jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
CATALYZED RECOMBINATION OF NITROGEN ATOMS, AND THE POSSIBLE PRESENCE OF A SECOND ACTIVE SPECIESIN ACTIVE NITROGEN

The reactions of ethylene, ethane, and ammonia with active nitrogen have been studied over the pressure range 0.3 to 4 mm usinganunheatedreaction vessel. The object was to determine why each reactant shows, as is well-known, a smaller extent of reaction at lower temperatures than would be predicted from the atom concentration. It was concluded that ethylene probably brought about homogeneouscatalyzedrecombination, i.e. the process [Formula: see text] followed by N + N•C 2 H 4 → N 2 + C 2 H 4 . The over-all third-order rate constant appeared to be very large, about 1.8 × 10 −28 cc 2 molecule −2 sec −1 . The behavior of ammonia was quite different from that of ethylene and it was, in fact, possible to show that the extent of reaction was not governed by the instantaneous atom concentration at all. The results can be explained qualitatively, however, if it is assumed that excited molecules formed in the course of homogeneous atom decay constitute a second active species in active nitrogen. This view serves also to explain the failure in such work as that of Kistiakowsky etal. to observe ammonia destruction or excited molecules when especially low atom concentrations are used. The few experiments involving ethane were sufficient to show that the reactivity was low for a different reason than with ethylene.

Topic: Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Design, Synthesis,\nand Biological Evaluation of a\nPotent Dual EZH2–BRD4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Some Solid\nTumors

Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) mediates the trimethylation\nof histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) to promote gene silencing. Inhibition\nof EZH2 is a viable strategy for cancer treatment; however, only a\nsmall subset of hematological malignancies are sensitive to small-molecule\nEZH2 inhibitors. EZH2 inhibitors cause H3K27 acetylation in most solid\ntumors, leading to drug resistance. Bromodomain-containing protein\n4 (BRD4) inhibitors were reported to enhance the sensitivity of solid\ntumors to EZH2 inhibitors. Thus, we designed and evaluated a series\nof dual EZH2–BRD4 inhibitors. ZLD-2, the most promising compound,\nexhibited potent inhibitory activity against EZH2 and BRD4. Compared\nto the EZH2 inhibitor GSK126, ZLD-2 displayed potent antiproliferation\nactivity against breast, lung, bladder, and pancreatic cancer cells.\nIn vivo, ZLD-2 exhibited antitumor activity in a BxPC-3 mouse xenograft\nmodel, whereas GSK126 promoted tumor growth. Thus, ZLD-2 may be a\nlead compound for treating solid tumors.

Topic: Protein Degradation and Inhibitors
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Use of SADIE statistics to study spatial dynamics of plant disease epidemics

Using a previously developed stochastic simulation model for plant disease epidemics, the relationship of the SADIE aggregation statistic I a with initial epidemic conditions, spore dispersal distance, sampling quadrat size and other spatial statistics was investigated. Most variation in I a was attributable to the initial spatial pattern of infected plants and sampling quadrat size. The importance of initial spatial pattern on SADIE clustering indices (for patches and gaps) was also demonstrated using a number of selected data sets. Correlation of I a with clustering indices was close to 1·0. Epidemics arising from the regular and random initial patterns resulted in the smallest and greatest I a values, respectively, at sampling times after disease spread had occurred. Furthermore, the variability in I a between simulation runs also varied greatly with initial patterns, being lowest and greatest for the clumped and random initial patterns, respectively. I a increased initially and then decreased with increasing incidence, especially for the clumped and random initial patterns. Overall, the effect of median spore dispersal distance on I a was very small, especially for the random initial pattern. The correlation between I a and intraclass correlation was generally small and varied greatly between initial patterns. However, there was a high positive correlation between I a and a parameter describing the rate of decline of autocorrelation over spatial lags, indicating that I a , clustering indices and autocorrelations measure some common properties of patterns.

Topic: Wheat and Barley Genetics and Pathology
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Main Changes and Consequences by Burnup Extensions in PWRs: Some Recommendations for Negative Plant Performance Issue Limitations

The higher duty cores are always attended with the onset of sub-cooled nucleate boiling (SNB) on the fuel cladding surfaces and the initial excess reactivity of core. The impacts of these factors on the chemical environments of the nuclear fuel cladding- and reactor coolant system- surfaces are discussed: The SNB at the cladding surfaces strongly influences the behavior of gases dissolved in cladding water layer phase, causing their stripping out which will favor the creation of oxidizing conditions. It is considered that the creation of oxidizing conditions in the nuclear fuel cladding environment is not a direct boiling consequence but it is a result of the synergic impact of the boiling- and water radiolysis- processes on the Pressurized Water Reactor fuel cladding surface areas. This requires new criteria for corrosion resistance properties of fuel cladding materials. These materials must have high corrosion resistance to oxidizing conditions. If only boric acid as neutron absorber is implemented, the critical boron concentration in coolant increases significantly when implementing an extended fuel cycle. This effect can be limited through application of 10B enriched boric acid or by application of such solid burnable absorbers as Gd2O3 integrated in UO2 fuel. Some recommendations to address negative plant performance issues are given in addition to the results of these investigations.

Topic: Nuclear Materials and Properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Efficient and Predictable Process Scheduling

Real-time applications such as multimedia audio and video are increasingly populating the workstation desktop. To suppor tthe execution of these applications in conjunction with traditional non-realtime applications, we have created a parametric scheduler for multimedia and Real-Time applications. Workstations and personal computers are increasingly being used for applications with real-time characteristics such as speech understanding and synthesis, media computations and I/O, and animation, often concurrently executed with traditional non-real-time workloads. This paper presents a system that can schedule multiple independent activities so that: • Activities can obtain minimum guaranteed execution rates with application-specified reservation granularities via CPU Reservations. • CPU Reservations, which are of the form “reserve X units of time out of every Y units”, provide not just an average case execution rate of X/Y over long periods of time, but the stronger guarantee that from any instant of time, by Y time units later, the activity will have executed for at least X time units.

Topic: Real-Time Systems Scheduling
Subfield: Hardware and Architecture
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Human–Wildlife Interactions: Turning Conflict into Coexistence edited by Beatrice Frank, Jenny A. Glikman &amp; Silvio Marchini (2019) 476 pp., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. ISBN 978-1-108402583 (pbk), GBP 34.99.

Human–Wildlife Interactions: Turning Conflict into Coexistence edited by Beatrice Frank, Jenny A. Glikman &amp; Silvio Marchini (2019) 476 pp., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. ISBN 978-1-108402583 (pbk), GBP 34.99. - Volume 54 Issue 5

Topic: Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of Potato Glycoside Alkaloids on Energy Metabolism of Fusarium solani

Fusarium solani is one of the primary pathogens causing root rot of wolfberry. The aims of this study were to investigate the inhibitory effect of potato glycoside alkaloids (PGA) on F. solani and its energy metabolism. In this study, the effects of PGA treatment on the growth and development of F. solani were investigated and the changes in the glycolytic pathway (EMP), ATPase activity, mitochondrial complex activity, mitochondrial structure, and energy charge level were analyzed to elucidate the possible antifungal mechanism of PGA on F. solani. The results showed that PGA treatment inhibited the colony growth, biomass, and spore germination of F. solani. PGA treatment reduced the glucose content and Hexokinase (HK) activity of F. solani, but increased the activity of Fructose-6-Phosphate Kinase (PFK) and Pyruvate Kinase (PK) and promoted the accumulation of pyruvic acid. In addition, PGA treatment inhibited the activities of H+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and mitochondrial complex IV, increased the mitochondrial inner membrane Ca2+ content and mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore, and decreased the contents of ATP, ADP, and AMP as well as the energy charge. These results indicate that PGA treatment inhibits the growth and development of F. solani, activates the glycolysis pathway, inhibits ATPase activity and mitochondrial complex activity, and destroys the structure and function of mitochondrial membrane, resulting in a lower energy charge level.

Topic: Potato Plant Research
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Comparison of Several Feature Encoding Techniques for MHC Class I Binding Prediction

Deciphering the understanding of T cell epitopes is critical for vaccine development.As recognition of specific peptides bound to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules, cytotoxic T cells are activated.This is the major step to initiate of immune system response.Knowledge of the MHC specificity will enlighten the way of diagnosis, treatment of pathogens as well as peptide vaccine development.So far, a number of methods have been developed to predict MHC/peptide binding.In this paper, several encoding schemes were performed to predict MHC/peptide complexes.The tests have been carried out on comparatively large HLA-A and HLA-B allele peptide three binding datasets extracted from the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis resource (IEDB).Experimental results show OETMAP encoding technique leads to better classification performance than other amino acid encoding schemes on a standalone classifier.

Topic: vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Novel and Expeditious Approach to Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical 5,5-Spiroimide Building Blocks

Symmetrical and unsymmetrical spiro-bis-imides and corresponding 3-methoxycarbonyl succinimides were prepared in very good yields starting from dimethyl malonate and suitable α-bromoacetamides in a one-pot procedure or two-steps sequence, respectively. The mechanistic aspects of these transformations were also discussed. Keywords: Diazaspiro[4.4]nonane, peptide coupling, spirocyclisation, carbanion, cascade, tandem

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
LHD ECEI1 #104772.1

The electron cyclotron emission (ECE) imaging to determine the electron temperature profile by measuring the intensity of each frequency of ECE. This system uses a wide-band two-dimensional horn-antenna mixer array (HMA) whose frequency response is between 50 and 110 GHz and the ECE signal is selected using a 95 GHz local oscillator and a 93 GHz high-pass filter.

Topic: Coffee research and impacts
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Complete deletion of the aprataxin gene: ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 with severe phenotype and cognitive deficit

Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) is a recently described autosomal-recessive neurodegenerative condition of childhood onset. It is caused by mutations in the APTX gene, which encodes the protein aprataxin. Clinical features include gait and limb ataxia, dysarthria, oculomotor apraxia, mild peripheral neuropathy and progression of neurological deficits.1 Some patients manifest parkinsonian symptoms or mental retardation, although the latter has been reported predominantly in Japanese patients.2 We report a patient with homozygous deletion of APTX , who presented with behavioural changes (social withdrawal), and subsequent rapid progression of neurological symptoms associated with severe cognitive decline. We suggest that complete deletion of APTX is associated with a more severe phenotype than that associated with point mutations.

The patient is the second child of first-cousin Pakistani parents, and has two healthy brothers who are neurologically and cognitively normal. Prenatal, delivery and early neonatal history were unremarkable. Early developmental milestones were met at the appropriate times and social development was normal. At age 5 years, she began to withdraw from social contact in school and became very shy. She also demonstrated difficulties in acquiring new language. She was then noticed to become more unsteady while walking and, by 5.5 years, she began to fall. At age 6.5 years, …

Topic: Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Date and Authenticity of the Ignatian Letters: An Outline of Recent Discussions

This article examines recent studies of the date and authenticity of the letters of Ignatius of Antioch. Although the debate has a long history, this article focuses on the most recent period of this debate—from roughly 1997 through 2018. While not wanting to diminish the differences between contributors to this debate, three general views can be adduced. This article begins by highlighting the major players and formative contributors to each view. Of particular note in this most recent phase of debate is the separation of the date of the letters from the question of their authenticity. The article next turns to consider the primary pieces of evidence that are utilized when considering Ignatius’s date: the historical value of the Eusebian evidence, the possibility of interpolations within Polycarp’s Philippians, and Ignatius’s interactions with Second Sophistic rhetoric. The conclusion inquires about whether there is other evidence that might be utilized to aid scholars in dating and evaluating the Ignatian letters more securely.

Topic: Historical and Linguistic Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
FROM SMALL ERRORS TO BIG IMPACTS: HOW SEGMENTATION INFLUENCES BIOMECHANICAL SIMULATION PRECISION

Accurate segmentation of medical imaging data is fundamental to the development of reliable biomechanical models, particularly those employing finite element analysis (FEA) to study articular cartilage mechanics. Segmentation errors, whether arising from manual processes or automated algorithms, can significantly influence model predictions, affecting clinical and research outcomes. The study explores the impact of segmentation accuracies on FEA models of articular cartilage and proposes a novel congruence method to moderate their effects. Using a simplified axisymmetric hip joint model and real anatomical geometries derived from MRI data, segmentation errors were simulated and their effects on biomechanical outputs, including contact pressure distribution and joint mechanics, were systematically analyzed. The simplified model was validated against analytical solutions, ensuring computational accuracy. Additionally, a congruence method was proposed to align cartilage surfaces and reduce the impact of segmentation errors. Simulations for real anatomical geometry as well as the congruence method were conducted and the results of each were reported. Preliminary results highlight the substantial influence of segmentation accuracy on model reliability and demonstrate the efficacy of the congruence method in improving biomechanical predictions. This work emphasizes the need for precise segmentation in advancing computational biomechanics and provides a foundation for refining modeling techniques to better inform clinical decision-making and orthopedic interventions.

Topic: Genetics and Physical Performance
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
SRR- and CSRR-based Metamaterial Transmission Lines: Modeling and Comparison

This paper is focused on the comparison between the two main categories of resonant-type metamaterial transmission lines: those based on split ring resonators (SRRs) and those based on their complementary counterparts, that is, complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). It will be shown that both SRR- and CSRR-based metamaterial transmission lines exhibit a very similar behavior, and this analogous behavior has been explained on the basis of the equivalent circuit model of the unit cell of these lines and from duality arguments.

Topic: Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Different behavior of NK cells isolated from healthy women and women with recurrent spontaneous abortion after treatment with human amniotic epithelial cells

Abstract Maternal immunotolerance during pregnancy is heavily dependent on the critical properties of human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs). Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is one of the most common diseases in women and is caused by feto-maternal immunotolerance disruption. The objective of this study is to investigate how hAEECs affect pNK cells isolated from RSA and healthy women in terms of immunomodulation. Peripheral blood NK cells were isolated from 20 women with RSA and 20 healthy women. Purified NK cells were co-cultured with hAECs, obtained from full-term healthy pregnant women at different cellular ratios. After 24 and 72 h of incubation, the expression of immunomodulatory genes in hAECs, immunophenotype, and cytotoxicity of NK cells, and cytokine production were investigated using real-time PCR, flow cytometry, and ELISA techniques, respectively. We observed a significant increase in TGF-β and IL-10 production, and CD56bright CD16+ subpopulation in pNK cells, a significant decrease in IFN-γ production and CD107a and FasL expression on NK cells. Also, NK cells' cytotoxicity against K562 cells was diminished after co-culture with hAECs. The expression of TGF-β and HLA-G genes by hAECs was diminished after co-culture with NK cells isolated from women with RSA. Our research indicates that the interaction between NK cells and hAECs influences the phenotype and function of both cells. Also, NK cells belonging to women with RSA and healthy women exhibit different behavior during treatment with hAECs, possibly due to NK cell dysfunction. However, extensive research is required to assess NK cell defects and their mutual interaction with hAECs.

Topic: Reproductive System and Pregnancy
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Examining the Effects of a Multi-Component Neurocognitive Intervention for School-Aged Children with Co-Occurring ADHD and Reading Difficulties

Objective: Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently exhibit impairments in neurocognitive pathways (i.e., deficits in sustained attention, response inhibition, processing speed, working memory, and cognitive flexibility). There is also extensive support indicating that youth with co-occurring ADHD and reading difficulties share pathological pathways and exhibit deficits in executive functions. Neither behavioral nor pharmacological interventions have been able to fully address executive dysfunction and/or reading deficits in this population. Computerized neurocognitive training interventions have been explored as a treatment alternative for youth with pure ADHD and have demonstrated some merit. Conceptually, computerized neurocognitive training programs that target overlapping pathways may improve executive functioning, which may directly impact ADHD symptoms and reading.\nMethods: A preliminary open clinical trial was conducted over the course of 3-4 months in a sample of 20 7-11 year-olds with all subtypes of ADHD with varying levels of reading difficulties to determine the following primary aims: 1.) To determine if a multicomponent neurocognitive intervention, ACTIVATE, improved executive functions (i.e., sustained attention, working memory, inhibition); 2.) To determine if ACTIVATE improved ADHD symptoms; 3.) To determine if ACTIVATE improved reading outcomes; and 4.) To determine if there were differential rates of improvement in outcome variables (i.e., reading progress, executive functions and ADHD symptoms) for children with reading difficulties compared to those without reading difficulties.\nResults: Positive significant bivariate correlations between decoding, sight word reading, and reading comprehension were identified; however, a relationship between ADHD deficits and reading severity was not found. Findings from 2 (group: reading impaired; reading non-impaired) x 2 (pre-ACTIVATE, post-ACTIVATE) mixed ANOVAs demonstrated a reduction of ADHD symptoms, improvements in some areas of executive functioning (planning, organizing, problem-solving and cognitive flexibility), and reading comprehension and sight word reading gains as a function of the ACTIVATE intervention.\nConclusions: Taken together, the preliminary findings for this study are encouraging. However, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn because this study consisted of an open uncontrolled evaluation with a small sample size. Extensive research is required to further evaluate potency, as well as appropriate target specification. Based on the results of this study, computerized neurocognitive training cannot be viewed as a substitute or supplement for gold standard treatments (i.e., pharmacological and/or behavioral interventions) for youth with ADHD.

Topic: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Expanding Human Security

Efforts to achieve peace and security in the world's crisis areas have generally met with limited success at best. I propose that part of this failure derives not so much from technical or logistic problems but from conceptual inadequacies in our understanding of human security and its determinants. They lead to, for example, an excessive focus on 'freedom from needs' and 'freedom from wants'. I review the ontogeny of human security as a concept, beginning with the traditional interpretation of security as state security. Two conceptual problems with current models of human security are identified. Addressing them leads to a more constructive, expanded approach for analysing and ensuring human security, one that combines the advantages of being more scientific and more comprehensive. This expanded concept, which we call the 'Four Pillar Model', promises to help improve future chances of successful mitigation of insecurity and violent conflict.

Topic: Global Peace and Security Dynamics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences