jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A study of silicon-wafer surface evaluation using atomic force microscopy

This paper presents a new method of evaluation of silicon-wafer surface roughness. Atomic force microscopy is chosen over conventional methods because of improved horizontal resolution. In this study, the authors investigate (i) the influence of the lip radius on AFM resolution, and (ii) the relationship between AFM and particle counters. The surface roughness of polished silicon wafers is measured by AFM and the influence of different types of polishing pad and colloidal slurry is discussed.

Topic: Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Therapeutic Breathing Techniques and Disparity across Student Performance in English and Mathematics

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;This paper explores possible correlation between Therapeutic Breathing Techniques (TBT) and improved academic performance of low achieving students in elementary school. The intervention consisted of daily breathing exercises combining two forms of TBT, namely, deep breathing and alternate nostril breathing. A semester-long quantitative study with85 second graders was conducted to investigate the impact of above intervention on English and mathematics scores. Following one semester of intervention, the gaps between the low and high achievers had narrowed and small but significant gain-scores were found for the low achievers who had practiced TBT. In contrast, in first and third grades, where neither low achievers nor high achievers received the treatment, the gap between the low and high achievers widened slightly. The findings indicate the need to further investigate the potential merit of therapeutic breathing exercises as a low-cost intervention strategy for improving school performance and addressing achievement gaps, especially in mathematics.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Children's Physical and Motor Development
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
<i>HPCA</i> confirmed as a genetic cause of DYT2‐like dystonia phenotype

Abstract Background: HPCA (hippocalcin) is one of the underlying genetic causes of autosomal‐recessively inherited forms of dystonia. Here, we describe two consanguineous Turkish DYT‐HPCA families carrying the novel HPCA mutations. Methods: After detailed clinical and neurological examination, whole‐exome sequencing was performed. Results: Whole‐exome sequencing analysis revealed two homozygous novel truncating mutations (p.W103* and p.P10PfsTer80) in the HPCA gene in two unrelated Turkish dystonia families presenting with complex dystonia. Conclusions: After identification of HPCA as a genetic cause of DYT‐HPCA ‐like dystonia by Charlesworth et al, this is the second report in the scientific literature that describes dystonia families harboring HPCA mutations. Our findings confirm that HPCA leads to recessively inherited dystonia. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

Topic: Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
THE EFFECT OF AUTONOMIC BLOCKING AGENTS ON VASOPRESSIN RELEASE IN VIVO INDUCED BY OSMORECEPTOR STIMULATION

SUMMARY Intracarotid injection of 0·25 ml of a hyperosmotic (1 m ) sodium chloride solution into hydrated rats was an effective stimulus for vasopressin release. The effects of autonomic blocking drugs on this stimulus and on the release of vasopressin by intracarotid injections of acetylcholine were studied. Anti-adrenergic compounds (reserpine and phenoxybenzamine), ganglion-blocking agents (pempidine and pentolinium) and atropine were shown to be effective in preventing the vasopressin release caused by hyperosmotic stimulation. Acetylcholine-induced release of vasopressin was inhibited by pempidine but not reserpine. Based on these findings the nervous pathway(s) involved in the release of vasopressin induced by hyperosmolarity of the plasma is discussed.

Topic: Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Molecular evolution of the pathogen recognition peptidoglycan proteins regulates the immune response against infectious diseases in Drosophila melanogaster

The study aimed to understand the molecular evolution of the pathogen recognition peptidoglycan (PGN) proteins and their role in regulating the immune response against infectious diseases in Drosophila melanogaster. D. melanogasterWe obtained the PGRP proteins from 11 different species of Drosophila and analyzed the different evolutionary trends that might be associated with them. We were able to identify the evidence of strong positive selection taking place for these proteins. We investigated the diversity and function of the PGN proteins in D. melanogaster and related species through a combination of bioinformatics approaches. They found that the PGN proteins have undergone rapid and diverse evolution, with some undergoing positive selection and others experiencing gene duplication and loss. The study also revealed that different PGN proteins play distinct roles in regulating the immune response to bacterial infections, with some responding specifically to certain types of bacteria. The research provides valuable insights into the evolution and function of the PGN proteins in the immune response of D. melanogaster. It highlights their potential relevance to pathogen recognition and immune defence in other organisms.

Topic: Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Significance of Advanced Glycation End Products in Aging-Related Disease

Carbohydrates are indispensable nutrients for life. However, due to the presence of a carbonyl group, reducing sugars such as glucose react non-enzymatically with amino groups on proteins in glycation (or Maillard) reactions. This reaction is divided into early and advanced phase reactions: the former covers the reaction progression up to the Amadori rearrangement, and the latter covers the reaction through the subsequent alterations of oxidation, dehydration, condensation, and so on, eventually generating advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Among post-translational modifications, processes such as phosphorylation or acetylation are known as “post-translational modifications with order,” because the target proteins and the time of modification are controlled. However, glycation is a “post-translational modification with disorder” because post-translational modification of proteins by glucose progresses non-enzymatically, irreversibly, and at random, and because the progression depends on the existing time (aging) and the concentration of glucose, rather than the variety of proteins involved. While AGEs were initially considered simply as rust or waste matter in the body, significant attention is now afforded these compounds as a target molecule for newly-developing drugs, for the following reasons: AGEs damage the body by changing the structure and affecting the function proteins; receptors that recognizes AGEs, such as RAGE (receptor for AGE), exist in the body and mediate cellular derangements to induce morbidity; and inhibitors for AGE generation, such as aminoguanidine, pyridoxamine, and benfotiamine, delay the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Further, racemization proteins containing D-amino acids have been noted, along with AGEs, in drusen, which are characteristic of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here, we introduce current topics and future goals of AGEs research, particularly with regard to kidney disease associated with aging and diabetes mellitus, and touch on the involvement of AGEs in the progression of ocular diseases and the function of RAGE.

Topic: Advanced Glycation End Products research
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of Serpentine Aggregates on the Shielding, Mechanical, and Durability Properties of Heavyweight Concrete

Concrete is a material that can easily absorb nuclear radiation, and in this process, the density of concrete is an essential factor in absorbing the rays. Therefore, due to performance limitations and thickness, heavyweight concrete is used. In this study, serpentine coarse aggregates (SCAg) and serpentine fine aggregates (SFAg) were used as a substitute for sand and gravel in heavyweight concrete containing lead slag to protect against gamma rays. Determination of mechanical properties (compressive strength, tensile strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity), physical properties (water absorption and electrical resistivity), and shielding properties (shielding against gamma rays) were among the main objectives. The results indicated the positive effect of SFAg and SCAg on the shielding properties of concretes against gamma rays. The replacement of SFAg and SCAg with natural aggregates increased the density of the samples, which resulted in an increase in 3.8 to 42.9% in the linear attenuation coefficient against gamma rays. SFAg has a significant effect on gamma-ray attenuation, especially when these materials are made of high-density minerals, due to their property of reducing the pores in concrete.

Topic: Radiation Shielding Materials Analysis
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Managing service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors: A review of research literature

For service organizations, service delivery excellence is a necessity.It is also tightly coupled to the favorable attitudes and behaviors of an organization’s customer-contact employees. Described as service oriented organizational citizenship behaviors, service employees who exhibit high levels of these behaviors are willing to go beyond their formal job description. They display loyalty, participation and dedicated service delivery to customers.Drawing from existing studies, this paper defines the concept of service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior, explains why these behaviors are important for service organizations, and discusses the determinants of service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors

Topic: Customer Service Quality and Loyalty
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Affine semigroup rings and monomial varieties

We present a techinique which constructs an affine semigroup Se,d (resp. a monomial variety) from a given affine semigroup S (resp. monomial variety). The two affine semigroups (resp. monomial varieties) have a number of algebraic properties in common. Using this technique we are able to unify and extend a number of results scattered in the literature.

Topic: Commutative Algebra and Its Applications
Subfield: Algebra and Number Theory
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluation of the hospital discharge diagnoses index and the birth certificate as sources of information on birth defects.

The hospital discharge diagnoses index (DI) for newborns and the birth certificate were evaluated as sources of information about birth defects by comparing them with the same births in the case registry of the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program (CBDMP). The CBDMP is an active surveillance system; the staff visit hospitals to identify children with birth defects diagnosed in the first year of life. The study population comprised 66,481 live births to residents of five counties in the San Francisco Bay area in 1983. Of these infants, 2,543 had at least one birth defect noted on the DI, and 1,623 were in the CBDMP registry; 1,020 with defects noted on the DI were also in the CBDMP registry. For this same population, 399 infants had one or more defects noted on the birth certificate; 304 of these were also in the CBDMP registry. Reporting of birth defects on the birth certificate was poor for every condition. Reporting on the DI was most reliable for oral clefts and chromosomal defects; for these defects, the DI omitted one-third of the cases but had identified only about 10 percent false-positive (that is, unverified) cases. Major central nervous system malformations were less well reported, with about one-third of them false-positive. For all other birth defects, the DI either omitted more than half of the cases, or more than half of the cases reported were false-positive cases. These findings raise questions about the validity of analytic studies of birth defects if the data are obtained only from the DI or the birth certificate.

Topic: Folate and B Vitamins Research
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Does a single dose of Palonosetron have any role in preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in pediatric patients? A double-blind, randomized controlled trial.

Objectives: Chemotherapy-induced nausea vomiting (CINV) is a troublesome side-effect of chemotherapy in pediatric patients undergoing Osteosarcoma treatment. The role of 5HT3 antagonists needs to be explored for the same. The study aims to evaluate the superiority of single-dose Palonosetron over Granisetron in pediatric patients undergoing moderate emetogenic therapy for osteosarcoma. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind, case-controlled, randomized study, pediatric patients were assessed for acute nausea and vomiting following moderate emetogenic chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. These children were assigned to group I (palonosetron) and group II (Granisetron) without other antiemetic prophylaxis. The primary objective variable was children’s segment with complete response during the acute phase of the first on-study chemotherapy cycle. Risk factors associated with the trial were analyzed. The patients were followed for the first 24 hours following chemotherapy. Results: A total number of 200 children were evaluated, and other factors which might alter the response were assessed into two groups. These 200 children underwent 604 blocks of chemotherapy. The complete responses (CR) were documented in 83% and 72% receiving palonosetron and Granisetron, respectively, during the acute phase. The only dexamethasone, used as rescue medication, was found to be a significant risk factor that predisposed the response (p&lt;0.05) Conclusion: Palonosetron is an effective alternative to Granisetron as a single dose for preventing CINV in children receiving MEC for osteosarcoma.

Topic: Nausea and vomiting management
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Gestion des modes de systèmes à événements discrets : application au passage de frontière sous ERTMS

Les travaux proposés dans ce mémoire présentent une démarche de conception appliquée à la gestion des modes de fonctionnement pour les Systèmes-de-Systèmes (SdSs). Les SdSs sont des grands systèmes dynamiques complexes constitués d’un ensemble de systèmes qui interagissent entre eux en vue de réaliser un objectif commun. La problématique de la conception de ces SdSs porte principalement sur la conception des modes, sur leurs commutations et les relations inter-systèmes. Un mode de fonctionnement est un comportement spécifique du système pendant une période de fonctionnement et engageant un ensemble réduit de composants. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une approche de conception sûre des SdSs. Pour réaliser cet objectif, nous utilisons l'approche multi-modèle qui permet de décrire le comportement du système dans un mode donné et la théorie de contrôle par supervision qui permet de concevoir des modèles sûrs par construction.Nous proposons d'abord une démarche de conception des systèmes complexes à plusieurs étapes séparant ainsi les différentes études de conception. Ensuite, nous présentons une généralisation pour couvrir les SdSs. Dans la partie applicative, nous considérons l'ERTMS Niveau 2 comme un SdS et nous résolvons le problème du franchissement de la frontière grâce à la gestion de modes. Enfin, dans une optique de généralisation de notre approche, nous appliquons nos résultats aux systèmes de gestion de crises coopératifs.

Topic: Business Process Modeling and Analysis
Subfield: Management Information Systems
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Measuring response times to auditory stimuli during an audiometry

This paper provides a methodology for the measure of the patient's reaction times to auditory stimuli during the performance of an audiometry. An audiometry is the standard way of analyzing the hearing of a patient in order to diagnose hearing loss. From a video sequence recorded during this test, the method will be able to detect the instants when the expert is sending the auditory stimulus and when the patient responds consciously to it by raising his hand, being able, this way, to measure its reaction time. The proposed method was tested on several video sequences from different individuals yielding highly accurate results. The possibility of quantitative measure the reaction times will allow the experts to conduct several studies and to further complete the evaluation of their patients.

Topic: Multisensory perception and integration
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Dissection of the Functional Structure of Aptamer17, Which Specifically Recognizes Differentiated PC12 Cells

A specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamer (aptamer17) that specifically recognizes differentiated PC12 cells had been previously obtained after 6 rounds of whole cell-based subtractive systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment selection from a random ssDNA library. To further investigate the relationship between the structure and function of this aptamer, 3 truncated ssDNA aptamers were designed according to the predicted secondary structure of aptamer17. Our results show that the stem-loop is the core structure of the aptamers required for specific binding to differentiated PC12 cells, specifically loops I and II. Aptamer17 and the truncated aptamers with this basic structure could bind specifically to differentiated PC12 cells and identify these cells from a mixture of differentiated and undifferentiated PC12 cells. Therefore, truncated forms of aptamer17 may be useful in the clinic to identify undifferentiated and differentiated PC12 cells from a mixture of cells.

Topic: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
High-Strength Stainless Steel by Deformation at Low Temperatures

A series of nickel-chromium stainless alloys made by air and vacuum melting were rolled 20 or 40 per cent at temperatures ranging from —320 to 400 F. Smooth and sharp-notched sheet-tensile properties were measured after heat treating the cold-rolled pieces for 24 hr at 800 F. Yield strengths up to 260 ksi were obtained. Hardening resulted primarily from martensite formation, and also from work hardening of the austenite prior to transformation. The yield strengths were correlated in terms of composition. Lowering the silicon content to 0.1 per cent significantly raised the toughness. Over the ranges studied none of the remaining elements had effects comparable to silicon. The toughness at a given strength level also depended upon the rolling conditions, but not upon the per cent martensite. Tests at −320 F with a low-silicon alloy showed a notch-tensile ratio of 1.0 at 297 ksi ultimate tensile strength. The results suggest that a low-silicon 301-type composition would have good cryogenic properties.

Topic: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Determining the number of endmembers of hyperspectral images using clustering

Some applications require knowing how many materials are present in the scene represented by a hyperspectral Image. In a previous paper, we presented an algorithm that estimated the number of materials in the scene using clustering principles. The proposed algorithm obtains a hierarchy of image partitions and selects a partition using a validation Index; the estimated number of materials is set to the number of dusters of the selected partition. In this algorithm, the user must provide the Image and the maximum number of materials that can be estimated (P). In this paper, we have extended our algorithm so that It does not require P as input parameter. The proposed method Iteratively performs the estimation for several increasing values of P and stops the process when a certain condition is met. The results obtained with five hyperspectral Images show that our algorithm approximately estimates the number of materials in that images.

Topic: Remote-Sensing Image Classification
Subfield: Media Technology
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Learning and Representation of Declarative Memories by Single Neurons in the Human Brain

Episodic memories allow us to remember not only that we have seen an item before but also where and when we have seen it (context). Neurons in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) are critically involved in the acquisition of such memories. Since events happen only once, the ability to distinguish novel from familiar stimuli is crucial in order to rapidly encode such events after a single exposure. Theoretically, this is a hard learning problem (single-trial learning). Yet, successful detection of novelty is necessary for many types of learning. During retrieval, we can sometimes confidently report that we have seen something (familiarity) but cannot recollect where or when it was seen. Thus episodic memories have several components which can be recalled selectively. We recorded single neurons and local field potentials in the human hippocampus, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex while subjects remembered, and later retrieved, the identity and location of pictures shown. We describe two classes of neurons that exhibit such single-trial learning: novelty and familiarity detectors, which show a selective increase in firing for new and old stimuli, respectively. The neurons retain memory for the stimulus for at least 24 h. During retrieval, these neurons distinguish stimuli that will be successfully recollected from stimuli that will not be recollected. Similarly, they distinguish between failed and successful recognition. Pictures which were forgotten by the patient still evoked a non-zero response. Thus, their response can be different from the decision of the patient. Also, we demonstrate that listening to these neurons (during retrieval) enables a simple decoder to outperform the patient (i.e., it forgets fewer pictures). These data support a continuous strength of memory model of MTL function: the stronger the neuronal response, the better the memory (as opposed to a dual-process model). I also describe specific power increases in specific frequencies of the local field potential that are predictive of later retrieval success. These neural signatures, recorded during learning, thus indicate whether plasticity was successful or not.

Topic: Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
A new technique for distance measurement of between vehicles to vehicles by plate car using image processing

We present a new technique about to measurement distance between vehicles to vehicles. The camera in front of vehicle can be capture to images the next vehicles. We have the picture process by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The systems can check the position of the plate car with the properties[1] of the picture. The systems can be compared with data stored in the database as reference again. When we know the distance of between vehicles to vehicles and we control the distance of break security system.

Topic: Image and Object Detection Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences