jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Potentiation Effects of Acetylcholine at Neuromuscular Junction by Ranitidine

Objective: To evaluate the activity of Ranitidine at neuromuscular junction with and without Pancuronium.\n&#13;\n\nStudy Design: Experimental randomized control study.\n&#13;\n\nPlace and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, Islamic International Medical College, RIU Rawalpindi from October 2018 to September 2019.\n&#13;\n\nMaterials and Methods: Changes in the length (contraction) of rectus abdomininis muscle of frog were recorded using students oscillograph and cumulative dose response curve with Acetylcholine was obtained (control group). The effect of Ranitidine before and after adding Pancuronium was observed using three groups. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) between the groups was performed by using the student’s ‘t’ test and a P-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\n&#13;\n\nResults: Ranitidine in a dose of 1mM concentration produced a shift of the curve to the left with mean deviation of 61.5% (SEM ± 20.5) showing an enhancement of effects of Acetylcholine. Ranitidine also produced a shift of the curve to the left in the presence of 1µg Pancuronium with the mean deviation of 104.5% (SEM ± 39.7). The shift was statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05) showing the antagonistic effect of Ranitidine on neuromuscular junction (NMJ) blockers like Pancuronium at this concentration.\n&#13;\n\nConclusion: Ranitidine in a concentration of 1mM increases the effects of Acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and antagonizes the effects of NMJ blockers like Pancuronium at this concentration.

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Current confinement in EP-VECSELs for high power single-mode operation suitable for passive mode-locking

One of the main advantages of using VECSEL lasers for mode-locked operation is their power scalability. Best performance data available for mode-locked semiconductor lasers have been achieved with optically pumped VECSELs, reaching pulses in the femtosecond regime and average powers in the watt regime.<sup>1</sup> This advantage is challenging for electrically pumped VECSELs, where a homogeneous carrier injection into the center must be provided in order to maintain a single-mode operation for large diameter devices. In this paper we investigate the current injection from the bottom contact of a VECSEL design, and estimate the leakage of the hole current. Then we introduce two designs that can reduce the leakage current and enhance the injection into the center of the device, thereby increasing the simulated output power by more than 20% in CW-mode while maintaining an optimal gain profile suitable for single-mode operation.

Topic: Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ingroup identification moderates stereotype change in reaction to ingroup deviance

Abstract An experiment (N = 98) investigated the moderating effect of ingroup identification on reactions to deviant ingroup members. We measured psychology students' level of identification with the group ‘psychologists’ and presented them with information about either a normative or deviant psychologist. Participants completed an ingroup stereotype measure either before or after reading about and evaluating the target psychologist. High identifiers expressed a more positive stereotype of the ingroup after, compared to before, reading about a deviant ingroup member. High identifiers also expressed a more positive stereotype of the ingroup after reading about a deviant than after reading about a normative ingroup member. By contrast, low identifiers' stereotype judgements were relatively unaffected by the target information. The target evaluation ratings indicate that high identifiers were more positive than low identifiers towards the normative ingroup member, but were more negative than low identifiers towards the deviant. The results point to the greater motivational demands on high identifiers to maintain a positive image of the group. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Topic: Social and Intergroup Psychology
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Out-of-home Activity Accessibility Checklist for Parents of Children with Gross Motor Dysfunction

Background: Parents of children with gross motor dysfunction often face obstacles when performing out-ofhome activities with their children.However, little is known concerning their situation.Objective: This study aimed to develop an out-of-home activity accessibility checklist for parents of children with gross motor dysfunction that clarifies their situation during these activities.Method: Parents of children with gross motor dysfunction participated in semi-structured interviews to generate a tentative accessibility checklist.Then, Delphi questionnaire survey was conducted to determine appropriate checklist items.Result: Fifteen participants involved in the semi-structured interview and 124 tentative checklist items were generated.Then, 56 participants involved in Delphi questionnaire survey and tentative checklist items was reduced to 39.These checklist items were grouped under the domains of obstacles, coping strategies, and required assistance and resources.Most obstacles were caused by the lack of equipped infrastructures.Discussion: Most obstacles faced by parents of children with gross motor dysfunction were caused by the lack of infrastructures that were barrier-free.The parents had to collect extensive information prior to outings as coping strategies.Therefore, parents require society level environment improvement in order to participate in out-of-home activities.The checklist may provide local communities with valuable information to construct more accessible environments and inclusive communities.

Topic: Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of Heat on the Nutritive Value of Freeze-Dried Egg White (Part 2)

When freeze dried egg white is autoclaved at 100°C, for 30min. or at 120°C, for 30min., its digestibility by rat remarkably decreases. Changes in DNP-available lysine and in vitro digestibility with several proteases were studied for the autoclaved freeze dried egg white samples. DNP-available lysine in the freeze dried egg white decreased by autoclaving but the decrease of available lysine was not sufficient to explain the severe depression of nutritive value of the freeze dried egg white in the feeding experiment with rats. Maximum digestibilities of the freeze dried egg white by several proteases in vitro was generally observed when the samples were autoclaved at 100°C, for 3 to 5min., and the longer autoclaving sharply depressed the digestibilities. However, the digestibilities of the freeze dried egg white autoclaved at 100°C, for 30min. were not lower than those of the values obtained with unautoclaved sample except for pepsin. Only digestibility by pepsin significantly decreased by autoclaving. It was discussed whether the low digestibility of autoclaved freeze dried egg white in vivo is mainly due to the resistance for pepsin or not.

Topic: Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Review of superconducting nanowire single-photon detector system design options and demonstrated performance

We describe a number of methods that have been pursued to develop superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) with attractive overall performance, including three systems that operate with >70% system detection efficiency and high maximum counting rates at wavelengths near 1550 nm. The advantages and tradeoffs of various approaches to efficient optical coupling, electrical readout, and SNSPD design are described and contrasted. Optical interfaces to the detectors have been based on fiber coupling, either directly to the detector or through the substrate, using both single-mode and multimode fibers with different approaches to alignment. Recent advances in electrical interfaces have focused on the challenges of scalability and ensuring stable detector operation at high count rates. Prospects for further advances in these and other methods are also described, which may enable larger arrays and higher-performance SNSPD systems in the future. Finally, the use of some of these techniques to develop fully packaged SNSPD systems will be described and the performance available from these recently developed systems will be reviewed.

Topic: Quantum Information and Cryptography
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Recent Progress in High Intensity Operation of the Fermilab Accelerator Complex

We report on the status of the Fermilab accelerator complex. Beam delivery to the neutrino experiments surpassed our goals for the past year. The Proton Improvement Plan is well underway with successful 15 Hz beam operation. Beam power of 700 kW to the NOvA experiment was demonstrated and will be routine in the next year. We are also preparing the Muon Campus to commission beam to the g-2 experiment.

Topic: Particle accelerators and beam dynamics
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A tool for teaching interactions between design patterns

We describe the Patterns+UML tool that has been designed to help students of a first year object-oriented programming (OOP) course to apply design patterns to UML class diagrams, to analyze the code generated after their application, and especially to learn how different design patterns interact each other when they share some classes that play a different role in each pattern.

Topic: Software Engineering Research
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
New Peptides Structurally Related to VEGF-A 165 Exon-7 and -8 Encoded Domains Antagonize Its Binding to NRP-1 and VEGF-R1

We report in the present study the design, synthesis and preliminary biological evaluations of linear, short-sized, and polymeric peptides asVEGF-A165 binding to NRP-1 and/or VEGF-R1 antagonists. These newly- synthesized peptides are structurally related to the VEGF- A165 domains encoded by exon-7 and -8. Thus, the key role of exon-7 encoded cysteine residues, and the relevance of the C-terminal peptide chemical function (amide or acid) were demonstrated. Indeed, COOH-terminal peptides showed a good selectivity for NRP-1, while CONH2-ter- minal peptides did not. Taking advantage of these results, we designed original VEGF-A165 binding to NRP-1 and VEGF-R1 polymeric peptide antagonists, which showed potent HUVEC anti-proliferative activity. Finally, this work paved the way for the design of future therapeutics targeting the VEGF-A165 angiogenic signaling pathway.

Topic: Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Deciphering the Timing of Naphthalenic Ring Formation in the Biosynthesis of 8-Deoxyrifamycins

Although the biosynthesis of rifamycin has been studied for three decades, the biosynthetic formation of the naphthalenic ring remains unclear. In this study, by deletion of all post-PKS modification genes, we identified macrolactam precursors released from <i>rif</i> PKS. Isolated prorifamycins (<b>M3</b> and <b>M4</b>) have a benzenic chromophore and exist in two sets of macrocyclic atropisomers. The transformation from prorifamycins to benzenoid (<b>5</b>) and naphthalenoid (<b>6</b>) was suggested to be a non-enzymatic process, which is an off-PKS assembly.

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Processing negative numbers by transforming negatives to positive range and by sign shortcut

Numerals are processed by a phylogenetically old analogue magnitude system. Can culturally new negative numerals be processed using this same representation? To find out whether magnitude representation could be used, we contrasted three possible processing mechanisms: an extended magnitude system for both positive and negative numbers, a mirroring mechanism that could transform negative values to the positive range to be processed on the positive magnitude system, and a sign shortcut strategy that can process the signs of numbers independently of the absolute values of numerals. To test these three hypotheses, a comparison task was used and the reaction time pattern, numerical distance, and Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect was analysed. The results revealed a mirroring process along with a sign shortcut mechanism. The SNARC effect was observed only when positive numbers were compared.

Topic: Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
Subfield: Statistics and Probability
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Humanitarian Intervention and the Clean Hands Doctrine in International Law

A serious issue that has confronted the international community is the legality of humanitarian intervention. Although the majority of scholars reject the existence of a doctrine of humanitarian intervention, could the attacked state invoke the responsibility of an intervening state before an international tribunal? This article attempts to answer this question in light of the often misunderstood clean hands doctrine in international law. It first concludes that under the lex lata , humanitarian intervention is prohibited under international law. This raises the question whether the clean hands doctrine may nevertheless preclude a court or tribunal from adjudicating in favour of a state that has been subject to humanitarian intervention. Although the clean hands doctrine exists under international law in various manifestations, its applicability in cases concerning humanitarian intervention is lacking. The article finally considers whether the jus cogens status of the prohibition of the use of force would prevent the applicability of the clean hands doctrine to humanitarian intervention cases were the clean hands doctrine to evolve into a customary international legal norm.

Topic: Global Peace and Security Dynamics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Effect of preparation methods on the properties of Zataria Multiflora Boiss. essential oil loaded nanoliposomes: characterization of size, encapsulation efficiency and stability

Background: Essential oil (EO) of Zataria multiflora Bioss., contains components with antibacterial and antifungal properties that can be used as substitutes for synthetic drugs and food preservatives. These applications require appropriate carriers like nanoliposome. The purpose of this study was to encapsulate this EO into nanoliposomes. In addition, the effects of preparation methods were evaluated on the physical properties of nanoliposomes. Methods: The EO was encapsulated into nanoliposomes by three different methods including thin film evaporation, ethanol injection and sonication methods. Formation of liposomes and their physical properties was studied by means of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. In addition the changes in EO retention and mean size distribution were studied during one month of storage at 4±1°C. Results: Liposomal systems prepared by sonication method with about 99 nm displayed the smallest mean size and better dispersivity. The encapsulation efficiency of nanoliposomes containing EO was in the following rank order: thin film evaporation > Ethanol Injection > sonication. Moreover, MLV (multilamellar vesicles) liposomes prepared by the thin layer evaporation method showed better stability during storage. Conclusions: This study indicated that the preparation method can affect the formation of liposomes and their physical properties and storage stability. A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Topic: Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Scalable High Throughput Firewall in FPGA

High end network security applications demand high speed operation and large rule set support. Packet classification is the core functionality that demands high throughput in such applications. This paper proposes a packet classification architecture to meet such high throughput. We have implemented a Firewall with this architecture in reconflgurable hardware. We propose an extension to Distributed Crossproducting of Field Labels (DCFL) technique to achieve scalable and high performance architecture. The implemented Firewall takes advantage of inherent structure and redundancy of rule set by using our DCFL Extended (DCFLE) algorithm. The use of DCFLE algorithm results in both speed and area improvement when it is implemented in hardware. Although we restrict ourselves to standard 5-tuple matching, the architecture supports additional fields. High throughput classification invariably uses Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) for prefix matching, though TCAM fares poorly in terms of area and power efficiency. Use of TCAM for port range matching is expensive, as the range to prefix conversion results in large number of prefixes leading to storage inefficiency. Extended TCAM (ETCAM) is fast and the most storage efficient solution for range matching. We present for the first time a reconfigurable hardware implementation of ETCAM. We have implemented our Firewall as an embedded system on Virtex-II Pro FPGA based platform, running Linux with the packet classification in hardware. The Firewall was tested in real time with 1 Gbps Ethernet link and 128 sample rules. The packet classification hardware uses a quarter of logic resources and slightly over one third of memory resources of XC2VP30 FPGA. It achieves a maximum classification throughput of 50 million packet/s corresponding to 16 Gbps link rate for the worst case packet size. The Firewall rule update involves only memory re-initialization in software without any hardware change.

Topic: Network Packet Processing and Optimization
Subfield: Hardware and Architecture
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Physiological control of repressible acid phosphatase gene transcripts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We have examined the regulation of repressible acid phosphatase (APase; orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase [acid optimum], EC 3.1.3.2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the physiological and molecular levels, through a series of repression and derepression experiments. We demonstrated that APase synthesis is tightly regulated throughout the growth phase and is influenced by exogenous and endogenous Pi pools. During growth in a nonlimiting Pi medium, APase is repressed. When external Pi becomes limiting, there is a biphasic appearance of APase mRNA and enzyme. Our data on APase mRNA half-lives and on the flux of intracellular Pi and polyphosphate during derepression are consistent with a mechanism of transcriptional autoregulation for the biphasic appearance of APase mRNA. Accordingly, preculture concentrations of Pi control the level of corepressor generated from intracellular polyphosphate degradation. When cells are fully derepressed, APase mRNA levels are constant, and the maximal linear accumulation rate of APase is observed. A scheme to integrate phosphorus metabolism and phosphatase regulation in S. cerevisiae is proposed.

Topic: Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Creative Industries

Through the exploitation of individual creativity, skill and talent, creative industries generate a potential for wealth and job creation by the means of the development and exploitation of intellectual property rights. These activities can be divided into two main components: the creative production and the complementary resources and activities to bring the outcome of the creative efforts to the markets. Based on a value chain perspective these industries are defined in four different phases: origination, production, distribution and consumption of the creative outcome. While the origination and production phases are characterized by a limited potential for gaining economies of scale and thus by small operators, the distribution and consumption ones can be dominated by large firms.

Topic: Cultural Industries and Urban Development
Subfield: Urban Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Towards Being Wounded by Thought: Indigenous Metaphysics Is (Still) Waiting in the Wings of Science Education

Abstract The purpose of this concluding chapter is to summarize and synthesize of the book, highlighting the ways in which Indigenous science is (yet - )to - come within science education. Following a short musing on conclusions, (fore)closure, and the importance of being wounded by thought, each chapter is revisited to (re)articulate the significance of their contributions with the triple(d) understanding of to - come explored within the book in mind: (a) Indigenous science, in the context of science education, has not yet (wholly) arrived; (b) where and how science education might be (re)opened towards hospitably receiving Indigenous science; and (c) the types of deconstructive practices that support this work. The chapter, and in turn the book, ends with an affirmative message that the potentiality of Indigenous ways-of-living-with-Nature in science education remains, even if not fully actualized; thus, an invitation to continue labouring the space of responsiveness towards Indigenous science.

Topic: Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
Subfield: Health
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Exact controllability of semilinear control systems involving conformable fractional derivatives

In this paper, we discuss the exact controllability of conformable fractional semilinear control systems. First, the existence and uniqueness of the solution for such control systems are proved. Second, we establish the exact controllability results for the conformable fractional semilinear control system using fixed point theorem, assuming that the associated linear system is exactly controllable. Finally, a typical example is provided to show the effectiveness of the obtained results.

Topic: Fractional Differential Equations Solutions
Subfield: Modeling and Simulation
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
STUDY OF THE PERCEIVED QUALITY OF SAXOPHONE REEDS BY A PANEL OF MUSICIANS

nantes.fr The subjective quality of cane reeds used on saxophones or clarinets may be very different from one reed to anoth-er even though the reeds have the same shape and strength. The aim of this work is to study the differences in the subjective quality of reeds, assessed by a panel of musicians. The work focuses mainly on the agreement of the panel of musicians, the reliability of the evaluations and the discrimination power of the panel. A subjective study, involving 10 skilled musicians, was conducted on a set of 20 reeds of the same strength. Three descriptors were assessed: Brightness, Softness, and Global quality. The ratings of the musicians were analyzed using sensory data analysis methods to estimate the agreement between them and the main consensual differences between the reeds. Results show that for Softness and Brightness, the agree-ment between the musicians is important and that signifi-cant differences between the reeds can be observed. For Global quality, the inter-individual differences are more important. The performance of the panel in providing reliable assessments opens the potential for an objectifi-cation of the perceived quality. 1.

Topic: Neuroscience and Music Perception
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences