jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pathologies associated with impacted maxillary canine tooth in patients presenting at a tertiary care hospital

Background: The pathologies associated with impacted maxillary canine tooth presented as radiolucent, radiopaque and mixed radiolucent radiopaque lesions on radiographs and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor was the most common pathology associated with it followed by dentigerous cyst, odontoma and calcifying odontogenic cyst after histopathological confirmation. This study was planned to determine the frequency of pathologies associated with impacted maxillary canine tooth in patients presenting at a tertiary care hospital.Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted at Dental / Oral Surgery Department, Shaikh Zayed Medical College / Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan from January to December 2017. A total of 60 patients with clinical and radiographic diagnosis of impacted maxillary canine tooth were enrolled. Orthopantomogram and/or para nasal sinus view were considered as the standard radiograph for assessment of pathologies associated with impacted maxillary canine tooth which were confirmed by histopathological examination. Demographics and radiographic findings and histopathological confirmation of pathologies were noted.Results: Out of a total of 60 patients, 38 (63.33%) pathologies associated with impacted maxillary canine presented as radiolucent lesion, 11 (18.33%) each presented as radiopaque and mixed radiolucent radiopaque lesion. Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (30%) was the most common pathology associated with impacted maxillary canine tooth. The other pathologies associated were dentigerous cyst (26.67%), odontoma (18.33%), calcifying odontogenic cyst (11.66%), calcifying odontogenic cyst with an odonotoma (6.66%), Odontogenic keratocyst (3.33%) and Ameloblastoma (3.33%).Conclusions: The most common pathology occurring predominantly with impacted maxillary canine tooth was adenomatoid odontogenic tumor followed by dentigerous cyst, odontoma and calcifying odontogenic cyst.

Topic: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Increasing reliability and productivity in hypermarkets by queuing theory analysis and a smart shopping cart-based system

One of the bothering and unavoidable things in most of the shopping centres is billing. This paper focuses on developing an alternative methodology to the existing one by using time study and queuing theory. With help of results, a new methodology is proposed to increase the productivity, swiftness of shopping. The proposal is to departmentalise the billing process and implant smart billing concepts like localised self initiated billing counters or customised trolleys to bill products. This new study results in time saving in the queuing and billing process. The cart is designed using CREO 2.0 software and made smart with the help of wireless sensing devices. With the burgeoning role of wireless sensing devices such as bar-code scanners, this application can be extended to the consumer market such as a supermarket where manual-billing process becomes cumbersome and at the same time involves a hefty waste of time and labour.

Topic: Consumer Retail Behavior Studies
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
The Cosmic Causal Mass

In order to provide a better understanding of rotating universe models, and in particular the Gödel universe, we discuss the relationship between cosmic rotation and perfect inertial dragging. In this connection, the concept of causal mass is defined in a cosmological context, and discussed in relation to the cosmic inertial dragging effect. Then, we calculate the mass inside the particle horizon of the flat ΛCDM-model integrated along the past light cone. The calculation shows that the Schwarzschild radius of this mass is around three times the radius of the particle horizon. This indicates that there is close to perfect inertial dragging in our universe. Hence, the calculation provides an explanation for the observation that the swinging plane of a Foucault pendulum follows the stars.

Topic: Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Elucidation of phase I and phase II metabolic pathways of rhein: species differences and their potential relevance.

Because of previously observed species differences in rhein tolerability, with rabbits being very susceptible to kidney disturbances, in vivo and in vitro biotransformation studies were performed to find out whether the differences in the undesired effects of rhein are associated with qualitative, species-dependent differences in its metabolism. First hints on species-dependent biotransformation profiles were obtained from in vivo experiments with 14C-labeled rhein in rat, rabbit, dog, and man. TLC-analysis of urine samples obtained after oral administration of 14C-rhein to rabbits revealed an additional, hydrophilic metabolite fraction in rabbit urine as compared with dog and human urine, all of which contain phenolic monoglucuronide and monosulfate as major metabolites. An investigation of urine samples (obtained from dogs, rabbits, rats, and human volunteers after oral application of unlabeled rhein) was conducted by means of mass spectrometric tandem techniques including on-line HPLC-MS/MS. In vitro experiments with subcellular liver fractions of rats and rabbits revealed the presence of three monohydroxylated metabolites of rhein, their quinoid oxidation products, and a bishydroxylated derivative of rhein. The hydroxylated phase I metabolites were detected as glucuronides in urine samples of all investigated species, whereas the quinoid product was present only in rabbit urine. Moreover, two regioisomeric phenolic glucuronides and sulfates or glucosides of rhein were found as major phase II metabolites in urine of all species. Furthermore, acyl glucuronides of rhein and monohydroxylated rhein and their respective isomeric acyl migration products were identified in human urine. In rabbit urine we discovered different bisglucuronides (bisphenolic glucuronide, mixed ether/ ester glucuronides), whereas in rats only the bisether/ether glucuronide was present. In addition, the investigations of dog and human urine showed the formation of two regioisomeric phenolic glucosides. With respect to a potential reactivity with endogenous macromolecules the quinoid metabolites as well as the bisester/ether glucuronides appear most relevant.

Topic: Phytochemistry and biological activity of medicinal plants
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Nonspatial attentional capture by previously rewarded scene semantics

Recent research has shown that reward influences visual perception and cognition in a way that is distinct from the well-documented goal-directed mechanisms. In the current study we explored how task-irrelevant stimulus-reward associations affect processing of stimuli when attention is constrained and reward no longer delivered. During a training phase, participants performed a choice game, exposing them to different reward schedules for different semantic categories of natural scene pictures. In a separate test session in which no additional reward was provided, the differentially rewarded scene categories were used as task-irrelevant non-targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. Participants performed a detection task on a previously non-rewarded target category. Results show that participants' sensitivity index (d′) for target detection decreased as a function of whether the reward was coupled to the distractor category during training. The semantic category of natural scenes associated with high reward caused more interference in target detection than the semantic category associated with a low reward. The same was found when new, unseen distractor pictures of the same semantic categories were used. The present findings suggest that reward can be selectively associated with high level scene semantics. We argue that learned stimulus-reward associations persistently bias perceptual processing independently of spatial shifts in attention and the immediate prospect of reward.

Topic: Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Suggestive Selling by Waitstaff in Family-Style Restaurants

Two studies were carried out in family-style restaurants to increase suggestive selling by waitstaff and to assess some of the natural contingencies that may influence suggestive selling. In the first study a combination of goal setting, feedback, and positive reinforcement was presented to waitstaff for suggestive selling of cocktails, appetizers, and desserts. Increases were not uniform across the three categories with desserts showing the greatest increase. The second study was designed to assess some of the possible controlling variables for selling by observing when waitstaff typically suggested cocktails, appetizers, and desserts in over 50 restaurants. Suggestions were more probable after dinner than after lunch and waitstaff were more likely to suggest dessert when the restaurant was not crowded than when it was full and busy. Suggestive selling appears to differ across individual waitstaff and may be differentially reinforced during non-peak times during the day.

Topic: Psychology of Social Influence
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
French academic's views on financial compensation of participants

Abstract Background Whether and how participants in biomedical research should receive financial compensation is debated. We wished to explore how this issue was perceived by French professionals, focusing on different conditions of research. Materials and methods We surveyed referent responders of Clinical Investigation Centres, Research Ethics Committees and hospital administrative departments for clinical research, via referent responders who completed an online questionnaire on behalf of their respective teams. Financial compensation was addressed in terms of general perception, justifications, interpretation of French law, concrete clinical situations and compensation of incurred expenses. Descriptive analyses and correlations were carried out based on scalar responses. Results The questionnaire was answered by 54/116 (45·6%) centres. The ethical aspects of compensation were viewed differently by Clinical Investigation Centres and Research Ethics Committees, whereas the practical aspects were viewed similarly. Agreement to compensation for patients was lower than for healthy volunteers (74·1 vs. 98·2%). The most frequently cited justifications for compensation apart from the inconveniences of research were the potential risk and the absence of medical benefit. Most of the proposed expenses incurred were to be compensated, but agreement to reimbursement of petrol bills or childcare expense was lower. Conclusions Although some of the responses align with previous surveys in other countries, this information may help French professionals to harmonise their practices. We also addressed practical issues which could be studied in other European countries, for professionals and participants. Finally, the reluctance to compensate patients requires further study, taking into account welfare environment and consequences for recruitment.

Topic: Ethics in Clinical Research
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Genetic polymorphisms in caveolin-1 associate with breast cancer risk in Chinese Han population

Caveolin-1(<i>CAV-1</i>) was demonstrated to be a tumor suppressor gene and be implicated in the development of breast cancer (BC). Numerous potentially functional polymorphisms in <i>CAV-1</i> have been identified, but their effects on BC were not clear. This case-control study aims to evaluate the relationship between <i>CAV-1</i> polymorphisms and BC risk. 560 BC patients and 583 healthy controls were enrolled in the present study, all from Chinese Han population. We detected 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3807987, rs1997623, and rs7804372) in <i>CAV-1</i> using the Sequenom MassARRAY method. The association between <i>CAV-1</i>genotypes and BC risk was assessed in six genetic models by calculating the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) with χ<sup>2</sup>-test. The <i>CAV-1</i> rs3807987 polymorphism was observed to increase the risk of BC And the A allele of rs3807987 relates to a larger tumor size (≥2cm) and lower incidence of PR-positive BC while the AA genotype of rs7804372 associates with a higher ER and Her-2 positive rate among BC patients. In addition, A<sub>rs1997623</sub>G<sub>rs3807987</sub>T<sub>rs7804372</sub> haplotype was linked to a decreased risk of BC (OR =0.64, 95%CI=0.44-0.93), whereas C<sub>rs1997623</sub>A<sub>rs3807987</sub>T<sub>rs7804372</sub> haplotype was related to an increased BC risk (OR =1.74, 95%CI=1.04-2.92). Our study suggests that <i>CAV-1</i> rs3807987 can increase the BC risk among Chinese Han women. And the rs3807987 and rs7804372 in <i>CAV-1</i> may serve as predictors for prognosis of BC.

Topic: Caveolin-1 and cellular processes
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Glycogen metabolism and the nuclear envelope-annulate lamella system in the early chick embryo

ABSTRACT The intracellular sites of glycogen degradation in the mid to late uterine chick embryo were determined by cytochemical localization of glucose-6-phosphatase at the ultrastructural level. Enzyme activity was found between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope, in the annulate lamellae and in specialized glycogen-containing membrane scrolls. Annulate lamellae and glycogen scrolls were most frequent during the stages of intensive glycogen degradation. Annulate lamellae appear to be formed from the nuclear envelope. During the early post-laying stages annulate lamellae disappeared and were replaced by endoplasmic reticulum that appeared initially in scroll-like formations.

Topic: Animal Genetics and Reproduction
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Enalapril and renal injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Rats of the spontaneously hypertensive strain develop kidney damage that resembles the nephropathy seen in some cases of human essential hypertension. Previous studies with a triple drug antihypertensive regimen indicated that proteinuria and glomerular histopathology in spontaneously hypertensive rats might develop despite long-term effective control of systemic blood pressure. To investigate further the relation between hypertension and kidney disease, a group of spontaneously hypertensive rats were treated with enalapril at 15 weeks of age. Blood pressure, protein excretion, and kidney function were measured in those rats at regular intervals during the next year and a half and were compared with untreated spontaneously hypertensive rats and the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto parent strain. Kidney tissue samples from all three groups, collected at autopsy, were stained by immunohistochemical and conventional methods to assess the relative severity and nature of kidney damage. Although enalapril therapy was completely effective in controlling the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats, it only postponed the onset of kidney disease. Enalapril-treated spontaneously hypertensive rats eventually exhibited albuminuria as severe as that found in hypertensive rats. Kidney vessel pathology was completely prevented with enalapril, but the abnormal accumulation of mononuclear cells in tubulointerstitial and periglomerular sites was the same as in untreated spontaneously hypertensive rats. We have concluded that elevated protein excretion in rats of the spontaneously hypertensive rat strain is not a secondary consequence of systemic hypertension. Structural abnormalities of renal vessels also do not appear to contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of albuminuria in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Other explanations must be sought to account for the close link between spontaneous hypertension and kidney damage in this animal model. The clear dissociation of kidney disease from systemic hypertension exhibited by spontaneously hypertensive rats may also be relevant for human disease.

Topic: Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The O.M.G.E. Multinational Inflammatory Bowel Disease Survey 1976-1982. A further report on 2,657 cases.

This presentation describes the progress during 1982-1986 of the OMGE Multinational Survey of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. After a brief description of the study design and protocol, the status of the survey in 1986 is presented. In all, 40 centres contributed 3175 cases at that time, data collection being meticulous via previously designed proformata. Diagnostic criteria are next discussed. Little change between 1976 and 1986 is noted, with wide congruence of diagnostic thought, now codified into a simple (and recommended) OMGE diagnostic scoring system. Patients seen prior to 1978 were reviewed in 1986. Where attempted, a follow-up of over 86% was achieved, usually more than 4 years after the original presentation involving no less than 5215 'patient-years' of observed follow-up. Following these overall considerations, details of four subprojects are annexed, each of which was presented as a 'free paper' at the 8th World Congress and concerning, respectively, the changing natural history of IBD, risks of perforation and toxic megacolon in the 1980s, IBD in elderly patients, and features associated with recurrence in Crohn's disease.

Topic: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Determination of the effective boron in the soil of orange plantation by GFAAS

In this paper, a determination method of the effective Boron in the soil of orange plantation by GFAAS is investigated, which is under the conditions that drying temperature is from 80℃ to 120℃, ashing temperature is 700℃, and atomization temperature is 2700℃ using Calcium-ascorbic acid as matrix modifier and pyrogenation graphite tube. The detection limit of the method is 00104 μg/mL. The precision is 1.2%~5.6% (RSD, n=3). Contrasted with curcumine method and ICP-AES method, the analytical results are in good agreement with its by GFAAS.

Topic: Agriculture, Soil, Plant Science
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Neuronal activity and AMPA‐type glutamate receptor activation regulates the morphological development of oligodendrocyte precursor cells

Myelination is initiated when oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) contact target axons. Neuronal activity promotes myelination through actions that may involve OPC AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors (AMPAR, NMDAR). Therefore, activity and AMPAR/NMDAR activation are predicted to promote the morphological development of OPC. AMPAR can regulate OPC development, but this analysis was not performed in situ and the role of action potentials was not examined. Hence, the influence of activity and AMPAR on OPC morphology and development remain untested in the CNS where axon‐glial interactions are preserved. Data on NMDAR are mixed with conflicting results from in vitro and in vivo work. To gain a fuller understanding of activity‐dependent OPC development in situ , we explored the role of AMPAR and NMDAR in cerebellar slice cultures that permit the study of endogenous OPC development and myelination. The structure of individual OPC was resolved from cells labeled with membrane targeted GFP. Morphological data were then validated against assays of OPC development. Blocking either activity or AMPAR impaired the morphological development of OPC and promoted proliferation and differentiation. Increasing the pool of oligodendrocytes by blocking activity or AMPAR failed to promote myelination. Instead both myelination and the expression of myelin basic protein were reduced by these treatments suggesting that full differentiation to a myelinating phenotype did not occur. Blocking NMDAR left OPC proliferation, differentiation and morphology unchanged. These data indicate an important role for AMPAR but not NMDAR in mediating the activity‐dependent signals that regulate OPC morphology, development and myelination. GLIA 2015;63:1021–1035

Topic: Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Subfield: Developmental Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Securing “Functional” Legal Eternity in Italy: Parliamentary Procedures, Electoral Legislation and the Free Mandate for Members of Parliament

This article addresses the subject of the free mandate for parliamentarians in Italy in relation to eternity clauses or inadmissible changes of the constitution, considering Italy’s constitution prevents amendments regarding some of its principles. This sort of counter-majoritarian devices protect constitutions from major changes and it gains importance due to the rise of new forms of populism. The article examines the relation between the electoral system and the free mandate for parliamentarians in Italy, recently changed by populist forces. Therefore the research outlines the context of Italian constitutionalism, and then addresses the role of parliaments and the “procedures” in this scenario, reaching the subject of the role of electoral legislation on the constitutional order, especially regarding the involvement of constitutional courts in electoral law. Finally, it discusses the free mandate for MPs, showing how complex constitutional principles are at stake, such as equality and representation. It concludes that electoral law should be interpreted and reviewed in the light of all the relevant constitutional principles and also should be protected from populist moves. The article uses a logical-deductive methodology with legislative and theoretical analysis of the subject.

Topic: European and International Law Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Invade feature and invade the rule needed by detection

With the interconnecting of computer systems,it expands greatly shared space and time of information resource,At the same time,it brings challenge never existed before to safety of computer network system.To implement the security policy of system,except the firewall,an effective method is using IDS(Intrusion Detection System) to supervise the network action of users and alert respond.

Topic: Network Security and Intrusion Detection
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Place of Caudal Anaesthesia in Obstetrics

Present day trainee anaesthetists could be forgiven if they finished their anaesthetic training believing that caudal anaesthesia in obstetrics is not only unnecessary, but dangerous and a relic of the past. Many anaesthetic texts teach applications and techniques which are little or no advance on the teachings of Hingson and Edwards in 1942 and reflect nothing of the true value and application of this valuable block. This paper presents a critical review of these texts and of the results of the use of the block in a busy obstetric unit.

Topic: Medical History and Innovations
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences