jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Long term performance of boilers using landfill gas

The US EPA estimates that approximately 600 to 700 landfills produce sufficient gas for profitable energy production in the United States. The gas from these landfills could provide enough electricity for about 3 million homes. Yet, there are only about 120 operating landfill gas to energy facilities. A lack of information on successful projects may cause part of this shortfall. This paper provides information on 4 successful projects using landfill gas fired boilers, some of which have operated over a decade. Natural gas fired boilers can be easily converted to bum landfill gas. Several modifications to Districts` boilers, described in this paper, have resulted in many years of safe and corrosion free operation. Most of the modifications are minor. Conversion can be accomplished for under $100,000 in many cases. Information on the reliability and longevity of landfill gas supplies is also provided. Gas from a given landfill is generally available over 99.5% of the time with about 5 brief flow interruptions annually. Actual data from 3 landfills document the high availability of landfill gas. To show the longevity of landfill gas flows, data from the Palos Verdes Landfill are provided. The Palos Verdes Landfill closed in 1980. The Palos Verdes.more » Landfill Gas to Energy Facility is currently producing over 8 megawatts. Landfill gas pretreatment is not required for boilers. In cases where the landfill gas is being piped offsite, it is usually cost effective to dehydrate the landfill gas. Landfill gas bums cleaner than natural gas. NO{sub x} emissions from landfill gas fired boilers are lower because of the carbon dioxide in the landfill gas. Trace organic destruction efficiency is usually over 99% in landfill gas fired boilers. In addition, flare emissions are eliminated when landfill gas is used to displace fossil fuels in boilers.« less

Topic: Landfill Environmental Impact Studies
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplemental Material4 - Supplemental material for Statistical validation of utility of head-mounted display projection-based experimental impression evaluation for sequential streetscapes

Supplemental material, Supplemental Material4 for Statistical validation of utility of head-mounted display projection-based experimental impression evaluation for sequential streetscapes by Shoko Nishio and Fumiko Ito in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

Topic: Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Rainy season dietary ecology of avian species in semi-refuge habitats in Kano, Nigeria

Birds are important natural field components, and critical to most ecosystems by supporting seeds dispersal, plant pollination and pest control amongst other functions. Data on avian diversity and feeding behavior could be used to enhance habitats and help initiate conservation strategies. Thus, to characterize the diet of local avian fauna, we selected four semi-refuge sites around Kano metropolis, where we established 22 line transects, each 900m long, spaced 150m apart. During May to October, 2017 each site was visited once a month, adding up to 132 transect-visits. Daily surveillance starts between the local hours of 6:30am to 10:30am. We also transect-surveyed tree vegetation for evaluation of the avian habitats. We recorded a total of 22 bird species belonging to 15 families, with ploceidae as the dominant, and the Laughing dove, Streptopelia senegalensis (Family: Columbidae), being the most dominant species. Over 40% of the bird species fed on insects, other arthropods and earthworms; followed in proportion by seed eaters; while only 3.7% were nectar feeders. Goodness of fit test on observed versus expected dietary item frequencies was significant (Chi-Sq=31.49; P=0.000), indicating field cafeteria habits were not random, but selective or, probably even evolutionary. The manner of food search varied amongst the species, with the Yellow-billed oxpecker, Buphagus africanus and Cattle egret, Egretta alba, expending the most continuous foraging time of 30 to 60 minutes. However, some species, e.g., Senegal coucal, Centropus senegalensis, mainly adopted the pick-and-move strategy. The Shanon- Wiener indices of diversity, H, by site, for birds was fair to moderate (1.24 to 2.53) and paralleled those for the trees. In the light of dearth of avian ecological data from the Kano region, we invite motivated ornithologists, bird enthusiasts and public agencies for research into avian movement patterns, and conservation measures that, we believe, must include habitat protection.

Topic: Avian ecology and behavior
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Should we still use azithromycin for gonorrhoea treatment?

This review presents the evidence for azithromycin in the treatment of gonorrhoea, both as monotherapy and as a component of dual therapy. Uncertainties are explored regarding the efficacy of a dual treatment strategy, combining ceftriaxone and azithromycin, in the context of resistance trends and extra-genital infections. The association between microbiological testing and clinical outcome for the individual patient, and the effect of azithromycin use on other sexually transmissible infections, are considered. Finally, in the absence of imminent new antimicrobials, optimising the dose of azithromycin while maintaining tolerability is discussed.

Topic: Reproductive tract infections research
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Reduced Antinociception of Opioids in Rats and Mice by Vaccination with Immunogens Containing Oxycodone and Hydrocodone Haptens

Prescription opioids abuse and associated deaths are an emerging concern in the USA. Vaccination against prescription opioids may provide an alternative to pharmacotherapy. An oxycodone hapten containing a tetraglycine linker at the C6 position (6OXY(Gly)(4)OH) conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) has shown early proof-of-efficacy in rodents as a candidate immunogen (6OXY(Gly)(4)-KLH) for the treatment of oxycodone abuse. In this study, oxycodone-based and hydrocodone-based haptens were conjugated to KLH to generate immunogens that would recognize both oxycodone and hydrocodone. Vaccination with 6OXY(Gly)(4)-KLH increased drug binding in serum, reduced drug distribution to brain, and blunted analgesia for both oxycodone and hydrocodone. An analogous C6-linked hydrocodone vaccine blocked hydrocodone effects but less so than 6OXY(Gly)(4)-KLH. C8-Linked hydrocodone immunogens had only limited efficacy. Amide conjugation showed higher haptenation ratios and greater efficacy than thioether conjugation to maleimide activated KLH (mKLH). The 6OXY(Gly)(4)-KLH vaccine may be used for treatment of prescription opioid abuse.

Topic: Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern of Clinical and Environmental Escherichia coli Isolates from Babylon Hospitals

Abstract A total of (400) clinical and environmental samples were collected during the period from Sep/2018 to Jan/2019 from different hospitals in Hilla city. The isolates were identified and based on microscopic features and standard biochemical tests. The results showed there were (150) isolates of E.coli from clinical and the environmental samples. The clinical isolates (67 isolates) were collected from patients suffering from different infections such as UTI (30 isolates), gastroenteritis (diarrhea) (22 isolates), and wound infections (15 isolates). Also, the environmental isolates (83) were collected from the different site of hospitals environment include surgery room, hospital floors, the hospital cafeteria, the corridors of the hospital, and from workers dress and stool. All 150 E.coli isolates were primarily screened for colistin resistance, The following antibiotics were used for susceptibility testing to the resistance isolates for colistin (17 isolates): Aminoglycosides (Amikacin, Gentamicin, kanamycin ), Sulfonamide (Trimethoprim), Nitrofurans (Nitrofurantoin), Fluoroquinolons (Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin), Cefeme (Cephalothin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime), Macrolides (Erythromycin), carbapenems (Imipenem, meropenem), beta-Lactams (Amoxicillin, Carbenicillin ), Tetracyclin, Chloramphenicol. our result show that E. coli the most causative agent of UTI infection especially in women. there is a high resistance to cefems and beta- lactam antibiotic (100%) among these isolates which play as a cell wall inhibitors. And moderate resistance to ciprofloxacin (52.9%), Chloramphenicol and Norfloxacin (29.14%), and weak resistance to Gentamycin.

Topic: Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Rural–Urban Differences in Physical Activity Tracking and Engagement in a Web-Based Platform

Objectives: Despite the well-established health benefits of regular participation in physical activity, most adults do not meet recommended exercise guidelines. In rural communities, limited local resources and geographic dispersion make engaging in regular activity particularly difficult. Web-based solutions offer a potential solution for addressing physical activity disparities between rural and urban areas. Methods: This study examined the physical activity logs of users (n = 6695) of a web-based platform called Walk Georgia, comparing residents of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. We tabulated descriptive statistics for variables of interest, cross-tabulated for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan groups. We then used independent-samples t tests to compare logged activity between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan residing user groups. Results: In the analysis of group type (n = 6654), users were more likely to enroll in the program as part of a group than as individuals (n = 4391; 65.9%), particularly for users in metropolitan areas (3558 of 5192; 68.5%). Although the groups shared certain activities, nonmetropolitan residents were more likely than metropolitan residents to engage in maintenance-based activities. Nonmetropolitan residents earned fewer program points for their activity than metropolitan users ( P = .007), largely because of lower average exercise difficulty ( P &lt; .001). Conclusions: The web-based platform was effective in helping individuals track physical activity. Despite engaging in similar amounts of physical activity by time, on average, users in nonmetropolitan areas engaged in less rigorous and more maintenance-based tasks than users in metropolitan areas. One strategy for increasing physical activity among rural populations may be to leverage social support provided by group enrollment in such programming.

Topic: Physical Activity and Health
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Evaluation of reduced beam section (RBS) on castellated beam subjected to a seismic load

The ability of the beam to receive a seismic load can be explained in the experimental study of a castellated beam using RBS (reduced beam section) as a damping factor on earthquake resistant building structure. Evaluation of the structure of the exterior connections was done by subjecting cyclic loads gradually until collapsed to evaluate castellated beam test specimens with and without RBS. The experimental test conducted by cyclic test aimed to determine the ability of deformation and the force that worked due to the influence of RBS placement from the column face on the castellated beam. Investment of RBS positions on the columns in the column face shows that failures occurred due to the bending on the shaft. The results obtained by each load to the drift ratio were as follows. On the test specimens with RBS, the melting point was at 8 kN loading with a 1.05% drift ratio, 2.1% drift load at a 9 kN load, 3.20% drift at a peak load of 12 kN, and necking phase at 10.53 kN load with 4.17% drift.

Topic: Structural Response to Dynamic Loads
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Hysteretic ac loss of superconducting strips simultaneously exposed to ac transport current and phase-different ac magnetic field

A simple analytical expression is presented for hysteretic ac loss $Q$ of a superconducting strip simultaneously exposed to an ac transport current $I_0\cosωt$ and a phase-different ac magnetic field $H_0\cos(ωt+θ_0)$. On the basis of Bean's critical state model, we calculate $Q$ for small current amplitude $I_0\ll I_c$, for small magnetic field amplitude $H_0\ll I_c/2πa$, and for arbitrary phase difference $θ_0$, where $I_c$ is the critical current and $2a$ is the width of the strip. The resulting expression for $Q=Q(I_0,H_0,θ_0)$ is a simple biquadratic function of both $I_0$ and $H_0$, and $Q$ becomes maximum (minimum) when $θ_0=0$ or $π$ ($θ_0=π/2$).

Topic: Physics of Superconductivity and Magnetism
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Separable Operators in Scattering Theory

A general theory of nonlocal, separable operators in scattering theory is developed on the basis of variational techniques and eigenvalue analysis. The formalism gives as limiting cases the three-particle isobar model as well as the quasiparticle formalism. The extreme sensitivity of off-shell multiparticle theories to calculation approximation schemes is minimized by our methods. The theory provides optimal systematic extension and improvement of several multiparticle models.

Topic: Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
323 Prevalence and Predictors of Inappropriate Pre-injury Antithrombotic Use in Patients Presenting with TBI

INTRODUCTION: A growing proportion of the US population is on antithrombotic therapy (AT), expanding most significantly within the elderly subpopulation. The intended benefits of AT are balanced by known increased bleeding risk, salient after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Inappropriate pre-injury AT (IAT) in patients presenting with TBI confers unbalanced risk of poor outcomes and has yet to be described in existing literature. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients with TBI and pre-injury AT who presented to our institution between January 2016 and September 2020. Demographic and clinical data was collected from the medical record. IAT status was determined through established clinical algorithms in combination with American College of Cardiology practice guidelines. Clinical predictors were determined by logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 169 included patients, 59% were male (n = 100) and mean age was 82 years. AT agents included aspirin (n = 46), clopidogrel (n = 45), coumadin (n = 77), dabigatran (n = 4), rivaroxaban (n = 17), and apixaban (n = 30). Overall surgical intervention, complication, and death rates were 7.7%, 15.4%, and 20.1%, respectively. IAT was found in 10.6% of patients overall: in 41% (n = 6) of patients with documented indication of pulmonary embolism, in 6.2% with documented indication of atrial fibrillation (AF) (n = 6), in 24% with documented indication of cardiac stents (n = 5). Age was a significant negative predictor of IAT use in patients with documented indication of AF (p=0.009). Gender, race, and AT agent were not significant predictors. CONCLUSION: 1 in 10 patients presenting with TBI were found to be on IAT. Our study is the first to describe this population and warrants investigation into workflow interventions that initiate verification or deprescription of AT by neurosurgeons treating TBI and outpatient prescribers.

Topic: Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Moderate hyperglycemia worsens acute blood-brain barrier injury after forebrain ischemia in rats.

Clinical and experimental data indicate that hyperglycemia can aggravate the consequences of stroke and cerebral ischemia. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of moderate hyperglycemia on the response of the blood-brain barrier to normothermic (37 degrees C) and hypothermic (30 degrees C) global forebrain ischemia. Sixteen rats underwent 20 minutes of four-vessel occlusion followed by 30 minutes of postischemic recirculation. We used the protein tracer horseradish peroxidase as an indicator of increased vascular permeability, and rats were perfusion-fixed for microscopic analysis. To produce moderate hyperglycemia, we gave an intraperitoneal injection of 50% dextrose 15 minutes before the ischemic insult. After normothermic brain ischemia, normoglycemic rats (plasma glucose level, 115 +/- 3 mg/dl) demonstrated extravasated horseradish peroxidase mainly restricted to the cerebral cortex. In contrast, more severe and widespread protein extravasation was documented throughout the neuraxis of hyperglycemic (plasma glucose level, 342 +/- 27) rats. Sites of protein leakage included the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum. Foci of protein extravasation were associated with pial and large penetrating vessels. Intraischemic hypothermia significantly attenuated the blood-brain barrier consequences of hyperglycemic brain ischemia. Under normothermic ischemic conditions, hyperglycemia significantly worsens the degree of acute blood-brain barrier breakdown compared with normoglycemia. Postischemic blood-brain barrier disruption may play an important role in the pathogenesis of increased brain damage associated with systemic hyperglycemia.

Topic: Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A 94.1% Efficiency 20-180W GaN-Based Full-Bridge Wireless Power Receiver for High-Power Wireless Chargers

In this paper, a 6.78MHz GaN-based full-bridge active rectifier with enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) and voltage conversion ratio (VCR) is proposed. The design features a bootstrap driver to actively switch the high-side GaN transistors, as well as real-time calibration loops to automatically compensate the circuit delays in the low-side control paths, such that the PCE and VCR are maximized with eliminated reverse current and optimal conduction time. The proposed active rectifier is designed and simulated in a 180nm BCD process, and verified under process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations with power capacity from 20 to 180 W. Thanks to the proposed calibration loops, up to 25% and 20% PCE and VCR improvements, respectively, are observed under various PVT and loading conditions, with a peak PCE of 94.1% at 90-W output power and a peak VCR at 98% at 20-W output power.

Topic: Wireless Power Transfer Systems
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Noncovalent Cross-Linking of Casein by Epigallocatechin Gallate Characterized by Single Molecule Force Microscopy

Interaction of the tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) with beta-casein in milk affects the taste of tea and also affects the stability of the tea and the antioxidant ability of the EGCG. In addition, interaction of polyphenols with the chemically similar salivary proline-rich proteins is largely responsible for the astringency of tea and red wine. With the use of single molecule force microscopy, we demonstrate that the interaction of EGCG with a single casein molecule is multivalent and leads to reduction in the persistence length of casein as calculated using the wormlike chain model and a reduction in its radius of gyration. The extra force required to stretch casein in the presence of EGCG is largely entropic, suggesting that multivalent hydrophobic interactions cause a compaction of the casein micelle.

Topic: Proteins in Food Systems
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Impact of ischemic preconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat sciatic nerve.

The aim of this study was to assess the preventive effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in the sciatic nerve of the rat hind limb. This study included two experiments. For Experiment 1, 40 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups that received different IPC treatments prior to IR. Serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assessed following reperfusion. Furthermore, we tested the electrophysiological response and ultrastructural changes in the ipsilateral sciatic nerve after IR. After determining the best IPC protocol for protection, we performed a second experiment with 30 SD rats randomly divided into 3 equal groups. Each group underwent 1, 2, or 3 IPC cycles before prolonged ischemia and reperfusion. The same analyses as in Experiment 1 were performed. In Experiment 1, the AST, LDH, and MDA concentrations were decreased in all IPC groups compared with the control group. Concentration of these enzymes showed decreases with increasing IPC cycle number in Experiment 2; however, the difference between 2 and 3 cycles of IPC did not reach significance. Conversely, SOD activity increased in the rapid and delayed groups, and with increasing cycles of IPC. The electrophysiological test showed a decrease in amplitude and increase in conduction velocity with increasing IPC cycles. Moreover, ultrastructural damage decreased with increasing IPC cycles. IPC protected against IR injury in the peripheral nerves. This effect was positively correlated with the number of IPC cycles.

Topic: Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
3D furlike texture generation by a 2D autoregressive synthesis

This paper presents a texture model that allows a two dimensional synthesis of 3D furlike texture.&#13;\nThe model is based on the modelling of the texture autocorrelation function (ACF) and a two&#13;\ndimensional AutoRegressive synthesis (2D AR). We consider that the appearance of a furlike&#13;\ntexture is defined by two characteristics, the orientation and the length of each individual element&#13;\n(i.e. filament). The values of these characteristics are constant in a stationary texture. The AR&#13;\nsynthesis model of a given texture is defined by a number of parameters which can be computed&#13;\nfrom the texture ACF. Therefore\t we have built a mathematical model of the ACF with respect&#13;\nto orientation and length. The model obtained consists of an analytical expression of ACF with&#13;\nrespect to orientation. For the length\t we have used a lookup table. Indeed\t the ACF expression&#13;\nincludes some parameters which are numerically estimated for several values of length. This allows&#13;\nto build a lookup table indexed by length and containing at each entry a set of ACF parameters.&#13;\nIn this way a furlike texture synthesis based on this table can be implemented. We show that&#13;\nwith an appropriate choice of other parameters of the AR synthesis\t this approach yields satisfying&#13;\nresults\t essentially for the simulation of fur appearance on 3D surfaces.

Topic: Laser and Thermal Forming Techniques
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences