jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Asset Tracker: Identifying MMS progress toward reaching effective coverage

Originally launched in 2020, PATH’s Asset Tracker database is an open-access, online tool to equip advocates, donors, government decision-makers, and implementers with national coverage data for evidence-based interventions or ‘assets’ across 81 of the ‘Countdown to 2030’ countries. In-depth data for MMS is included from six focus countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Nigeria and Pakistan), with subnational data from all focus countries, excluding Pakistan.

Topic: Global Maternal and Child Health
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Adolescents' Knowledge about HIV/AIDS

This article sets out to study the dimensionality of adolescents' knowledge of HIV transmission by contrasting a two-factor and a one-factor model using confirmatory factor analysis (LISREL). The empirical data stem from a longitudinal study on health behaviour in Norway. This study uses cross-sectional data of the same subjects in 1990 with mean age 13.3 ( n = 927) and 1992 ( n = 974). The respondents were confronted with 12 items describing different types of risky situations and asked whether HIV could be transmitted in these situations. The two-factor model provided a significantly better fit to the empirical data than did the one-factor model, suggesting that knowledge of how HIV is transmitted is distinct from knowledge of how HIV is not transmitted. Several explanations for this difference are suggested, and implications for constructing health- education messages are discussed.

Topic: Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Cross-border Displacement: Prevent, Prepare or Adapt to?

Despite the fact that some forecasts suggest that a large number of individuals could become displaced by 2050, the institutional and operational linkages between climate and cross-border displacement continues to be complex. While refugees and IDPs are treated according to specific treaties, the status of cross-border displacement as a result of disasters suffers from a normative gap and the linkages between disaster displacement, its drivers and risk reduction seems rather underrepresented in existing research. The purpose of this research is to investigate if cross-border displacement is adequately addressed in institutional and operational frameworks, and how transboundary and regional cooperation plays a role in mitigating displacement risk in the country of origin or within regions. This was approached by interviewing fourteen relevant actors, conducting a questionnaire and assessing literature through a triangulation of data sources. By following the structure of four research objectives, the policy approach and the risk reduction approach were investigated. The study concludes that several factors can be inhibiting for successfully mitigating displacement risk. It is recommended that the objectives of the policy approach and the risk reduction approach are assembled in a coextending manner and that there is a need for leadership and stakeholder mapping. In order to guide forced migration, developing global outlines and then tailor those to national and sub-national binding points are recommended. Furthermore, data collection that identifies and categorises drivers for displacement is recommended in order to reduce risks.

Topic: Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Research on Platform Monopoly Governance Strategy under Digital Economy

In the context of the rapid development of digital economy, while significantly improving the economy, it also brings new challenges to national governance. Due to the uncertainty of the anti-monopoly law and the imperfection of the market, the problem of platform monopoly is becoming more and more serious. This research cuts into the market from the research of platform, market and policy, based on the investigation of platform data and means, and then analyzes the problems in combination with the relevant data of domestic and foreign policies, so as to obtain the governance strategy. In order to protect the rights and interests of consumers and comply with the law of platform development in the era of digital economy, we should formulate more perfect laws and regulations and form a flexible regulatory system.

Topic: Digital Transformation in Law
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Denitrification Enzyme Activity in Swine Wastewater Lagoons

Recent publications of high levels of di-nitrogen emissions and high levels of potential surficial oxygen transfer indicated that large amounts of nitrogen may be removed via denitrification in anaerobic lagoons. If this denitrification is occurring via classical denitrification, the denitrification enzyme levels should be correspondingly high. We measured denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) in five lagoons with varying loads of swine wastewater. The lagoons varied from lightly loaded with oxidative reductive potentials (ORP) that favored aerobic processes to heavier loaded with ORPs that favored anaerobic processes. The Acetylene inhibition method was used to access DEA in the untreated control conditions. Acetylene was added to block nitrous oxide conversion to di-nitrogen gas and allow total denitrification to be accessed via nitrous oxide measurements. Samples were taken in four quadrants of the lagoons at the surface, midway to the bottom, and just above the bottom of the lagoon. Initial results indicate that the quadrants were reasonably similar, but the depths were somewhat variable. Two commercial lagoons with COD values >1800 had surprisingly low DEA. These results suggest that di-nitrogen may be produced at different levels and by different means in different lagoons.

Topic: Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal
Subfield: Pollution
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
THE METHYLSULFONYLETHYLOXYCARBONYL GROUP, A NEW AND VERSATILE AMINO PROTECTIVE FUNCTION

A new amino protecting group, the methylsulfonylethyloxycarbonyl (Msc) group, is described which combines well with other familiar groups (benzyloxycarbonyl, t‐butyloxycarbonyl) in peptide syntheses. Its main characteristics are an extreme acid stability, a high base lability and a high polarity which enhances solubility in polar solvents including water. The group resists catalytic hydrogenolysis but does not poison the catalyst. It has good crystallizing properties. Application in peptide synthesis is exemplified in the synthesis of Msc‐Phe‐Arg‐Trp‐Gly‐OMe.HCl. Deprotection of the masked tetrapeptide was accomplished within 5 sec with a 1.0 N solution of base (OH ‐ and OCH 3 ‐ ). A reaction scheme for the cleavage of the group is suggested.

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Energetic and exergetic analysis of a multi-stage turbine, coal-fired 173 MW power plant

This paper reports the results of an energy and exergy audit of a 173 MW pulverised coal fired, subcritical steam power plant unit in the Midwestern USA. Energy and exergy analysis determined the thermal efficiency and identified the greatest sources of irreversibilities and also mapped the flow of energy and exergy throughout the plant. The overall plant energetic and exergetic efficiencies were found to be 32.8% and 33.7%, respectively. The largest source of exergy destruction in the cycle was found to be within the steam generator. Options explored to increase the exergetic efficiency were to improve the steam turbines to operate with higher temperature steam, to bring water into the condenser from the lake that is closer to the ambient temperature, and to replace a valve after the boiler feedwater pump with a hydro-turbine to produce some power.

Topic: Thermodynamic and Exergetic Analyses of Power and Cooling Systems
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Far-infrared studies on molecular motions and interactions in liquids

Far-infrared spectroscopy has been applied to the study of liquid phase molecular dynamics and interactions. The absorption and dispersion spectra of solutions of acetonitrile in carbon tetrachloride, across a range of temperatures and concentrations, have been obtained. These spectra have bean interpreted with the parameters obtained from a model developed from a generalised Langsvin equation of motion which includes intermolecular torque terms. The results obtained from the model analysis have been applied in an investigation of the non-reorientational contributions to the Raman and infrared bands arising from the and v(^1) and v(_3) modes. This study has shown that contrary to the assumptions commonly made, these contributions are not equal and some possible explanations for the discrepancies are given. A number of internal field theories are discussed and have been applied to the acetonitrile systems. The interpretation of the results of this analysis in terms of a simple model suggest that there is a preferred i.e. non-random orientation of the acetonitrile molecules in solution. A study of some tertiary alkyl ammonium halide solutions has revealed that there is a series of systems which separate into two liquid phases. Further investigation has highlighted the role of small amounts of water in these systems.

Topic: Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
SMovie S4 from Accelerated Tumor Progression in Mice Lacking the ATP Receptor P2X7

&lt;p&gt;SMovie S4. Migration of wt N13 microglial cells from both sides of a wounded monolayer after scratching with a plastic pipette tip.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Adenosine and Purinergic Signaling
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
HLA-DP antigens in HIV-infected individuals.

We studied the distribution of HLA-DP antigens in 74 HIV-infected Danish homosexual men and 188 ethnically matched healthy individuals, using the primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) technique. Forty of the patients developed AIDS within 3 years after diagnosis, whereas the remaining 34 were healthy or had only minor symptoms for 3 years or more (median observation time was 42 months). HLA-DPwl seemed to be decreased (relative risk = 0.3) in AIDS patients (5.0 per cent) when compared to patients with minor symptoms (14.7 per cent) and healthy controls (14.9 per cent). These differences were, however, not statistically significant. There were no other apparent deviations between patients (or subgroups of patients) and controls.

Topic: HIV Research and Treatment
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Geopolitics of Peace Education. Learning to Hate the War, to Love Peace, and to Do Something About it

En este artículo pretendemos exponer cuatro teorías centrales, cuatro tareas políticas y cuatro temas que construyen una Educación para la paz. Partimos de la tesis de que cualquier Educación debe prepararse desde la práctica, pero guiada desde la teoría general. Desde una Educación para la paz, pretendemos mediar y ejemplificar en escenarios y ejercicios prácticos que nos ayuden a comprender lo importante que son los Estudios para la paz dentro de una verdadera educación integral.

Topic: Education for Peace and Conflict Resolution
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Stages of Christian Mysticism and Buddhist Purification: Interior Castle of St Teresa of Ávila and the Path of Purification of Buddhaghosa

Lance S.Cousins There have been many attempts to define or describe the nature of mystical experience: some have argued for a uniform mystical goal, others have asserted the uniqueness of some particular type of mystical experience, still others have sought to erect a hierarchy of stages or levels of mystical experience either within one religion or across the boundaries of traditions.1 No real consensus has yet been reached.

Topic: Historical Art and Architecture Studies
Subfield: Conservation
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Exploiting frequency-scaling invariance properties of the scale transform for automatic speech recognition

An experimental study of the application of scale-transform to improve the performance of speaker independent continuous speech recognition, is presented in this paper. Three major results are described. First, a comparison was made between the scale-transform based magnitude cepstrum coefficients (STCC) and mel-scale filter bank cepstrum coefficients (MFCC) on a telephone based connected digit recognition task. It was shown that the STCC can obtain a performance that is close to that of the MFCC. Second, a simple frequency-normalization procedure was applied to the scale-transform representation that improved performance on the connected digit recognition task with respect to the MFCC. Finally, in a more controlled experimental setting using the TIMIT database, it was shown that the application of phone-specific frequency warpings improved phone classification performance over using a single speaker-specific warping. This last result may have general implications for all frequency warping based speaker normalization procedures.

Topic: Speech and Audio Processing
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluation of Chromogranin a Expression in Serum and Tissues of Breast Cancer Patients

Human chromogranin A (CgA) is a member of the granin family and is widely distributed in large dense core granules of endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. A variety of non-neuroendocrine carcinomas arising in various tissues show patterns of neuroendocrine differentiation. Expression of CgA has been documented in epithelial cells of normal mammary gland as well as in breast cancers, and elevation of serum CgA has been detected in patients with breast cancer. Our study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between serum CgA levels and neuroendocrine features in breast cancer. In addition, we evaluated the expression of serum CgA in patients affected by breast cancer compared to controls and the relationship between serum CgA and tumor histology, extent of disease, lymph node status, tumor stage and serum CA 15.3 levels. We enrolled 266 patients with infiltrating ductal or lobular breast carcinoma and a group of 100 age-matched healthy women serving as controls. Serum CgA and CA 15.3 were assayed by specific immunoradiometric methods. The overall sensitivity of CgA and CA 15.3 was 0.06 and 0.34, respectively (χ 2 19.1, p&lt;0.0005). No relationship was found between serum levels of CgA and tumor histology, extent of disease, lymph node status or tumor stage while serum levels of CA 15.3 were strongly correlated with all these variables but tumor histology. No relationship was found between serum levels of CgA and CA 15.3. Immunostaining against CgA, CgB, NSE and synaptophysin was performed on primary tumor tissue of 14 serum CgA-positive and 24 serum CgA-negative patients and was negative in all cases. We also evaluated eight cases of pathologically-proven neuroendocrine breast cancer: only four and two of these showed positive CgA immunostaining and increased serum CgA concentration, respectively. In conclusion, serum CgA assay offers no additional information regarding the presence, the extent and the histology of breast cancer compared to the CA 15.3 assay. Moreover, serum CgA was not an accurate marker to identify or exclude the rare neuroendocrine differentiation of breast cancer. We therefore conclude that CgA is not useful as a serum marker in breast cancer.

Topic: Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Advances
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Sex Differences in Phosphate Homeostasis: Females Excrete More Phosphate and Calcium After an Oral Phosphate Challenge

Abstract Context Dietary consumption of phosphate is increasing, and elevated serum phosphate is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Sex differences in phosphate homeostasis and response to changes in dietary phosphate intake, which are not captured by clinically measured analytes, may contribute to differences in CVD presentation and bone disease. Objective To assess sex differences in acute phosphate homeostasis in response to a single oral phosphate challenge. Design Cross-sectional. Setting General community. Participants 78 participants (40-76 years) with measured glomerular filtration rate &amp;gt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and no clinically diagnosed CVD and 14 young healthy adults. Main Outcome Measures To elucidate subtle alterations in phosphate homeostasis, we employ an acute challenge whereby the hormonal response, circulating mineral levels, and urinary excretion are assessed following an oral challenge of phosphate. Results Although both males and females had similar changes in circulating phosphate, calcium, and parathyroid hormone in response to the challenge, females excreted ∼1.9x more phosphate and ∼2.7x more calcium than males, despite not consuming calcium. These sex differences were recapitulated in healthy young adults. This excretion response did not correlate to age, serum phosphate, or estradiol levels. The females with greater excretion of phosphate had higher levels of bone resorption markers compared to formation markers. Conclusions Taken together, these data identify sex differences in acute phosphate homeostasis, specifically that females may mobilize and excrete endogenous sources of calcium and phosphate in response to oral phosphate compared to males. While high levels of dietary phosphate negatively impact bone, our results suggest that females may incur more risk from these diets.

Topic: Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
High-tech Assault on HIV: Gene Therapy

GENE THERAPY may still be in its infancy, but it is cutting teeth on attempts to ameliorate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Indeed, knowledge about the HIV genome seems to have come faster than clinical advances in treating the infection itself, and work with HIV clearly is breaking new ground in the field of gene therapy in ways likely to have impact far beyond the treatment of AIDS. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Md, is including several gene therapy approaches, along with other innovative cell transfer studies, in the new Strategic Program for Innovative Research on AIDS Treatment (SPIRAT). SPIRAT is "crucial," says NIAID Director Anthony Fauci, MD, because anti-HIV drugs "only partially and temporarily suppress" viral replication and are "hampered by toxicity and drug resistance." <h3>Enthusiasm and Cooperation</h3> There is "great enthusiasm about the potential of gene therapy" for treating HIV disease, says William

Topic: CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Chronicintracarotidcannulationof pigeons for administrationof behaviorally' active peptides

Summary Chronic intra carotid cannulation of the common carotid artery was performed in the pigeon. The catheter system of polyethylene tubing consisted of an indwelling component and an injection component. The indwelling component was exteriorized at the occiput so the bird could not reach the catheter with its beak. Following surgery, the pigeons were housed individually and received food and water ad libitum and no special care was necessary. The catheter was flushed daily with heparin in 0'9% NaCI solution to maintain patency. 30 pigeons were continuously or intermittently infused with bioactive peptides for up to 60 days after cannulation. The administration of bioactive agents to elicit behavioral responses in experimental animals has generally been accomplished by parenteral administration, using chiefly intraperitoneal or intravenous injections, or by administration into the central nervous system by injection into the cerebral ventricles or directly into the brain parenchyma. There are inherent difficulties with each method. The effective concentrations achieved if agents are administered peripherally are difficult to quantify, since the large number of enzymes found throughout the blood, solid tissues, and vascular beds may vary from bird to bird. This limits the feasibility of a direct dose response assessment. Moreover, for the peripheral route the behavioral response elicited through central mechanisms may be confounded by the systemic effects of the agent. Central administration of the agent makes it feasible to conduct dose response studies, but its relevance is limited to specific regions or localized areas of the brain. Furthermore, disruption of the cellular microenvironment in the region of the localized injection may produce unrelated neural effects due to osmotic gradients in the environs or even focal lesions due to cell lysis. Consequently we have developed a method of chronic cannulation for administration of behaviorally active peptides to avoid these artefacts. In the case of the substances that readily penetrate Received 21 February 1982. Accepted 19 April 1982. the blood-brain barrier it is possible to avoid the difficulties of central localization and diffuse peripheral disposition of injected bioactive peptides by using an indwelling catheter in the common carotid artery.

Topic: Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Soils of Accumulative Coasts of the East Siberian Sea

Thalassosols developing on the accumulative coasts of the East Siberian Sea include initial soils of regularly flooded tidal flats with sparse vegetation, episodically flooded marsh soils with different degrees of salinization, and maritime soils that are morphologically close to the zonal soils but are affected by salts transferred by wind with seawater drops and organomineral matter from the non-vegetated seashores. Weakly developed marsh soils have the initial features and structure of the marine sediments combined with the processes of salinization; sulfate reduction; gleyzation; cryogenic mass exchange; as well as the transfer, accumulation, and weak biochemical transformation of the raw organic matter. Soils with different degrees of salinization are formed on tidal marshes and are characterized by some redistribution of salts in the soil profile with weak accumulation of salts in the uppermost organic horizons and in the suprapermafrost layers along with pronounced sulfate reduction. Slightly saline organogenic and peaty gleyic soils predominate in the areas of sedge marshes. The majority of studied marsh soils form under the conditions of distinct cryogenic polygonal microtopography, waterlogging, and relatively shallow permafrost.

Topic: Climate change and permafrost
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences