jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Differentiating Donor Age Groups Based on Raman Spectroscopy\nof Bloodstains for Forensic Purposes

Developments in analytical\nchemistry technologies and portable\ninstrumentation over the past decade have contributed significantly\nto a variety of applications ranging from point of care testing to\nindustrial process control. In particular, Raman spectroscopy has\nadvanced for analyzing various types of evidence for forensic purposes.\nExtracting phenotypic information (e.g., sex, race, age, etc.) from\nbody fluid traces is highly desirable for criminal investigations.\nIdentifying the chronological age (CA) of a blood donor can provide\nsignificant assistance to detectives. In this proof-of-concept study,\nRaman spectroscopy and chemometrics have been used to analyze blood\nfrom human donors, and differentiate between them based on their CA\n[i.e., newborns (CA of &lt;1 year), adolescents (CA of 11–13\nyears), and adults (CA of 43–68 years)]. A support vector machines\ndiscriminant analysis (SVMDA) model was constructed, which demonstrated\nhigh accuracy in correctly predicting blood donors’ age groups\nwhere the lowest cross-validated sensitivity and specificity values\nwere 0.96 and 0.97, respectively. Overall, this preliminary study\ndemonstrates the high selectivity of Raman spectroscopy for differentiating\nbetween blood donors based on their CA. The demonstrated capability\ncompletes our suite of phenotype profiling methodologies including\nthe determination of sex and race. CA determination has particular\nimportance since this characteristic cannot be determined through\nDNA profiling unlike sex and race. When completed, the developed methodology\nshould allow for phenotype profiling based on dry traces of body fluids\nimmediately at the scene of a crime. The availability of this information\nwithin the first few hours since the crime discovery could be invaluable\nfor the investigation.

Topic: Forensic and Genetic Research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Evaluation of Nonconventional Projects: GIRR and GERR vs. MIRR

This article considers evaluation of nonconventional projects and projects with cash outflows occurring not only at the beginning of project. It has been proved that, being a monotonically increasing function of a discount or finance rate, the modified internal rate of return (MIRR) fails to characterize the rate of return of such projects. We showed how to eliminate the MIRR's dependence on a finance rate and proved that in this case the MIRR becomes the “equivalent rate of return” proposed by Solomon. The generalized internal rate of return (GIRR) and generalized external rate of return (GERR) indices based on the generalized net present value (GNPV) approach are considered as alternatives to the MIRR. Several nonconventional projects have been evaluated using the MIRR, GIRR, and GERR rules. In order to verify the estimates, we drew up a simple project balance sheet, which demonstrated correctness of the results based on the GIRR and GERR rules and errors inherent in the MIRR application.

Topic: Capital Investment and Risk Analysis
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
О природе повышения подвижности электронов в канале инверсии у границы раздела кремний-окисел после полевого воздействия

AbstractThe conduction characteristics of the inversion channel of Si-transistor structures after the ionic polarization and depolarization of samples are measured in (0–5)-T transverse magnetic fields at temperatures from 100 to 200 K. After ionic polarization in a strong electric field at 420 K, no less than 6 × 10^13 cm^–2 ions flowed through the oxide. The previously found tenfold increase in the conductivity in the source–drain circuit after the polarization of insulating layers is explained by the formation of a new electron transport path along the surface impurity band, related to delocalized D^– states; these states are generated by neutralized ions located in the insulating layer at its interface with the semiconductor.

Topic: Thin-Film Transistor Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Ticks-borne diseases in 2019 : between false beliefs and good practices].

In recent years, the media and internet have been the stage of a campaign of scientific disinformation led by patient advocacy groups, supported by some « experts » in the field, demanding recognition of health problems attributed to Lyme disease. The controversy has led several professional societies and leading scientific journals in Europe and the United States to reaffirm their position and update their recommendations. Tick bites are common in our area, and medical practitioners must know their potential complications, respond to questions from worried patients, and confront their own doubts and uncertainties. This article aims to give an update on current knowledge of tick-borne diseases based on a number of common assumptions.

Topic: Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
CCDC 2262628: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
FEMa-FS: Finite Element Machines for Feature Selection

Identifying anomalies has become one of the primary strategies towards\nsecurity and protection procedures in computer networks. In this context,\nmachine learning-based methods emerge as an elegant solution to identify such\nscenarios and learn irrelevant information so that a reduction in the\nidentification time and possible gain in accuracy can be obtained. This paper\nproposes a novel feature selection approach called Finite Element Machines for\nFeature Selection (FEMa-FS), which uses the framework of finite elements to\nidentify the most relevant information from a given dataset. Although FEMa-FS\ncan be applied to any application domain, it has been evaluated in the context\nof anomaly detection in computer networks. The outcomes over two datasets\nshowed promising results.\n

Topic: Network Security and Intrusion Detection
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Erythrocyte Glutathione Reductase as a Measure of Riboflavin Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women and Newborns

The assay of erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGR) used to assess the riboflavin nutritional status has been modified to increase its utility.

Topic: Folate and B Vitamins Research
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Note on Some Inequalities

In the course of some recent work on Fourier series [5, 6] I had occasion to use a number of integral inequalities which were generalizations or limiting cases of known results. These inequalities may perhaps have other applications, and it seems worth while to collect them together in a separate note with one or two further results of a similar nature. For any number k , used as an index (exponent), and such that K &gt; 1, we write k' = k ′ ( k –1), so that k and k ′ are conjugate indices in the sense of Hölder's inequality.

Topic: Mathematical Inequalities and Applications
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Exploring Experiences of Structural Racism and its Influence on Maternal and Child Health

Introduction Systematic racism and racial discrimination have been proposed as significant risk factors that contribute to health disparities in maternal and child health outcomes for African American families. There is evidence to suggest that racism is associated with poor birth outcomes. Most studies have examined the role of interpersonal racism, whereas few explore the role of systemic racism. Additionally, few studies have examined the mechanisms by which systemic racism impacts health from the perspective of those affected. This study explored the systems and aspects of structural racism affecting racial inequities in birth outcomes in Baltimore City. Results In this qualitative study, we conducted 3 focus groups with Baltimore City residents (n = 20) and 2 focus groups with maternal, infant, and early childhood home visiting program staff (n = 18). Participants were asked to identify and unpack the systems external to the community that create the current realities of racial inequities in birth outcomes in Baltimore City. Focus groups were recorded, transcribed, and coded to identify themes. Methods A variety of systems were identified as playing a role in the health of pregnant and postpartum people and infants including: medical, justice, government, neighborhood environment, schools, and commercial/retail. For most systems, racism was described as acting by way of: the quality and availability of goods and services; bias, stereotyping, and racial profiling; and power imbalance. Within the health care system, participants commonly reported experiencing disrespectful medical care and described the ways in which it impacts their health. Discussion Midwives, nurses, and other health care professionals have a role to play in undoing systemic racism. Understanding the sources and mechanisms by which systemic racism affects the lives of childbearing families is foundational to that work.

Topic: Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
REKONTRUKSI PASAL 7 AYAT (1), UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2012 TENTANG SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA ANAK, BERBASIS PRINSIP-PRINSIP INDIVIDUALISASI PIDANA DALAM HUKUM ISLAM

Children are a trust and gift from God who has dignity and dignity as a whole human being. In order to safeguard his dignity, the child is entitled to special protection, especially legal protection in the justice system. In realizing the maximum child protection, requires a policy that supports the realization of maximum protection, with the issuance of Law Number 11 Year 2012, concerning the Juvenile Justice System. This is done because Indonesia as a State Party in the Convection of children's rights governing the principle of legal protection against children have an obligation to provide special protection for children in conflict with the law. In Article 7 Paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Law on the Juvenile Justice System, article 7 (1) At the level of investigation, prosecution and examination of cases of children in the district court must be endeavored Diversion, (2) Diversion as meant in paragraph (1) is carried out in the case of acts crimes committed: (a) are threatened with imprisonment of less than 7 (seven) years and (b) do not constitute repeat offenses. This study intended to examine and analyze the form of legal construction of the Juvenile Justice System specifically implementing diversion for victims with demands of less than 7 years. The research method uses a statutory approach, a case approach, and a comparative approach to the number of cases by reviewing and analyzing legislation, journals, cases, data and direct interviews. According to the results of the study, it is found that the implementation of legal penal system of the Juvenile Justice System (1) child cases is increasing, (2) diversion is carried out since the investigation up to the court, and there are still many that are done at a higher level, (3) have an understanding, that diversion must be sought, has a meaning that can be done at various levels so that diversion occurs at several levels, and often occurs at the Court level.

Topic: Legal and Social Justice Studies
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Mathematical Modelling for the Transmission Dynamics of blinding Trachoma

Trachsummaroma is an eye infectious disease caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis bacterium, which may lead to irreversible blindness. The disease is spread directly or indirectly by contacting a contaminated material. It can also be transmitted through the disease vector known as “Musca sorbens” or “Bazaar fly”. To curtail the spread of the disease in a population, a meaningful information on the spread and possible control of the disease is required. Mathematical modeling provides efficient tools that can be used to understand and analyze the dynamics of the disease and its control. Several compartmental epidemic models have been proposed in the literature to study the dynamics of trachoma; including SI, SIR and SEIR. However, majority of the existing trachoma models consider only person to person transmission. Thus, the information provided by such models is insufficient since they did not capture the disease vector transmission. The current study proposed a novel SEIR-SEI model that consider both person-person and vector transmission dynamics. The threshold quantity, basic reproduction number R0 is obtained using the next generation matrix, and it was proved that the disease-free equilibrium is asymptotically stable when R0 &amp;lt; 1, and the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when R0 &amp;gt; 1. Some simulation results with the aid of mesh plots for the reproductive number as a function of two different biological parameters were obtained. Furthermore, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the influence of the individual parameters on the R0. Numerical results show that the vector contact rate has the highest sensitivity with respect to R0, and the value of R0 increases with increase in, hence, the disease can be controlled by decreasing the vector contact rate. Similarly, improving the rate of environmental hygiene and facial cleanliness will decrease the size of R0 and result in the declination of the disease transmission. Moreover, a detailed parameter estimation of the model parameters and model fitting was presented with the use of field data cases from Northern Nigeria using least-square fitting method. &#x0D; The study provides alternative tools that can be used for planning trachoma control program to achieve global eradication of trachoma as a public heath challenge as targeted by WHO in 2030.

Topic: Reproductive tract infections research
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Algorithmic and Statistical Perspectives on Large-Scale Data Analysis

In recent years, ideas from statistics and scientific computing have begun to interact in increasingly sophisticated and fruitful ways with ideas from computer science and the theory of algorithms to aid in the development of improved worst-case algorithms that are useful for large-scale scientific and Internet data analysis problems. In this chapter, I will describe two recent examples---one having to do with selecting good columns or features from a (DNA Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) data matrix, and the other having to do with selecting good clusters or communities from a data graph (representing a social or information network)---that drew on ideas from both areas and that may serve as a model for exploiting complementary algorithmic and statistical perspectives in order to solve applied large-scale data analysis problems.

Topic: Gene expression and cancer classification
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Modeling and Analysis of Acoustic Emission Generated by Fatigue Cracking

The acoustic emission (AE) method is a popular and well-developed method for passive structural health monitoring of metallic and composite structures. The current study focuses on the analysis of one of its processes, sound source or signal propagation. This paper discusses the principle of plate wave signal sensing using piezoelectric transducers, and derives an analytical expression for the response of piezoelectric transducers under the action of stress waves, to obtain an overall mathematical model of the acoustic emission signal from generation to reception. The acoustic emission caused by fatigue crack extension is simulated by a finite element method, and the actual acoustic emission signal is simulated by a pencil lead break experiment. The results predicted by the mathematical model are compared with the experimental results and the simulation results, respectively, and show good agreement. In addition, the presence of obvious S0 mode Lamb waves is observed in the simulation results and experimental results, which further verifies the correctness of the analytical model prediction.

Topic: Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Analysis of Flow-mark Occurrence Phenomenon Downstream of Weld-line Area in Injection Molding

In injection molding, it is generally recognized that the flow front, which is split into two by the obstacle, re-converges behind the obstacle to form a V-notch-shaped weld-line. However, in certain cases, the appearance of a zonal flow-mark downstream of the weld-line could be noticed even though the V notch disappears. This flow-mark could especially be observed frequently in molded products using high-impact polystyrene (HIPS). The authors developed resin marking methods using a gate magnetization system and a rotary runner exchange system that enable the precise observation of the internal three-dimensional flow behavior with elapsed time. Using these methods, it is statically possible to visualize the freezing flow patterns marked in chronological order by observing the cross-section of the molded samples. In this study, we focused on the melt flow patterns behind the weld-line and visualized the internal melt behavior. Furthermore, we conducted comparisons between these melt flow patterns and the flow-mark occurrence area, and performed measurement of flow-front surface temperature and melt stretching test for HIPS to study the mechanism of the flow-mark occurrence. As a result, the visualization of the melt flow patterns behind the obstacle pin confirmed that resins turning around the pin start to stretch from behind the pin gradually, and reach the flow-front after considerable delay, especially near the cavity walls, generating a temperature drop compared to the surrounding resins. Consequently, it is assumed that when resins with the temperature lower than that of surrounding resins spread near the cavity wall while subjected to fountain-flow extension effects, they form a surface layer, thus causing considerable surface roughness with deformed and protruded rubber particles. This appears as the dull portion of the zonal flow-mark.

Topic: Injection Molding Process and Properties
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Applied Learning Educators Searching for a Pedagogical Model

Australia, like many nations across the globe, has a focus on engaging young people in the post compulsory years of school to ensure their transition into further education, training and /or the workforce. Applied Learning programs which are based on the premise of active, transformative learning from authentic experience have emerged as valuable tools in assisting the transition of young people. Understanding of Applied Learning however, not only varies between nations but also disciplines, context, education settings and curricula. Using a lens of boundary crossing, this chapter draws on research data to provide an account of challenges educators face in an Australian program where there appears little guidance for educators on constructing an Applied Learning pedagogical model for individual practice. From consideration of data and educational theory an Applied Learning pedagogical framework is proposed as a guide for educators in developing Applied Learning programs.

Topic: Education Systems and Policy
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Comparison of the Energy-Balance and Bulk-aerodynamic Approaches for Estimating Glacier Melt

Abstract Two models that estimate glacier ablation from simple meteorological observations are described. Both the energy-balance and bulk-aerodynamic approaches are used to determine the bulk-exchange coefficient for transfer of sensible- and latent-heat energy to the melting ice surface from 17 summer days of measurement on Ivory Glacier, New Zealand. The behaviour of the coefficient is examined over progressively increasing time intervals and as a function of wind speed and gradient, and of atmospheric stability. The models are verified with 36 d of independent data from a different summer on the same glacier. The more accurate short-term estimates of ablation are obtained using the energy-balance approach with empirically but independently derived values of the exchange coefficient.

Topic: Cryospheric studies and observations
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Auditory Risk to Unprotected Bystanders Exposed to Firearm Noise

Background: What is the risk of hearing loss for someone standing next to a shooter? Friends, spouses, children, and other shooters are often present during hunting and recreational shooting activities, and these bystanders seem likely to underestimate the hazard posed by noise from someone else's firearm. Hunters use hearing protection inconsistently, and there is little reason to expect higher use rates among bystanders. Acoustic characteristics and estimates of auditory risk from gunfire noise next to the shooter were assessed in this study. Research Design: This was a descriptive study of auditory risk at the position of a bystander near a recreational firearm shooter. Data Collection and Analysis: Recordings of impulses from 15 recreational firearms were obtained 1 m to the left of the shooter outdoors away from reflective surfaces. Recordings were made using a pressure-calibrated 1/4 inch measurement microphone and digitally sampled at 195 kHz (24 bit depth). The acoustic characteristics of these impulses were examined, and auditory risk estimates were obtained using three contemporary damage-risk criteria (DRCs) for unprotected listeners. Results: Instantaneous peak levels at the bystander location ranged between 149 and 167 dB SPL, and 8 hr equivalent continuous levels (L eqA8 ) ranged between 64 and 83 dB SPL. Poor agreement was obtained across the three DRCs, and the DRC that was most conservative varied with the firearm. The most conservative DRC for each firearm permitted no unprotected exposures to most rifle impulses and fewer than 10 exposures to impulses from most shotguns and the single handgun included in this study. More unprotected exposures were permitted for the guns with smaller cartridges and longer barrel length. Conclusions: None of the recreational firearms included in this study produced sound levels that would be considered safe for all unprotected listeners. The DRCs revealed that only a few of the small-caliber rifles and the smaller-gauge shotguns permitted more than a few shots for the average unprotected listener. This finding is important for professionals involved in hearing health care and the shooting sports because laypersons are likely to consider the bystander location to be inherently less risky because it is farther from the gun than the shooter.

Topic: Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences