jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Defining the Role of Women in the Future of Political Leadership in the Middle East

Abstract Throughout the years and more recently, dictatorial governments have often posed challenges to women in the Middle East, such as in Saudi Arabia, where woman are still not allowed to drive. Although governments have exercised their power to restrict women from doing certain activities and leadership. If we take a look back at the revolutionary Arab Spring, women were a driving force in expressing their voice through the protests and creating an unprecedented impact to shift the status quo in the Middle East. In the early phase of the Arab Spring, women played a pivotal role in supporting the protests against tyranny and ensuring they played an active part in the protests. Women in the Middle East have often been subject to discrimination regardless whether or not they are oppressed. This paper evaluates the efforts of women and the current events that are developing a new face for Middle Eastern women and their role in the future of political leadership in the twenty-first century. The paper also indicates that women within the Middle East have full potential to become a serious and powerful force within their society if they will fully attach on to the idea of becoming serious actors. More importantly, once they do this and they impact their role within the family, they will then gradually impact social change within their country. What is important within this process is the idea that they continue on the path of fighting for their liberation and change, because all of these spears are interconnected for women to become fully liberated within a society they have to be able to be fully liberated within all of these spears. Finally, this paper discusses obstacles to women in Middle East politics and possible recommendations that will improve the overall levels of women’s political leadership in the Middle East.

Topic: Socioeconomic Development in MENA
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Public Valuations of Managing Compromised Molars: A Discrete Choice Experiment

There is limited evidence to support optimal patient-centered management for compromised first permanent molars (cFPM) in children. Based on an online discrete choice experiment (DCE), this study elicits UK adult general population preferences and calculates willingness to pay (WTP) for pathways to manage cFPM. The DCE was designed with information from semistructured interviews and literature reviews, as well as focus groups with an expert panel of dentists, citizens, and policy makers. A statistically optimal D-efficient design generated 18 choice tasks, split across 2 blocks. Each respondent answered one block of 9 tasks to reduce survey fatigue. Choice tasks varied across 5 attributes: type of treatment, provider of care, who makes the management decision, number of future visits avoided, and cost. An opt-out was included (no treatment). Conditional logit models (fixed effects) were used for data analysis, and marginal WTP for each attribute level was calculated. An overall 430 respondents completed the DCE. Respondents valued children receiving care as compared with not. Restoring a cFPM was valued equally to spontaneous or orthodontic gap closure. In contrast, having a partial gap, prosthetic replacement with a bridge, or a full unit gap was valued less than restoration or full gap closure. General dentists were preferred to dentists with enhanced skills, but there was no evidence of a preference for general dentists over specialists in pediatric dentistry. Respondents preferred to be wholly or partly involved in the decision-making process as opposed to the dentist making the decision alone. Respondents preferred less costly treatments and the avoidance of future dental work. Dental care service providers must consider service user preferences for health and nonhealth outcomes in any service redesign. Furthermore, the results provide marginal WTP estimates that can be used to value dental care services.

Topic: Economic and Environmental Valuation
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Intrafamilial heterogeneity of congenital optic disc pit maculopathy

The findings of our familial cases support the hypothesis that optic disc pit associated with maculopathy could be a genetic disease with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Optical coherence tomography is the most helpful diagnostic tool to assess maculopathy associated with optic disc pit. Microperimetry and multifocal-electroretinography are useful for the diagnosis of macular dysfunction in the early stages, and for the prognosis and follow-up of optic disc pit-maculopathy which is the main cause of visual impairment in these patients. Furthermore, in consideration of the variable expressivity and disease severity reported in our cases, genetic anticipation may be hypothesized.

Topic: Retinal and Macular Surgery
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Knowledge Level about Thalassemia among High School Students in Pontianak City, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Introduction: Thalassemia is a genetic disorder that affect the formation of hemoglobin and has high prevalent in Indonesia. Awareness of genetic screening as one of steps to prevent thalassemia require adequate knowledge about thalassemia. There is no data refers to knowledge about thalassemia among high school student in Pontianak City meanwhile that data is important as initial data to planning thalassemia prevention program. Objective: This study assessed knowledge about thalassemia among high school students in Pontianak City. Method: This descriptive study assessed 100 high school students in Pontianak City chosen by propotionated stratified random sampling according to the number of high school students in each district. Result: Most respondents have poor knowledge about thalassemia (49%) with more female students have good knowledge (27,1%) than male students (10%). Sources of information used by respondents are internet (44%), school (17%), health workers (17%), seminars (10%), relatives/friends (6%), and print media (6%). Conclusion: Many high school students in Pontianak City has poor knowledge about thalassemia (49%) therefore spreading information about thalassemia is essential to be done through the most information source that used by students which is internet (44%) or health education program with school and health workers are involved (17%).

Topic: Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effects of two phase traction loading on a three phase power transformer

This paper presents various power quality issues, voltage unbalance and harmonic distortion on a three phase power transformer. In our power system different power stations including substations deliver power to different loads along with traction which causes voltage unbalance resulting in large energy loss. In today's situation we can't afford these much energy loss as we are at the peaking edge of energy scarcity. So this paper has greater scope as it analyses effects of voltage unbalance on power system. MATLAB simulation model is used for this analysis. A large amount of energy can be saved by reducing the voltage unbalance due to traction load and this paper provides awareness to the society.

Topic: Power Quality and Harmonics
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Climate change in Russia’s Far East

In this chapter, Far Eastern attitudes towards climate change are explored from the mid-1990s until today. For this purpose, articles from four Far Eastern newspapers are examined. This set of sources is complemented by a number of interviews conducted in November 2017 with scientists and environmental activists in the region. Whereas the varying coverage of climate change in the press can be explained at least partly by trends of national politics, the content of the articles as well as the interviews reveal important regional particularities: the Russian Far East is already more affected by climate change than Russia at large; engagement with climate change in the region on the part of the scientific and business communities has been at times remarkably pronounced; the region's position in the Asia-Pacific plays an important role for this engagement with and attention given to climate change; climate scepticism among regional scientists remains widespread but less pronounced than in Russia at large; and, of late, there is a renewed interest in climate change in Primorie. After all, the topic of climate change is not only of concern, but offers opportunities for science and business, and actors in the region are willing to make use of these.

Topic: Arctic and Russian Policy Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Efficacy and Safety of Bortezomib Based Regimens Retreatment in Relapsed Multiple Myeloma Patients: Results from a Retrospective Study.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of bortezomib retreatment in relapsed multiple myeloma (MM) patients, who previously responded to bortezomib. Methods: This retrospective observational study included data from 45 patients and evaluated the efficacy and safety of bortezomib based retreatment in these patients, who had achieved at least a partial response (PR) on initial bortezomib therapy in our hospital from May 2006 to May 2013. Results: The overall response rate (ORR) was 71.2%, among them 9% patients achieved CR, 11.1% patients achieved very good partial response (VGPR), 51.1% patients achieved PR. All patients were divided into 3 groups according to the response of initial bortezomib therapy, including CR group, VGPR group and PR group. After bortezomib retreatment, the ORR of the 3 groups was 76.9%, 75% and 62.5%, respectively. According to the response of bortezomib retreatment, the patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 who at least achieved PR, group 2 who showed no response. The median progression-free survival (PFS) after bortezomib retreatment for group 1 and 2 was 9( 95% confidence interval 7.947~10.051) and 10 (95% confidence interval 8.381∼11.619) months, respectively (P&gt;0.05), while the median overall survival (OS) after bortezomib retreatment was 71 (95% confidence interval 66.694∼75.306)) and 37 (95% confidence interval 1-28) months, respectively (P&lt;0.05). In patients with bortezomib retreatment had different degrees of adverse events (AE) , the most AE for grade 1~2. The most common grade ≥3 AE was thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and anemia. The incidence rate of grade ≥3 AE peripheral neuropathy bortezomib was 15%. Conclusion: Bortezomib based regimens retreatment was effective and tolerable in relapsed MM patients, who had achieved at least a partial response (PR) on initial therapy. The incidence rate of AE was not significantly increased. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Topic: Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Phytochemistry and pharmacologic properties of Ziziphus spina christi (L.) Willd.

Ziziphus spina-christi known as Christ's Thorn Jujube, is a native plant that grows in tropical and subtropical regions especially in Middle East. Its extracts are important in drug development with pharmacological activities in the Middle East and South and East of Asia including Iran. For a long time, Z. spina-christi has been used in alternative medicine for the treatment of fever, pain, dandruff, wounds and ulcers, inflammatory conditions, asthma and to cure eye diseases. Z. spina-christi has recently been shown to have antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, and antinociceptive activities. Flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins are the main phytochemicals that are reported from this plant. Geranyl acetone, methyl hexadecanoate, methyl octadecanoate, farnesyl acetone C, hexadecanol and ethyl octadecanoate are characterized as the major components of the leaves’ volatile oil. Due to the easy collection of the plant materials, its being cheap and widespread in many countries and also remarkable biological activities, this plant has become both medicine and food in some parts of the world, especially throughout the Middle East including Iran. This paper presents comprehensive analyzed information on the botanical, chemical and pharmacological aspects of Z. spina-christi.

	 

	Key words: Ziziphus spina-christi, rhamnaceae, pharmacology, phytochemistry.

Topic: Ziziphus Jujuba Studies and Applications
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
COMBINATION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF Phaleria macrocarpa (SCHEFF.) BOERL. FRUITS AND Annona muricata LINN. LEAVES

Antidiabetic activities of Phaleria macrocarpa fruits and Annona muricata leaves through α-glucosidase inhibition have been reported. Each extract of the two medicinal plants showed weak α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The effect of synergies is expected from combining the two extracts. The purpose of this research was to investigate α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the combination of ethanolic extract of P. macrocarpa fruits and A. muricata leaves and to confirm the presence of different chemical constituents of the most active individual and extracts combination by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Extracts were obtained by maceration method using 96% ethanol. Various concentration of extracts combination was analyzed based on IC50 of the enzyme inhibition of each individual extract. The result showed that α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of each extracts was concentration dependent, with IC50 values of individual extracts of P. macrocarpa fruits and A. muricata leaves were 261.34 and 428.79 μg/mL, respectively. However, the extracts combination with the highest inhibition activity (84.51±0.79%) was obtained at its IC50 of P. macrocarpa fruits and two-third IC50 concentration of A. muricata leaves. The TLC profile of the most active extract combination showed a phytochemical constituent that is also detected in the profile of each individual extract. This can be assumed as a synergistic effect due to increased phytochemical contents of the combined extract.

Topic: Tannin, Tannase and Anticancer Activities
Subfield: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Green: segmentation of an aerial video recording for tree counting

The United States' Forest Service has been recording aerial video over many national parks to note deforestation from diseases and insects. This aerial video recording has been viewed by humans for a number of years. With the speed and ability of computers increasing daily, the forest service had requested our help exploring the possibility of using computers to scan these videos. To resolve this problem, a number of image manipulation tools were developed on a UNIX computer system. These tools require only minimal user interaction.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Previous Diet of Deer, Cattle, and Sheep and Ability to Digest Alfalfa Hay

The capacity of rumen microorganisms of deer, cattle, and sheep on different diets to digest alfalfa hay was tested in an artificial rumen system by measuring the production of gas and short chain fatty acids. Inocula were obtained from the rumens of (1) four wild deer on a natural winter browse diet, (2) one captive deer fed a starvation diet of sagebrush, (3) a cow on a hay diet, (4) the same cow on hay and concentrate, and (5) two sheep on hay and concentrate. Production of short chain fatty acids by the inoculum of the deer fed sagebrush was significantly lower than that from all other animals. Except for appreciably smaller percentages of butyrate and iso-valerate plus valerate by the inoculum of the deer fed sagebrush, the composition of short chain fatty acids produced was very similar among all inoculum sources. Production of gas by the inoculum of the deer fed sagebrush was significantly less than that from all other animals. Inocula from the sheep and the cow fed concentrate and hay produced more gas, and those from the deer on browse and the cow on hay produced similar but progressively larger amounts. These results indicate that normal wild deer, like domestic ruminants, have a microflora capable of digesting hay and converting it to volatile fatty acids. However, by the time that starving deer arrive at a hay supply, the rumen microorganisms may be completely dead or contain low energy

Topic: Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Factors Affecting Trust in Government's digital services in South Africa

Governments have recognized the importance of transforming public services into digital services to deliver integrated, standardized, and high-quality services to the public, hence the heavy investment in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) projects to deliver innovative digital services and to open new channels for citizen engagement. As access to government’s digital services has become a human right in the digital age, government must ensure that quality and equitable digital services are accessible to all citizens. Despite the perceived benefits and opportunities offered by the digital services, uptake in South Africa remains relatively low, posing a challenge for the government. Trust is the precondition for the intention to use government’s digital services. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate and analyze factors that affect trust in government’s digital services in South Africa. This study adopted a qualitative research approach to conduct a systematic literature review. Fifteen articles, from credible online databases, were included in this study. The selected articles were published between 2019 and 2023 and were focused on South African Government. Findings show that government’s digital services improve accountability, transparency, efficiency and responsive of government, thereby increasing trust in government. However, challenges such as lack of political and management support, lack of ICT Infrastructure, poor privacy and security, lack of user participation in government innovation, affect trust in government digital services in South Africa.This study intended to make a practical contribution by providing government with research-based findings that may be used as an input into the strategies and policies developed to increase trust in government’s digital services, which may increase utilisation of digital services to build a digital society and to close the digital divide. This study also aimed to make a theoretical contribution towards the ongoing discourse on digital transformation of the public services to improve government efficiency and effectiveness.

Topic: E-Government and Public Services
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Identification and validation of genes involved in pyroptosis of LPS and D-GALN induced acute liver injury

<title>Abstract</title> Pyroptosis plays an important role in the development of acute liver failure (ALF). In this study, we aimed to identify and validate important pyroptosis-related genes in ALF by bioinformatics analysis. The pyroptosis-related genes involved in the differential expression of ALF were identified using the gene expression comprehensive database (GEO) and the mRNA expression profile dataset GSE217659 provided by R software. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed for the differentially expressed related genes.Further screened the module genes by WGCNA and identified four genes (Gzmb, Mefv, Gbp 2 and Casp 4), which could be used as potential diagnostic biomarkers for ALF. Subsequently, the hub gene was modeled using nomogram to assess whether the model was good.

Topic: Inflammasome and immune disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Interplay of Semantic Plausibility and Word Order Canonicity in Sentence Processing of People With Aphasia Using a Verb-Final Language

Purpose: The Western Aphasia Battery is widely used to assess people with aphasia (PWA). Sequential Commands (SC) is one of the most challenging subtests for PWA. However, test items confound linguistic factors that make sentences difficult for PWA. The current study systematically manipulated semantic plausibility and word order in sentences like those in SC to examine how these factors affect comprehension deficits in aphasia. Method: Fifty Korean speakers (25 PWA and 25 controls) completed a sentence–picture matching task that manipulated word order (canonical vs. noncanonical) and semantic plausibility (plausible vs. less plausible). Analyses focused on accuracy and aimed to identify sentence types that best discriminate the groups. Additionally, we explored which sentence type serves as the best predictor of aphasia severity. Results: PWA demonstrated greater difficulties in processing less plausible sentences than plausible ones compared to the controls. Across the groups, noncanonical and less plausible sentences elicited lower accuracy than canonical and plausible sentences. Notably, the accuracy of PWA and control groups differed in noncanonical and less plausible sentences. Additionally, aphasia severity significantly correlated with less plausible sentences. Conclusion: Even in languages with flexible word order, PWA find it challenging to process sentences with noncanonical syntactic structures and less plausible semantic roles.

Topic: Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Applications of Objective Image Quality Assessment Methods [Applications Corner]

The interest in objective image quality assessment (IQA) has been growing at an accelerated pace over the past decade. The latest progress on developing automatic IQA methods that can predict subjective quality of visual signals is exhilarating. For example, a handful of objective IQA measures have been shown to significantly and consistently outperform the widely adopted mean squared error (MSE) and peak signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR) in terms of correlations with subjective quality evaluations [1].

Topic: Image and Video Quality Assessment
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Carrier and Light Trapping in Graded Quantum Well Laser Structures

We investigated the carrier and light trapping in GaInAs/AlGaAs single quantum well laser structures by means of time resolved photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy. The influence of the shape and depth of the confinement potential and of the cavity geometry was studied by using different AlGaAs/GaAs short-period superlattices as barriers. Our results show that grading the optical cavity improves considerably both carrier and light trapping in the quantum well, and that the trapping efficiency is enhanced by increasing the graded confining potential.

Topic: Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences