jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE TO AMBULATION-INCREASING EFFECT OF SCOPOLAMINE DEPENDENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN MICE

Effects of repeated administration of scopolamine at 0.5, 2.0 and 8.0 mg/kg s.c. on ambulatory activity in mice were investigated. The drug was administered 5 times at intervals of daily, 3–4 days and weekly. The ambulation-increasing effect of scopolamine progressively decreased when the mice were put into a tilting-type round activity cage of 25 cm in diameter and 13 cm in height during the presence of the acute drug effect. The tolerance, once produced, was maintained even 1 month after the withdrawal. In contrast, development of tolerance to the ambulation-increasing effect of scopolamine could not be found when the mice were put into a glass jar with a 5.5 cm diameter, in which the ambulation was perfectly restricted, after each drug administration. The present results suggest that the tolerance to the ambulation-increasing effect of scopolamine induced by repeated administration may be elicited by an interaction between the experimental situation and the drug effect.

Topic: Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
DNA-Directed Control of Enzyme–Inhibitor Complex Formation: A Modular Approach to Reversibly Switch Enzyme Activity

DNA-templated reversible assembly of an enzyme-inhibitor complex is presented as a new and highly modular approach to control enzyme activity. TEM1-β-lactamase and its inhibitor protein BLIP were conjugated to different oligonucleotides, resulting in enzyme inhibition in the presence of template strand. Formation of a rigid dsDNA linker upon addition of a complementary target strand disrupts the enzyme-inhibitor complex and results in the restoration of enzyme activity, enabling detection of as little as 2 fmol DNA. The noncovalent assembly of the complex allows easy tuning of target and template strands without changing the oligonucleotide-functionalized enzyme and inhibitor domains. Using a panel of eight different template sequences, restoration of enzyme activity was only observed in the presence of the target viral DNA sequence. The use of stable, well-characterized protein domains and the intrinsic modularity of our system should allow easy integration with DNA/RNA-based logic circuits for applications in biomedicine and molecular diagnostics.

Topic: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary material from "Do mixed-species groups of capuchin (<i>Sapajus apella</i>) and squirrel monkeys (<i>Saimiri sciureus</i>) synchronize their behaviour?"

In the wild, coordinated behaviour across group members is essential for maintaining spatial coherence, with potential implications for individual fitness. Such coordination often leads to behavioural synchrony (performing the same behaviour at the same time). Tufted capuchins (<i>Sapajus apella</i>) and squirrel monkeys (<i>Saimiri sciureus</i>) are known to form mixed-species groups (MSGs), travelling and foraging together. Yet, it is unclear if it is necessary to synchronize behaviours in captivity when ecological pressures are minimal compared to the wild. We investigated the extent two MSGs of capuchins (<i>N = </i>35) and squirrel monkeys (<i>N </i>= 26), synchronized their behaviour with conspecifics and heterospecifics at the Living Links to Human Evolution Research Centre, RZSS, Edinburgh Zoo. Group activities were sampled by instantaneous scans of all visible individuals. Scans (<i>n </i>= 180) were analysed for five most frequently observed behaviours. Intraspecies synchrony was calculated using Simpson's Diversity Index, and interspecies synchrony was measured using cross-correlations. Intraspecific synchrony was significantly greater compared to randomly aggregated data, while cross-correlations indicated interspecific asynchrony. Living together did not lead to interspecific synchrony as may be expected given the coordination and behaviour described in the wild, and shared husbandry in captivity. Overall, our findings highlight differences in the behavioural structure of single- versus MSGs.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes’.

Topic: Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A New Organocatalyst for the Strecker Reaction

A new organocatalyst has been developed which contains a glycosyl amine and a planar-chiral [2.2]paracyclophane but no hydrogen-bond-donor or Brønsted acidic functionalities. The catalyst was used in an enantioselective Strecker reaction where HCN was generated in situ from Me3SiCN and methanol. Imines derived from aliphatic aldehydes afford products in good yields with high enantioselectivities. The reaction with aromatic aldimines, on the contrary to other reported enantioselectively catalyzed Strecker reactions, gave slightly lower enantioselectivity.

Topic: Asymmetric Synthesis and Catalysis
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Shear-Wave Velocity Characterization of the USGS Hawaiian Strong-Motion Network on the Island of Hawaii and Development of an NEHRP Site-Class Map

To assess the level and nature of ground shaking in Hawaii for the purposes of earthquake hazard mitigation and seismic design, empirical ground-motion prediction models are desired. To develop such empirical relationships, knowledge of the subsurface site conditions beneath strong-motion stations is critical. Thus, as a first step to develop ground-motion prediction models for Hawaii, wspectral-analysis-of-surface-waves (SASW) profiling was performed at the 22 free-field U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) strong-motion sites on the Big Island to obtain shear-wave velocity (V(S)) data. Nineteen of these stations recorded the 2006 Kiholo Bay moment magnitude (M) 6.7 earthquake, and 17 stations recorded the triggered M 6.0 Mahukona earthquake. V(S) profiling was performed to reach depths of more than 100 ft. Most of the USGS stations are situated on sites underlain by basalt, based on surficial geologic maps. However, the sites have varying degrees of weathering and soil development. The remaining strong-motion stations are located on alluvium or volcanic ash. V(S30) (average V(S) in the top 30 m) values for the stations on basalt ranged from 906 to 1908 ft/s [National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) site classes C and D], because most sites were covered with soil of variable thickness. Based on these data, an NEHRP site-class map was developed for the Big Island. These new V(S) data will be a significant input into an update of the USGS statewide hazard maps and to the operation of ShakeMap on the island of Hawaii.

Topic: Seismic Waves and Analysis
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Projected future climate changes in the context of geological and geomorphological hazards

On palaeoclimate time scales, enhanced levels of geological and geomorphological activity have been linked to climatic factors, including examples of processes that are expected to be important in current and future anthropogenic climate change. Planetary warming leading to increased rainfall, ice-mass loss and rising sea levels is potentially relevant to geospheric responses in many geologically diverse regions. Anthropogenic climate change, therefore, has the potential to alter the risk of geological and geomorphological hazards through the twenty-first century and beyond. Here, we review climate change projections from both global and regional climate models in the context of geohazards. In assessing the potential for geospheric responses to climate change, it appears prudent to consider regional levels of warming of 2°C above average pre-industrial temperature as being potentially unavoidable as an influence on processes requiring a human adaptation response within this century. At the other end of the scale when considering changes that could be avoided by reduction of emissions, scenarios of unmitigated warming exceeding 4°C in the global average include much greater local warming in some regions. However, considerable further work is required to better understand the uncertainties associated with these projections, uncertainties inherent not only in the climate modelling but also in the linkages between climate change and geospheric responses.

Topic: Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Diffuse elastic magnetic scattering of neutrons from a Mn<sub>0.68</sub>Zn<sub>0.32</sub>F<sub>2</sub>single crystal

The authors have investigated the temperature variation of the cross section of the magnetic elastic diffuse neutron scattering from a single crystal of Mn0.68Zn0.32F2. The experiment was performed with the scattering vector along (100) and (110) directions, at temperatures of 4.2, 20 and 30K. Neutron polarisation analysis, with a time-of-flight technique, was used to separate the elastic magnetic diffuse scattering from the accompanying scattering. The modulation of the magnetic diffuse cross section was related to the fluctuation in magnetisation due to the impurity present. The parameters extracted were compared with those obtained from a mean-field theory of dilute impurities in a Heisenberg magnet.

Topic: High-pressure geophysics and materials
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
An accurate SPICE-compatible circuit model for power FLYMOSFETs

In this paper, a new SPICE-compatible circuit model for low voltage, low on-resistance power FLYMOSFETs is presented for the first time. In this new structure, the improvement of the on-resistance has been obtained by inserting floating islands in the lowly doped layer. Our modelling is based on device physics, analytical study and on experimental characterization. The inter-electrode capacitances are modelled accurately as nonlinear functions, and good agreement between simulation and measurements is found.

Topic: Semiconductor materials and devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
&lt;title&gt;Photonic packet switching with optically processed control&lt;/title&gt;

We report the first demonstration of all-optical address recognition and self-routing of photonic packets for a case where the packet bit period is only 4 ps, corresponding to a 0.25- Tb/s bandwidth optical network. An ultrafast all-optical devices, known as a terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (TOAD), was used to read the address information encoded in a packet header, which in turn was used to route the packet. The bit-error rate at the switch output was measured to be less than 10<SUP>-9</SUP>.

Topic: Optical Network Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
In‐hospital Pediatric Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Is Associated With Shorter Hospitalization for Children With Choledocholithiasis

ABSTRACT Objectives: Children with choledocholithiasis are frequently managed at tertiary children's hospitals that do not have available endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) proceduralists. We hypothesized that patients treated at hospitals without ERCP proceduralists would have a longer hospital length of stay (LOS) than those with ERCP proceduralists. Methods: Charts were reviewed for patients who underwent cholecystectomy and ERCP at 3 tertiary children's hospitals over 10 years. Trauma and complicated pancreatitis patients were excluded. Comparisons between patients requiring and not requiring transfer for ERCP were made using Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests for continuous variables and Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables. Results: One hundred and sixty‐four children underwent ERCP for suspected choledocholithiasis: 79 (48%) in the transfer group and 85 (52%) in the no transfer group. Median LOS was longer for patients requiring transfer (7 vs 5 days, P &lt; 0.0001). One‐third (34%) of the transfer patients had magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography compared to only 7% that did not require transfer ( P &lt; 0.0001). Among the 123 patients who underwent ERCP before cholecystectomy, 53% required (66/123) transfer and 47% (57/123) did not. Transfer group patients had longer median hospital LOS ( P &lt; 0.0001), more days between admission and ERCP ( P &lt; 0.0001), and more days between ERCP and surgery ( P = 0.0004). Conclusions: Overall median LOS was significantly shorter for patients who underwent ERCP at the admitting facility. Patients who underwent ERCP before cholecystectomy at hospitals without available ERCP proceduralists incurred longer LOS. There is a need for more pediatric proceduralists appropriately trained to perform ERCP in children.

Topic: Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Curtailment and Stochastic Curtailment to Shorten the CES-D

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression (CES-D) scale is a well-known self-report instrument that is used to measure depressive symptomatology. Respondents who take the full-length version of the CES-D are administered a total of 20 items. This article investigates the use of curtailment and stochastic curtailment (SC), two sequential analysis methods that have recently been proposed for health questionnaires, to reduce the respondent burden associated with taking the CES-D. A post hoc simulation based on 1,392 adolescents’ responses to the CES-D was used to compare these methods with a previously proposed computerized adaptive testing (CAT) approach. Curtailment lowered average test lengths by as much as 22% while always matching the classification decision of the full-length CES-D. SC and CAT achieved further reductions in average test length, with SC’s classifications exhibiting more concordance with the full-length CES-D than do CAT’s. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed.

Topic: Mental Health Research Topics
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
High Frequency Siren

A siren has been constructed which has a useful frequency range from 3 to 33 kilocycles. Preliminary measurements indicate a relatively uniform power output of 125 watts and an efficiency of approximately 30 percent. It consists essentially of a small chamber from which air escapes through 100 orifices, shaped as conical horns, and equally spaced on a six-inch circle. The air flow (60 cu ft./min.) is interrupted by a rotor with 100 teeth driven by a 12 hp high speed motor integral with the siren. The unit is small (712 in. diameter, 1112 in. high) and easily portable. In operation it acts as a ring source with a directivity pattern closely duplicating that expected theoretically. The maximum over-all intensity in the central lobe, 8 cm from the siren, exceeds 160 db relative to .0002 dyne/cm2. The parasitic audible noise is at least 40 db below the signal intensity. Interesting phenomena associated with the intense sound field will be described.

Topic: Acoustic Wave Phenomena Research
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A fly has died a splendid death in a pool of strawberry ice cream.

Humans have evolved an overwhelming awareness of self, other, life, and death. We have learned to selectively process information and to replace dissociated memories with less disturbing ones. We have evolved this ability to deceive ourselves, thus producing a personal reality that is innately false. As a society we tend to idealize our vision of the past, particularly our vision of home. Our idealized notion of home presents itself as a supposedly traditional form of domestic life, but bears little relation to the way people actually lived. This concept of a cozy home full of family love is an invented tradition. Two poles are created: the ideal and the broken self. The sweetness and pleasure in seeing or recalling certain objects or experiences, that nostalgia, intermingles with feelings of sadness, loss, and regret. Glimmers of memory, perhaps real or perhaps fabricated, become dreamlike flashes in the landscape of our mind. Nostalgia and sentiment can be deconstructed through the frailty and distortion of memory by investigating the reality of lost innocence.

Topic: Nostalgia and Consumer Behavior
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The Potential of AFDC Manpower for Archaeological Research

Abstract Public Law 87-543 passed by Congress in 1962 provides a five-year program called Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). This is very similar to the PWA-WPA programs of the 1930's. Since 1961, when this was a pilot program, small AFDC crews have been used in West Virginia to excavate archaeological sites. Other archaeologists with a labor problem may want to investigate this potential source of manpower.

Topic: Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
High Resolution 1H NMR Spectroscopic Studies of the Metabolism and Excretion of Ampicillin in Rats and Amoxycillin in Rats and Man

Abstract High resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the metabolism and urinary excretion of the aminopenicillins, ampicillin and amoxycillin, in rats and of amoxycillin in man. 1H NMR resonances of the aminopenicillins, together with those for their 5R, 6R and 5S, 6R penicilloic acids and diketopiperazine metabolites were detected, assigned and quantified in urine samples with the aid of spin-echo NMR techniques. The dimer of amoxycillin was detected in rat urine for the first time together with novel drug-related resonances assigned to amoxycillin carbamate. Quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopic results were consistent with HPLC and microbiological data considering that only single measurements were recorded. Due to the short analysis time and simple sample preparation, NMR was particularly useful for studying the metabolism of the aminopenicillins for which sample degradation poses analytical problems. The non-invasive character of 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis of urine also provided unique information on a reversible reaction between amoxycillin and bicarbonate, an endogenous urinary metabolite.

Topic: Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effective Specific Impulse of a Pulsed Rocket Engine

The specific impulse achieved in a pulsed rocket engine augmented with a fissioning nuclear bomb could be greater than that of any continuous flow engine. To a certain extent, this increase in specific impulse would be obtained at the expense of motor weight and average thrust. This paper considers the first of these limitations, motor weight, and estimates the highest effective specific impulse to be expected from a nuclear-pulsed rocket motor with respect to the weight of the motor.

Topic: Rocket and propulsion systems research
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A novel symmetrical cyclooctenone from <i>Radix</i> Glycyrrhizae

A novel symmetrical structure, Gancao cyclooctenone A (1), was isolated from <i>Radix</i> Glycyrrhizae. The structure of the compound was established on the basis of the spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Cytotoxic activities of compound <b>1</b> on A549 and Hela cell lines were evaluated and the IC<sub>50</sub> values were determined to be 63.21 and 45.82 μΜ, respectively.

Topic: Pharmacological Effects of Natural Compounds
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Development of pre-class society in the evolutionist interpretation

The article aims at systematization of approaches to understanding the evolution of pre-class society in historical sociology. The sociological tradition of interpreting the history of pre-class society developed in the late 18th century, when A. Ferguson defined the development of society as a natural process consisting of three stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization. In classic sociology, there were two approaches to understanding the pre-class society evolution. The first approach is presented in the works of H. Spencer, who suggested a natural-scientific interpretation of social evolution but with a more elaborated scale of the development of pre-class societies - as differing by the complexity of their social structure. The second approach is presented in the research of L.H. Morgan, who used Fergusons three-stage periodization as a basis but expanded the list of fundamental criteria for their differentiation (progress in inventions and discoveries, ideas of management, family and property). In the middle of the 20th century, sociology managed to overcome its dependence on psychology and economics by neo-evolutionism that linked social evolution of the archaic society with qualitative changes in its structure. Sociologists proposed schemes for the evolution of pre-class society based on the empirical evidence of its complexity - institutionalization of leadership and increasing social inequality. Moreover, sociologists included the level of labor productivity achieved in the archaic society into the list of criteria for its development, which determined a single scale of progress even for societies with other types of social organization. After debates, sociologists came to the conclusion that the evolution of pre-class societies is determined not only by their development but also by their degradation and even collapse; that all social systems can have analogues with a comparable level of complexity; and that a certain level of social organization can be achieved by different evolutionary paths.

Topic: Economic Development and Digital Transformation
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects demands co-operation between the interventionist and the echocardiographer

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Topic: Cardiovascular and Diving-Related Complications
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Investigation of the geothermal system in region of Selime (Turkey) by resistivity methods

The Anatolian platform continues its development with highly complex tectonic activities in Central Anatolia, known as tectonic deformation. In addition to faulting due to the plate movements, the fluid dynamics in the underground and the thermal cycle are also affected. Heater mass circulation plays a role in the development of plate tectonics. This study aimed to determine the geothermal potential of Selime (Aksaray) and its surroundings. The resistivity method was applied in field studies for the objectives. Geothermal fields with high thermal potential have been investigated by Vertical Electric Sounding (VES) profiles. In the field study, five vertical electric soundings (VES) were applied, a general resistance of (50 – 60) Ωm was observed, and Selim tuff was determined at a depth of approximately (30-35) m. A sudden resistance drop of (1-2) Ωm under the Selime tuff layer proved the existence of a geothermal source. When examined with the hydrogeological data, a thermal fluid is present with an impermeable cover layer. As a result of this research, it was observed that the heater mass affected the thermal fluid, indicating that circulation represented a shallow system.

Topic: Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences