jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Migration and regional centralization of human capital

The objective of the study is to analyse relationship between migration and the regional redistribution of human capital. The analysis follows the human capital approach that considers migration as a result of rational decision making and a utility maximization process. The emphasis is on the decision making of a potential migrant. The migration decision is assumed to be the outcome of personal, household and regional characteristics. The results of the study indicate the following. First, it supports the generally accepted hypothesis that the highly educated are more prone to move than the rest of the population. Second, the regional characteristics of both the origin area and the destination area also have a significant effect on migratory behaviour. Individuals are more likely to migrate from remote regions to centres of economic activity. Third, as a result of two previous findings, reallocation of human capital seems to be taking place in Finland.

Topic: Migration and Labor Dynamics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Spontaneous curvature in two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures consist of different 2D crystals with diverse properties, constituting the cornerstone of the new generation of 2D electronic devices. Yet interfaces in heterostructures inevitably break bulk symmetry and structural continuity, resulting in delicate atomic rearrangements and novel electronic structures. In this paper, we predict that 2D interfaces undergo spontaneous curvature, which means when two flat 2D layers approach each other, they inevitably experience out-of-plane curvature. Based on deep-learning-assisted large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, we observed significant out-of-plane displacements up to 3.8 angstrom in graphene/BN bilayers induced by curvature, producing a stable hexagonal moire pattern, which agrees well with experimentally observations. Additionally, the out-of-plane flexibility of 2D crystals enables the propagation of curvature throughout the system, thereby influencing the mechanical properties of the heterostructure. These findings offer fundamental insights into the atomic structure in 2D vdW heterostructures and pave the way for their applications in devices.

Topic: Graphene research and applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
EVALUATING RECENT STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE FOOD SECURITY AMONG SMALLHOLDER HOUSEHOLDS IN MALAWI

We study the response of smallholder farm households to recent policy chang es in Malawi, using an optimization model that accounts for the relationship between nutritional intake and labor productivity, as well as other constraints, over six periods of the year. The model is calibrated using data from a 1997/98 survey of 800 farm households. Two main policy experiments are investigated. These are implementation of the Starter Pack scheme to distribute seeds and fertilizer, and the input -market liberalization program for tobacco and other crops. Simulations demonstrate that improved access to modern inputs unambiguously leads to increases in food production and household income on small farms, but nutritional and marketing constraints remain binding. In this context the Starter Pack Scheme is highly productive and generates an internal rate of return of about 50 percent. Going forward, the ability of the smallest farms to respond fully to policy changes and market conditions will depend on a continued flow of improved food crop technologies, and coordinated efforts to remove a complex web of non-price constraints.

Topic: Agricultural Innovations and Practices
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Specific Signaling Pathways Triggered by IL-2 in Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells: An Amalgamation of NK and αβ T Cell Signaling

Abstract The global immune response can be simplified into two components: the innate and the acquired systems. The innate immune response comprises primarily macrophages and NK cells, while B and T cells orchestrate the acquired response. Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells represent a minor T cell subpopulation in blood (1–5%) that is activated via the TCR by small nonpeptidic molecules. Their percentage dramatically increases during the early phase of infection by intracellular pathogens, and they display many characteristics of NK cells, which places them at a unique position within the immune system. Our aim was to explore the behavior of these cells when they are activated by a receptor that is common to NK and αβ T cells, and to determine signaling pathways and biological responses induced in these cells through this receptor. Thus, we investigated whether Vγ9Vδ2 T cells behave as NK cells or as αβ T cells. We demonstrated that IL-2 activates not only STAT3, STAT5, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 pathway, but also STAT4 as in NK cells, and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway as in αβ T cells. Moreover, IL-2 induces the production of IFN-γ in Vγ9Vδ2 T cells as observed in NK cells. Due to their double profiles, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are at the interface of the innate and the acquired immune response and may therefore not only modulate the activity of innate cells, but also influence Th1/Th2 differentiation.

Topic: Immune Cell Function and Interaction
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Design and Implementation of Integrated Metadata Management System Based on XQuery/OAI and Its Application for OGSI/Web Services

This paper presents the design and implementation of a metadata management system to integrate various research databases.. The system is based on OAI(Open Archives Initiateve) protocol and the subset of XQuery -based database functions are combined with OAI data access. Result set of XQuery is also a set of OAI data. In order to cover various XML schema, relationships which describes equivalence and conversion of XML schema components are managed. Querying over different XML schema is possible by query modification methods using this information. Application of this sytem to OGSI/Web service environment for grid computing is also discussed. Keyword XML, OAI, Metadata, Profile, XQuery, Grid Computing

Topic: Semantic Web and Ontologies
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
P1883Decrease of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity cause symptoms in patients with premature ventricular contraction

Background: There is discrepancy the relation between physical activity (PA) and development of atrial fibrillation (AF).PA may influence on resting heart rate (RHR) and low RHR is also possible risk factor for AF. Purpose:The aim of our study was to investigate the independent effect of PA and RHR on incidence of AF in general population.Methods: We analyzed data from the Ansung-Ansan prospective population study.Baseline data including RHR and electrocardiography (ECG) were obtained at 2001.Subsequent biennial ECG was performed for identification of AF until 2016.The sum of PAs using questionnaires was divided by quartiles.Results: Analyses were based on 8811 participants aged 40-69 years.The mean age was 52.3 years, and 4235 people (48.1%) were male.A total of 128 AF developed during median follow up of 116.1 months.Compared with 1st quartile of PA, 3rd quartile of PA had significantly lower risk of incidence of AF after adjustment of RHR (hazard ratio=0.51,95% confidence interval 0.30-0.87).However, the significance disappeared in 4th quartile of PA.The risk of AF were higher in subjects with RHR <60 bpm than those with RHR of 70-85 bpm and the significance persisted after adjustment of PA.Conclusions: Based on prospective cohort study, the association between PA and AF showed a J-shaped pattern independent of RHR.Low RHR was another independent risk factor for AF in general population.

Topic: Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Clinical presentation and outcomes of norovirus infection in intestinal allograft compared to native intestine

Abstract Background No data are available on clinical manifestations and course of norovirus gastroenteritis ( NVE ) in intestinal allograft (from intestinal and multivisceral transplant recipients, ITR ) compared to native intestine (from other allograft recipients, nITR ). Methods This was a retrospective study of solid organ transplant recipients with NVE at two centers from January 1, 2010 to April 1, 2014. Chi‐square, t‐test, linear and logistic regression analyses were done to compare NVE in ITR vs nITR patients. Results The ITR (45 patients) were compared to nITR (107 patients). ITR were younger (odds ratio [ OR ]=0.90; P &lt;.0001), less likely to receive anti‐lymphocyte induction therapy ( OR =0.15; P &lt;.0001), and had shorter time from transplant to NVE ( OR =0.99; P =.008). On presentation ITR had less frequent nausea ( OR =0.11; P &lt;.0001) or vomiting ( OR =0.36; P =.01), higher white blood cell count ( OR =1.09; P =.001), and higher glomerular filtration rate ( OR =1.02; P &lt;.0001). ITR were less likely to receive anti‐motility agents ( OR =9.6; P &lt;.0001). ITR were more likely to stay longer on intravenous ( IV ) fluids ( OR =1.18; P &lt;.0001); have recurrent NVE ( OR =4.25; P &lt;.0001); have longer hospital stay ( OR =1.07; P &lt;.0001); develop acute rejection ( OR =5.1; P =.006); and have lower overall survival ( OR =0.28; P =.006). Conclusions Compared to nITR , the ITR with NVE were significantly younger, had less nausea and vomiting at presentation, received less anti‐motility agents, required more IV fluids, and had longer hospital stay. A trend was seen for lower survival with NVE in ITR .

Topic: Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: New Efficient Syntheses of 3,3,3‐Trifluoroalanine, 2‐Deutero‐3,3,3‐trifluoroalanine, and Their N‐Protected Derivatives.

Abstract Addition of the amides or urethanes (II) to the α‐keto ester (I) yields the adducts (III) which are converted to the acylimines (IV) by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride in pyridine.

Topic: Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Metal−Metal Bonding in Mixed Valence Ni<sub>2</sub><sup>5+</sup> Complexes and Spectroscopic Evidence for a Ni<sub>2</sub><sup>6+</sup> Species

Dinickel(II) complexes of the ligands N,N'-di-p-anisylformamidinate (DAniF) and N,N',N''-triphenylguanidinate (TPG) have been synthesized and crystallographically characterized, along with their one-electron-oxidized analogues. In both systems, the Ni-Ni distances become shorter by approximately 0.1 A upon oxidation, in accord with the proposal that the resulting Ni2(5+) complexes are appropriately described as having one electron removed from a metal-based sigma orbital and an overall Ni-Ni bond order of 1/2. Although conventional DFT calculations on the model compounds Ni2(HNCHNH)4 and [Ni2(HNCHNH)4]+ appear to predict that the lowest energy state of the latter species would have one unpaired electron in an essentially ligand-based orbital. A single-point calculation of Ni2(DAniF)4 employing the geometry of its crystal structure with the full ligand included reveals a reversal of the previously predicted order of the HOMO and HOMO-1, and suggests that the unpaired electron in [Ni2(DAniF)4]+ is in a metal-based orbital of sigma symmetry. This is verified by the axial EPR spectrum of the compound in solution. The compound Ni2(DAniF)4 shows an unexpectedly rich cyclic voltammogram with four stepwise reversible oxidation waves. Coulometric experiments show that the doubly oxidized species has a significant lifetime at -25 degrees C, and by spectroelectrochemistry, its UV-vis spectrum was recorded. We propose that this species contains a Ni2(6+) core with a single Ni-Ni sigma bond.

Topic: Metal complexes synthesis and properties
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
B361 Pulsed radiofrequency ablation for treatment of chronic pain: real-world outcomes in europe

<h3>Background and Aims</h3> Collection of real-world data can offer the aggregation of additional evidence and help drive discovery of new therapeutic aspects for evaluation in future clinical studies. In this report, we describe real-world outcomes from a cohort of patients who received pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) ablation as a treatment method for the treatment of chronic pain. <h3>Methods</h3> This is a real-world, retrospective, observational, case-series study of patients in Europe who used a device capable of pulsed radiofrequency ablation (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) for treatment of chronic pain. Key data and clinical assessments include demographic characteristics, pain diagnosis, baseline and post-treatment pain scores, and percent pain relief. <h3>Results</h3> To date, 31 patients have been assessed with an average age of 69.3 ± 10.6 years (n = 23). At post-procedure and last follow-up (mean=289 ± 358 days, median 119 days), significant improvement (p &lt; 0.0001) in pain intensity scores was documented. In particular, a 5.1-point NRS score improvement versus baseline (7.9) was observed at last follow-up (2.8). In addition, the proportion of patients with &gt;50% pain relief (responder rate) at last follow-up was also determined to be 74.2% (23/31). <h3>Conclusions</h3> PRF ablation as a therapeutic modality for treatment of chronic pain may be particularly helpful in patients who have not achieved a sought after level of pain relief using conventional drug medications or other traditional pain management approaches. This observational case-series seeks to track and assess clinical outcomes of patients who used PRF to help manage their chronic intractable pain.

Topic: Laser Applications in Dentistry and Medicine
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Probabilistic Behavior of Floods of Record in the United States

Literature on the probability distribution function (PDF) of annual maximum flood discharges is extensive, yet the literature on the PDF of the flood of record (FOR) is sparse. This is partially due to two facts: (1) the PDF for record events is more complex than the PDF for annual maxima; and (2) data sets for observed FORs are much smaller than for the annual maximum flood series from which they derive. We show that, if annual floods arise from a generalized extreme values (GEV) distribution, then the FOR also arises from another GEV distribution, which we term GEVmax. We also derive the moments and L-moments for the PDF of GEVmax. Using record flood observations at over 1,500 basins in the United States, we compared theoretical and empirical properties of observed values of the FOR. We found that, at both regional and national scales, the FOR values are on average more extreme than would be expected if they occurred randomly, and that they tend to form spatial clusters.

Topic: Hydrology and Drought Analysis
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Petrie’s Ptolemaic and Roman Memphis

Memphis was one of the great melting pots of Mediterranean and African culture during the reigns of the heirs of Alexander and under the Roman Empire, a vibrant and complex community well after the end of the age of its ancient Pharaonic founders. For too long, its importance during this critical period has been wrongly eclipsed by the younger city of Alexandria. This book challenges such assumptions by taking a closer look at Memphis through the lens of the rich material excavated there by Flinders Petrie over a century ago, and exhibited in University College London's Petrie Museum. These finds bring alive the diversity of the city's inhabitants and raise questions, still relevant today, about the representations and realities of ethnic groups. This book presents the excavation background to the finds, their manufacturing processes and their cultural implications. It is accompanied by downloadable resources that illustrate this informative and neglected material.

Topic: Ancient Egypt and Archaeology
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A Protein Subunit Filovirus Vaccine Facilitates Maternal Immunization in Mice

Abstract Ebola virus disease (EVD) is highly pathogenic and virulent and has caused large scale outbreaks in Central and West Africa. To date there are no known correlates of protection however, recently the FDA and EMA have approved a vaccine, Ervebo. This vaccine utilizes a replication competent viral vector which may be contraindicated in immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, and infants. Our lab has developed a recombinant protein subunit vaccine, a platform that is generally considered safe for immunocompromised, pregnant women, and infants. Our vaccine, when properly adjuvanted, demonstrates protection in non-human primates and may also induce maternal immunization. Maternal Immunization is the phenomena of inducing passive immunity via maternal antibody. This occurs via transfer of IgG using the FcRn. This receptor binds the Fc portion of IgG in a pH dependent manner which facilitates transcytosis of IgG across the placental, mammary tissue, as well as gut epithelial layer. In rodents, maternal IgG is transferred across the gut epithelia throughout the nursing period. This project demonstrates in mice the immunogenicity of a protein subunit vaccine comprised of Ebola glycoprotein and adjuvant administered during gestation as well as the transfer of antigen specific maternal antibody to offspring through milk. To investigate maternal immunization we vaccinated female Swiss Webster mice during gestation and measured antigen specific IgG levels in both the mothers and pups as well as in the milk. Antigen specific maternal antibody titers found in pup sera mimic those found in fully immunized adult females weeks after weaning, indicating the potential for maintaining an antigen specific humoral response in neonates.

Topic: Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Bird Action Recognition in Wetlands using Deep Learning

The current decline in bird species and protected natural areas highlights the importance of providing solutions to improve the understanding of bird biodiversity and its interaction with its environment. This study focuses on the development and application of deep learning architectures for bird action recognition in protected natural areas, specifically in wetlands. Different state-of-the-art deep learning architectures for image and video analysis are explored and applied to compare the suitability of each of the architectures for the scope of the study. An experiment with frame-level and video-level methods was conducted to observe the impact of temporal aggregation on the bird action recognition task. From the experiments, the suitability of video-level approaches, where bird motion is considered for prediction, can be observed. Furthermore, a novel dataset dedicated to the bird action recognition task is presented to train the models of this study.

Topic: Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
Subfield: Developmental Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Siratur gold deposit in the black shales of the ophiolite association (the Southern Urals)

The Siratur gold deposit is located in the northern part of the South Ural segment of the Main Ural Fault. Its ore zone is confined to the area of the tectonic junction of the serpentinite of the Nurali massif and the submeridional strip of carbonaceous schists of the Ordovician Polyakovka Formation. Its composition is widely represented basalts with chemical characteristics of the main effusive rocks of the mid-ocean ridges. In the black shale deposits of the Siratur deposit, gold ore mineralization is mainly represented by the gold-sulfide vein-disseminated type, and in the listwanite-beresite complex, gold-quartz-low-sulfide vein-streaked type. Microprobe studies of zolotins showed that gold in ores of the first type has a low-qality of 670–820, and in the second — 940–970. The deposit can be attributed to the polygenic and polychronous type.

Topic: Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Temperature Change Calculation at Welding Products

Thermal calculation of the welded seams was conducted, made from heat resisting austenitic steel 10X11H20T2P by argon-arc welding. Schedules of temperature increment are constructed during various time moments on mode parameters existing on technology manufacture and on offered welding conditions. Structure forecasting opportunity and mechanical properties of welded connection various zones is shown: a welded seam, weld lines, zones of thermal influence and basic metal by calculation of temperature field changing in time. Calculation data are received at use of standard methods of calculation and under general formulas. Basic methods of experimental temperature test are considered at welding and computer application in calculations of temperature fields. Recommendations are given at the welding modes choice for prevention of hot cracks formation, namely, welding speed reduction up to 6 km/h is recommended.

Topic: Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
SNAKE-DIRECTED ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR OF ROCK SQUIRRELS (SPERMOPHILUS VARIEGATUS): POPULATION DIFFERENCES AND SNAKE-SPECIES DISCRIMINATION

Abstract The purposes of this study were: (1) to describe the snake-directed antipredator behavior of rock squirrels; (2) to assess whether rock squirrels distinguish nonvenomous gopher snakes from venomous rattlesnakes; (3) to compare antisnake behavior in a snake-rare urban site and a snake-abundant wilderness site as a means of assessing whether natural selection or experience has generated population differences in behavior; (4) to assess snake densities in the two study sites; (5) to compare the antisnake behavior of rock squirrels with that of their closest relatives, California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), a species that appears to differ from rock squirrels in exhibiting marked sexual-size dimorphism; and (6) to gather additional data on sexual size dimorphism in these two ground squirrel species. We tethered nonvenomous gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) and venomous western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) in the field near burrows of marked squirrels and videotaped the ensuing interactions. Rock squirrels from both urban and wilderness populations confronted snakes while waving their fluffed tails from side to side, throwing substrate at the snakes, and even attacking snakes on occasion. Survey data confirmed large differences in snake densities between the two sites. Squirrels from the snake-abundant wilderness site distinguished rattlesnakes from gopher snakes, but squirrels from the snake-rare urban site did not. Since these squirrels show similar evidence of selection from snakes, as revealed by their equivalent physiological resistance to rattlesnake venom, we attributed these behavioral differences to the effects of snake experience. Rock squirrel antisnake behavior was very similar to that of California ground squirrels. Where the two species' behavior was dissimilar, the differences may be due in part to the interspecies variation in sexual size dimorphism confirmed in this study, and to the greater number of rattlesnake species that rock squirrels encounter.

Topic: Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences