jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Back Matter: Appendices A – B and Glossary

Appendix A presents the International Monetary Fund's Coordinated Direct Investment Survey (CDIS) data augmentation. Appendix B details the sampling and survey process carried out from mid-2017 to early 2019, which followed intensive case studies with Asian entrepreneurs concerning their intraregional investment decision-making processes, then discusses the advantages of data collection through firm-level surveys before providing tables showing sampling and summary statistics of firm investment activities. Includes a glossary of international investment terms.

Topic: Sociopolitical Dynamics in Nepal
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Brown Seaweed Sargassum siliquosum as an Intervention for Diet-Induced Obesity in Male Wistar Rats

The therapeutic potential of Sargassum siliquosum grown in Australian tropical waters was tested in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 12 rats and each group was fed a different diet for 16 weeks: corn starch diet (C); high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (H) containing fructose, sucrose, saturated and trans fats; and C or H diets with 5% S. siliquosum mixed into the food from weeks 9 to 16 (CS and HS). Obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, impaired glucose tolerance, fatty liver and left ventricular fibrosis developed in H rats. In HS rats, S. siliquosum decreased body weight (H, 547 ± 14; HS, 490 ± 16 g), fat mass (H, 248 ± 27; HS, 193 ± 19 g), abdominal fat deposition and liver fat vacuole size but did not reverse cardiovascular and liver effects. H rats showed marked changes in gut microbiota compared to C rats, while S. siliquosum supplementation increased gut microbiota belonging to the family Muribaculaceae. This selective increase in gut microbiota likely complements the prebiotic actions of the alginates. Thus, S. siliquosum may be a useful dietary additive to decrease abdominal and liver fat deposition.

Topic: Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Stochastic approach to simulation of evaporation-triggered multiple self-assembly of mixed metal nanoparticles and their variable superradiance

We developed a design principle for the evaporation-triggered heterogeneous assembly of different kinds of metal nanoparticles in a two-dimensional environment. A dynamic Monte Carlo simulation shows the formation of island structures of gold nanoparticles (gold islands) surrounded by smaller silver nanoparticles (silver matrix) during the evaporation of organic solvent from the dispersion liquid on the water surface. Our developed principle revealed the spontaneous change in multiple interactions between gold and silver nanoparticles owing to the presence or the absence of solvation repulsion, which plays a crucial role in the formation of gold islands in the silver matrix. Not only the randomly arranged gold islands, but also the surrounding silver matrix phase contributed to the wavelength-tunable light scattering enhanced by a factor of 102 due to the superradiance effect. These results will pave the way for the design of multicolored optical devices based on random plasmonics via controlled interparticle interactions.

Topic: Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Molecular Characterization of Carbapenem-Nonsusceptible Enterobacterial Isolates Collected during a Prospective Interregional Survey in France and Susceptibility to the Novel Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Aztreonam-Avibactam Combinations

ABSTRACT An interregional surveillance program was conducted in the northwestern part of France to determine the prevalence of carbapenem-nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae (CNSE) isolates and their susceptibility to ceftazidime-avibactam and aztreonam-avibactam combinations. Nonduplicate CNSE clinical isolates were prospectively collected from six hospitals between June 2012 and November 2013. MICs of ceftazidime and aztreonam, alone or combined with a fixed concentration of avibactam (4 μg/ml), and those of carbapenems (comparator agents) were determined. MICs of ertapenem in combination with phenylalanine arginine-naphthylamide dihydrochloride (PAβN) were also determined to assess active efflux. Genes encoding carbapenemases, plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and major outer membrane proteins (OMPs) were amplified and sequenced. OMPs were also extracted for SDS-PAGE analysis. Among the 139 CNSE isolates, mainly Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae , 123 (88.4%) were ertapenem nonsusceptible, 12 (8.6%) exhibited reduced susceptibility to all carbapenems, and 4 Proteeae isolates (2.9%) were resistant to imipenem. Carbapenemase production was detected in only two isolates (producing OXA-48 and IMI-3). In contrast, OMP deficiency, in association with AmpCs and/or ESBLs (mainly CTX-M-9, SHV-12, and CTX-M-15), was largely identified among CNSE isolates. The ceftazidime-avibactam and aztreonam-avibactam combinations exhibited potent activity against CNSE isolates (MIC 50 /MIC 90 , 1/1 μg/ml and 0.5/0.5 μg/ml, respectively) compared to that of ceftazidime and aztreonam alone (MIC 50 /MIC 90 , 512/512 μg/ml and 128/512 μg/ml, respectively). This study reveals the in vitro activity of ceftazidime-avibactam and aztreonam-avibactam combinations against a large collection of porin-deficient enterobacterial isolates that are representative of the CNSE recovered in the northern part of France.

Topic: Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Peroxidase activity as a marker for estrogenicity: studies in uterus and mammary tumors.

We examined the possibility that peroxidase activity might be a marker for estrogen activity in established estrogen-dependent tissues: dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumors and human breast cancer. In DMBA-induced tumors undergoing regression after ovariectomy or tamoxifen treatment, tumor size decreased by 50%, estradiol receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PgR) decreased by 25 and 20%, respectively, but peroxidase activity paradoxically increased six- to sevenfold. In DMBA tumors stimulated by estradiol treatment or by the cessation of tamoxifen administration in intact rats, tumor size increased threefold. ER and PgR increased two- and threefold, respectively, while peroxidase activity decreased 50%. These data indicate an inverse relation between tumor growth, ER and PgR on the one hand, and peroxidase activity on the other. In the human breast cancers there was a significant negative relation between the presence of ER and peroxidase activity. By using a calibrated Sephadex G-100 column it was shown that uterine peroxidase differs in molecular weight from the peroxidase of rat mammary tumors and that of human breast cancer.

Topic: Estrogen and related hormone effects
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
New Insight on the Polymer Flooding to Mature Fields

Abstract A polymer flooding Pilot in Brazil showed positive results and distinct from other Pilots, in terms of increased oil production and reducing the water produced. These results, however, could not be attributed to viscosity correction - the fundamental principle of the process according to literature -, because the combination of adverse conditions of application, such as high salinity and hardness of the water reservoir, heterogeneity and canalization formation, as well as reduced injected polymer mass. The aim of this work was to reproduce in laboratory scale the phenomenon observed in Pilot. The laboratory flow tests were performed at constant rate in natural porous media, in the range of 100 mD and 1000 mD, and in metallic porous media 60000 mD, at HPAM concentrations of 10 ppm and 1000 ppm, salinity 38000 ppm and temperature 50 °C. The injectivity field test was conducted at concentrations of 300, 500 and 1000 ppm, followed by water injection and monitored with tracers. The residual resistence factor (RRF) as a result of the flow of the HPAM solution at very low concentration (10 mg/L) was much higher than RRF due to the flow of concentrated HPAM solution (1,000 mg/L). As unexpected, in the field, presenting significant finger, the lowest pressure occurred at the highest polymer concentration. The tracer test confirmed the significant decrease in permeability after HPAM injection. Evaluations reported show that the concentration regimes of HPAM dispersions are highly impactful in the flow in porous media, and could be related also to the polymer hydrodynamic volume. As an example, injection of a polymer dispersion of 10 ppm caused a higher factor of residual resistance than the promoted by dispersing 1000 ppm, even at high salinity and high permeability conditions. The results extend our understanding of the mechanisms governing the behavior of polymer dispersions in porous media, particularly in the process of correcting mobility in mature fields.

Topic: Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques
Subfield: Ocean Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Auditory nerve fiber activity, behavioral thresholds and cochlear histology following noise induced asymptotic threshold shift

Chinchillas were exposed three to five days to a 95-dB SPL octave band of noise centered at 0.5 kHz. During the exposure, the behaviorally measured thresholds reached an asymptotic level that was between 40–60 dB SPL from 0.5–16.0 kHz. During a 27–15 h period following the exposure, single auditory nerve fibers and the whole nerve action potential (AP) were studied with clicks and tone bursts. Single neuron thresholds were generally 40–60 dB above normal values and were in general agreement with the behavioral audiogram. Fiber tuning curves were broader than normal with reduced slopes. Some units had a region of increased sensitivity below CF. Click thresholds for the units were generally 40–60 dB above normal levels. The visual detection level for AP was also 40–60 dB above its normal value and consistent with the single neuron data. The cochleagrams obtained 15 h after the exposure generally showed a peak outer hair cell loss (&amp;lt;50%) near the apex with smaller losses (&amp;lt;20%) at more basal locations. [Research supported by NSE.]

Topic: Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics
Subfield: Sensory Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Class and Schools: Using social, economic, and educational reform to close the Black–White achievement gap

Richard Rothstein, 2004 Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute $18.95, (pbk), 200 pp. ISBN 1-932066-09-8 There is much reason to recommend Rothstein's book. The insights offered are timely in li...

Topic: Innovative Teaching Methodologies in Social Sciences
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Many-body machine learning models for water, acetonitrile, and methanol

GDML, GAP, and SchNet models trained on 1-, 2-, and 3-body energies and forces of water, acetonitrile, and methanol. Size-transferable NequIPs are trained on trimer data. Energies and forces were computed at the MP2/def2-TZVP level of theory in ORCA v4.2.0. Data sets, training scripts, and analyses of these potentials are available here. Applications of these models on molecular dynamics simulations are found here. <strong>Changelog</strong> The format is based on Keep a Changelog, and this project adheres to Semantic Versioning. [0.0.2] - 2022-12-20 Added NequIPs trained for all solvents using 1000 trimers. [0.0.1] - 2022-09-25 Initial release!

Topic: Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Disjoint Parallelization of Sliding-Window Streaming Aggregation

Online analysis of data streams (with different degrees of parallelism) is becoming progressively more important as the amount of sensory data is growing. Aggregate functions represent one common example thereof. The current parallel approaches for online aggregation of data streams share one characteristic: one or several threads serve as central coordinators by distributing the work as well as the incoming data to other threads dedicated to its processing. If an approach uses centralized coordination units, its scalability is bounded to the throughput with which such coordination units can distribute work and data to processing threads. This thesis deals with the development of online analysis approaches for streaming aggregation without centralized coordination units. The coordination tasks as well as the remaining work are distributed among all participating threads. In this thesis we first introduce basics of online analysis and streaming aggregation, and then we provide several options for disjoint parallelizations of sliding-window based streaming aggregation. We study the developed approaches' runtime properties in order to maximize their throughput and minimize their latency. We also evaluate their throughput and latency in practice and discuss related work that could improve certain aspects of the approaches developed within this thesis.

Topic: Neural Networks and Applications
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Analysis of a Fatality Case Caused by “a Bolt from the Blue”

Investigation and analysis of a lethal event caused by a lightning discharge in Conghua, Guangzhou, in 2017, is presented in this paper. The lightning strike first hit a tree with a height of 13m, and then hit the head of a person near the tree, causing death. The data from the Low Frequency Electric Field Detection Array, Guangdong Lightning Location System, and a nearby radar station, were analyzed. The event was identified as a lightning death incident caused by "a bolt from the blue". The accident discharge was found to be the first return stroke (RS) with a current peak of -30.9kA, which belonged to a cloud-toground lightning flash with seven RSs. The flash initiated at a height of about 13km. At a height of 2.8km, the horizontal distance from the lightning disaster point to the edge of precipitation (18dBZ) was about 3.6km, and to the edge of the convective core (30dBZ) was about 6km. At a height of 7km, the horizontal distance of the initiation point to the edge of precipitation (18dBZ) was about 0.3km, with the distance to the edge of the convective core (30dBZ) being about 3.5km. According to the equivalent circuit model of the lightning strike, we calculated the air breakdown voltage of the side flash and step voltage on the ground. The results indicated that the event process involved the flash hitting the tree, the current flowing to the "jump point", and then the side stroke to the victim. Crucially, the victim was exposed by a step voltage of 78.3kV, while a witness, who was 10 m from the lightning strike point, was only exposed to 0.783kV.

Topic: Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Synthesis and Extraction Behaviour of Calix[4]arenes Partially Substituted at the Wide Rim by Carbamoylmethylphosphine Oxide (CMPO) Functions

Tetraethers of calix[4]arenes fixed in the cone conformation and substituted at their wide rim by one to three CMPO residues and hydrogen atoms or t -butyl moieties in the remaining position(s) were synthesized. Liquid/liquid extraction studies of selected lanthanides and actinides were undertaken with these calix[4]arenes, including also a linear trimer, in order to obtain a better understanding for the extraction properties of the corresponding calix[4]arene substituted by four CMPO functions. The structure of the 1,3-di-CMPO derivative was confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis.

Topic: Radioactive element chemistry and processing
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effects of manure and chemical fertilizers on maize performance in the steep hillside with and without terraces in North Halmahera, Indonesia

Improper soil management inland with steep slopes is one of the causes of decreased agricultural productivity in hilly areas. The use of terraces on steep slopes is considered effective in preventing erosion. However, this does not increase agricultural productivity significantly. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the performance of maize on land with and without terraces as affected by the addition of goat manure and NPK. A field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design, consisting of 12 experimental plots that were made on a hill with a slope of 79 % with three replications. Plant tissue samples were analyzed for assessing N, P, and K content. However, soil samples were measured for N, P, K, SOC, pH H2O, EC, CEC, and soil texture. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and continued with a Post-Hoc test (DMRT at α= 5%). The application of manure and NPK fertilizers significantly improved EC, SOC, N, and P in soil, also N and P content in plant tissues. Goat manure played a role in improving soil properties, while NPK fertilizers played a role in supplying nutrient availability directly to plants. The best performance of maize was on land without terraces and cover crops (sweet potato). Competition for nutrients between maize and sweet potato occurred on land with terraces so that the performance of maize tended to be lower. Soil management on land with terraces needs to consider nutrient management and selection of cover crops so that both can increase maize productivity.

Topic: Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Triple junction energy and prospects for measuring it

By considering three different experiments that might be used to measure the energy of triple junctions, we demonstrate some less than obvious properties of these defects. Grain boundary triple junctions in polycrystals are shown to have distinct energy components some of which relate to their structure, but also another of which is determined only by the grain size. Complications of each of the proposed experimental techniques are discussed and it is shown why there have not yet been any convincing measurements of triple junction energy.

Topic: Microstructure and mechanical properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of light-hole tunnelling on the excitonic properties of GaAsP/AlGaAs near-surface quantum wells

Light-hole tunnelling to the surface states is studied using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and transient reflectivity measurements in the tensile-strained GaAsP/AlGaAs near-surface quantum well (NSQW) samples by reducing the top barrier layer thickness from 275 to 5 nm. The ground state transition (e1–lh1) remains excitonic even at room temperature (RT) for a buried quantum well sample with 275 nm thick top barrier. When the top barrier thickness is reduced to 50 nm the same transition is found to be excitonic only at low temperatures but changes to free-carrier recombination at higher temperatures. When the top barrier layer thickness is further reduced to 5 nm, the ground state transition is no longer excitonic in nature, where it shows free-carrier behaviour even at 10 K. We therefore find a clear relationship between the character of the ground state transition and the top barrier layer thickness. Light-hole excitons cannot be formed in NSQW samples when the top barrier layer thickness is kept reasonably low. This is attributed to the quantum mechanical tunnelling of free light holes to the surface states, which is found to be faster than the exciton formation process. A tunnelling time of ∼500 fs for light holes is measured by the transient reflectivity measurements for the NSQW sample with a 5 nm top barrier. On the other hand, heavy-hole-related transitions in NSQW samples are found to be of excitonic nature even at RT because of the relatively large tunnelling time. It supports the dominance of excited state feature over the ground state transition in PL measurements at temperatures higher than 150 K.

Topic: Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Oroxylum indicum Kurz (L.) seed extract exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells

Background: Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz is a plant that has been extensively used as the traditional medicine in several Asian countries. However, the role of Oroxylum indicum seeds (OISs) in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of activated microglia have not yet been identified. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role of OIS extract in a neuroinflammatory model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia cells. Materials and Methods: BV2 microglial cells were treated with OIS extract in the presence or absence of LPS for 24 h. Subsequently, the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Griess reagent, and the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescent probe, respectively. In vitro antioxidant capacity was assessed through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents were also investigated. Results: OIS extract increased the levels of antioxidants detected by the DPPH and ABTS assays. The total flavonoid and phenolic content of OIS extract was 325.64 ± 4.95 and 50.47 ± 1.53 mg/g of dried extract, respectively. In addition, the levels of IL-6, NO, and ROS significantly decreased in LPS-induced BV2 microglia cells following treatment with OIS compared with the control. Conclusion: Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of OIS in activated-BV2 cells. Thus, OIS extract may be used as a potential source of nutraceuticals for the development of health food supplements or as a novel anti-inflammatory herbal medicine.

Topic: Flavonoids in Medical Research
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The 4He(gamma,n)3He Reaction with Full Final State Interaction

The total cross sections of the processes 4He(gamma,p)3H and 4He(gamma,n)3He are calculated. For these exclusive reactions we investigate the question of the giant dipole peak height, but we also consider higher energies. The calculation includes full Final State Interaction (FSI) via the Lorentz Integral Transform (LIT) approach and employs the semi-realistic MTI-III potential.

Topic: Quantum, superfluid, helium dynamics
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Smartphone in the school community. Research note from the project "Smartphones at school - let's set the rules of the game"

<ns3:p>The article concerns the function of smartphones in teaching, education and communication processes in schools. The empirical basis of the text is the results of participatory research conducted in Warsaw elementary schools in 2020 on the eve of the Covid-19 pandemic. The result of the analysis is a compilation of technological solutions recommended by school actors using smartphones. In the text, we highlight the different needs that can be fulfilled using smartphones according to students and teachers. Children and adolescents link the usage of smartphones in lessons with making the learning process more attractive. Educators, on the other hand, mainly see the usage of smartphones as an opportunity to improve their working conditions. We also highlight the role of pandemics in breaking the negative image of smartphones in schools.</ns3:p>

Topic: Child Development and Digital Technology
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences