jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Real-time PCR assay and rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of clinically suspected malaria patients in Bangladesh

More than 95% of total malaria cases in Bangladesh are reported from the 13 high endemic districts. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the two most abundant malaria parasites in the country. To improve the detection and management of malaria patients, the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) has been using rapid diagnostic test (RDT) in the endemic areas. A study was conducted to establish a SYBR Green-based modified real-time PCR assay as a gold standard to evaluate the performance of four commercially-available malaria RDTs, along with the classical gold standard- microscopy.Blood samples were collected from 338 febrile patients referred for the diagnosis of malaria by the attending physician at MatirangaUpazila Health Complex (UHC) from May 2009 to August 2010. Paracheck RDT and microscopy were performed at the UHC. The blood samples were preserved in EDTA tubes. A SYBR Green-based real-time PCR assay was performed and evaluated. The performances of the remaining three RDTs (Falcivax, Onsite Pf and Onsite Pf/Pv) were also evaluated against microscopy and real-time PCR using the stored blood samples.In total, 338 febrile patients were enrolled in the study. Malaria parasites were detected in 189 (55.9%) and 188 (55.6%) patients by microscopy and real-time PCR respectively. Among the RDTs, the highest sensitivity for the detection of P. falciparum (including mixed infection) was obtained by Paracheck [98.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 95.8-99.9] and Falcivax (97.6%, 95% CI 94.1-99.4) compared to microscopy and real-time PCR respectively. Paracheck and Onsite Pf/Pv gave the highest specificity (98.8%, 95% CI 95.7-99.9) compared to microscopy and Onsite Pf/Pv (98.8, 95% CI 95.8-99.9) compared to real-time PCR respectively for the detection of P. falciparum. On the other hand Falcivax and Onsite Pf/Pv had equal sensitivity (90.5%, 95% CI 69.6-98.8) and almost 100% specificity compared to microscopy for the detection of P. vivax. However, compared to real-time PCR assay RDTs and microscopy gave low sensitivity (76.9%, 95% CI 56.4-91) in detecting of P. vivax although a very high specificity was obtained (99-100%).The results of this study suggest that the SYBR Green-based real-time PCR assay could be used as an alternative gold standard method in a reference setting. Commercially-available RDTs used in the study are quite sensitive and specific in detecting P. falciparum, although their sensitivity in detecting P. vivax was not satisfactory compared to the real-time PCR assay.

Topic: Malaria Research and Control
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Gastrointestinal Tract Disease and Zinc Absorption: Cecal Coccidiosis

IT HAS generally been assumed that diseases of the intestinal tract interfere with nutrient absorption. Quantitative data have been lacking on the amount of absorptive impairment or the periods during the disease cycle when it occurred. Stafseth (1931) observed that rickets appeared more frequently or was more severe in birds suffering from coccidiosis. Erasmus &lt;it&gt;et al.&lt;/it&gt; (1960) demonstrated decreased liver storage of vitamin A in chicks suffering from coccidiosis caused by a combination of &lt;it&gt;E. tenella&lt;/it&gt; and &lt;it&gt;E. acervulina&lt;/it&gt;. The decrease was particularly marked 1 week after the administration of the oocysts. These two reports suggest the occurrence of either absorptive impairment or excessive nutrient excretion in birds having coccidiosis. However, several groups (Edgar, 1958; McLoughlin &lt;it&gt;et al.,&lt;/it&gt; 1960; and Panda and Combs, 1964) have noted periods of increased rate of weight gain during recovery from coccidiosis. Panda and Combs (1964) suggested that this growth rate increase was due to . . .

Topic: Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Development of a Modified Capillary Pressure J-Function

ABSTRACT Capillary pressure curves are represented by the equation Pc=a / (Sw-Swi)b. It is shown that for the Leverett J-function to produce a single correlation, the tortuosity, the irreducible water saturation and the saturation exponent b must be the same for the different formations. A modified capillary pressure function J* is introduced that incorporates the tortuosity and irreducible water saturation in its definition. The modified function is correlated with the normalized saturation SD so that all curves will have their vertical asymptotes at a single point SD=0. The modified function represents a significant impro- vement over the original one since it is now sufficient to have the value of the saturation exponent b be the same for two samples to get the same correlation. This was verified by analyzing data from the literature and comparing the two correlations. A modified linear regression by means of weighted least squares method is used to fit the experimental capillary pressure data. Data sets from different sources were analyzed. It was found that a good single correlation can be obtained for samples from the same formation but the correlations were different for different formations.

Topic: Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Structural Architecture of the Kura Foreland Fold-and-thrust Belt Using Seismic Reflection Profile, Georgia

Our study is focused on the structural geometry of the western part of Kura foreland fold-and-thrust belt (KFFTB) disposed in the central part of the Caucasus.Structural architecture of the Georgian part of the KFFTB has been interpreted using seismic reflection profile.Building of structures of the Kura foreland basin was formed by Greater Caucasus basement wedge propagation along detachment horizons within the cover-generating thin-skinned structures represented by Neogene shallow marine and thick continental sediments.Based on the structural style of deformation, two seismicstructural complexes were identified in seismic profiles: an upper and a lower complex.Seismic reflection data reveal the presence of south-vergent thrusts, north-vergent backthrusts, and duplex.The deformations in the KFFTB structures were controlled by the multi-level detachments.The Didi Shiraki thrust-top basin has a bivergent geometry and is filled by Pliocene-Pleistocene syn-kinematic sediments.

Topic: Geological Studies and Exploration
Subfield: Geology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Preliminary Screening of the Antibacterial and Synergistic Effects of Psidium guajava, Piper betle, and Senna alata Leaf Extracts Against Environmental Bacteria

Abstract This research explores the antibacterial and synergistic effects of Psidium guajava (guava), Piper betle (betel), and Senna alata (acapulco) leaf extracts against environmental bacteria collected from soil, yogurt, and unwashed surfaces. Using the agar disk diffusion method, the extracts were tested at varying concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) to evaluate bacterial inhibition. Guava extract exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, while the 75% combination of all three extracts demonstrated a potential synergistic effect, especially against Gram-negative bacteria. This study was conducted by senior high school STEM students at Marcelo H. Del Pilar National High School, located in Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines. It was originally presented during a student research colloquium and first published on OSF: https://osf.io/mzc7r/

Topic: Psidium guajava Extracts and Applications
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Study of the defensive behavior of Iraqi honeybee’s colonies (order: hymenoptera) in Basra province – Iraq

The study was carried out at three areas of Basra Province to evaluate aggressive for the Iraqi honey bee Apis mellifera L. using three types of stimulus represent the model the natural defensive behavior of bees, responses degrees were measured due to Stort’s technique. results showed the aggressive of honey bees in Al-Jubayla region, with a significant difference from that of Garmat Ali, the stinging time of the leather ball reached 1.300 min, the number of stings in the glove was 4.499, and then return to normal time was 17.797 min, and different the aggressive of honey bees in the Garmat Ali region was significantly from the of Shatt al-Arab the ball sting time was 2.107 min, the number of stings in the glove was 2.777 and the return to normal time was 6.79 min. While the aggressive of honey bees in Shatt al-Arab region was quiet the significant difference was negative with the Al-Jubyla and Garmat Ali region, as the average time to sting the leather ball reached 5.325 min., the average number of stings in the glove was 2.111 and the average normal return time was 12.442 min. The mean values of the number of stings in each of the glove and the leather ball for the three regions were 2.133 stings, the degree of aggress of the studied colony is quiet, frictionless, which is a good quality for breeding, this study is considered the first of its kind in Iraq.

Topic: Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Improving Students’ English Vocabulary By Using Total Physical Response” (An Action Research At The Third Grade Sdn Tegal Kuniran In The Academic Year 2011/2012)

The Objective Of The Research Are (1) To Know Whether Total Physical Response Method Can Improve Students’ Vocabulary Mastery; (2) To Know The Students’ Responses When The Total Physical Response Method Is Applied. 
The Research Which Is Carried Out In February Till April 2012 At SDN Tegal Kuniran Surakarta Is Conducted In Classroom Action Research. The Method Used In This Research Was Total Physical Response. The Research Under Took In Two Cycles From February Till April 2012. The Instruments In Collecting The Data Were; Observation, Interview, Test And Questionnaire. The Techniques Which Were Used To Analyze Data Were Quantitative And Qualitative. The Quantitative Data Were Analized The Students’ Scores Which Are Collected By Using Test After Each Cycle. Meanwhile, The Qualitative Data Were Analized By Using Triangulasi Technique. The Steps Of Analizing The Qualitative Data By Using Triangulation Were; 1) Gathering Data From Multiple Resources, 2) Making Reduction By Coding The Data, And 3) Drawing Conclusion. 
The Result Of This Research Show That (1) There Is Improvement On Students’ Vocabulary Mastery, The Mean Score Before The Treatment Was 43, Mean Score Of Post Test On Cycle 1 Was 58 And 71 On Second Cycle Post Test; (2) There Were Positive Response Of Students Upon The Used Method; (1) Activeness, The Students Were Actively Involved In Teaching Learning Process, (2) Happiness, The Students Were Happy Doing The Activities In Teaching Learning Process And Enjoyed The Teaching Learning Process And (3) Students Accomplished The Task On Each Part Of Vocabulary. 
Based Of The Finding Above The Hypothesis Stated That Total Physical Response Method Can Improve Students’ Vocabulary Is Accepted. The Result Of This Research Shows That Total Physical Response Is Able To Improve Students’ Vocabulary Mastery Of Third Grade SDN Tegal Kuniran.

Topic: STEM Education
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Perturbation series methods for calculating electron-atom differential cross sections

The problem of electron–atom scattering is one of the oldest problems in atomic physics dating back to the early part of this century. This problem has often been studied and there were periods for which the problem was considered solved if one defined solved to mean that there was agreement between the existing experimental data and theoretical calculations. The early experimental measurements were typically total cross sections—that is cross sections summed over spins, summed over magnetic sub levels and integrated over scattering angles. For the case of atomic excitation, the measurements were normally performed for the allowed transitions. These cross sections were generally in reasonable agreement with the highly popular Born approximation which treats the projectile as a plane wave.

Topic: Atomic and Molecular Physics
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Massachusetts Nurse Practitioners Step Up as One Solution to the Primary Care Access Problem

Massachusetts’ political experience with efforts to insure all citizens provided a unique opportunity for nurse practitioners to address the growing need for access to primary care. Passage of a new statute to recognize nurse practitioners as primary care providers that health plan beneficiaries could choose was accomplished through strategic planning and political savvy. The results of a focused effort using the expertise of a professional lobbying team along with organizational support resulted in a groundbreaking new law that is a component of a reform model being examined by the nation as a whole, looking to address accessible, quality, and affordable health care. This article chronicles that journey and its accomplishment.

Topic: Nursing Roles and Practices
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Jews and Christians in medieval Castile. Tradition, coexistence, and change. By Maya Soifer Irish. Pp. xix + 308 incl. 3 maps. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2016. $69.95. 978 0 8132 2865 5

Jews and Christians in medieval Castile. Tradition, coexistence, and change. By Maya Soifer Irish. Pp. xix + 308 incl. 3 maps. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2016. $69.95. 978 0 8132 2865 5 - Volume 69 Issue 2

Topic: Historical and Linguistic Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Pilgrimage in Thirteenth-century Byzantine Greece

This study focuses on the anachronistic Life of Saints Barnabas and Sophronios (BHG 2055) and examines the connection between travel and place in thirteenth-century Byzantium. In documenting the saints' itinerary in mainland Greece which included stops at several well-known holy shrines, I explore the environment that Barnabas and Sophronios experienced in the places they visited through the hagiographical narrative and archaeological remains. Monuments and material culture in particular shed light on the changing image of pilgrimage sites over time. This exercise offers us the opportunity to consider the state of religious and urban sites in the thirteenth century and discuss the more practical aspects of medieval saintly travel, such as the existing communications network, length of travel, types of shelters, and the importance of hosts at the place of destination.

Topic: Byzantine Studies and History
Subfield: Classics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The Value of Immunohistochemical Studies Using Antibody to S100 Protein in Dermatopathology

ABSTRACT: The distribution of S100 protein in normal skin and various tumors involving skin was assessed using rabbit antibody to S100 protein in an immunoperoxidase reaction. In normal skin, S100 was detected in the epidermis (melanocytes and Langerhans' cells), dermis (Schwann cells, Pacinian and Meissner's corpuscles, and interdigitating reticulum cells), cells of the sweat gland apparatus, and in chondrocytes. In tumors involving skin, S100 protein was present in nevi, malignant melanomas, histiocytosis X, mixed sweat gland tumors, neural tumors, chondromas, and chondrosarcomas. Detection of S100 protein by immunostaining was useful in understanding the histogenesis of various skin tumors and in assessing the diagnosis and prognosis of a variety of skin lesions encountered in surgical pathology.

Topic: S100 Proteins and Annexins
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Synchronous presentation of hepatoid alpha-fetoprotein-producing lung cancer and colorectal adenocarcinoma.

We describe the synchronous presentation of hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the lung and colorectal adenocarcinoma in a patient with elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) serum levels. Our patient was treated after surgery with a conventional chemotherapy regimen including bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody, which was demonstrated to improve the clinical results in the treatment of colorectal and lung cancer compared with chemotherapy alone, and is today approved both for colon and lung cancer. Besides the unconventional association of the two cancer types in our patient and the unsatisfactory clinical benefit obtained with the medical treatment administered, we report on the significance of AFP serum levels as a tumor marker in this peculiar situation. In our patient these levels, monitored from the first clinical symptoms through the last chemotherapy course, did not show any correlation with the response to treatment or with the patient's overall outcome. In particular, the serum marker remained essentially unchanged after the surgical removal of the lung mass and the subsequent chemotherapy.

Topic: Testicular diseases and treatments
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
“Human Cock Fighting”: The Culturally Acceptable Ritual of Violence in Sports

A considerable similarity among ancient and modern sports is the existence of violence and aggression in contests.Society as a whole seems to have long embraced sports that are violent in nature or that have violent elements.Intensity is inherent in certain sports.Physical force and even assault are part of sports like hockey, football, boxing, and rugby.Outside of sport, tackling or punching someone would be considered aggression, yet in the previously mentioned sports it is incorporated within the rules of the game.A concussion is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by an impulsive force transmitted to the head resulting from a direct or indirect impact to the head, face, neck, or spinal cord.Repetitive TBI can trigger the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.The main purpose of this mini review was to primarily describe updated scenery on the cognitive risks associated with violence in sports, which may lead to degenerative disorders later in life.TBI may never be completely eliminated from sports.Reducing violent aspects might be a realistic modification of some sports.Properly trained coaches, athletic trainers, and medical staff are on the front line in concussion education, diagnosis, and management, and are essential in reducing the incidence and severity of sport-concussions.

Topic: Sports, Gender, and Society
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Low frequency noise properties of all-thin film superconducting point contacts

We report the results of low frequency voltage noise measurements of an all-thin film superconducting point contact (SPC). The SPC is prepared in liquid helium by application of a voltage pulse to a Nb-MgO-NbN edge sandwich. Increasing the amplitude of the pulse we may observe a gradual transition of a junction from the tunneling to metallic transport regime. We study the magnitude of low frequency noise during this transition and find that noise decreases quickly with decreasing ratio of subgap-to-supergap resistance. This result is contrasted with an opposite finding of C. T. Rogers and R. A. Buhrman [IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-21, 126 (1985)] for the limit of a ‘‘leaky’’ tunnel junction. This comparison suggests that the excess subgap conductivity observed in our samples is caused by an Andreev reflection.

Topic: Physics of Superconductivity and Magnetism
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Diamagnetism of a free particle in classical electron theory with classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation

Landau's diamagnetism for a free point charge is shown to exist within classical electron theory with classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation. The system considered is a nonrelativistic classical point charge bound harmonically in three dimensions and situated in a magnetic field when random classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation or thermal radiation is present. The average energy, angular momentum, and magnetic moment are calculated at finite temperature, and then carried to the limit at which the harmonic binding vanishes so as to obtain the behavior for a free particle. In the presence of the Rayleigh-Jeans radiation spectrum one finds that all diamagnetic effects vanish, in agreement with the results of traditional classical statistical mechanics. In the Planck radiation spectrum one finds exactly the results of quantum theory involving a Langevin function for the temperature dependence. In particular, the average angular momentum and magnetic moment for a classical point charge in classical zero-point radiation are $〈{L}_{z}〉=\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\hbar}$ and $〈{M}_{z}〉=\ensuremath{-}|e|\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{2\mathrm{mc}}$, where the orientation of the $z$ axis is given by the magnetic field direction. Thus the classical results in the presence of classical zero-point radiation are entirely different from those of traditional classical electron theory, and they suggest possible classical explanations of the space quantization appearing in quantum theory. The results also suggest a derivation of Planck's spectrum from traditional classical statistical mechanics by applying Boltzmann statistics to the orientation of the average magnetic moment caused by the zero-point radiation.

Topic: Quantum Electrodynamics and Casimir Effect
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Phenylketonuria and its Dietary Therapy in Children

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common autosomal recessive disease.\nHyperphenylalaninemia is caused by deficiency or inactivity of the\nphenylalanine hydroxylase in liver. In this disorder phenylalanine in\nnot metabolized to tyrosine. Increased levels of blood phenylalanine\ncauses irreversible brain damage. As infants with PKU do not show any\nclinical signs in the postnatal period, first stage in treatment is an\neffective screening and diagnosis. Main treatment of PKU is diet\ntherapy, which should be initiated before the third week of life and\nmonitored by a team formed of a pediatrician, an experienced dietitian,\na psychologist, a social worker and a nurse. Phenylalanine-restricted\ndiet should provide enough protein–energy and other nutrients for\nan optimal growth and brain development and include tyrosine supplement\nto preserve the phenylalanine plasma concentration in a range of 2 to 6\nmg/dl. The exact amount should be prescribed based on age, specific\ngenotype, growth rate and individual need for energy. Successful\nmanagement of PKU patients should be monitored by growth rate. Duration\nof diet therapy is controversial; continuing phenylalanine-restricted\ndiet beyond adolescence is recommended.

Topic: Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Figures 1-5 from Inhibition of Autophagy Enhances Anticancer Effects of Atorvastatin in Digestive Malignancies

Supplementary Figures 1-5 from Inhibition of Autophagy Enhances Anticancer Effects of Atorvastatin in Digestive Malignancies

Topic: Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences