jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Meskhetian Turks: A New Voice in Soviet Central Asia

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeRésumé/AbstractDéportés en Asie centrale par décret soviétique vers la fin de 1944, nombre de groupes ethniques divers (turcs Meskhi, Karakapapakhs, Turkmen, Kurdes et Khemshin) originaires de la région de Meskhetia en Géorgie méridionale, à un certain moment de leur exil forcé, se groupèrent pour former une nation; ils se donnèrent le nom de Mesk-hètes et formulèrent des demandes politiques d’ensemble basées sur leur auto-identification en tant que peuple. Malgré l’existence de nombre de différences ethniques importantes, ils se sentaient unis par le lien commun du “turluk,” une sorte de communauté d’esprit.La déportation des Turcs de Meskhetia n’était pas conforme au modèle généralement suivi en Union Soviétique durant la guerre lors de la déportation de groupes nationaux entiers. Les auteurs pensent que des malfonctions bureaucratiques peuvent expliquer les différences: 1 ) contrairement aux autres nationalités déportées, les Meskhètes n’ont jamais été officiellement accusés de collaboration avec les allemands et par suite n’entraient pas dans la catégorie des “traîtés,” et 2) à l’époque de leur déportation, les groupes ethniques distincts qui étaient en cause ne s’étaient pas groupés en nation et de ce fait n’entraient pas dans la catégorie de “nationalité déportée.” De sorte que lorsque d’autres groupes déportés furent pardonnés et, dans certains cas, rapatriés, les Meskhètes ne furent jamais ni pardonnés, ni rapatriés, probablement parce qu’ils n’avaient jamais été officiellement accusés.Essayant d’établir les raisons possibles de leur déportation, les auteurs suggèrent que la prise de cette décision avait été sans doute fortement influencée par la haine traditionnelle des arméniens pour les peuples de culture turque. Par une série de rapprochements, ils montrent comment le mouvement national meskhète a été influencé durant sa brève histoire par d’autres groupes nationaux soviétiques plus importants. Ils en arrivent à la conclusion que le mouvement meskhète ajoute une nouvelle dimension à la dissidence musulmane en Asie centrale soviétique et qu’il peut servir de baromètre pour mesurer la possibilité de nouvelles alliances ethniques parmi les musulmans soviétiques.

Topic: Soviet and Russian History
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of asthma.

Using a primate antigen inhalation model the mechanisms involved in the induction of airway hyperresponsiveness were studied. Antigen inhalation induced a prolonged airway eosinophilia. Chronic airway eosinophilia, intratracheal instillation of eosinophil major basic protein, repeated antigen inhalation, and airway epithelial desquamation induced, or were associated with, an increase in airway responsiveness. Using monoclonal antibodies to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), the contributions of these cell adhesion molecules to antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness were studied. ICAM-1 partially mediated eosinophil adhesion to endothelium in vitro, was upregulated on inflamed endothelium and epithelium in vitro and in vivo, and contributed to repeated antigen-induced airway eosinophilia and hyperresponsiveness. ELAM-1 was upregulated on inflamed endothelium (but not epithelium) in vitro and in vivo, but did not contribute to the repeated antigen-induced airway eosinophilia and hyperresponsiveness. These results indicate that antagonism of ICAM-1, but not ELAM-1, may provide a novel therapeutic approach to reducing the airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness commonly found in asthmatics.

Topic: Asthma and respiratory diseases
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Stability of Urokinase in Sodium Cefalotin Preparations

Stability of urokinase (UM) in sodium cefalotin preparations (CET) was investigated in terms of the agent's appearance, change of pH, and activity as determined by fibrin-plate Method and Chandler's Loop method. Electrophoresis was also used in the same study. The results are summarized as follows:1) UM activity was significantly decreased after mixing. However, residual potency of CET remained above 96% even 24 hours after mixing. 2) UM was unstable in CET in various concentrations or IV infusions. Same tendency was observed with UM in standard CET. 3) From the results of electrophoresis, it was found that CET contained some foreign matters.It was also found in the above study that CET or foreign matters in CET caused the decrease in UM activity. It is, therefore, concluded that UM is incompatible, with CET.

Topic: Enzyme Production and Characterization
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
QUANTITATIVE CALCULATIONS FOR BLACK HOLE PRODUCTION AT THE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER

The framework of large extra dimensions provides a way to explain why gravity is weaker than the other forces in nature. A consequence of this model is the possible production of D-dimensional black holes in high energy p–p collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. The present work uses the CATFISH black hole generator to study quantitatively how these events could be observed in the hadronic channel at midrapidity using a particle-tracking detector.

Topic: Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Analysis on the effect of government R&amp;BD support in nano convergence industry : Focus on Nano-Convergence 2020 Program

나노기술 및 나노융합산업은 산업구조 및 생산방식, 제품구조, 생산자원 결합방식에 관한 산업 패러다임을 변화시킴으로써 기존 제조업의 고부가가치화(化)와 차세대 성장동력 신산업 창출에 있어서 중추적인 역할을 수행할 것으로 기대되는 분야이다. 따라서 기개발된 나노융합기술을 산업에 착근시켜 다양한 경제적 파급효과를 발생시키려는 노력이 필요하다. 이를 위해 정부는 나노융합분야에 대한 R&BD 사업을 수행하고 있는데, 이 중 대표적인 정부사업으로는 지난 10년간 이루어진 '나노융합2020사업'을 들 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 나노융합2020사업의 성과를 '부가성' 관점에서 살펴보고, 요인분석을 통해 향후 이러한 성과를 높이기 위한 정책 방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 방법론 측면에서는 정부 정책 효과 분석 시발생하는 선택편의를 해결하기 위해 성향점수매칭법과 이중차분법을 동시에 적용한 방법론을 활용하였다. 분석 결과를 살펴보면 나노융합2020사업의 지원을 받은 수혜기업들의 매출 및 자산 증가, 고용 증가, 혁신 성과(R&D투자 증가 및 특허 증가)에서 통계적으로 유의한 양의 성과가 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 회귀분석을 통해 기업 특성 및 과제 특성이 사업 성과에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미친다는 것을 발견하였다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 나노융합2020사업을 포함한 정부의 R&BD 사업에 대해 다양한 정책적 시사점을 도출하였다.

Topic: Innovation Policy and R&D
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Improved Monospermic Fertilization and Subsequent Blastocyst Formation of Bovine Oocytes Fertilized In Vitro in a Medium Containing NaCl of Decreased Concentration.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether changes in NaCl concentration in a fertilization medium could improve normal fertilization and preimplantation development of bovine oocytes. In vitro matured bovine oocytes were inseminated with frozen-thawed semen for 18 hr in a Tyrode's medium with albumin, lactate and pyruvate (TALP), to which 114 (TALP-114), 96 (TALP-96) or 78 (TALP-78) mM NaCl was added. Presumptive zygotes were cultured for 192 hr in a modified TALP containing 90 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM glucose, 0.3% (w/v) BSA, minimal essential medium (MEM) essential and nonessential amino acids, and insulin-transferrin-selenium complex. Lower polyspermy rate was obtained by the insemination in TALP-96 (7.8 +/- 2.3%) than by the insemination in TALP-114 (25.6 +/- 1.4%), without decrease in male pronucleus (MPN) formation. Fertilization in TALP-78 also yielded decreased polyspermic fertilization (3.8 +/- 1.5%), but significant decrease in MPN formation was found (63.1 +/- 3.1%). In preimplantation development, more blastocysts developed from oocytes inseminated in TALP-96 (24.1 +/- 1.7%) than from oocytes inseminated in TALP-114 (16.8 +/- 1.4%). TALP-78, however, did not improve preimplantation development beyond the 8-cell stage compared with TALP-114. Mean cell number of blastocyst was higher when oocytes were fertilized in TALP-96 (137.0 +/- 4.5) than in TALP-114 (123.1 +/- 5.1) and in TALP-78 (102.3 +/- 4.5). These results demonstrate that insemination of bovine oocytes in a TALP with decreased NaCl concentration (96 mM) improves blastocyst formation and embryo viability. Decrease in NaCl concentration below 96 mM, however, may delay or inhibit MPN formation, and inhibits subsequent development in vitro.

Topic: Reproductive Biology and Fertility
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
FRANCIS BACON, THE EARL OF NORTHAMPTON, AND THE JACOBEAN ANTI-DUELLING CAMPAIGN

The article examines the intellectual and ideological debate about the notions of duelling, courtesy, and honour in the Jacobean anti-duelling campaign. Particular attention is paid to the two most important contributions to this campaign – Francis Bacon's The charge touching duells (1614) and A pvblication of his ma ties edict, and severe censvre against priuate combats and combatants (1614), written by Henry Howard, the earl of Northampton. By placing these two treatises into their intellectual context of courtesy and duelling manuals, the article seeks to demonstrate their sharply contrasting responses to the problem of duelling. Northampton accepted the notions of courtesy, honour, and insult underlying the duelling theory, but still wanted to abolish duelling. His solution was therefore a court of honour which would solve all the disputes of honour between noblemen and gentlemen. Bacon, on the other hand, argued that the only efficient way of getting rid of duelling was to question the entire intellectual framework on which duelling rested. To accept the notions of honour, courtesy, and insult inherent in the duelling theory and to set up a court of honour, he insisted, was tantamount to encouraging duelling itself. In The charge touching duells Bacon was thus arguing as much against Northampton's plans to suppress duelling as against the theory of duelling itself.

Topic: Historical Art and Culture Studies
Subfield: Museology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Pre-service teachers understanding of continuity of functions in the context of assessment items

Continuous and non-continuous functions are dealt with in the grades 10 to 12 South African high schools topics as prescribed by the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement. This article reports on the use of a combined framework for mathematical thinking that incorporated the ideas of APOS (action-process-object-schema) and the TWM (three worlds of mathematics) theories developed in a previous paper. The present study is qualitative in that it reports on those pre-service teachers’ mental constructions of the concept of continuity of single-valued functions, obtained from analysis of their responses to examination questions. The four pre-service teachers in this study specialised in the teaching of mathematics for the FET high school curriculum at an education faculty in a South African university. One of the rationales for assessment is to get informed feedback on the effect of instructional treatments. These pre-service teachers’ responses in their final examination were analysed using a modified framework for reflective abstraction (MFRA). This paper is follow-up to a two-tiered concurrent approach which engaged pre-service teacher with an instructional design worksheet and collaborations, to develop mathematical understandings of the concept of continuity. In this study it was found that the mathematics pre-service teachers worked in a symbolic world of MFRA. There was no clear demarcation between the embodied and symbolic worlds of MFRA. These pre-service teachers either used one or the other, or moved flexibly between them when offering their explanations

Topic: Mathematics Education and Teaching Techniques
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Experimental Modeling of General Purulent Peritonitis

General purulent peritonitis takes one of the first places in the structure of purulent complications. Despite the im provement of methods of diagnosis and treatment, mortality in postoperative purulent peritonitis remains quite high. Aim of the study: develop a reproducible model of postoperative general peritonitis to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of its development and the development of pathogenetically substantiated therapy. Materials and methods. The study was performed on 18 Wistar male rats aged 6 months, weighing 250–300 grams. Animals underwent laparotomy and modeling of postoperative general peritonitis according to the proposed method. Hospital strains of Escherichia coli BRLS 109 and Bacteroides fragilis 109 (strain ISCST1982, registered in Genbank), which we isolated from patients with acute appendicitis, with a total volume of 1.0 ml per animal, were used as infectious agents. Animals were taken out of the experiment under anesthesia with compliance with the rules of euthanasia at 1st, 3rd, 7th days after surgery. For morphological studies, samples of a fragment of the abdominal wall and cecum were taken. Bacteriological studies were performed on the 3rd, 7th day from the beginning of the experiment. Results . It was established that all animals developed peritonitis with the progression of purulent-destructive changes in the abdominal cavity and the development of adhesions, which was confirmed by the data of the morphological method of research. According to the results of bacteriological studies on the 3rd day, exudate infection was detected in all rats (in 100 % of observations). E. coli BLS were isolated in all cases at concentrations of 103–104 CFU/ml. The strain B. fragilis is inoculated in 3 animals at a concentration of 103 CFU/ml, which made 50 %. By the 7th day, only an aerobic E. coli strain of BLS was detected in peritoneal exudate at concentrations of 103 CFU/ml in the complete absence of growth of B. fragilis. Conclusion. We have developed a model of postoperative general peritonitis, which allows us to study the dynamics of the development of the inflammatory process in the abdominal cavity and, in terms of its clinical manifestations, is close to a real human disease. The reproducibility of the model is 100 %, which is confirmed by microbiological and morphological data.

Topic: Appendicitis Diagnosis and Management
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
"Adoption of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) by Farmers in Kashmir Division of Jammu and Kashmir"

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) enhanced extension systems are acting as a key element for improving agrarian situation and farmers' lives by providing access to information and exchanging knowledge.The term Information and communication technology was proposed by Stevenson in 1997.The present study was carried in Anantnag, Shopian Baramulla and Ganderbal districts of Kashmir valley.One block were selected from each district, three villages from each block were selected for the study.Respondents are selected by Stratified multistage random sampling technique.As a result, a total of 180 farmers were sampled for the analysis.The data was gathered using a structured interview schedule.The detailed review of profile characteristics revealed that the majority of farmers were medium aged (55%), illiterate farmers (51.7%), marginal farmers (63.9%), had 20-30 years of farming experience (31.7%), and had below 3 lac income from agriculture (54.4%).TV programme -Helo Kissan has greater awareness among farmers for seeking information related to agriculture activities.Farmers are less aware about Smart Phone (27.2%), different apps related to agriculture (Kisan Suvidah (6.7 %), Maghdoot (0%), Damani (0%)).The education level of respondents showed significant relationship with awareness of ICT tools (Television, Smart Phone, Internet).Also income from agriculture showed significant relationship awareness of smart phone and internet.One of the possible explanations is that people gain their expertise through formal schooling, which makes them more confident and self-reliant in every decision-making process.The educated family has higher decision-making skills due to formal education, and their awareness of ICT tools.Farmers with more education would have more awareness of ICT tools and, as a result, a more favorable attitude toward ICT tools.

Topic: Agricultural Economics and Practices
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
[The structure of depressive affect in puberty using the German Children's Depression Inventory].

The German Children's Depression Inventory (GCDI)--the German Language Version of the "CDI" according to Maria Kovacs--was tested on a random selection on normal school children (n = 128) by means of a 27-item factor analysis. Four factors were dedected: 1) primarily affective disturbances, 2) psychomotoric motivation and cognition disturbances, 3) psychosocial contact disturbance, 4) disturbances in school performance and adaptation. Under consideration of the Fürntratt criterium, 25 of the 27 items on the GCDI could be classified into the four factors and achieve a significant correlation. The factor solution of the GCDI could be relevant for practical application for further epidemiological and clinical investigations.

Topic: Health and Medical Studies
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
On the structureless shape of the optical absorption bands of the β-oxygen cryocrystal

An attempt is made to calculate the absorption spectrum of the β phase of solid oxygen with allowance for the absence of long-range magnetic order in it. It is shown that the correlational character of the spin ordering in β-O2 leads to a substantial change in the spectral function describing the electronic spectrum of this cryocrystal and, as a consequence, results in a loss of the fine structure of the corresponding optical absorption bands, which become broad and structureless.

Topic: Solid-state spectroscopy and crystallography
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Forecasting the Use of Irrigation Systems with Transition Probabilities in Texas

An irrigation system transition probability matrix and a forecast of irrigation system adoption are estimated for Texas using the probability constrained minimum absolute deviation (MAD) modeling approach. The results show that the adoption of advanced irrigation systems is slow, and that a transition from irrigated to dryland crop production is expected in the future.

Topic: Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Toward Quantum Secured Distributed Energy Resources: Adoption of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)

Quantum computing is a game-changing technology that affects modern cryptography and security systems including distributed energy resources (DERs) systems. Since the new quantum era is coming soon in 5–10 years, it is crucial to prepare and develop quantum-safe DER systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of vulnerabilities caused by quantum computing attacks, potential defense strategies, and remaining challenges for DER networks. First, new security vulnerabilities and attack models of the cyber-physical DER systems caused by quantum computing attacks are explored. Moreover, this paper introduces potential quantum attack defense strategies including Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), which can be applied to DER networks and evaluates defense strategies. Finally, remaining research opportunities and challenges for next-generation quantum-safe DER are discussed.

Topic: Quantum Information and Cryptography
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Nonprofit Sector: Radical Potential?

What is the potential for using nonprofit institutions to foster radical change in the United States? At a time when the public sector is heavily constrained, does the third sector provide a base for radical activity? Recent writing advocating growth of the sector is surveyed, as are some of the sector's most significant areas of activity. While most nonprofit institutions function for social reproduction and tight constraints exist for all of them, they do offer some means by which to work for change.

Topic: Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Touchscreen Device Usage in Infants and Toddlers and its Correlations with Cognitive Development

Background: The 2011 AAP policy (which predated the rising use of "new media" such as smart phones and tablets) discouraged the use of electronic media by children younger than age 2 citing potential adverse developmental effects and lack of evidence of educational benefit. The new 2013 AAP policy recognizes "important positive and pro-social effects of media use" but does not address children ages 0-3. The relationship between touchscreen device usage (TDU) and cognitive development of children younger than 3 years has yet to be studied. Objectives: 1) To assess touchscreen device usage in infants and toddlers. 2) To identify association between TDU and cognitive development. Design/methods: A questionnaire was given to parents of high-risk infants and toddlers to assess touchscreen device usage. Results were paired to the child's Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) development quotient (DQ) scores. Bivariate associations were examined using a two-sample t-test. Results: Of 65 families, 63 (97%) reported owning a touchscreen device (TSD). Of these, 44 (70%) reported TDU by a child of age <3 years. The mean chronological age of children who did and did not use a TSD was significantly different (17.4 ± 9.2 months vs. 9.4 ± 5.9 months, p<0.001). Mean age at initial TDU was 11.2 ± 7.6 months, and daily TDU ranged from 1-240 minutes with a median of 17.5 minutes. The most common forms of TDU reported were: watching children's "educational shows" (30%), using educational applications (26%), and pressing buttons on the screen aimlessly (28%). 60% of parents selected "educational benefits" of TDU as a reason for child TDU. 57% believed "other children" have higher TDU. There was no significant difference in CAT/CLAMS DQs between children with and without TDU (CAT 99.6 ± 19.5 vs. 103.4 ± 19.8; CLAMS 104.0 ± 24.0 vs. 113.5 ± 26.2). Children who played "non-educational games" during TDU had lower CLAMS DQs than those who did not (86.5 ± 34.2 vs. 106.7 ± 21.4; p=0.054). Conclusion: The majority of the families in this study allowed their children to use touch screen devices with a mean age of initial play below a year of age. Although the majority of surveyed parents reported they believed TDU had educational benefits, developmental scores showed no significant difference between children with and without TDU. Children who played non-educational games had lower receptive and expressive language scores compared to children who engaged in other types of TDU. Although our results do not imply a causal relationship, parents should be encouraged to restrict TDU for children under the age of three as no educational benefits were noted.

Topic: Child Development and Digital Technology
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences