jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
MAPS: A Comprehensive Feature Model for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis With Multiparametric MRI

Prostate cancer killed over 33000 North American men in 2013. However, the survival outlook for prostate cancer is very good if it is caught early. Prostate cancer screening is therefore very important. Although many methods are currently used to screen for prostate cancer, the use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is increasing in clinical practice and has been shown to have some power in differentiating between healthy and cancerous tissue. This thesis presents a comprehensive feature model for performing prostate cancer diagnosis using mpMRI. It incorporates a novel tumour candidate identification algorithm to efficiently and thoroughly identify regions of concern and a feature model to grade these regions for severity. Unlike conventional automated classification schemes, this feature model aims to ground its decisions in a way that can be interpreted and understood by the diagnostician. It does this by grouping features into high-level feature categories which are already used by radiologists to diagnose prostate cancer: Morphology, Asymmetry, Physiology, and Size (MAPS), using biomarkers inspired by the PI-RADS guidelines for performing structured reporting on prostate MRI. To the author's best knowledge, the proposed feature model is the first using morphology and asymmetry features for prostate cancer detection.&#13;\n&#13;\nClinical mpMRI data were collected from thirteen men with biopsy-confirmed prostate cancer and labeled by an expert radiologist with thirteen years of experience diagnosing prostate MRI. These annotated data were used to train classifiers using the proposed feature model in order to evaluate classification performance. Training was performed using cross-validation in order to avoid overlearning the training set. Experimental results indicated that the proposed model outperformed each of its constituent feature groups as well as a comparable state of the art feature model.&#13;\n&#13;\nFurther work on the MAPS feature model is still warranted. Although the initial results are promising, more data are needed to refine the feature model and discard those features with no predictive power. Additional features should be investigated for inclusion in the model, so that the existing features may be conditioned on the prostate region to reflect the different characteristics between, for instance, the peripheral and the transition zones. Finally, user experience and user acceptance studies would help investigate the degree of cognitive support to diagnosticians that the MAPS model provides.

Topic: Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Use of Simple Measurements to Determine the Age of Silver Gull Eggs

The fresh weight of silver gull eggs is closely related to the volume, which is calculable from the length and breadth. Since eggs lose weight at a constant rate during incubation, the density (weight/volume) indicates the duration of incubation. Accuracy of the method was k 2 days in 217 of 250 tests. A curve of age against density is provided.

Topic: Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
<i>r</i>‐Process Nucleosynthesis in Magnetohydrodynamic Jet Explosions of Core‐Collapse Supernovae

We investigate $r$-process nucleosynthesis during the magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) explosion of supernova in a massive star of 13 $M_{\odot}$. Contrary to the case of the spherical explosion, jet-like explosion due to the combined effects of the rotation and magnetic field lowers the electron fraction significantly inside the layers above the iron core. We find that the ejected material of low electron fraction responsible for the $r$-process comes out from the silicon rich layer of the presupernova model. This leads to the production up to the third peak in the solar $r$-process elements. We examine whether the fission affects the $r$-process paths by using the full nuclear reaction network with both the spontaneous and $\beta$-delayed fission included. Moreover, we pay particular attention how the mass formula affects the $r$-process peaks with use of two mass formulae. It is found that both formulae can reproduce the global abundance pattern up to the third peak though detailed distributions are rather different. We point out that there are variations in the $r$-process nucleosynthesis if the MHD effects play an important role in the supernova explosion.

Topic: Nuclear physics research studies
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Directors’ Remuneration and Corporate Governance within the UK

In this era of globalization and rapid growth of world economy size of directors’ remuneration is a matter of international debate. Current anxieties are around the increase in executive pay as reports disclose that executive pay no longer corresponds with performance and the gap of wealth have widened since the 1980s. The courts, nevertheless, has been reluctant to scrutinise this condition, neither has the legislature shown any interest to fix any standard of pay. Model Articles for Public Companies allow the board of directors to delegate their powers on conditions they seem fit. Compared the pay of CEOs of companies of Japan, Germany and UK with the USA and found that USA and UK were closest with their generous pay. This comparison is important since the UK and the USA have been taking serious techniques to prevent extra pay. This paper will discuss about the issues with remuneration highlighting the legal control of director’s remuneration and the flaws of regulations from different viewpoints of shareholder, executive and company along with social and economic the factors that increases director’s remuneration.

Topic: Corporate Insolvency and Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
GROWTH, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF COFFEE PLANTS INTOXICATED BY THE HERBICIDE GLYPHOSATE

&lt;p&gt;Weed control is fundamental in coffee cultivation due to their high interference, competing with the crop for water, light and nutrients. Among the control methods used, chemical control is highlighted, due to its high efficiency and low cost. However, due to application failures, herbicide drift phytotoxicity is common. Aiming at the search for selective active ingredients in coffee, the objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of the active ingredient Glyphosate in young coffee plants. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with ‘Topázio MG1190’ coffee plants (&lt;em&gt;Coffea arabica&lt;/em&gt; L.), cultivated in pots with an 11 L-substrate capacity. The statistical design was RBD, with four replications and four doses of the herbicide, making up 16 experimental plots. Each plot consisted of three plants. The treatments were: (i) 0%; (ii) 10%; (iii) 25% and (iv) 50% of the commercial dose of the herbicide Glyphosate. The evaluations were performed at 104 days after application of the treatments. Growth, morphological, physiological and anatomical characteristics were evaluated. The collected data were analyzed using the SISVAR software. The effect of glyphosate drift impairs plant growth. However, after 104 days of intoxication, there is no longer any effect on the physiology and leaf anatomy of coffee trees.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Impact of Ag-Doped on the Ferromagnetic-Metallic Transition in Pr0.75Na0.25mno3 Manganites

Monovalent doped Pr0.75Na0.25-yAgyMnO3 (y = 0â€“0.10) manganite have been investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) as well as DC electrical resistivity and AC susceptibility measurement to clarify the influence of Ag- doped on charge ordering (CO) state. XRD analysis revealed all samples consists of essentially single phase and crystallized in an orthorhombic structure with space group Pnma. SEM images of Pr0.75Na0.25-yAgyMnO3 compound shows the successful substitution of Ag+ ions with the enhancement of the grains boundaries and sizes as well as the compaction of particles. On the other hand, resistivity and susceptibility measurements showed that the y = 0 sample exhibits insulating behavior and anti-ferromagnetic. Interestingly, the ferromagnetic-metallic transition was observed for y = 0.05 due to the revival of double-exchange (DE) mechanism as a result of weakening the Jahn-Teller effect which caused the CO state to be weakened. However, increasing of Ag-doped up to y = 0.10 induce back its transition into anti-ferromagnetic insulating behavior suggestively due to the weakening of DE mechanism.

Topic: Magnetic and transport properties of perovskites and related materials
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Worry about COVID‐19 as a predictor of future insomnia

Summary The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic resulted in significant increases in insomnia, with up to 60% of people reporting increased insomnia. However, it is unclear whether exposure to risk factors for the virus or worries about COVID‐19 are more strongly associated with insomnia. Using a three‐part survey over the course of the first 6 months of the pandemic, we evaluated associations between COVID‐19 exposures, COVID‐19 worries, and insomnia. We hypothesised that COVID‐19‐related worries and exposure to risk of COVID‐19 would predict increases in insomnia. Participants ( N = 3,560) completed a survey at three time‐points indicating their exposures to COVID‐19 risk factors, COVID‐19‐related worries, and insomnia. COVID‐19 worry variables were consistently associated with greater insomnia severity, whereas COVID‐19 exposure variables were not. COVID‐19 worries decreased significantly over time, and there were significant interactions between change in COVID‐19 worries and change in insomnia severity over time. Individuals who experienced increases in COVID‐19 worries also experienced increases in insomnia severity. Changes in worry during the COVID‐19 pandemic were associated with changes in insomnia; worries about COVID‐19 were a more consistent predictor of insomnia than COVID‐19 exposures. Evidence‐based treatments targeting virus‐related worries may improve insomnia during this and future calamities.

Topic: Sleep and related disorders
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Training methods for a connectionist model of consonant-vowel syllable recognition

A description is given of several CV (consonant-vowel) syllable recognition experiments using neural network learning and retrieval paradigms. Previously (1988), the authors trained both one- and two-speaker systems to classify phonemes from the set (b d g)*(a i u) at a rate over 90%. However, when more phonemes are added to the system, additional training techniques are necessary to maintain this system performance. These techniques include training parallel sets of hidden units sequentially. In this technique the weights associated with one set are frozen while the weights of the other set are being trained. In addition, it was found that elaboration of the same input data in alternate representations helps performance considerably. Finally, it is shown that training the system to reject nonspeech acoustic data helps system performance when error analysis criteria are made more rigorous to test for practical speech recognition performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Neural Networks and Applications
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
MMPI and HAD scale comparison

An effort was made to compare HAD scale (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) by Zigmond A. S. and Snaith R. R. and MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) on a sample of 54 female· patients, hospitalised in somatic (59,3 %) and psychiatric (40,7 %) departments. The HAD scale was found to have a relatively high correlation with MMPI clinical scales of depression, psychastenia and Taylor anxiety scale (ranging from 0,61 to 0,63), and can be compared.

Topic: Health, psychology, and well-being
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Modulation of Interferon-Specific Gene Expression by Albumin-Interferon-α in Interferon-α-Experienced Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C

Albumin-interferon-α (alb-IFN) is a novel recombinant protein derived from IFN-α2b genetically fused to human albumin. The resulting single polypeptide combines in one molecule the antiviral properties of IFN-α with the long serum half-life of albumin. IFN-mediated biological responses stem from the engagement of IFN-α with its target receptor and subsequent modulation of IFN-specific gene (ISG) expression. To evaluate the pharmacodynamics of alb-IFN during the Phase I/II study conducted in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) who had previously failed IFN-α-containing regimens, ISG induction was evaluated in peripheral blood and compared with antiviral response. Whole blood was obtained at day 0, day 7 and day 28 from 21 patients enrolled in the higher dose (500–900 μg) alb-IFN cohort, who received two injections on day 0 and day 14. Taqman real-time PCR was used to assess candidate ISG expression. There was sustained induction on day 7 and day 28 of the ISG's OAS1, IRF-7, IFI44 and IFI27. Although all patients showed a molecular response to alb-IFN, individual variability in pretreatment gene expression levels and fold of modulation during treatment was observed. At day 28, induction of OAS1, IFI44 and IRF7 showed pairwise correlation in individual patients ( P&lt;0.05). Moreover, the induction of expression at day 28, and pretreatment levels of OAS1 and IFI44 correlated with hepatitis C virus RNA reduction at day 28 ( P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, alb-IFN demonstrated robust induction of ISG that was consistent with the response associated with an IFN-α.

Topic: Hepatitis C virus research
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Potent Anti-Ovarian Cancer with Inhibitor Activities on Both Topoisomerase II and V600EBRAF of Synthesized Substituted Estrone Candidates

A series of 16-(α-alkoxyalkane)-17-hydrazino-estra-1(10),2,4-trien[17,16-c]-3-ol (3a–l) and estra-1(10),2,4-trien-[17,16-c]pyrazoline-3-ol derivatives (4a–d) were synthesized from corresponding arylidines 2a,b which was prepared from estrone 1 as starting material. Condensation of 1 with aldehydes gave the corresponding arylidine derivatives 2a,b which were treated with hydrazine derivatives in alcohols to give the corresponding derivatives 3a–l, respectively. Additionally, treatment of 2a,b with methyl- or phenylhydrazine in ethanolic potassium hydroxide afforded the corresponding N-substituted pyrazoline derivatives 4a–d, respectively. All these derivatives showed potent anti-ovarian cancer both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of anti-ovarian cancer was suggested to process via topoisomerase II and V600EBRAF inhibition.

Topic: Cancer therapeutics and mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Sales Forecasting Model Based on Ensemble Learning and Its Application in Anomaly Detection

Efficient sales forecasting is essential for production companies, which is also helpful to regulate the business strategies. However, due to the complex characteristics of sales data and vulnerability to external interference, the existing prediction methods based on a single model cannot achieve satisfactory results. In this paper, in order to improve the prediction accuracy, we propose a forecasting model based on ensemble learning of both homogeneous and heterogeneous machine learning models to cope with different kinds of complexity in sales data. Results based on the Chinese cigarette sales data show that our model is competitive compared to single machine learning model and the classical time series-based predication model. Besides, the proposed forecasting model is applied to anomaly detection of sales data by evaluating the residual between the predicted value and the observed one.

Topic: Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Figure S1 from Depletion of Adipose Stroma-Like Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Potentiates Pancreatic Cancer Immunotherapy

&lt;p&gt;A, Fig. 1 schematic of testing the effect of Pdgfrb+ CAF depletion on PDAC progression. B, initial body weight in experiment A. C, experiment A tumor section H&amp;E staining showing inflammation (i), necrosis (n), and well-differentiated tumor cells (arrows). D, schematic of testing the effect of Pdgfrb + CAF pre-depletion on PDAC progression. E, initial body weight in experiment D. F, tumor weights in experiment D. G, Fig. 2 schematic testing the effect of ASC-like CAF depletion on PDAC progression. H, initial body weight in experiment G. I, experiment G tumor section H&amp;E staining indicating necrosis (n) and well-differentiated tumor cells (arrows). Scale Bars = 500μm. *=p&lt;0.05.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Letter from A. H. Woodward to Eugenia Woodward, New York City, New York, May 10, 1947

A document from an extensive collection spanning four generations of the Woodward family that operated merchant pig iron companies in West Virginia and Alabama. The collection begins with Stimpson Harvey Woodward (S. H. Woodward), a native of Massachusetts, who moved from Pittsburgh to Wheeling, West Virginia in 1852. He had interests in an iron company as early as 1852 in West Virginia and began Alabama operations in 1869. The family business continued in Alabama until the death of S. H. Woodward's great-grandson in 1965.

Topic: Intracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On the Proper Interpretation and Impact of the AHP Axiom of Independence in Single-Criterion and Multiple-Criteria Problems

Some authors have proposed that the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) axiom of independence be relaxed to accommodate observations drawn from (a) examples of pairwise comparisons of alternatives in clusters in single-criterion AHP problems and (b) examples of problems in which the criteria have the same underlying measurement and both the achievement of the goal and the alternatives are measured objectively. We show that the illustrations given are actually single-criterion problems according to the AHP. Thus the AHP axiom of independence is inapplicable in both situations and therefore not violated. We also consider the consequence of failure to distinguish between a criterion as an attribute of alternatives and cluster of alternatives, the two being different in the hierarchic structure. Finally, we discuss transformable problems, which look like multicriteria problems but are actually single-criterion problems, and how failure to recognize this fact may lead to incorrect syntheses and false conclusions.

Topic: Multi-Criteria Decision Making
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
LHD 10-O_R_01 #162994.1 (analyzed)

Luminance data of the plasma monitor camera. Time variation of the average and maximum luminance within the ROI (Region of Interests) of the plasma images observed by the 10-O Right port camera, where ROI is (858,212) - (924,308) of the original image of 1920x1080. The luminance value is between 0 and 255 in arbitrary unit.

Topic: Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
<i>Bauhinia rufescens, Ocimum basilicum</i> and <i>Salvadora persica</i>: a review of their chemical compounds and properties for antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity

Bauhinia rufescens, Ocimum basilicum and Salvadora persica are well known plants used in African traditional medicine, especially in Chadian traditional medicine.They are mostly used in the treatment of infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, fever, and so on.Studies using various in vitro and in vivo bioassay techniques support the scientific rationale for most of these usages.In this review, ethnobotanical uses, chemistry of natural products, and pharmacological and clinical data for these plants are presented.

Topic: Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Hegel’s Historical Phenomenology and Social Analysis

In this chapter, the author aims to propose a reading of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's Phenomenology of spirit. He indicates some of the ways in which contemporary social analysis can learn from Hegel's insights. The author argues that Hegel's primary motivation to write an all-encompassing system of philosophy was his anguish in the face of the social and political fragmentation around him. This ubiquitous bifurcation was parallelled by a growing estrangement of human beings from the ground of their being in nature. Hegel took J. J. Rousseau to task for the formalism of his social contract theory the concrete reality of the spirit of a people expressing itself in its art, its religion, its political and economic institutions. Hegel's overriding aim is to examine in thought the being of this spirit, and to grasp the process through which modern society strives to become adequate to it.

Topic: Political Economy and Marxism
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Maternal resolution of loss and abuse: Associations with adjustment to the transition to parenthood

Abstract This study examined relationships between mothers' resolution of past loss and abuse and their adjustment to the transition to parenthood. Three groups of mothers were compared: 1) those who were unresolved with respect to loss or abuse (Unresolved Loss/Abuse), 2) those who had experienced loss or abuse, but were considered resolved (Resolved Loss/Abuse), and 3) those who had not experienced loss or abuse (No Loss/Abuse). Mothers in the Resolved Loss/Abuse group reported more negative perceptions of the transition to parenthood than did mothers in the No Loss/Abuse group, which may reflect a greater awareness of negative emotions and a greater ability to communicate openly about them. Although mothers who have experienced loss or abuse and appear to have resolved these experiences may be at risk for distress during the transition to parenthood, they do not appear to be at risk for insensitive care giving. Unresolved loss, however, was associated with less sensitive care giving. The findings of this study highlight the importance of examining current state of mind regarding past experiences when investigating relationships between childhood loss and abuse and adjustment to subsequent life transitions. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.

Topic: Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences