jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Gender and Gender-Based Violence

Action Against Hunger is an international non-governmental organization with six headquarters located around the world that focus on ending hunger in low and middle-income countries. The Canadian office uniquely provides evidenced-based technical support and evaluation for headquarters focused on implementing interventions and programming to mitigate hunger. For my practicum I worked in the International Gender Unit to support ongoing policy development and updating of the organization’s cross-network gender policy. Gender inequalities have direct causal links with malnutrition; yet, in March 2020 the Global Nutrition Report showed that global efforts to mitigate hunger by addressing gender inequalities are behind on most targets. To better capture and learn how to address underlying inequalities and drivers of malnutrition, my practicum research focused on the associations and non-associations between gender, gender-based violence, and malnutrition. This practicum placement had three objectives: 1) to provide a literature review 2) to provide a database comprised of peer-reviewed and grey literature; and, 3) to support new policy development during cross-headquarters discussions, research, and reporting. During this placement I had the opportunity to work online with individuals across five continents and twenty-one countries. This included facilitating break-out policy discussions during policy meetings, as well as semi-structured interviews that were conducted prior to providing a literature review and socio-ecological discussion on gender, gender-based violence and malnutrition. The opportunity to engage in international and cross-cultural collaborative work has been the highlight of my practicum. It has provided the opportunity to not only sharpen my reflexive praxis as a student of public health, but to sharpen my understanding of the policy process at the organizational level. It has additionally illuminated the importance of structural and social contexts in public health research and programming, especially within efforts to address gender inequalities and gender-based violence associated with malnutrition.

Topic: Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
An Indirect Comparisons Analysis of Pharmacologic Therapies Used in the Management of Chronic Constipation: Presidential Poster

Introduction: Four agents namely Lubiprostone, Tegaserod, Prucalopride and Linaclotide, have been proven to be efficacious to treat chronic constipation. These options are considered in a stepwise algorithm after initial options such as diet, osmotic laxatives etc have failed. The vast majority of evidence supporting their individual efficacy is based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with placebo as the comparator arm. We performed a network meta-analysis (NMA) to determine the comparative efficacy of these medications when used in the treatment of chronic constipation. Methods: Studies were extracted from an electronic literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE of all relevant RCTs. 16 RCTs, including 8,946 patients, were identified. The main outcome of interest was response: defined as an increase of >/= 3 Spontaneous Bowel Movements (SBMs)/week or an increase of >/= 1 Complete Spontaneous Bowel Movement (CSBM)/week in the first 4 weeks of therapy. There were several outcomes for safety, primarily any adverse event, nausea, headache, abdominal pain and diarrhea. For each outcome, a fixed-effects meta-analysis was employed to compare each drug to placebo. A mixed-treatment comparisons analysis was then used to compare each of these drugs to one another indirectly. Calculation of the probability that each treatment is best was implemented using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Results: All agents were significantly superior to placebo in achieving response. In terms of rank probability, Linaclotide had the highest rank probability of achieving response over 4 weeks compared to other agents followed by Lubiprostone. Prucalopride had the highest rank probability of causing any adverse events compared to all other agents. Tegaserod was 58% less likely to cause diarrhea (RR 0.42; 95% CI 0.22-0.80) compared to Linaclotide and Linaclotide had the highest overall probability of causing diarrhea. The degree of incoherence was low for all outcomes. Conclusion: This NMA to date is the first to compare these pharmacologic agents in the management of chronic constipation with different efficacy outcomes. The results of the study show that Linaclotide seems to be the best agent to achieve >/= 3 SBMs/week over 4 weeks when used for treating chronic constipation, but at the same time had the highest probability of causing diarrhea, however our study has many limitations. Absence of head to head comparisons increase the uncertainty of results and conclusions.Figure 1

Topic: Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Subfield: Gastroenterology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
'Having Too Much' and Libertarian Freedom

In this paper I defend libertarianism as a conceptual variant of limitarianism. Limitarianism is a normative claim in distributive justice about the moral impermissibility of being wealthy. Many libertarians believe that entitlement to ownership of worldly resources is contingent on not having violated a proviso – a necessary condition for property rights to arise, e.g. by leaving ‘enough and as good’ for others – and they thus share the generic limitarian commitment. I argue that libertarians believe that being better off than a certain threshold allows is morally impermissible and libertarians accordingly have to accept that a limitarian threshold does not simpliciter constitute a violation of libertarian freedom. I thus argue that Nozick indeed provides a limitarian threshold, albeit a far too weak one.

Topic: Political Philosophy and Ethics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Time‐dependent changes in the mouse hippocampal synaptic membrane proteome after contextual fear conditioning

ABSTRACT A change in efficacy of hippocampal synapses is critical for memory formation. So far, the molecular analysis of synapses during learning has focused on small groups of proteins, whereas the dynamic global changes at these synapses have remained unknown. Here, we analyzed the temporal changes of the mouse hippocampal synaptic membrane proteome 1 and 4 h after contextual fear learning, comparing two groups; (1) a fear memory forming “delayed‐shock” group and (2) a fear memory‐deficient “immediate ‐ shock” group. No changes in protein expression were observed 1 h after conditioning between the two experimental groups. However, 423 proteins were significantly regulated 4 h later of which 164 proteins showed a temporal regulation after a delayed shock and 273 proteins after the stress of an immediate shock. From the proteins that were differentially regulated between the delayed‐ and the immediate ‐ shock groups at 4 h, 48 proteins, most prominently representing endocytosis, (amphiphysin, dynamin, and synaptojanin1), glutamate signaling (glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon‐1, disks large homolog 3), and neurotransmitter metabolism (excitatory amino acid transporter 1, excitatory amino acid transporter 2, sodium‐ and chloride‐dependent GABA transporter 3) were regulated in both protocols, but in opposite directions, pointing toward an interaction of learning and stress. Taken together, this data set yields novel insight into diverse and dynamic changes that take place at hippocampal synapses over the time course of contextual fear‐memory learning. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Table 1 from Phosphorylated Caveolin-1 Regulates Rho/ROCK-Dependent Focal Adhesion Dynamics and Tumor Cell Migration and Invasion

Supplementary Table 1 from Phosphorylated Caveolin-1 Regulates Rho/ROCK-Dependent Focal Adhesion Dynamics and Tumor Cell Migration and Invasion

Topic: Caveolin-1 and cellular processes
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Reynolds stresses and differential rotation II. Mean-field models

Abstract The zonal momentum fluxes in a turbulent rotating system are formally expressed by sums of flux modes whose latitude dependence is sin21Θ. The resulting profiles in latitude of the angular velocity Ω and the horizontal Reynolds stress are derived for the surface of the fluid. Very thin convection zones and those with strong density stratification behave in a very similar way: their surface profiles show nearly the same modal structure as the momentum fluxes. Besides the turbulence parameters, only the thickness of the convective layer is required to determine the amplitudes of the resulting profiles; no damping due to the strong density stratification appears. Even the lowest order models with l=1 and 2 can account for both the observed solar rotation law and the horizontal Reynolds stress (the Ward profile). The required vertical flux modes represent an inward transport of angular momentum and the required horizontal flux modes an equatorward transport. They must each be increased if the natural outward decrease of the non-fundamental modes (i.e. l>0) of the zonal momentum fluxes is included.

Topic: Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[A case report of congenital bronchial atresia--a review of 43 cases in Japan].

Our case is a 20 years old man. An abnormal mass shadow and emphysematous lesion were found in the left S3 segment on a chest roentgenogram. A bronchogram revealed a left B3 defect. A complete obstruction of the left B3 bronchi covered with normal mucosa was found with a bronchoscopy. Since the patients suffered repeated respiratory infection, a left S3 segmentectomy was performed. Histological examination showed emphysematous change and the normally developed bronchi containing ciliated epithelium and cartilage. We found that, including this case, there are altogether 44 cases of congenital bronchial atresia in Japan. The literature of those cases was reviewed and discussed.

Topic: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Studies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Changes in Household Structure and Consumption Patterns among Households with HIV-positive members in Uttar Dinajpur district, West Bengal

The HIV/AIDS epidemic threatens the social shape of the most affected international locations. Of all the units suffering from the HIV/AIDS epidemic, people, households, and families are the most affected. Evidence shows that the AIDS epidemic has severe consequences on households. In addition to the social and psychological outcomes, HIV contamination poses a serious hazard to the household economy. The HIV/AIDS epidemic can result in an exchange within the composition of families, with the gradual disappearance of parental technology and kids cared for with the aid of grandparents and other households some cases, older kids may additionally act as surrogate dads and moms for his or her younger siblings, main to an increase in single-era households headed by older kids. The composition of many families is complex and changes through the years. It is even greater complex when the head of the household, generally a person, will become inflamed with HIV, will become ill and in lots of cases dies. This also results in moving dynamics inside households. There are some ways in which HIV and AIDS can have an effect on the extent and sample of household consumption and in the end, have a negative impact on character sectors. The analysis suggests that families with HIV participants spend a big part of their monthly intake expenditure on medicines. Nearly 12.53 percent of the whole consumption expenditure of families with HIV is dedicated to scientific fees at the submit-symptomatic level which is a good deal better than the expenditure on education. This confirms the general idea within the literature that HIV and AIDS can affect kids’ schooling. As nutritious and balanced meals are vital to ensure longer and healthier lives for human beings living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA), it's far critical to decide whether those families spend less on food, or not, even in absolute phrases, inside the post-symptomatic stage. The policy reaction has to encompass the proper stability among targeted medical health insurance interventions and social security structures to protect households with HIV+ individuals from impoverishment because of HIV-associated illnesses.

Topic: Social and Economic Development in India
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The synthesis and crystal structure of a new rare-earth molybdenum phosphate supramolecular compound

An unprecedented rare-earth molybdenum phosphate supramolecular compound(H3O)3[Nd(DMF)4(H2O)5][P2Mo18O62]·DMF(DMFN,N′-dimethylformamide) was synthesized under room temperature with water and organic mixed solution,and the crystal structure was determined.The compound crystallized in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a2.220 8(4) nm,b1.624 2(3) nm,c3.037 5(6) nm,α90.00°,β110.17(3)°,γ90.00°,V10.284(4) nm3,Z8,R10.041 5,wR20.092 7.

Topic: Polyoxometalates: Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Intramuscular high-grade myxofibrosarcoma of left buttock of 66-year-old male patient - approach to systematic histopathological reporting.

Here we present a systematic approach to histopathological reporting of high-grade myxofibrosarcoma of 66-year-old male patient. The tumor was biopsied with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core-needle biopsy (CNB) and then the whole myxoid tumor was excised with left musculus gluteus maximus. The lesion was stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue, Masson's trichrome, Ki67, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), S100, CD34 and vimentin. FNA material grounded the diagnosis of non-epithelial neoplasia, while CNB was enough to produce diagnosis of myxoid sarcoma. The tumor lied under superficial fascia with no extension beyond deep fascia or any invasion of skin, vessels or nerves, either. The tumor was intramuscular, mainly myxoid with hypercellular areas of highly atypical cells with bizarre giant multinucleated cells that clearly belonged to category of high-grade sarcoma. According to Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer (FNCLCC), the case was assessed for 5 points. Ki67 index reached more than 80% malignant cells. Alcian blue was strongly positive in myxoid background. Masson's trichrome emphasized fibrillary structure of tumor. Negativity for S100, α-SMA with strong co-expression of CD34 and vimentin supported the diagnosis of myxofibrosarcoma. The lesion was diagnosed as high-grade myxo-fibrosarcoma (formerly myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma) G2 pT2b [7th edition pTNM (pathological tumor-node-metastasis), code ICD-O 8811/3 in World Health Organization (WHO) Classification 2013]. In approach to diagnosis of soft tissue malignancies, a strict sequence of procedures should be applied as only meticulous and ordered diagnostic pathway would succeed in and correct identification of a peculiar type of sarcoma.

Topic: Sarcoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
S2640 Autoimmune Hepatitis, Primary Biliary Cholangitis or Overlap? A Case Beyond the Single Diagnosis

Introduction: Autoimmune hepatitis-Primary biliary cholangitis (AIH-PBC) overlap syndrome is supported by serologic and/or histologic features. The Paris criteria have been developed for the diagnosis of AIH-PBC overlap syndrome. There is no consensus regarding the role of imaging thus serologic and histologic findings are necessary and lack of a definitive diagnosis may delay treatment. We present a case of AIH-PBC overlap syndrome confirmed by liver biopsy, initially with incongruent findings on MRI and elastography. Case Description/Methods: A 53-year-old woman presented for evaluation of elevated liver tests. Medical history included atrial fibrillation and current medications were Eliquis and metoprolol. The patient did not report alcohol use or other hepatotoxins. Physical exam was unremarkable for jaundice, icterus, or abdominal pain. Laboratory studies revealed ALT/AST/ALP/GGT of 162/128/379/270, respectively. Bilirubin and INR were normal. Given the uncertain etiology, further workup was obtained. Hepatitis serologies showed HAV and HBV non-immunity with Twinrix vaccination underway and a negative HCV antibody. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were elevated in a 1:1280 nuclear membrane pattern, suggestive of PBC. IgG was elevated to 1978 mg/dL, suggestive of AIH. Additional laboratory workup was noncontributory. MRI displayed mild hepatomegaly, a 9.2% hepatic fat fraction, hemangioma, and a lesion suggestive of focal nodular hyperplasia. Vasculature was patent and there were no findings of portal hypertension. Elastography revealed a controlled attenuation parameter score of 308 dB/m and stiffness of 17 kiloPascal, consistent with advanced fibrosis. Due to this incongruence between imaging and elastography, and elevated ANA and IgG levels liver biopsy was obtained. Biopsy was consistent with AIH-PBC overlap syndrome. Treatment focused on the predominant pattern of PBC and ursodiol 13-15 mg/kg/daily was initiated. Discussion: Accurate and timely diagnosis of AIH-PBC overlap syndrome is crucial in preventing disease progression. Diagnosis is based on autoimmune markers and elevated liver tests, with liver biopsy as the gold standard. Although both MRI and elastography may have a role for non-invasive evaluation, our case displays the need for laboratory evaluation and biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. If laboratory and imaging evaluations are non-unifying, biopsy should not be delayed to facilitate accurate and early management of the disease.Figure 1.: A. Liver biopsy with H&E stain demonstrating mild to moderate lymphoplasmacellular inflammation in portal tracts with damaged bile ducts (florid duct lesions), focal ductular reaction, and bile duct loss, suggestive of PBC. B. Trichrome stain demonstrating dense periportal and sinusoidal fibrosis with non-bridging fibrous septa, suggestive of AIH.Table 1.: Paris criteria for AIH-PBC overlap syndrome diagnosis.

Topic: Liver Diseases and Immunity
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Antigenicity in soybean hypocotyls and its reduction by twin‐screw extrusion

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to develop a simple method to make a low‐antigenicity food and/or feed rich in isoflavones from soybean hypocotyls. The antigenicity of soybean hypocotyls for bovine antisoybean sera was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Immunoblotting demonstrated that the antigenicity was derived from storage proteins, which were present in hypocotyls as glycinin and β‐conglycinin, and from unknown proteins. Ground soybean hypocotyls (32‐mesh sieve size) were passed through a twin‐screw extruder to reduce the antigenicity to 1% of the original activity. The degradation of antigen proteins in soybean products was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Trypsin inhibitor and urease activity were also greatly reduced. The concentrations of isoflavones were unaffected.

Topic: Phytoestrogen effects and research
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Enhanced SPK Encryption Algorithm for File Encryption Using Java

The encryption process is the method such that a normal plain text is coded in various ways using different algorithms so that the data gets unreadable and can only be read by decoding the data using decryption methods. Encryption is necessary for obtaining data integrity and safety. It helps with secure data flow in any network. So during this encryption obviously we will be experiencing some overhead. This paper focuses on the different encryption methods and algorithms and how each algorithm behaves with different kinds of files such as text file, MP3, PNG etc. The algorithms used were AES, DES, RSA, and another encryption algorithm which was formulated by ourselves. The execution time and the difference in the file size was measured. Graphs were plotted accordingly and the measured quantities were compared.

Topic: Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Known Harmful Effects of Constituents of Jet Oil Smoke

The construction of cabin pressurization system of certain commercial aircraft allows pyrolyzed jet oil to leak into the cabin air, often producing visible smoke. The principal toxic constituents of this smoke are tricresyl phosphate, carbon monoxide, and N-phenyl-L-naphthylamine. Long term neurological effects alleged by airline workers could be due to tricresyl phosphate and/or carbon monoxide exposure.

Topic: Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
On the structure of modules indexed by partially ordered sets

A finite poset module (ps-module) is a functor from the categorical representation C of a finite poset to the category of finite-dimensional vector spaces over a field k; this is a natural generalization of finite 1-dimensional persistence modules, which correspond to the case the indexing set is totally ordered. Any ps-module admits a weak inner product structure, and that structure - together with the data associated with the morphisms between vertex spaces - determines the local structure of the module. When the weak inner product can be further refined to an inner product and the local structure of M is stable, one may construct a (weakly) tame cover T(M), together with a projection of T(M) to M which is an isomorphism iff M itself is weakly tame. In this way, T(M) is the closest weakly tame approximation to M, with the dimension of the kernel of T(M) -> M representing a complete numerical obstruction to M being weakly tame. Moreover, when the indexing category is holonomy-free (h-free), we show that weakly tame implies tame. 
Not all ps-modules admit an inner product, or are holonomy free. And over infinite fields, holonomy may cause the local structure to be unstable. However, we show that for finite n-dimensional persistence modules, for all n > 0, all of the requisite properties hold; they admit a (non-canonical) inner product, are h-free, and have stable local structure. The resulting structural results may then be viewed as an appropriate generalization of the classical 1-dimensional case.

Topic: Topological and Geometric Data Analysis
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences