jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Multidimensional investigation of source port 0 probing

During November 2013, the operational cyber/network security community reported an unprecedented increase of traffic originating from source port 0. This event was deemed as malicious although its core aim and mechanism were obscured. This paper investigates that event using a multifaceted approach that leverages three real network security feeds that we receive on a daily basis, namely, darknet, passive DNS and malware data. The goal is to analyze such event from the perspectives of those feeds in order to generate significant insights and inferences that could contribute to disclosing the inner details of that incident. The approach extracts and subsequently fingerprints such malicious traffic from the received darknet data. By executing unsupervised machine learning techniques on the extracted traffic, we disclose clusters of activities that share similar machinery. Further, by employing a set of statistical-based behavioral analytics, we capture the mechanisms of those clusters, including their strategies, techniques and nature. We consequently correlate the sources with passive DNS in order to investigate their maliciousness. Moreover, to examine if the sources are malware contaminated, we execute a correlation mechanism between the darknet data and the malware feeds. The outcome reveals that such traffic indeed is reconnaissance/probing activities originating from three different horizontal scans utilizing packets with a TCP header length of 0 or packets with odd flag combinations. The results as well demonstrate that 28% of the scanning sources host malicious/blacklisted domains as they are often used for spamming, phishing and other fraud activities. Additionally, the outcome portrays that the bot probing sources are infected by 'Virus.Win32.Sality'. By correlating various evidence, we confirm that such malware specimen is in fact responsible for part of the source port 0 probing event. We concur that this work is a first attempt ever to comprehend the machinery of such unique event and we hope that the community could consider it as a building block for auxiliary analysis and investigation.

Topic: Network Security and Intrusion Detection
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Overview: Knowledge Management (October 2006)

Knowledge management—an oxymoron? Indeed it might be. Knowledge cannot be managed because it is an abstract quantity. Some would argue otherwise, but eventually it comes down to the definition of knowledge. One that I tend to favor is "the sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learned." However defined, we have seen knowledge management rise to its apogee in the late 1990s, and soon thereafter fall to a nadir in the new millennium. In line with the cyclic nature of our industry, knowledge management has been placed out front again. What is intriguing, however, is the variety of avenues along which corporations track that science (or is it an art?). The following are the primary tracks. Data Track. More often than not, knowledge is equated to data. While this idea is not entirely correct, data are an important cornerstone in the knowledge-management framework, and the ability to share and exchange data is a major contribution toward the gaining of knowledge. Operations Track. A critical element in any operation is that related to collaboration. Enhancing the opportunity to learn across any organization brings one closer to its optimum goals. This idea may be counter to human nature, so one might focus on developing and deploying technology and associated environments that encourage collaboration. People Track. This link is key in the knowledge-management chain because perception, discovery, and learning are "people things." It is important that people are groomed to be knowledge thinkers. This idea may be a new slant to customary career paths but is organizationally worthwhile nonetheless. The papers featured this month are good examples of each of the above tracks, providing a diverse insight into current activity in the industry at both the demand and supply level. We have all heard about the "big crew change," and we realize that it is happening. It is, therefore, refreshing to see that initiatives are in place to begin to address the challenges that such a turnover in our industry will bring with it. Knowledge Management additional reading available at the SPE eLibrary: www.spe.org SPE 95292 "Harnessing the Wisdom of Crowds—Case Study" by G. Velasquez, SPE, Halliburton, et al. SPE 95813 "Enhancing Collaboration Between Engineering and Operations—A Case Study of Alaska Work Processes" by J. Anders, SPE, BP plc, et al. SPE 99873 "The Use of Integrated Decision Making To Embed Sustainable Development" by M. Kuijper, Shell E&amp;P, et al.

Topic: Big Data and Business Intelligence
Subfield: Management Information Systems
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
EVOLUTION OF THE GALL WASP–HOST PLANT ASSOCIATION

Abstract Gall wasps, or cynipids, form the second largest radiation of galling insects with more than 1300 described species. According to current views, the first cynipids were phytophagous and developed in herb stems of the Asteraceae without modifying plant growth or development. The first galls were supposedly multichambered stem swellings, and subsequent trends involved increase in gall complexity and reduction in the number of larval chambers. Gall wasps also have many of the features believed to be characteristic for phytophagous insects radiating in parallel with their host plants. We tested these hypotheses by mapping characters onto a recent estimate of higher cynipid relationships from a morphology-based analysis of exemplar taxa, controlling for phylogenetic uncertainty using bootstrapping. Characters were also mapped onto a metatree including all gall wasps, assembled from phylogenetic analyses as well as recent classifications. The results contradict many of the current hypotheses. The first cynipids with extant descendants were not Asteraceae stem feeders but induced distinct single-chambered galls in reproductive organs of herbaceous Papaveraceae, or possibly Lamiaceae. There has been a general trend toward more complex galls but the herb-stem feeders evolved from ancestors inducing distinct galls and their larval chambers are best understood as cryptic galls. Woody hosts have been colonized only three times, making the apparently irreversible transition from herbs to woody hosts one of the most conservative features of the gall wasp–host plant association. The evolution of host plant preferences is characterized by colonization of preexisting host-plant lineages rather than by parallel cladogenesis. Cynipids are mono- or oligophagous and host-plant choice is strongly phylogenetically conserved. Yet, the few major host shifts have involved remarkably distantly related plants. Many shifts have been onto plant species already exploited by other gall wasps, suggesting that interspecific parasitism among cynipids facilitates colonization of novel host plants. Corresponding Editor: K. Shaw

Topic: Hymenoptera taxonomy and phylogeny
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
REE, Y-rich minerals from granitic pegmatite at Mlýny nearTvoršovice (Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex, Czech Republic)

Research of REE, Y-rich minerals from granitic pegmatite at
Mlýny near Tvorsovice (Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex, Czech
Republic).

Topic: Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Energy utilization and activity patterns of the vole arvicola terrestris amphibius (l)

The energy assimilated by a small population of Arvicola terrestris amphibius (L.) occupying a 380m stretch of stream in south Durham was calculated by quantifying the parameters of population respiration and tissue production and was subsequently related to the available food supply. The changes in population density, size and age structure were monitored by frequent live-trapping over the entire calendar year and an assessment was made of the population structure and tissue production over consecutive periods of twenty days. The temperature - and above-ground activity experience of representatives of the population were investigated implementing artificial burrow systems built into outdoor enclosures under simulated stream conditions. The pattern of day to day activity was monitored by recording thermo graphs which registered the temperature changes in vole nests caused by the intermittent presence of the animal's body heat. Nest chamber and soil surface temperatures were recorded concurrently. The patterns of vole activity were analysed and related to conditions of social inter-reaction and to variations in weather parameters. The oxygen consumption of representative members of the population was investigated at a range of experimental temperature during periods of both rest and activity by means of a closed-circuit respirometer. The population respiration demand was estimated over consecutive periods of 20 days with corrections included for the seasonal variation in population size and age structure, ambient temperature and the proportion and quality of above-ground activity. The available food supply was estimated by regular sampling of the vegetation within the feeding range in conjunction with an investigation of the rate of plant decomposition. The feeding preferences of the population were examined and the energy flow between primary and secondary production deduced.

Topic: Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
P176 HIV acquisition and antiretroviral therapy initiation in a youth cohort in soweto and durban, south africa

<h3>Background</h3> South African young women and other key populations have amongst the highest HIV incidence globally, and antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation remains challenging. We measured HIV incidence, ART initiation, adherence, status disclosure and related support within 3 months from HIV diagnosis for youth who acquired HIV during follow-up study visits. <h3>Methods</h3> The AYAZAZI cohort study enrolled 425 self-reported HIV-negative or status-unknown 16–24 year olds from Soweto and Durban, South Africa (2014–2016). Participants completed interviewer-administered questionnaires (assessing socio-demographics, sexual behaviour and history, HIV-related service utilization, ART adherence, HIV disclosure and support) and underwent HIV rapid testing at enrolment and every 6 months for 4 visits. <h3>Results</h3> 13/425(3.1%) enrollees were HIV-infected at enrolment. 12/412(2.8%; n=5 Durban, n=7 Soweto) with median age of 19 (IQR17–21) years, acquired HIV during their first year of follow-up (IR=2.54[95%CI:1.5–4.4] per 100 person-years); 6/12 were females, 5/12(42%) identified as LGBTQ, 10/12(83%) were sexually active and 5/10(50%) used a condom at last sex.Three months after HIV diagnosis, 10/12(83%) reported they were medically advised to initiate ART, and 8/12(67%) had initiated ART. Fear of provider judgement was the most common reason for ART non-initiation (3/4;75%). A third (4/12) had not accessed any HIV-related medical or support services since diagnosis, commonly because of a disbelief of HIV test results (4/4; 100%). Of those who initiated ART, 5/8(63%) said they forgot a dose once or more per week. Eighty-three percent (10/12) had disclosed their HIV status to someone. The most common source of support related to HIV was from friends (7/12; 58%). 2/12(17%) rated that taking ART makes the risk of HIV infection a lot lower. <h3>Conclusion</h3> HIV incidence was 2.5 per 100 person-years amongst our youth cohort; immediate ART uptake and adherence was sub-optimal; awareness of HIV prevention benefits of ART was low. Biomedical technologies and improved support systems for HIV-infected youth are needed. <h3>Disclosure</h3> No significant relationships.

Topic: HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A framework proposal for construction site agent-based simulation

Construction sites are complex and dynamic environments where the continuous mutual interactions among a&#13;\nsheer number of entities (e.g. workers, machines, equipment) and activities determine the frequent occurrence of&#13;\nunpredictable hazardous events that makes risk estimation one of the most challenging tasks of Health &amp; Safety&#13;\n(HS) management. In recent years, the growing adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Internet-&#13;\nof-Things (IoT) supported HS Managers in the improvement of construction site planning and monitoring and&#13;\nhence increased workers¶ safety. Nonetheless, probabilistic estimation of hazardous events and related risk&#13;\nestimation still heavily relies on HS Managers¶ field experience. This contribution proposes a novel framework&#13;\nfor the adoption of an Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation approach integrated with BIM in a game engine&#13;\nenvironment for the probabilistic estimation of collision events in construction sites, between workers and heavy&#13;\nvehicles. The paper provides the definition of the hazardous event occurrence and discusses in detail the main&#13;\naspects of the framework, including: the use of BIM data to create the simulation scenario, the agents and the&#13;\nrules that drive their behaviors. The presented framework is the first part of an ongoing research that will&#13;\ncomprise its implementation and application in case study

Topic: Occupational Health and Safety Research
Subfield: Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Hindrances to Internal Creative Thinking and Thinking Styles of Malaysian Teacher Trainees in the Specialist Teachers’ Training Institute

Abstract The aim of this study is to identify hindrances to internal creative thinking and thinking styles of a group of Malaysian teacher trainees from the Specialist Teachers’ Training Institute (N = 232). Three psychological tests were used administrated to the subjects. The result indicates that the ability to think creatively for the majority of subjects (87.50%) is hindered seriously by one of the hindrances to internal creative thinking, that is, stimulus fixity. The finding implies that lecturers of this group of teacher trainees should guide them to overcome this internal barrier before trying to encourage them to think creatively.

Topic: Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Structural characterizations of the semantics of XPath as navigation tool on a document

Given a document D in the form of an unordered labeled tree, we study the expressibility on D of various fragments of XPath, the core navigational language on XML documents. We give characterizations, in terms of the structure of D, for when a binary relation on its nodes is definable by an XPath expression in these fragments. Since each pair of nodes in such a relation represents a unique path in D, our results therefore capture the sets of paths in D definable in XPath. We refer to this perspective on the semantics of XPath as the "global view." In contrast with this global view, there is also a "local view" where one is interested in the nodes to which one can navigate starting from a particular node in the document. In this view, we characterize when a set of nodes in D can be defined as the result of applying an XPath expression to a given node of D. All these definability results, both in the global and the local view, are obtained by using a robust two-step methodology, which consists of first characterizing when two nodes cannot be distinguished by an expression in the respective fragments of XPath, and then bootstrapping these characterizations to the desired results.

Topic: Logic, programming, and type systems
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplementary Table S2 from Gain-of-Function Genetic Alterations of G9a Drive Oncogenesis

&lt;p&gt;IC50 values of G9a inhibitors (UNC0638 and BIX01294) in melanoma cell lines carrying different G9a copy number and H3K9me2 status&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Protein Degradation and Inhibitors
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Ethical leadership

Abstract Mainstream ethical leadership studies largely adopt Brown, Trevino, and Harrison’s (2005) conceptualization and operationalization. Ethical leadership has been found to predict positive individual and organizational outcomes. An examination of the mainstream literature reveals several weaknesses that include the lack of a well-developed theoretical framework, the marginalized role of communication in leadership processes, and a low correspondence between conceptualization and operationalization. In addition to these weaknesses, Chinese ethical leadership studies meet additional challenges regarding the relative impacts of universality and cultural specificity. The Chinese literature consists of empirical research adopting the mainstream Western ethical leadership construct, point-of-view articles stressing Chinese cultural roots, and research considering both universal and cultural characteristics. This paper argues that future development in Chinese ethical leadership research can begin by conceiving a construct model that denotes communication as a key leadership behavior, explicates the relative importance of universal versus cultural influences, and defines key cultural components.

Topic: Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Development of chia oil-in-water nanoemulsions using different homogenization technologies and the layer-by-layer technique

Aim: The present study investigates the influence of various homogenization techniques, namely high-pressure valve homogenization and microfluidization, and different forms of modified sunflower lecithin, including deoiled (DL) and hydrolyzed (HL) variants, on the development of monolayer and bilayer nanoemulsions of chia oil. Methods: Oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions with 5% chia seed oil were prepared using simple (0.5% DL or HL) or double-layer [0.5% DL or HL and 0.3% chitosan (Ch)] stabilization. This involved a two-step homogenization process, utilizing either microfluidization or high-pressure valve homogenization. Chia oil nanoemulsions were characterized by their zeta potential, particle size, and rheological properties. Besides, their physical stability and omega-3 content during refrigerated storage were evaluated. Results: Overall, the studied modified sunflower lecithin (DL and HL) demonstrated effective capability in stabilizing chia nanoemulsions and facilitating the formation of the double-layered structure following Ch deposition. Concerning the homogenization method, it has been demonstrated that under the same homogenization conditions, microfluidization resulted in significantly smaller droplet sizes and higher apparent viscosities compared to high-pressure valve homogenization. This discrepancy can be attributed to the design of the homogenization chambers, as microfluidization generates a narrow distribution of shear forces, while high-pressure valve homogenization yields a much broader distribution. In contrast to chia monolayer nanoemulsions, the nanoemulsions stabilized by modified sunflower lecithin-Ch demonstrated a noteworthy improvement in their overall stability. This enhancement can be ascribed to their increased apparent viscosity and the highly charged interfaces of the droplets. Furthermore, throughout the entire refrigerated storage period, the omega-3 content in all nanoemulsions remained unchanged. Conclusions: In this study, mono and bilayer chia oil nanoemulsions were successfully obtained using modified sunflower lecithin and high-energy techniques. Microfluidization outperformed high-pressure valve homogenization, resulting in smaller droplets and increased viscosity. These findings are relevant for designing stable

Topic: Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Inevitable Randomness in Discrete Mathematics

Mathematics has been called the science of order. The subject is remarkably good for generalizing specific cases to create abstract theories. However, mathematics has little to say when faced with highly complex systems, where disorder reigns. This disorder can be found in pure mathematical arenas, such as the distribution of primes, the 3n 1 conjecture, and class field theory. The purpose of this book is to provide examples - and rigorous proofs - of the complexity law: discrete systems are either simple or they exhibit advanced pseudorandomness; a priori probabilities often exist even when there is no intrinsic symmetry. Part of the difficulty in achieving this purpose is in trying to clarify these vague statements. The examples turn out to be fascinating instances of deep or mysterious results in number theory and combinatorics. This book considers randomness and complexity. The traditional approach to complexity - computational complexity theory - is to study very general complexity classes, such as P, NP and PSPACE. What Beck does is very different: he studies interesting concrete systems, which can give new insights into the mystery of complexity. The book is divided into three parts. Part A is mostly an essay on the big picture. Part B is partly new results and partly a survey of real game theory. Part C contains new results about graph games, supporting the main conjecture. To make it accessible to a wide audience, the book is mostly self-contained.

Topic: Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Designing Usable Environmental Research

Integrated coastal and ocean management (ICOM) "is a dynamic, multidisciplinary, iterative and participatory process to promote sustainable management of coastal and ocean areas balancing environmental, economic, social, cultural and recreational objectives over the long term" (UNESCO 2006, p. 6). ICOM is a concept and process that has evolved in overlapping stages over the past few decades, encompassing shoreline management, defining the coastal zone, and integrating coastal/shoreline management with the marine environment. Coastal management began on the terrestrial side of the coastal zone, focusing on particular challenges posed by this dynamic environment, such as shoreline erosion, wetland protection, coastal development, and public access (Clark 1995; Cicin-Sain and Knecht 1998; Sorensen 1997; among others). For example, the U.S. approach to coastal zone management was first formalized with the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, which focused more on the management of land use at the shore than on coastal waterrelated issues. In the decades since, efforts to protect and manage the coastal zone in the United States and beyond (e.g., Canada and the United Kingdom) have expanded to include integrated coastal management (ICM), coastal zone management (CZM), integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), and perhaps the broadest approach, ICOM. Canada incorporated ICOM into itsCONTENTS1.1 The Coastal and Ocean Management Challenge ......................................3 1.1.1 Production, Communication, and Use of ScientificInformation in Policy-Making ........................................................4 1.1.2 The Role of Information at the Science-Policy Interface ..............7

Topic: Innovative Approaches in Technology and Social Development
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences