jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
2‐Oxoglutarate Analog‐Based Biomolecular Tools for Exploring Structure–Activity Relationships in Nonheme Iron Enzymes

2‐oxoglutarate (2OG)‐dependent nonheme iron (NHFe) enzymes constitute a family of enzymes that use 2OG and oxygen to hydroxylate unactivated C( sp 3 )–H bonds. These enzymes are biologically important and therapeutically relevant due to their role in key cellular processes. However, selective targeting remains challenging due to high structural conservation in their active sites. Herein, two classes of 2OG analogs are rationally designed and used as tools to investigate the active site of a 2OG‐dependent NHFe enzyme, prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2). Using an activity assay in conjunction with steady‐state kinetics, a new class of aryl‐conjugated 2OG analogs is identified that exhibits 12‐fold varied inhibition and competes with 2OG for the PHD2 active site. Immunoblot studies suggest that these analogs are biologically active and can target PHD2 intracellularly. Furthermore, computational modeling studies reveal that the analogs bind to the active site in a “flipped” conformation relative to 2OG, and functional group placement is responsible for their different inhibition capabilities. Mutagenesis studies further validate this unique binding mode and suggest several interactions that are crucial for inhibition. Overall, these studies provide a toolkit of 2OG analogs to establish structure–activity relationships and identify interactions that can be useful for PHD2 inhibitor design.

Topic: Folate and B Vitamins Research
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Topotecan in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

According to the American Cancer Society, 178,100 new cases of lung cancer were predicted in 1997, with an estimated 5-year relative survival rate of 11% to 14%. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most prevalent type of lung cancer, presents an extraordinary challenge to the oncologist, because most patients present with advanced unresectable disease. Cisplatin, one of the most effective single agents against NSCLC, has only moderate antitumor effect and limited impact on survival. Combination regimens also show little increase in survival. In the search for better treatments for NSCLC, new agents with novel mechanisms of action have been explored. In preclinical studies, topotecan (Hycamtin; SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, PA), a topoisomerase I inhibitor, demonstrated activity in a variety of animal tumor models. Results from subsequent phase I and phase II clinical trials, summarized here, suggest that topotecan has modest activity against NSCLC and that its role in the treatment of this disease should be evaluated further.

Topic: Cancer therapeutics and mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Atypical Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Mimicking Intramedullary Tumor

In case of a fast progressive CM with atypical radiographic appearance initial decompression with inspection of the spinal cord and a short-term clinical follow-up with an MRI control might be the procedure of choice, if a clear diagnosis for a causative treatment cannot be made. In still suspicious cases, a biopsy could be considered to exclude a neoplastic or inflammatory process.

Topic: Cervical and Thoracic Myelopathy
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Belief-Behavior Gap? Exploring Religiosity and Sexual Activity Among High School Seniors

Religiosity, sexual activity, and contraception were examined via questionnaires and interviews in a diverse sample of 118 high school seniors. The majority reported religion to be important; importance and frequency ratings declined from private (e.g., prayer) to public (e.g., group activities) components of religion. Most were sexually active and used contraception. Nearly half acknowledged religious teachings on sexual activity, and one third believed premarital sex is proscribed. Religiosity items were negatively correlated with approval of sexual activity in hypothetical relationship scenarios, but religiosity was not related to self-reported sexual activity or contraceptive use. Participants emphasized relationships and physical health, not religious proscriptions, in their standards for sexual activity. Older adolescents may believe sexual activity is acceptable in committed romantic relationships.

Topic: Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Subfield: Health
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Not by the Book: Observations of Delayed Oviposition and Re-Colonization of Human Remains by Blow Flies

Postmortem interval estimations can be complicated by the inter-individual variation present in human decomposition. Forensic entomologists may especially face challenges interpreting arthropod evidence in scenarios that are not “by the book”, or that vary in unexpected ways. Therefore, it is important to report instances where blow fly colonization does not align with expected soft tissue decomposition as blow fly larvae are often used to produce a time of colonization (TOC) estimation to infer a minimum PMI. We followed the decomposition and blow fly activity of three human donors at the Anthropology Research Facility (University of Tennessee). Delayed oviposition occurred on one donor 115 d post-placement, whereas two donors experienced blow fly re-colonization after cessation of the consumption phase, one 22 d and one more than 200 d after blow fly larvae were last observed. A null hypothesis model tested whether the entomological TOC and anthropological total body score (TBS) estimations encompassed the time of placement (TOP) for each donor. While the null hypothesis was rejected for all TOC estimations, it could not be rejected for the TBS estimations. We discuss how the non-linear nature of human decomposition can pose challenges to interpreting blow fly evidence and suggest that forensic entomology practitioners should recognize these limitations in both research endeavors and applied casework.

Topic: Forensic Entomology and Diptera Studies
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Allelopathy in Mexico

Studies of allelopathy in Mexico were initiated in 1970 within the project entitled Recovery of Tropical Rain Forests. This paper summarizes the main results obtained from: research about the allelopathic potential of some tropical secondary plants in Veracruz; studies in coffee plantations (herbs, coffee shrubs, and shade trees); the discovery of the allelopathic potential of water hyacinth, and the use of this plant as fertilizer in the "chinampas"; the relationships of crops and weeds in "chinampas" and the allelopathic properties of corn pollen. Likewise studies on Helietta parvifolia and Piqueria trinervia are mentioned and finally research that is in progress in temperate and tropical agroecosystems in order to permit more efficient agricultural and forest management of the agroecosystems in Mexico is mentioned, mainly the biological control of weeds and pests, the use of green manures and composts, and the management of water and biological diversity.

Topic: Allelopathy and phytotoxic interactions
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A gyro-enhanced smart-phone framework to develop motion-based user interfaces for animation and virtual environments

In this paper, the mobile phone is presented as an alternative device to interact with animation systems and virtual environments, including video games. Basically, we show how the gyroscope of a mobile device can work as a sensor to control the pose and motion of a mobile device controlled object or character in a 3D virtual world. More specifically, we introduce a framework that enables the development and rapid prototyping of motion-based user interfaces for animation systems and virtual environments. This framework provides tools to capture and control the motion of mobile devices-binded objects in a 3D virtual scene over a wireless communication channel via a simple, fast and efficient protocol named Open Sound Control (OSC).

Topic: Interactive and Immersive Displays
Subfield: Human-Computer Interaction
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Reprint of "Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) modulates dynamics of small pelagic fishes and ecosystem regime shifts in the eastern North

article i nfo Dynamics of abundance and migrations of populations of small pelagic clupeoid fish such as anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), sardine (Sardina pilchardus), sardinella (Sardinella aurita), sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and herring (Clupea harengus) in the eastern North and Central Atlantic between Senegal and Norway vary in synchrony with the warm and cool phases of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). This is shown by compiling retrospective data on fish catches and anecdotal observations, which in some cases date back to the mid-19th century. The AMO is defined as the de-trended mean of North Atlantic (0-60°N) sea surface temperature anomalies. However, it is not primarily the temperature which drives the dynamics of the small pelagic fish populations. Instead, the AMO seems to be a proxy for complex processes in the coupled atmosphere-ocean sys- temoftheNorthAtlantic.Thisismanifestedinlarge-scalechangesinstrengthanddirectionofthecurrentsystem

Topic: Climate variability and models
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Microlaryngobronchoscopy Without Tracheostomy in Large Subglottic Cyst Obliterating Airway

Extended endotracheal intubation in infancy causes various complications. Upper airway disruption is very rare but reversible cause of respiratory insufficiency. Tracheostomy may not be avoidable in severe upper respiratory tract lesions especially in large subglottic cysts and severe subglottic stenosis; however, avoiding it is a priority when possible. A 7-month-old child who had a history of newborn respiratory distress syndrome and extended endotracheal intubation developed respiratory symptoms including stridor. A subglottic cyst was found by bronchoscopy and surginally removed with the tubeless anesthesia technique without tracheostomy. This method was successful even on infants. We report this case with a review of literature.

Topic: Tracheal and airway disorders
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Postnatal development of rat lung. Changes in lung lectin, elastin, acetylcholinesterase and other enzymes

The development of rat lung from a primitive gas-exchange organ to the mature respiratory organ is in large part a postnatal phenomenon that has been well characterized by morphological and morphometric methods. The alveolarization of the lung is achieved during the first 3 weeks of life. Cholinergic innervation of rat lung also appears postnatally. We have monitored the presence or activity of several proteins during postnatal rat lung development. Newborn-rat lung contains negligible amounts of acetylcholinesterase, but the specific activity of acetylcholinesterase reaches adult values by postnatal day 10–11. Neonatal-rat lung does not contain significant amounts of β-galactoside-binding protein [Powell (1980) Biochem. J.187, 123–129]. The activity of this endogenous lung lectin was apparent at about day 6, was maximal between days 10 and 13 before declining 8–10-fold to reach adult values. Elastin has been implicated from morphological evidence as critical to lung restructuring. We have quantified the amount of desmosine and isodesmosine per g wet wt. of lung. The concentration of elastin, by this criterion, was low and stationary until postnatal day 7; a dramatic increase in elastin concentration occurred between days 10 and 20, when adult values were reached. The peak of lung-lectin activity was coincident with the maturation of acetylcholinesterase and the beginning of rapid elastin cross-linking. The specific activities of angiotensin-converting enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, choline kinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were also monitored.

Topic: Neonatal Respiratory Health Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Catalyst or Obstacle? Green innovation and total factor energy efficiency

Green innovation possesses dual externalities of “innovation” and “environmental protection”, and enhancing energy efficiency serves as a crucial means to promote high-quality economic development. Building upon the energy rebound effect, we use the balanced panel data of cities at prefecture level and above in China from 2008 to 2018 to explore the impact of urban green innovation on total factor energy efficiency (TFEE). The findings of this study indicate that, firstly, the impact of green innovation on TFEE exhibits a positive U-shaped pattern, characterized by initial suppression followed by subsequent promotion. This conclusion remains robust after undergoing a series of rigorous robustness tests. Second, high-quality green innovation is found to reach the turning point more quickly, implying that substantial green innovation can cross the turning point in smaller quantities. Thirdly, on the whole, in comparison to non-resource-based cities, resource-based cities are capable of reaching the turning point at an earlier stage. Finally, the new energy demonstration cities have not yet reached the turning point, while the non-new energy demonstration cities have crossed the turning point. This study contributes novel insights into the relationship between green innovation and TFEE, which holds significant implications for the formulation and implementation of sustainable development policies.

Topic: Energy, Environment, Economic Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Impact of Cover Crop Usage on Soilborne Diseases in Field Nursery Production

Soilborne pathogens are a significant economic problem for nursery production in the Southeastern United States. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of cover crops on soilborne disease suppressiveness in such systems. Soils from red maple (Acer rubrum L.) plantation fields grown with and without cover crops were sampled, either while the cover crops were growing (pre-disked) or post-season, following cover crop incorporation into the soil (post-disked). Greenhouse bioassays were conducted using red maple seeds on inoculated (with Rhizoctonia solani (J.G. Kühn) or Phytophthora nicotianae (Breda de Haan)) and non-inoculated field soils. The damping-off, root rot disease severity, percent recovery of Rhizoctonia and Phytophthora, and pseudomonad population were examined during the two years of the experiment. Results showed that cover crop incorporation was beneficial for inducing disease supressiveness characteristics of soil. Cover crop incorporation into the soil significantly or numerically reduced disease severity and pathogen recovery in infested soil compared to the bare soil treatment. Cover crop incorporation was found to be partially associated with the reduction of seedling damping-off. The pseudomonad microbial population was greater when cover crop was present, and is thought to be antagonist to soilborne pathogens. Therefore, cover crops can be integrated in field nursery production systems to suppress soilborne pathogens.

Topic: Plant Disease Resistance and Genetics
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
LHD HIBP #75545.1

Heavy Ion Beam Probe (HIBP) to measure electric potential, its fluctuation, density fluctuation, and their spatial profiles, which uses sputter-type negative ion source producing Au- and Cu- beams (<20 nA) with nominal acceleration voltage of the tandem accelerator is 3 MV.

Topic: Transboundary Water Resource Management
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Repetition Suppression in Visual and Auditory Modalities Affects the Sound-Induced Flash Illusion

Sound-induced flash illusion (SiFI) refers to the illusion that the number of visual flashes is equal to the number of auditory sounds when the visual flashes are accompanied by an unequal number of auditory sounds presented within 100 ms. The effect of repetition suppression (RS), an adaptive effect caused by stimulus repetition, upon the SiFI has not been investigated. Based on the classic SiFI paradigm, the present study investigated whether RS would affect the SiFI differently by adding preceding stimuli in visual and auditory modalities prior to the appearance of audiovisual stimuli. The results showed the auditory RS effect on the SiFI varied with the number of preceding auditory stimuli. The hit rate was higher with two preceding auditory stimuli than one preceding auditory stimulus in fission illusion, but it did not affect the size of the fusion illusion. However, the visual RS had no effect on the size of the fission and fusion illusions. The present study suggested that RS could affect the SiFI, indicating that the RS effect in different modalities would differentially affect the magnitude of the SiFI. In the process of multisensory integration, the visual and auditory modalities had asymmetrical RS effects.

Topic: Multisensory perception and integration
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
American Indian botanicals: possible alternatives to hormone therapy during menopause

Although pharmaceutical hormone therapy (HT) remains the standard clinical treatment for managing menopausal symptoms, many women seek alternatives such as botanical dietary supplements since HT has been associated with increased risk of breast cancer, coronary heart disease and stroke. The leading botanicals that women take for menopause are black cohosh and red clover, which were also traditionally used by American Indians. Although these two botanicals have been investigated extensively, there are still numerous American Indian plants that lack scientific studies on their safety and efficacy. Amorpha canescens Pursh. (Fabaceae) – leadplant, Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray (Cucurbitaceae) – wild cucumber, and Silphium perfoliatum L. (Asteraceae) - cup plant inflorescent tissue were examined for estrogenic, chemopreventive, and anti-inflammatory potential in initial screenings based on American Indian ethnobotany and published biological data. Leadplant MeOH extract was selected as the best candidate for bioassay-guided fractionation due to high anti-estrogenic activity in the Ishikawa cell-based assay and anti-inflammatory activity in the Griess assay. Cup plant and Lespedeza capitata Mixch. (Fabaceae) – roundhead lespedeza (chosen from the other 12 species) are being pursued as alternatives due to significant anti-estrogenic and estrogenic activity, respectively. This project will identify possible novel and effective drug leads for menopausal symptoms, cancer, and inflammation and provide support for American Indian traditional knowledge.

Topic: Phytochemistry and Bioactive Compounds
Subfield: Biomaterials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Human Trophoblast

Arthur Hertig was bent over a dissecting microscope in the laboratory of Boston Lying-In Hospital, teasing apart the villi of a young abortus, the first time I saw him. That was in 1937. He has spent much of the intervening years exploring and exposing the mysteries of normal and abnormal placental development. As a result he undoubtedly knows more about the human trophoblast than any other living person. His observations on the diseased trophoblast are a corollary of his studies of the abundant material he has had available at Boston Lying-In Hospital and Boston Hospital for Women. The jacket states that this book is by and for pathologists. That is a disservice to many physicians, particularly obstetricians, who may feel that the text is too ponderous or too specialized for them to appreciate. Nothing could be more untrue. In the first 140 pages is a masterful review of the growth

Topic: Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Studies
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The English School’s Approach to International Law

One of the defining features of the English School is the emphasis it places on normative rules, and in particular the rules of international law. Yet the position of the English School on international law has nowhere been properly set out. The first purpose of this chapter is to provide a fairly detailed account of the English School's position on international law. I do this with reference to those members of the 'classic' English School who have been most concerned to explore the nature of international law and its place in international society: C. A. W. Manning, Hedley Bull, and Alan James. There are few, if any, better introductions to the role of international law in international relations. The accounts provided by Manning, Bull and James are systematic and precise. They are also highly accessible; they presuppose no more than a basic knowledge of international law—its sources, scope, and some of the controversies surrounding it. They similarly presuppose only a basic knowledge of modern international affairs and international theory. They eschew all unnecessary jargon. Admittedly, the idiosyncratic style of Manning is not to everyone's taste. But while the mode of expression may be unfamiliar, no specialist knowledge is needed to decipher it, only patience and a reasonably alert intelligence.

Topic: International Law and Human Rights
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Heating-Aided pH Shifting Modifies Hemp Seed Protein Structure, Cross-Linking, and Emulsifying Properties

Alkaline pH<sub>12</sub> shift treatment performed at varying temperatures (20-80 °C for 1, 5, and 60 min) was applied to structurally modify hemp seed protein isolate (HPI). The solubility of HPI (∼20%) was remarkably improved ( p < 0.05) with elevating the temperature and prolonging the holding time, reaching 97.5% at 80 °C for 60 min. The treated HPI exhibited a strong tendency of forming soluble large aggregates. To limit lysinoalanine (LAL) production, heating was methodically controlled to 60 °C and 5 min, where the LAL content never exceeded 100 mg/100 g of protein and the loss of cysteine and lysine was also minimal. The emulsifying activity of HPI was improved by this mild pH shift-heating combination treatment as a result of the dissociation of protein subunits, unraveling of the tertiary structure, and exposure of hydrophobic groups. Moreover, the emulsion formed by the treated protein maintained a superior stability in particle size and distribution during storage.

Topic: Proteins in Food Systems
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Recognizing Communicative Intentions Lies at the Heart of Irony Processing; and Bilinguals Might do it Better: A Literature Review

Bilinguals perform better in interpreting intentions, the pillar of irony comprehension. As bilingualism becomes normal, exploring the role of the second language (L2) in irony comprehension seems invaluable. Evidence suggests that L2 proficiency impacts irony processing in the native language (L1). Some studies highlight the positive role of L2 proficiency in L2 irony processing - irony comprehension may proceed comparably in L1 and L2 provided one is highly proficient in both languages. While some evidence shows that irony processing is less efficient in L2, other suggests that the processing difficulty in L1 and L2 is attenuated. I review various studies exploring irony comprehension in the bilingual context. It is suggested that bilinguals may be privileged irony comprehenders due to a better developed mentalizing capacity. Bilingual irony processing evidence is inconclusive and needs further exploration.

Topic: Deception detection and forensic psychology
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences