jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Progressive Loss of Nigral DA Neurons in &lt;i&gt;DAT-Ret&lt;sup&gt;lx/lx&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Mice

&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;(A) Coronal brain section of a 3-mo-old wild-type mouse showing DA neurons in the SNpc and the VTA stained with an antibody against TH. The inset shows a higher magnification view of the stippled area.&lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;(B and C) Stereological quantification of TH-positive DA neurons in the SNpc of 3-, 12-, and 24-mo-old control, &lt;i&gt;DAT-TrkB&lt;sup&gt;lx/lx&lt;/sup&gt;, DAT-Ret&lt;sup&gt;lx/lx&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; and double homozygous &lt;i&gt;Dat-Ret/TrkB&lt;/i&gt; mice (C) (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 3 mice per genotype), &lt;i&gt;Nes-Ret&lt;sup&gt;lx/lx&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt; mutant mice and littermate controls (D) (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 4 mice per genotype). *, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05 (Student &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;-test).&lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;(D) Double immunostaining for NeuN and TH (very mild staining protocol to outline the SNpc [stippled area]). The inset shows a higher magnification view of the stippled box, displaying nuclear localization for NeuN and cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for TH.&lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;(E) Stereological quantification of NeuN-positive neurons in the SNpc of 12- and 24-mo-old control and &lt;i&gt;DAT-Ret&lt;sup&gt;lx/lx&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt; mice (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 5 mice per genotype at 12 mo, and &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 4 mice per genotype at 24 mo). *, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.0001 and &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001 for 12- and 24-mo-old &lt;i&gt;DAT-Ret&lt;sup&gt;lx/lx&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt; mice, respectively (Student &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;-test).&lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;(F–H) Adjacent sections of SNpc and VTA of a 1-y-old wild-type mouse stained for TH (F), dopa-decarboxylase (G), and Pitx3 (H). Insets show higher magnification images.&lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;(I and J) Stereological quantification of DDC-positive (I) and Pitx3-positive (J) cells in the SNpc of 12-mo-old littermate control and &lt;i&gt;DAT-Ret&lt;sup&gt;lx/lx&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt; mice (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 3 mice per genotype). *, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05 (Student &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;-test).&lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;(K and L) Stereological quantification of TH-positive cells in the VTA region of 1-y-old control and &lt;i&gt;DAT-Ret/TrkB&lt;/i&gt; mutant mice (K) (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 3 mice per genotype; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.5; Student &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;-test) and in the LC of 12-mo-old control and &lt;i&gt;Nes-Ret&lt;sup&gt;lx/lx&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt; mutant mice (L) (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 4 mice per genotype; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &gt;0.5; Student &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;-test). Scale bar indicates 250 μm and, in insets, 100 μm.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Dystopian art in the post-truth era

The aim of this case study was to analyze critically acclaimed dystopian works from the Information Age, in order to create a loose framework for contemporary dystopian art. Based on this framework, a multimedia installation artwork titled We Will Miss You was developed. This installation was included in the Blind Spot exhibition at Gallery Himmelblau in April 2019.&#13;\n&#13;\nThe film Koyaanisqatsi by Godfrey Reggio, and the artworks Day Is Done by Mike Kelley and Still Life (Betamale) by Jon Rafman were analyzed, and a variety of articles and literature on relevant topics such as post-internet art was consulted. A number of important connecting factors that appear in most of these works were found. These factors consisted mainly of a heavy reliance on non-fictional footage and direct documentation of real life, a focus on aesthetic beauty in order to captivate the audience, and a focus on changing the perspective or variables in everyday rituals in order to expose underlying systems.&#13;\n&#13;\nBased on feedback from visitors of We Will Miss You, it appears the artwork was mostly well-received, and promoted a strong sense of discomfort and reflection. This indicates that the concept of a dystopia can still be a very powerful tool that has not lost its relevance in the arts.

Topic: Utopian, Dystopian, and Speculative Fiction
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The biological effects of microwave irradiation in mouse tumor

This work studies the efficacy of the chitosan and electromagnetic wave treatment for the liver tumor in mice. The liver tumor model was applied to 70 mice, divided into 7 groups. 5 groups were treated by feeding different molecular masses of chitosan. One group was treated by 3GHz electromagnetic wave. From the experimental results of the survival rate, the lowest molecular mass of chitosan (Oligo) obtained the best survival result of 9 mice. In addition, according to the histopathological slices, the cell differentiation was observed in the electromagnetic wave group.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Gas Turbine Acoustic Enclosure Design by the Statistical Energy Analysis Method

Acoustic enclosure design is a complex problem that involves the interaction of multiple components. Yet the present conventional approach uses a two-dimensional closed-form solution to evaluate transmission loss of acoustic wall. In this paper, Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) was first studied for simple cases of radiation efficiency, transmission loss, and flanking path calculations. The effectiveness of the SEA method for complex systems was then demonstrated through a practical design application to gas turbine enclosure. It was found that SEA was a useful tool for gas turbine acoustic enclosure design.

Topic: Acoustic Wave Phenomena Research
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluation of osteoporosis using radiographic hip geometry, compared with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the standard

Osteoporotic hip fracture is associated with high mortality and morbidity and often results in a loss of mobility and independence. Osteoporosis is diagnosed by measuring bone mineral density (BMD, g cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> ), a measure of the amount of mineral in a bone. Although BMD continues to serve well it does not fully account for bone strength and only partially accounts for the risk of hip fracture. The shape and structure of the proximal femur also helps to determine how forces act in the hip in a fall and their measurement can aid the prediction of hip fracture. In this study, the geometrical variables of the right proximal femur in a total number of fifty Indian women were measured from digital x-ray images, and these results were compared with BMD values of the proximal femur measured by Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for same set of women, as a standard. Results obtained by this proposed approach explored how they were related with BMD and anthropometric factors such as body-height, and body-weight. In this study, it was found that 34% and 20% of the study Indian women were found to have osteoporosis and osteopenia respectively. The mean values of thickness of the medial shaft cortex (SC) as well as lesser trochanter thickness of the medial cortex (NC) and width of the acetabular bone (AW) were lesser in the osteoporotic Indian women than in normal Indian women. These values were found to be decreased by -21%, -11%, and -18% respectively, when comparing to normal Indian women. Simple radiograph hip geometry measurements are useful in the evaluation of osteoporosis.

Topic: Bone health and osteoporosis research
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
New rules for expert witnesses

Those clinicians who provide reports for use in the civil courts of England and Wales will find their practice changing over the next few months. There are fresh opportunities for those new to medicolegal work to take on stimulating (and well paid) work, but clinicians with established practices may well lose out.

The civil justice system in England and Wales has just undergone an upheaval. The changes began in 1994 when Lord Woolf was appointed to review the rules and procedures of the civil courts in England and Wales. The aims of the review were (principally) to improve access to justice and to reduce the costs of litigation. Lord Woolf was particularly troubled by the escalating cost of expert witnesses and the delay caused by the need to engage experts.1 Although Lord Woolf did not target clinical experts specifically, he complained in his final report that experts had become partisan advocates rather than neutral givers of opinions.2

The Woolf reports have crystallised into a new set of procedural rules …

Topic: Medical Malpractice and Liability Issues
Subfield: Pharmacy
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Production of fibrinolytic Staphylokinase from UV Mutated Staphylococcus aureus VITSDVM7

Staphylokinase is an extracellular protein produced by strains of Staphylococcus aureus which digest fibrin clots. Hence it is widely used as thrombolytic agent due to its low cost as compared to several other thrombolytic agents. The current work has been attempted to characterize the Staphylococcus aureus SPK-7 producing staphylokinase. The strain was subjected to morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization. 16Sr DNA sequencing of the isolate revealed close affiliation with Staphylococcus genera. BLAST search analysis of the sequence showed maximum identity with Staphylococcus aureus CMV201 and Staphylococcus aureus SV4 (99% similarity). Hence the strain SPK-7 was coined as Staphylococcus aureus VITSDVM7. The preliminary screening was done by casein hydrolysis method followed by plasmolytic activity and showed the maximum zone of inhibition of 15 and 17mm respectively. Random mutagenesis was carried out for the enhanced production of staphylokinase by varying time intervals. The purification of staphylokinase from Staphylococcus aureus VITSDVM7 was carried out by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and gel filtration chromatography resulted in specific activity of 780 , 1053, 1105, 1152 U/mg respectively. Eventually there was a gradual increase with corresponding purification fold of 1, 1.4, 1.4, and 1.5. The clot busting activity was found with 50 % lysis. Hence the mutated strain produced staphylokinase enzyme which can be considered as a good thrombolytic agent.

Topic: Enzyme Production and Characterization
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The injury epidemiology of infants and toddlers in Qatar

Background and Objectives: The epidemiology of child injuries among infants and toddlers (IAT) in Qatar has not been fully described. This study will analyze the injury epidemiology of fatal and non-fatal injuries in IAT and provide recommendations for targeted injury prevention programs for IAT in Qatar. Method: Data from the Qatar statistics authority (QSA), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) Trauma Registry and the mortuary for the years 2009 and 2010 were collected and analyzed. All injuries and injury mortalities to children ages 0-4 were included. Results: For IAT, one in thirteen (7.7%) deaths is caused by injuries with slightly more males (55%) affected. The leading fatal mechanisms were motor vehicle crashes (MVC's) (45%), followed equally by drowning, falls, burns and poisoning. Every year, there are 170 IAT admissions to the Trauma Center of HMC for severe injuries. Males comprise 70% of admissions, with a median age of 2.67 years, 17% were &lt;1 year old. Mean injury severity score (ISS) was 6.2, median ISS was 4. Mean LOS was 4.57 days, median was 2 days. The leading reasons for admission were falls (43%), burns (25%), pedestrian (12%) and passenger (10%) MVC's. The majority (66%) of the injuries occurred at home. The mortality rate of admissions was 2.1%, 71% were males. MVC's were the leading cause of death (57%), equally divided between pedestrians and passengers, and falls happening at home caused 43% of deaths. Conclusions: Two-thirds of severe injuries to IATs happen at home where they are supposed to be safest and under the constant supervision of a responsible adult. While the majority of them are non-fatal, the leading mechanisms, falls and burns, can often lead to lifelong disability. These injuries can contribute to significant developmental delays and psychiatric trauma in IATs and considerable costs to the state. Home safety education is a necessity for families with IATs. Educating families and caregivers on the appropriate environmental modifications in the home to prevent falls and burns must be a priority. The improved surveillance of child injuries and surveys of home conditions in Qatar is needed to form the basis for subsequent actions in this field.

Topic: Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Energy efficient path planning techniques for UAV-based systems with space discretization

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are miniature air-crafts that have proliferated in many military and civil applications. Their affordability allows for tasks to be held with not just one but a fleet of UAVs. One of the problems that arise with the use of multi-UAVs is the multi-UAV path planning and assignment problem. We propose three algorithms that aim at assigning energy efficient trajectories for a fleet of UAVs. Our optimal path planning solution (OPP) is formulated using a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model (MILP). We also propose two other heuristic solutions that are greedy in nature; namely, Greedy Least Cost (GLC) and First Detect First Reserve (FDFR). To aid with collision avoidance, we adopt the concept of space discretization, and present a more realistic view of the space a UAV occupies. The comparative study of our proposed solutions reveals insightful trade-offs between energy consumption and complexity. 2016 IEEE.

Topic: Robotic Path Planning Algorithms
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Spontaneous Malignant T Cell Lymphoma in a Young Male Common Marmoset (&lt;i&gt;Callithrix jacchus&lt;/i&gt;)

We histopathologically and immunohistochemically investigated a case of malignant lymphoma that spontaneously developed in a male common marmoset at two years of age. Beginning at two years four months of age, the animal had an enlargement of the submandibular and inguinal lymph nodes, small subcutaneous nodules near the right breast and an approximately fivefold increase in peripheral lymphocyte count compared with the previous examination value. The postmortem findings at two years eight months of age showed lymphadenopathy with enlargement of the thymus and spleen. Small- to intermediate-sized neoplastic lymphocytes had diffusely proliferated in the enlarged nodes. The neoplastic cells were pleomorphic and had irregularly shaped nuclei. The nuclear chromatin staining revealed hyperchromatism in the small-sized cells, and the intermediate-sized cells exhibited vesicular staining. An immunohistochemical examination indicated that the neoplastic lymphocytes were positive for CD3 and negative for CD20, thus suggesting that they had originated from T cells. In addition, the proliferation of high endothelial venules and reactive epithelioid histiocytes was observed. Scattered tingible body-laden macrophages were infrequently detected. Neoplastic lymphocytes were also observed in the thymus, spleen, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, adrenal glands and femoral and sternal bone marrow. This malignant lymphoma in a young male common marmoset was considered to fit the category of "peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS)" according to the new WHO system of classification.

Topic: Veterinary Oncology Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Overexpression of miR-31 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) from Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis

BACKGROUND miRNAs play vital roles in regulating immunologic functions and autoimmunity. However, the levels of miR-31, miR-155, miR-16, and miR-181a have not been explored in AS, but were verified to play vital roles in other immunological diseases. The aim of our study was to examine whether the expressions of miR-31, miR-155, miR-16, and miR-181a are abnormal in AS. MATERIAL AND METHODS Real-time transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis (RT-PCR) was used to determine the expression of miR-31, miR-155, miR-16, and miR-181a in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 40 patients with AS and 40 healthy controls. RESULTS The expression of miR-31 was increased in AS patients compared with healthy controls (p=0.001). Furthermore, we detected no significant differences in the expressions of miR-155, miR-16, and miR-181a between AS patients and healthy controls. However, the expression levels of the 4 miRNAs were all significantly different between less active AS and more active AS, with higher levels in more active AS. Moreover, no significant correlations were found between the 4 miRNAs levels with the clinical characteristics in the patients with AS. Interestingly, the expression levels of miR-31, miR-155, and miR-16 in PBMCs were significantly positively correlated with the ESR in new AS patients but not old AS patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that miR-31 is overexpressed in PBMCs of AS patients. Furthermore, miR-31, miR-155, miR-16 and miR-181a may be associated with AS disease activity.

Topic: MicroRNA in disease regulation
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Optimized Ultraviolet‑C\nProcessing Inactivates\nPathogenic and Spoilage-Associated Bacteria while Preserving Bioactive\nProteins, Vitamins, and Lipids in Human Milk

Holder pasteurization (HoP) enhances donor human milk\nmicrobiological\nsafety but damages many bioactive milk proteins. Though ultraviolet-C\nirradiation (UV–C) can enhance safety while better preserving\nsome milk proteins, it has not been optimized for dose or effect on\na larger array of bioactive proteins. We determined the minimal UV–C\nparameters that provide &gt;5-log reductions of relevant bacteria\nin\nhuman milk and how these treatments affect an array of bioactive proteins,\nvitamin E, and lipid oxidation. Treatment at 6000 and 12 000\nJ/L of UV–C resulted in &gt;5-log reductions of all vegetative\nbacteria and bacterial spores, respectively. Both dosages improved\nretention of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, IgM, lactoferrin, cathepsin\nD, and elastase and activities of bile-salt-stimulated lipase and\nlysozyme compared with HoP. These UV–C doses caused minor reductions\nin α-tocopherol but not γ-tocopherol and no increases\nin lipid oxidation products. UV–C treatment is a promising\napproach for donor human milk processing.

Topic: Infant Nutrition and Health
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Alternating Current Iontophoresis for Control of Postoperative Pain

Control of early postoperative pain entails the use of various medications including acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, tramadol, and opioids. However, these medications should be carefully administered in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease because some medications may trigger adverse reactions after maxillofacial surgeries. The goal of postoperative pain control in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease is to eliminate pain without complications. Local anesthesia is an efficient tool for the control of postoperative pain after maxillofacial surgeries. We utilized a transdermal drug delivery system, iontophoresis by alternating current, in order to develop an alternative technique for administering local anesthetic to control postoperative pain in 2 patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. A visual analogue scale was used to objectively measure the severity of pain. A 55-year-old woman who underwent mandibular wisdom tooth extraction and an 18-year-old woman who underwent sagittal split ramus osteotomy of the mandible both complained of pain multiple times. After application of iontophoresis, the visual analogue scale score was reduced to zero and postoperative pain could be controlled. There were no adverse events such as bronchospasm or skin irritation after the application of iontophoresis by alternating current.

Topic: Drug-Induced Adverse Reactions
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of provider and patient reminders, deployment of nurse practitioners, and financial incentives on cervical and breast cancer screening rates

&lt;p&gt;Objective : To evaluate the effect of the Provider and Patient Reminders in Ontario: Multi-Strategy Prevention Tools (P-PROMPT) reminder and recall system and pay-for-performance incentives on the delivery rates of cervical and breast cancer screening in primary care practices in Ontario, with or without deployment of nurse practitioners (NPs). &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Design : Before-and-after comparisons of the time-appropriate delivery rates of cervical and breast cancer screening using the automated and NP–augmented strategies of the P-PROMPT reminder and recall system. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Setting : Southwestern Ontario. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Participants : A total of 232 physicians from 24 primary care network or family health network groups across 110 different sites eligible for pay-for-performance incentives. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Interventions : The P-PROMPT project combined pay-for-performance incentives with provider and patient reminders and deployment of NPs to enhance the delivery of preventive care services. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Main outcome measures : The mean delivery rates at the practice level of time-appropriate mammograms and Papanicolaou tests completed within the previous 30 months. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Results : Before-and-after comparisons of time-appropriate delivery rates (&lt;30 months) of cancer screening showed the rates of Pap tests and mammograms for eligible women significantly increased over a 1-year period by 6.3% (P &gt;&lt; .001) and 5.3% (P &lt; .001), respectively. The NP-augmented strategy achieved comparable rate increases to the automated strategy alone in the delivery rates of both services. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Conclusion : The use of provider and patient reminders and pay-forperformance incentives resulted in increases in the uptake of Pap tests and mammograms among eligible primary care patients over a 1-year period in family practices in Ontario.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The incommensurate phase in tetramethylammonium tetrachloromanganate

Highly accurate specific heat capacity measurements were used in order to study the phase transition sequence of tetramethylammonium tetrachloromanganate (TMATC-Mn) between 50 and 330 K. This study allowed the authors to confirm that the incommensurate phase that had been previously found at pressures higher than 38 MPa is also present at atmospheric pressure. At this pressure the phase transition sequence is given by I-(292.6 K)-II-(292.2 K)-III-(267.0 K)-IV-(175.0 K)-V, where phase II is incommensurate and covers a very narrow temperature interval. Heating and cooling measurements allowed them to study the thermal hysteresis associated with the lock-in (II-III) phase transition. The other phase transitions were also characterised within the authors' general calorimetric study. The position of the compounds of the general family (N(CH3)4)2MX4 in its common pressure-temperature phase diagram could be related to the thermodynamic function values of their phase transition sequences.

Topic: Solid-state spectroscopy and crystallography
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences