jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Lichen resistance to extraterrestrial conditions: Viability, ultrastructure and algal growth

In the Lichen and Fungi Experiment (LIFE) the lichen Xanthoria elegans demonstrated considerable resistance to space and simulated Mars-analogue conditions being exposed on the International Space Station. This first European long-term exposure (559 days) of eukaryotic organisms tested their ability to cope with the combined hostile conditions of space and to cope with Mars-analogue atmosphere and insolation.&#13;\nThe samples showed remarkable resistance to the applied conditions, due to symbiotic features and adaptations. The algae resumed photosynthetic activity and both symbionts (photo-/mycobiont) showed high rates of metabolic activity (LIVE/DEAD staining). The results indicated 50 to 80% active algal cells and 60 to 90% active fungal hyphae.&#13;\nPreliminary simulation studies focussed on viability after UV-radiation considering the protective effect of e.g. secondary lichen compounds. The present study investigated the cellular structural resistance of the anhydrobiotic lichen X. elegans after 1.5 years in space. The ultrastructure of the photobiont has been analysed, considering bio-membrane integrity, thylakoid-membranes, symbiotic interfaces and signs of structural damage after irradiation and vacuum effect. The current study focusses on the results obtained by culture experiments, demonstrating the algal growth capacity of the samples of X. elegans after being exposed 1.5 years in space.

Topic: Lichen and fungal ecology
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Novel Method of Punctured Miller-Abbott Tube Placement Using a Guidewire Under Fluoroscopic Guidance

The new technique of placing a punctured Miller-Abbott tube with the use of a guidewire enables the tube to pass through the pylorus and the Treitz ligament while significantly reducing the procedure time, with no clinical disadvantages caused by the puncture site.

Topic: Intestinal and Peritoneal Adhesions
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The use of scrotal flap in repairing penile wound

Objective To report the experience in repairing penile wound with scrotal flap.Methods Twenty-one cases of penile skin soft tissue defects were repaired with scrotal flaps.Clean wounds were performed primary repair.Polluted wounds were repaired after debridement.Infected wounds were repaired by second intention after infection was controlled and necrotic tissue completely ablated.The donor sites of flaps were sutured directly.Results One wound splited because of unexcreting urine,and the rest flaps were primarily survived.All patients were followed up from 6 months to 6 years.The color,texture and appearance of the flaps were good.Conclusion The scrotal skin has abundant blood supply and good extensibility.The donor sites of flaps can be sutured directly.It is an easy,safe and effective protocol in repairing penile wound.

Topic: Urological Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The opportunity and countermeasures of Camellia industry development in Hunan Province

Analysis on the production,trade and expenditure of edible vegetable oil in China,and the challenges after joining the WTO,and the opportunity for the Camelia oil industry to produce the high quality level edible oil in the world.Using superior varieties,industrial production,and processing to make our own high quality oil brand.

Topic: Animal Diversity and Health Studies
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
New Targets for the Management of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is characterized by abnormal mental functions and disturbed behavior. The diagnosis of schizophrenia is based on criteria defined in either the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, version DSM-IV (2) or the ICD-10. Targets of treatment include positive and negative symptoms, depression, suicidal ideation and behaviors, substance use disorders, medical comorbidities, posttraumatic stress disorder, and community adjustment problems. The first-generation antipsychotics were first introduced for the treatment of schizophrenia in the 1950s. The introduction of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in the last three decades improved the desired effects of these medications with a reduction of their undesirable effects such as extrapyramidal adverse effects, mortality and metabolic disorder. Medication is generally helpful in treating positive symptoms, but up to a third of people derive little benefit, and negative symptoms are difficult to treat. It has been shown that lack of efficacy and tolerability, often associated with poor compliance, results in treatment discontinuation or treatment switch. Despite critical importance of medication for patients with schizophrenia, nonadherence to treatment is an important issue worldwide. The most prominent patient-related factors associated with nonadherence included lack of insight into the need for medication, denial of illness, embarrassment and unsuitable living conditions. Although antipsychotic medications are necessary, they are not sufficient for the treatment of schizophrenia. The cognitive therapy (cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive remediation therapy), social skills, psychoeducation programs, family intervention, training programs, and case management or assertive community treatment are the major categories of psychosocial intervention which is an important part of the disease management. The major considerations in disease management treatment include the comprehensive and continuous treatment for prolonged periods, integrated, biopsychosocial approach to care, active collaboration with the family while planning and delivering treatment and treatment sensitive to the patient’s needs and empirically titrated to the patient’s response and progress.

Topic: Schizophrenia research and treatment
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Promising treatments for muscle wasting in cancer: focus on microRNA

Introduction: Cancer cachexia is characterized by a progressive loss of body weight and muscle mass, mainly caused by inflammation and anorexia/malnutrition that lead to energy wasting and muscle protein catabolism. These alterations represent the targets of several drugs and multimodal therapeutic approaches that are currently under clinical evaluation.Areas covered: In this review, the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle wasting in cancer and the available treatments are discussed. Afterwards, a particular attention is given to recently discovered new potential targets, focusing mainly on microRNAs, that are emerging as new drivers in the complex scenario of muscle mass control.Expert commentary: Moreover, microRNAs are dysregulated also in cancer, representing an attractive class of molecules for both fighting the tumor and managing cachexia.

Topic: MicroRNA in disease regulation
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Sharing works and copyright issues in massive open online courseware (MOOC)

Various higher education institutions around the world have been adopting the Massive Open Online Courseware (MOOC), a new technological means to distribute and share knowledge across borders. While technology deem it convenient to share works online, the copyright issue cannot be taken for granted since it may lead to unnecessary legal actions that will hamper constructive teaching and learning. It is necessary to have clear awareness on the copyright issues and to understand what strategy could be used to provide a secure and positive MOOC environment. This paper is aimed at identifying and explaining the relationship between works sharing and copyright issues in MOOC environment. The paper highlighted strategies that can be undertaken by someone who want to share their works that fall under the public domain, creative common licenses and open access repositories

Topic: Open Education and E-Learning
Subfield: Computer Science Applications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Lack of standardization in reporting motor laterality in the dog

Over the past 2 decades, numerous studies have been undertaken to assess motor laterality in the domestic dog. In anticipation of growth in this area of enquiry, we decided to review the literature on canine motor biases to identify any shortcomings, reflect on the lessons to be learned from and offer ways forward for future research into canine laterality. The aim of this review is to (i) summarize motor laterality findings in the dog, (ii) highlight areas lacking in standardization, and (iii) propose necessary criteria for future tests and global reporting protocols. Our review of the literature highlighted the lack of standardization between studies in task selection, sample size, number of behavior scores recorded, and the methods by which motor laterality were classified and reported. This review illustrates the benefits of standardizing methods of motor laterality assessment so that comparisons can be made between the populations sampled. By adopting such an approach, researchers should mutually benefit as motor laterality data could then be compared and subjected to meta-analysis.

Topic: Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Fossil Record of Predation in Dinosaurs

Predatory theropod dinosaurs can usually be identified as such by features of their jaws, teeth, and postcrania, but different clades of these reptiles differed in their adaptations for prey handling. Inferences about theropod diets and hunting behavior based on functional morphology are sometimes supported by evidence from taphonomic associations with likely prey species, bite marks, gut contents, coprolites, and trackways. Very large theropods like Tyrannosaurus are unlikely to have been pure hunters or scavengers, and probably ate whatever meat they could easily obtain, dead or alive. Theropods were not the only dinosaur hunters, though; other kinds of large reptiles undoubtedly fed on dinosaurs as well The taxonomic composition of dinosaurian predator-prey complexes varies as a function of time and geography, but an ecologically remarkable feature of dinosaurian faunas, as compared with terrestrial mammalian faunas, is the very large size commonly attained by both herbivorous and carnivorous dinosaurs. The K/T extinction event(s) did not end dinosaurian predation, because carnivorous birds remained prominent predators throughout the Cenozoic Era.

Topic: Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Application of the Method of Horace to Get Number of Generators for an Ideal of s General Points in P4

Let S be a general set of s points in P 4 , and R the homogeneous coordinate ring of P 4 . Then the ideal of S, IS has a minimal free resolution of the form:

Topic: Polynomial and algebraic computation
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Adsorption of monoclonal antibody fragments at the water–oil interface: A coarse-grained molecular dynamics study

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can undergo structural changes due to interaction with oil–water interfaces during storage. Such changes can lead to aggregation, resulting in a loss of therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, understanding the microscopic mechanism controlling mAb adsorption is crucial to developing strategies that can minimize the impact of interfaces on the therapeutic properties of mAbs. In this study, we used MARTINI coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the adsorption of the Fab and Fc domains of the monoclonal antibody COE3 at the oil–water interface. Our aim was to determine the regions on the protein surface that drive mAb adsorption. We also investigate the role of protein concentration on protein orientation and protrusion to the oil phase. While our structural analyses compare favorably with recent neutron reflectivity measurements, we observe some differences. Unlike the monolayer at the interface predicted by neutron reflectivity experiments, our simulations indicate the presence of a secondary diffused layer near the interface. We also find that under certain conditions, protein–oil interaction can lead to a considerable distortion in the protein structure, resulting in enhanced adsorption behavior.

Topic: Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Developmental Changes in Dehydrogenase Activities in Rabbit Eggs.

Rabbit embryo (pronuclear to blastocyst stage) dehydrogenase activities (as measured by the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium) were measured histochemically in the presence of the following substrates: glucose 1-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, glycerophosphate, lactate, glutamate, succinate, isocitrate and malate. The various dehydrogenases were found at all stage of development, not, however, in equivalent amounts. The succinic and glutamic dehydrogenase activities in the one-cell and 8 to 16-cell stage eggs were qualitatively higher than the other enzymes at these stages, and furthermore quantitively constant. At the morula stage, all of the enzymes analyzed had increased slightly, and after blastocyst formation, they had increased dramatically. In unfertilized ova, the activity of the dehydrogenases decreased with the progression of time. After 48 hours, all activity had disappeared completely.

Topic: Birth, Development, and Health
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Data from: Enhanced polymer mechanical degradation through mechanochemically unveiled lactonization

The mechanical degradation of polymers is typically limited to a single chain scission per triggering chain stretching event, and the loss of stress transfer that results from the scission limits the extent of degradation that can be achieved. Here, we report a mechanically triggered, delayed scission strategy that allows many eventual scission events to be initiated within a single polymer chain. The strategy is demonstrated via a mechanophore with a [4.2.0]bicyclooctene (BCOE) core that leverages a mechanochemical, orbital symmetry-forbidden 4-electron disrotatory ring-opening reaction to set up a subsequent, force-free and thermodynamically favorable lactonization. Ultrasonication of a 120 kDa BCOE copolymer triggers the desired mechanical remodeling of the polymer backbone, and the resulting lactonization leads to a gradual decrease in molecular weight over the course of 9 days to a final value of 4.4 kDa, more than an order of magnitude smaller than control polymers in which the ring-opened BCOE is protected from lactonizing. The force-coupled activity of the ring-opening reaction is probed by single molecule force spectroscopy and through the use of internal standards in sonication, and the forces required for activation are far smaller than is typically required for the mechanical chain scission of conventional covalent polymers.

Topic: biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
Subfield: Biomaterials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Decontamination of Particulate Foods Using Intense Pulsed Light and Other Non-Thermal Technologies

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. January 2020. Major: Food Science. Advisors: Roger Ruan, Paul Chen. 1 computer file (PDF); xii, 139 pages.

Topic: Microbial Inactivation Methods
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Impulsively generated fast coronal pulsations

Rapid oscillations in the corona are discussed from a theoretical standpoint, developing some previous work on ducted, fast magnetoacoustic waves in an inhomogeneous medium. In the theory, impulsively (e.g., flare) generated mhd (magnetohydrodynamic) waves are ducted by regions of low Alfven speed (high density) such as coronal loops. Wave propagation in such ducts is strongly dispersive and closely akin to the behavior of Love waves in seismology, Pekeris waves in oceanography and guided waves in fiber optics. Such flare-generated magnetoacoustic waves possess distinctive temporal signatures consisting of periodic, quasi-periodic and decay phases. The quasi-periodic phase possesses the strongest amplitudes and the shortest time scales. Time scales are typically of the order of a second for inhomogeneities (coronal loop width) of 1000 km and Alfven speeds of 1000/kms, and pulse duration times are of tens of seconds. Quasi-periodic signatures have been observed in radio wavelengths for over a decade and more recently by SMM. It is hoped that the theoretical ideas outlined may be successfully related to these observations and thus aid the interpretation of oscillatory signatures recorded by SMM. Such signatures may also provide a diagnostic of coronal conditions. New aspects of the ducted mhd waves, for example their behavior in smoothly varying as opposed to tube-like inhomogeneities, are currently under investigation. The theory is not restricted to loops but applied equally to open field regions.

Topic: Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
IP header compression and packet aggregation in mobile tactical networks

A common technique for improving throughput in low bandwidth networks is the use of header compression. While removing static protocol entries and synchronizing state information between a sender and receiver can reduce per-packet overhead, this is defeated by fixed sized TDMA MAC frames. Another optimisation technique is the use of packet aggregation, where multiple data packets are concatenated into a single MAC frame. We have developed a lightweight header compression and transmission stream aggregation scheme based on improvements to the robust header compression (ROHC) standard. In this paper we describe these two techniques and provide an analysis of applying these solutions to mobile tactical networks. The analysis shows that traditional header compression is of little use when the MAC frame size is fixed. However, when combined with packet aggregation, significant gains in throughput and reductions in per-packet overhead can be achieved.

Topic: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Monitoring Human Rights in Africa

Since its founding in May 1988, Africa Watch has documented and reported on human rights abuses in 13 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. These findings are available in eight book-length reports and more than 70 newsletters, with new evidence available all the time on such topics as, for example, the suppression of information in the Sudan, violations of laws of war in Liberia, the devastating impact of the 15-year armed conflict in Angola, slavery in Mauritania, and interference with academic freedom in Zimbabwe.

Topic: Human Rights and Development
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Reorganization of a medical service network to manage pandemic waves: A real case study

During Covid-19, medical service networks (MSNs) faced new challenges, such as an impressive increase in hospital visits, a shortage of hospital beds and staff, and insufficient information to estimate the number of mild and critical cases. In addition, governments were encountered to implement appropriate quarantine policies. Dealing with these problems became more complex and challenging when a new wave of disease occurred. This study develops a mixed-integer linear programming model for reorganizing an MSN to manage future pandemic waves. The model aims at reallocation medical staff to prevent a shortage of hospital beds. A fuzzy approach is employed to estimate the uncertain number of patients in each period. As a result, direct hospital visits are decreased by 60% on average, and shortages of beds are avoided by adding the fewest beds possible in each period. The model can also optimize several performance ratios, e.g., the ratio of hospitalized patients to the specialized personnel assigned to each hospital, which is decreased by approximately 40% in our case.

Topic: Facility Location and Emergency Management
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Perspectives on geographical profiling in the United Kingdom

Geographical profiling is a form of crime analysis that can be used to help predict the area within which the home or base of a serial offender resides. Police services globally have incorporated it into their crime analysis capabilities but there remains limited research on how this has been achieved. In this article, we interview 10 geographical profilers working in the field to gather their experiences of the operational use of geographical profiling. Implementation theory is used as the theoretical framework to analyze the interviews. As a result, we identify a field with the potential to add value to criminal investigations, but a lack of knowledge and awareness of frontline officers and staff about the novel capability is affecting its use. In addition, issues relating to technology, tasking acceptance criteria, and methods of data collection create compounding factors serving to potentially reduce its contribution. We provide recommendations to address them including greater levels of training, a loosening of theoretical constraints, academic collaboration, and embracing free-to-access technology and heuristic methods as potential ways to improve the application.

Topic: Crime Patterns and Interventions
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Strategies for Improving the Effectiveness of English Translation Teaching in Higher Vocational Colleges Based on Data Mining

Abstract At present, most vocational colleges have set up English majors accordingly, and translation is a compulsory course for English majors. Although some concrete measures have been taken to implement the teaching mode and method of translation teaching, there are still some problems in the practice of translation teaching. Higher vocational students have some misunderstandings in English translation, which requires teachers to improve teaching methods and promote students’ initiative to participate in teaching. How to change the position of translation teaching in higher vocational English teaching and improve the level of English translation teaching is a hot issue for all English teachers. Based on an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of English translation teaching in higher vocational colleges, this paper expounds in detail the strategies for improving the effectiveness of English translation teaching in higher vocational colleges based on data mining.

Topic: Educational Technology and Pedagogy
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences