jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Phacoemulsification and Endocapsular Implantation of an Artificial Iris Intraocular Lens in Traumatic Cataract and Aniridia

Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery: July 2002 - Volume 28 - Issue 7 - p 1088-1091 doi: 10.1016/S0886-3350(02)01331-7

Topic: Intraocular Surgery and Lenses
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Oligothienyl-BODIPYs: Red and Near-Infrared Emitters

The synthesis of unsymmetrical 3,5-dioligothienyl-BODIPY derivatives and their optical and redox properties are reported. The key step is the monobromination of the 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dithienyl-BODIPY at the α position of the thiophene moiety. The additional thiophene modules are attached by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Increasing the number of modules on each side of the BODIPY core progressively shifts the absorption to 677 nm and the emission to 769 nm.

Topic: Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Recent Advances in Characterization of Melanin Pigments in Biological Samples

The melanin pigments eumelanin (EM) and pheomelanin (PM), which are dark brown to black and yellow to reddish-brown, respectively, are widely found among vertebrates. They are produced in melanocytes in the epidermis, hair follicles, the choroid, the iris, the inner ear, and other tissues. The diversity of colors in animals is mainly caused by the quantity and quality of their melanin, such as by the ratios of EM versus PM. We have developed micro-analytical methods to simultaneously measure EM and PM and used these to study the biochemical and genetic fundamentals of pigmentation. The photoreactivity of melanin has become a major focus of research because of the postulated relevance of EM and PM for the risk of UVA-induced melanoma. Our biochemical methods have found application in many clinical studies on genetic conditions associated with alterations in pigmentation. Recently, besides chemical degradative methods, other methods have been developed for the characterization of melanin, and these are also discussed here.

Topic: melanin and skin pigmentation
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Tables from Clinicopathological and Functional Significance of RECQL1 Helicase in Sporadic Breast Cancers

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table S1: Clinicopathological characteristics in the METABRIC cohort Supplementary Table S2: Clinicopathological characteristics of Nottingham Tenovus series Supplemental Table S3: Clinicopathological characteristics of ER- cohort Supplemental Table S4: Clinicopathological characteristics of BRCA germ-line deficient cohort Supplementary Table S5: Antigens, primary antibodies, clone, source, optimal dilution and scoring system used for each immunohistochemical marker Supplementary Table S6. RecQL1 mRNA expression and breast cancer. Supplementary Table S7. RECQL1 protein levels and ER+ breast cancers. Supplementary Table S8. RECQL1 protein levels and ER- breast cancers.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: DNA Repair Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
FIXING MOTORCRAFT VARIABLE VENTURI CARBURETORS

While all motorcraft variable venturi carburetors look very much alike, there are subtle internal differences. Replacement parts and adjustment procedures should be used according to the part number stamped on the side of the carburetor. Mechanics are warned that special tools are needed and, most important of all, they will need to take the time and patience to get to know this new breed of carburetor. A series of captioned photos are presented which outline the most difficult parts of the procedure for rebuilding a Motorcraft variable venturi carburetor.

Topic: Mechanical Failure Analysis and Simulation
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Feasibility of Fast-Track Total Elbow Arthroplasty

We reviewed the necessity of a cast and the effect of the implementation of functional discharge criteria at our institution. To consider feasibility of a fast-track total elbow arthroplasty programme, first an inquiry has to be performed to determine factors associated with length of stay. These factors can be translated to improvements of our daily practice to provide a fast-track programme. We retrospectively reviewed all patients’ records who received a Coonrad-Morrey total elbow arthroplasty in the period from January 1st 2012 to December 31st 2017. From these records, indications, demographic information and complications were derived. Length of stay was calculated from the hospital administration. In total 118 patients receiving 119 Coonrad Morrey total elbow arthroplasties were included with a mean length of stay of 5 days (range 2-23) for the whole group. After introduction of functional discharge criteria in August 2017 mean length of stay declined from 6.4 days to 3.6 days. Reasons for prolonged stay were six times persistent wound leakage, five times blistering of the skin (of whom two superficial surgical site infections requiring antibiotics), three times awaiting cultures, two awaiting rehabilitation, two cases of pneumonia and one evacuation of a hematoma, performed in one of thirteen ulnaropathies. Omitting a cast and splint as regular post-operative treatment reduced the length of stay significantly without leading to more complications. Introduction of functional discharge criteria lowered the length of stay further to 3.6 days without any complications.

Topic: Elbow and Forearm Trauma Treatment
Subfield: Rehabilitation
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Occupational Therapy Students' Development of Therapeutic Communication Skills During a Service-Learning Experience

This qualitative study examined the effect community-based service-learning experiences had upon occupational therapy students' therapeutic communication skills and their application of theoretical concepts. After their semester-long course was completed, six students de-identified and voluntarily submitted their weekly reflective journals for retrospective analysis in accordance with Giorgi's strategies (1985, 1997). Two analysts identified eight themes: developing trust, establishing boundaries, communication, client-centered care, breakdown of preconceptions, increased self-awareness, power of pride, and power of occupation. Educators are urged to use service-learning experiences to facilitate student interpersonal skill development and integration of theoretical knowledge.

Topic: Occupational Therapy Practice and Research
Subfield: Occupational Therapy
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Disparity in the Discipline of Male and Female Inmates in Texas Prisons

This study examines disciplinary practices in the two prisons housing all of Texas' female inmates. These practices are compared to those found in the Texas prison for males where, on relevant demographic and criminal history characteristics, the population most closely matches the female prisoners. Findings: women are more often cited for rule violations than men; most citations received by women are less than serious, but women are punished more severely; and certain rules are scrupulously enforced in women's institutions but ignored in men's. The study reveals two distinct institutional forms of surveillance and control. Differences in disciplinary practices at these institutions are best understood as a function of gender-specific interpretation and application of state-wide correctional policy.

Topic: Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Short-term effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril in incipient diabetic nephropathy.

The short-term effect (2 weeks) of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril) on renal hemodynamics and urinary albumin excretion was investigated in eleven normotensive patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy (IDN). Six patients had had elevated baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and each responded to enalapril with a decline in the GFR, from a mean of 160.7 to 134 ml/min/1.73 m2, (p less than 0.05). Their respective filtration fraction values also decreased from a mean of 27.8 to 23.8% (p less than 0.01). Such renal hemodynamic change was accompanied by a decrease in urinary albumin excretion (33 to 19 micrograms/min, p less than 0.05). The remaining 5 patients had displayed normal baseline GFR (mean, 109.6 ml/min/1.73 m2), responded to enalapril with minimal change in the GFR (115.2 ml/min/1.73 m2) and showed no significant improvement in their microalbuminuria. It is concluded that enalapril is effective in lowering glomerular filtration pressure and ameliorating microalbuminuria in the normotensive patient with IDN only when the baseline GFR is elevated.

Topic: Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Exhibition as Performance. Performance as Research.

The project explores the exhibition space as place and part of collective creation of knowledge. It focuses on the aesthetic experience as an epistemic practice, present both in the production of art and in its reception, during which the researching process of art continues. A screenplay constellation is used as a research method to perform the object of research (the exhibition space) as well as the research itself. Thus, production, execution, and presentation of the research process and of its results are intertwined.

Topic: Artistic and Creative Research
Subfield: Visual Arts and Performing Arts
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Is size an issue of time? Relationship between the duration of xylem development and cell traits

Abstract Background and Aims Secondary growth is a process related to the formation of new cells that increase in size and wall thickness during xylogenesis. Temporal dynamics of wood formation influence cell traits, in turn affecting cell patterns across the tree ring. We verified the hypothesis that cell diameter and cell wall thickness are positively correlated with the duration of their differentiation phases. Methods Histological sections were produced by microcores to assess the periods of cell differentiation in black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.]. Samples were collected weekly between 2002 and 2016 from a total of 50 trees in five sites along a latitudinal gradient in Quebec (Canada). The intra-annual temporal dynamics of cell differentiation were estimated at a daily scale, and the relationships between cell traits and duration of differentiation were fitted using a modified von Bertalanffy growth equation. Key Results At all sites, larger cell diameters and cell wall thicknesses were observed in cells that experienced a longer period of differentiation. The relationship was a non-linear, decreasing trend that occasionally resulted in a clear asymptote. Overall, secondary wall deposition lasted longer than cell enlargement. Earlywood cells underwent an enlargement phase that lasted for 12 d on average, while secondary wall thickness lasted 15 d. Enlargement in latewood cells averaged 7 d and secondary wall deposition occurred over an average of 27 d. Conclusions Cell size across the tree ring is closely connected to the temporal dynamics of cell formation. Similar relationships were observed among the five study sites, indicating shared xylem formation dynamics across the entire latitudinal distribution of the species.The duration of cell differentiation is a key factor involved in cell growth and wall thickening of xylem, thereby determining the spatial variation of cell traits across the tree ring.

Topic: Tree-ring climate responses
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Influence of β‐Cyclodextrin on the Mixed Micellization Process of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosine and Formation of Inclusion Complexes

In this work, we have studied the influence of different concentrations of β‐Cyclodextrin (β‐CD) on the mixed micellization of anionic surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium lauroyl sarcosine (SLAS) at different SDS mole fractions (αSDS). From conductivity data, the critical micellar concentration (cmc), the equivalent ionic conductivities of the monomeric species (Λm), the associated species (Λassc) and the micelle (Λmic), the degree of counterion dissociation (α) in the presence of β‐CD were evaluated from the slope of the conductivity versus concentration plots for the pure and binary mixtures. The apparent cmc of the surfactants vary linearly with the β‐CD concentrations. From the dependence of cmc of the surfactants on β‐CD concentration, we have deduced the association constant (K) of surfactant‐β‐CD inclusion complexes assuming 1∶1 stoichiometry. Theories of Clint, Regular solution, and Motomura's have been used for the evaluation of ideality or nonideality of the mixed system. Mixed micelles were found to be rich in SDS content at the cmc in the presence and the absence of β‐CD. The cmc values have been used to evaluate the transfer of standard free energy of micelles (ΔG0 M,tr) from the aqueous medium to additive medium.

Topic: Surfactants and Colloidal Systems
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of Chemical Kinetics on Concurrent-Flow Flame Spread over Solids: A Comparison Between Buoyant Flow and Forced Flow Cases

The authors employed detailed numerical models with a one-step finite-rate chemical reaction to investigate the kinetic rate effect (through the variation of the pre-exponential factor) on concurrent flame spread rates over thin solids. It is found that flames in forced flow are less sensitive to the change of kinetics than flames in buoyant flow, and narrow samples are more sensitive to the change of kinetics compared with wide samples. The rate of chemical kinetics affects the flame spread rates primarily through two mechanisms: the amount of unburnt fuel vapors escaping from the reaction zone and the variation of induced flow velocity through flame temperature change in the case of the buoyant flames. Detailed analyses of the flame structure and flow pattern are presented for the forced- and buoyant-flow cases to explain their different degrees of sensitivity to the combustion reaction rate.

Topic: Fire dynamics and safety research
Subfield: Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplementary Material for: Clinician-Reported Barriers to Implementing Breast Cancer Chemoprevention in the UK: A Qualitative Investigation

<i>Aims:</i> The use of tamoxifen and raloxifene as preventive therapy for women at increased risk of breast cancer was approved by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in 2013. We undertook a qualitative investigation to investigate the factors affecting the implementation of preventive therapy within the UK. <i>Methods:</i> We recruited general practitioners (GPs) (n = 10) and clinicians working in family history or clinical genetics settings (FHCG clinicians) (n = 15) to participate in semi-structured interviews. Data were coded thematically within the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. <i>Results:</i> FHCG clinicians focussed on the perceived lack of benefit of preventive therapy and difficulties interpreting the NICE guidelines. FHCG clinicians felt poorly informed about preventive therapy, and this discouraged patient discussions on the topic. GPs were unfamiliar with the concept of preventive therapy, and were not aware that they may be asked to prescribe it for high-risk women. GPs were reluctant to initiate therapy because it is not licensed, but were willing to continue a prescription if it had been started in secondary or tertiary care. <i>Conclusions:</i> Barriers to implementing preventive therapy within routine clinical practice are common and could be addressed by engaging all stakeholders during the development of policy documents.

Topic: Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Nestedness and niche‐based species loss in moorland plant communities

Communities in isolated habitat patches surrounded by inhospitable matrices often form a nested subset pattern. However, the underlying causal mechanisms and conservation implications of nestedness in regional communities remain controversial. The nested ranks of species in a nested species‐by‐site matrix may reflect a gradient of species vulnerability to extinction or of colonization ability. However, nestedness analysis has rarely been used to explore determinants of species rank; consequently, little is known of underpinning mechanisms. In this study, we examined nestedness in moorland plant communities widely interspersed within the subalpine zone of northern Japan. Moorland sites differed in area (1000–160 000 m 2 ) and were naturally isolated from one another to various extents within an inhospitable forest matrix. We also determined whether site characteristics (physical and morphometric measures) and species characteristics (niche position and breadth, based on species’ traits) are related to nestedness. Moorland plant communities in the study area were significantly nested. The pH and moorland kernel density (proxy for spatial clustering of moorlands around the focal site) were the most important predictors of moorland site nested rank in a nestedness matrix. Niche breadths of species (measured as variation in leaf mass area and height) predicted species’ nested ranks. Selective environmental tolerances imposed by environmental harshness and selective extinction caused by declines in site carrying capacities probably account for the nested subset pattern in moorland plant communities. The nested rank of species in the nestedness matrix can therefore be translated into the potential order of species loss explainable by species niche breadths (based on variation in functional traits). Complementary understanding of the determinants of site ranking and species ranking in the nestedness matrix provides powerful insight into ecological processes underlying nestedness and into the ways by which communities are assembled or disassembled by such processes.

Topic: Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Comprehensive assessment of truncated HER2 in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded breast cancer tissue by chromogenic duplex immunohistochemistry.

e11059 Background: Truncated forms of HER2, previously described in subsets of HER2 positive breast cancer, lack the extracellular domain (ECD) but may retain intracellular domain (ICD) functionality and may render tumors less sensitive to HER2 targeted therapy. Herein, we describe a workflow to comprehensively detect truncated HER2 forms regardless of their putative origin (e.g., from alternative initiation of translation, or proteolytic cleavage) in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue (FFPET). Methods: Multispectral unmixing of chromogenic duplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to generate ECD and ICD specific images. Mean ECD/ICD ratios were calculated per case and related to those of full-length HER2 overexpressing SKBR3 cells as standard. The quantitative assessment of staining intensities was restricted to membranes of morphologically intact, vital tumor cells, using Definiens Developer – based image analysis. Technical validation was performed in various cell models reflecting both proteolytic ECD cleavage as well as alternative translation initiation resulting in the truncated HER2 variant CTF-611. Results: The IHC – based workflow accurately detected HER2 ECD and ICD in cell based models, regardless of the origin of the truncated membrane-bound protein. In a pilot series of FFPET breast cancer samples, 5/14 showed decreased mean ECD/ICD ratios at levels comparing to SKBR3 cells pretreated with a metalloproteinase activating compound. 9/14 had a ECD/ICD ratio within the normal range observed in full-length HER2 overexpressing SKBR3 cells. An unexpected heterogeneity of ECD/ICD ratios was observed in some cases, suggesting that focal loss of ECD may occur in a subset of breast cancer cases. Conclusions: Duplex IHC in FFPET accurately detects truncated HER2 in the context of full length HER2 and therefore captures potential co-existence of different HER2 variants lacking the ECD. This approach preserves tumor morphology, enabling pathologists to relate local loss of ECD to potential tumor heterogeneity. The biological relevance of global or focal decrease of HER2 ECD/ICD ratio remains to be evaluated in clinically annotated samples.

Topic: HER2/EGFR in Cancer Research
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A new model for a remote connection with hardware devices using Javascript

Nowadays online resources play an important role in teaching and learning thanks to new advances in technology. This importance is enhanced in scientific areas and even more for distance education universities, where the classic hands-on laboratories are not always possible. For that reason, this face-to-face laboratory practices have been replaced or even complemented with online virtual and remote laboratories VRL. Normally, these applications are developed with high level programming tools, and these, to greater or lesser extent, use Java. Unfortunately, the newly discovered Java security issues and the impossibility to run Java in smart devices are an restriction to the dissemination of this kind of applications. This work is the first step towards get a new structure to Easy Java/Javascript Simulations (EjsS) that allows a remote connection with hardware devices. In this regard, the first objective is to solve the problems with Java applications when using EjsS. The proposed solution provides the user a structure to reuse their VRLs using a Java model that runs in a server and is linked with a Javascript graphical user interface in the client device.

Topic: Experimental Learning in Engineering
Subfield: Media Technology
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences