jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Joint Management of Shared Resources, Issues and Conflicts of the Nso and Oku Tribes in the Ngongbaa Montane Forest Area, NWR of Cameroon

Wherever people live together in or near homelands that harbour joint natural resources such as forest, water, minerals, oil etc., they must collaborate, co-exist and share these resources irrespective of their genetic, social, cultural, and political peculiarities. This is not always the case when self-interest, ethnic divisions, elitist politics, economic interest and power tussle set in. The Nso and Oku people who reside in the Ngongbaa Forest area constitute an example of joint management of resources where at one period, their relationship over the management of the Oku Mountain Forest was cordial and at another, the relationship became conflictive. This study was designed to study the influence of the KIFP forest management policies on the Nso indigenous forest Management system in Ngongbaa Forest, and its implications. The data collected for the study was secured through the administration of a questionnaire to residents of 10 villages adjacent to the Ngongbaa Forest, and forest users who carried out livelihood activities there between 1963 and 2015. These forest user groups include beekeepers, rat trappers, grazers, mushroom gatherers, ground honey/tree honey harvesters, carvers, etc. The investigation also extended to the traditional leaders of Nso and Oku who are in charge of the land tenure systems. The findings show that the Oku Mountain Forest is jointly owned by the Nso and Oku people. The Nso own the eastern half of the forest known as Ngongbaa Forest while the Oku own the western half, known as the Kilum Forest. The cordial relationship that existed between these people ensured the conservation of the forest. But the conflicts that later set in, especially due to the creation of the Kilum Mountain Forest Project in 1987 later changed to the Kilum Ijim Forest Project (KIFP) in 1992 sidelined the local communities which was contrary to the dispositions of the new Cameroon forest law enacted in 1994. Thus, the indigenous conservation practices became ignored which the local population never digested well. This seriously jeopardized the wellbeing of the forest in general.

Topic: African Botany and Ecology Studies
Subfield: Forestry
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Ethical Dilemmas in Pain Management Within the Context of Addiction

The opioid epidemic is a public health crisis. How the crisis developed, how to mitigate its effects, and how to prevent it from spreading is less transparent. The practice of pain management poses a myriad of ethical challenges. The following essay will examine ethical dilemmas that arise during the decision-making process with regards to pain management in the context of addiction after a brief history of pain management and discussion of the corresponding legal and medical regulations.

Topic: Pain Management and Opioid Use
Subfield: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Theory of ‘Promise’ (Waʿd) in Islamic Law

This article aims to clarify the concept of promise ( waʿd ) and questions whether a promise, albeit personal or transactional, is by nature binding on the promisor under Sharīʿah law. The term waʿd is also discussed in relation to other concepts involving promise: i.e., ʿaqd (contract), ʿahd (covenant or binding agreement), nudhur (vows), and juʿālah (payment for performing a service). A number of studies have concluded that waʿd is not obligatory on the promisor, unless the promisee incurs a loss due to a breach or deceptive promise. However, after reviewing the opinions of a number of classical Islamic scholars, this study concludes that under Sharīʿah law all promises are generally binding on the promisor, except in light of valid excuses or mitigating circumstances.

Topic: Islamic Finance and Banking Studies
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
A Mixture Distribution of Spatial Attention

Although it may seem paradoxical, the unified-focus and multiple-foci theories of spatial selective attention are both well supported by experimental evidence. However, the apparent contradiction is illusory and the two competing views may be reconciled by a closer examination of the spatial mechanisms involved. We propose that the deployment of attention may be modeled as a mixture of individual distributions of attention and we tested this hypothesis in two experiments. Participants had to identify targets among distractors, with the targets presented at various distances from the cued locations. Experiment 1 confirmed that the distribution of attention may be described by a mixture of individual distributions, each centered at a cued location. Experiment 2 showed that cue separation is an important determinant of whether spatial attention is divided or not.

Topic: Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Ethnography, Multisited

Multisited ethnography advances a transnational research method that follows peoples, objects, and ideas that are connected across a number of sites. Numerous studies of migration, media, and development have adopted this approach. Yet important shortcomings remain concerning the practicality of the method, the rationale, and the approach's relationship to theory and history.

Topic: Anthropological Studies and Insights
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Factors Influencing Psychosocial Communication in the Reason/Emotion Society

It is a fact that, in the course of time, the human mind has altered the evolution of civilization significantly. At the same time, it is also a fact that, in the clash between reason and emotions, the latter will prevail. Hence, society can be perceived in a twofold manner. On one hand, there is the world of reason, and, on the other hand, there is a world governed by emotions, incapable of prompt responses and overcoming limit situations. Often, emotions "shake" existing mechanisms and perceptions and lead to a fragile society, which is incessantly attempting at reshaping, rebuilding, interacting with its social agents, likely to assume more appropriate roles according to their abilities and skills. Nevertheless, communication is essential of human nature, and it is made possible through reason and emotions. It is precisely this balanced blend of reason and emotions that forges a true multicultural diversity. The present paper aims at analyzing the human personality as revealed by reason and emotions and the corresponding external factors prone to sustain and alter the social agents. The identification of psychosocial factors shaping the personality profile of young schoolchildren and students will help them capitalize on the reason/emotion competences to be applied to the social environment.

Topic: Cultural Differences and Values
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Petition from the inhabitants of South Leith, addressed to General Monk, praying him to restore to them the use of the Parish Chruch, Circa 1655; Illustrated with a series of Extracts from the Kirk-Session Records of that Parish

David Laing presents a petition from the inhabitants of Leith to General Monk that he suggests should be dated to c.1655-56. The petition is asking if General could remove his soldiers from the parishioners' church so they could use it for worship. Laing also includes several entries from the Kirk-Session Records of the Church of St. Mary's in South Leith to illustrate the difficulties the parishioners faced over the six years they were prevented from entering their church.

Topic: Historical Studies of British Isles
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Meta Nitration of Thiacalixarenes

Nitration of thiacalix[4]arene, immobilized in the 1,3-alternate conformation, leads regioselectively to meta-substituted products. Depending on the reaction conditions, mono- and dinitro-derivatives can be isolated in acceptable yields. This unique substitution pattern is inaccessible in classical calixarene chemistry, and yields inherently chiral compounds, which makes thiacalixarenes very attractive as building blocks or molecular scaffolds.

Topic: Supramolecular Chemistry and Complexes
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Progressive fluid removal can avoid electrolyte disorders in severely burned patients

Introduction: Extensive burn injury has systemic consequences due to capillary leak. After restoration of cellular integrity, infused fluid volume has to be removed partially. This can provoke electrolyte disorders. Purpose: We investigated the effect of progressive fluid removal on serum sodium level. Method: Retrospective study. Patients admitted to a burn unit were analyzed and separated in two groups without (Group A) or with (Group B) prolonged hypernatremia. Daily infusion-diuresis-ratio (IDR) was analyzed. Results: Fourty (12 female; 28 male) patients with a mean age of 47±19 years, a total burn surface area (TBSA) of 26±12%, and a mean abbreviated burned severity index (ABSI) score of 7.3±2 were included. In Group A 25 patients with a mean age of 47±18 years, a mean TBSA of 23±11%, and a mean ABSI score of 6.9±2.1 were summarized. In Group B 15 patients with a mean age of 47±22 years, a mean TBSA of 30±13%, and a mean ABSI score of 8.1±1.7 were included. Hypernatremia occurred on day 5±1.4. There was no significant difference between both groups for fluid resuscitation amount within the first 24 hours. Statistical analysis of the first 7 days after burn injury showed a significantly higher percentage of removed fluid in Group B for day 3, day 4, day 5, day 6 and day 7. Conclusions: Amount and velocity of fluid removal regimen after burn injury can provoke electrolyte disorders. Serum sodium concentration can be used to calculate need of fluid resuscitation for fluid maintenance. There is a need of an established fluid removal strategy.

Topic: Burn Injury Management and Outcomes
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Effect of Cognitive Load on Gesture Acceptability of Older Adults in Mobile Application

The use of gesture to interact with technology is widely gaining the popularity since they are not only easy to use but also easy to learn and remember. Moreover, gestures are very natural since they are used by human in their day to day life to communicate and interact with each other. Hence those gesture does not put greater cognitive load on human mind. The cognitive capabilities of older adult are less than of younger adults as older adults have low learnability and memorability. To carter this problem we have analyzed the impact of gesture usage on the cognitive load of older adults and how this cognitive affect the acceptability of those gestures. In addition to this, we have compared different types of gestures to understand which gestures are more accepted by the older adult. The types of gestures included were single finger gesture, multiple finger gesture, bimanual gesture, metaphoric gesture, complex gesture and simple gestures. To compare the usability, affordance, acceptability and cognitive load of these gesture we have developed seven hypotheses. After operationalizing the variable of these hypothesis, the experiment was conducted on the older adults. The results of experiment showed that gestures which are mapped to a metaphor had low cognitive load as compare to gesture that are not mapped. Moreover, the results also showed that performance of single figure gesture was better than multiple finger gesture. However, one handed gesture does not have better performance than bimanual gesture. Finally results showed that gestures with higher cognitive load have low acceptability rate among the older adults.

Topic: Technology Use by Older Adults
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
20 years of Tm:Ho:YLF and LuLF Laser Development for Global Winds Measurements

NASA Langley Research Center has a long history of developing 2 μm lasers. From fundamental spectroscopy research, theoretical prediction of new materials, laser demonstration and engineering of lidar systems, it has been a very successful program spanning around two decades. This article covers the program development from the early research to the present instrumentation. A brief historical perspective of Tm:Ho work by early researchers is also given.

Topic: Solid State Laser Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Needs analysis of picture story book using augmented reality technology

Abstract As early as 2014, a survey of smartphone and tablet use by children has been done by the Asian parent Insightwith Samsung Kidstime in Southeast Asia. A total of 2,714 parents and 3,917 children aged 3-8 years havebeen the respondents of this survey. 85% of parents expect their children to use smartphones for educationalapps, but 72% of younger children prefer to play games. This study aims to analyze the needs of students and teachers for picture books with characters based on Demak local wisdom with AR technology for understanding the healthy lifestyle of elementary school students. This research is preliminary research from research and development. The design of this research is to need analysis or survey research. Data collection through questionnaires. Data were analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that the development of a picture book containing characters based on the local wisdom of Demak using augmented reality technology is needed for understanding students’ healthy lifestyle.

Topic: Educational Methods and Impacts
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Basal cell nevus syndrome : Report of a case.

A case of basal cell nevus syndrome was reported.The patient, a 10-year-old boy, was referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, because of swelling at premola region in the left mandible.X-ray examination showed radiolucent areas involving 3 and 4 at the left upper jaw and 3 at the left lower jaw.General examination revealed increased cranial circumference, frontal bossing, broadened nasal root, ocular hypertelorism, fusion of eyebrows, synostosis of the fifth and sixth ribs on the right, palmar-plantar pits, spinal scoliosis, blue papule on the flexor surface of the left forearm and cryptorchism.Histopathological diagnosis identified that the multiple jaw cysts were odontogenic keratocysts and the blue papule was epidermal cyst.Chromosomal examination showed nothing unusual.Further, repair function of UV-induced DNA damage was examined in order to explore the possibility that the multiple basal cell carcinoma may arise in the syndrome.

Topic: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Integrated Approach for Calculating the Mineral Assemblages and Oxide Percentage of Crystalline Rock based on Object-Based Image Analysis and Electron Probe Microscopic Analyzer

Identification of minerals in thin sections using intelligent methods is a very complex and challenging task, which mineralogists and computer scientists are faced with. In order to effectively calculate the the mineral assemblages and oxide percentage of crystalline rock, we proposed an integrated approach based on object-based image analysis (OBIA) and electron probe microscopic analyzer (EPMA). This approach contains the following steps: 1) acquisition of mineral chemistry data and back-scattered electron (BSE) images; 2) image segmentation and classification; 3) calculating the oxide percentage based on the proportional relationship. It is worth noting that the optimal scale parameter for image segmentation is essential for subsequent image classification, which also defines the proportional relationship for calculating the oxide percentage. The experimental results show that the novel method has characteristics of simple extraction approach, little extraction parameter, easy implementation and accurate recognition ratio.

Topic: Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Brain Tumour Identification and Prediction with Machine Learning

A number of methods, like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), biopsies, CT scans, and others, can be used to find brain tumours (BT). One of the most effective tools available today for identifying BT is MRI. The MRI scan is used to identify BT that are well along in their development. The procedure of segmentation is crucial for removing questionable areas from intricate medical imaging. A beneficial perspective and level of accuracy for initial brain cancer diagnosis can be provided by automatic BT recognition utilising MRI. In this work, we evaluate the research of several Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, including those employed for the early diagnosis of BTwhich are Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Generalised Regression Neural Networks (GRNN), fuzzy C Means (FCM), fuzzy C Means (FCM) with Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO), SVM-KNN Hybrid Classifier, Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), 2D CNN & auto-encoder networks, K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) in which SVM-CNN hybrid shows highest accuracy i.e. 98% and MLP showing lowest accuracy i.e. 28% respectively.

Topic: Brain Tumor Detection and Classification
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Policy initiatives for reforms in irrigation management

Irrigation is vital for achieving food security for the nation and better livelihood for the farmers through increased land and water productivity. However, in India, irrigation sector has less productivity and low water use efficiency (≍38%) which compares poorly with 45% in Malaysia and Morocco and 50–60% in Israel, Japan, China and Taiwan. The main factors contributing towards low agricultural productivity and water use efficiency are poor maintenance of canal and distribution network, lack of awareness among farmers, lack of regulation of water distribution on volumetric basis, absence of or ineffective regulatory mechanism especially for water charges, ineffective Participatory Irrigation Management, lack of agronomical logistics and modern agricultural tools, etc. The current institutional and legal structures that deal with water in our country need reforms. The planning, development and management of water resources has to keep pace with changing times. There is a need to restructure departments/organizations at Centre/State Governments levels to achieve inclusive development. Taking note of these factors, the National Water Policy (2012) and the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012–17) Document have suggested various policy initiatives, such as, appropriate institutional and legal framework, preparation of river basin master plan on Integrated Water Resources Management principle, promotion of micro-irrigation techniques, alignment of cropping pattern with the availability of water, greater involvement and empowerment of Water Users Association in the irrigation management, rationalization of water charges through regulatory mechanism, incentivizing States for water sector reforms through setting up of National Irrigation Management Fund, launching massive awareness and skill development programmes, etc. This paper outlines these policy initiatives to usher in improved irrigation management in our country.

Topic: Agricultural Economics and Practices
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
RETRACTED: Detection of TSH, FT3, FT4, and TRAb in ovarian cancer with highly sensitive electrochemical immunoassay

To investigate the correlation between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T3 (FT3), free T4 (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb), and pathological parameters of ovarian cancer, we selected 122 patients with ovarian cancer and 70 patients with benign ovarian tumor. The differences in the positive rates of different pathological parameters, including TSH, FT3, FT4, and TRAb, in their serum were detected and compared through highly sensitive electrochemical immunoassay. We found that the positive rates of TSH, FT3, FT4, and TRAb in serous cystadenocarcinoma were higher than those of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma and other types of ovarian cancer. Meanwhile, the positive rates of FT3 and FT4 in stage III and IV ovarian cancer were lower than those in stage I and II ovarian cancer. However, the positive rates of FT3 and FT4 in poorly differentiated ovarian cancer were higher than those in moderately differentiated and well-differentiated ovarian cancer. The serum levels of TSH, FT3, FT4, and TRAb preoperatively, postoperatively, and after four cycles of ovarian cancer were significantly different from those in the control group. Thus, we conclude that TSH, FT3, FT4, and TRAb were abnormally expressed in the serum of ovarian cancer patients. And the application of highly sensitive electrochemical immunoassay for the detection of TSH, FT3, FT4, and TRAb in serum has important clinical value in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer.

Topic: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of Tillage, Crops Residues and Crops Management Practices on Runoff Erosion, Soil Loss and Soil Properties in Ethiopa: Review

The conducted investigations showed that tillage practices with crop residue and proper cropping systems protect loss of soil from runoff erosion which depletes soil nutrients and affects soil physical and chemical properties. The review was conducted with aim of reviewing the effect of tillage, crops residues and crops management practices on runoff, soil loss and soil properties in Ethiopia. The three years study conducted in the Upper Blue Nile basin of Northwestern Ethiopia showed that reduced tillage reduced soil loss over conventional tillage, row planting reduced soil loss over broadcast planting, without trampling reduced soil loss over with trampling planting, and the sediment concentration was ranged from 0.01 to 5.37g/L and total soil loss was 0.20 to 0.50t/ha. The study conducted in the humid highlands of Ethiopia showed that the lower average soil loss was 16 t/ha.yr under zero tillage with crop residue and maximum was 30 t/ha.yr in conventional tillage without crop residue. The investigation indicated that zero tillage with maize soya bean intercrop, maize rotation, continuous maize and continuous soya bean improved soil properties than conventional tillage system. The investigation which was carried out to evaluate the effects of tillage and cropping system on soil properties showed that enrichment ratio ≤1 under no tillage with intercropping and no tillage with mulch reduce nutrient losses and enrichment ratio. The study conducted at Derashe and Arba Minch Zuriya in Ethiopia showed that some selected properties were statistically significant (P&amp;lt;0.05) and conservation tillage is favored for soil management relative to conventional tillage. Therefore, tillage practices like zero tillage and minimum tillage with crop residue management like mulching and crop management such as intercropping and crop rotation reduce surface runoff erosion, soil loss and soil fertility depletion, but additional continual research is needed to reveal trends in tillage, crops residues and crops management.

Topic: Soil erosion and sediment transport
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences