jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Token Pruning in Plain Vision Transformers for Semantic Segmentation

Vision transformers have achieved leading performance on various visual tasks yet still suffer from high computational complexity. The situation deteriorates in dense prediction tasks like semantic segmentation, as high-resolution inputs and outputs usually imply more tokens involved in computations. Directly removing the less attentive tokens has been discussed for the image classification task but can not be extended to semantic segmentation since a dense prediction is required for every patch. To this end, this work introduces a Dynamic Token Pruning (DToP) method based on the early exit of tokens for semantic segmentation. Motivated by the coarse-to-fine segmentation process by humans, we naturally split the widely adopted auxiliary-loss-based network architecture into several stages, where each auxiliary block grades every token's difficulty level. We can finalize the prediction of easy tokens in advance without completing the entire forward pass. Moreover, we keep k highest confidence tokens for each semantic category to uphold the representative context information. Thus, computational complexity will change with the difficulty of the input, akin to the way humans do segmentation. Experiments suggest that the proposed DToP architecture reduces on average 20% ∼ 35% of computational cost for current semantic segmentation methods based on plain vision transformers without accuracy degradation. The code is available through the following link: https://github.com/zbwxp/Dynamic-Token-Pruning.

Topic: Advanced Neural Network Applications
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
STYLISTIC PECULIARITIES OF LITERARY PROSE TEXT: THE IMAGE OF NARRATOR AS THE MAIN ORGANIZING CATEGORY

СТИЛІСТИЧНА СПЕЦИФІКА ХУДОЖНЬОГО ПРОЗОВОГО ТЕКСТУ: ОБРАЗ ОПОВІДАЧА ЯК ОСНОВНА ОРГАНІЗУЮЧА КАТЕГОРІЯЛук'янова Г

Topic: Discourse Analysis and Cultural Communication
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[Population dynamics of ethnic groups in Estonia in the twentieth century].

The author describes and analyzes changes in the ethnic composition of Estonia during the twentieth century. "The paper points out that ethnic composition of the urban population was changing in the period under consideration much more rapidly than the ethnic structure of the rural population." Data are from censuses conducted between 1897 and 1989. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Topic: Indigenous Studies and Ecology
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Explaining venture capital firms' syndication behaviour: A longitudinal study

Using a unique methodological approach, this paper examines the factors related to venture capital firms' (VCFs') involvement in syndication. It is argued that VCFs' investment strategies matters in terms of the extent to which VCFs engage in syndication. Several hypotheses pertaining to VCFs' syndication behaviour are tested based on a longitudinal data set of the realized strategies of 200 US-based VCFs over a 12-year period. Overall, support is found for both knowledge-based and financial arguments for why VCFs engage in syndication. Results are discussed and avenues are provided for future research.

Topic: Private Equity and Venture Capital
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Cut-off values of waist circumference to predict metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents.

MetS group presented significant higher metabolic alterations and inflammation compared to Non-MetS group. Waist circumference is considered an anthropometric measure predictor of metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents, being useful in clinical practice.

Topic: Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of nickel ions on spontaneous, electrically and norepinephrine stimulated isometric contractions in the isolated portal vein of the rat.

The effect of low concentrations (1-10 microM) of nickel (Ni2+) was studied on the spontaneous contractile activity of isolated rat portal vein preparations. To distinguish between presynaptic and postsynaptic actions, Ni2+-induced changes of isometric force development evoked either by electrical field stimulation (80V/5 cm; 1 msec; 1-32 Hz) or by exogenous norepinephrine (NE) were compared. Ni2+ inhibited spontaneous isometric force development, decreased basal tone but significantly increased the frequency of contractions. The experimental findings that inhibition of the effect of selective stimulation of adrenergic nerves was significantly more pronounced than the depression of contractions evoked by exogenous norepinephrine indicate that in addition to postsynaptic actions, Ni2+ influences presynaptic mechanisms (i.e. NE-release) in this vessel preparation.

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Nellix Endovascular aneurysm-sealing System: A single-center Experience and Review of Current Evidence

<b>Aims:</b> We report the 6-year results of our use of the Nellix<sup>®</sup> endovascular aneurysm sealing system. <b>Materials & methods:</b> This is a retrospective review of patients we treated from 2013 to 2019. The outcomes described include technical success rate, mortality, all procedure-related complications, reinterventions, open surgical conversion and secondary sac rupture. <b>Results & conclusions:</b> A total of 68 patients were treated. Mortality was 2.9%. Secondary interventions were carried out for distal embolization (3), stent occlusion (1), pseudoaneurysm (1) and endoleak (5). Open surgical conversion was required in 6.4% of cases. Medium- and long-term complications of EVAS occurred more frequently than expected. Because the durability of endovascular aneurysm sealing is questionable, strict postoperative surveillance of Nellix is crucial to identify features of failure.

Topic: Aortic aneurysm repair treatments
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Border-blind love: till origin do us part? A theoretical model to analyse the divorce risk of binational couples

Mixed marriages are believed to facilitate the integration between immigrants and natives. However, little is known about the development of these unions. We aim to contribute to this field by building an empirically testable theoretical model in which individual, cultural and environmental factors such as the opportunity cost of migration, cultural distance between partners, immigration policies and attitudes toward intermarriage interact to predict the marital stability of binational couples across host countries.

Topic: Migration and Labor Dynamics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Phytochemical Analyses for Antibacterial Activity and Therapeutic Compounds of Convolvulus arvensis L., Collected from the Salt Range of Pakistan

Background: Pharmaceutical world is currently facing a major issue of bacterial resistance against antibiotics. For the past few years, plants being an excellent source of phytochemicals have replaced many traditional antibacterial agents. Keeping this in view, the current study was conducted to detect the antibacterial activity and the presence of various phytochemicals in Convolvulus arvensis leaves and stem extracts.Methods: Eight different organic and aqueous extracts of Convolvulus arvensis L. (C. arvensis) leaves and stem were prepared and their antimicrobial activity against 13 clinically important bacterial species was investigated using the disc diffusion assay. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extracts of C. arvensis was performed using qualitative tests. Results: All the thirteen bacterial species tested in this study were found sensitive to the stem and leaf extracts of C. arvensis. Highest antimicrobial activity was observed against Escherichia coli while among all the extracts butanol extract was the most effective antimicrobial agent. Phytochemical analyses using organic and aqueous extracts confirmed the presence of various secondary plant metabolites of therapeutic value i.e. saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, phlobatannins, cardiac glycosides and coumarins.Conclusion: Our results indicate that C. arvensis plant contains some phytochemicals with antimicrobial affects. These chemicals possess great potential to be used as advanced therapeutic compounds against broad range of pathogenic bacteria.

Topic: Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Non-Covalent Interactions: Complexes of Guanidinium with DNA and RNA Nucleobases

Considering that guanidine-based derivatives are good DNA minor groove binders, we have theoretically studied, using the Polarizable Continuum model mimicking water solvation, the complexes formed by the biologically relevant guanidinium cation and the DNA and RNA nucleobases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil). The interactions established within these complexes both by hydrogen bonds and by cation-π interactions have been analyzed by means of the Atoms in Molecules and Natural Bond Orbital approaches. Moreover, maps of electron density difference have been produced to understand the cation-π complexes. Finally, the NICS and three-dimensional NICS maps of the cation-π complexes have been studied to understand the effect of the guanidinium cation on the aromaticity of the nucleobases.

Topic: DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Preliminary chemical evaluation of nutritional perspective of Pito, an indigenous alcoholic beverage brewed in the Upper East region of Ghana

This study evaluated some macro and trace elements in a Ghanaian indigenous beverage, pito. Pito samples from the Upper East region, Ghana, were analysed using AAS, Spectrophotometry, and titration; for Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Co, Cr, Fe, Al, Pb, As, Ni and Zn. 35.0 to 59.0 mg/L Ca; 16.97 to 30.74 mg/L Mg; 9.05 to 13.18 mg/L K; 18.03 to 26.15 mg/L Na; 0.11 to 0.18 mg/L Fe; 0.00 to 0.01mg/L Al, and 0.00 to 0.01 mg/L Cr were present. Also, 1.83 to 2.95 mg/L Zn; 0.05 to 0.07 mg/L Ni; 0.00 to 0.02 mg/L Cu, and 0.10 to 0.11 mg/L Co were found. Al and Cr were overall least (0.01 mg/L), while Pb and As could not be detected. Cr was only in one sample source, while generally Ni was above the WHO acceptable limit. Further analyses are required to enable comparison and recommendation of pito nutrient-supplement policy.

Topic: Botanical Research and Applications
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Posterior sampling with Adaptive Gaussian Processes in Bayesian parameter identification

Posterior sampling by Monte Carlo methods provides a more comprehensive solution approach to inverse problems than computing point estimates such as the maximum posterior using optimization methods, at the expense of usually requiring many more evaluations of the forward model. Replacing computationally expensive forward models by fast surrogate models is an attractive option. However, computing the simulated training data for building a sufficiently accurate surrogate model can be computationally expensive in itself, leading to the design of computer experiments problem of finding evaluation points and accuracies such that the highest accuracy is obtained given a fixed computational budget. Here, we consider a fully adaptive greedy approach to this problem. Using Gaussian process regression as surrogate, samples are drawn from the available posterior approximation while designs are incrementally defined by solving a sequence of optimization problems for evaluation accuracy and positions. The selection of training designs is tailored towards representing the posterior to be sampled as good as possible, while the interleaved sampling steps discard old inaccurate samples in favor of new, more accurate ones. Numerical results show a significant reduction of the computational effort compared to just position-adaptive and static designs.

Topic: Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Is artificial selection in Italian Holstein Friesian cattle favouring heterozygotes?

In recent years, the genetic analysis of cattle breeds has shown that most of the genetic variability is located within breeds instead that between breeds (Mac Hugh et al., 1998). Moreover, the amount of genetic diversity assessed within breeds is quite high (Edwards et al., 2000). A selection pressure in favour of the heterozygotes can be a possible explanation for this. In this case the management of cattle breeds would represent a tool to preserve genetic variability, instead of the cause of its decline. The Italian Friesian is the main Italian dairy cattle breed. The herd book has been created in 1959 and is managed by the ANAFI (National Association of Italian Friesian Breeders). Each year ANAFI updates the herd book and uses productive data for computing genetic evaluations by an animal model analysis. These genetic evaluations are available to the farmers who use them to choose semen for artificial insemination.........

Topic: Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Nova Scotia confirms swine flu case contracted within Canada

The first case of human-to-human transmission of A(H1N1) swine flu within Canada has been confirmed by Nova Scotia health authorities. A student at King’s-Edgehill School in Windsor, Nova Scotia contracted the flu from another student who’d caught swine flu while in Mexico, the source of the

Topic: Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Research Article Self-Reported Efficacy of Cannabis and Other Complementary Medicine Modalities by Parkinson’s Disease Patients in Colorado

License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Introduction. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is frequently used by Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. We sought to provide information on CAM use and efficacy in PD patients in the Denver metro area with particular attention to cannabis use given its recent change in legal status.Methods. Self-administered surveys on CAM use and efficacy were completed by PD patients identified in clinics and support groups across the Denver metro area between 2012 and 2013. Results. 207 patients (age 69 ± 11; 60 % male) completed the survey. Responses to individual CAM therapy items showed that 85 % of respondents used at least one

Topic: Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Abstract 4543: Targeting the NADPH binding site of dihydrofolate reductase for cancer therapy

Abstract Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate using NADPH as the cofactor. Folate-dependent one carbon metabolism is essential for the de novo synthesis of purines, pyrimidines and certain amino acids. Thus, DHFR plays an essential role in production and maintaining reduced folates for cellular proliferation, and consequently it has been a critical target for chemotherapy. Methotrexate (MTX), an antifolate that targets DHFR, has been used for decades in the clinic. However, both intrinsic and acquired resistance occurs due to decreased uptake, gene amplification and protein mutation. We have initiated studies to find an inhibitor that targets the cofactor NADPH binding site that would bypass these resistance mechanisms to MTX in contrast to analogs that target the dihydrofolate binding site. Fourteen NAD/NADP analogues were screened by the MTT assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells which lack endogenous DHFR expression but were stably transfected with a DHFR-EGFP fusion construct driven by a CMV promoter (DG44 DHFR-EGFP). Two compounds, thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD-S) and thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP-S), had IC50 values of 1 μM. NAD-S and NADP-S were also found to be potent inhibitors of two other cancer cell lines, C85 (metastatic human colon cancer cell line) and CCRF-CEM (human T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia cell line). Surprisingly, both NAD-S and NADP-S decreased the levels of DHFR in CEM-CCRF cells. Pulse-chase experiments showed that the half life of DHFR is significantly reduced upon treatment of cells with 10 μM NADP-S. Furthermore, this NADP analog caused an increase in cells at the G1 phase (11% at 10 μM and 44% at 40 μM NADP-S treatment) that was reversible by removing NADP-S from the cell culture. Because NADP-S decreased DHFR levels, the combination of NADP-S with MTX was tested and found to significantly reduce colony formation, and was synergetic in vitro (Chou-Talalay analysis). We conclude that NADPS has a novel mechanism of action, i.e., it causes degradation of DHFR, likely by competing with NADPH binding, known to stabilize DHFR. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4543.

Topic: Folate and B Vitamins Research
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
To history of ichthiofaunistic research of Karkinitsky Gulf of the Black sea

The article is focused on the history of studing the fishfauna of Karkinitsky Gulf &#x0D; of the Black Sea in the XX–XXI centuries. There have been singled out three stages in studying fishfauna of the region: since the late 50’s of the XIX century up to the early 20th century. (K. F. Kessler); at the turn of the 20th century (expeditions of S. A. Zernov, later – researches of L. V. Arnoldi, V. A. Vodyanitsky, K. A. Vinogradov, etc.) up to the 60s of the 20th century; since 2008 to the present day (A. R. Boltachev, E. P. Karpova). Data on the fishfauna of Karkinitsky Gulf during a half-century period has been found insufficient: since late 50s of the 20th century up to the beginning of the 21st century. There has been shown the importance of Karkinitsky Gulf as a habitat for the rare protected fish species and the feeding area of valuable fish juveniles. The influence of anthropogenic factors over the past 50 years has been proved to cause qualitative changes in the composition of the fishfauna of Karkinitsky Gulf: degradation of the seagrass biocenosis in shallow bays caused by siltation due to the discharge of fresh water from the fields and rice paddies, and the replacement of native ichthyofauna by freshwater species. The importance of systematic studies in this area is emphasized to assess the status of the fishfauna of Karkinitsky Gulf

Topic: Environmental and Biological Research in Conflict Zones
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A low-β stripping insertion in the CERN PS to SPS transfer line for the LHC ion programme

In the framework of the LHC ion programme the charge state will be changed by passing through a thin metal stripping foil installed in the transfer line between the CERN PS and SPS machines. The tight transverse emittance budget of the LHC beam allows only a minor blow-up. Hence, to minimise the emittance growth due to multiple Coulomb scattering (a non-symplectic process leading also to Twiss parameter modification) the stripping foil has to be located in a low-/spl beta/ region. Furthermore, any change of optics has to be compliant with the simultaneous operation of the transfer line with proton and ion beams. This paper describes a possible implementation of a low-/spl beta/ insertion with the effect of scattering included. The impact of global constraints on the effective degrees of freedom of the matching problem has been studied in a systematic way and its outcome is reported.

Topic: Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
MINFLUX fluorescence nanoscopy in biological tissue

Optical imaging access to nanometer-level protein distributions in intact tissue is a highly sought-after goal, as it would provide visualization in physiologically relevant contexts. Under the unfavorable signal-to-background conditions of increased absorption and scattering of the excitation and fluorescence light in the complex tissue sample, superresolution fluorescence microscopy methods are severely challenged in attaining precise localization of molecules. We reasoned that the typical use of a confocal detection pinhole in MINFLUX nanoscopy, suppressing background and providing optical sectioning, should facilitate the detection and resolution of single fluorophores even amid scattering and optically challenging tissue environments. Here, we investigated the performance of MINFLUX imaging for different synaptic targets and fluorescent labels in tissue sections of the mouse brain. Single fluorophores were localized with a precision of &lt;5 nm at up to 80 µm sample depth. MINFLUX imaging in two color channels allowed to probe PSD95 localization relative to the spine head morphology, while also visualizing presynaptic vesicular glutamate transporter (VGlut) 1 clustering and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) clustering at the postsynapse. Our two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) two-color MINFLUX results in tissue, with &lt;10 nm 3D fluorophore localization, open up broad avenues to investigate protein distributions on the single-synapse level in fixed and living brain slices.

Topic: Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
U.S. Attitudes toward International Criminal Courts and Tribunals

This chapter aims to provide a description of U.S. policy on the subject of international criminal courts and tribunals, both at present and historically, and how that policy has been, and continues to be, developed. It is not intended to provide a critique of that policy. The merits of policy positions are examined only insofar as they shed light on the origins of or motivations underlying those positions.

Topic: International Law and Human Rights
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Dostoevsky: The Miraculous Years, 1865-1871. By Joseph Frank. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. xv, 523 pp. Index. Illustrations. $35.00, hard bound.

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Topic: Russian Literature and Bakhtin Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Criminal Law: Reiterated Contempt of Court

CRIMINAL LAW-REITERATED CONTEMPT OF CouRT-The defendant was found guilty of criminal contempt of court 1 in a civil proceeding for giving "don't remember" answers, 2 after having been granted immunity 1 "A Court of record has power to punish for a criminal contempt, a person guilty of •.• contumacious and unlawful refusal to be sworn as a witness; or, after being sworn, to answer any legal and proper interrogatory."N.Y.JUDICIARY LAw § 750(5).This should not be confused with N.Y.PEN.LAw § 600, which, in similiar language, defines contempt of court as a misdemeanor and provides for a criminal prosecution for the misdemeanor of criminal contempt.The New York courts have held that the two statutes are wholly independent of each other and both remedies or either may be pursued.People ex rel.

Topic: Criminal Law and Evidence
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences