jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Set up of analytical methods for evaluation of specifications of recombinant Hepatitis-B vaccine

&quot;nBackground: Hepatitis B vaccination has been included in routine immunization of all individuals according to WHO recommendations since 1991. Despite successful coverage, 3-5% of recipients fail to mount a desirable protection level of Ab. Vaccine failure results from: emergence of mutation, immune failure of individuals, decrease in vaccine potency, and etc. The quality of Hepatitis B vaccine should be evaluated by a reliable method. &quot;n&quot;nMethods: The amount of vaccine antigen was measured through the in vitro assay of Hepatitis B vaccines which consists of multiple dilutions of the reference material and samples. The preparations were evaluated by Elisa to determine the amount of HBsAg. The data were analyzed by parallel-line analysis software. The in vivo assay was performed by inoculating multiple doses of the reference and sample preparations in Balb/c mice. A control group was also inoculated with vaccine matrix. Four weeks later, the mice sera were evaluated to determine the presence of antibodies against Hepatitis B by Elisa method. The data were analyzed by Probit analysis software. &quot;n&quot;nResults: Both methods were set up in our laboratory by which different batches of Hepatitis B vaccine were evaluated. It was observed that In vivo and In vitro methods provide comparable results. Therefore we can use the in vitro method for routine testing of HB vaccine quality control. &quot;n&quot;nConclusion: In vitro method can be used in place of In vivo method because of its time and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, since no animals are used in in vitro method, it complies well with the 3R concept (Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement of animal testing) and the current tendency to use alternative method.

Topic: Hepatitis B Virus Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Creativity, Trauma, and Resilience

<JATS1:p>Creativity, Trauma, and Resilience is an examination of creativity and its ability to foster meaning, purpose, and a deeper sense of connection. This is particularly important for individuals who experience higher doses of childhood and adult trauma and who may be contending with the residual effects of terror and uncertainty. Paula Thomson and S. Victoria Jaque outline psychological, physiologic, and neurobiological effects of early attachment ruptures, childhood adversity, adult trauma, and trauma-related factors, and explore how the potential negative trajectory of adversity can be countered by resilience, self-regulation, posttraumatic growth, and factors that promote creativity.</JATS1:p>

Topic: Resilience and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Food fraud: Assessing fraud vulnerability in the extra virgin olive oil supply chain

As a high value commodity on the market, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a suitable target for fraudsters. To understand differences in perceived fraud vulnerability between tier groups across the EVOO supply chain and to disclose underlying factors, the perceived fraud vulnerability of 28 companies was examined using the SSAFE food fraud vulnerability assessment tool. Amongst these companies were seven olive oil producers, seven business-to-business (B2B) companies, seven food manufacturers and seven retailers. The similarities and differences in perceived fraud vulnerabilities according to group characteristics (the role, the scale and the location of the company) were evaluated. Non-parametric tests and multiple correspondence analysis were applied for data exploration. An in-depth fraud vulnerability assessment of the EVOO supply chain was provided. Eight fraud factors related to opportunities and motivations scored high in the supply chain indicating their importance as fraud drivers and enablers. Four factors related to control measures are perceived as greatest vulnerability in the EVOO supply chain. Then, the vulnerability to fraud in the EVOO supply chain across all actors is perceived as high level on average. In decreasing contribution to the overall perceived fraud vulnerability, the fraud factor categories were ranked as follow: technical opportunities, a lack of managerial controls, a lack of technical controls, economic drivers, cultural and behavioural drivers, and opportunities in time and place. Among the tier groups, the retailers and B2B companies experienced higher levels of perceived vulnerability than olive oil producers and food manufacturers due to the additional vulnerability related to the opportunities in time and place, and greatest lack of control measures. Furthermore, the perceived fraud vulnerability of the company was not only determined by the tier group, but also impacted by the scale and location of the company.

Topic: Identification and Quantification in Food
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[The catabolic patient].

Trauma and stress can cause characteristic changes in metabolism: raised lipolysis and reduced glucose tolerance as well as major renal nitrogen losses are manifestations of a postoperative or posttraumatic excess of catabolism over anabolism. Excess catabolism is caused by immobilisation and inadequate oral or parenteral nutrition. Wasting in seriously ill patients for intensive treatment. Priority must be given to the prevention of insufficiencies of organs and systems, and to the elimination of stress factors. It is only then that mobilisation and the administration of calories and nitrogen will restore a normal anabolism-catabolism balance.

Topic: Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
High ear piercing--a dangerous craze.

Ear piercing is a primitive tradition among the human being. It reflects the culture of many religions, tribes, and communities, predominately adopted by the females. We reported a sixteen years old girl with painful swelling of both pinnas for last one month following piercing the pinna. She was treated locally by general practitioner without significant improvement. On examination frank abscess were detected in both pinna. Under general anesthesia incision drainage and deep curettage was done. She was treated with ciprofloxacin 750 mg 12 hourly for 2 weeks and recovery was uneventful. After one month she developed unsightly cauliflower ear. With this report we want to sensitize our community regards the risk of transmission of needle prick diseases and deformity of pinna following ear piercing

Topic: Tattoo and Body Piercing Complications
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Effect of Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Short Systematic Review

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, with early diagnosis playing a pivotal role in improving patient outcomes and health care efficiency. This systematic review evaluates current and emerging diagnostic methods from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and advanced imaging to artificial intelligence (AI) and speech analysis, focusing on their efficacy in detecting mild cognitive impairment and early-stage AD. We synthesize evidence from 127 studies (2015–2025), demonstrating that plasma p-tau217 and electroencephalography offer scalable, low-cost alternatives to positron emission tomography imaging, with comparable accuracy (sensitivity: 88–94%). Socioeconomic analyses reveal that early diagnosis reduces long-term care costs by £7,750 per patient and enables timely interventions to preserve quality of life. However, structural racism, clinician biases, and disparities in resource allocation delay detection in marginalized populations. We propose actionable policy reforms, including subsidized biomarker testing, AI-driven telehealth tools for underserved regions, and antistigma campaigns to promote equitable access. By integrating emerging technologies into primary care and addressing systemic barriers, this review outlines a transformative roadmap for global AD management.

Topic: Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Community organization and armed group behaviour: Evidence from Colombia

This paper investigates how armed groups affect the organization of local communities during armed conflict in Colombia. We estimate the effect of communities' exposure to armed groups with an econometric specification that takes into account individual and municipality-year fixed effects and an instrumental variable approach that exploits variations in the presence of armed groups in rural communities induced by the peace negotiations with members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People's Army. Our results show that the presence of armed groups in each community between survey rounds is accompanied by a reduction in the participation of individuals in local organizations in communities with a strong institutional set-up before the arrival of the armed group. We observe the opposite effect in communities with weaker pre-existing institutions. These results are consistent with a theoretical model in which armed groups capture local organizations for strategic war purposes.

Topic: Political Conflict and Governance
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Critical line for irreversibility in spin glasses

An experimental study of irreversible phencJInena iii alnurphous YeMir iJ reported. Irreversibility is characterized by the existence of both non-eyuilibriwn susceptibility and magnetic viscosity. Both disappear ahove a critical line Z'c(H) which is identified &s the tle Almeitla-'L'houla.rs line for spin gleases. T,(H) is, wibhin wperimental resolution, indapendtrnt of time-scale in the range 30-700 s and has the form TXM, where I arid h are the retlucetl temperature and the reduced field respectively, 4=0.75+0.15 and the field prefactor is - 15. These results are discussed within the framework of recent mean-field models for spin glasses. 9 1. INTROUUCT~ON The two main characteristic properties of spin glasses are the sharp cusp in the zero-field a.c. susceptibility at the freezing teniperature T, and the onset of irreversible phenomena below this temperature. The observation of the cusp (Cannella and Mydosh 1972) rriotivatecl Edwards and Anderson (1975, hereafter referred to as EA) to develop a theory which considers the spin-glass transition as a collective process. Models of the EA type, such as the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick (1975. hereafter referred to as SK) mean-field solution, indeed procluce a cusp in the susceptibility. In the EA theory the spin-glass order parameter qE vanishes at T, in zero magnetic field only. In the presence of a field, qE., has a non-zero value at any finite temperature arid a spin-glass transition cannot occur. Some experimental support for this ' polarization ' of the spirt-glass order parameter has been found in the strong smearing of the cusp in a rather small niagnetic field. This has giver1 rise to a general belief that the spin-glass transition is destroyed in the presence of a magnetic field. That this is not the case was first, shown by de Alnieicla and Thouless (1978, hereafter referred to as AT) who calculated, iii the framework of the SK nioclel for Ising spin glasses, a line T,(H) which has been shown to be a line of spin-glass-paramagnetic transitions in the field-temperature (H-T) phase diagram (Parisi 1979, Gabay und Toulouse 198 1, Sonipolinsky 198 I). The equation of this line in the vicinity of T, = T, (0) is given by

Topic: Theoretical and Computational Physics
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Moral Education: Relevance, Goals and Strategies

Abstract An experiment is reported on the effects of a moral education programme based on cognitive‐developmental theory, at the high school level. Students were pre‐tested and post‐tested on Kohlberg's Moral Judgment Scale. Four different treatments were used with 96 suburban high school students attending four different high schools. The treatments extended over a period of nine weeks and involved 18 sessions with 50 minutes in each session. In an analysis of covariance on the post‐test scores, a significant difference was found between the groups. Additional informationNotes on contributorsHarry B. Kavanagh Dr Harry B. Kavanagh is Assistant Professor at Rider College, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648 USA.

Topic: Education and Critical Thinking Development
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
History of the development of DOXIL^|^reg;

細胞障害性薬剤に代表される抗がん剤のDDS研究において、最も有望なアプローチの1つに、従来の抗がん剤に対し製剤的な工夫を施すことで、理想的な薬物動態学的特性へと変化させる方法がある。塩酸ドキソルビシンをリポソームカプセルに封入し、メトキシポリエチレングリコールでコーティングした製剤であるドキシル®は、長時間の血液循環及び腫瘍組織への移行を促進することにより、塩酸ドキソルビシンの毒性プロファイルを改善した。本稿では、ドキシル®の開発経緯並びに再発卵巣癌における臨床データを中心に言及する。

Topic: Cancer Treatment and Pharmacology
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Comment on Part I

Monetary targeting adopted by central banks has the objective of anchoring the expectation of economic agents. Central banks usually announce a growth rule for what they consider to be a sustainable and proper monetary aggregate with the ultimate goal of controlling inflation in the long run and possibly influencing the level of output and employment in the short run. Central banks have these ultimate goals, but they only have direct control over a set of tools that will influence some operating and intermediate targets, and then have an impact on the economic goals. It is important to note that emphasizing the transparency and communication of the economic agents are important elements contributing to the success of monetary targeting. It is argued by Mishkin (2001) that transparency can help to improve the time-inconsistency trap in which central bankers try to expand output and employment in the short run by pursuing overly expansionary monetary policy, and to achieve price stability in the long term. It was argued by Friedman (1968) that economic agents have to decide whether to rely on these official projections, or whether to form their own expectations. Economic agents usually consider the credibility of the central bank and the accuracy of the stated targets compared to the alternative monetary information available when they depend on the monetary target announcement to meet their expectations. However, the monetary targeting approach depends to a large extent on the choice of the monetary target, where this operating or intermediate target has to have a direct impact on the goal and that it should be highly correlated with it; furthermore the intermediate target has to be easier to control than the goal.

Topic: Monetary Policy and Economic Impact
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
The Knowledge Based Agricultural Bioeconomy: A Bibliometric Network Analysis

The last ten years have witnessed an increase in publications focusing on bioeconomy as a proposal to confront the global challenges of climate change, depletion of non-renewable resources and ecosystem degradation. This paper investigates the scientific literature on issues related agricultural bioeconomy by applying a bibliometric network analysis. Bibliometric analysis is applied to the publications of the Scopus database during the period 2010–2020 in order to provide an overview of the main aspects that characterize agricultural bioeconomy. The results showed that out of a total of 1100 scientific papers, only 2.45% were published in 2010, while the corresponding share in 2020 was 20.81%. In the five years of 2016–2020, cumulatively, 70.63% of the publications were made, showing the dynamic evolution of bioeconomy. In addition, out of 85 countries in total, Germany and Italy are the two countries with most publications, while the fragmentation of research is evident with the creation of two main nodes, the European and the American. Moreover, keyword analysis showed that biomass and sustainability are two main recurring concepts, confirming that, currently, bioeconomy operates at three different levels: energy demand, land demand, and governance. It is apparent that to boost the development of agricultural bioeconomy, the following aspects should be assessed: the effective use of resources, an understanding of the key drivers of agricultural bioeconomy, and a clear perception of their associations. There is still no consensus as to which are the key factors that will accelerate its sustainable development. Our pursuit is to use the tools of bibliometric analysis to reach more critical conclusions regarding the agricultural bioeconomy, rather than approach it in a static way.

Topic: Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A DESCRIPTION OF METHODS FOR ANALYZING RAILROAD TERMINOLOGY AS A LINGUISTIC COMPONENT FOR PARTICULAR OBJECTIVES (ON THE MATERIAL OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE)

<em>The subject of this research is the approaches towards studying railway terminology as the language for specific purposes. Transport and namely railway terminology holds an important place in the terminological system of English language. The author explores the basic interpretations of the concept of “language for specific purposes”, as well as such approaches towards studying railway terminology of English language as semantic, structural and etymological. Semantic approach consists in classification of terms by semantic groups. Structural approach analyzes the number and nature of components that comprise terminological units in this area of LSP. Etymological approach reviews the origin and evolution of the meaning of terminological units. The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive description of the approaches towards studying language for specific purposes on the materials of professional field “railway transport”. Research methodology includes the analysis of scientific literature, analysis of dictionary definitions, comparative method, and diachronic analysis. The conclusion was made that the same approaches are applicable to the analysis of railway terminology and to the analysis of language for specific purposes of any other professional sphere. At the same time, systematicity and hierarchical pattern of the acquired classifications indicated a high level of formedness and systematization of terminology under review. </em>

Topic: linguistics and terminology studies
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Notes on Preparing a Critical Edition of the Śər‘atä mängəśt

The Śər‘atä mängəśt is a collection of historical notes, descriptions of important ceremonies at the royal Ethiopian court, and regulations for court protocol and practices pertaining to law suits. The text exists in several different versions in a fairly large number of codices where it is often placed in front of the so-called Short Chronicle of the Ethiopian Kings. While I was working on a synoptical edition of these versions, the intertextual (and material) links to other sources of the Ethiopian historical tradition (chronicles, juridical documents, etc.) became clear, and it was possible to identify the authors, redactors, and compilers of these texts as counselors and judges at the royal court. The Śər‘atä mängəśt, this professional group’s vade mecum, was written and modified as a function of changes in the political and social situation.

Topic: African history and culture analysis
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Turning the Mre11/Rad50 DNA repair complex on its head: lessons from SMC protein hinges, dynamic coiled-coil movements and DNA loop-extrusion?

The bacterial SbcC/SbcD DNA repair proteins were identified over a quarter of a century ago. Following the subsequent identification of the homologous Mre11/Rad50 complex in the eukaryotes and archaea, it has become clear that this conserved chromosomal processing machinery is central to DNA repair pathways and the maintenance of genomic stability in all forms of life. A number of experimental studies have explored this intriguing genome surveillance machinery, yielding significant insights and providing conceptual advances towards our understanding of how this complex operates to mediate DNA repair. However, the inherent complexity and dynamic nature of this chromosome-manipulating machinery continue to obfuscate experimental interrogations, and details regarding the precise mechanisms that underpin the critical repair events remain unanswered. This review will summarize our current understanding of the dramatic structural changes that occur in Mre11/Rad50 complex to mediate chromosomal tethering and accomplish the associated DNA processing events. In addition, undetermined mechanistic aspects of the DNA enzymatic pathways driven by this vital yet enigmatic chromosomal surveillance and repair apparatus will be discussed. In particular, novel and putative models of DNA damage recognition will be considered and comparisons will be made between the modes of action of the Rad50 protein and other related ATPases of the overarching SMC superfamily.

Topic: DNA Repair Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Development of a behavioural marker system for incident command in the UK fire and rescue service: THINCS

Non-technical skills in high-reliability industries include decision making, interpersonal communication and personal resilience. It has been argued that these skills are key to effective performance, safety and welfare. However, there is no agreed upon set of such skills or formal means to identify and assess them for incident commanders in the UK fire and rescue service (FRS). The aim of this research was to identify the non-technical skills that underpin effective incident command in the UK FRS, and to develop a behavioural marker system that captures these skills. Our research assessed the current range of training offered in non-technical skills across the UK FRS, and identified the non-technical skills of incident command within the UK FRS through interviews with incident commanders, and workshops with subject-matter experts. The six non-technical skills were: assertive, effective and safe leadership; effective decision making and planning; interpersonal communication; personal resilience; situational awareness; and teamwork and interoperability. A bespoke behavioural marker system, called THINCS, was developed with exemplary behaviours for each skill.

Topic: Occupational Health and Safety Research
Subfield: Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
A Generalized Net For Machine Learning Of The Process Of Mathematical Problems Solving

The authors of the present paper prepared a series of research related to the ways of representation by Generalized nets (GNs, see [1] and the Appendix) the process of machine learning of different objects, e,g" neural networks, genetic algorithms, GNs, expert systems, systems (abstract, statical, dynamical, stohastical and others), etc. Working on their research [21, where they gave a counterexample of the 62-nd Smarandachejs problem (see [3]), they saw that the process of the machine learning of the process of the mathematical problems<br> solving also can be described by a GN and by this reason the result form [2] was used as an example of the present research. After this, they saw that the process of solving of a lot of the Smarandache's problems can be represented by GNs in a similar way and this will be an object of next their research.

Topic: Intuitionistic Fuzzy Systems Applications
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences