jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Deforestation strengthens atmospheric transport of mineral dust and phosphorus from North Africa to the Amazon

Abstract Phosphorus contained in atmospheric mineral dust aerosol originating from Africa fertilizes tropical forests in Amazonia. However, the mechanisms influencing this nutrient transport pathway remain poorly understood. Here we use the Community Earth System Model to investigate how large-scale deforestation affects mineral dust aerosol transport and deposition in the tropics. We find that the surface biophysical changes that accompany deforestation produce a warmer, drier and windier surface environment that perturbs atmospheric circulation and enhances long-range dust transport from North Africa to the Amazon. Tropics-wide deforestation weakens the Hadley circulation, which in turn, leads to a northward expansion of the Hadley cell and increases surface air pressure over the Sahara Desert. The high pressure anomaly over the Sahara, in turn, increases northeasterly winds across North Africa and the tropical North Atlantic Ocean, which subsequently increases dust transport to the South America continent. We estimate that the annual atmospheric phosphorus deposition from dust significantly increases by 27% ( P &lt; 0.01) in the Amazon under a scenario of complete deforestation. These interactions exemplify how land surface changes can modify tropical nutrient cycling, which in turn, may have consequences for long-term changes in tropical ecosystem productivity and biodiversity.

Topic: Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
The quality comparison of Turkish and American picture storybooks for young children

In this study, the American and Turkish picture storybooks werecompared according to some qualityaspects. A total of fifty picture storybookscollected from ten early childhoodeducation centers in Erzincan, Turkey, andTexas, U.S. were analyzed by the authors.The quality features of American and Turkish picture storybooks were analyzedthrough a scale and personal accounts of the authors regarding the scale items.It is revealed that the quality features inpicture story books across two countries wereinterconnected with the socioeconomic structure of the countries and thesuggestions were provided to raise the quality of children’s picture books inline with the educational and reading practices at school and home.

Topic: Values and Moral Education
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
I-MOVE multicentre case–control study 2010/11 to 2014/15: Is there within-season waning of influenza type/subtype vaccine effectiveness with increasing time since vaccination?

Since the 2008/9 influenza season, the I-MOVE multicentre case–control study measures influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically-attended influenza-like-illness (ILI) laboratory confirmed as influenza. In 2011/12, European studies reported a decline in VE against influenza A(H3N2) within the season. Using combined I-MOVE data from 2010/11 to 2014/15 we studied the effects of time since vaccination on influenza type/subtype-specific VE. We modelled influenza type/subtype-specific VE by time since vaccination using a restricted cubic spline, controlling for potential confounders (age, sex, time of onset, chronic conditions). Over 10,000 ILI cases were included in each analysis of influenza A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09 and B; with 4,759, 3,152 and 3,617 influenza positive cases respectively. VE against influenza A(H3N2) reached 50.6% (95% CI: 30.0–65.1) 38 days after vaccination, declined to 0% (95% CI: -18.1–15.2) from 111 days onwards. At day 54 VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 reached 55.3% (95% CI: 37.9–67.9) and remained between this value and 50.3% (95% CI: 34.8–62.1) until season end. VE against influenza B declined from 70.7% (95% CI: 51.3–82.4) 44 days after vaccination to 21.4% (95% CI: -57.4–60.8) at season end. To assess if vaccination campaign strategies need revising more evidence on VE by time since vaccination is urgently needed.

Topic: Influenza Virus Research Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Nucleants in Grain Refined Aluminium alter Addition of Ti- and B-containing Master Alloys

Nucleation sites for aluminium grains after addition of different types of Al-Ti B master alloys to pure aluminium have been studied. In the master alloys used the Ti/B-rations (wt.%) were 2.6/1.4, 4.8/1, 5.3/0.1, and 6.2/0.03. Specimens were taken after different contact times at 775deg C. The phases involved were identified by powder X-ray diffraction. Phase morphologies in master alloys and in diluted samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive spectrometry. The observations are discussed and related to possible grain refining mechanisms. (orig.).

Topic: Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Properties
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Time-Lapse Changes in Elastic Anisotropy: Applicability of Anisotropic Rock Physics Models

Summary Depletion of a reservoir causes changes in triaxial stress state. As a result, time-lapse changes in reservoir elastic anisotropy occurs because of stress-induced anisotropy. An anisotropic rock physics model is therefore required to correctly model the 4D seismic response. We have investigated applicability of two anisotropic rock physics models to the prediction of time-lapse changes in elastic anisotropy of tight sandstone, and found that these models are very useful. The models require only two parameters to reasonably predict the time-lapse changes, hence simplifying the anisotropic modelling process. Moreover, these parameters can be estimated without using stress sensitivity of off-axis velocity and even without using that of S-wave velocities. This means that stress-sensitivity of anisotropy parameter δ, which is a difficult parameter to measure experimentally, can be estimated from stress sensitivities of only vertical and horizontal P-wave velocities. The number of required measurements can therefore be reduced, if the applicability of the models are confirmed using limited number of samples.

Topic: Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Elderly's Perspective of the Relative importance of Pharmacy Selection Factors for Long-Term Care Facility Residents

The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the importance of the right to choose a pharmacy relative to other selected long-term care facility (LTCF) resident rights, (2) examine which pharmacy selection factors were most important to potential LTCF residents, and (3) assess whether differences existed between categories of respondents relating to the importance rankings of general pharmacy selection factor categories. A pretested questionnaire was mailed to an elderly population consisting of 428 residents of 4 apartment buildings for the aged and disabled. A total of 214 usable responses were included in the data analysis. Of those responding, 48% reported that the right to choose a pharmacy was one of the more important resident rights, while 40% reported that it was an average or less important right. However, almost all respondents (95%) reportedly would choose the same pharmacy they go to now if they were moving into an LTCF. The most important general pharmacy selection factor categories were pharmacist competence and accessibility of the pharmacist. Dillerences existed between categories of respondents classified by resident rights knowledge, past LTCF experience, and current prescription drug experience relating to the importance rankings of general pharmacy selection factor categories.

Topic: Pharmacy and Medical Practices
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Prevalence of HIV and syphilis among Turkish blood donors

Prevalence of HIV and syphilis among Turkish blood donorsTo the Editor: Screening of blood is now mandatory for many diseases and is undertaken routinely in blood banks.Many studies have been done on human immunodeficiency vir r rus (HIV) and syphilis, separately, but knowledge about the interrelar r tionship between these transfusion transmitted diseases is limited. 1,2his study was undertaken to assess the correlation between positivity for HIV infection and syphilis among blood donors of Eskisehir.Donors who applied to our blood center in a 10ryear period (1998r2007) were retrospectively evaluated.No pror r fessional or honorary donation was included.Serum samples were screened for antirHIV by ELISA (microparr r ticle enzyme immunoassay, Axym, Abbott Corp., IL, USA) and for syphilis by the Veneral Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test (nontreponemal test, immunotrep Omega Diagnostic, Scotland, UK).Samples were not screened for VDRL.Of the total of 19 630 individuals, 6850 (34%) were fer r males and 12 780 (66%) were males.VDRL positivity was found in 33 donors (0.168%) and antirHIV was positive in 3 cases (0.015%) (Table 1).When the VDRL test was posir r tive, a confirmatory treponemal test was done.AntirHIV positivity was also confirmed by the western blot

Topic: HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Oxygen consumption in gamma irradiated mouse testes.

An elevation in respiration accompanies the irradiation of mouse testes at 600 rad following a delay of two weeks. The high metabolic activity is maintained for several weeks after the initial exposure and is most probably associated with the recovery phase of the testes when spermatogonia A are repopulating the germinal epithelium. The correlation between these two events is indicative of the proliferation of cells which, while escaping death from irradiation, have sustained considerable and perhaps permanent injury which is subsequently expressed as the aberrant metabolism observed. Using the metabolic inhibitor DNP reveals little that is directly ascribable to the effects of gamma irradiation since the pattern of inhibition for each is essentially similar in control and irradiated samples. The use of ATP, on the other hand, suggests that metabolic control in regenerating testes may be highly modified. Alternative hypotheses are also discussed.

Topic: Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Spatial soundscape superposition, Part I: Subject motion and scene sensibility

Spatial soundscape superposition occurs whenever multiple sound signals impinge upon a human listener's ears from multiple sources, as in augmented reality displays that combine natural soundscapes with reproduced soundscapes. Part I of this two-part contribution on spatial soundscape superposition regards perceptual superposition of soundscapes, and therefore focusses upon human response to displayed auditory scenes, and the influence of subject (listener) motion on making sense of them in the context of information received from other sensory systems, especially the visual and vestibular systems. Consideration of listener motion and multimodal integration here is intended to lay the foundation for Part II of this contribution, which focusses upon physical stimuli, i.e., sounds and signals, and the systems used to mix, transmit, and display them. Through superposition of complex sound stimuli at the ears of a moving listener, these systems create complex auditory scenes, the nature of which cannot be predicted by simple combination of physical stimuli. As it is left to the human listener to interpret auditory scenes comprising those stimuli, this part focuses upon perceptual principles, such as grouping principles, that can aid in successfully predicting whether multiple auditory events are perceptually segregated or fused in the auditory scenes that are experienced. Furthermore, for moving listeners, four fundamental laws are identified here describing sensorimotor contingencies that enable prediction not only of what auditory images are formed, but also where in auditory space those images are likely to be perceived.

Topic: Noise Effects and Management
Subfield: Speech and Hearing
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Towards Realistic Implementations of Large Imaging Calorimeters

The next generation of collider detectors will most likely make full use of Particle Flow algorithms, requiring precision tracking and imaging calorimeters. The latter, with granularity 2 to 3 orders of magnitude above existing devices, have been developed during the last 15 years by the CALICE collaboration and are now approaching maturity. The state-of-the-art and the remaining challenges will be presented for all the investigated readouts: silicon diodes and scintillator for a tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter, gaseous with semi-digital readout and scintillator with SiPM readout for a hadronic one. We will describe the commissioning, including beam tests, of large scale technological prototypes of a silicon tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter and hadron calorimeters featuring either a gaseous medium or scintillator with SiPM as an active material. Where applicable, raw performances of calorimeter such as energy resolution and linearity will be presented but also studies exploiting the distinct features of granular calorimeters regarding pattern recognition. Beyond these prototypes, the design of experiments addressing the requirements and potential of imaging calorimetry will be commented on. In addition, less established but promising techniques for dedicated devices will be highlighted.

Topic: Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Gather-arrange-scatter: Node-level request reordering for parallel file systems on multi-core clusters

Multiple processors or multi-core CPUs are now in common, and the number of processes running concurrently is increasing in a cluster. Each process issues contiguous I/O requests individually, but they can be interrupted by the requests of other processes if all the processes enter the I/O phase together. Then, I/O nodes handle these requests as non-contiguous. This increases the disk seek time, and causes performance degradation.

Topic: Advanced Data Storage Technologies
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Russell’s Road to Logicism

This paper explains the intellectual route that Russell followed in moving from the Kantian philosophy of geometryGeometry defended in his 1897 An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry [EFG] to his view in Principles of Mathematics [POM] (1903) that all mathematics is formal logicFormal logic . I argue that Russell was already committed to a kind of "logicism" in EFG. For this reason, Russell's road to logicism was much shorter than RussellRussell, Bertrand himself often suggests, and the number of substantive philosophical changes that Russell made to get from EFG to logicismLogicism was surprisingly small. In particular, I show that Russell was committed to logicism even before his encounter with Peano'sPeano, Giuseppe logic in August 1900.

Topic: Philosophy, Science, and History
Subfield: History and Philosophy of Science
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
[Ultrastructural demonstration of the human papilloma virus (HPV) in oral proliferative lesions].

The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been found in a series of benign proliferative lesions of the skin and mucosa. The virus has also been found in verrucous laryngeal carcinoma and carcinomas of the oral cavity and other organs. DNA hybridization techniques have made it possible to classify 51 types of HPVs, some appearing to be associated with specific lesions. In order to study the intracellular distribution of HPVs, an ultrastructural morphological analysis was performed with an electron microscope on 10 specimens taken from 5 patients. The specimens were obtained through large excisional biopsy, histologically classified as "fibropapilloma". For each patient specimens were taken from the clinically evident lesion and from the surrounding clinically normal mucosa. The specimens were fixed in glyceraldehyde, washed in a cacodylate buffer, post-fixed in potassium ferrocyanide reduced-osmium tetroxide, stained with uranyl acetate and included in EPON 812. The tissue was subjected to amylase digestion prior to electron microscope examination. A great number of viral particles were found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, without forming crystal array structures as typically described for the verruca vulgaris virus (HPV-2). No significant differences could be found between the cells derived from the clinical lesion and those derived from the surrounding mucosa. The passage of viral particles from infected to as yet uninfected cells through the intercellular space could be seen. The high intracytoplasmatic presence of the virus, and its clear abundance in those cells surrounding the clinical lesion, is felt to be of special interest.

Topic: Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
‘I Am Somebody’: Victory Outreach, Masculinity and Upward Mobility in Low-Income Latino Neighbourhoods - eScholarship

Segmented assimilation theorists posit that second generation immigrants today are at risk of downward acculturation and socio-economic mobility, and that dense co-ethnic communities provide the greatest resistance. Drawing upon data from ethnographic interviews and non-participant observation at a Pentecostal church, this paper will suggest that American-origin religious institutions may provide shelter against downward mobility through ‘religious optimism’. Using a race-gender framework to explain exit from gang lifestyle and acculturation into a group promoting mainstream American values, this paper will suggest that religious optimism may sometimes be infused with traditions from the black Protestant church, as well as inner-city stylistic expressions. Therefore, the first suggestion in this paper is that the segmented assimilation paradigm should not dichotomize the values of immigrant groups against those of native-born blacks and Latinos. The second suggestion in this paper is that segmented assimilation theorists should take into consideration that trajectories may shift in adulthood.

Topic: Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Toward Autonomous, Compliant, Omnidirectional Humanoid Robots for Natural Interaction in Real-Life Settings

Abstract The field of robotics has made steady progress in the pursuit of bringing autonomous machines into real-life settings. Over the last 3 years, we have seen omnidirectional humanoid platforms that now bring compliance, robustness and adaptiveness to handle the unconstrained situations of the real world. However, today’s contributions mostly address only a portion of the physical, cognitive or evaluative dimensions, which are all interdependent. This paper presents an overview of our attempt to integrate as a whole all three dimensions into a robot named Johnny-0. We present Johnny-0’s distinct contributions in simultaneously exploiting compliance at the locomotion level, in grounding reasoning and actions through behaviors, and in considering all possible factors experimenting in the wildness of the real world.

Topic: Robotic Locomotion and Control
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Experimental Investigation on Reinforced Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Composite Beams Subjected to Combined Bending and Shear

An experimental study on a series of composite beams combining a 250 mm (9.84 in.) deep reinforced concrete (RC) element and a 50 mm (1.97 in.) thick reinforced ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (R-UHPFRC) element is presented. The specimens are tested in a cantilever-beam setup with the R-UHPFRC element acting as an additional tensile reinforcement. The test parameters include the span length and the ratio and type of the steel reinforcing bars, including stirrups. Most of the beams fail in flexure at a force that is 2.0 to 2.8 times higher than the resistance of the reference RC beams. The medium-span cantilevers with a low stirrup content failure along a flexure-shear crack. Near-interface concrete cracking softens the bond between the elements and enhances the member deformation capacity. The R-UHPFRC element contributes significantly to the shear resistance.

Topic: Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effects of spawning Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) on total lipid content and fatty acid composition of river food webs

Abstract Returning Atlantic salmon subsidize rivers with marine‐derived nutrients ( MDN s), potentially altering food web dynamics, shifting to reliance on marine‐derived resources. Stream channels designed to simulate natural river systems, one with MDNs from spawning Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) and one without marine‐nutrient subsidies (control), were used to determine whether fatty acids (FAs) delivered to rivers and streams by spawning Atlantic salmon are incorporated by freshwater biota. Changes in FA profiles between stream channels with and without MDN inputs for biofilm, macroinvertebrates, and Atlantic salmon parr were used to characterize temporal dynamics of MDN incorporation during pre‐spawning, spawning, and post‐spawning periods. There were no differences between control and treatment stream channels prior to the addition of Atlantic salmon. Spawning Atlantic salmon had a positive effect on total lipid content in all trophic levels (biofilm, 4.33%; macroinvertebrates, 7.54%; salmon parr, 2.59%), relative to controls. Fatty acid profiles between the MDN treatment and control stream channels were similar for each biotic group prior to the introduction of adult Atlantic salmon; however, following adult salmon introductions, the FA profiles of the biofilm, invertebrates, and salmon parr differed by as much as 36.7%, 30.3%, and 22.9%, respectively, between the MDN treatment stream channels and the controls. Fatty acid profiles of the invertebrates and salmon parr from the MDN treatment stream channels tracked the FA profile of the salmon eggs. Proportions of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid varied with diet in a predictable manner related to dietary FA proportions. These responses demonstrate a change in the food web structure resulting from the establishment of this new, marine‐based, basal resource. The positive effects of MDN s increasing freshwater productivity are complimented by marine‐based lipids that represent surplus energy and an increase in the quality of resources, thereby contributing to the diversity and health of freshwater ecosystems.

Topic: Fish Ecology and Management Studies
Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences