jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Christianity in Roman Britain

Although there is limited evidence for pre-Constantinian Christianity in Roman Britain, it is clear that in the fourth century ad the early church became increasingly widespread, partly owing to the influence of the Roman state. The archaeological evidence for this includes personal items bearing potential Christian imagery, possible liturgical fonts or basins, church structures and putative Christian burial traditions. The wider relationship between Christianity and contemporary pagan religious traditions are explored, and this chapter reviews this surviving material evidence and draws out evidence for regional variation in the adoption of Christianity. More generally, some of the wider practical and methodological issues involved in understanding the archaeology of Roman Christianity in Britain are examined, considering how easy it is to unproblematically identify evidence for Christian practice within late Roman Britain.

Topic: Classical Antiquity Studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The current research status of non-destructive testing technologies for egg quality: internal freshness – a review

1. Traditional methods of assessing egg freshness, such as sensory evaluation and specific gravity testing, are labour-intensive and destructive. However, non-destructive testing (NDT) technologies offer significant advantages in terms of speed, accuracy and non-invasiveness, enabling real-time monitoring of egg quality during production, transportation, storage and sale.2. A review was conducted to evaluate various NDT techniques, including optical methods (such as visible - near infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging), acoustic methods (such as ultrasonic transmission and reflection analysis), electrical methods (such as dielectric spectroscopy) and emerging technologies (such as low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, electronic nose and infrared thermal imaging).3. These technologies have advanced significantly in accuracy and real-time performance. Among optical methods: visible - near infrared spectroscopy (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.90) and hyperspectral imaging (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.918). Acoustic technologies: ultrasonic phase velocity correlated significantly with Haugh unit (HU)/air cell height (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with a HU model correlation of R<sup>2</sup> = 0.87. Electrical methods: dielectric spectroscopy + algorithms achieved 100% classification accuracy; capacitive sensing + machine vision yielded R<sup>2</sup> > 0.994. Emerging technologies enhanced sensitivity. However, challenges remain in terms of equipment cost, sample variability, lack of unified standards and the integration of multi-source data with artificial intelligence.4. The widespread application of these technologies can be expected to significantly improve the efficiency, safety and sustainability of the egg supply chain.

Topic: Identification and Quantification in Food
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Figure Legends 1-7 from High-Throughput RNAi Screening Reveals Novel Regulators of Telomerase

Supplementary Figure Legends 1-7 from High-Throughput RNAi Screening Reveals Novel Regulators of Telomerase

Topic: Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Cephalosporin-sensitive penicillin-binding proteins of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis active in the conversion of [14C]penicillin G to [14C]phenylacetylglycine.

Breakdown of the covalent complex formed between [14C]penicillin G and higher molecular weight, cephalosporin-sensitive penicillin-binding proteins was studied using mixtures of the purified proteins isolated from membranes of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. These penicillin-binding proteins were found to release the bound 14C label in a first order process characterized by half-lives of 10 to 300 min at 37 degrees C. Denaturation of the penicilloyl.penicillin-binding proctein complex prevented this release, indicating that the process is enzyme-catalyzed. [14C]Phenylacetylglycine was identified as the major labeled fragmentation product, indicating that these cephalosporin-sensitive penicillin-binding proteins, for which no in vitro transpeptidase or carboxypeptidase activity has been found, catalyze the same fragmentation of the bound penicilloyl moiety previously described for several penicillin-sensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidases.

Topic: Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Allocutive agreement in Korean under cyclic Agree

Korean is a language known to lack agreement, but there is one salient agreement that happens: honorific agreement. A basic example is that whenever the subject is suffixed with an honorifying nominal form, -kkeyse, it agrees with a verbal suffix, -si. The condition for honorific agreement is that the subject must have an honorifying feature [+hon] and has to be [+human]. Nevertheless, I newly introduce a case where honorifying verbal suffix -si is used even when the subject does not have a [+hon, +human] feature. I suggest that this is a type of allocutive agreement (i.e., morphosyntactic agreement with the hearer). Based on Speech Act projection suggested by Haegeman &amp; Hill (2013), I propose a structural representation that integrates discourse participants into syntactic representation. I also predict the phenomenon by adopting the framework of cyclic Agree proposed by Béjar &amp; Rezac (2009).

Topic: Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Reexamining the Determinants of Organic Food Purchases in Online Contexts: The Dual-Factor Model Perspective

The ever-expanding market has made organic food a popular research topic, with the primary question being what factors facilitate or hinder consumers in making an organic purchase. The most relevant studies have been conducted in an offline context. As selling organic food online has become a common practice and is underresearched, this study aims to (1) explore the drivers and barriers of online organic food shopping and (2) investigate the shopping behavior of organic food from an omnichannel perspective. The results of partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), with 278 valid samples, indicate that trust in organic labels and positive review sentiment significantly contribute to the intention to purchase organic food online, which in turn influences online purchase behaviors. For online shopping behavior, the investigation shows that Taiwanese consumers, on a monthly basis, make an average of 3.22 organic food purchases and spend US$156.44 through offline channels, whereas they make 2.34 purchases of organic food and spend US$114.71 via online channels. Organic vegetables and fruits are the most frequently purchased organic foods. Among online channels, consumers prefer visiting the websites of general grocery stores and specialty stores over social media platforms. Our findings suggest that the determinants of organic food shopping differ between offline and online contexts and reveal interesting behavioral patterns of online organic shopping.

Topic: Organic Food and Agriculture
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Snapshot Moments and Their Interpolation in Complex System Models

A complex system developing continuously through time can often be studied by analysing the system at certain moments. These must be related to one another and to the rest of the time through assumptions on how the system changes in the intervening periods.In particular the daily operations of a seasonal industry throughout the year can be represented by a detailed analysis of a small number of "snapshot" days, and interpolation between them to give the other days. Likewise the development of the industry over a period of years can often be adequately represented by studies of several "snapshot" years. The justification and implementation of this approach are given in considerable detail, so that it can be applied to complex linear systems, and others besides.The paper is illustrated by a very simple model of the gas industry.

Topic: Process Optimization and Integration
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A discrete population game model of vaccination exploring the role of individuals' risk perceptions in the invasion of a mutant strain

Novel strains emerge every year and cause seasonal flu epidemic. These variants exhibit differences in antigenicity and may escape immunity from vaccines and thus invade the population. Here, we devise a discrete population game model of vaccination and transmission of two strains – a resident and a relatively rare mutant – to explain the influence of social behaviour, specifically vaccinating behaviour on the emergence of the mutant strain in the population. Our integrated framework of behaviour-prevalence model exhibits time evolution of two strategic interactions such as individuals' perceived vaccination risk and probability of infection, where both declines as more and more individuals vaccinate in the population. Numerical simulation and analysis of the model show that the predominant Nash strategy allows invasion of the mutant strain under very disparate individuals perceived disease risks from these two pathogens and relatively lower vaccine efficacy against the mutant. The model also demonstrates that invasion of the mutant has a nonlinear dependence on epidemiological characteristics such as the relative force of infection, cross-immunity, perceived cost of treatment and vaccine efficacy. This study exemplifies that adaptive social behaviour is an important component of public health strategic decision-making during the control of the flu-like epidemic.

Topic: Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Expression analysis of genes encoding malectin-like domain (MLD)- and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)- containing proteins in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

ABSTRACT Malectin is a maltose-binding endoplasmic reticulum protein conserved in animals. In Arabidopsis thaliana, we identified four genes that encode malectin-like domain (MLD)- and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing proteins (AtMLLRs): two were receptor-like proteins (AtMLLR1 and 2) and the other two were extracellular proteins (AtMLLR3 and 4). The promoter:G3GFP+promoter:GUS assay indicated the organ- and cell-specific expression of the AtMLLR2 and AtMLLR3 genes. Abbreviations: Cmr: chloramphenicol-resistance marker; G3GFP: G3 green fluorescent protein; GUS: β-glucuronidase; KD: kinase domain; LRR: leucine-rich repeat; MLD: malectin-like domain; RLK: receptor-like kinase; SP: signal peptide; TMD: transmembrane domain; Tnos: nopaline synthase terminator

Topic: Plant Reproductive Biology
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
4D Study of Right Heart Anomalies

In this chapter, the 2D, color Doppler and four dimensional (4D) features of major right heart abnormalities are described. In particular, the echocardiographic views on which the various lesions are present are reported. The diagnostic role of 4D echocardiography in allowing a spatial demonstration of the defects with the possibility of getting new views into the heart is outlined. Videos of major diagnostic features are also provided, to facilitate the understanding of the text

Topic: Congenital Heart Disease Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Third Year Anesthesiology Residents’ Knowledge Regarding Pediatric Postoperative Pain Management

Background: There are six Anesthesiology training centers in Thailand that are approved to operate the training program. An evidence of residents’ knowledge about pediatric postoperative pain management is needed for improving the program. Objective: To assess the third year anesthesiology residents’ knowledge about pediatric postoperative pain management. Materials and Methods: The questionnaire was adapted from previous studies. The questionnaire has 35 questions consisted of 17 multiple choice questions and 18 true or false questions to cover 2 domains: 1) use of age-appropriate pediatric pain assessment (10 questions) and 2) pediatric pain treatment (25 questions). Minimal passing level of the questionnaire rated by three young anesthesiology staffs was 76.2%. All 62 participants were the 3rd year anesthesiology residents from 6 training centers. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: The response rate was 95.2%. Seventy-one percent of participants reported that they had learned about pediatric pain treatment. Of those, 55.9% rated their remaining knowledge at median level. The proportion of the correct score was 67.7% (mean 23.7 ± 2.9 SD) which was lower than the minimal passing level. The highest score was 29 and the lowest score was 16. For pain assessment domain; the mean proportion of correct score was 65% (range 90%-40%). For pain treatment domain; the mean proportion of correct score was 68.8% (range 88%-44%). Conclusion: Anesthesiology residents’ knowledge about pediatric postoperative pain management needs to be improved.

Topic: Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Electron Microscopic Examination of an Irradiated TRISO Coated Particle of AGR-2 Experiment: AGR2-222-RS019

The transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examination of an irradiated tristructural isotropic (TRISO) coated particle from advanced gas reactor (AGR) 2 fuel Compact 2-2-2 is presented in this report. Compact 2-2-2 refers to the compact in Capsule 2 at Level 2 of Stack 2. The examination on AGR2 222 RS019 is focused on the interface between the silicon carbide (SiC) to inner pyrolytic carbon (IPyC) layer, central part of SiC, and the interface between SiC and outer pyrolytic carbon layer. The SiC grain boundary distribution and associated fission product precipitates were characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and precession electron diffraction (PED) in the transmission electron microscope. Two separate locations on SiC layer were selected for on the basis of the intact of the buffer layer in the irradiated TRISO particle. The key observation in this particle is that the compositional nature of grain boundary precipitates is more complex near IPyC/SiC layer where Pd, Pd-Ag, Pd-U containing precipitates can be observed. However, the compositions of precipitate towards outer most region of SiC mainly contain Pd. Ag has been observed in the IPyC/SiC layer in one of the two locations. Comparison of the results to previously irradiated and analyzed, Variant 3, safety tested AGR-1 TRISO particles (AGR1-433-001 and AGR1 222-RS004) showed the grain boundary distributions have some noticeable differences. The differences in coincident site lattice grain boundary and misorientation angles are possibly inherent to the fabrication process. Neutron irradiation induced void distribution has been found to be nonuniform. A high concentration of smaller voids is found at stacking faults compared to those in the SiC matrix. Larger void sizes are observed in the SiC location that is near to the broken buffer layer. This void size variation with integrity of buffer layer can potentially affect the fission product retention. However, the average void size continuously decreases along the radius of SiC in both locations.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Discharge and Optical Emission Spectrum Characteristics of a Coaxial Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma-Assisted Combustion Actuator

A coaxial dielectric barrier discharge plasma-assisted combustion actuator (DBD-PACA) system was set up to study its discharge and optical emission spectrum (OES) characteristics in space in this paper. Results showed that each discharge cycle can be divided into four stages: a, b, c, and d. Discharge-on only occurred in stages b and d. Comparatively, the discharge intensity was larger in stage d due to the memory effect of excited electrons. Moreover, Lissajous figure and current-voltage methods were utilized to calculate the power of the coaxial DBD-PACA, and both methods produced roughly similar results. The power presented an upward trend with increasing input voltage and airflow rate. In addition, numerous second positive system (SPS) excited nitrogen molecules were detected from the OES signals. The intensity of the spectral lines (297.54 nm, 315.76 nm, 336.96 nm, and 357.56 nm) first increased, then maintained, and then increased rapidly with the increased radius; however, the intensity of the spectral lines (380.34 nm, 405.80 nm, and 434.30 nm) basically remained unchanged, then increased, and finally decreased with the increased radius. The vibrational temperature first decreased quickly and then increased and reached the minimum at r = 18 mm with the increased radius. The vibrational temperatures at all collection points decreased with the increased input voltage. However, within the range of 0–280 L/min, when r was lower than 15 mm, the vibrational temperatures first increased rapidly and then decreased slowly; when r was greater than 15 mm, the vibrational temperatures first increased and then basically remained stable.

Topic: Plasma Applications and Diagnostics
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Additional file 2 of Birth preparedness and complication readiness among women of reproductive age in Kenya and Tanzania: a community-based cross-sectional survey

Additional file 2 Proportional odds regression model on maternal socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics factors associated with the practices of birth preparedness and complication readiness in Kenya, 2016.

Topic: Global Maternal and Child Health
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in a community hospital.

Access to state-of-the-art medical therapy can be difficult for people who live in rural areas far from a major medical center. We report here a case in which trigeminal neuralgia was successfully treated with stereotactic radiosurgery at Southeast Missouri Hospital, a community hospital serving a mostly rural population.

Topic: Trigeminal Neuralgia and Treatments
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Bloodstream and central line isolates from hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: data from a developing country

Abstract Introduction Bloodstream infections ( BSI s) and central line infections remain among the major causes of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients because of prolonged neutropenia and mucosal damage. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and outcome of bacterial and fungal isolates from patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Materials and methods This study was conducted at the Aga Khan University and Hospital's bone marrow transplant unit. All patients who underwent an allogeneic stem cell transplant with matched sibling/parent donor were included. The study period ranged from April 2004 to December 2012. Transplantation was performed according to institutional protocols. All patients were admitted in single rooms with positive pressure and high‐efficiency particulate air filters. Ciprofloxacin, fluconazole, and valaciclovir were used for standard prophylaxis, which was started at the time of conditioning. All blood cultures were obtained at clinical suspicion of systemic infection, mainly documented as fever (temperature of &gt;38.5°C). BSI s and line infections were defined as isolation of bacterial or fungal pathogen from at least one blood/central line culture. Results In total, 101 of 108 patients developed febrile neutropenia. In the 101 patients, 245 documented febrile episodes occurred. There were 40 culture‐positive episodes and 205 culture‐negative episodes. Of these 40 culture‐positive episodes, 22 patients had bloodstream isolates and 18 had central line isolates. The median ± standard deviation time of febrile neutropenia was day 7 ± 2 days (range: day −3 to day +13). The most common bloodstream isolate was Escherichia coli ( n = 9) followed by S taphylococcus epidermidis ( n = 5). One patient developed F usarium infection. In central line infections, S . epidermidis was the most common organism ( n = 8). In 2 patients with central venous catheters, C andida albicans was the isolate. Transplant‐related mortality from sepsis occurred in 9.2%. Conclusion E . coli was mainly responsible for BSI , while gram‐positive organisms dominated catheter‐related febrile episodes. Transplant‐related mortality due to sepsis was 9%.

Topic: Neutropenia and Cancer Infections
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Tender Points and Trigger Points – Differences and Similarities

Objectives: There are two major types of non-inflammatory myalgia conditions, namely fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS] and myofascial pain syndrome [MPS]. In both cases, identifying the so-called tender points characteristic of FMS and trigger points characteristic of MPS is of key importance when making a diagnosis.Findings: The two syndromes are very similar and the above-mentioned points are difficult to distinguish during examination, which often leads to wrong diagnosis and, consequently, therapy failure. Additional difficulties are caused by the lack of coherence of nomenclature; in the literature the terms “tender point” and “trigger point” are used interchangeably. Moreover, some centers question the existence of FMS and MPS as separate pain entities.Conclusion: Although the differences in pathophysiology, the two syndromes are often mistaken. Further investigation and new assessment tools are needed to improve outcomes in both entities.

Topic: Myofascial pain diagnosis and treatment
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Influence of Annealing on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Alloy Ti-6Al-7Nb, Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation

This work is devoted to enhancement of strength and ductility of the Ti-6Al-7Nb ELI alloy, which is less harmful from medical point of view for human body in comparison to Ti-6Al-4V. It has been demonstrated that formation of an ultrafine-grained structure in the alloy with the help of equal-channel angular pressing in combination with heat and deformation treatments allows reaching high strength (UTS = 1400 MPa) and sufficient ductility (elongation 10 %).

Topic: Microstructure and mechanical properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Nikolaj Christensen, Global Initiator in DMS, 1997-98. (For some years, DMS;Danmission has use...

Nikolaj Christensen, Global Initiator in DMS, 1997-98. (For some years, DMS;Danmission has used Global Initiators: Young people sent to program areas for short-term assignments, followed by engagement in homework of the Mission).

Topic: Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences