jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of low gravity two-phase flow behavior

An experiment is being developed to investigate two-phase flow and heat transfer behavior under the microgravity conditions of space. The experiment is designed to be carried out utilizing the NASA standard Get Away Special (GAS) canister to be flown on a future space shuttle flight. The experiment contains a full two phase flow boiling loop and will determine the effect of microgravity conditions on nucleate boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux values as well as examine liquid/vapor separation processes. This paper describes the experiment designed to be flown on the shuttle and a similar ground test loop presently being operated. In addition, initial data from the ground system is presented.

Topic: Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Genetics of resistance to the African trypanosomes. VI. Heredity of resistance and variable surface glycoprotein-specific immune responses.

Abstract The question of genetic linkage of parasite-specific immune responses to resistance to infection in experimental African trypanosomiasis was addressed. For this purpose, major histocompatibility complex-compatible resistant and susceptible inbred mouse strains and their F1 hybrid, F2 hybrid, and backcross offspring were infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense LouTat 1. Immunologic control of the first peak of parasitemia and survival times were the parameters measured. As we have reported previously (R. F. Levine and J. M. Mansfield, J. Immunol. 133:1564, 1984), B10.BR/SgSnJ mice are relatively resistant and controlled the growth of the infecting variant antigenic type (VAT) by mounting an antibody response to exposed epitopes of the variable surface glycoprotein (VSG). Fluctuating parasitemias resulting from sequential growth of different variable antigenic types occurred subsequently, and these mice died with a median survival time of 48 days. C3HeB/FeJ mice, relatively susceptible, did not control the infecting VAT and did not exhibit VSG-specific antibodies. These mice died with a median survival time of 22 days. The (B10.BR X C3H)F1 hybrids derived from crosses between resistant and susceptible mice all exhibited VSG-specific antibody responses and controlled the infecting VAT population. However, the median survival time of the F1 hybrids (24 days) was not significantly different from the survival time of the susceptible C3H parent. These findings demonstrate for the first time that antibody-mediated control of parasitemia is inherited as a dominant trait; that overall resistance, as measured by survival time, is inherited as a recessive trait (e.g., susceptibility is dominant); and that the two events segregate independently of one another. Further analyses of the inheritance of immunity and resistance (survival time) were made in which the F2 hybrid and backcross studies revealed that there are multiple genes controlling the VSG-specific antibody response as well as determining susceptibility. An extension of the present studies to a similar but non-major histocompatibility complex-mouse model system of resistance and susceptibility (C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ mice, F1 hybrids, and 11 recombinant inbred B X H strains derived from them) was made in order to link the strain distribution patterns of known genetic markers with control of VSG-specific antibody responses or with control of susceptibility. Results of this study showed that resistance varied independently of the ability to control parasitemia with VSG-specific B cell responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Topic: Trypanosoma species research and implications
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Clinical outcomes of PTCA in chronic renal failure: a case-control study for comorbid features and evaluation of dialysis dependence.

We compared clinical outcomes following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for 77 chronic renal failure (CRF) (dialysis and nondialysis) patients and a control group matched for history of myocardial revascularization, specific revascularization procedure, gender, age, diabetes, number of native vessels diseased, number of vessels dilated, and the specific vessel(s) dilated. CRF patients had a higher incidence of peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, and more complex PTCA target lesion types than controls: 5% vs. 16% Type A, 12% vs. 28% Type B1, 44% vs. 41% Type B2, 39% vs. 15% Type C (p < 0.001). The primary success rate for PTCA in CRF patients and controls was 89% and 97% (p < 0.05). Survival analysis 24 months following PTCA showed a lower composite cardiac event-free survival (angiographic restenosis, myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass surgery, and cardiac death) for those with CRF than controls, 54% vs. 69% (p = 0.002). Over the study period, 26 CRF patients died (11 from cardiac causes) compared to only 3 control patients (one from a cardiac cause); p < 0.001 for all cause and p < 0.003 for cardiac mortality. We also compared PTCA results between two categories of CRF patients. The first consisted of 49 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis and the second included 28 patients not on dialysis (13 with creatinine > 2. 0 mg/dL and 15 with ESRD post-renal transplant). Both subgroups had similar coronary anatomy, including PTCA, target lesion type, and acute and long-term outcomes. In conclusion, we observed acceptable primary success and complication rates for PTCA in CRF patients compared with controls matched for comorbid features despite more complex target lesion morphology. Poorer long-term outcomes, however, were apparent for those with CRF regardless of dialysis dependence and likely relate to more extensive atherosclerosis and complex target coronary lesions at index PTCA as well as other features related to CRF.

Topic: Renal and Vascular Pathologies
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Venous Thromboembolism Prevention in Acutely Ill Nonsurgical Patients

OBJECTIVE To review recent advances in the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in acutely ill nonsurgical inpatients. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search (1966–March 2005) was done to identify relevant articles relating to prevention of VTE in acutely ill nonsurgical inpatients. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Four major prophylaxis trials, one registry, one guideline, and supporting articles representative of the subject matter from the last few years were included. DATA SYNTHESIS Enoxaparin, dalteparin, fondaparinux, and unfractionated heparin 5000 units every 8 hours are effective in reducing the risk of VTE in acutely ill medical patients, but such prophylaxis is currently underused. Barriers to be overcome include recognition of the importance of VTE in this population, definition of the optimal strategy to assess risks, optimal timing of the risk assessment, optimal prophylactic regimen for a given level of risk or disease state, and optimal duration of prophylaxis. We recommend that acutely ill medical inpatients should be risk-stratified early in their hospitalization. At this time, the specific risk-assessment protocol should be derived from the trial(s) of the available formulary agent(s). Decisions about providing prophylaxis must also be made considering anticoagulant contraindications and renal function. Mechanical methods of prophylaxis should be considered as monotherapy only if an anticoagulant contraindication exists. The optimal duration of prophylaxis is not known, but 14 days was used in recent studies. CONCLUSIONS Prophylaxis of VTE in acutely ill medical inpatients is underused. Data provide some guidance for increasing awareness and optimizing patient care.

Topic: Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
Subfield: Internal Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Accuracy of the Bible. By A. S. Yahuda. 9 × 6, pp. xxxvii + 226, ills. 73. London: W. Heinemann, 1934. 10<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>.

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Topic: Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Development and Evaluation of the Posttraumatic Growth Status Inventory

Posttraumatic growth reflects beneficial psychological processes in persons with traumatic experiences. Existing measures of growth were criticized due to their retrospective self-report format that may cause biases in capturing the growth processes in individuals with several specific kinds of trauma, such as physical or psychological disabilities of close family members, bereavement and some others kinds of traumatic experience. In this case, the feelings of guilt may prevent the persons from being aware of the favorable personal changes. The objective of this study was to develop and to evaluate an alternative measuring instrument that uses a status quo response format instead of retrospective items and covers additional areas of growth-related changes. The samples comprised 440 adult persons with traumatic experience, including 181 parents of children with mental and/or physical disabilities. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a 7-factors solution, corresponding to the following subscales: Relationships to Others, New Possibilities, Personal Strength, Appreciation of Life, Spiritual Changes, Generativity, and Openness. Results showed good reliability and concurrent validity. The PGSI is recommended particularly for use in longitudinal studies as well as in samples of persons whose trauma relates to a severe psychological or physical disability in their families.

Topic: Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Development and Quality Evaluation of Cereal Based Nutribars

Nutribars were introduced in the last decade as a wholesome alternative product when consumers showed more interest in health and diets. The aim of this study was to develop nutribars using cereal flakes, dehydrated fruits, nuts and functional ingredients. Nutribars were prepared in 24 different combination based on jaggery honey mix and glucose syrup in which cereal flakes formed the main ingredient. Nutribars prepared using glucose syrup had comparatively better mean scores for different quality attributes than nutribars prepared with jaggery honey mix. The chemical and nutritional qualities were observed with moisture (10.20 to 12.50 %), protein (5.47 to 7.16%), fat (4.48 to 4.98), fibre (0.36 to 1.43%), starch (49.8 to 79.2%), total sugar (36.47 to 42.98), reducing sugar (21.61 to 31.22%), thiamine (0.376 to 0.668 mg/100g), calcium (48.06 to 74.50 mg/100g), iron (5.10 to 6.44 mg/100g), sodium (157.8 to 311.2 mg/100g), potassium (129.51 to 198.47 mg/100g) and zinc (0.815 to1.037 mg/100g). Microbial contamination and peroxides were not detected in the products. This study revealed the potential of nutribars as an energy dense nutrient rich wholesome food for different age groups.

Topic: Natural Products and Biological Research
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Fundamental limits on latency in cloud- and cache-aided HetNets

Hybrid architectures are generally composed of a cyber cloud with additional support of edge caching. By utilizing the benefits associated with cloud computing and caching, powerful enhanced interference management techniques can be readily utilized - that among others - also results in low-latency transmission. In this paper, we study the impact of cloud and edge processing on the latency for a heterogenous network (HetNet) consisting of two users and two transmitters. We define an information-theoretic metric, the delivery time per bit (DTB), that captures the delivery latency. We establish bounds on the DTB as a function of cache size, backhaul capacity and wireless channel parameters. We show the optimality on the DTB for various channel regimes.

Topic: Caching and Content Delivery
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Pharmacokinetic Changes in Cystic Fibrosis Patients Population: Narrative Review

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a rare genetic disorder commonly affecting multiple organs such as the lungs, pancreas, liver, kidney, and intestine. Our search focuses on the pathophysiological changes that affect the drugs’ absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review aims to identify the ADME data that compares the pharmacokinetics (PK) of different drugs in CF and healthy subjects. The published data highlight multiple factors that affect absorption, such as the bile salt precipitation and the gastrointestinal pH. Changes in CF patients’ protein binding and body composition affected the drug distribution. The paper also discusses the factors affecting metabolism and renal elimination, such as drug–protein binding and metabolizing enzyme capacity. The majority of CF patients are on multidrug therapy, which increases the risk of drug–drug interactions (DDI). This is particularly true for those receiving the newly developed transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), as they are at a higher risk for CYP-related DDI. Our research highlights the importance of meticulously evaluating PK variations and DDIs in drug development and the therapeutic management of CF patients.

Topic: Cystic Fibrosis Research Advances
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Observational and experimental evaluation of hemiparasite resistance in trees in the urban afforestation of Santarém, Pará, Brazil

ABSTRACT One of the problems affecting the quality of urban trees is their infestation by mistletoes (aerial hemiparasite plants of the order Santalales). Identification of the main types of trees infested, and of the causes of infestation patterns, can help infestation control and the planning of efficient planting regimes. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate the patterns of hemiparasite infestation in trees in an Amazonian urban environment. We aimed to answer (1) which species of mistletoes occur on urban trees in the city of Santarém, in the Brazilian Amazon; (2) what is the proportion and intensity of infestation on infected trees; and (3) if differences in infestation rates among tree species can be explained by mistletoe-tree compatibility. We assessed mistletoe incidence and intensity of infestation on trees in the main avenues of the city. To evaluate the role of mistletoe-tree compatibility in the observed parasitism patterns, we carried out a seed inoculation experiment with seeds of the most abundant mistletoe, Passovia theloneura. Seeds were planted on three tree species (Andira inermis, Handroanthus serratifolius, and Mangifera indica). The overall infestation rate was 19.3%, with exotic tree species more infested than natives. The experiment showed that incompatibility between P. theloneura and the native H. serratifolius is primarily responsible for the observed non-infestation. Mistletoes germinated on A. inermis grew better than those on M. indica, contrary to the infestation prevalence found in the field, suggesting that patterns of infestation are also influenced by seed deposition processes.

Topic: Plant Parasitism and Resistance
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Size-related changes in winter condition of female and male reindeer calves

This study investigated how relationships between body size and back-fat depth develop in female and male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) calves in winter. Back-fat depths did not differ between male and female calves, but depended more strongly on body size in female calves. Because no sex difference was found in the post-rut sample (October), differences were not attributed to male puberty and consequent sexual activity. Sex differences might be related to the fact that female calves feed more often than males from craters dug in the snow by their mother and that daughters of dominant mothers share feeding craters with their mother most often. In the last sample month, February, the fattest males were medium-sized, but mean back-fat depths did not differ between medium-sized and large calves. The decreasing trend in size dependence of fat reserves of male calves through the winter possibly weakens the link between maternal investment and reproductive success of sons.

Topic: Reproductive Physiology in Livestock
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Cypher stent: no longer efficacious at three months in the porcine model?

See article by Carter et al. [2] (pages 617–624) in this issue .

Drug-eluting stents have represented one of the most exciting, innovative technologies, and the 0% restenosis rate has led to overwhelming enthusiasm in the medical world, even if a careful examination of the results did not show any effect on the occurrence of death and acute myocardial infarction [1]. The study of Carter et al. [2] in this issue of Cardiovascular Research brings a key message that tempers our enthusiasm, since they surprisingly discovered that, in the pig model, the Cypher stent failed to reduce restenosis at 3 and 6 months. Moreover, although the drug is still present, there is more smooth muscle cell proliferation and inflammation with the Cypher stent than with the bare stent. Since the study was conducted by Robert Falotico, the “father” of the Cypher stent [3], there is no doubt regarding the validity of these data. This initiates a huge controversy: now the question is, how is this possible? The primary suspect is the anti-restenosis strategy, i.e., inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation via the cell cycle [4]. Impairing the healing may not automatically mean that the reaction to the injury process is definitely abolished … 

*Fax: +33 1 5609 2664. Email address: antoine.lafont{at}egp.ap-hop-paris.fr

Topic: Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Replacement of Fish Meal with Poultry By-Product Meal and Hydrolyzed Feather Meal in Feeds for Finfish

This chapter provides a review of the relative value of poultry by-product meal (PBM) and hydrolyzed feather meal (FeM) as fish meal (FM) replacement in finfish diets. As FM, PBM, and FeM contain different amounts of essential amino acids (EAA), particularly lysine and methionine, correct substitution between these meals should include equal levels of limiting amino acids to that of FM, or the requirement levels of the fish. Using the ratio of the most limiting EAA in PBM to the EAA requirements, one can calculate the maximum FM replacement rate by PBM in diets for carp, milkfish, gilthead sea bream, and sea bass. Hydrolyzed feather meal is the product resulting from the treatment under pressure of clean, undecomposed feathers from slaughtered poultry, free of additives, and/or accelerators. Potential benefits of substitution FM protein with PBM or FeM depends not only on the biological response of finfish, but also the relative cost of PBM and FeM in comparison with FM.

Topic: Food and Agricultural Sciences
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A new species of Aurigoniella Takiya, Mejdalani &amp; Felix (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Cicadellini) from southern Brazil

Aurigoniella meridionalis, sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Morretes and São José dos Pinhais, Paraná State, southern Brazil. It can be easily distinguished from the Aurigoniella type-species, A. dutrai, by its distinct color pattern, smaller size, shorter crown, hindleg knees attaining lateral lobe of pronotum, aedeagus broadest height around mid-length, and paraphyses ramus biramous.

Topic: Phytoplasmas and Hemiptera pathogens
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
New Sampling Method and Procedures for Estimating Failure Probability

A new sampling method on the basis of a distance index and spherical subset simulation is proposed in this paper, with which the samples of uncertain variables are equally generated in the possible domain of uncertain variables and the failure probability is estimated using the concept of conditional probability. Coupling with this new sampling method, two practical procedures are developed for estimating the failure probability: one is a coarse procedure for the analysis of ordinary problems and the other is a refined procedure for the analysis of critical problems. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed sampling method and procedures for estimating the failure probability are demonstrated through a series of examples. The results show that the proposed approach is valid for general applications and can yield an accurate estimate of the failure probability. The accuracy and efficiency are not influenced by the distribution type of uncertain variables, correlation among uncertain variables, nonlinearity of the performance function, and dimension of uncertain variables.

Topic: Probabilistic and Robust Engineering Design
Subfield: Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[Subsegmental bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of inflammatory and disseminated processes in the lungs].

Analysis of the results of the diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in 108 patients has shown that based on the study of the cellular composition of the bronchoalveolar washing (BAW) one can form a judgment about the activity of chronic bronchitis and disseminated processes in the lungs. In individual patients, the cytological examination of the BAW permits detecting the characteristic cell elements (hemosiderophages, tumor cells) and verifying the pattern of the disseminated process in the lungs.

Topic: Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences