jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An Examination And Validation Of The Theoretical Resistivity-Temperature Relationship For Conductors

Electrical resistivity is a fundamental parameter of metals or electrical conductors. Since resistivity is a function of temperature, in order to completely understand the behavior of metals, a temperature dependent theoretical model is needed. A model based on physics principles has recently been developed to obtain an equation that relates electrical resistivity to temperature. This equation is dependent upon a parameter associated with the electron travel time before being scattered, and a parameter that relates the energy of the atoms and their separation distance. Analysis of the energy parameter reveals that the equation is optimized if the proportionality term in the equation is not constant but varies over the temperature range. Additional analysis reveals that the theoretical equation can be used to determine the mean free path of conduction electrons, the number of defects in the atomic lattice, and the ‘equivalent’ charge associated with the metallic bonding of the atoms. All of this analysis provides validation for the theoretical model and provides insight into the behavior of metals where performance is affected by temperatures (e.g., integrated circuits and temperature sensors).

Topic: Thermal Analysis in Power Transmission
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Estimating the need for geriatricians in Israel: 2000-2020].

At present, the Israeli health system is not prepared to look after the elderly in the best possible way. There is already a shortage of geriatricians and, without immediate attention to this problem, this gap will grow significantly in the next twenty years.

Topic: Global Health Care Issues
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Casimir energy of a nonuniform string

The Casimir energy of a non-uniform string built up from two pieces with different speed of sound is calculated. A standard procedure of subtracting the energy of an infinite uniform string is applied, the subtraction being interpreted as the renormalization of the string tension. It is shown that in the case of a homogeneous string this method is completely equivalent to the zeta renormalization.

Topic: Quantum Electrodynamics and Casimir Effect
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Clinicopathological features of atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma in mediastinum

Objective To explore the clinicopathological characteristics and pathological differential diagnosis of atypical lipomatous tumor(ALT)/well-differentiated(WD)liposarcoma in mediastinum.Methods Two cases of mediastinal liposarcoma were reported,with review of relevant literature.Results Both of the cases recurred more than three times and contained multi-nodular tumors in macroscopy.Both showed well-differentiated liposarcomal element and other heterologous differentiated elements in histopathologic examination.The two cases were diagnosed as benign tumours at first.Conclusions ALT/WD liposarcoma shows a variety of histopathologic phenotype and needs to be distinguished from other tumors arising from lipocyte or others.This tumor is characterized by pleomorphic elements,higher recurrence and poor prognosis.

Topic: Sarcoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Continuous Skyline Processing Method Using Competitive Mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks

Skyline queries on sensor networks have attracted much attention from the database research community due to their wide applications related to multi-criteria decision making. The existing methods use filters that are based on the data locality of sensor nodes and routing paths. However, they have two serious problems: i) unnecessary data transmission is still to frequent. ii) the processing cost of a continuous skyline query on high-dimensional data is very high. In this paper, we propose a new method that uses competitive mechanisms for processing continuous skyline queries. The proposed method dramatically reduces the data transmissions of sensors and quickly processes a continuous skyline query on high-dimensional data. An extensive performance study verifies the merits of our new method.

Topic: Data Management and Algorithms
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Approximation Schemes for a Unit-Demand Buyer with Independent Items via Symmetries

We consider a revenue-maximizing seller with $n$ items facing a single buyer. We introduce the notion of symmetric menu complexity of a mechanism, which counts the number of distinct options the buyer may purchase, up to permutations of the items. Our main result is that a mechanism of quasi-polynomial symmetric menu complexity suffices to guarantee a $(1-\varepsilon)$-approximation when the buyer is unit-demand over independent items, even when the value distribution is unbounded, and that this mechanism can be found in quasi-polynomial time. Our key technical result is a polynomial time, (symmetric) menu-complexity-preserving black-box reduction from achieving a $(1-\varepsilon)$-approximation for unbounded valuations that are subadditive over independent items to achieving a $(1-O(\varepsilon))$-approximation when the values are bounded (and still subadditive over independent items). We further apply this reduction to deduce approximation schemes for a suite of valuation classes beyond our main result. Finally, we show that selling separately (which has exponential menu complexity) can be approximated up to a $(1-\varepsilon)$ factor with a menu of efficient-linear $(f(\varepsilon) \cdot n)$ symmetric menu complexity.

Topic: Auction Theory and Applications
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Real-time 3D path planning for sensor-based underwater robotics vehicles in unknown environment

Studies path planning strategies on real-time 3D near-shortest path planning for sensor-based underwater robotics vehicles (URV) in an unknown environment. The unknown environment includes multiple static obstacles of arbitrary shape. Based on limited sensor vision zone and the URV attitude dynamics, a 3D near-shortest path planning algorithm is developed for the URV in an unknown environment. The control variables are a group of thrusters of the URV. This path planning algorithm incorporates the effects of vehicle mass point dynamics, body dynamic behavior, sensor vision zone, thruster characters and all environments. Software for the algorithm was developed to produce numerical solutions of path planning for the URV in different unknown environments. These numerical results of path planning include terrain following and terrain avoidance, avoiding static obstacles, passing some target points, and synthetic trajectory considering complex mazes. This algorithm can be generally used to online plan a path for any robot in an unknown environment.

Topic: Robotic Path Planning Algorithms
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Bacteriorhodopsin monolayers for medical applications: self-assembly and characterization

Manipulating bacteriorhodopsin (bR) into a monolayer form has become of growing interest for inclusion in nanodevices for medical purposes such as artificial retina development, mammogram processing optimization and neural silencing. The efficient photoconverting protein’s thermal and chemical stabilities are such that bR has become an attractive candidate for protein-based nanostructures, as opposed to other biomolecules. In this type of molecular-scale manipulation, assembling monolayers with high degree of orientation and protein functionality preservation are of paramount importance. The present work focuses on covalent attachment of 247Cys bR mutant monolayers to a strategically engineered gold substrate through self-assembly process. Covalent attachment of bR in its native form, or purple membrane (PM), on engineered mica substrate is also achieved. Liquid sample characterization via absorption, circular dichroism and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopies is performed as well as absorption spectroscopy on bR deposited on gold substrate and AFM topographic studies on both substrates.

Topic: Photoreceptor and optogenetics research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Pick your own nits

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of acute alcohol ingestion on myocardial ischaemia in patients with coronary heart disease and stable angina. DESIGN: Randomised crossover study using fruit juice with and without ethanol. SETTING: Division of cardiology in a university hospital. PATIENTS: 20 patients with stable exertional angina and &gt; or = 50% luminal diameter narrowing of at least one major coronary artery. INTERVENTIONS: Each patient was studied on two separate days, once after administration of 1.25 g of ethanol per kilogram of body weight diluted to 15% in juice, and once after an equivalent volume of juice; both tests were in the evening and lasted 90 minutes. The patients were scheduled to have 8 periods of walking for 10 min according to a time table. An ambulatory electrocardiogram and the occurrence of anginal attacks were recorded and blood pressure and blood ethanol concentration were measured until the next morning. RESULTS: The blood ethanol concentration (mean (SD)) rose to 28.8 mmol/l (1.3 (0.4)/1000). Alcohol raised the systolic blood pressure from 132 (16) to 141 (14) mm Hg (P &lt; 0.05 compared with juice). The mean heart rate increased from 57 (7) to 64 (8) beats/min (P &lt; 0.05) for 13 hours after ethanol ingestion compared with juice. The total duration of ischaemia during the ethanol test was 3.5 (median, range 0-80) min, compared with 0 (range 0-67) min for the juice test (P &lt; 0.05). The difference resulted mainly from more silent ischaemia after ethanol ingestion (2.3 (0-80) v 0 (0-67) min; P &lt; 0.05). The ST segment depression time integral increased during the ethanol test (4.4 (0-170) mm x min) relative to that during the juice test (0 (0-103) mm x min; P &lt; 0.01) and especially during the following 13 hours after alcohol (3.5 (0-123) mm x min) compared with juice (0 (0-67) mm x min; P &lt; 0.005). There were no changes in the number, duration, or ST segment depression time integral of the episodes of symptomatic angina, indicating that ethanol augmented the appearance of silent ischaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Acute heavy ethanol drinking aggravates myocardial ischaemia in patients with stable angina pectoris.

Topic: Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Dynamic Programming Through the Lens of Semismooth Newton-Type Methods (Extended Version)

Policy iteration and value iteration are at the core of many (approximate) dynamic programming methods. For Markov Decision Processes with finite state and action spaces, we show that they are instances of semismooth Newton-type methods to solve the Bellman equation. In particular, we prove that policy iteration is equivalent to the exact semismooth Newton method and enjoys local quadratic convergence rate. This finding is corroborated by extensive numerical evidence in the fields of control and operations research, which confirms that policy iteration generally requires few iterations to achieve convergence even when the number of policies is vast. We then show that value iteration is an instance of the fixed-point iteration method. In this spirit, we develop a novel locally accelerated version of value iteration with global convergence guarantees and negligible extra computational costs.

Topic: Advanced Bandit Algorithms Research
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The velar animal prefix relic in Vietnam languages

Benedict (1972) and Matisoff (1973a.25 (footnote 37), 1973b)1 have discussed a Tibeto—Burman bound velar animal prefix. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate the possibility that the animal prefix may have been a Southeast Asian areal phenomenon by examining linguistic data from Vietnam. There will be two aspects to this study. Section 1 is an in—depth study of one language, Sedang (a North Bahnaric language of the Mon—Khmer family), to see if a velar component is more frequent in animal names than in the general vocabulary of the language. Section 2 is a look at twenty-one animal terms in 26 different languages of Vietnam to see if there is any evidence for the prefix which such a comparative study might reveal. Section 3 lists all Sedang animal names in which there is a non-final k.

Topic: Vietnamese History and Culture Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Academic Achievement and Associated Factors Among Students In Mizan Aman College Of Health Science, Southwest Ethiopia

<title>Abstract</title> Background College students’ academic performance plays an important role in producing the best quality graduates who was become great leaders and manpower for the country contributing to the nation’s economic and social development . From our best knowledge there is information gap that shows students academic achievement and associated factors in study area.Objective To assess college students academic achievement and associated factors among level 3 and 4 students at Mizan Aman College of health science Bench Maji Zone, South west Ethiopia.Methods Institution based cross sectional study design was employed. 265 students were randomly selected from different departments of college. Interviewer administrated Structured questionnaires adopted from tools used by other studies was used to collect data. Ethical clearance was obtained from Ethical review committee of Mizan Aman College of health science research and publication office. Objective of the study explained to participants and informed consent was obtained before conducting interview.Result: - From a total of 265 sample size, 250 were completed interview and giving 94% response rate. Student’s academic performance which is measured based on whether the students have passed or not the center of competency examination in Mizan Aman collage of health science. Those who passed was found to be 53.3%. In multivariate logistic regression analysis three variables were statistically significant with low student’s academic performance. Those who had habit of reading in library (AOR=3.13, 95% CI: 2.02, 9.27), Attending class regularly (AOR=2.20, 95% CI: 1.28-3.80) and having no history of substance use (AOR=4.14 95% CI 1.65, 22.79) were found to be significantly associated with students academic performance. Conclusion and recommendation According to this study, student’s academic achievement was low which needs further attention to work on reading habits of students, behavioral changes such as restraining from substance use. Regular class attendance is significant factor to influence students’ academic achievement positively or negatively. Therefore, college deans department co-coordinators as well as instructors should focus on students class attendance regularly.

Topic: Evaluation of Teaching Practices
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Measuring students' exposure to temperature and relative humidity in various indoor environments and across seasons using personal air monitors

Background: Thermal comfort is essential for human well-being. Consistent exposure to uncomfortable thermal conditions indoors leads to reduced academic performance and adverse health outcomes in schoolchildren. In addition, children are more sensitive to thermal conditions due to physiological differences, yet their exposure to thermal conditions has not been adequately measured.Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated students' exposure to temperature and relative humidity (RH) using personal air monitors. In this study, we recruited 90 students from 13 classrooms – 60 from 11 NYS primary school classrooms and 30 from two State University of New York at Albany classrooms. Each participant wore an AirBeam air monitor for 48 hours, and their data was transmitted to a cell phone provided by the researchers.Results: Primary school students were routinely exposed to temperatures exceeding ASHRAE standards (winter: 75⁰F, summer: 80.5⁰F), particularly in school in the spring (max=102⁰F, median=82⁰F). At home, temperatures exceeded standards in the evening around dinnertime. However, primary students were routinely exposed to RH below recommended standards in classrooms during all seasons (median=29%). However, the RH was significantly lower in the winter than in any other season (median=17%). Finally, university students were exposed to slightly higher temperatures and significantly lower RH than primary schoolchildren in the spring.Conclusion: These results suggest that students are exposed to uncomfortable thermal conditions, particularly in classrooms when attending class. Teachers should therefore be given more control over classroom ventilation and thermal conditions, while indoor temperature standards should be adjusted for school children.

Topic: Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Reduced or Diminished Stabilization of the Telomere G-Quadruplex and Inhibition of Telomerase by Small Chemical Ligands under Molecular Crowding Condition

Telomere DNA in human cells shortens during each round of DNA replication. In cancer cells, telomere shortening is compensated by telomerase or the alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) mechanism to maintain cell division potential. The G-rich strand of telomere DNA can fold into a G-quadruplex structure and disrupt these two processes. Therefore, stabilization of the G-quadruplex by chemical ligands is emerging as a promising anticancer strategy. So far, in vitro studies on such ligands are exclusively carried out in dilute solutions. However, the intracellular environment is highly crowded with biomolecules. How G-quadruplex ligands behave under molecular crowding condition is critical for their in vivo anticancer effect. In this work, we studied several ligands for their ability to stabilize the telomere G-quadruplex and inhibit telomerase under both dilute and crowding conditions. Surprisingly, the ligands became significantly less effective or even lost the ability to stabilize the G-quadruplex and inhibit telomerase under crowding conditions. Our data attributed this consequence to the decreased binding affinity of ligands to the G-quadruplex as a result of reduced water activity and increased viscosity of the medium associated with molecular crowding. This effect is irrelevant to and overweighs the influences from other factors such as the G-quadruplex structure, cation, and ligand species. Our work illustrates a possibility that molecular crowding inside cells may reduce or limit the potency of ligands although they may be effective in dilute solution, thus strongly arguing for the necessity of evaluating ligands under more physiologically relevant conditions and designing drugs with this concern in mind.

Topic: DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Microstructural features induced during compression of Al-18Si-2.5Cu-0.6Fe alloy at elevated temperature

The research objective of the present paper is to study the feasibility of bulk processing of Al-18Si-2.5Cu-0.6Fe alloy. The microstructural features induced during high-speed compression of alloy under different processing conditions have been investigated and reported. The compression of cylindrical test specimens between the top and bottom impression dies and also through a converging die at elevated temperatures has been considered for the study. Experiments have been performed with different aspect and reduction ratios for impression and converging die compression respectively. The results reveal that considerable refinement in the microstructure of the compressed alloy occurred and is more significant in converging die compression at elevated temperature. The development of microstructural features during hot compression of the alloy at different processing conditions was also discussed. The results of the present study provide a valuable insight to understand the microstructural refinement during high-speed compression at elevated temperatures.

Topic: Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Properties
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Quantum theory can be collectively verified

No theory of physics has been collectively scientifically verified in an experiment so far. It is pointed out that probabilistic structure of quantum theory can be collectively scientifically verified in an experiment. It is also argued that experimentalist point of view quantum theory is a complete theory.

Topic: Quantum Mechanics and Applications
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Equivalent Markov models for filtering and smoothing of mining vehicle positions

A linear state‐space model is described whose second‐order moments match that of a hidden Markov chain (HMC). This model enables a modified transition probability matrix to be employed within minimum‐variance filters and smoothers. However, the ensuing filter/smoother designs can exhibit suboptimal performance because a previously reported transition‐probability‐matrix modification is conservative, and identified models can lack observability and reachability. This article describes a less‐conservative transition‐probability‐matrix modification and a model‐order‐reduction procedure to enforce observability and reachability. An optimal minimum‐variance predictor, filter, and smoother are derived to recover the Markov chain states from noisy measurements. The predictor is asymptotically stable provided that the problem assumptions are correct. It is shown that collapsing the model improves state‐prediction performance. The filter and smoother recover the Markov states exactly when the measurement noise is negligible. A mining vehicle position tracking application is discussed in which performance benefits are demonstrated.

Topic: Fault Detection and Control Systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences