jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Charge transfer between In and Ga in InGaAs-based alloys

It was suggested that the phonon anomalies observed in the ${\mathrm{In}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ system arise from coupling between the GaAs and the InAs-like modes, causing charge transfer from the In to the Ga ion. It is shown here that the above conclusion is nicely demonstrated in the quaternary alloy ${\mathrm{In}}_{y}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}\mathrm{As}$ lattice matched to InP. While the AlAs-like mode behaves regularly when varying $x$, similarly to that mode in the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ system, the GaAs and the InAs-like modes show marked differences in intensity and in their oscillator strengths. This is particularly impressive, since the In content is held fix. It is claimed that larger GaAs ionicity in the alloy is the main contributor to the charge transfer, particularly at large Ga content.

Topic: Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Some Followers of Wittgenstein

During the last few years a number of writers have applied Wittgenstein's concepts of 'form of life' and 'language-game' to religion. If they were just saying that religion involves certain activities and that it plays a particular role in human life, this would be uncontroversial — though none the less true and important. But their main purpose has been to attack what they regard as misguided demands for a justification of religious belief. They have gone beyond Wittgenstein both in applying his ideas generally to religion and in their treatment of the issues of religious truth and justification. In this chapter I shall examine their work and subject it to some criticism. But I think that we shall thereby clarify the relationship between religion and language-games, and also gain some insight into the kind of justification which may legitimately be sought for religious beliefs.

Topic: Wittgensteinian philosophy and applications
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Mammonogamus Laryngeus: A HUMAN CASE REPORT IN FLORIANOPOLIS, SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL

Mammomonogamus laryngeus (sin.: Syngamus laryngeus) is a nematode which parasites the respiratory tract of some animals. It is occasionally seen in humans, who present symptoms similar to other diseases with respiratory manifestations, such as a chronic dry cough and chest pain, in addition to a “foreign body” sensation in the throat. It can be diagnosed through rhinolaryngoscopy or bronchoscopy examinations, but this often occurs only after spontaneous expectoration of the worms, a long period of symptomatology and the use of several types of medication. In this report, we describe a case of syngamosis in Florianópolis (Santa Catarina, Brazil). The patient consulted several health professionals during the course of the disease and was prescribed numerous drugs. Diagnosis was eventually reached after the spontaneous expectoration of a nematode couple.

Topic: Linguistics and Language Analysis
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Abstract P007: Ongoing Resuscitation Research is Associated with Higher Odds of Receiving Bystander CPR

Introduction: The act of conducting a research study could potentially improve quality of care by focusing providers on the study condition or detract from care by distracting providers with complex protocols. We hypothesized that odds of receiving bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) would be higher during a trial of dispatcher-assisted CPR instructions than during periods immediately before and after. Methods: The investigation was a cohort study of 8,626 adult subjects who suffered non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest prior to emergency medical services (EMS) arrival in greater King County, Washington, between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2011. Bystander CPR status was assessed through review of audio dispatch tapes and EMS reports to classify any bystander CPR (any B-CPR). Any B-CPR was further categorized as bystander CPR with dispatcher assistance (DA-CPR) or bystander CPR without dispatcher assistance (B-CPR, no DA). We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the odds of any B-CPR before, during, and after the Dispatcher Assisted Resuscitation Trial (DART), a randomized trial of dispatcher-assisted CPR instruction comparing chest compressions alone with compressions plus rescue breaths, which ran from June 1, 2004, to September 30, 2009. We also evaluated whether the odds varied by type-specific B-CPR. Results: Patient and arrest circumstances were similar across the study periods. Compared to the period before DART, odds of receiving any B-CPR were higher during DART (OR=1.35, 95% CI = 1.23-1.49), but no different after OR=1.11, 0.98-1.25). Similarly, compared to the before period, the odds of DA-CPR were higher during DART (OR=1.79, 1.59-2.02) but no different after (OR=0.94, 0.80-1.10) (Table 1). Discussion: Odds of bystander CPR were higher during the study compared to periods before and after. The increase seems to be largely related to higher likelihood of DA-CPR, suggesting a possible community-wide benefit from this research protocol.

Topic: Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Mechanism of Purinergic Activation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Endothelial Cells

Background— Decreased endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) activity and NO production are critical contributors to the endothelial dysfunction and vascular complications observed in many diseases, including diabetes mellitus. Extracellular nucleotides activate eNOS and increase NO generation; however, the mechanism of this observation is not fully clarified. Methods and Results— To elucidate the signaling pathway(s) leading to nucleotide-mediated eNOS phosphorylation at Ser-1177, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with several nucleotides, including ATP, UTP, and ADP, in the presence or absence of selective inhibitors. These experiments identified P2Y1, P2Y2, and possibly P2Y4 as the purinergic receptors involved in eNOS phosphorylation and demonstrated that this process was adenosine independent. Nucleotide-induced eNOS phosphorylation and activity were inhibited by BAPTA-AM (an intracellular free calcium chelator), rottlerin (a protein kinase Cδ inhibitor), and protein kinase Cδ siRNA. In contrast, blockade of AMP-activated protein kinase, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase, serine/threonine protein kinase B, protein kinase A, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase did not affect nucleotide-mediated eNOS phosphorylation. Conclusions— The present study indicates that extracellular nucleotide–mediated eNOS phosphorylation is calcium and protein kinase Cδ dependent. This newly identified signaling pathway opens new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction.

Topic: Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
CCDC 1510514: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Right ventricle assessment in patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Abstract Introduction Limited data are available regarding the evaluation of right ventricular (RV) performance in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Objective To evaluate the prevalence of RV dysfunction in patients with severe AS undergoing TAVI and long‐term changes. Methods Consecutive patients with severe AS undergoing TAVI from January 2016 to July 2017 were included. RV anatomical and functional parameters were analyzed: RV diameters, fractional area change, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), S‐wave tissue Doppler of the tricuspid annulus (RV‐S'TDI), global longitudinal strain (RV‐GLS), and free wall strain (RV‐FWS). Preprocedure and 1‐year echo were analyzed. Results Final population included 114 patients, mean age 83.63 ± 6.31 years, and 38.2% women. The prevalence of abnormal RV function was high, variable depending on the parameter that we analyzed, and it showed a significant reduction 1 year after TAVI implantation: 13.9% vs 6.8% (TAPSE &lt; 17mm), P = .04; 26.3% vs 20% (fractional area change &lt; 35%), P = .048; 41.2% vs 29.2% (RV‐S'TDI &lt; 9.5cm/s), P = .04; 48.7% vs 39.5% (RV‐GLS &gt; [20]), P = .049; and 48.7% vs 28.9% (RV‐FWS &gt; [20]), P = .03. Significant differences were noted between patients with low‐flow (LF) vs normal‐flow (NF) AS in RV dysfunction prevalence as well as in RV function recovery which is less evident in LF compared with NF patients. Conclusions RV dysfunction is high among symptomatic AS patients undergoing TAVI, with variable prevalence depending on the echocardiographic parameter used.

Topic: Cardiac Valve Diseases and Treatments
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Femoral osteopathy in<i>Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis</i>(Dinosauria: Stegosauria) from the Late Jurassic of Sichuan Basin, Southwestern China

We report a case of a specific osteopathy in the stegosaurian dinosaur Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis from the Late Jurassic of Zigong City, China. The G. sichuanensis skeleton is very complete. The left femur has obvious pathological characteristics based on morphological observations. CT scans and energy spectrum data indicate the presence of multiple cystic-like low density areas internal to the pathological area, which are present in the form of multiple cystic low-density shadows in the CT data. This contrasts with the 'normal' area, which does not possess these characteristics. After comparing the specimen with the pathologic scapula of Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) also found in Zigong, we consider that the pathology in the left femur of G. sichuanensis was probably caused by a bone tumor. This is the first analysis with the aid of energy spectrum CT scanning of bone disease in fossils. This study increases the known information about paleopathology of stegosaurian dinosaurs and enriches the pathological knowledge of dinosaurs in general.

Topic: Bone Tumor Diagnosis and Treatments
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
SH1059588.09FU

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.

Topic: Cardiovascular Issues in Pregnancy
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
MITCHELL & SCARF OSTEOTOMY FOR HALLUX VALGUS. STUDY OF THE OUTCOME WITH PLANTAR PRESSURES

Introduction Hallux valgus (HV) leads to altered load-bearing function of the foot but there is no adequate evidence to show the restoration of load bearing function post-deformity correction where transfer metatarsalgia is the common complication. This study describes a retrospective review conducted on individuals who have undergone Mitchell and Scarf osteotomy for severe HV deformity. Method Clinical records and radiographs were reviewed. Clinical evaluation was done using American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores and plantar pressures recorded using the Musgrave system analysing the average pressure, peak pressure distribution and contact time of the various regions of foot during the gait cycle. A control group of 15 individuals with 20 normal feet was included for comparison. Statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA and correlation tests. Results Twenty-two Mitchell and 22 Scarf osteotomies were performed on 28 patients with follow up ranging from 13 to 62 months. The average postoperative AOFAS scores following Mitchell and Scarf osteotomy were 74 and 84 respectively. Pedobarograph findings: Post-Mitchell osteotomy, an insufficiency of hallux was seen, which overloads the second and third metatarsal heads. Post-Scarf osteotomy resulted in reduced peak pressures under first, second and third metatarsal heads and hallux with reduced push off during late stance phase. More pressure is transferred through heel, midfoot and lateral metatarsal heads. The centre of pressure progression is central in both the study groups. The outcome of the procedure depends on the load bearing characteristics of hallux and not the first metatarsal head. Conclusion Mitchell osteotomy leads to abnormal load bearing characteristics of the forefoot with an unfavourable outcome. However, the Scarf procedure does not restore the load bearing characteristics to normal. A prospective study may be more valuable.

Topic: Foot and Ankle Surgery
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
3-D Combinatorial Geometry in the MERCURY Monte Carlo Particle Transport Code

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is in the process of developing a new Monte Carlo Particle Transport code named MERCURY. This new code features a 3-D Combinatorial Geometry tracking algorithm. This paper details some of the characteristics of this Monte Carlo tracker

Topic: Catalysis and Oxidation Reactions
Subfield: Catalysis
Field: Chemical Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The role of peers in supporting learning in music

This chapter addresses peer-supported learning in music. Based on theoretical perspectives from Vygotsky and Bandura, we review empirical research on peer learning in music at different ages and levels, in formal and informal learning contexts as well as in web/technology-driven contexts. We find that peer learning may positively influence children's, students' and musicians' individual development, nurture their social engagement and develop generic skills of high value in their professional lives. Successfully organised peer learning may take different forms in order to nurture both social engagement and musical self-appreciation of learners. However, we also find that peer learning may have pitfalls regarding exclusion or inclusion of participants based on social criteria such as gender, ethnicity or social status. These pitfalls are related to equal or asymmetrical relations of the peer cohort and to self-selection processes among peers. Although research on peer learning in music has expanded rapidly, more detailed and focused knowledge is still required on what characterises the organisation of successful peer learning situations in all ages, levels and contexts.

Topic: Diverse Music Education Insights
Subfield: Music
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The p38α/β MAPK functions as a molecular switch to activate the quiescent satellite cell

Somatic stem cells cycle slowly or remain quiescent until required for tissue repair and maintenance. Upon muscle injury, stem cells that lie between the muscle fiber and basal lamina (satellite cells) are activated, proliferate, and eventually differentiate to repair the damaged muscle. Satellite cells in healthy muscle are quiescent, do not express MyoD family transcription factors or cell cycle regulatory genes and are insulated from the surrounding environment. Here, we report that the p38α/β family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) reversibly regulates the quiescent state of the skeletal muscle satellite cell. Inhibition of p38α/β MAPKs (a) promotes exit from the cell cycle, (b) prevents differentiation, and (c) insulates the cell from most external stimuli allowing the satellite cell to maintain a quiescent state. Activation of satellite cells and p38α/β MAPKs occurs concomitantly, providing further support that these MAPKs function as a molecular switch for satellite cell activation.

Topic: Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
<i>Brucella suis</i> Infection in Dog Fed Raw Meat, the Netherlands

A Brucella suis biovar 1 infection was diagnosed in a dog without typical exposure risks, but the dog had been fed a raw meat-based diet (hare carcasses imported from Argentina). Track and trace investigations revealed that the most likely source of infection was the dog's raw meat diet.

Topic: Brucella: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment
Subfield: Small Animals
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
Viscoelastic reverse time migration with attenuation compensation

We have developed a theory of viscoelastic reverse time migration (RTM). The main feature of viscoelastic RTM is a compensation for P- and S-wave attenuation effects in seismic images during migration. The forward modeling engine is based on a viscoelastic wave equation involving fractional Laplacians. Because of the decoupled attenuation property, wave propagation can be simulated in three scenarios, i.e., only the amplitude loss effect, only the phase dispersion effect, or both effects simultaneously. This separation brings practical flexibility to studying attenuation effects on wave propagation and imaging. The backward modeling operator is constructed by reversing the sign of first-order time derivative amplitude loss operators. Synthetic examples determine the ability of viscoelastic RTM to illuminate degraded areas and shadow zones caused by attenuation. Numerical experiments also reveal that [Formula: see text]-compensated imaging is noticeably more accurate in kinematics and dynamics than elastic imaging in the presence of high attenuation. Results from a synthetic 3D model determine the superiority of viscoelastic RTM over elastic RTM in imaging salt flanks and delineation of salt boundaries, which are dimmed in elastic images.

Topic: Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Some Analytical Implications of the Statutory Construction of Genocide

The explicit legal definition of "genocide" as a "crime" derived specifically from the conditions of the Holocaust. Despite the conjuncturally bound nature of the concept, the ideological basis for the definition rested in a model of "genocide" as an historically ubiquitous and perpetually imminent possibility in human affairs. The tension between the immediate political ends of the concept's legal architects and the desire to use the criminalization of genocidal practice as a deterrent to future incidences, as well as to make ideological capital at a time of the Cold War, produced a United Nations Genocide Treaty with an inherently contradictory and limited character. This paper examines these contradictions and asks whether there is any utility in looking to the statutorily embedded model of genocide to decide whether genocidal practices are being directed toward African-Americans today.

Topic: International Law and Human Rights
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Metrology of X-ray Optical Components

The differences in form and specifications of optical components used in the visible an X‐ray spectral regions have stimulated the development of different approaches to the measurement of the latter. In general, the grazing incidence configuration is less conducive to the employment of the traditional interferometric methods of measurement than the automated probe methods which are now being developed. Optical methods become increasingly more valuable and more easily interpretable, the closer the optic approaches perfection.

Topic: X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Getting a sense of the client: Working methods in the personal social services in Sweden

• Summary: This article presents a study of working methods used by social workers within the personal social services (PSS), in their work with clients. The study is part of a larger research project with the aim of describing and analysing how specialized respectively integrated forms of organizations in the PSS condition social workers’ interventions and client effects (outcomes). The study was carried out in three Swedish municipalities with different organizational models. Two of those represent ‘extremes’ as they have pure specialized (divided in different types of units) respectively integrated (generic) organizations. The third municipality has chosen a middle way with an organization that combines aspects of the two other models. All social workers within the PSS in those three municipalities were included in the study. • Findings: Our findings among other things show 1) that the use of unspecific methods dominates, 2) that several methods that are reported as specific are definitely not specific, 3) that specific methods often are used in free and unspecific ways, 4) that there seems to be a compensating movement (regarding use of methods) with the aim of evening out limitations in the formal PSS organizations, 5) that there are two relatively large groups of method users: ‘improvisers’ and ‘eclecticists’. • Applications: One can neither understand the use of working methods in social work with clients by studying the methods as such nor by studying the evidence base of different methods. Social workers consider their relationships to clients and the clients’ trust as much more important (in order to achieve results) than any particular method. The use of methods is mirroring the social workers’ readiness before, and planned adaptation to, different types of situations.

Topic: Social Work Education and Practice
Subfield: Public Administration
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences