causing mutation of ABCA6 is identified for FPD. ABCA6 is correlated with PD occurrence and subsequent OA progression. ABCA6 can serve as a potential target in chondrogenesis and OA treatment by orchestrated intracellular cholesterol efflux and delayed cellular senescence.

Topic: Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Ocular Surface Disease and Anti-Glaucoma Medications: Various features, Diagnosis, and Management Guidelines

Topical antiglaucoma medications (with their preservatives) can induce severe ocular surface and periorbital changes. Early identification and withdrawal of the offending drug/preservative can help to reverse the changes except in eyes with extensive cicatrization.

Topic: Glaucoma and retinal disorders
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The distribution of, and antibody response to, the core lipopolysaccharide region of Escherichia coli isolated from the faeces of healthy humans and cattle

There are five different core types of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli tend to have the R3 core type. It has been hypothesized that increased carriage of bacteria with a specific core type will induce higher levels of antibodies and protect against disease caused by bacteria carrying that specific LPS core. Approximately 320 isolates of E. coli, half from healthy human faeces and half from healthy bovine faeces have been core typed both by core-specific monoclonal antibodies, and by PCR for genes encoding the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the specific core structures. Results showed that E. coli possessing R1 core LPS were most frequently detected in both human and cattle populations (63 and 49%, respectively). Compared to the human isolates a significantly higher level of bacteria with R3 core LPS was detected among the bovine commensal E. coli (11% compared to 4%; P < 0.05). Antibody levels to each of the specific core types were measured in serum samples from healthy humans (n = 91) and healthy cattle (n = 39). In each population the highest level of antibody detected was reactive to the R4 core. In cattle the level of anti-R3 core antibody was significantly higher than the level of anti-R1, -R2 and -K12 antibodies (P < 0.01). In summary there was a greater proportion of E. coli with R3 core type in cattle, together with a corresponding higher anti-R3 antibody level. This suggests that cattle may have greater immunity to E. coli strains with an LPS of R3 core type.

Topic: Escherichia coli research studies
Subfield: Endocrinology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Market Assessment for Capturing Water Conservation Opportunities in the Federal Sector

The Department of Energy's Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) is considering the development of a technology-specific Super-Energy Saving Performance Contract (ESPC) for water conservation. Prior to the development however, FEMP requires the completion of a market assessment to better understand the water conservation opportunities and the strategies available for capturing them. Thus, this market assessment has been undertaken to evaluate the water conservation opportunities and answer the key questions necessary for FEMP to make recommendations on whether or not to proceed with strategies for water conservation primarily through the development of a water conservation technology-specific performance contract.

Topic: Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies
Subfield: Water Science and Technology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences