jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Optimization of EMS Mutagenesis on Petunia for TILLING

The development of a chemically-mutagenized population of Petunia hybrida could enable the identification of novel alleles for crop improvement. Conditions were determined for mutagenizing petunia with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), while minimizing deleterious effects on viability and fertility. A mutagenized population of the doubled haploid P. hybrida line ‘Mitchell Diploid’ was developed as a resource for TILLING. Three mutagenesis parameters were investigated in this study: the imbibition of seeds prior to EMS treatment, the EMS concentration, and EMS exposure time. Based on these results, the mutagenesis of 2000 petunia seeds for TILLING was conducted with a 12 hour imbibition followed by exposure to 0.1% EMS for 12 hours.

Topic: Plant Genetic and Mutation Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Endocrine Regulation of Epimorphic Regeneration

Abstract Studies aiming to uncover primary mechanisms of regeneration have predominantly focused on genetic pathways regulating specific stages in the regeneration process: wound healing, blastema formation, and pattern formation. However, studies across organisms show that environmental conditions and the physiological state of the animal can affect the rate or quality of regeneration, and endocrine signals are likely the mediators of these effects. Endocrine signals acting directly on receptors expressed in the tissue or via neuroendocrine pathways can affect regeneration by regulating the immune response to injury, allocation of energetic resources, or by enhancing or inhibiting proliferation and differentiation pathways involved in regeneration. This review discusses the cumulative knowledge in the literature about endocrine regulation of regeneration and its importance in future research to advance biomedical research.

Topic: Animal Genetics and Reproduction
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
1‐Thia‐2‐cyclooctyne—A Strained Cycloalkyne with Polarized Triple Bond

The resonance structure B contributes considerably to the description of the electron distribution in the title compound 1, as is shown for example in the 13C-NMR shifts of the alkyne C-atoms or in the different regiochemistry of the addition of water upon acid- or base-catalysis.

Topic: Organic Chemistry Cycloaddition Reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Discourse of Classified Advertising

Abstract Linguists who have studied simplified varieties of a given language, such as pidgins or the language of care-givers, have tended to explain similarities in their structure by the fact that they use the same mechanisms of simplification. Bruthiaux tests this idea by looking at the structure of classified ads in American English, using a body of 800 ads from four categories: automobile sales, apartments for rent, help wanted, and personal ads. Bruthiaux's thesis is that strict, uniform constraints on space should result in uniformly simple texts, no matter which category they are in, and that any variation would be due to the particular needs of each category. To prove this he describes the linguistic structure of classified ads, and shows that they are characterized by a minimal degree of morphosyntactic elaboration. He then examines aspects of their conventions to highlight the role of pre-patterned and prefabricated segments whose collocational rigidity may force the inclusion of otherwise dispensable items. He finds that there is indeed significant variation across ad categories in terms of morphosyntactic elaboration, and concludes that this is due to a greater or lesser need to be explicit, as well as a greater or lesser anticipation of interaction. Finally, he examines the implications of these findings for the study of linguistic simplification and register variation.

Topic: Linguistic Variation and Morphology
Subfield: Linguistics and Language
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Role of the cAMP signaling pathway in the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion in GT1 cells

We studied the signaling pathways coupling gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion to elevations in cAMP levels in the GT1 GnRH-secreting neuronal cell line. We hypothesized that increased cAMP could be acting directly by means of cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channels or indirectly by means of activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). We showed that GT1 cells express the three CNG subunits present in olfactory neurons (CNG2, -4.3, and -5) and exhibit functional cAMP-gated cation channels. Activation of PKA does not appear to be necessary for the stimulation of GnRH release by increased levels of cAMP. In fact, pharmacological inhibition of PKA activity caused an increase in the basal secretion of GnRH. Consistent with this observation activation PKA inhibited adenylyl cyclase activity, presumably by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase V expressed in the cells. Therefore, the stimulation of GnRH release by elevations in cAMP appears to be the result of depolarization of the neurons initiated by increased cation conductance by cAMP-gated cation channels. Activation of PKA may constitute a negative-feedback mechanisms for lowering cAMP levels. We hypothesize that these mechanisms could result in oscillations in cAMP levels, providing a biochemical basis for timing the pulsatile release of GnRH.

Topic: Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Developmental profile of toddlers with autism spectrum disorder at a tertiary centre in Turkey

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine the clinical and developmental characteristics of toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); and find out early manifestations. Material and method: Medical records of 134 newly diagnosed children under 4 years of age and followed by both developmental-behavioral pediatrics, and child and adolescent psychiatry between January 2017 and May 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Developmental features of children who diagnosed ≤24 months of age and later were compared. Results: ASD diagnosis was performed at ≤24 and &gt;24 months of age in 43 (32.1%) and 91 (67.9%) children, respectively. The most common concern expressed by parents at admission was language delay (46.2%). While only 1.5% of parents named “autism” spontaneously as a concern, 73.9% of parents expressed concerns about ASD when the history was deepened. Parental concern about ASD (p=0.031) and mother’s education level ≥8 years (p=0.002) were associated with earlier diagnosis. Children diagnosed at ≤24 months of age were more likely to have inability to follow verbal commands (p=0.012) and delayed motor milestones (p=0.008). Other ASD signs and clinical characteristics were similar between children who diagnosed at ≤24 and &gt;24 months of age. Conclusion: The signs of ASD emerge over the first 2 years of life. Children who diagnosed ASD ≤24 months of age have poorer receptive language and motor skills. Whereas parents were recognising warming signs of ASD, they may not express their concerns clearly. Pediatricians should take time to listen to parents and realize their concerns reflecting ASD.

Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Soil N contributes to the oscillations of the white clover content in mixed swards of perennial ryegrass under conditions that simulate grazing over five years

The effect of the initial N‐supplying capacity of soils (SoilN, 90–230 kg N ha –1 year –1 ) was tested on the dry‐matter and N yields of pure or mixed white clover and perennial ryegrass swards, managed under simulated grazing over a 5‐year period. The cumulated N harvested in the mixed swards was similar, both for white clover and perennial ryegrass, but the proportion of white clover showed oscillations over a 2‐year period. In the first year, the SoilN effect was similar to that of fertilizer N. During the course of the experiment, the effect was always positive on the pure perennial ryegrass sward, alternately negative and nil for the white clover in the mixed sward and alternately positive and nil for the perennial ryegrass in the mixed sward; the period of these oscillations was 2 years. From the third regrowth period after sowing, the ratio between the actual N concentration and the concentration non‐limiting to growth for the perennial ryegrass in the mixed sward, increased above that of the pure perennial ryegrass sward. It was in turn greater in the soils that were initially poor and then greater in those that were initially rich in soil N. The periodic oscillation of the initial SoilN effects implies that the initial SoilN gradient was alternately compensated and restored. It was concluded that N fluxes are partly responsible for the temporal oscillations in the proportion of white clover in mixed swards.

Topic: Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Copper complexation by natural organic matter in contaminated and uncontaminated ground water

AbstractGround-water samples were collected from an uncontaminated and a contaminated site. Copper complexation was characterized by ion- selective electrode (ISE), fluorescence quenching (FQ), and cathodic stripping voltammetric (CSV) titrations. All of the samples were titrated at their natural pH values and some of the samples were also titrated at other pH values. For a total Cu concentration of 10−6 M, the free Cu2+ concentrations in the samples from the uncontaminated site were all less than 10−7 M, while free Cu2+ in the samples from the contaminated site were all less than 10−8 M. For a particular sample and total Cu concentration, the free Cu2+ concentration decreased as the pH increased. Relative to ISE, FQ underestimated and CSV overestimated the degree of Cu2+ binding. The Cu2+ -complexing properties of the ground waters are similar to many published results for the same pH and for ligand concentrations normalized to T.O.C. Chemical equilibrium computations indicate that organic complexes would dominate Cu speciation in the uncontaminated ground waters for 10−7 to 10−5 M total Cu. In the contaminated ground waters, sulfide complexes would be the predominant Cu species for total Cu less than the total S(−11) concentration. Organic complexes would dominate Cu speciation for total Cu greater than total S(−11).Keywords: Ground watercoppercomplexationorganic mattermodeling

Topic: Electrochemical Analysis and Applications
Subfield: Electrochemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
An Optimal Motion Planning Framework for Quadruped Jumping

This paper presents an optimal motion planning framework to generate versatile energy-optimal quadrupedal jumping motions automatically (e.g., flips, spin). The jumping motions via the centroidal dynamics are formulated as a 12-dimensional black-box optimization problem subject to the robot kino-dynamic constraints. Gradient-based approaches offer great success in addressing trajectory optimization (TO), yet, prior knowledge (e.g., reference motion, contact schedule) is required and results in sub-optimal solutions. The new proposed framework first employed a heuristics-based optimization method to avoid these problems. Moreover, a prioritization fitness function is created for heuristics-based algorithms in robot ground reaction force (GRF) planning, enhancing convergence and searching performance considerably. Since heuristics-based algorithms often require significant time, motions are planned offline and stored as a pre-motion library. A selector is designed to automatically choose motions with user-specified or perception information as input. The proposed framework has been successfully validated only with a simple continuously tracking PD controller in an open-source Mini-Cheetah by several challenging jumping motions, including jumping over a window-shaped obstacle with 30 cm height and left-flipping over a rectangle obstacle with 27 cm height.

Topic: Robotic Locomotion and Control
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Accurate Measurement of DC Electric Energy in Power Plant

Abstract With the development of electric vehicles, the corresponding charging facilities are gradually accelerating the construction. Aiming at the corresponding problems existing in the domestic electric vehicle charging facilities, such as management and control, operation and maintenance and testing, this paper studies the integrated test system for AC / DC charging facilities, and introduces the design concept, hardware scheme, software scheme and processor platform of the system in detail. The system is based on GB/T18487.1-2015, NB/T33008-2018 and other test standards, and can be used for type experiments and performance tests of charging piles. The research results in this paper are conducive to the development of charging inspection facilities in the direction of integration, digitization, and automation. It is of great significance for charging facilities to reduce operation and maintenance costs and improve charging service level. It is conducive to promoting and ensuring the sustainable development of the domestic electric vehicle industry and the needs of implementing China’s long-term development plan and energy conservation and emission reduction policies.

Topic: Advanced Battery Technologies Research
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Epidemiology and Treatment of Epididymitis

Epidemiology and Treatment of Epididymitis Get access D. Peter Drotman D. Peter Drotman From the Venereal Disease Control Division, Center for Prevention Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Reviews of Infectious Diseases, Volume 4, Issue Supplement_4, November-December 1982, Pages S788–S792, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/4.Supplement_4.S788 Published: 01 November 1982

Topic: Testicular diseases and treatments
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The effect of optical bleaching at selected photon energies on the thermoluminescence of LiF:Mg,Ti

A new interpretation of the optical absorption energy spectrum of LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) is presented in which the 4.0 eV band is composed of two-sub-bands at 3.8 eV and 4.3 eV. The new interpretation is of central importance in the understanding of the geminate recombination mechanisms giving rise to composite glow peak 5 in the thermoluminescence (TL) of TLD-100. Photon bleaches at energies of 3.6 eV and 4.3 eV on samples of gamma irradiated TLD-100 were carried out in order to investigate the correlation of the 4.3 eV absorption band with the electron-hole configuration giving rise to glow peak 5a and the 3.8 eV absorption band with the e-only configuration giving rise to glow peak 5. The 4.3 eV bleach decreases peak 5a dramatically and increases peak 4 (a hole-only configuration). No such effect is observed following the 3.6 eV bleach. The results strongly support the suggested structures giving rise to the 4.3 eV and 3.8 eV bands observed in the optical absorption energy spectrum.

Topic: Luminescence Properties of Advanced Materials
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
P1-545 Birth size differences between white and Pakistani origin infants by generation: results from the born in Bradford cohort study

Background Previous studies have shown markedly lower birthweight among infants of South Asian origin compared to those of White European origin. Whether such differences mask greater (central) adiposity in South Asian infants and whether they persist across generations in contemporary UK populations is unclear. Objective To describe differences in term birth size between Pakistani origin and White British origin infants and investigate whether the magnitude of any differences changes depending on whether the parents and grandparents of Pakistani infants are born in the UK or South Asia. Design Birth cohort study (Born in Bradford (BiB)). Setting Bradford, UK. Participants 1838 White British and 2222 Pakistani mothers and their babies who were born between 2007 and 2009. Main outcome measures Birthweight; head, arm and abdominal circumference; subscapular and triceps skinfolds. Results Pakistani infants were lighter (mean difference 280.5 g; 95% CI −318.4 to −242.5) than White British infants and were smaller in all other measurements following adjustment for socioeconomic position and smoking. Differences were least for subscapular skinfold thickness (mean z-score difference −0.20; 95% CI −0.29 to −0.11) and greatest for abdominal circumference (mean z-score difference −0.56; 95% CI −0.64 to −0.47). The magnitudes of differences from White British infants did not differ substantively by generation. Conclusions Pakistani infants were smaller in all measurements but had a tendency to greater central obesity (as indicated by subscapular skinfold thickness). Differences do not appear to differ markedly across generations. This suggests that differences may be genetically driven or are affected by epigenetic or persisting behaviour characteristics.

Topic: Birth, Development, and Health
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
What Do We Know About Post-Merger Integration Following International Acquisitions?

This chapter presents a review of the state of the art on the topic of knowledge transfer following post-merger integration (PMI) in international mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and identifies points of agreement and disagreement, recognizes underexplored areas and provides suggestions on how they could be explored in future studies. The chapter points to the limited amount of literature that describes knowledge transfer following international acquisitions, while highlighting it as an emerging field of research. The knowledge transfer literature mainly refers to innovation and innovation capabilities, while areas such as marketing and customer knowledge are vitally absent in the literature. In any international acquisition, such knowledge transfer would be of fundamental importance, given the acquisition motive to reach new markets or customers. Two case studies on the transfer of knowledge about customers following international acquisitions are provided. The case illustrations point to a focus on knowledge transfer on strategic levels in the post-merger integration following international acquisitions, while the operational sales forces’ transfer of knowledge is largely disregarded in practice. Since much of the tacit knowledge about customers is handled on that level, it needs to be recognized and developed. The chapter indicates that raising the awareness of the transfer of knowledge about customers following international acquisitions is important from a practitioner’s as well as a research point of view.

Topic: Innovation and Knowledge Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Hepatocyte decay in late irradiation liver failure.

It seemed, in the light of the above results that impairment of the mitotic mechanism of the hepatocytes is the major factor in predisposition to liver failure rather than the influence imposed by the damage of other liver tissues apart from these cells. The study recommends re-estimation of irradiation dosage applied for therapeutic purposes to the liver. Further understanding of ultrastructural irradiation detriment may in addition to development in other respects of radiotherapy, help to minimize complications of this treatment.

Topic: Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Dictionary of Maqiao: Metafiction of Collective Biography

In the field of life writing, a collective biography is a biography of a group of lives that share common background characteristics. Han Shaogong’s A Dictionary of Maqiao (1996) collects life stories, in a lexical list of entries, of 22 principal characters from the fictitious village of Maqiao. If there is a common background characteristic of Maqiao’s people, it is their special way of using words to shape their way of thinking. The 115 word entries that Maqiao people use reveal life stories covering more than a century. As a first person narrator and a biographer of collective lives, Han also seems to be a witness to their lives. How does he fuse autobiographical, biographical and historical truths into this text? How does he interpret Maqiao’s lexicon in the light of their collective lives? Are auto/biographical theories applicable to Han’s collective biography? Finally, what contributions does he make to collective life writing? To answer the above questions, this paper takes A Dictionary of Maqiao as a metafiction to discuss life writing issues with theorists such as Paul John Eakin, Philippe Lejeune, and Zhao Baisheng. It also searches for Han’s methodologies and techniques in creating collective life stories through a textual analysis. By reading literary biographies of Han Shaogong and his stories of Maqiao people, this paper also analyzes what constitutes “truths” and “facts” in this collective biography. Finally, it demonstrates how Han makes biography new in terms of life writing.

Topic: Chinese history and philosophy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Synthesis of a chitosan nanoparticle suspension and its protective effects against enamel demineralization after an in vitro cariogenic challenge

Abstract Objective Our study aims to synthesize, characterize, and determine the effects of a ChNPs suspension on human enamel after cariogenic challenge via pH-cycling. Methodology ChNPs were synthesized by ion gelation and characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering. Forty enamel blocks were divided into four groups (n=10/group): (i) ChNPs suspension; (ii) chitosan solution; (iii) 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) solution; and (iv) distilled water. Specimens were exposed to cariogenic challenge by cycling in demineralization solution (3 h) and then remineralized (21h) for 7 days. Before each demineralization cycle, the corresponding solutions were passively applied for 90 s. After 7 days, specimens were examined for surface roughness (Ra) and Knoop hardness (KHN) before and after the cariogenic challenge; % KHN change (variation between initial and final hardness), and surface topography by an optical profilometer. The data were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA, One-way ANOVA, and Tukey tests (α=0.05). Results TEM images showed small spherical particles with diameter and zeta potential values of 79.3 nm and +47.9 mV, respectively. After the challenge, all groups showed an increase in Ra and a decrease in KHN values. Optical profilometry indicated that ChNPs- and NaF-treated specimens showed uneven roughness interspersed with smooth areas and the lowest %KHN values. Conclusion The ChNPs suspension was successfully synthesized and minimized human enamel demineralization after a cariogenic challenge, showing an interesting potential for use as an oral formulation for caries prevention.

Topic: Dental Erosion and Treatment
Subfield: Orthodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences