jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Scale-dependent co-production of sanitation solutions in urban Tanzania

ABSTRACT Improving sanitation services in Sub-Saharan African cities remains a challenge. While the co-production approach is arguably the most promising, it is not a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach. Co-produced arrangements often emerge from micro-level grassroots initiatives, meso-scale experimentation producing scalable solutions, or political mandate-aligning initiatives at the macro-level. This paper examines three co-produced sanitation initiatives at these three levels in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It finds that co-produced solutions require being a ‘constructive alternative’ to existing municipal provisions to leverage porous bureaucracy, enhance political acceptance, and secure community buy-in. Scale jumping could occur top-down or bottom-up, but it takes time. The municipal government has an important role to play in the initiatives to flourish and strive to achieve scale.

Topic: Child Nutrition and Water Access
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Mainstream Parties’ Issue Engagement and its Implications for the Performance of Populist Parties

In addition to other factors, the success of populist parties seems to be influenced by the strategic behavior of their competing opponents. Yet, it has not been clearly determined which form of behavior leads to populist success or failure. In order to gain insight into the effectiveness of strategic engagement with populist issues the present study compares an election campaign resulting in populist success with an election campaign resulting in populist failure. For this purpose, the elections in Great Britain in 2010 (low populist vote result) and 2015 (high populist vote result) were chosen. A content analysis of party statements in press releases (N = 734) and newspaper articles (N = 379) covering eight weeks prior to each Election Day was undertaken. The results suggest that the lack of engagement with a salient issue seems to open up opportunities for a populist party. Additionally, divergence and therefore the presence of conflict turns out to have a positive influence on populist success.

Topic: Misinformation and Its Impacts
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
CCDC 2152886: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Synthesis of 5-arylisoxazole- and 4,5-dichloroisothiazole-3-carboxylates derived from natural alcohols, thymol, and its synthetic analogs

Esters derived from 5-phenyl-, 5-(4-methylphenyl)-, and 5-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,2-oxazole-3-carboxylic and 4,5-dichloro-1,2-thiazole-3-carboxylic acids and some natural alcohols (L-menthol, grosshemin), thymol, and synthetic analogs of the latter (4-tert-butylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) were synthesized by reactions of the corresponding alcohols with acid chlorides.

Topic: Synthesis and biological activity
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Racket orientation angle differences between accurate and inaccurate squash shots, as determined by a racket embedded magnetic-inertial measurement unit

Ascertaining how racket orientation angle differences at ball-impact influence the accuracy of different squash strokes could assist player skill development and possibly reduce the number of unforced errors hit within a match. The purpose of this study was to identify differences in racket orientation angles of accurate and inaccurate forehand and backhand drive, volley and drop shots. A magnetic-inertial measurement unit embedded in a racket output orientation angles of twelve male junior players, with five accurate and five inaccurate shots per player per stroke analysed. Paired samples t-tests revealed that inaccurate backhand drop shots exhibited significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) less racket roll angle (racket face less open) at impact than accurate shots, indicating this parameter was a determining factor in the accuracy of this stroke. Racket orientation angle differences between accurate and inaccurate shots of the remaining strokes were too small to be used to distinguish shot accuracy. There was significantly greater variability in racket orientation angles during inaccurate forehand drop and backhand drive shots compared to accurate shots. These findings demonstrate how racket orientation angle differences at ball-impact can influence the accuracy of shots and highlights the need for consistent racket orientations to allow for an accurate shot.

Topic: Sports Performance and Training
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Disfacilitation and active inhibition in the neocortex during the natural sleep-wake cycle: An intracellular study

Earlier extracellular recordings during natural sleep have shown that, during slow-wave sleep (SWS), neocortical neurons display long-lasting periods of silence, whereas they are tonically active and discharge at higher rates during waking and sleep with rapid eye movements (REMs). We analyzed the nature of long-lasting periods of neuronal silence in SWS and the changes in firing rates related to ocular movements during REM sleep and waking using intracellular recordings from electrophysiologically identified neocortical neurons in nonanesthetized and nonparalyzed cats. We found that the silent periods during SWS are associated with neuronal hyperpolarizations, which are due to a mixture of K + currents and disfacilitation processes. Conventional fast-spiking neurons (presumably local inhibitory interneurons) increased their firing rates during REMs and eye movements in waking. During REMs, the firing rates of regular-spiking neurons from associative areas decreased and intracellular traces revealed numerous, short-lasting, low-amplitude inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), that were reversed after intracellular chloride infusion. In awake cats, regular-spiking neurons could either increase or decrease their firing rates during eye movements. The short-lasting IPSPs associated with eye movements were still present in waking; they preceded the spikes and affected their timing. We propose that there are two different forms of firing rate control: disfacilitation induces long-lasting periods of silence that occur spontaneously during SWS, whereas active inhibition, consisting of low-amplitude, short-lasting IPSPs, is prevalent during REMs and precisely controls the timing of action potentials in waking.

Topic: Neural dynamics and brain function
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
LHD NB3arm #123928.16

The neutral beam (NB) shine-through profile is routinely monitored on the Large Helical Device (LHD) both to calibrate the port-through power of the NB and to evaluate the NB-deposition power to LHD plasmas. The profile is measured with a calorimeter (CM) array on an armor plate of the NB counter wall inside the LHD vacuum vessel.

Topic: Dental materials and restorations
Subfield: Orthodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Efficient Total Chemical Synthesis of <sup>13</sup>C=<sup>18</sup>O Isotopomers of Human Insulin for Isotope‐Edited FTIR

Abstract Isotope‐edited two‐dimensional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (2 D FTIR) can potentially provide a unique probe of protein structure and dynamics. However, general methods for the site‐specific incorporation of stable 13 C= 18 O labels into the polypeptide backbone of the protein molecule have not yet been established. Here we describe, as a prototype for the incorporation of specific arrays of isotope labels, the total chemical synthesis—via a key ester insulin intermediate—of 97 % enriched [(1‐ 13 C= 18 O)Phe B24 ] human insulin: stable‐isotope labeled at a single backbone amide carbonyl. The amino acid sequence as well as the positions of the disulfide bonds and the correctly folded structure were unambiguously confirmed by the X‐ray crystal structure of the synthetic protein molecule. In vitro assays of the isotope labeled [(1‐ 13 C= 18 O)Phe B24 ] human insulin showed that it had full insulin receptor binding activity. Linear and 2 D IR spectra revealed a distinct red‐shifted amide I carbonyl band peak at 1595 cm −1 resulting from the (1‐ 13 C= 18 O)Phe B24 backbone label. This work illustrates the utility of chemical synthesis to enable the application of advanced physical methods for the elucidation of the molecular basis of protein function.

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Nurse Practitioner Role Transition: A Concept Analysis

The four defining attributes of NP role transition are absorption of the role, the shift from provider of care to prescriber of care, straddling two identities, and mixed emotions. Personal and environmental antecedents and consequences of the concept are identified. The development of empirical knowledge on NP role transition through further research is important in order for new-to-practice NPs to become high-quality, full-functioning providers.

Topic: Nursing Roles and Practices
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Redesigning Advanced Placement U.S. History

In April 2012, I was the chair of a session on teaching Advanced Placement United States History at the Organization of American Historians annual conference. One of the invited teacher presenters masterfully wove together popular song lyrics, paintings, and photographs to present a thematic overview of how to teach the relationship between social protest and political developments in the United States over the course of the twentieth century. At the end of the session, one teacher from the audience enthused to the group: “This is wonderful! This is exactly the sort of thing I can never do in AP.” This episode shows in a nutshell both the advantages and the challenges facing the Advanced Placement (AP) U.S. history course and exam today. In 2012, over 400,000 students took the AP U.S. history exam—the largest number ever—nearly twice as many as took the exam in 2002. (1) Many did...

Topic: Educator Training and Historical Pedagogy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Design of Portable Weather Station Using MQTT Protocol

PWS (Portable Weather Station) based on IoT is a set of integrated meteorological sensors and automatically records meteorological data (temperature, air humidity, and air pressure) and stored in SD Card as a data logger. This data generates an electrical signal that will be accommodated and modified by the microcontroller. Then, it displayed on LCD. The data is stored inside the SD Card every two seconds. This device has a level of accuracy of above 95 percent. According to WMO, the error rate should not be more than 5 percent. A message transmission system is an essential component in an IoT device for collecting data or sending commands. In this paper, we designed and implemented a reliable message transmission system using the MQTT protocol to maintain ordering between messages for the work environment. MQTT protocol acts as data transmission in real-time so that the device monitored in long-distance with a smartphone. The application on the smartphone is MQTT dash, but the device maker must pre-set the application.

Topic: IoT and GPS-based Vehicle Safety Systems
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Operator estimates for the averaging of the Riemann-Hilbert problem for the Beltrami equation with a locally periodic coefficient

Local characteristics of mathematical models of strongly inhomogeneous media are usually described by functions of the form $a(\varepsilon^{-1} x)$, $b(x,\varepsilon^{-1} x)$, $c(\varepsilon^{-1} x,\delta^{-1} x)$, $d(\varepsilon^{-1} x,\delta^{-1} x,\gamma^{-1} x)$, etc., where $\varepsilon$, $\delta$, $\gamma,\ldots&gt;0$ --- small parameters, while functions $a$, $b$, $c$, $d$, $\ldots$ have an ordered structure (for example, they are periodic in variables $y=\varepsilon^{-1} x$, $z=\delta^{-1} x$, etc.). Consequently, the corresponding mathematical models are differential equations with rapidly oscillating coefficients. This work is devoted to estimates of the averaging error. We study the generalized Beltrami equation with a locally periodic coefficient $\mu(x,\varepsilon^{-1} x)$.

Topic: Differential Equations and Boundary Problems
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Knotty problems and nifty practices

During the development of training packages, language, literacy and numeracy competencies were incorporated into industry standards using an implicit model or ‘built in’ approach. This approach required teachers and trainers to identify the language, literacy and numeracy competencies which support industrial and vocational competencies, and to devise strategies that would provide support in training and assessment. As training packages are now being implemented in most industries, the outcome of this ‘built in’ approach was investigated by the Adult Literacy and Numeracy Australian Research Consortium (ALNARC) in a research project undertaken during 1999. This article presents the key findings of the project.

Topic: Education Systems and Policy
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
SH1291463.08FU

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.

Topic: Genetic and Environmental Crop Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Advances in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Process Management —From Physical Pharmaceutics to Automatic Pharmaceutical Production—

Since entering graduate school 43 years ago, I have been studying physical pharmaceutics with a focus on the effects of environmental factors on pharmaceutical properties of solid oral dosage forms during the manufacturing process. I have reported on changes in the characteristics of pharmaceutical products during manufacturing processes, such as grinding, mixing, granulation, and tableting owing to complicated phenomena based on chemical reactions or the crystalline polymorphic transitions of bulk drugs and excipients. To develop modern pharmaceutical manufacturing processes based on process analysis technology (PAT) as a next generation good manufacturing practice, real-time monitoring was introduced in these processes using a non-destructive analytical method, such as the near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Many case studies related to the mixing, granulation, tableting, and coating processes involving PAT have been reported. In those studies, I focused on clarifying the physical and chemical mechanism through "design space" representation. Additionally, non-destructive analytical methods, including X-ray computed tomography, audible acoustic emission, Raman spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy, and infrared thermal imaging analysis were applied as novel candidate analytical methods to the pharmaceutical process to monitor critical quality attributes. To achieve this purpose in various pharmaceutical dosage forms, I have been attempting the assembly of a modern manufacturing process managed through a "design space" paradigm involving in-line monitoring using novel analytical methods, multivariate analyses, and feed-back systems.

Topic: Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
ALTCALC : Electronic Altitude and Distance Calculating Device

Altitude measurement in fields, forestry and engineering remain essential but still conventional methods of altitude measurement remain challenging. Present altitude measurement methods include height poles for trees and photogrammetric instruments. Both methods remain arduous as either process is both time and money consuming or susceptible to large parallax errors. In this innovative work an altitude and distance calculating device out of potentiometers based on trigonometry was developed. A laser diode was attached to a potentiometer, and the other components were soldered together in a circuit board. Device accuracy and precision was determined. User satisfaction survey was also noted. For the altimeter testing, the lasers were pointed at the top of the object and the device was placed at a 1-meter distance from the base of the object. The device was set to measure different heights from 0.5 m to 2.5m. For the distance sensor, the lasers were pointed at a 1-meter height and the device was set to measure different distances from 0.5m to 2.5m. Three replicates for each trial were performed and device readings were then compared to actual measurements to determine accuracy. Standard deviations of reading were then computed to determine precision. Net Promoter Score was used in order to assess external evaluator feedback. An Arduino based altimeter and distance sensor was successfully fabricated with 94.2 percent degree of accuracy and 95.4 percent precision for height measurement. For the distance sensor, a 91.4% accuracy, and 95.4% precision was determined. The device garnered a net promoter score of 66%.

Topic: Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Studies on the Enzymes of Lactic Acid Bacteria. part XI

(1) L. plantarumより抽出した無細胞racemiase液を透析してapo-, co-両酵素に分ち,その透析外液からco-racemiaseを精製し,それがDPNであり, TPNはその作用を有たぬことを認めた. (2) L. plantarumの凍結乾燥菌体lgよりDPNが90%の純度で約5mg得られ,此の菌は多量のDPNを含む. (3) RacemiaseのEnzyme-coenzymeの解離恒数は他のDPN-linkの酵素に比べ遙かに大きく1.2× 10-4Mである.

Topic: Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Comparison between backward, forward, and combined running training on performance of recreationally active young men

The study verified the effects of backward running training (BRT), forward running training (FRT), and combined backward/forward running training (BFRT), prescribed by Vpeak, on performance in 5-km running, countermovement jump, 20-m sprint, and the agility T-test, in thirty-three recreationally active young men. Thirty-three men (age 27.7 ± 4.8 years) were randomly assigned to one of three training groups (BRT; FRT; BFRT) and performed the following tests: 5-km running, vertical jump, 20-m sprint, agility performance, pre- and post-five weeks of running training. The normality of the data was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test and the comparisons between groups and moments were performed by mixed ANOVA for repeated measures, followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc; the percentage of variation and the effect size (ES) were calculated. A significance level of P &lt; 0.05 was adopted. All groups improved 5-km (P = 0.01) performance at post-training. The Vpeak (P &lt; 0.01) and duration of the incremental test (P &lt; 0.01) increased significantly in all groups after training. The Vpeak_BR increased significantly in the BRT and BFRT groups. CMJ jump height increased significantly for the FRT (P &lt; 0.01) and BFRT (P &lt; 0.05) groups. In the agility T-test there was a significant moment effect (P &lt; 0.01) on the performance time. In conclusion, the inclusion of BRT sessions into FRT, prescribed based on Vpeak_BR and Vpeak_FR, leads to improvements in 5-km endurance running performance in recreationally active young men. Thus, it is suggested that BRT prescribed by Vpeak_BR could be more widely incorporated into FRT as a training method to obtain the same results in endurance performance as FRT alone.

Topic: Sports Performance and Training
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Additional file 8 of iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis of differences in the protein profiles of stems and leaves from two alfalfa genotypes

Additional file 8: Table S6. The GO annotation analysis of the differentially enriched proteins in ML and FL.

Topic: Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
¿Incluso 'incluso'? adverbios, rematización y transición pragmática

This article deals with a pragmatic analysis of the Spanish word 'incluso' (even); it is classified according to its adverbial values (adjunct vs conjunct) and its degree of information within the sentence (thematic vs rhematic vs transitional). With such coordinates, as with the notion of Pragmatic Pertinence, the specific scopes of 'incluso' in its different positions are studied.

Topic: Spanish Linguistics and Language Studies
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences