jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A study on the differential response of malting barley genotypes to boron toxicity

A field experiment was carried out to study the differential response of eight malting barley genotypes to boron&#13;\ntoxicity in Aydın, Turkey. Genotypes were grown with and without the application of 40 kg B ha-1. Total dry&#13;\nmatter yield, grain yield and boron concentration of roots, stems, leaves and ears were determined. Boron&#13;\napplication resulted in toxicity symptoms at the flag leaves and reduced total dry matter and grain yield as 12.2%&#13;\nand 30.5%. Line 7 gave both the lowest yield reduction and toxicity reading score. In soils both with and without&#13;\nadded boron, boron concentrations from the lowest to the highest were determined as ear, stem root and leaf,&#13;\nrespectively. When boron was added to the soils, boron concentration of root, stem and leaf were found to be&#13;\ndifferent from each. Applying excess amount of B to the soil resulted in dramatic increases in B concentration of&#13;\nplant parts, demonstrating that cultivars have different abilities to accumulate B if the supply in the soil is too&#13;\nhigh. In general, line 7 was found as the most tolerant to B toxicity. Another conclusion drown leaf symptom&#13;\nscoring for B tolerance was more reliable than measuring plant boron concentrations.

Topic: Plant Micronutrient Interactions and Effects
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Characteristics and applications of domains in semiconducting CdS

The characteristics of domains due to electron-phonon coupling in semiconducting CdS are measured using a high resolution probe. The behavior of domains in CdS for applications such as domain originated function generators is discussed and the results are compared with previous work on electron transfer domains in GaAs.

Topic: Semiconductor materials and interfaces
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cytotoxic activity of water extract fractions of Hypericum androsaemum L. on colorectal cancer cells

Hypericum androsaemum L. (HA) grows wild in shadowy sites, namely in northern region of Portugal, where it is widely used as a medicinal herb. According to some authors, this species is used in popular medicinal preparations as a cholagogue, hepatoprotector, and diuretic and in kidney failure [1]. In this work, the composition of water soluble and volatile components of HA infusions was characterized and the total extract (HA-T) fractioned in order to identify the active compound(s) responsible for their cytotoxic effects. HA-T and each of its seven fractions (HA-A to HA-G) were tested against CO115 cells, at 40 µg/mL. Effects on cell viability/proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by MTT and nuclear condensation assays, respectively. The expression of intermediates of the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signalling pathways and the expression of apoptotic markers were evaluated by western blot. HA-E and F showed decreases in cell viability in relation to control. Of these fractions, only HA-F showed to slightly increase apoptosis. The effects of individual fractions did not explain the 40% apoptosis reached in response to the total and the reconstituted extract, suggesting that the synergistic effects of the extract's constituents are needed for the HA cytotoxic properties against the CO115 cells. In agreement with this, only HA-T showed significant increases in the apoptotic markers cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved PARP-1. Relative to the total extract (HA-T), only slight decreases in BRaf (HA-E), pERK (HA-E) and pAKT (HA-E and HA-F) were observed. Only HA-T reduced significantly the expression of BRaf, pErk and pAKT. These results support the hypothesis that there is more than one compound in the HA-T responsible for the HA toxicity on the colorectal cancer cells.

Topic: Natural Compound Pharmacology Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Secondary collisions and injury severity: A joint analysis using structural equation models

This study fully investigates the contributing factors to secondary collisions and estimates the safety effects of secondary collisions after adjusting for the endogeneity effects and shows the advantage of using SEMs in exploring the structural relationship between risk factors and safety indicators. Understanding the causes and impacts of secondary collisions can help transportation agencies and automobile manufacturers develop effective injury prevention countermeasures.

Topic: Traffic and Road Safety
Subfield: Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Organisation of inhospital acute stroke care and minimum criteria for stroke care units. Recommendations of the Belgian Stroke Council.

There is ample evidence from randomized trials that for patients with stroke, stroke unit care is superior to care in general medical or neurological wards. This evidence, which has been adopted by international guidelines has to be implemented into daily stroke care. This consensus document prepared by the Belgian Stroke Council provides a set of minimum criteria to meet international standards for stroke care. It is intended to provide help in the creation of stroke units in centers who do not currently have one and to provide a benchmark for centres already having organised stroke care.

Topic: Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Universe: the dynamics resulting from its maximum states of contraction and expansion (Cosmology from Vanishing Dimensions)

The evolution of the Universe is observable when the expansive motion already exists; thus, the definition of universal states (before the beginning and after the end of the expansion) with zero kinetic energy can be a challenge to be solved by parallel analysis. Considering that a complete description of the Universe can provide important insights, the logic of conceptual connections is used as an alternative; in this sense, an exclusive presence of a linear Space (1D) in momentary states of maximum contraction and expansion is analyzed, with our Universe (3D Space) considered as created and existing between these extremes. The concept of rest mass energy became applicable, revealing that the complete evolution of the Universe is spatially dynamic in a permanent time dimension.

Topic: Computational Physics and Python Applications
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
B-GAP: Behavior-Rich Simulation and Navigation for Autonomous Driving

We address the problem of ego-vehicle navigation in dense simulated traffic environments populated by road agents with varying driver behaviors. Navigation in such environments is challenging due to unpredictability in agents' actions caused by their heterogeneous behaviors. We present a new simulation technique consisting of enriching existing traffic simulators with behavior-rich trajectories corresponding to varying levels of aggressiveness. We generate these trajectories with the help of a driver behavior modeling algorithm. We then use the enriched simulator to train a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) policy that consists of a set of high-level vehicle control commands and use this policy at test time to perform local navigation in dense traffic. Our policy implicitly models the interactions between traffic agents and computes safe trajectories for the ego-vehicle accounting for aggressive driver maneuvers such as overtaking, over-speeding, weaving, and sudden lane changes. Our enhanced behavior-rich simulator can be used for generating datasets that consist of trajectories corresponding to diverse driver behaviors and traffic densities, and our behavior-based navigation scheme can be combined with state-of-the-art navigation algorithms.

Topic: Traffic control and management
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Lightweight methods for large-scale product categorization

In this article, we present a study about classification methods for large-scale categorization of product offers on e-shopping web sites. We present a study about the performance of previously proposed approaches and deployed a probabilistic approach to model the classification problem. We also studied an alternative way of modeling information about the description of product offers and investigated the usage of price and store of product offers as features adopted in the classification process. Our experiments used two collections of over a million product offers previously categorized by human editors and taxonomies of hundreds of categories from a real e-shopping web site. In these experiments, our method achieved an improvement of up to 9% in the quality of the categorization in comparison with the best baseline we have found.

Topic: Text and Document Classification Technologies
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pharmacological Activities Of Phala-Varga (Medicinal Fruits) – An Ayurvedic Review

Ayurveda is not only a science of life but also a spiritual science. This branch of science deals with the proper life style and dietary advice by Ayurveda scholars. Among them vegetables and fruits are used to eradicate the diseases and helps to maintain the health of the person. Since Vedic period the fruits are used as Prasadam as well as in the form of Bhoga (Offering food), Upavasa (Fasting) purposes. The fruits are not only cure the diseases but also helps the mind in relaxed state. As per Ayurveda the fruits are classified on the basis of Rasa (Taste). For example sour fruit, sweet fruit, bitter fruit etc. The fruits are man source for fibers, multivitamins and minerals, which helps to repair the damaged cells. Here an attempt is made to bring the scattered information of various types of fruits from the classical sources and their pharmacological action on the body, are dealt elaborately. Further scope of the study is to cultivate such fruits in the classical manner and make available seasonally to the market in an affordable price.

Topic: Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Clinical impact of Wnt5a expression on persistence of acute kidney injury in patients with urosepsis

Abnormal Wnt5a expression is associated with dysregulated inflammation and organ dysfunction. However, the effect of Wnt5a activation on the duration of organ dysfunction remains unclear. This prospective study investigated the association between Wnt5a levels and persistent acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with urosepsis. Serum creatinine and Wnt5a levels were measured on days 1 and 5 and at discharge in 87 patients diagnosed with urosepsis. Patients with urosepsis were classified into an improving acute kidney injury (AKI) group and a persistent or worsening AKI group according to the AKI stage on days 1 and 5. AKI recovery was defined as a discharge-to-baseline serum creatinine ratio of <1.5. Twenty-eight patients with urosepsis (32.2%) had persistent or worsening AKI, and their Wnt5a levels were higher on days 1 and 5 and at discharge than those with improving AKI. The association between Wnt5a levels and persistent or worsening AKI was maintained after adjusting for age, sex, baseline serum creatinine levels, and disease severity. Moreover, elevated Wnt5a levels were associated with an increased risk of major adverse kidney events. High Wnt5a levels at discharge were associated with unrecovered AKI and participants with AKI recovery had a steeper Wnt5a slope over time than those without recovery, irrespective of age, sex, baseline serum creatinine level, or disease severity. Assessment of Wnt5a expression was helpful in predicting AKI persistence and adverse outcomes in patients with urosepsis. Therefore, Wnt5a may serve as a valuable bio-marker for identifying the risk of persistence of AKI.

Topic: Neonatal Respiratory Health Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Review of: "Hepatoprotective Effect of the Ursolic Acid-Oleanolic Acid Mixture Administered Intragastrically in Mice with Liver Damage Induced by Anti-TB Drugs"

In In vivo assay, you didn't mention the number of animals in each group, but from results, i figured out, they are 3!!!!!! Which is insignificant.In discussion which needs to be re-written, focus on your results not previous studies; what is the mechanism by which the mixture showed this activity?Why 10 mg/kg was more efficient?

Topic: Pharmacological Effects of Natural Compounds
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Assessment of oak tree damage by digital analysis of CIR aerial photographs

Procjena ostecenosti stabala hrasta lužnjaka na infracrvenim kolornim (ICK) aerosnimkama se uobicajeno provodi metodama fotointerpretacije. Stvaranjem uvjeta za prevođenje aerosnimaka u digitalni oblik i na temelju cinjenice da su pojedine sastavnice boje (crvena, zelena i plava - RGB) krosnje u cvrstoj korelaciji sa njenim zdravstvenim stanjem, postupak procjene stupnja ostecenosti stabala se može automatizirati. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 108 stabala hrasta lužnjaka. Faktorska i regresijska analiza su pokazale da su RGB sastavnice boje u cvrstoj korelaciji sa stupnjem ostecenosti stabla. Diskriminantna je analiza pokazala da se na temelju RGB sastavnica i na temelju faktorske analize izlucenih faktora mogu stabla razvrstavati u pojedine stupnjeve ostecenosti. Pritom se stabla mogu razvrstavati u pet ili sedam stupnjeva ostecenosti uobicajenih pri terenskoj procjeni zdravstvenog stanja sastojina. Najbolji rezultati procjene ostecenosti se mogu postici na temelju RGB sastavnica boje krosnje pomocu jednadžbe: 
		SO = 6,082043 - 0,063969 R + 0,045134 G + 0,063338 B
a postignuta tocnost procjene iznosi 78,3 %.

Topic: Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications
Subfield: Environmental Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
MDGAs perform activity-dependent synapse type-specific suppression via distinct extracellular mechanisms

MDGA (MAM domain containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor) family proteins were previously identified as synaptic suppressive factors. However, various genetic manipulations have yielded often irreconcilable results, precluding precise evaluation of MDGA functions. Here, we found that, in cultured hippocampal neurons, conditional deletion of MDGA1 and MDGA2 causes specific alterations in synapse numbers, basal synaptic transmission, and synaptic strength at GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses, respectively. Moreover, MDGA2 deletion enhanced both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor- and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated postsynaptic responses. Strikingly, ablation of both MDGA1 and MDGA2 abolished the effect of deleting individual MDGAs that is abrogated by chronic blockade of synaptic activity. Molecular replacement experiments further showed that MDGA1 requires the meprin/A5 protein/PTPmu (MAM) domain, whereas MDGA2 acts via neuroligin-dependent and/or MAM domain-dependent pathways to regulate distinct postsynaptic properties. Together, our data demonstrate that MDGA paralogs act as unique negative regulators of activity-dependent postsynaptic organization at distinct synapse types, and cooperatively contribute to adjustment of excitation–inhibition balance.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Biocatalytically Active and Stable Cross‐Linked Enzyme Crystals of Halohydrin Dehalogenase HheG by Protein Engineering

A major drawback for practical application of halohydrin dehalogenase HheG in biocatalysis is its rather low thermal stability and low organic solvent tolerance. We therefore pursued a stabilization of HheG via immobilization as cross-linked enzyme crystals. Since glutaraldehyde inactivates HheG, we introduced a cysteine residue in the crystal interface, which enabled thiol-specific cross-linking at well-defined cross-linking sites. Variant HheG D114C displayed improved crystallizability and yielded stable and catalytically active CLECs using bis-maleimidoethane as cross-linker. Effective cross-linking at the predefined site could be confirmed via the CLEC crystal structure. Compared to soluble enzyme, the CLECs displayed significantly improved stability and activity at higher temperatures, lower pH values and in the presence of water-miscible organic solvents, which enabled their reuse over 21 days in the azidolysis of cyclohexene oxide.

Topic: Enzyme Structure and Function
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The impact of undergraduate degrees on early-career earnings

This report uses the new Longitudinal Educational Outcomes (LEO) administrative dataset to provide the latest estimates of the impact of Higher Education (HE) on individuals' early-career earnings after accounting for individuals' pre-university characteristics.This will provide vital evidence for prospective students choosing whether, where and what to study at university.We estimate the overall average impact of attending HE on earnings at age 29, and show how this varies for individuals studying different degree subjects or at different Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), based on those who went to HE in the mid-to late-2000s.We also investigate how these returns might differ for students with different prior attainment, based on their GCSE results and whether or not they studied a maths or science ('STEM') A-level.We focus on those who start HE, rather than just on HE graduates, as this is the relevant decision facing prospective students.This is the second in a series of reports by the Institute for Fiscal Studies, commissioned by the Department for Education (DfE), that makes use of the LEO dataset to improve information on the value of HE degrees.The dataset, developed in collaboration with the DfE, tracks English students through school, college, university and into the labour market.This report, for the first time, uses the dataset to compare individuals who went to HE to those with similar background characteristics who did not.

Topic: Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Activation of the erythropoietin promoter by a point mutation from GATA to TATA in the -30 region.

We show here a role of the highly conserved GATA motif in the -30 region of the erythropoietin (Epo) promoter. Epo production is reduced in normoxia and activated in hypoxia to control the oxygen supply through erythropoiesis. Although the hypoxic inducibility has been analyzed, the molecular mechanism for the low basal activity in normoxia remained unclear. The GATA motif in the -30 region upstream of the transcription initiation site is highly conserved among the species. In many genes, the consensus motif in the -30 region is TATA. The GATA motif of the Epo promoter was mutated to TATA. The transcriptional activity of the mutant was enhanced even in normoxia. Binding assays showed that TATA-binding protein (TBP) could weakly bind to the wild-type GATA motif whereas TBP bound to the mutant TATA motif with high affinity. These results indicate that the highly conserved GATA motif in the -30 region of the Epo promoter can avoid binding and activation by TBP. This evidence is considered to be the molecular basis for the low physiological expression from the Epo promoter in normoxia.

Topic: Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
ASSESSMENT OF WELL WATER QUALITY FOR THE CONTENT OF NITROGEN IN THE TERRITORY OF SOME SETTLEMENTS OF DOLYNA DISTRICT

Проблеми питного водопостачання в Україні тісно пов'язані з господарськими, водогосподарськими та екологічними проблемами. Одним із основних факторів, що безпосередньо впливає на стан здоров'я населення, є якість питної води, яку воно споживає. Вивчено екологічний стан криничних вод Долинського району на основі показників вмісту в них сполук азоту (нітратів, нітритів, іонів амонію). Встановлено, що більшість досліджуваних вод Долинського району не відповідає нормам якості питної води за вмістом сполук амонію впродовж цілого року.

Topic: Environmental Science and Water Management
Subfield: Water Science and Technology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Compensatory growth following transient intraguild predation risk in predatory mites

Compensatory or catch‐up growth following growth impairment caused by transient environmental stress, due to adverse abiotic factors or food, is widespread in animals. Such growth strategies commonly balance retarded development and reduced growth. They depend on the type of stressor but are unknown for predation risk, a prime selective force shaping life history. Anti‐predator behaviours by immature prey typically come at the cost of reduced growth rates with potential negative consequences on age and size at maturity. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that transient intraguild predation (IGP) risk induces compensatory or catch‐up growth in the plant‐inhabiting predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis . Immature P. persimilis were exposed in the larval stage to no, low or high IGP risk, and kept under benign conditions in the next developmental stage, the protonymph. High but not low IGP risk prolonged development of P. persimilis larvae, which was compensated in the protonymphal stage by increased foraging activity and accelerated development, resulting in optimal age and size at maturity. Our study provides the first experimental evidence that prey may balance developmental costs accruing from anti‐predator behaviour by compensatory growth.

Topic: Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Study of anthropogenic carbon in the Southern Indian Ocean (distribution and decadal variability)

The Southern Ocean where mode, deep and bottom water are formed has a high capacity for sequestrating anthropogenic carbon. In this study the distribution of anthropogenic carbon in the Southern Ocean was analyzed using different data-based methods. Results deduced from observations collected at the Indian-Atlantic boundary (WOCE/CIVA2) show higher anthropogenic carbon inventories than previous estimates deduced from either observations or ocean models. In addition to the invasion of anthropogenic carbon, the ocean carbon cycle is subjected to the impact of climate change through the modification of dynamical and biogeochemical processes. The analysis of data collected between 1978 and 2001 (GEOSECS, INDIGO, WOCE and OISO) shows that the increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in Mode Waters (300-800m) is significant over the two decades. Over the period 1985-2001, it is shown that the variations of DIC observed in these water masses are lower than the increase in anthropogenic carbon. The difference, which is associated with a decrease in oxygen mean concentrations, could be explained by a change primary production in the circumpolar frontal region. The results obtained in our study suggests that there is a need, firstly, to re-evaluate anthropogenic carbon inventories at the scale of the Southern Ocean and, secondly, to better account for the coupling between biogeochemical cycles and climate forcing in order to separate natural variability and anthropogenic impacts in the ocean.

Topic: Methane Hydrates and Related Phenomena
Subfield: Environmental Chemistry
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences