jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effects of the Cage Unit Size and Number of Cage Units As Well As Bridge Unit on the Second Order Nonlinear Optical Response in Multicage Electride Molecules

Interesting effects of the cage unit size and number of cage units as well as bridge unit on the static first hyperpolarizabilities (β0) for novel multicage electrides are revealed. (1) The small cage unit C8 systems have larger β0 for cage unit size effect. (2) The β0 increases with increasing cage unit number. (3) The effect of the bridge between cage units on β0 is O > NH > CH2. Specially, a novel relationship between the excess electron cloud and β0 is revealed. Assembling the three effects, the constructed multicage electride structure with three small C8 cage units connected by the O-bridge (K···3C8(O)) is a electride salt K(+)[e@3C8(O)](-) and has the considerable β0 value of 7.1 × 10(5) au, which is about 55 times larger than the 13 000 au of the single-cage electride molecule Na3O(+)(e@C20F20)(-). The novel multicage strategy is effective to enhance nonlinear optical (NLO) response.

Topic: Nonlinear Optical Materials Research
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Tobacco in Folk Cures in Western Society

PERHAPS THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT about the folklore o£ tobacco is that the white man did not know about it until after the discovery of the Western Hemisphere, although smoke-usage and even smoking of a sort had a faint parallel in Europe. Europeans had used smoke in the form of incense at least since the days of the Egyptians, and the Scythians and Thracians discovered early the narcotic effect of burning hemp seed. Hippocrates prescribed the inhalation of smoke for female diseases, and Pliny later recommended sucking-up the smoke from burning coltsfoot through reeds as a cure for coughs (a cure which lasted into modern times), but these usages were isolated and limited. Smoking as we know it did not exist, and tobacco itself, all-pervasive as it is in contemporary limes, had to wait until that day in 1492 before Europeans became aware of it. Thus, any European folklore about tobacco is no more than four hundred and seventy-two years old—an important fact for the folklorist, for it means that he sometimes can trace usages to their origins instead of having to conjecture about them in remote antiquity. It means further that if he would understand those usages, he would do well to look at the intellectual climate of Europe in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries.

Topic: Culinary Culture and Tourism
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
RESEARCH ARTICLE Serum Cardiac Troponin-I is Superior to Troponin-T as a Marker for Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Clinically Stable Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

Background Serum troponin assays, widely used to detect acute cardiac ischemia, might be useful bio-markers to detect chronic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cardiac-specific troponin-I (cTnI) and troponin-T (cTnT) generally detect myocardial necrosis equally well. In dialysis patients however, serum cTnT levels are often elevated, unlike cTnI levels. The present study aims to elucidate the associations of cTnI and cTnT with CVD in clinically stable dialysis patients. Methods Troponin levels were measured using 5th generation hs-cTnT assays (Roche) and STAT hs-cTnI assays (Abbott) in a cohort of dialysis patients. Serum troponin levels were divided into tertiles with the lowest tertile as a reference value. Serum troponins were associated with indicators of CVD such as left ventricular mass index (LVMI), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Associations were explored using regression analysis. Results

Topic: Acute Myocardial Infarction Research
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
In situ detection of neoplastic transformation and chemopreventive effects in rat esophagus epithelium using angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry.

We present a quantitative study of the nuclear morphometry of epithelial cells in an animal model of esophageal carcinogenesis. Changes in the size and texture of cell nuclei as a result of neoplastic transformation and chemopreventive action are observed in situ using a new optical technique, angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry (a/LCI). The capabilities of a/LCI are demonstrated via quantitative in situ measurements of the nuclear morphometry of basal epithelial cells, approximately 50-100 microm beneath the tissue surface without the need for exogenous contrast agents or tissue fixation. The measurements quantify changes in nuclear size, characterized by average diameter, and nuclear texture, characterized by fractal dimension of the subcellular structures. Using this technique, we observed changes in the morphometry of rat esophageal epithelial cells in response to treatment with the carcinogen N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine. In addition, morphometric changes were observed in the esophagi of rats treated with N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine and two chemopreventive agents, difluoromethylornithine and perillyl alcohol. These agents induced either apoptosis in the basal epithelium (difluoromethylornithine) or both apoptosis and vacuolation of basal epithelial cells (perillyl alcohol). Vacuolation was associated with cellular toxicity. The light-scattering measurements were compared with histological images of the same tissues. The potential of a/LCI as a noninvasive means to investigate the development of epithelial neoplasia and for tracking the efficacy of chemopreventive agents appears high. This technique also may provide a new screening tool for intraepithelial neoplasia.

Topic: Optical Coherence Tomography Applications
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Role of Geographic Information Systems in Post-Disaster Neighborhood Recovery: Lessons from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita

Through partnerships and collaborations with universities, non-profits, local government, and private foundations, neighborhood associations and residents have been using Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) as a tool for neighborhood recovery in post-Katrina and Rita New Orleans. The landfall of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita along the Gulf Coast Region changed the way that Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used for Emergency Management and Response, PPGIS, and community recovery. This research explores GIS and PPGIS best practices through an evaluation of New Orleans, LA case studies and seeks to present solutions for the development of a post-disaster PPGIS for community recovery.

Topic: Geographic Information Systems Studies
Subfield: Geography, Planning and Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The proliferation of international anti-corruption initiatives, standards, and guidelines

Although the problem of corruption is a permanent feature of political systems and is hardly new, its re-emergence as a genuinely global issue showed up in the context of the continuing processes of globalization. In recent decades the world has witnessed a swift expansion of international anti-corruption initiatives, standards, and guidelines. This new form of global governance has emerged to align the heterogeneity of national legal regimes in the global playfield. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of existing anti-corruption standards, clustering them along four categories. Based on the analysis of benefits and shortcomings of the standards, a conclusion is made that in the absence of a clear regulatory framework the effectiveness and efficiency of standards is limited since they lack accountability per se. The chapter closes by outlining the need for further academic research and debate to understand the genuine impact of standards on anti-corruption efforts.

Topic: Corruption and Economic Development
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ETANOLIC EXTRACT OF BAY LEAVES (SYZYGIUM POLYANTHUM [WIGHT.] WALP.)

Indonesia people have been used of Bay Leaves (S. polyanthum [Wight.]Walp.) to treat of antidiarrhea, cholesterol, hypertension, gastritis, and diabetes mellitus.Extrac of Bay Leaves can be inhibit growth of Escherichia coli, Vibrio Cholera, and Salmonella sp.It's the bacterium that produce an entherotoxin so as to cause diarrhoea.Bioassay of antidiarrheal activity by using transit intestinal method and mice (Mus musculus) as an animal model induced by castor oil.The mice were grouped into five groups.Group I is received Na-CMC as control, group II, III, and IV are received of Ethanolic Extract of Bay Leaves (EEBL) with concentration 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively and group V as positive control by received Loperamide-HCl.The charcoal used to marker as indicators.The result of the test indicate that EEBL have antidiarrheal activity to animal model.Refers to analysis of variant p=0.05, showing that concentration 30% has an activity non significant with loperamide-HCl as positive control.

Topic: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Comorbidity of ADHD and Anxiety Disorders in School-Age Children: Impact on Sleep and Response to a Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment

Objective: This exploratory study measured the impact of comorbid anxiety disorders on sleep in children with ADHD and tested the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on these measures. Method: Fifty-seven children (8-12 years old) were assessed with the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Four groups were formed: ADHD ( n = 20), ADHD + Anxiety ( n = 20), Anxiety ( n = 8), and Healthy Controls ( n = 9). A subgroup of 10 children with ADHD + Anxiety underwent CBT for anxiety. Results: The results showed that sleep difficulties were better associated with anxiety than with ADHD. CBT reduced sleep onset latency and marginally decreased the total amount of sleep problems. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that comorbid anxiety in ADHD children is linked with specific sleep disturbances and is sensitive to CBT aimed at reducing anxiety.

Topic: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Whitefly-Transmitted Golden-Yellow Mosaic Virus of Phaseolus lunatus in Puerto Rico

A golden-yellow mosaic virus of Phaseolus lunatus was detected recently in Puerto Rico. The virus was transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci race sidae. It causes a golden-yellow mosaic of beans. It was isolated from bean plantings located in the northwestern and north-central parts of Puerto Rico. Available evidence indicates that the P. lunatus virus is not related, at least closely, to the Puerto Rican whitefly-transmitted mosaic virus of Rhynchosia minima. Symptoms induced by the P. lunatus virus are remarkably similar to those elicited by the Brazilian golden mosaic and the Salvadoran yellow mottle viruses of beans.

Topic: Plant Virus Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Discretely holomorphic parafermions and integrable loop models

We define parafermionic observables in various lattice loop models, including examples where no Kramers-Wannier duality holds. For a particular rhombic embedding of the lattice in the plane and a value of the parafermionic spin these variables are discretely holomorphic (they satisfy a lattice version of the Cauchy-Riemann equations) as long as the Boltzmann weights satisfy certain linear constraints. In the cases considered, the weights then also satisfy the critical Yang-Baxter equations, with the spectral parameter being related linearly to the angle of the elementary rhombus.

Topic: Algebraic structures and combinatorial models
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Raman amplification in plasma: thermal effects and damping

The role of thermal effects on Raman amplification are investigated. The direct effects of damping on the process are found to be limited, leading only to a decrease from the peak output intensity predicted by cold plasma models. However, the shift in plasma resonance due to the Bohm-Gross shift can have a much larger influence, changing the required detuning between pump and probe and introducing an effective chirp through heating of the plasma by the pump pulse. This "thermal chirp" can both reduce the efficiency of the interaction and alter the evolution of the amplified probe, avoiding the increase in length observed in the linear regime without significant pump depletion. The influence of this chirp can be reduced by using a smaller ratio of laser frequency to plasma frequency, which simultaneously increases the growth rate of the probe and decreases the shift in plasma resonance. As such, thermal effects only serve to suppress the amplification of noise at low growth rates. The use of a chirped pump pulse can be used to suppress noise for higher growth rates, and has a smaller impact on the peak output intensity for seeded amplification. For the parameter ranges considered, Landau damping was found to be negligible, as Landau damping rates are typically small, and the low collisionality of the plasma causes the process to saturate quickly.

Topic: Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Higher-order boundary layers and regularity for Stokes systems over rough boundaries

In this paper, we study the large-scale boundary regularity for the Stokes system in periodically oscillating John domains. Our main contribution is the construction of boundary layer correctors of arbitrary order. This is a significant generalization of the known results restricted to the first and second orders. As an application, we prove the large-scale regularity estimate, as well as a Liouville theorem, of arbitrary order for the Stokes system. Our results are also related to higher-order boundary layer tails and wall laws in viscous fluids over rough boundaries.

Topic: Navier-Stokes equation solutions
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Increasing Conversational Interactions Between Verbal High School Students With Autism and Their Peers Without Disabilities

Self-prompted communication books were used in combination with conversational peer orientation to increase conversational interactions of verbal high school students with autism or autistic-like behavior with their peers without disabilities. Previous investigators have used communication books only with students with autism or intellectual disability with limited or no verbal or reading skills. The six high school participants in this study could read and were verbal. We sought to determine whether the communication books would be accepted by peers without disabilities in general education classrooms or whether the books would stigmatize the students with disabilities. Finally, we assessed the effects of having a peer with a learning disability as the teacher of conversational interaction skills. We interpreted our results to conclude that the communication book package was associated with increased conversational interactions for all participants with their general education peers and that communication books were viewed positively by conversational partners.

Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Gearing up for mountain biking

The gear system of a mountain bike is examined to discover any redundancy in the many gear settings available to the cyclist. A best strategy for changing up through the gears is suggested for a typical 21-gear system and also an adjustment to the available gears is suggested that would result in a smoother change.

Topic: Winter Sports Injuries and Performance
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Experience of Events of Truth in Hermeneutic Conversation With Text

The purpose of this article is to explore what the experience of events of truth can entail in hermeneutic dialogue with text as well as the significance this can have for hermeneutic methodology in caring science. Experience of events of truth is discussed based on Hans-Georg Gadamer’s ontological perspective and on Emmanuel Levinas’s ethical perspective. A veritable experience of an event of truth is a testimony to the responsibility we take for the Other and to our humanity. Experience of events of truth requires that there is a connection of esteem between ethics and ontology in the reader’s understanding of what Hans-Georg Gadamer calls the subject matter (Sache). The experience of events of truth has methodological significance for caring science in that it can contribute to the disclosure of ontological evidence and inform caregiving and caring science.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Investigation of multilayer thin films using ellipsometry

Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE) is a powerful and universal optical technique for the investigation of optical properties of semiconductor thin films. It is an extremely sensitive measurement tool for the characterization of single layer thin film and even multilayer structures. &#13;\nThis project focuses on the study of optical properties of amorphous silicon rich nitride (a-SRN) in single bulk layer and in multilayer by SE fitting using software Wvase32. SE itself is not a direct readout type technique. It is actually a model-based technique. Thus, it is important to build correct and suitable model for a particular material in the SE fitting. In this project, several dispersion models are investigated to find the one which is best suitable for the fitting of a-SRN. Those dispersion models include Cauchy urbach model, Lorentz oscillator model, Forouhi &amp; Bloomer’s model, Cauchy absorption model and Tauc-Lorentz model. Furthermore, the optical properties of a-SRN in single bulk layer with different SiH4/NH3 ratio have been studied by SE fitting using Tauc-Lorentz model. It is clearly shown that the bandgap of a-SRN will decrease and optical constants (n &amp; k) will increase with increasing SiH4/NH3 ratio. &#13;\nFinally, the SE fitting of four a-SRN quantum well multilayer samples has been conducted. Two samples consist of 45 alternating layers of a-SRN well and SiO2 barrier. Another two consist of 40 alternating layers of a-SRN well and Si3N4 barrier. The optical properties of these samples have been studied in detail using SE and photoluminescence (PL). It is observed that the SE fitting for multilayer samples are much more challenging than single bulk layer due to their structure complexity. The multilayer samples after annealing have also been studied. A second peak emerges in the PL spectra of the annealed samples, which may be attributed to the formation of Si nanocrystals in the well layers.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Sequence-specific cleavage of DNA by N-bromoacetyldistamycin. Product and kinetic analyses

N-Bromoacetyldistamycin (BO) is a designed molecule with two structural domains with distinct functions: sequence specific binding to double helical DNA and cleavage of the DNA backbone. An electrophilic bromoacetyl group is appended to the amino end of the tripeptide from the natural product distamycin A. Footprinting studies reveal that N-bromoacetyldistamycin binds within minutes to a 167 base pair (bp) restriction fragment at four A,T rich sites five base pairs in size, 5'-TTTAA, GTTTA, AAATT, and GAAAT-3'. After a reaction time of 5 h at 37 °C, cleavage occurs at a single adenine in the GTTTA site in this 167 bp restriction fragment following a piperidine workup procedure. Covalent attachment of BD occurs at N3 of adenine. 3-(Acetyldistamycin)adenine is the released product from the reaction of BD with a 15 base pair oligonucleotide duplex 5'-CGGTAGTTTATCACA-3' at 37 °C. The 3' and 5' DNA termini at the site of cleavage after piperidine treatment are phosphate groups. Alkylation of adenine in duplex DNA by BD is described by a first-order rate process. The rate constant for alkylation of N3 of adenine at the sequence 5'-GTTTA-3' is k = 5.39 X 10^(-6)s^(-1) (t_(1/2) = 35.7 h) at 37 °C. The cleavage specificities of the synthetic molecule, N-bromoacetyldistamycin, and the natural product, CC-1065, were compared on the 167 bp restriction fragment. After a reaction time of 1 h at 37 °C, CC-1065 cleaves at 13 adenines whereas BD shows cleavage at one adenine. The differences in covalent binding specificity between CC-1065 and BD may be related to sequence dependent reactivity in both cases but sequence dependent binding being additionally important in the latter.

Topic: DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Unbiased Learning for Hierarchical Models

It is known that overfitting occurs when a conventional statistical learning method such as maximum likelihood estimation, maximum a posteriori estimation or Bayesian estimation is applied to hierarchical models. This paper gives an explanation why overfitting occurs and propose an appropriate learning framework unbiased learning for hierarchical models. The method suggest to train the hyperparameters based on unbiased likelihood which is estimated by an appropriate information criterion. Therefore, it can say that the unbiased learning is a generalization of hyperparameters selection. Unbiased learning with several information criteria is tested by computer simulations.

Topic: Neural Networks and Applications
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Advanced Quantization Schemes to Increase Accuracy, Reduce Area, and Lower Power Consumption in FFT Architectures

This paper explores new advanced quantization schemes for fast Fourier transform (FFT) architectures. In previous works, FFT quantization has been treated theoretically or with the sole aim of improving accuracy. In this work, we go one step beyond by considering also the implications that quantization schemes have on the area and power consumption of the architecture. To achieve this, we have analyzed the mathematical operations carried out in FFT architectures and explored the changes that benefit all the figures of merit. By combining or alternating truncation and rounding, and using the half-unit biased (HUB) representation in the different computations of the architecture, we have achieved quantization schemes that increase accuracy, reduce area, and lower power consumption simultaneously. This win-win result improves multiple figures of merit without worsening any other, making it a valuable strategy to optimize FFT architectures.

Topic: Image and Signal Denoising Methods
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
LHD firdac #176082.1

Line integrated electron density (neL) and its profile calculated from raw data of FIR laser interferometers, FIR1, FIR2, and FIR3. Time resolution is basically 10 milli-second, and the time axis array is stored in the last, i.e. 14th channel.

Topic: Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences