jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Radical Degradation and Stabilisation Reactions of Solid Polymers

The thermal and oxidative thermal degradation of the majority of polymers occurs by radical mechanisms. Therefore the stabilisation of such polymers consists in the inhibition of the radical degradation processes. The aim of this review is to consider and analyse the kinetics and mechanisms of elementary radical degradation and stabilisation reactions in the solid phase, i.e. to examine the set of reactions which constitute the basis of the degradation and stabilisation processes. Before analysing and interpreting the experimental data, it is necessary, firstly, to note the characteristic features of solid-phase radical reactions which distinguish them from reactions in gases and liquids and, secondly, to consider the general theoretical postulates concerning the kinetics of solid-phase reactions. The bibliography includes 83 references.

Topic: Thermal and Kinetic Analysis
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
De cura populorum et pauperum: Attending to the Needs of the Poor in the Gallic and Hispano – Roman/Suevic – Visigothic Councils

Abstract The councils from Hispania and Gallia are a rich depository that addressed the poor and poverty in the Gallic and Hispano-Roman/Suevic-Visigothic Councils, a topic that has not been explored adequately. For the first time a full consideration of the abundant conciliar evidence about caring for the needs of the poor is executed here. This essay analyzes all of the instances where the councils mention the poor and almsgiving to ameliorate their plight. One of the marks of holiness of Christians, clergy, and laity alike, is the care of the poor. Christ many times referred to the poor and the obligation of others to help them in his teaching and the Church did not lose sight of the obligation to care for those in poverty through individual or collective acts of charity. Paul did so as well and we find the same in some of the non-Pauline epistles of the New Testament. Overall, in the abundant collection of councils there are references to the concerns of the poor. The number of times that the poor are mentioned in the councils is not as numerous as we might expect; there are enough of them that merit our attention, however. The circumstances, moreover, that elicited attention to the poor is diverse and quite revealing. The poor although abundant – we do not know the percentages – in that society could potentially be treated, as in any age, as outcasts that were marginalized or forgotten. This explains why the Church was ever busy admonishing the faithful who did not suffer poverty to remember the poor and be generous to them.

Topic: Classical Studies and Legal History
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Periodically modulated geometric and electronic structure of graphene on Ru(0 0 0 1)

We report here on a method to fabricate and characterize highly perfect,\nperiodically rippled graphene monolayers and islands, epitaxially grown on\nsingle crystal metallic substrates under controlled UHV conditions. The\nperiodicity of the ripples is dictated by the difference in lattice parameters\nof graphene and substrate, and, thus, it is adjustable. We characterize its\nperfection at the atomic scale by means of STM and determine its electronic\nstructure in the real space by local tunnelling spectroscopy. There are\nperiodic variations in the geometric and electronic structure of the graphene\nmonolayer. We observe inhomogeneities in the charge distribution, i.e a larger\noccupied Density Of States at the higher parts of the ripples. Periodically\nrippled graphene might represent the physical realization of an ordered array\nof coupled graphene quantum dots. The data show, however, that for rippled\ngraphene on Ru(0001) both the low and the high parts of the ripples are\nmetallic. The fabrication of periodically rippled graphene layers with\ncontrollable characteristic length and different bonding interactions with the\nsubstrate will allow a systematic experimental test of this fundamental\nproblem.\n

Topic: Graphene research and applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A non-linear model for the experimental measurement of utility

When a person has to choose between two or more situations, each involving certain risks, he presumably weighs the chances of the possible outcomes against the "worth" of these outcomes to him. His estimation of the chances is governed by his "subjective probabilities," his relative preferences for the outcomes by his "utility function." This paper explores ways of estimating the latter so as to predict individuals' choices among various bets, assuming the chances are known.

Topic: Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Subfield: General Decision Sciences
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Gamma irradiation effect studies on monolayer molybdenum disulfide on copper substrates

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a two-dimensional material which has demonstrated semiconducting behavior [1]. Different kinds of irradiations create the defects in molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) structure, different types of irradiations modulate the density of sulfur vacancies in MoS2[1]. MoS2 based and other 2-D materials-based devices and sensors are used in harsh environments [1]. In [2] authors have demonstrated studies of gamma irradiation on mono layer graphene. To develop and fabricate the MoS2-based devices and sensors, nanoelectronics instrumentation such as Transmission Electron Spectroscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Photo-Electron Diffraction (XPS) techniques are required for characterization of MoS2. Moreover, these radiation techniques, have huge impacts on electronic and optical properties of MoS2 [3]. So, it is important to study irradiation effects on the crystal structure and properties of MoS2. In this work, Co-60 source was used for the irradiation, which has nominal irradiation dose 2.07 Gy/min (207 rad/Min) (±5%). We have irradiated gamma-rays on four samples of single-layer molybdenum disulfide over copper substrate. We exposed the irradiation dose of 1.0 kGy (100 krad), 1.75 kGy (175 krad), 2.65 kGy (265 krad) and 3.0 kGy (300 krad) of irradiations on sample number one, two, three and four respectively. Through the Raman Spectroscopy, we studied E12g, A1g peaks. A1g peak is at 403.6 cm -1 and E12g peak is at 384.7 cm-1 in pristine MoS2 Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is nondestructive tool for characterization of S vacancies in MoS2.

Topic: 2D Materials and Applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Hot and Dense Hadron Gas (HG): A New Excluded-volume approach

We formulate a thermodynamically consistent equation of state (EOS), based on excluded-volume approach, for a hot, dense hadron gas (HG). We calculate various thermodynamical quantities of HG and various hadron ratios and compare our model results with the results of other excluded-volume models and experimental data. We also calculate various transport coefficients such as $η/s$ etc. and compare them with other HG model results. Furthermore, we test the validity of our model in getting the rapidity spectra of various hadrons and the effect of flow on them is investigated by matching our predictions with the experimental data.

Topic: High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Novel Techniques for the Examination of Physical Evidence—Their Admissibility as Evidence

Abstract Courts of law are traditionally conservative in nature and are very reluctant to change except with extreme caution. This resistance to change is in sharp contrast to the open-minded attitude of the scientific community toward the reception of new ideas. Scientific advancement is so rapid in this age of vast technological developments that it would be an impossible task to discuss all of the various developments in the area of scientific proof. This paper discusses a few specific topics that are not necessarily recent in origin but are currently of great interest or have been the subject of criticism for several years. An attempt is made to illustrate the historical understanding of judicial attitude regarding scientific evidence and also to present the present trends of the courts in determining the admissibility of scientific proof based on novel laboratory techniques.

Topic: Jury Decision Making Processes
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
GGE biplot analysis for seed production potential of European carrot (Daucus carota L.) genotypes in plains and submountenous zones of Punjab

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is grown worldwide in two different groups namely Asian and European. However the seed production of European cultivars is not possible in tropical and sub-tropical areas with less chilling period. The present study was planned to find the suitable areas in Punjab near foothills of Himalaya for seed production of European cultivars. Therefore fifteen carrot genotypes stecklings were transplanted in three dates of sowing i.e. first week of December, first week of January and first week of February at two locations of Punjab namely Ludhiana and Langroya. Seed yield traits like number of branches, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield per hectare were recorded. Combined analysis of variance showed highly significant differences for GE (genotype?environment) interaction indicating the possibility of stable genotypes. Seed production was better in location Langroya and better than location Ludhiana. Most of the genotypes showed stable performance with regard to seed yield and yield parameters in first week of December and first week of January by GGE Biplot. Number of branches were significantly higher in genotype Pusa Meghali which was statistically at par with P-3, PCO-4. Similarly PCO-4 showed maximum number of seeds per plant and PCO-6 showed the highest seed weight per plant and 100 seed weight. Moreover, seed yield per hectare for genotypes PCO-4, PCO-6 was significantly higher than other genotypes. The study showed that European cultivars of carrot i.e. Pusa Meghali, PCO-4 and PCO-6 cultivars can produce seed in submontaneous zones of Punjab.

Topic: Genetics and Plant Breeding
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Plasmonic Effect on Exciton and Multiexciton Emission of Single Quantum Dots

Quantum dots are nanoscale quantum emitters with high quantum yield and size-dependent emission wavelength, holding promises in many optical and electronic applications. When quantum dots are situated close to noble metal nanoparticles, their emitting behavior can be conveniently tuned because of the interaction between the excitons of the quantum dots and the plasmons of the metal nanoparticles. This interaction at the single quantum dot level gives rise to reduced or suppressed photoluminescence blinking and enhanced multiexciton emission, which is difficult to achieve in isolated quantum dots. However, the mechanism of how plasmonic structures cause the changes in the quantum dot emission remains unclear. Because of the complexity of the system, the interfaces between metal, semiconductor, and ligands must be considered, in addition to factors such as geometry, interparticle distance, and spectral overlap. The challenges in the design and fabrication of the hybrid nanostructures as well as in understanding the exciton-plasmon coupling mechanism can be overcome by a cooperative effort in synthesis, optical spectroscopy, and theoretical modeling.

Topic: Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
tions of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) Working Groups. Key Words: European pharmacovigilance; Harmonization; European Agency A COMMON MARKET

The future European rules on medicines are not yet definitive. Charges of the respon sible persons at the pharmacovigilance in industry have been detailed. Reporting of serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs) implies symmetrical obligations for industry and for the future Agency. Harmonization and standardization of requirements are lacking. It is rather disappointing that European projects to harmonize regulations have not gone as far as the conclusions of the Council for International Organiza

Topic: Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
Subfield: Toxicology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Microfabricated multi-electrode device for detecting oligodendrocyte-regulated changes in axonal conduction velocity

Myelin disorders cause cognitive dysfunction, but little is known about how abnormal myelin sheath affects neural activities at the network level. One reason for the lack is a technical difficulty in simultaneous monitoring of changes in both the axonal conduction and network activity. Then, we aimed to develop a culture device to detect myelination dependent changes in axonal conduction velocity in a neuronal network. The photolithographically fabricated device has microtunnels for guiding axons. Two microelectrodes and an oligodendrocyte (OL) culture compartment are set at each microtunnel. This configuration allows us to monitor changes in conduction velocity of axons wrapped by OLs. Neurons and OLs dissected from rat cortical tissues were cultured in the culture device. An immunocytochemical study indicated axonal growth and maturation of OL at 42 days in vitro (DIV), suggesting that neuron-OL co-culture was maintained in microtunnels. Propagating action potentials of individual axons were detected from spontaneous neural activities with a spike sorting method and their conduction velocities were examined. Conduction velocity without seeding OLs was 0.31 m/s, which was consistent with that of previous reports with unmyelinated axons. Although no apparent myelin sheath was observed in OL culture compartments, conduction delay with seeding OLs was approximately half as long as that without seeding OLs at 45 DIV. These results suggest that the culture device enables us to detect the OL-regulated changes in axonal conduction in the neuronal network.

Topic: Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Subfield: Developmental Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Clinical and pathological differences between alcoholic hepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

To determine the difference between alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in Japan, six patients with Ah and four patients with NASH, recently treated at our institute, were clinically and pathologically evaluated. Clinical features of the diseases differed: in NASH patients, mean age was higher, mean body mass index much higher, and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was higher than in AH patients. The patients with NASH presented with unremarkable symptoms and signs. Abnormalities in liver function tests including prothrombin time and choline esterase were mild in NASH patients, except for the indocyanine green test. They had ALT-dominant hypertransaminasemia. AST, ALT and gamma GTP did not normalize as promptly as in AH patients after admission. However, there was no significant difference in the histological grade of fibrosis, inflammation or hepatocytic metamorphosis between NASH and AH patients. Stellate-form fibrosis was characteristic of AH, whereas pericellular and perivenular types were common in NASH patients. Focal cell necrosis was rather intense, and fatty deposits prominent, in NASH patients. However, it was difficult to histopathologically discriminate between NASH and AH patients. If AH is histologically suspected in non-alcoholic patients, the possibility of NASH should always be considered. Furthermore, even in patients with suspected simple fatty liver, a liver biopsy should be performed, especially in cases with prolonged abnormal liver function findings.

Topic: Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Feasibility of Expedited Home Sleep Testing Before Surgery for Detection of High-Risk Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders

<b>Background:</b> Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) are associated with perioperative morbidity. Guidelines recommend preoperative screening for SRBDs, but testing is rarely completed before surgery. We aimed to address this gap by expediting preoperative home sleep apnea testing (HSAT) among persons with suspected SRBDs. <b>Methods:</b> We developed an expedited referral pathway for preoperative HSAT in a subset of persons with high-risk SRBDs (HR-SRBDs) (ie, obesity hypoventilation syndrome and overlap of COPD and obstructive sleep apnea). The primary outcome was change in rate of preoperative HSAT interpretation. Secondary outcomes were surgery delay or cancellation rates and correct use of the referral pathway by providers. <b>Results:</b> After implementation of the expedited HSAT referral pathway, the preoperative HSAT interpretation rate increased nearly 6-fold compared with preimplementation (7% vs 43%, <i>P</i> = .001). Time elapsed from sleep study referral to surgery, a surrogate for surgery delay, did not substantially change from pre- to postimplementation (7 d vs 10 d, <i>P</i> = .26). There were no surgery cancellations. Providers used the expedited HSAT referral pathway correctly 36% of the time in the first 3 months; this increased to 67% in the last 3 months of the postimplementation period. <b>Conclusions:</b> Preoperative HSAT interpretation in persons with HR-SRBDs was feasible without causing surgery delay or cancellations and may improve management of persons with SRBDs perioperatively. Future studies should clarify if preoperative identification of HR-SRBDs improves outcomes in this surgical population.

Topic: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Understanding Children's Perspectives On Water Resources in Interdisciplinary Research

Abstract Children's perspectives and knowledge of their local environment are not often incorporated into interdisciplinary applied research projects focused on understanding human relations with water resources. This paper discusses the process of integrating children's perspectives into interdisciplinary research on water resources through the use of a method called “picture voice,” where children create drawings to share their experiences. The paper focuses on research conducted in southern Belize and how this approach can be useful for developing educational activities for school settings to share research results of interdisciplinary environmental research projects. Projects involving children ideally entail a collaborative effort between researchers and educators alike, and we suggest that picture voice is a methodological tool for young people to share their perspectives. We suggest greater attention should be given to children's knowledge by anthropologists and their natural and engineering sciences colleagues to expand curricula in a way that shifts attention to local ecology and children's environmental knowledge and practices. Finally, best practices for bridging anthropology and engineering to share results of projects through educational efforts are presented.

Topic: Educator Training and Historical Pedagogy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Human Microbiome Compendium dataset

The Human Microbiome Compendium is an ongoing project to build a large collection of human microbiome sequencing data processed with a uniform pipeline. Currently, the compendium contains 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data for human gut microbiome samples retrieved from the Sequence Read Archive. Our website at microbiomap.org has more information about the project and links to related resources. This data is freely available under a CC-BY license; if you use it in your work, please cite our preprint, "Integration of 168,000 samples reveals global patterns of the human gut microbiome" (doi: 10.1101/2023.10.11.560955). <strong>Version history</strong> <strong>1.0.0:</strong> Added README.md file to the repository, and added a link to the preprint and title/author metadata for the Zenodo entry <strong>0.2.1:</strong> "sample_metadata.tsv" was missing (Note: This was accidentally tagged "0.2.0" in the version history.) <strong>0.2.0:</strong> Replacing "country" column in sample_metadata.tsv with an "iso" column using the country code rather than name. <strong>0.1.0:</strong> Prepping for public release

Topic: Gut microbiota and health
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
5613514 PAVING THE WAY FOR GENETIC MEDICINE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A REPORT ON THE FIRST GENETIC COUNSELLING PROGRAM IN THE REGION

Genetic disorders, chiefly sickle cell disease (SCD), pose a significant public health and developmental challenge in the sub-Saharan African region and genetic counsellors have a unique role to play in addressing this critical challenge in the region. Paradoxically, as at 2021, there were no postgraduate training programmes in human genetics in West Africa. Thus, whereas there were thousands of registered Genetic Counsellors in North America, there were about 25 in Africa, all in South Africa. In January 2022, the West African Genetic Medicine Centre (WAGMC) of the University of Ghana (UG), West Africa, inaugurated the first genetic counselling program in the sub-region. The two-year full-time accredited program aims to provide cutting edge training in the science of genetics while fostering a strong foundation in counselling. Graduates from the 2-year program further undertake one-year internship to be licensed as genetic counsellors by the Ghana Psychology Council, which is the body responsible for ensuring ethical genetic counselling practice in Ghana. In Ghana, where about 14,000 babies are born with SCD every year and the incidence of other genetic disorders keep rising, it is the goal of current genetic and genomic initiatives in the region to better understand these conditions and help drive preventive and precision medicine. This requires the contributions of genetic counsellors. Therefore, the new MSc. Program in Genetic Counselling holds vast opportunities for the first cohort and all prospective students on the program, despite the anticipated challenges. These include limited genetic testing facilities as well as resources for integrating genetic counsellors into the clinical and public health systems of Ghana and other countries in the sub-region. References 1. Cikomola et al, Acta Clin Behg 2018; 1:6 2. Piel et al, PLoS Med 2013;10:7 3. Osafo et al, Kidney Int 2016; 90:2-5 4. Ormond et al, Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2018; 178:98-107

Topic: BRCA gene mutations in cancer
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences