jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of hypoxia inducibility by oxygen sensing N-terminal cysteine oxidase in spermatophytes

N-terminal cysteine oxidases (NCOs) use molecular oxygen to oxidize the amino-terminal cysteine of specific proteins, thereby initiating the proteolytic N-degron pathway. To expand the characterization of the plant family of NCOs (PCOs), we performed a phylogenetic analysis across different taxa in terms of sequence similarity and transcriptional regulation. Based on this survey, we propose a distinction of PCOs into two main groups. A-type PCOs are conserved across all plant species and are generally unaffected at the mRNA level by oxygen availability. Instead, B-type PCOs differentiated in spermatophytes to acquire transcriptional regulation in response to hypoxia. The inactivation of two A-type PCOs in Arabidopsis thaliana, PCO4 and PCO5, is sufficient to activate the anaerobic response in young seedlings, whereas the additional removal of B-type PCOs leads to a stronger induction of anaerobic genes and impairs plant growth and development. Our results show that both PCO types are required to regulate the anaerobic response in angiosperms. Therefore, while it is possible to distinguish two clades within the PCO family, we conclude that they all contribute to restrain the anaerobic transcriptional program in normoxic conditions and together generate a molecular switch to toggle the hypoxic response.

Topic: Plant responses to water stress
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
[Hemodynamic effects of some beta-adrenergic blocking agents in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (author's transl)].

The hemodynamic effects of propranolol, pindolol and practolol were investigated i conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate (HR) ard cardiac output (CO) were measured and total peripheral resistance (TPR) was calculated. CO was determined by the modified dye dilution method using an arterio-venous shunt between the left carotid artery and the right jugular vein. Intraperitoneal administration of propranolol (5 mg/kg), pindolol (0.1 mg/kg) or practolol (50 mg/kg) caused a sustained antihypertensive effect of a similar degree. The antihypertensive effect of propranolol (20-30 mmHg, 0.5-8 hr) was attributed to an early decrease of CO (0.5-4 hr) followed by a reduction of TPR (6-8 hr), while that of pindolol or practolol (30-50 mmHg, 0.5-8 hr, 30 mmHg, 2-8 hr) was apparently related to a reduction of TPR with a CO increment. HR decreased with propranolol but increased with pindolol, while only slight changes were observed with practolol. Antihypertensive effects of propranolol, pindolol or practolol were associated with characteristic hemodynamic changes.

Topic: Eicosanoids and Hypertension Pharmacology
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Bringing the family back in? Attitudes towards the role of the family in caring for the elderly and children

In the last few years, demands for replacing the welfare state with family responsibility for the care of children and the elderly have become more and more insistent. Using data from a recent postal survey (N = 1,737), the article’s aim is to estimate the caring possibilities and caring potential of the family. The results show that compared to outside-home care and especially publicly provided outside-home care, family care is not supported by public opinion. However, the results provide no evidence of a decline in the caregiving potential of the family. Thus, the introduction of new family care-oriented policies and cuts in the public welfare services aimed at increasing family responsibility for the care of dependants could even be counterproductive, as families would soon be overloaded with caring tasks.

Topic: Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Off to the Pictures: Cinemagoing, Women’s Writing and Movie Culture in Interwar Britain

Examines women's constructions of selfhood through film and literature in interwar BritainOff to the Pictures: Cinemagoing, Women's Writing and Movie Culture in Interwar Britain offers a rich new exploration of interwar women's fictions and their complex intersections with cinema. Interrogating a range of writings, from newspapers and magazines to middlebrow and modernist fictions, the book takes the reader through the diverse print and storytelling media that women constructed around interwar film-going, arguing that literary forms came to constitute an intermedial gendered cinema culture at this time.Using detailed case studies, this innovative book draws upon new archival research, industrial analysis and close textual readings to consider cinema's place in the fictions and critical writings of major literary figures such as Winifred Holtby, Stella Gibbons, Elizabeth Bowen, Jean Rhys, Elinor Glyn, C. A. Lejeune and Iris Barry. Through the lens of feminist film historiography, Off to the Pictures presents a bold new view of interwar cinema culture, read through the creative reflections of the women who experienced it

Topic: Cinema and Media Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Does Lack of Commitment Undermine the Hypocrite's Standing to Blame?

ABSTRACT According to an influential account of standing, hypocritical blamers lack standing to blame in virtue of their lack of commitment to the norm etc. which they invoke. Nevertheless, the commitment account has the wrong shape for it to explain why hypocrites lack standing to blame. Building on the lessons of that critique I propose a novel account of what undermines standing to blame – the comparative fairness account. This differs from the commitment account and the other prominent account of why hypocrites lack standing to blame offered in the literature: the moral equality account. Finally, I observe that, intuitively, lack of commitment undermines standing to blame and that many hypocrites might lack standing for that reason also. Moreover, typically the hypocrite's failure to address their own faults is a feature in virtue of which, other things being equal, the hypocrite is less committed to the norm in question. These two observations provide the basis for an error theory of the commitment account's appeal, despite its inability to explain why, qua hypocritical blamer, one lacks standing to blame.

Topic: Free Will and Agency
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Risk of Headache Attributed to Surgical Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: A Cohort Study

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the risk of headache in patients undergoing surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Background The risk of the post‐craniotomy headache has never been studied. Methods Patients with intracranial aneurysm, who were consecutively admitted to the H ospital da R estauração, B razil, from M ay 2009 to O ctober 2010, were interviewed before they underwent surgical or non‐surgical treatment of the aneurysms. The patients were followed for 4 months after intervention. The I nternational H eadache S ociety criteria for post‐craniotomy headache were used after surgery and adapted for headache after embolization (maximum intensity of pain on the same side of the aneurysm). We also used the H eadache I mpact T est, the H ospital A nxiety and D epression S cale, and the E pworth S leepiness S cale. Results Of 101 patients enrolled, 53 patients underwent craniotomy and 48 patients embolization. The surgery group was younger and had fewer women. The incidence of headache was 28/51 cases (54.9%) after surgery and 12/47 cases (25.5%) after embolization (relative risk = 2.15; 95% confidence interval [ CI ] 1.24‐3.72). The incidence of persistent headache was not different between the 2 groups. The only risk factor for headache after the intervention was craniotomy (odds ratio = 2.6; 95% CI 1.1‐6.7) and for persistent headache was anxiety prior to treatment (odds ratio = 8.5; 95% CI 1.7‐42.3). The headache after treatment was not associated with the risk of anxiety or depression after the intervention. Conclusions Patients who underwent craniotomy had an increased risk of headache after treatment of intracranial aneurysms. The incidence of persistent headache after 3 months was higher among patients who had anxiety before the intervention.

Topic: Meningioma and schwannoma management
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Physicochemical Principles and Clinical Results Concerning the Conservative Treatment of Kidney Stones

Physicochemical principles and clinical results concerning the conservative treatment of kidney stones are discussed. Litholytic agents, developed over the last decades, are able to dissolve a number of kidney stones either directly through a retrograde irrigation of the kidney cavities or indirectly by using suitable drugs which can be administered orally or intravenously. Both ways of administration have their advantages and problems. The relation of chemical, physical, bacteriological, anatomical and metabolic factors to stone formation, as well as to stone dissolution and/or stone prophylaxis (metaphylaxis), is demonstrated. In addition, attention is called to the four physical factors – (1) crystallizing propensity, (2) exceeding the saturation point of the urine, (3) urine pH, and (4) 'salting out' effect – and their influence on stone formation. Factors promoting or preventing crystallization are classified in a biological relation. According to this 'relation, it is theoretically possible by selective elimination of substances promoting crystallization to achieve suitable conditions for dissolving uric acid, phosphate and L-cystine stones and also to inhibit stone formation (prophylaxis/metaphylaxis). The frequency of recurrent calcium oxalate calculi can be reduced by achieving 'anti-salting out' conditions in human urine. These ideas were proved experimentally and in a preliminary clinical study with a limited number of kidney-stone patients.

Topic: Kidney Stones and Urolithiasis Treatments
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Integration and Perception of Tablet PC Mathematics Software in Elementary Mathematics Education

The tablet PC provides a unique tool for education in that it allows students to write naturally in digital ink, making it possible for both normal and enhanced educational material and curricula to be easily transferred to a digital environment. There are many tools currently available for the tablet PC that are very useful to teachers, but there is very little software geared toward students—especially younger students. Younger students, however, may find a tablet PC particularly helpful because many of them have not yet developed typing skills. The Tablet Math System was developed in order to enhance children’s learning of simple mathematics and at the same time decrease teacher workload. The main goals of this study were to understand the ability of teachers to integrate the Tablet Math System in their classroom and to understand the perceptions of students and teachers regarding the software. Pilot studies in three fourth-grade classrooms indicate that the Tablet Math System was successfully integrated into classroom activities. Students completed almost 20,000 problems over 18 weeks on six tablet PCs rotated between three classes. Students had highly favorable perceptions of the Tablet Math System. They greatly preferred the tablet pc to paper, and were even eager to do math. The biggest complaint among students was that it was difficult to get on the system (as each class only had 6 tablets). The students also believed they did better on math presented on the tablet PC than on paper. Teachers found little change in their teaching pedagogies and had some problems integrating the system into their curriculum. These factors point to the importance of teacher training and professional development for the specific software environment. The findings also show that a tablet PC lab may be more advantageous for students, teachers and schools than a rotational model.

Topic: Teaching and Learning Programming
Subfield: Computer Science Applications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
FRETtranslator: translating FRET traces into RNA structural pathways

Recent genome and transcriptome sequencing projects have unveiled a plethora of highly structured RNA molecules as central mediators of cellular function. Single molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) is a powerful tool for analyzing the temporal evolution of the global structure of individual RNA molecules, in pursuit of understanding their essential structure-dynamics-function relationships. In contrast to enzymatic and chemical footprinting, NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, smFRET yields temporally resolved, quantitative information about single molecules rather than only time and ensemble averages of entire populations. This enables unique observations of transient and rare conformations under both equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions.

Topic: RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed by surgical residents.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is being widely performed by surgical residents, but specific outcomes have been poorly investigated. Data from 171 consecutive, unselected patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed by surgical residents were collected and matched with an equal number of randomly extracted laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by experienced senior staff surgeons between 2000 and 2006 at our institution. Demographic data, emergency procedures, cholangiographies, complications and length of stay were not significantly different between the two groups. However, surgical residents performed the operations in less complicated patients (ASA group 3-4 2% vs. 8%, respectively, p = 0.04). Moreover, the median duration of surgery was significantly longer in the resident group (67 vs. 50 minutes, p < 0.001), with fewer additional contemporary procedures (3% vs. 7%, respectively, p = 0.009). This study established that although surgical residents operated on less complex patients with longer operative times, the intraoperative difficulties and main outcomes were the same as for the senior surgeons.

Topic: Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
'Ruling out' myocardial infarction in the coronary care unit.

This discussion was selected from the weekly Grand Rounds in the Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque. Taken from a transcription, it has been edited by Ralph C. Williams, Jr, MD, Professor and Chair of the Department of Medicine.

Topic: Healthcare Policy and Management
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Statistical Evidence on the Acceleration Principle

A. Net rate of increase in total tonnage, I O , t ons (sailing tons counted for one third).B. Net rate of increase in total British tonnage entered, million tons.C. Rate of increase in " transport index," indicating ton-miles of transport for chief sea transport commodities (cereals, coal, wood, oil, nitrate).Taken from De Nednlandschc Conjunctuur, March, 1934).Chart 5.----GENEIULACTIVITY, UNITEDKINGDOM. A. Consumption of pig iron, percentage deviations from trend (nine-year moving average) ; taken account of pig iron in steel, of changes in stocks and after deduction of iron in exports.B. Rate of increase in industrial production (0, corrected figures, cf.chart 3, two-year moving averages) ; H o h n n ' s index.C. Non-labour income, deviations from trend (Stamp's figures for taxed income).C b ~t ~.-&ENE&U GERUNY. ACTIVITY,A. Consumption of pig iron, percentage deviations from nine-year moving average, two-year moving average; taken account of iron in steel and after deduction of iron in exports. B.Percentage rate of increase in industrial consumers' goods production (0, corrected figures, cf.chart 3, two-year moving averages).C. Percentage rate of increase in total industrial production, corrected figures, cf.chart 3. D. Dividends of all societies, percentage of capital, deviations from nine-year moving average.

Topic: Economic Theory and Policy
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Controlled Substance Liquid Waste Management Systems As Potential Reservoirs for Nosocomial Infection in a Pediatric Hospital

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if controlled substance waste management systems (CSWMS) demonstrate microbial growth, and therefore present a potential infection risk to pediatric hospital patients. METHODS Twenty CSWMS, either Smart Sink or Pharma Lock systems, located in patient care areas were sampled. Twelve were located in critical care areas. Cultures were obtained by swabbing the drain grate with a sterile swab. Swabs were then transported to the microbiology lab for culture. Each sample was labeled with the location of the CSWMS and each system was photographed. RESULTS Of the CSWMS sampled, 50% demonstrated bacterial or fungal growth with a total of 15 microorganisms isolated, including 3 systems with Micrococcus luteus, 2 with Aspergillus species, and 2 with ­Bacillus cereus. Nine of the 15 microorganisms isolated were from systems in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) followed by 2 microorganisms in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Of the 12 systems sampled in critical care areas, 8 (66%) had positive cultures. Of the 10 systems which demonstrated growth, 9 were Pharma Lock and 1 was Smart Sink. CONCLUSION Controlled substance waste management systems harbor potential pathogens and may serve as reservoirs of infectious agents in pediatric hospitals. Microbial growth was identified in more than half of sampled CSWMS located in critical care areas, where the most vulnerable patients are located. Based on this study, a cleaning procedure for CSWMS should be implemented. Further investigation on the relationship between CSWMS and nosocomial infections is warranted.

Topic: Medical Device Sterilization and Disinfection
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Analysis of a cortical cytoskeletal structure: a role for ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM proteins) in the marginal band of chicken erythrocytes

ABSTRACT We are studying how the cytoskeleton determines cell shape, using a simple model system, the marginal band of chicken erythrocytes. We previously identified a minor component of the marginal band by a monoclonal antibody, called 13H9 (Birgbauer and Solomon (1989). J. Cell Biol. 109, 1609-1620; Goslin et al. (1989). J. Cell Biol. 109, 1621-1631). mAb 13H9 also binds to the leading edges of fibroblasts and to neuronal growth cones and recognizes the cytoskeletal protein ezrin. In recent years, two proteins with a high degree of homology to ezrin were identified: moesin and radixin, together comprising the ERM protein family. We now show that the contiguous epitope sufficient for mAb 13H9 binding is a sequence present in each of the ERM proteins, as well as the product of the gene associated with neurofibromatosis 2, merlin or schwannomin. We used biochemical and immunological techniques, as well as PCR to characterize the expression and localization of the ERM proteins in chicken erythrocytes. The results demonstrate that radixin is the major ERM protein associated with the cytoskeleton. Both ezrin and radixin localize to the position of the marginal band. Our results suggest that the ERM proteins play functionally conserved roles in quite diverse organelles.

Topic: Neurofibromatosis and Schwannoma Cases
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Semantic Transparency in Free Stems: The Effect of Orthography-Semantics Consistency on Word Recognition

A largely overlooked side effect in most studies of morphological priming is a consistent main effect of semantic transparency across priming conditions. That is, participants are faster at recognizing stems from transparent sets (e.g., farm) in comparison to stems from opaque sets (e.g., fruit), regardless of the preceding primes. This suggests that semantic transparency may also be consistently associated with some property of the stem word. We propose that this property might be traced back to the consistency, throughout the lexicon, between the orthographic form of a word and its meaning, here named Orthography-Semantics Consistency (OSC), and that an imbalance in OSC scores might explain the “stem transparency” effect. We exploited distributional semantic models to quantitatively characterize OSC, and tested its effect on visual word identification relying on large-scale data taken from the British Lexicon Project (BLP). Results indicated that (a) the “stem transparency” effect is solid and reliable, insofar as it holds in BLP lexical decision times (Experiment 1); (b) an imbalance in terms of OSC can account for it (Experiment 2); and (c) more generally, OSC explains variance in a large item sample from the BLP, proving to be an effective predictor in visual word access (Experiment 3).

Topic: Reading and Literacy Development
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences