jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
&lt;title&gt;One more reason why neurons need to be noisy&lt;/title&gt;

This note discusses how information contained in a neural message is transmitted depending on two schemes of encoding: stochastic or deterministic. For the first case, it is shown that the rate of information loss is minimized for a range of signal to noise ratios entering the channel with noise and signal amplitude of the same order of magnitude. In contrast, at the deterministic limit, (i.e., signal amplitude very large compared with the noise) the rate of information loss increases; approximately by a power law of the distance traveled by the message. The exponent depends linearly on the time constant of the function relating speed of propagation vs period of excitation of the axon.

Topic: Neural dynamics and brain function
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Discourse of Majority in Romanian Textbooks: Nationalism Versus Europeanism

In the following paper we will critically analyze the discourse of the History Textbook from the period 1976-2011 in order to put emphasis on changes in the presentation of History reflected in a didactic context depending on the dominant socio-political options. Our study reveals these differences from the perspective of orienting the ethnocentric discourse from the '80s and 90's to an Eurocentric one in the years leading up to the country's integration in the European community. The theoretical framework offered by the theory of symbolic violence presented by Bourdieu allows us to illustrate the role of the formal curriculum in imposing certain systems of meaning and ideology.

Topic: Educator Training and Historical Pedagogy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Modulation of the endophytic strain Kosakonia radicincitans UYSO10 proteome by sugarcane roots exudate

<title>Abstract</title> <italic>Backgroun</italic>: Plant-associated microbiotas play a key role in plant health, growth, and stresses resilience. These microbiotas are considered the second plant genome by expanding its genetic potential. One of the main components of the plant microbiota is the endophytic bacterial communities, which live in the plant's internal tissues. The main sources of this microbiota are the seed and the soil where the plant grows. Particularly, soil bacteria are attracted by different signals present in plant root exudates, to later colonize the rhizoplane and infect internal tissues. Although the colonization and infection processes of endophytic bacteria are well documented, the molecular bases of the mechanisms involved in the plant-endophyte interaction are still poorly understood. Previously it was shown that strain <italic>Kosakonia radicincitans</italic> UYSO10 promotes the growth of sugarcane plants and was defined as a true endophyte. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the biological nitrogen fixation process is involved in the plant growth promotion observed. The <italic>aim</italic> of this work is to expand the knowledge about the possible mechanisms involved in the early stages of the interaction between the diazotrophic endophytic strain UYSO10 and sugarcane plants. <italic>Methodology</italic>: a proteomic approach was conducted in the strain UYSO10 exposed or not to sugarcane exudates. <italic>Results</italic> showed that in the presence of root exudates, strain UYSO10 senses the environment and adapts its proteome to transport and metabolize different nutrients, and to interact with the host plant. These results deepen the knowledge of the potential mechanisms involved in the early stage of plant-bacteria endophyte interaction.

Topic: Plant Disease Resistance and Genetics
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided needle muscle biopsy in the diagnosis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies

Abstract Objectives We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided needle muscle biopsy (UGNMB) using a 14G biopsy needle in obtaining adequate samples for histological analysis and establishing an inflammatory idiopathic myopathy (IIM) diagnosis in patients with suspected myositis. Methods We included patients who were followed up at our Rheumatology Department with a suspected IIM diagnosis. UGNMBs were performed from January 2022 to April 2024. Ultrasound was used to select which muscle to biopsy, to guide the anaesthesia and the muscle sample retrieval using a 14G guillotine-type semiautomatic biopsy needle. Results Forty-four biopsies were performed, half in female patients (n = 22). Nearly 90% (n = 40) of the samples allowed a thorough histologic evaluation. Almost one-third of the samples (n = 12) were compatible with myositis, 27.2% (n = 12) of the biopsies showed nonspecific muscle changes and the remaining revealed muscle tissue without pathological changes. More than half of the patients (30/44) had a histological result that matched the final clinical diagnosis. The UGNMB was generally well-tolerated, with an average Visual Analogical Scale (VAS) for pain of 3.8 out of 10 during the procedure. No moderate or severe adverse events were reported. Conclusion Histological analysis was possible in most samples, suggesting that UGNMB is an effective way to collect muscle samples for IIM differential diagnosis. UGNMB also seems to be a safe method for collecting muscle samples.

Topic: Inflammatory Myopathies and Dermatomyositis
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Towards a More Complete Efficiency Wage Theory

Abstract The efficiency wage is an important topic in the theory of employment. In a traditional efficiency wage model, only the representative firm is optimizing against an assumed S ‐shaped effort supply function. This S ‐shaped supply curve is critical for the model and the absence of a derivation of the curve in the literature means that it is an incomplete theory. In the present paper, we extend the model by specifying a worker's representative utility function so that the corresponding argmax function will be the S ‐shaped effort supply curve. This will make the worker's decision process endogenous and will produce a more complete model. The importance of this extension is clear. The characterization of the utility function will make explicit the necessary conditions and crucial assumptions of the traditional model. More importantly, the extension will allow researchers to introduce employment compensation factors into the worker's utility function for analysis. This has important bearings on future development in employment theory. For example, a worker's satisfaction from shirking (net of dismissal risks), or his or her willingness to search for jobs (net of search cost), can now be included in his or her utility function to form an optimal work or search strategy. Incorporating the worker's optimization behaviour into the model will also enable researchers to study policy directed not just towards firms but also towards the worker's decision process. Furthermore, this approach provides a framework for researchers to generate comparative statics. These comparative statics can lead to interesting topics for econometric models or to further research within this field.

Topic: Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Conpair: concordance and contamination estimator for matched tumor–normal pairs

Abstract Motivation: Sequencing of matched tumor and normal samples is the standard study design for reliable detection of somatic alterations. However, even very low levels of cross-sample contamination significantly impact calling of somatic mutations, because contaminant germline variants can be incorrectly interpreted as somatic. There are currently no sequence-only based methods that reliably estimate contamination levels in tumor samples, which frequently display copy number changes. As a solution, we developed Conpair, a tool for detection of sample swaps and cross-individual contamination in whole-genome and whole-exome tumor–normal sequencing experiments. Results: On a ladder of in silico contaminated samples, we demonstrated that Conpair reliably measures contamination levels as low as 0.1%, even in presence of copy number changes. We also estimated contamination levels in glioblastoma WGS and WXS tumor–normal datasets from TCGA and showed that they strongly correlate with tumor–normal concordance, as well as with the number of germline variants called as somatic by several widely-used somatic callers. Availability and Implementation: The method is available at: https://github.com/nygenome/conpair. Contact: egrabowska@gmail.com or mczody@nygenome.org Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Topic: Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Örgün ve Yaygın Eğitimi Destekleme ve Yetiştirme Kurslarına Yönelik Öğretmen ve Öğrenci Görüşleri

Constructivist education philosophy was adopted in 2005 with theeducation reform carried out in secondary education level in our country.However, standardized tests that measure student knowledge and learningare applied in university entrance exams. The fact that standardized testsrequire knowledge and speed contradicts the constructivist approach’smeasurement-evaluation approach that proposes process monitoring.Therefore, the education in secondary education institutions is notconsidered sufficient in preparation for university entrance exams. Thissituation greatly increased the importance of Formal and Non-FormalEducation Support and Training Courses (FNESTC). It is important tosee the results of the FNESTC, which was put into practice in 2014, todetermine the views of teachers and students about these courses, andto contribute to increase the efficiency of the courses. In this qualitativeresearch, case study design was preferred. The research group consistsof three teacher, four student. Data were collected by semi-structuredinterview forms prepared by the researchers. Content analysis were usedtogether to analyse the data. As a result of this research, it was seen thatFNESTC has diverse effects from the perspective of teachers and students.Teachers generally expressed their discomfort with the shortcomings inpractice. Teachers expect that all the stakeholders will discuss the issuesrelated to FNESTC, considering that education should be handled as awhole. The students are generally satisfied with the process and agree withtheir teachers that future improvements should be made.

Topic: Education Practices and Challenges
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Real-Time Collaborative Software Modeling Using UML with Rational Software Architect

Modeling is commonly used in the process of software development. UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard software modeling language and has been widely adopted for software analysis and design. As software systems are getting larger and more complex nowadays, software modeling using UML often requires collective and collaborative efforts from multiple software designers. In contrast, most of today's software modeling applications are still single-user-oriented and do not offer much help to coordinate interaction and collaboration among team members. In this paper, we will present the technical challenges and solutions in providing advanced collaboration capabilities and transparently integrating them into mainstream software modeling applications to effectively facilitate collaboration among geographically dispersed software designers. The work has been tested and demonstrated by the design of CoRSA (Collaborative Rational Software Architect) - an experimental collaborative software modeling prototype based on RSA, one of the most widely used commercial software modeling applications in the market

Topic: Usability and User Interface Design
Subfield: Human-Computer Interaction
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Synthesis, optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties of conjugated alternating copolymers incorporating 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole or fluorenone units: a comparative study

High band gap copolymers containing were synthesized and compared for application in bulkheterojunction solar cells.

Topic: Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Optimal voltage profile control and losses minimization of radial distribution feeders

The primary function of the power system is to satisfy load and energy requirements for customers with a reasonable assurance of continuity and quality of supply. The electricity sector in all countries is interested in improving system quality not only to achieve legal obligations and standard regulation but also to increase the revenue. Improving system quality leads to increasing electricity sales, which represent a profit to the utility, and contract damage. The appliances and equipments will operate more efficiency during its lifetime which is a return to the customer. Two main items identifying the quality of service were considered that directly affect the system operation besides the utility revenue and also customer satisfaction. Voltage profile control and losses minimization were the two items considered. Owing to the load growth, the utility lies in a criticality due to the increasing voltage drop and losses in addition to the capabilities of the distribution network. This paper introduces a new method to find out the optimal location and quantity of capacitor banks for reactive power compensation. There before a step voltage regulator for voltage profile control is assigned and allocated to achieve the highest benefits for customer load patterns and utility loss reduction. The compensation problem under study is an optimization problem solved using nonlinear programming technique. Appropriate voltage profile control and regulator allocation depends on the sight of the operation engineer and distribution feeder.

Topic: Optimal Power Flow Distribution
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Final Consonants

Final consonants, in the stem, the word, or the phrase, often display properties that set them apart from consonants in other positions. Basic principles of syllabification predict that final consonants are codas (see also chapter 33: syllable‐internal structure ) and, as such, are expected to pattern like non‐final codas. Final consonants thus pose an analytical challenge when this expectation is not fulfilled.

Topic: Phonetics and Phonology Research
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Multidisciplinary Collaborative Product Modeling in Distributed Network Environment

Based on the analysis of product model characteristics of multidisciplinary collaborative design (MCD), multiple views model expressed by an extended object-oriented method is introduced to satisfy the requirements of different discipline designers for product information interaction and share. A product modeling system for multidisciplinary collaborative design is proposed, and the modeling method of discipline view model under the network environment is given, which can effectively support the evolution of product model and improve the flexibility of product modeling. The clutch is illustrated to validate the proposed methods.

Topic: Product Development and Customization
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
E-Readiness Assessment Methods and Tools

E-readiness assessments are largely investigated at country-level across a number of sectors, and tend to adopt quantitative approaches that assign to countries’ numerical scores depending on how well they have performed on specific components of e-readiness measures. A weighted average is calculated based on the relative importance accorded to these components in order to determine the level of e-readiness of countries (Rizk, 2004). The results of e-readiness rankings of countries are regularly published annually by some agencies. For example, the Economist Intelligence Unit (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2001) annually publishes a comprehensive list of countries on the basis of their measured e-readiness. The ranking categorises countries on the basis of their overall e-readiness, as calculated from 89 indicators across six weighted dimensions, namely connectivity, the business environment, consumer and business adoption, the legal and regulatory environment, supporting services, and social and cultural infrastructure. The result of the calculations is the classification of the world’s largest economies on the basis of their perceived adopter category.

Topic: Information Technology Governance and Strategy
Subfield: Management Information Systems
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Experimental verification of postulate of isotropy and mathematical modeling of elastoplastic deformation processes following the complex angled nonanalytic trajectories

The results of numerical simulation for 45 steel deformation with the use of general and linearized models of the theory of processes along flat smooth trajectories with curvilinear sectors are presented. The results of calculation are compared with the data of thin-walled cylindrical specimen deformation experiment, carried out on SN-EVM testing complex. It is shown that for the realized types of experimental trajectories symmetric with respect to the bisector of a right angle Ilyushin’s postulate of isotropy is fulfilled in the proper way.

Topic: Material Properties and Failure Mechanisms
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of Microfluidic Processing on the Viability of Boar and Bull Spermatozoa

The use of microfluidics in artificial reproductive technologies for manipulation or assessment of spermatozoa is unique in the sense that it is not always an end point measurement and the sample may be used afterward. During microfluidic processing, spermatozoa are exposed to shear stress, which may harm viability and functioning of spermatozoa. The shear stresses during general microfluidic processing steps were calculated and compared to estimated shear stresses during ejaculation. The viability of boar and bull spermatozoa after microfluidic processing was studied and compared to the typical handling method (centrifugation) and to a control (the sample in a tube at the same temperature). The boar spermatozoa showed a small but significant decrease in viability of 6% after microfluidic handling. Bull spermatozoa proved to be less susceptible to shear stress and were not significantly affected by microfluidic processing. These data indicate that the impact of microfluidic processing on the viability of boar and bull spermatozoa is less than the literature values reported for flow cytometry and comparable to the impact of centrifugation.

Topic: Sperm and Testicular Function
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Identification of canine osteoarthritis using an owner‐reported questionnaire and treatment monitoring using functional mobility tests

Objectives To investigate the diagnostic value of an owner‐completed canine osteoarthritis screening checklist to help identify previously undiagnosed osteoarthritis cases, and assess their response to carprofen treatment by monitoring pain and functional mobility. Materials and Methods Dogs (n=500) whose owners reported ≥1 positive response to the osteoarthritis checklist were examined to identify dogs with previously undiagnosed osteoarthritis. Eligible dogs (n=133) were evaluated for pain and video mobility analysis by Helsinki Chronic Pain Index and visual analogue scale scores, respectively, following carprofen treatment, administered for 30 days (n=95) or up to 120 days (n=38). Dogs were filmed at clinics performing activities (walking, jogging, sitting/lying, walking up and down stairs), and scored at days 0, 30 and 120 using visual analogue scale by an independent blinded expert. Results A diagnosis of osteoarthritis was confirmed by a veterinarian in 38% (188 of 500) of dogs. Balance of sensitivity and specificity across the original group of nine screening questions was optimised to approximately 88 and 71%, respectively, after elimination of three questions. Pain measured by Helsinki Chronic Pain Index and functional mobility improved over time in response to treatment with carprofen. Mean ability scores for activities significantly improved between days 0 and 30 for walking, jogging, sitting/lying and walking down stairs, and days 0 and 120 for sitting/lying and walking up stairs. Clinical Significance More osteoarthritis cases were identified in study dogs than previous prevalence estimates, indicating the screening checklist's potential to help identify for further evaluation cases that could otherwise remain undiagnosed. Improvements in function were demonstrated after carprofen treatment.

Topic: Veterinary Orthopedics and Neurology
Subfield: Small Animals
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
Key2Share for Authentication Services

Key2Share is a smartphone-based solution for authentication services that allows users to manage their access rights to different physical resources on their mobile device. The system is applicable in various application scenarios, such as access control to enterprise facilities, hotel rooms, houses and cars. Key2Share complies with high security standards by providing reliable protection for keys in transit and on the mobile platform. Particularly, it employs modern cryptography to protect keys in transfer and leverages secure hardware (such as smartcards) for storing and handling cryptographic secrets in isolation from untrusted code, such as mobile operating system and apps.

Topic: User Authentication and Security Systems
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Skin tolerance and effectiveness of two hand decontamination procedures in everyday hospital use

Background Hand decontamination is crucial to control nosocomial infections. The utility of hand decontamination is related not only to its antimicrobial effectiveness, but also to its acceptability by hospital staff. Objectives We aimed to assess skin tolerance and antimicrobial effects of two widely accepted hand hygiene measures under in‐use conditions. Methods Fifty‐two nurses were randomly assigned for an 8‐day period to either an alcohol‐based disinfectant or a hand wash with a non‐antiseptic soap. At baseline and at the end of the test period, microbiological hand samples were obtained both before and after a hand hygiene procedure, and skin tolerance was assessed using clinical scores and measurement of transepidermal water loss. Results Self‐assessment of skin condition and grade of skin damage worsened significantly more in the group using soap than in the group using alcoholic disinfectant (P = 0·004 and P = 0·01, respectively). The alcohol‐based rinse was significantly more effective than liquid soap in removing transient contaminant micro‐organisms (P = 0·016). Twenty of 50 hand washes with non‐antiseptic soap apparently resulted in bacterial contamination of the hands. At the end of the study, the total bacterial count increased with the increasing number of hand washes in the soap group (P = 0·003), and with the degree of skin damage (P = 0·005) in the antiseptic group. Conclusions In everyday hospital practice, alcohol‐based disinfectant is more effective and better tolerated than non‐antiseptic soap; soap is at risk of spreading contamination; and skin comfort strongly influences the number and the quality of hand hygiene procedures.

Topic: Infection Control in Healthcare
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences