jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ivan Franko national university of Lviv

Tolerance in the present situation is a major problem that is considered in the article. A question is considered in relation to the role of tolerance for society, including analysis of its importance in the period of globalization. Globalization strengthens international and interpersonal relationships, resulting in grows the danger of hostility and rejection. Thus, in the process of intercultural communication arises an urgent need for understanding. The process of globalization requires from different cultures to search the instruments of interaction, settle for compromises. Thus, for understanding of other culture it is necessary to overcome stereotypes and become tolerant.\nOne of the features lines of this time there is imposing of western model of development all cultures without the account of their identity. Today, globalization is often associated with Westernization. Westernization is reorientation of societies or cultures on the countries of the West, borrowing of their cultural elements. The threat of origin of conflict situations appears as a result of introduction of foreign elements.\nTherefore, tolerance becomes basis in the conditions of collision of cultures.\nTolerance as mean of successful cultural integration is analysed. Today’s society requires new methods of communication in basis of which respect lies to the cultures of different peoples, deferential attitude toward stranger tradition. Tolerance is respect and recognition of equality, the rejection of domination and violence, rich cultural diversity of our world. It is proved that nowadays tolerance is a condition of harmony of different cultures. \nSpecial actuality the theme of tolerance obtains in the conditions of creation of single cultural space. As a result of cultural standardization arises up threat of loss of own cultural features. In such conditions increases aspiring of national cultures to preserve of own originality. Thus, tolerance is provided by tolerant attitude toward a variety. Every historical epoch creates the own forms of tolerance, which represent the pictures fastened in public consciousness of limits of tolerance and unacceptable in this time, in this culture.\nIn the article the features of tolerance as socio-cultural values of modern society. Tolerance is recognized as a significant public value, which is the basis of mutual understanding between people belonging to different cultures, nationalities and religions. Tolerance as a value foresees perception of cultural differences.

Topic: Polish Historical and Cultural Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Somatosensory Function and Gait Biomechanics In Individuals With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Somatosensory function of the knee is reportedly altered following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), potentially influencing the risk of osteoarthritis (OA). Poorer somatosensory function is associated with aberrant gait biomechanics in individuals diagnosed with knee OA, but this relationship has not been evaluated following ACLR. PURPOSE: To compare somatosensory function between limbs in individuals with ACLR and evaluate associations between somatosensory function of the ACLR limb and gait biomechanics. METHODS: Sixty-eight individuals with unilateral ACLR (72% females; age 21 ± 3 yr; time since ACLR 27 ± 15 mo) volunteered. Somatosensory function was assessed bilaterally as the ability to replicate a specified knee flexion angle during a joint position sense task (i.e. joint position sense error – JPSE). Gait outcomes were assessed during the first 50% of stance including vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), instantaneous loading rate, internal extension moment, and internal valgus moment. RESULTS: There was no difference in JPSE between the ACLR limb and the contralateral limb (2.9 ± 1.2° vs 2.8 ± 1.7°, p = 0.71). Additionally, there was no correlation between the ACLR limb JPSE and vGRF (r = -0.095, p = 0.44), instantaneous loading rate (r = -0.121, p = 0.33), internal extension moment (r = -0.018, p = 0.88), or internal valgus moment (r = -0.073, p = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS: JPSE did not differ between the ACLR and contralateral limbs, and JPSE in the ACLR limb was not associated with gait biomechanics. The mean time since ACLR in our sample was approximately 2 years, thus somatosensory adaptations may have occurred bilaterally at time of testing. Moreover, neuromuscular function of the contralateral limb is also influenced by ACLR, potentially confounding a comparasion of JPSE between limbs that may have both undergone changes post-operatively. These findings suggest the need to compare somatosensory function to a healthy cohort. Furthermore, the small magnitude and limited variability of JPSE likely minimized its ability to predict gait outcomes. Future research is necessary to determine whether somatosensory deficits emerge at later time points post-ACLR compared to a healthy cohort and if they influence knee OA risk.

Topic: Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Experience with an automated cancer protocol surveillance system

At an active cancer center, patients may be on a large number of different treatment protocols. Each of these protocols has its own examination, test, and treatment modification requirements. It is often difficult for the clinician to keep track of the protocol requirements on all of his patients, so elements of the protocol may be inadvertently omitted. To assist the physician in managing these patients, a computerized protocol surveillance system was developed and implemented at a major cancer center. Compliance with protocol requirements was studied prior to and after introduction of the automated protocol system. There was a statistically significant (p <0.02) improvement in nonroutine test ordering (from 80 to 95%) and therapeutic modification (from 91 to 99%) compliance. Introduction of an automated protocol surveillance system can result in improved protocol compliance.

Topic: Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Subfield: Statistics and Probability
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Study on Uniform Heating of Solid Foods and High Viscosity Foods by Microwave Heating

In this paper, an microwave oven for disinfectant one application has been modeled by FDTD-HTE Method and reserched uniform heating of solution model simulated solid food and high viscosity food. We suggest two technique for uniform heating. First one is that water film is arranged around the food for reducing local heating of edge heating. Second one is that food is heated by using both steam and microwave. As a result, 2mm water film lower temperature of high temperature part in the food efficiently, by using uniform heating technique using water film. And we confirmed that 33% of uneven heating is improved. Moreover, we confirmed that steam heated edge of food and microwave heated center of food, and food is gone to about 60 degrees centigrade through uniform technique using both Steam and microwave.

Topic: Food Quality and Safety Studies
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
How do firms react to the growing averse towards ownership? A better look at the sharing economy of the transportation industry in the US

This research has the aim to uncover how incumbent and entrepreneurial firms have influenced the evolution of business models. The sharing economy has ushered in a new age where underutilized assets become P2P services for hire. Traditional companies in these markets are not likely to go out of business, but they cannot stand still. They must adapt and compete based on their own unique advantages—or they will become much-diminished versions of what they used to be. This study has shown that it has grown towards an S-D view, in which intangibility, exchange processes, and relationships are central themes. This research also provides sufficient evidence that the servitization has not only a B2B character, but that B2C and P2P also get a foot on the ground: the new way of thinking: a car is still a good, but the automotive manufacturers are no core suppliers rather suppliers of personal transportation: the focus is on the service they deliver. Also, the shared economy has proven itself as a good example of a circular economy by taking into consideration the value-in-use. However, if the sharing economy follows the pathway of corporate co-option it appears unlikely to drive a transition to sustainability

Topic: Business Strategy and Innovation
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
ENHANCING DISTANT LEARNING THROUGH EMAIL COMMUNICATION: A Case of BOU

Today computer has replaced all means of traditional communication significantly. Many distant learning tools claim to be interactive, but few can offer two-way communication. Email is the most popular means of communication medium now-a-days. Therefore, it may be used as an educational tool for learning. In present socio-economic condition of Bangladesh, learners can afford computer, cell phone and Internet. We took this opportunity to investigate the prospective use of these tools for distant learning. The present survey has been carried out to understand the present status of Internet knowledge among the learners and their views for possible introduction of e-mail communication as supporting tool for learning. BOU’s available infrastructural facilities for providing Internet support have been investigated. Furthermore, possible solutions have been pointed out to provide e-mail facility to the learner in a cost effective way.

Topic: Online and Blended Learning
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
WACANA KEKERASAN DAN RESISTENSI PEREMPUAN DALAM FILM KARYA SUTRADARA PEREMPUAN

Mereka Bilang Saya Monyet, a movie by woman director Djenar Maesa Ayu, was a film about women with a different perspective. This movie reveals a discourse on both violence and women’s resistance against it. The dimensions shown included psychological, physical, and sexual violence between parents and their child, an adult men with his daughter, and adult men with adult women. Violence appears because of the unbalanced relationship between subject and object. The effects of this violence can take the form of fear, anger, or a feeling of inferiority and unworthiness, and the victim feels encouraged to act on it. Discourse related to gender-based violence is a result of a patriarchal cultural construction. In the film, resistance was portrayed through the victim’s suffering, anger, and physical resistance. Women directors perceived these issues from a different perspective. It is not enough to understand violence against women only from the normative perspective of law and social obligation. This issue must be understood by positioning women as the subject (survivor) and recognizing that violence against women is a crime against humanity.

Topic: Gender and Women's Rights
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Study of the External Surface of Opuntia Imbricata (Haworth) DC

A comparative study was made of the subterranean and aerial por- tions of 0. imbricata. This plant had a fibrous root system which branched out into the quaternary division. Roots of both tertiary and quaternary divisions were fairly well covered with hairs. The surface area of the tops exceeded the subterranean sur- face by about 3:1. Stomates in the epidermal surface of the canes numbered 11 per sq. mm. The purpose of this investigation was to gain a better understanding of a very successful species living in an arid environment. Most of the work on desert plants has been concentrated on aerial portions and the various modifications of these plants to endure the dessicating winds, intense heat, sparse rainfall, and infertile soils characteristic of these regions. In 1911 Cannon wrote extensively of the rooting habits of desert plants in Arizona. His descriptions were confined mainly to the major roots and did not include detailed surface relationships. Since that time several papers have appeared with data on the root systems of various plants. Much of Weaver's work (1925; 1926) dealt with the root systems of crop and field plants and also grasses of the Great Plains. Included in the 1925 investigation was an estimate that root surface area exceeded the top by 35 per cent. Observations by other investigators have resulted in similar opinions, although no de- tailed study of complete surface relationships were available until Dittmer (1937) described the external surfaces of a winter rye plant. Earlier studies by Kiesselbach (1910) reported the dry weight of the tops of corn to be 7.2 times that of the roots and Pavlychenko (1937) described the entire root system of crested wheat, but complete studies showing the surface relationships of individual plants have been few. Usually one worker has described the root system of a plant or a species and another described the tops. Even though the figures may not have been of the same species and certainly not the same plant, a third investigator often attempted to correlate these results. In this paper the writer presents complete figures for a single xeric plant.

Topic: Botanical Research and Applications
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Reproducibility of radiation dosimetry assessed in a phantom and in 20 patients by planar imaging studies

Reproducible and accurate radiation dosimetry is important for assessment of the efficacy and toxicity of radionuclide therapy. Planar imaging methods were used and the region of interest for the whole body, organs or tumors was manually defined by the operator based on the visual boundary. The number of counts were converted to activity using a reference standard. MIRD formalism and the standard man assumption were used to derive radiation dose. Intra- and inter-operator (3 operators) reproducibility were evaluated in an abdominal phantom and in 20 patients. Operator`s skill was also examined for a trainee and 2 experienced operators. Reproducibility scores were expressed as the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) based on one way analysis of variance inter-operator ICC for activities in the phantom were 0.98 for organs and 0.96 for tumors. Radiation doses and biological half-lives were assessed for whole body, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, and tumors in patients for Cu-67, I-131 and In-111. Inter-operator ICC for radiation doses were 0.98 for whole body, 0.96 for liver, and 0.94 for spleen, but inter-operator ICC was slightly lover for kidneys (0.91) and lungs (0.86) where an aliquot method was used because of overlapping tissues. For well defined tumors of {ge} 3 cmmore » in diameter, the inter-operator and intra-operator ICC were 0.90 and 0.96, respectively. In all cases, the intra-operator ICC was higher than inter-operator ICC. Although the differences in inter-operator ICC were not significant for the 3 radionuclides, intra-operator ICC for Cu-67 were better than those for I-131 reflecting better image quality for Cu-67. This study revealed that inter- and intra-operator reproducibility were quite good for all tissues after a training period of 80 hours using this method.« less

Topic: Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Time-Scaling Properties of Sunshine Duration Based on Detrended Fluctuation Analysis over China

The spatial and temporal variabilities of the daily Sunshine Duration (SSD) time series from the Chinese Meteorological Administration during the 1954–2009 period are examined by the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) method. As a whole, weak long-range correlations (LRCs) are found in the daily SSD anomaly records over China. LRCs are also verified by shuffling the SSD records. The proportion of the stations with LRCs accounts for about 97% of the total. Many factors affect the scaling properties of the daily SSD records such as sea-land difference and Tibetan Plateau landform and so on. We find land use and land cover as one of the important factors closely links to LRCs of the SSD. Strong LRCs of the SSD mainly happen in underlying surface of deserts and crops, while weak LRCs occur in forest and grassland. Further studies of scaling behaviors are still necessary to be performed due to the complex underlying surface and climate system.

Topic: Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Minimum Bayes Risk Combination of Translation Hypotheses from Alternative Morphological Decompositions

We describe a simple strategy to achieve trans-lation performance improvements by combin-ing output from identical statistical machine translation systems trained on alternative mor-phological decompositions of the source lan-guage. Combination is done by means of Min-imum Bayes Risk decoding over a shared N-best list. When translating into English from two highly inflected languages such as Ara-bic and Finnish we obtain significant improve-ments over simply selecting the best morpho-logical decomposition. 1

Topic: Natural Language Processing Techniques
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Encountering Depression In-Depth : An existential-phenomenological approach to selfhood, depression, and psychiatric practice

This dissertation in Theory of Practical Knowledge contends that depression is a disorder of the self. Using the existential-phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, I argue that if we want to disclose the basic structure of depressed experience, then we must likewise disclose how selfexperience is inseparable from depressed experience. However, even though depression is a contemporary psychiatric category of illness, it is nevertheless a historically and heterogenous concept. To make sense of depression in the context of contemporary psychiatric practice, I show that depression has historically been characterized by two broad models of causation; that is, a phenomenon that is causally explained by either a biological dysfunction or a psychological conflict. But this stark characterization is not limited just to history; by conducting qualitative interviews with psychiatric professionals, I illustrate how this causal dichotomy remains prevalent in contemporary psychiatric practice. On one hand, the clinicians report dissatisfaction with the depression diagnostic criteria (i.e. it is impersonal or vague), while on the other hand, the clinicians also recognize that a depression diagnosis is useful insofar as a diagnosis facilitates access to various resources associated with psychiatric care. Consequently, clinicians have developed a coping strategy that is witnessed in their empathetic desire to distance patients from their depression diagnosis, which led to statements such as, “you are not the problem, the problem is depression.” One consequence of this approach is that depression is artificially cleaved from the person who experiences depression, which subsequently means that depression is viewed to be something independent of oneself. Because I argue that depression and the self are mutually implicated, it is crucial to disseminate some of the most influential contemporary models of selfhood. I show that the brainbound, situated, psychological, and narrative model of self, all have respective strengths and weaknesses. But I also go beyond these models and characterize selfhood as a developmental phenomenon that is expressed as an embodied-style. This style reflects the way in which we establish perceptual contact with the otherness, without which there could be no self-experience.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Pericolporate pollen in Gentianaceae

Pollen of six species of Centaurium Hill. (Gentianaceae) was examined by photon and scanning electron microscope. Significant variation in pollen morphology occurs in all the taxa. Pericolporate pollen encountered in C. pulchellum, C. littorale ssp. littorale, and C. exaltatum is reported. The derivation of the pericolporate type of pollen from the tricolporate type in the genus is demonstrated.

Topic: Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Article The C-Terminal Region of G72 Increases D-Amino Acid Oxidase Activity

Abstract: The schizophrenia-related protein G72 plays a unique role in the regulation of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) in great apes. Several psychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, are linked to overexpression of DAO and G72. Whether G72 plays a positive or negative regulatory role in DAO activity, however, has been controversial. Exploring the molecular basis of the relationship between G72 and DAO is thus important to understand how G72 regulates DAO activity. We performed yeast two-hybrid experiments and determined enzymatic activity to identify potential sites in G72 OPEN ACCESS Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15 30

Topic: Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Ranking Paragraphs for Improving Answer Recall in Open-Domain Question Answering

Recently, open-domain question answering (QA) has been combined with machine comprehension models to find answers in a large knowledge source. As open-domain QA requires retrieving relevant documents from text corpora to answer questions, its performance largely depends on the performance of document retrievers. However, since traditional information retrieval systems are not effective in obtaining documents with a high probability of containing answers, they lower the performance of QA systems. Simply extracting more documents increases the number of irrelevant documents, which also degrades the performance of QA systems. In this paper, we introduce Paragraph Ranker which ranks paragraphs of retrieved documents for a higher answer recall with less noise. We show that ranking paragraphs and aggregating answers using Paragraph Ranker improves performance of open-domain QA pipeline on the four open-domain QA datasets by 7.8% on average.

Topic: Topic Modeling
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences