jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Chracteristion of Graphite Doped Tin Oxide Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Battery

A citric acid assisted sol gel method has been used to prepare a composite of tin oxide doped with 10% and 20% graphite. The structure, morphology and the electrochemical properties of the composite powders were investigated. The x-ray diffraction(XRD) pattern showed crystalline tetragonal structure and presence of nanoparticles were detected from field-mission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The active anodes prepared using a mixture of composite powder and a conductive binder(teflonized acetylene black) were cycled electrochemically versus lithium. The initial reversible capacity obtained for both composite powders; Sn0.9C0.1O2 and Sn0.8C0.2O2 were around 200mAh/g. However, the capacity fades significantly upon further cycling. Ex-situ microscopic method using FE-SEM revealed that repeated charge-discharge cycling of this anode within the range of 0.5-2.0V was found to have a significant influence on the morphology of the anode material. The morphological changes were due to the effects of volume change that occurs during the insertion and extraction of lithium-ion during repeated cycling of this anode.

Topic: Advancements in Battery Materials
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Kill the Messenger: T-cell/B-cell Interactions in cGVHD

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a common complication in patients after receiving an allogeneic tissue transplant, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from unrelated donors. cGVHD was viewed predominantly as a T-cell mediated disease but the emerging evidences indicate the crucial role of B-cell and other immune cells in its pathogenesis. In their original paper in Blood [1], Flynn et al. show that increased frequency of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and germinal center (GC) Bcells correlates with the development of cGVHD in a murine model and that blocking monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for interleukin-21 (IL-21), inducble T-cell costimulator (ICOS) and CD40 ligand reverse cGVHD. These data demonstrate the importance of T follicular helper (Tfh) and germinal center (GC) Bcells in the pathogenesis of cGVHD and associated bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and suggest that new therapies using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting Tfh cells, GC B cells, and their interactions could potentially reverse established pulmonary cGVHD.

Topic: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Structure and Dynamics of the Lincomycin−Copper(II) Complex in Water Solution by <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR Studies

The copper(II) complex of lincomycin in water solution at pH = 7.15 was characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. A 1:1 complex is formed in these conditions. The temperature dependence of spin-lattice relaxation rates was measured, showing that all protons behave in a similar fashion and slow exchange conditions prevail. The spin-lattice relaxation rate enhancements were interpreted by the Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan theory. Reorientational dynamics of the complex was approximated by evaluating the motional correlation time of free lincomycin in water solution. The observed proton and carbon relaxation rate enhancements allowed us to calculate copper-proton and copper-carbon distances that were used for building a molecular model of the complex. The obtained data provide an interpretation of the relatively high stability constant.

Topic: Electron Spin Resonance Studies
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[A clinical study of antiviral therapy for patients with compensated hepatitis C cirrhosis].

<b>Objective:</b> To investigate the effect of antiviral therapy on the progression of liver cirrhosis and related predictive factors through a retrospective analysis of patients with compensated hepatitis C cirrhosis. <b>Methods:</b> The patients with compensated hepatitis C cirrhosis who were treated in our hospital from 2004 to 2015 were divided into sustained virologic response (SVR) group, non-SVR (NSVR) group, and untreated group. The baseline features of patients with or without liver cirrhosis were compared to identify the predictive factors for the progression of liver cirrhosis. The changes in platelet count, spleen sizes, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and Child-Turotte-Pugh (CTP) score were analyzed, and the incidence rate of liver cancer was compared between groups. A one-way analysis of variance, the Kruskal-wallis H test, the two-independent-sample t test, the chi-square test, and a multivariate logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis based on data type. <b>Results:</b> A total of 89 patients with compensated liver cirrhosis were enrolled, among whom 42 received the antiviral treatment with interferon and ribavirin (30 were treated with pegylated interferon-α and 12 were treated with ordinary interferon) and 47 did not receive any antiviral therapy. Among the patients who received the antiviral treatment with interferon and ribavirin, 20 achieved SVR and 22 did not achieve SVR. Compared with baseline values, platelet count in the SVR group and the NSVR group was increased by (44.93 ± 32.66)×10(9)/L and (9.73 ± 28.83)×10(9)/L, respectively, and platelet count in the untreated group was reduced by (19.76 ± 54.5)×10(9)/L; the three groups had a significant change in platelet count (<i>F</i> = 14.731, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Spleen size was reduced by 0.91 ± 1.09 cm in the SVR group and increased by 0.20±0.84 cm and 1.11 ± 1.69 cm in the NSVR group and the untreated group, respectively; the three groups had a significant change in spleen size (<i>F</i> = 14.943, <i>P</i> < 0.001). The three groups had no significant changes in MELD, SOFA, and CTP scores (<i>P</i> > 0.05). One patient (5.00%) in the SVR group, 5 (22.73%) in the NSVR group, and 6 (12.77%) in the untreated group progressed to liver cancer (<i>χ</i> (2) = 13.787, <i>P</i> = 0.001). The univariate analysis showed that SVR, HCV RNA, total bilirubin, and albumin were predictive factors for disease progression, and the multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that SVR and total bilirubin were predictive factors for disease progression. <b>Conclusion:</b> Interferon combined with ribavirin has a marked clinical effect in the treatment of compensated hepatitis C cirrhosis with good short- and long-term efficacy.

Topic: Hepatitis C virus research
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Measurement of the absolute penetration depth and surface resistance of superconductors and normal metals with the variable spacing parallel plate resonator

The variable spacing parallel plate resonator (VSPPR) is a microwave transmission line resonator with a continuously variable thickness of the dielectric spacer between the superconducting or metallic plates, filled by cryogenic liquid or vacuum. We measure the dielectric spacer thickness dependencies of the resonator frequency and quality factor, and fit them to theoretical forms, in order to extract the absolute values of penetration depth, λ, and surface resistance, Rs. A cryogenic micropositioning setup is developed to vary the spacer thickness from 0 to 100 μm with a resolution of 8.5 nm, and to maintain parallelism of the resonator plates. Measurement of ac capacitance between the plates is utilized to directly determine the separation between the resonator plates and to reduce the effect of their tilt and nonflatness on the accuracy of the measured Rs and λ. Because the operating temperature is fixed (77 K), the result for a superconductor is independent of an a priori model for the penetration depth versus temperature. This technique can also be employed as a surface impedance standard for characterization of high temperature superconducting films for microwave applications.

Topic: Physics of Superconductivity and Magnetism
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
P‐102: Flexible Display using Nano‐encapsulated Liquid Crystal with Low Driving Voltage Characteristics

We propose a flexible display using nano‐encapsulated liquid crystal (LC) for in‐plane switching mode. Because the size of the LC capsule is smaller than the wavelength of visible light, the LC layer shows optically isotropic characteristics for good display performance. And also, we suggested a bipolar driving method for low operating voltage.

Topic: Liquid Crystal Research Advancements
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Research on the Design and Effect of Early Childhood Education Games Supported by AR Technology

The main content of this study is the research on the design and effect of early childhood educational games supported by augmented reality (hereinafter referred to as AR) technology. The research starts with the investigation and literature review of practical problems in early childhood education, aiming at the practical problems, combined with the characteristics of AR technology, and systematically proposes a preschool education communication process model supported by technology to solve the practical problems of early childhood education. Using the characteristics of technological multimedia integration, establish an all-media integrated resource package for early childhood education to solve practical problems such as scattered educational resources, duplication of construction, and resource waste technology.

Topic: Augmented Reality Applications
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
IL-21 shapes germinal center polarization via light zone B cell selection and cyclin D3 upregulation

Germinal center (GC) dysregulation has been widely reported in the context of autoimmunity. Here, we show that interleukin 21 (IL-21), the archetypal follicular helper T cell (Tfh) cytokine, shapes the scale and polarization of spontaneous chronic autoimmune as well as transient immunization-induced GC. We find that IL-21 receptor deficiency results in smaller GC that are profoundly skewed toward a light zone GC B cell phenotype and that IL-21 plays a key role in selection of light zone GC B cells for entry to the dark zone. Light zone skewing has been previously reported in mice lacking the cell cycle regulator cyclin D3. We demonstrate that IL-21 triggers cyclin D3 upregulation in GC B cells, thereby tuning dark zone inertial cell cycling. Lastly, we identify Foxo1 regulation as a link between IL-21 signaling and GC dark zone formation. These findings reveal new biological roles for IL-21 within GC and have implications for autoimmune settings where IL-21 is overproduced.

Topic: T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Greek concept of dialectic

The origins and development of dialectic are traced from Zeno and the Eleatic school through Plato. The essay provides a justification for claiming that Zeno invented dialectic and explicates three senses in which it is paradoxically appropriate to claim that Plato perfected dialectic before Aristotle systematized and analyzed it.

Topic: Classical Philosophy and Thought
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Financial Risk, Hospital Cost, and Complications and Comorbidities (CCs) in Non-CC Stratified Neurosurgical Diagnostic Related Groups (DRGs)

The purpose of this study was to analyze hospital resource consumption in the nine neurosurgical DRGs not stratified by complicating condition (CCs) (i.e., those neurosurgical DRGs that give no additional payment for associated medical conditions or complications occurring in the hospital). We analyzed 148 Medicare patients in these non-CC stratified neurosurgical DRGs and found that patients with a greater number of CCs had higher hospital resource consumption, substantial financial risk under DRGs, and a poorer outcome than patients with no CCs. These data suggest that the current DRG classification scheme may be inequitable vis-à-vis the non-CC stratified neurosurgical DRGs at our hospital. Hospitals that treat significant numbers of these patients may face disincentives to care for them under prospective Medicare DRG reimbursement.

Topic: Healthcare Policy and Management
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

Abstract In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual‐purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots. Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales. Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual‐purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.

Topic: Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A multicenter double-blind controlled trial comparing lidamidine HCl and loperamide in the symptomatic treatment of acute diarrhoea.

The efficacy of 1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-amidinourea hydrochloride (lidamidine HCl, WHR-1142 A) an aryl-substituted amidinourea recently synthesized, was compared with that of loperamide in 32 patients with acute diarrhoea. The results of the study show that lidamidine HCl and loperamide had comparable effects in the pharmacological treatment of acute non-specific diarrhoea. Lidamidine HCl was also shown to be well tolerated; side-effects were generally minor and self-limiting.

Topic: Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Contributing from Inside the Outer Circle: The Identity-Based Effects of Noncore Role Incumbents on Relational Coordination and Organizational Climate

To function optimally, most workgroups need an interdependent mix of members in strategically core and noncore roles who work together effectively. However, although researchers have investigated the contributions of star performers and strategically core group members, we know relatively little about individuals in noncore roles and how they may facilitate group functioning and contribute to the relational climate of organizations. In this article we develop a multilevel, bottom-up model that explains two paths through which employees in noncore roles facilitate the dissemination of relational coordination in organizations. We leverage insights from self-categorization theory and relational coordination theory to explain different ways noncore role incumbents attempt to enact their noncore role identities. We then describe how the relational stances of those occupying core roles can enable or hinder the identity validation of those in noncore roles, and how validating the role-based identities of members in noncore roles fosters relational coordination at the group level while fostering positive identification with noncore roles. Finally, we theorize about how relational coordination facilitated by noncore role incumbents contributes to the relational climate of the organization, which subsequently motivates core role incumbents throughout the organization to support their teammates in noncore roles.

Topic: Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Use of nanoparticles in pediatric dentistry: A narrative review

Aims: Nanoparticles are being used a lot in dentistry, and the use of nanoparticles can bring about a change in almost all aspects of pediatric dentistry, from diagnosis to treatment. The aim here was to search scientific databases for the utilization of nanoparticles in pediatric dentistry. Nanotechnology is the science of material world in the scale of less than 100 nm. This has made a revolution in the field of medical and dental sciences by improvement in mechanical and physical traits of substances, helping to reinstate new investigative possibilities and microdelivery options. Materials and Methods: The literature search was done through various databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science using MeSh and free terms to collect data on "nanoparticles in pediatric dentistry." Those articles that are written in English and those that had full text available were considered since its use in dentistry, whereas unpublished data and literature written in other languages and articles with only abstracts were excluded. Following the search results obtained, 31 articles were relevant. The reference list of all the articles thus included was hand-searched; full text evaluation was done; and duplicates were removed. Results: The articles mentioning nanoparticles in pediatric dentistry were very few, so we included articles with some association with pediatric dentistry, and finally 21 articles met the criteria of search. Nanoparticles have tremendous potential for being used in pediatric dentistry, namely the prevention of dental caries, restorative materials, endodontics, and imaging. Although beneficial these materials have to be applied with caution as still no long-term studies are available. Conclusion: Nanotechnology has been exploited in dentistry mostly with beneficial results. Scientists are working very hard to incorporate nanoparticles into every aspect of dentistry, pediatric dentistry in particular. There is a dearth of studies, both in vivo and in vitro, on these materials, and more studies will substantiate the uses in pediatric dentistry. The present scientific review will help us in understanding nanomaterials and the advantages and demerits of nanotechnology by addressing its social and medical implications.

Topic: Dental Anxiety and Anesthesia Techniques
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Application of modified Goodman contact element in numerical analysis

The Goodman element is widely used to simulate the contact of two different materials, however sometimes it causes large error in stress calculation and element embedding. In this paper, a further modified contact element is proposed, the better element has its own thickness, furthermore, when composed, the element normal connecting form is adopted as the changing mode associated with normal displacement: countless springs would be used as connection when normal displacement is less than thickness, or countless rigid connecting rods would be used. Meanwhile, by comparing the calculation results of horizontal displacement of an actual cutoff wall project using the two different methods with the actual measurement values, the new element has smaller error and is proved to be superior to the exiting Goodman element.

Topic: Contact Mechanics and Variational Inequalities
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Patients' views on a nurse-led prostate clinic.

Nurse-led clinics are being established in a number of specialties including urology. Men attending a nurse-led clinic for suspected prostate cancer were surveyed to investigate their perception of and satisfaction with a nurse-led clinic and to establish whether this model of care met expectations. The results showed that patients were satisfied with the service. This adds to the growing body of evidence supporting nurse-led services.

Topic: Nursing Roles and Practices
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Metabolic and thermal response of Eskimos during muscular exertion in the cold

Performing muscular work in cold surroundings results in a greater energy requirement than that in a neutral environment at low levels of work, but is the same as that in a neutral environment at higher levels of work when rectal temperature is increased by the work. No higher heat production could be demonstrated in Eskimos than in Caucasians. It was found that rectal temperature increases during muscular work up to a certain level, this being almost constant over a wide range of environmental temperatures if the rate of work is constant. But when work rate becomes sufficiently low, the heat production is too small to compensate for the increased heat loss in the cold, so that the rectal temperature falls. A quicker onset of the rewarming of the previously cooled skin of the hands was found in Eskimos than in Caucasians as a result of exercise in the cold. This suggests a different vasomotor control of the blood supply to the skin. Submitted on August 6, 1962

Topic: Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Dna repair synthesis in subpopulations of human lymphocytes

ABSTRACT Human peripheral blood lymphocytes enriched in T or B cells were exposed to ultraviolet irradiation, nitrogen mustard or methylmethane sulphonate and investigated regarding their capacity for DNA repair synthesis. The DNA repair synthesis, measured as [3H]thymidine incorporated, was determined by autoradiography as unscheduled DNA synthesis (LIDS). No systematic difference could be found in the capacity for UDS between the T- and B-cell-enriched fractions. A larger individual variation in UDS was found in the B-cell-compared to the T-cell-enriched lymphocytes.

Topic: DNA Repair Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences