jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial Substances in Feces of Silkworm Larvae Reared on Mulberry Leaves

Journal Article Antibacterial Substances in Feces of Silkworm Larvae Reared on Mulberry Leaves Get access Toshihiko Iizuka, Toshihiko Iizuka Department of Agricultural Biology, Sapporo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Setsuo Koike, Setsuo Koike Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Junya Mizutani Junya Mizutani Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo To whom inquiries should be addressed. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 38, Issue 8, 1 August 1974, Pages 1549–1550, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1974.10861374 Published: 01 August 1974 Article history Received: 31 May 1974 Published: 01 August 1974

Topic: Silkworms and Sericulture Research
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Kohonen Neural Network Investigation of the Effects of the Visual, Proprioceptive and Vestibular Systems to Balance in Young Healthy Adult Subjects

Kohonen neural network (KNN) was used to investigate the effects of the visual, proprioceptive and vestibular systems using the sway information in the mediolateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) directions, obtained from an inertial measurement unit, placed at the lower backs of 23 healthy adult subjects (10 males, 13 females, mean (standard deviation) age: 24.5 (4.0) years, height: 173.6 (6.8) centimeter, weight: 72.7 (9.9) kg). The measurements were based on the modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (mCTSIB). KNN clustered the subjects’ time-domain sway measures by processing their sway’s root mean square position, velocity, and acceleration. Clustering effectiveness was established using external performance indicators such as purity, precision-recall, and F-measure. Differences in these measures, from the clustering of each mCTSIB condition with its condition, were used to extract information about the balance-related sensory systems, where smaller values indicated reduced sway differences. The results for the parameters of purity, precision, recall, and F-measure were higher in the AP direction as compared to the ML direction by 7.12%, 11.64%, 7.12%, and 9.50% respectively, with their differences statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) thus suggesting the related sensory systems affect majorly the AP direction sway as compared to the ML direction sway. Sway differences in the ML direction were lowest in the presence of the visual system. It was concluded that the effect of the visual system on the balance can be examined mostly by the ML sway while the proprioceptive and vestibular systems can be examined mostly by the AP direction sway.

Topic: Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Subfield: Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Investigation of cytokine imbalance in schizophrenia, assessment of the possible role of serum cytokine levels in predicting treatment response, prognosis and psychotic relapses

Introduction Schizophrenia, a multisystem chronic psychiatric disorder of unknown etiology, is associated with several immune dysfunctions, including abnormal levels of circulating cytokines. Exsisting evidence shows a potential causative role for cytokines in schizophrenia symptom development. Furthermore, disease duration, symptom severity, aggressive behavior, and cognitive deficits are correlated with levels of certain cytokines. Despite the development of new antipsychotics, the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia often do not respond adequately to pharmacotherapy. Objectives Research questions and hypotheses: 1. Can there be a cytokine or cytokines among the different cytokine levels detected in schizophrenia that can be used as biomarkers of treatment response? 2. Can changes in cytokine levels indicate the occurrence of psychotic relapse? 3. Can changes in the cytokine level play a role in predicting the prognosis of the disease? The secondary objectives of the planned research, in addition to the above, are to clarify the knowledge gathered so far about the relationship between cytokine level changes and the clinical symptoms associated with them. Methods We investigate cytokine levels, blood samples are taken on hospital admission. Based on the publications, we mainly focus on the Il-2, Il-4, Il-6 and Il-10 levels, which can serve as possible predictive biomarkers relating to treatment response. We will also assess the possible role of abnormal cytokine levels and their association with symptoms severity and their potential clinical implications. The severity of the symptoms is monitored with the PANSS. Results 15 schizophrenic patients who were hospitalized due to a psychotic relapse have been included. Blood samples were taken to measure cytokine levels, the PANSS scale was recorded during a psychotic relapse. We have included 9 healthy, age- and gender-matched healthy controls in the study, from whom blood samples were taken to measure cytokine levels. Preparation for measurement of cytokine levels is underway. Patient involvement is ongoing. Conclusions A better understanding of cytokine imbalance in schizophrenia patients can potentially help in early diagnosis, novel therapeutic target indentification and development, patient stratification for choosing the best therapeutic protocol, and predicting prognosis, relapse and treatment response. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Topic: Tryptophan and brain disorders
Subfield: Biological Psychiatry
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Seven years in the lives of British families

The panel survey provides a moving picture of people and families. It could be thought of as a form of timelapse photography in which we see beards sprouting or hairlines receding, in which partners and children move into the frame and out of it, in which the decoration and furniture become, as we view successive snaps, more lush and expensive or increasingly pinched and shabby. The book began by thinking about social change in the aggregate over recent decades, comparing ‘cross-sectional’ survey evidence from the 1970s through to the 1990s. However, in subsequent chapters the focus on change over time tended to fall away – despite the fact that longitudinal data from the BHPS has been used throughout. The lives of the same people at successive points in time have been analysed, revealing the changes in conditions of life that they experience. However, these individual experiences of life events do not necessarily add up to social change viewed in the aggregate. On the contrary: the micro-dynamics of life, the processes through which individuals’ and households’ circumstances are maintained or transformed from year to year – what might be thought of as life chances – may simply be the best, the most informative and the most powerful way to describe the current workings of the society. Individual dynamics can sum to social statics. The contrast between micro-dynamics and macro-statics can be illustrated by thinking about the ‘movement’ of a river. If you stand on the bank, you can see the water flowing downstream. If you come back a year later, the water passing by is a completely different set of molecules to the ones you saw last time.

Topic: Rural development and sustainability
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Treasure Hunt Model for Inquiry-Based Learning in the Development of a Web-based Learning Support System

One of the main problems of web-based learning is staying motivated at a sufficient level. Learning games offering challenges and entertainment may stimulatestudent motivation for learning and mitigate this problem. Web-based learning support systems combined with learning games may efficiently promote learning by encouraging student participation in learning. This study introduces a treasure hunt model, which represents the idea of inquiry-based learning using set theory. We demonstrate this via a prototype of a web-based learning support system called OTHI, which employs an online treasure hunt game as the learning game. We integrate the sound learning strategies of inquiry-based learning with the Web and online game technologies in this system. We expect that our learning support system will motivate students, and furnish an inter- active student-centered learning environment.

Topic: Educational Games and Gamification
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
French–German relations: the Strasbourg–Kehl encounter, 1945–55

German–French relations have proved to be pivotal to the course of modern European history. Recent success, however, has somewhat obscured our memory of the difficult path that has been trod. Directing our attention to Kehl, a small village on the upper Rhine, we can revisit the difficulties inherent in resolving feelings of mutual animosity and longstanding historical problems. Kehl stands for the quest for reconciliation at the local and regional level. In the immediate postwar era, French dreams of continued influence over the Rhine valley would have to be put aside just like German anger over their treatment by the French.

Topic: Political and Social Issues
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Considerations for Membrane Protein Purification

Isolating membrane proteins from their native cells while maintaining structural and functional integrity is challenging. Many detergents have been developed over the years that interact favorably with membrane proteins and mimic the physical properties of the lipid bilayer. Choosing the appropriate detergent is crucial for the successful extraction of a protein in its properly folded, active conformation.

Topic: Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Heart Rate Turbulence in Elderly Patients with Hypertention Complicated by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective To make a comparison between heart rate turbulence (HRT) in elderly patients with essential hypertention (EH) and that in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (EH+T2DM),and to explore how HRT is correlated with the impairment of autonomic nervous function.Methods HRT was observed in 45 cases of EH and 49 cases of EH+T2DM based on the measurement of turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope(TS),and the 24-hour recordings by using dynamic electrocadiogram.All the HRV indexes of the two groups were worked out,and the correlation between HRT and the impairment of autonomic nervous function analyzed.Results TO in patients with EH+T2DM was significantly higher than that in patients with EH,while TS in patients with EH+T2DM was significantly lower than that in patients with EH.SDNN,SDANN and PNN50 were lower in patients with EH+T2DM than those in patients with EH.Conclusion HRT is significantly weaker,and the impairment of autonomic nervous function is more serious in patients with EH+T2DM.

Topic: Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Comparison of Vacuum Arc Behaviors for Slot-Type Axial Magnetic Field Contacts With and Without Iron Plates

In order to investigate the influence of ferromagnetic-material-enhanced axial magnetic field (AMF) on high-current vacuum arc behaviors for a slot-type AMF contact, we experimentally compared the following vacuum arc behaviors between slot-type AMF contact with iron plates and that without iron plates, which include diffuse mode interval before current zero, arc modes at current peaks, and arc energy. The contact diameters were 48, 58, and 66 mm, and the contact gaps were 8 and 14 mm, respectively. The AMF contacts were fixed in a demountable vacuum chamber, and the vacuum arcs were initiated by a trigger electrode. The experimental current peak values ranged from 2.5 to 21.8 kA. The experimental results show that, with a high contact diameter of 66 mm, a stronger AMF contributes to keep the diffuse mode interval before current zero longer, and it contributes to keep the vacuum arcs at current peaks in diffuse modes until higher current values. However, with the low contact diameter of 48 mm and contact gap of 14 mm, the enhanced AMF constricts the vacuum arcs. Based on the results, an AMF window is suggested. Within the AMF window, the vacuum arcs are considered to keep longer diffuse mode interval before current zero, and the arcs have higher transition current value to high-current modes. The arc energy decreases with the enhanced AMF, significantly in the high-current range. Furthermore, it is suggested to apply iron plates in the high diameter slot-type AMF contacts. However, it does not recommend applying iron plates in the low contact diameter contacts.

Topic: Vacuum and Plasma Arcs
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Understanding National Security as Contextual: The Implications for Small State Defence Policy

This article proposes that the concept of national security is contextual, and therefore is viewed differently by small and large states. Additionally, it is argued that state military responses within their overarching national security approach should reflect the unique demands of their specific strategic environment. This proposition is based on analysis of the national security literature of selected large and small state cases. The national security discourses of United States, China, and Russia indicate a threat-based approach to defence policy which focuses on constructing a narrative around competing actors as threats to global stability. On the other hand, the small state discourses selected from New Zealand, Poland, Canada, and Chile, focus on defining and articulating the strategic environment they find themselves in rather than on threats. Despite these different perspectives, both small and large states employ the same model for developing their military contribution to national security, which may be seen as problematic for smaller actors as government and citizens’ expectations of state militaries increase in the post-Cold War international environment.

Topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Facies Analysis of the Transitions Between Subtidal, Intertidal, and Supratidal Zones of the Entrada Sandstone, South-Central Utah: A Provisional Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis

Abstract Facies analysis suggests that much of the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Entrada Sandstone of south-central Utah is dominated by mudstone-rich intertidal facies. These intertidal deposits interfinger with subtidal ooid shoals as well as supratidal sabkha and erg-margin eolian deposits. Three sections of the Entrada Sandstone in south-central Utah were measured in detail to improve understanding of the lateral and vertical facies transitions away from the understudied, mudstone-dominated portion of the formation. Understanding facies transitions is necessary for constraining the paleogeography and evaluating the economic potential of the Entrada Sandstone as a hydrocarbon reservoir. The thickness of the Entrada Sandstone varies from the southwest (369.1 m), to the north (194.9 m), and to the east (92.1 m), a lateral distance of 193 km. This variation indicates that during Callovian time the rate of developing accommodation space was high along the southwestern shoreline and relatively low along the northeastern shoreline. This is likely the result of the western sections being closer to the Jurassic Western Cordilleran. However, the eastern section displays a more complete range of facies, from the subtidal to supratidal erg-margin. Although accommodation space was highest to the west, sediment supply from the west kept pace with, and eventually outpaced subsidence. To the east, sediment supply was significant but was at one time outpaced by subsidence causing deposition of subtidal ooid shoals and bars. Along this eastern shoreline, erg-margin coastal dunes associated with the larger erg to the east eventually prograded westward. The variation in subsidence, sediment supply, and sediment source makes sequence stratigraphic correlation difficult. We conclude that candidate sequences interpreted for each section cannot be correlated with certainty without the aid of absolute ages.

Topic: Geological formations and processes
Subfield: Earth-Surface Processes
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Transitive Inference in a Clinical Childhood Sample

Background: Transitive inference has a long history of study in developmental contexts. However, trial-and-error transitive inference learning (in which participants infer item relations, rather than evaluate them explicitly from verbal descriptions) has been the subject of minimal study in childhood samples with reported clinical diagnoses.Methods: Children aged 8 to 10 underwent a battery of clinical assessments and received a range of diagnoses, potentially including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders (AD), specific learning disorders (SLD), and/or communication disorders (CD). Participants also performed a simple trial-and-error learning task that tested for transitive inference. Response accuracy and reaction time were assessed in a statistical model that controlled for diagnostic comorbidity at the group level.Results: Participants in all diagnostic categories showed evidence of transitive inference, and thus succeeded at the task. However, a model comparison analysis suggested that those diagnosed with ASD succeeded in a qualitatively different way, responding more slowly to each choice and improving faster across trials than their non-ASD counterparts. Additionally, transitive inference performance was not associated with IQ. Overall, our data suggest that superficially similar performance levels between ASD and non-ASD participants may have resulted from a difference in the speed-accuracy tradeoff made by each group.Conclusions: This provides a preliminary profile of the impact of various clinical diagnoses on TI performance in young children. Of these, an ASD diagnosis resulted in the largest difference in task strategy.

Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Marriage and divorce in 20th century American cohorts

The significance of recent changes in marriage and divorce in the United States is examined from a cohort perspective. Marital status life tables which follow birth cohorts through life and through the statuses of Never Married Presently Married Widowed and Divorced are used to provide a detailed description of the experience of male and female cohorts born 1888-1950. Recent cohorts show a clear reversal of earlier trends toward earlier and more universal marriage. There has been a steady rise in divorce with 46% of male and 42% of female marriages expected to end in divorce for the cohort born in 1950. (EXCERPT)

Topic: demographic modeling and climate adaptation
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Contested Care: The Limitations of Evidence-Based Maternity Care Reform

Promoting evidence-based medicine is a leading strategy for improving quality of care and reducing costs in the U.S. health care system. Obstetrics is one health care specialization where the disjunction between standard practice and the latest in scientific evidence is particularly stark. Advocates have increasingly turned to evidence-driven strategies as a primary mode of support for their campaigns to shift away from a medicalized model of childbirth and improve both maternal and infant outcomes. Evidence-based advocacy influences norm setting in a variety of different legal and quasi-legal contexts; these range from formal legislative change, to amendment of the professional guidelines that establish standards of care for practicing obstetricians, to revision of the institutional policies that determine the quality of care women receive when giving birth in hospitals. In the highly contested terrain of childbirth, evidence-based medicine thus serves as an important frame for debates about control over medical decision-making, the limits of acceptable risk for women and their babies, and the very meaning of a positive birth outcome. This Article examines the state of maternity care in the United States, offering a critical analysis of reform efforts that employ evidence-based arguments as their main strategy to change the laws, policies, and practices that shape childbirth. The critique is grounded in feminist concerns about overreliance on professional experts and scientific knowledge, the limitations of study design and research methodologies, and the role of structural economic and legal conditions that impact decision-making about women’s bodies and health. The Article concludes that evidence-driven approaches to changing maternity care hold great potential for legal and policy reform but should be pursued alongside other arguments grounded in law and morality, lest the promotion of evidence-based maternity care limit attainment of the ultimate goal reformers share: better birth for women and babies.

Topic: Legal Systems and Judicial Processes
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
5-Fluorouracil Metabolizing Enzymes

The uracil analog 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is used as part of combination therapy for the treatment of breast, head/neck, and gastrointestinal malignancies, and has single-agent activity in colorectal cancer. 5-FU itself is inactive and requires intracellular conversion to form cytotoxic nucleotides (1). Several cellular targets for fluoropyrimidines have been well-characterized, including inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS) by fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) and false base incorporation into RNA or DNA. Most investigations into cellular resistance factors regulating 5-FU activity have focused on alterations in (TS) levels and reduced folate pools, the required cofactor for binding dUMP to thymidylate synthase (1). However, the majority of an administered 5-FU dose undergoes metabolism to inactive species through a three-enzyme process, which is initiated and rate-limited by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD; EC 1.3.1.2). Following a bolus injection of 5-FU, 80% is degraded via DPD after 24 h after administration (2). Studies of 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in mice bearing colon tumors found catabolites made up 51% of labeled drug in the tumor, compared with 26% for the anabolic products (3).

Topic: Colorectal Cancer Treatments and Studies
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences