jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Drag Use in Rural Communities: An Epidemiology

SUMMARY Data comparing smaller rural towns, larger rural towns, and urban communities were obtained using The American Drag and Alcohol Survey. There were some significant differences among communities at the 8th-grade level, with smaller towns showing lower rates of use of some drugs. The differences were small, however, and suggest that living in a smaller town offers only slight protection against drag use for younger children. Although males have a slightly higher probability of using drugs, there were no gender by size of community interactions. Most of the differences in drug use by community size were no longer present by the time rural youth reached the 12th grade. Ten to fifteen years ago rural youth were less likely to be drag involved, but those differences have now disappeared. Substance use may have different implications for rural youth, however, as they need to drive more often and to drive greater distances and as resources for prevention and treatment are likely to be limited.

Topic: Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Highly reactive organolanthanides. Synthesis, chemistry, and structures of 4f hydrocarbyls and hydrides with chelating bis(polymethylcyclopentadienyl) ligands

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHighly reactive organolanthanides. Synthesis, chemistry, and structures of 4f hydrocarbyls and hydrides with chelating bis(polymethylcyclopentadienyl) ligandsGerald Jeske, Laurel E. Schock, Paul N. Swepston, Herbert Schumann, and Tobin J. MarksCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 26, 8103–8110Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00312a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00312a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views864Altmetric-Citations325LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

Topic: Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Reduction of children's fear of the dark by competence-related and situational threat-related verbal cues.

This study examined the effects of training children in the use of verbal controlling responses for darkness tolerance. Forty-five children, S-6-years old, rehearsed one of three types of mediating response: (a) sentences emphasizing the child's active control or competence, (b) sentences concentrating on reducing the aversive qualities of the situation, and (c) sentences. Children were trained in a well-lit room. Each child then remained in total darkness until he or she decided to increase the illumination. The duration of tolerance of darkness and terminal light intensity were assessed across one pretest and two posttraining trials. On a generalization trial the child was to reduce full illumination. Analyses revealed that differential training significantly influenced duration and intensity settings, with the competence group generally superior to the stimulus and neutral verbalization groups. Alternate interpretations of the findings are offered.

Topic: Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Seasonal Influenza Vaccination: Its Expected and Unexpected Effects

Vaccination can induce immune response to protect people against antigenically related virus strains.Although influenza is a vaccine preventable infectious disease, seasonal influenza epidemics still occur annually; and occasional but dramatic pandemics emerge.The reason lies in two evolutionary events regarding influenza viruses: antigenic drift and shift.They continuously generate new strains which annual seasonal and pandemic vaccination aims to track.Recently we proposed a mathematical model to examine the interaction between infection and vaccination.The results from our model showed that vaccination for seasonal influenza protects the vaccinated against vaccine strains (its expected effect), however, the effect of seasonal vaccination on the potential emergence of a future pandemic strain (unexpected effect) remains more uncertain.Further, the effectiveness of the proposed universal vaccines that are designed to provide full spectrum immune protection against seasonal and pandemic influenza will depend on their strength of cross-immunity relative to that induced by natural infection.

Topic: Influenza Virus Research Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Epigraphical splitting for solving constrained convex optimization problems with proximal tools - extended version

We propose a proximal approach to deal with a class of convex variational problems involving nonlinear con- straints. A large family of constraints, proven to be effective in the solution of inverse problems, can be expressed as the lower level set of a sum of convex functions evaluated over different blocks of the linearly-transformed signal. For such constraints, the associated projection operator generally does not have a simple form. We circumvent this difficulty by split- ting the lower level set into as many epigraphs as functions involved in the sum. In particular, we focus on constraints involving 'q-norms with q 1, distance functions to a con- vex set, and '1;p-norms with p2f2;+¥g. The proposed approach is validated in the context of image restoration by making use of constraints based on Non-Local Total Varia- tion. Experiments show that our method leads to significant improvements in term of convergence speed over existing al- gorithms for solving similar constrained problems. A second application to a pulse shape design problem is provided in order to illustrate the flexibility of the proposed approach.

Topic: Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Stereoselective thioglycoside syntheses. Part 6. Aryl 4-thiomalto-oligosaccharides as chromogenic substrates for kinetic studies with α-amylase

Nucleophitic bimolecular substitution, of either o- or p-nitrophenyl 2,3,6-tri-O-benzoyl-4-O-trifluoro-methylsulphonyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (1) or (2) with the sodium salt of 1-thio-α-D-glucopyranose in hexamethylphosphoramide afforded, after the usual deprotection sequences, o- and p-nitrophenyl 4-thio-α-maltosides (7) and (8). A similar synthetic scheme with (1) and the 1-α-thiolate of 4-thiomaltose (12) led to o-nitrophenyl 4,4′-dithio-α-maltotrioside (15). These 4-thio-oligosaccharides and their corresponding oxygen analogues were used, in comparative assays, as chromogenic substrates with porcine and human pancreatic α-amylases. In both series, enzymic velocity was higher for the maltotrioside derivatives than for the maltodisaccharides. o-Nitrophenyl glycosides behave as better substrates than the corresponding para isomers. Replacement of intersaccharide oxygen atoms by sulphur increased slightly the Michaelis constant, but had a negative effect on the hydrolysis rate. As a consequence, 4-thiomaltosylpligosaccharides were less sensitive substrates for pig pancreatic α-amylase as compared with their O-glycosyl counterparts. However, as the former class of compounds is split exclusively at the chromogenic site, they appear to be substrates of interest for direct kinetic studies with α-amylases.

Topic: Enzyme Production and Characterization
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Recursively Generated Networks and Dynamical Learning

Much of the research has been based on the premise is that mathematical methods and notation associated with constrained optimization should be used to specify a neural net, which can then be compiled to diverse implementations. But where do they get such a compiler? And what are the details of this mathematical notation? They have made substantial progress on these research questions: (1) They have developed mathematical methods that can transform one algebraic NN description into another, more implementable one. These developments were attained by serious work in the applied mathematics of neural nets. They can form the basis of a neural compiler because they address most of the major NN compilation and implementation issues. But they do not yet suffice. (2) They have been accumulating the research in a neural simulator. It can be expanded into a semi-automatic compiler: a neural net design and implementation environment based on mathematical methods. (3) They have developed a mathematical notation (not yet a formal language) for describing complex problem domains in terms of constrained optimization problems. The optimization problems can be solved by neural nets.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A strategy for the forensic detection of distraction burglary

Although much reduced in recent years, distraction burglary involving elderly or vulnerable victims continues to make up ∼ 4% of recorded UK domestic burglaries. Detection of these offences by forensic means, such as DNA or fingerprints, can be problematic due to the forensic awareness of the offender and a lack of recall by the victim. In this study, we consider a range of measures designed to improve the forensic detection of distraction burglary using trace DNA or fingerprints. Our findings show that attendance at a distraction burglary by two crime scene investigators, one of whom conducted a cognitive interview of the victim, produced a statistically significant increase in the number of offences detected using trace DNA when the deception involved the offender purporting to be from a utility company. For this deception, a cognitive interview of the victim did not produce increases in the number of offences detected using fingerprints. A cognitive interview of the victim for other deceptions did not produce an increase in trace DNA detections although the frequency of both DNA and fingerprint recovery was reduced, thereby saving time and resources. This success of trace DNA detection is due to the careful targeting of surfaces by the crime scene investigator for DNA recovery, based on information received from the victim. Attendance by crime scene investigators up to 2 h after an offence was reported had no statistically significant effect on the forensic detection of the offence. We include a strategy for the forensic examination of distraction burglary.

Topic: Forensic and Genetic Research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
CULTURALLY SPECIFIC SENSE OF SIMILE IN TRANSLATION (A CASE STUDY OF THE FLORA NAMES LEAF, TREE IN UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH)

Culturally specifi c images and symbols are ethnic semantics carriers. They show historical, national and cultural experience of the nation. The translation studies analysis of similes with a fl ora name, verbalised in the Ukrainian-English language pair, enables tracing the peculiarities of culturally specifi c images and concepts. The article investigates, analyses and gives detailed characteristic of the notion of the culturally specifi c sense as an element of the actual sense of simile, peculiarities of universal and nationally specifi c attributes being the result of the national conceptualisation of a corresponding fl ora object (leaf, tree) in the consciousness of Ukrainian and English speakers. Translation studies analysis is applied aiming at revealing the ways of rendering the culturally specifi c sense in similes with a fl ora name (leaf, tree). Ways of translating simile with the utmost load of cultural information rendering are discussed. Key words: simile, fl ora name, translation, culturally specifi c sense, ways of translation

Topic: Education, Innovation and Language Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A syntactic perspective on rhetorical purpose

This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the functioning of if-conditionals in medical editorials (MEDs). As previous genre-based studies of medical discourse genres have shown, MEDs need to address at least three different types of readers and are thus a research-oriented, socio-political and praxisoriented genre. Medical editorialists therefore need to customize their argumentative strategies in order to reach and convince these distinct readerships. Our aim is to adopt a syntactic perspective on rhetorical purpose, by focusing on a syntactic pattern which has a potentially important role to play in the construction of argument: the if-conditional. By examining the syntactic variants of the structure in MEDs we demonstrate the correspondence between seemingly minor constructional variants and the rhetorical aims of the genre in question. A comparison between the research article and MED usages moreover helps us to identify the form-function pairings specific to the editorials and in this way pinpoint how the if-conditional forms are used to serve the specific argument strategies of the MED genre

Topic: Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Electron fractionalization in two-dimensional graphenelike structures

Electron fractionalization is intimately related to topology. In one-dimensional systems, fractionally charged states exist at domain walls between degenerate vacua. In two-dimensional systems, fractionalization exists in quantum Hall fluids, where time-reversal symmetry is broken by a large external magnetic field. Recently, there has been a tremendous effort in the search for examples of fractionalization in two-dimensional systems with time-reversal symmetry. In this letter, we show that fractionally charged topological excitations exist on graphenelike structures, where quasiparticles are described by two flavors of Dirac fermions and time-reversal symmetry is respected. The topological zero-modes are mathematically similar to fractional vortices in p-wave superconductors. They correspond to a twist in the phase in the mass of the Dirac fermions, akin to cosmic strings in particle physics.

Topic: Graphene research and applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Zinc Ion-Coordinated Sericin Calcium Phosphate Nanovaccines Induce Hyperactive Dendritic Cells and Synergistic Activation of T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy

Peptide-based neoantigen vaccines are promising cancer immunotherapy strategies because of their capability to induce durable tumor-specific immune responses. However, insufficient neoantigen-specific T-lymphocyte activation greatly limits their clinical efficacy. Here, we developed sericin-coordinated zinc ion-modified calcium phosphate (CP) nanovaccines that codeliver tumor antigen peptides and a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist (SZCP/APs-CpG) for potentiating antigen-specific T cell immunity. SZCP/APs-CpG nanovaccines could yield efficient codelivery of antigen peptides and adjuvants to dendritic cells (DCs) in draining lymph nodes (dLNs), induce hyperactive DCs depending on the inflammasome-dependent interleukin-1β secretion, and coordinate the released Zn<sup>2+</sup>-induced T cell activation to elicit robust and durable antigen-specific T cell immune responses. Vaccination with SZCP/APs-CpG exhibited potent anticancer efficacy and superior safety in multiple murine cancer models and significantly protected against B16-OVA tumor rechallenge and eradicated orthotopic colon cancer in mice when combined with immune checkpoint blockade. Thus, our work presents an efficient and versatile nanovaccine platform for boosting antigen-specific T cell activation for cancer immunotherapy.

Topic: Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Conduction time of the pulse through the brain in increased intracranial pressure

It is well known that the cerebrospinal fluid pressure fluctuates with the heart beat. There are a few reports concerning the use of the form and amplitude of the CSF pulse in presupposing intracranial compliance but little is known about how the impulse of the CSF pulse is transmitted through the brain tissue. In order to determine whether the pulse conduction time from the heart to the parietal epidural region presupposes intracranial compliance or not, the following experiments were performed on 13 dogs.

Topic: Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Supplementary Data from Mutant IDH Sensitizes Gliomas to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Triggers Apoptosis via miR-183-Mediated Inhibition of Semaphorin 3E

&lt;p&gt;Additional experiments to support data from the main manuscript&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Axon Guidance and Neuronal Signaling
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The time course of restoration of nutritive perfusion, myocardial oxygen consumption, and regional function after coronary thrombolysis

Thrombolytic therapy early after the onset of acute myocardial infarction can restore vascular patency rapidly, but the extent to which it restores nutritive perfusion and myocardial metabolic function in patients has not yet been elucidated. Accordingly, this study was performed to define the time course of recovery of nutritive perfusion, oxidative metabolism, and regional function of the heart after thrombolysis with tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) in patients with coronary occlusion. Positron emission tomography (PET) was performed with 15O-water, 15O-carbon monoxide, and 11C-acetate in eight patients with acute myocardial infarction 18±6 hours, 45±5 hours, and 8.6±7 days after administration of t-PA. Perfusion in jeopardized zones was restored promptly, averaging 1.16±0.60 mL/g/min compared with 1.2±0.37 mL/g/min in remote zones during the initial study (P=NS), and remained normal throughout the interval of observation. In contrast, in jeopardized zones, clearance of 11C-acetate, a marker of myocardial oxygen consumption, averaged only 45±25% of that in remote zones initially but increased to 59±16% and 68±17% of control in the second and third studies, respectively. Modest improvement in regional function was observed only late and only in those zones that had exhibited restoration of perfusion and of oxidative metabolism. The results indicate that potential salvage of myocardium induced by thrombolysis may be underestimated markedly if estimates are based solely on the extent of improvement of regional oxidative metabolism within the first 18 hours after recanalization or of regional wall motion within 48 hours after coronary thrombolysis. In addition, they underscore the dependence of late recovery of regional wall motion on previous preservation of perfusion and of oxidative metabolism.

Topic: Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Modeling the Impact of Traffic Signals on V2V Information Flow

Information propagation in V2V-enabled transportation networks is highly influenced by both vehicle mobility and wireless communication. The mobility patterns and communication conditions are not only heterogeneous, but also vary both temporally and spatially. In particular, realistic traffic flow changes with time, exhibiting sharp time-triggered transitions, due to external factors such as traffic lights, unpredictable disruptions (e.g., accidents), and planned disruptions (e.g., road-block). More specifically, traffic signals cause traffic synchronization, due to vehicles stopping during the red phase, and starting almost simultaneously during the green phase, which fundamentally alters the dynamics of V2V message propagation in a complex manner. In this paper, we propose a mathematical framework, starting from a continuous-time Markov chain, that characterizes the fraction of vehicles that have received a message over time and space in an arbitrary road network even when the traffic flow exhibits sharp time-triggered transitions. Our framework can accommodate arbitrary traffic synchronization patterns corresponding for example to the presence of an arbitrary number of traffic signals. The stochastic model for V2V message flow converges to a set of differential equations as the number of vehicles increases. The analytical characterization lends itself to a fast computation regardless of the number of vehicles and traffic synchronization patterns, while vehicular network simulators can only realistically simulate small-scale transportation networks. We find that V2V simulations of a statistical model with traffic synchronization and simulation of communications applied on a synthetic traffic trace well match our model solution.

Topic: Traffic control and management
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Designing Rigorous Research

This chapter discusses the differences between archaeometric research problems, addressed to the advancement of the discipline, and the application of archaeometric routine problems in archaeological research ones, in order to deep our knowledge in social systems. This archaeometric routine problems start with the as-received state pottery, a composite material, and they address two broad and related questions: the identification of meaningful ceramic groups and provenance, in order to be able to infer the compositions of archaeological ceramic assemblages; and aspects related to ceramic manufacture, in order to reconstructing manufacture processes and identifying performance characteristics, also contributing to the study of technique and technology. It is argued that a fruitful sampling strategy starts with the understanding that pottery is part of assemblages resulting from different formation processes of the archaeological record. Thus a stratified multiphase sampling, performed in different sampling steps with post-stratification after each step, is advisable.

Topic: Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences