jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Towards a Robust Classifier: An MDL-Based Method for Generating Adversarial Examples

We address the problem of adversarial examples in machine learning where an adversary tries to misguide a classifier by making functionality-preserving modifications to original samples. We assume a black-box scenario where the adversary has access to only the feature set, and the final hard-decision output of the classifier. We propose a method to generate adversarial examples using the minimum description length (MDL) principle. Our final aim is to improve the robustness of the classifier by considering generated examples in rebuilding the classifier. We evaluate our method for the application of static malware detection in portable executable (PE) files. We consider API calls of PE files as their distinguishing features where the feature vector is a binary vector representing the presence-absence of API calls. In our method, we first create a dataset of benign samples by querying the target classifier. We next construct a code table of frequent patterns for the compression of this dataset using the MDL principle. We finally generate an adversarial example corresponding to a malware sample by selecting and adding a pattern from the benign code table to the malware sample. The selected pattern is the one that minimizes the length of the compressed adversarial example given the code table. This modification preserves the functionalities of the original malware sample as all original API calls are kept, and only some new API calls are added. Considering a neural network, we show that the evasion rate is 78.24 percent for adversarial examples compared to 8.16 percent for original malware samples. This shows the effectiveness of our method in generating examples that need to be considered in rebuilding the classifier.

Topic: Advanced Malware Detection Techniques
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Error analysis and comparison of Riemann and average fluxes for a spacetime discontinuous Galerkin electromagnetic formulation

We present a time domain discontinuous Galerkin (TDDG) method for electromagnetics problem that directly discretizes space and time by unstructured grids satisfying a specific causality constraint. This enables a local and asynchronous solution procedure. We show that the numerical method is dissipative, thus ensuring its stability. Numerical results show the convergence rate of 2p + 1 for energy dissipation. We also investigate the choice of Riemann versus average numerical fluxes for noncausal faces and demonstrate that while the more dissipative nature of Riemann fluxes may render it unsuitable for low order elements, it provides a cleaner solution for high order elements.

Topic: Electromagnetic Simulation and Numerical Methods
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Nutrient distribution pattern in Phyllostachys edulis forest with different operating management modes in Northwest Fujian

We used Phyllestachys edulis forest under different types of management and protection in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve of Yong’an city,Fujian province,as research objective,to investigate the nutrient distribution pattern in P.edulis forest I(digging bamboo shoots + weeding),II(digging bamboo shoots + weeding + fertilizer) and III(digging shoots + weeding + fertilizer + irrigation).The results showed that the proportion of accumulated nutrient amount in vegetable layer increased,while nutrient accumulated proportion in soil layer decreased in forest II and III.The key to the scientific management was how to balance the nutrients storage in tree layer and soil layer.The amount of accumulated nutrients in forest III increased significantly.However,the increment was attributed to the increase in potassium,while the nitrogen and phosphorus storages were decreased.It was an essential element for nitrogen and phosphorus to the plant growth and development.The long-term productivity of bamboo forest may be damaged with the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus.The accumulation of nutrient elements in different forest layers was in the order of soil layertree layerlitter layershrub layer herb layer.The proportion of soil layer nutrient accumulation accounted for more than 99% of total nutrient accumulation.The accumulation of nutrient elements in tree layer was highest among those vegetable layers,and accounted for above 85% nutrient element accumulation.

Topic: Forest, Soil, and Plant Ecology in China
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Analysis of the selection of overlapping region of sectioned restoration for images with space-variant point spread function

Classical image restoration is mostly base on the image deconvolution under the assumptions of linear system transformation, stationary signal statistics and stationary, signal independent noise. Unfortunately, the assumptions are not always accurate in real problems. For example, the optical aberrations, local defocus, local motion blur, temperature variation, flexible medium, and non-stationary platform all cause the uncertain different degradation in different area of the images. Therefore, overlapping-region sectioned restoration is suggested to reconstruct such blurred images with space-variant point spread function (SVPSF). First of all, the full image is divided into several sub-sections, in which the PSF nominally space invariant (SI). After the restoration with SI algorithm, the sub-frames are spliced to construct the composite full-frame. Moreover, overlapping extension is employed to isolate edge-ringing effects from circular convolution between the different restored sub-frames. In this paper, with the help of SSIM (Structural Similarity) and GRM (Gradient Ringing Matrix) image quality assessment approaches, we discussed the selection of overlapping region of the sectioned restoration with different algorithms, for images with signal to noise ratio (SNR) from 25db to 40db. Our investigation proves that the restored image quality is best when the overlapping region as wide as the energydistribution- area of degradation function.

Topic: Advanced Image Processing Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Young Children's Representation of Replay: Developmental Stages and Effects of Mediated Computer Environments

Abstract This study investigated the development of the ability to recognize, anticipate, and plan the replay of recorded action sequences. A pretest-posttest design with one experimental group and one control group was used; quantitative analyses, including interview assessments and coded observations of children's work in the context of educational interventions were supplemented by qualitative analyses of this work. Thirty-four children (2 – 5 years of age) were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group. The educational Intervention provided to the experimental group involved a sequence of 20 sessions incorporating a series of three computer environments. A teaching strategy, based on Vygotsky's zone of proximal development (ZPD) and Sigel's distancing theory, was used to mediate children's interaction with these computer environments. Results indicated that while Forman's hypothesized stages of children's construction of the ability to cognize replay of their actions did not meet strict criteria for developmental stages, they appeared to constitute stages in a less formal, descriptive, sense. The educational Intervention fostered the development of representational competence, with strong evidence of near transfer but no evidence of far transfer. These results suggest that representational competence is a teachable concept and that a complex mediating structure allows children to reconstruct their previous experiences and apply them to problem situations.

Topic: Child and Animal Learning Development
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The Fate of Methylmercury Through Formation of Bismethylmercury Sulfide as an Intermediate in Mice

Abstract A previous study of ours indicated that methylmercury (MeHg) is biotransformed to bismethylmercury sulfide [(MeHg)2S)] by interaction with reactive sulfur species (RSS) produced in the body. In the present study, we explored the transformation of MeHg to (MeHg)2S in the gut and the subsequent fate of (MeHg)2S in vitro and in vivo. An ex vivo experiment suggested the possibility of extracellular transformation of MeHg to (MeHg)2S in the distal colon, and accordingly, the sulfur adduct MeHg was detected in the intestinal content and feces of mice given MeHg, suggesting that (MeHg)2S is formed from reactions of MeHg with RSS in the gut. In a cell-free system, we found that (MeHg)2S spontaneously undergoes degradation in a time-dependent fashion, resulting in formation of mercury sulfide, as determined by X-ray diffraction, and dimethylmercury (DMeHg), as evaluated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We also identified DMeHg in expiration after intraperitoneal administration of (MeHg)2S to mice. Our present study therefore identifies a new fate of MeHg through (MeHg)2S as an intermediate, which leads to conversion of volatile DMeHg in the body.

Topic: Mercury impact and mitigation studies
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Expression and correlation of cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma-].

The coexpression of COX-2 and VEGF may play animportant role in the carcinogenesis and development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and they may prom (see text) lymph node metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Topic: Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of cattle slurry fractions on nitrogen mineralization in soil

Summary The mineralization kinetics of nitrogen in acid soils, and their modification by the addition of an organic fertilizer (cattle slurry), were studied by incubating a humic cambisol for 36 weeks using a method based on that of Keeney &amp; Bremner (1967). The cumulative curve of the quantity of nitrogen mineralized in soil not given fertilizer departs significantly from Stanford's theoretical model, which predicts linear dependence of nitrogen mineralized upon √t. The observed kinetics are interpreted as due to the superposition of two mineralization processes involving different substrates. The cumulative mineralized nitrogen curves for soil samples enriched with the various slurry fractions likewise reflect complex kinetics involving at least two main substrates. Consideration of the net mineralized nitrogen shows that F,, the solid fraction with the highest C/N ratio, clearly induced immobilization of nitrogen during the first 130 days of incubation, and analysis of the NO 3 /NH 4 ratio suggests that this immobilization was probably at the expense of nitrate. F 3 , the liquid fraction, first induced a brief period of mineralization and then stabilized nitrogen levels, giving rise to a reduction in net mineralized nitrogen. The addition to the soil of F 2 , the semi-liquid fraction, produced results intermediate between those of the other two fractions. In conclusion, the increase in organic nitrogen in the soil after addition of cattle slurry depends in the short term on the liquid and semi-liquid fractions, whereas long-term effects involve both the stable residues of these fractions and the more solid fraction. The labile fraction of the pool of mineralizable N benefits more than the recalcitrant fraction, and the time constants of the mineralization process are reduced.

Topic: Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Quantitative Histology by Laser Scanning Cytometry

The Laser Scanning Cytometer (LSC) is a relatively new class of instrument that combines features of both flow and image cytometry. The LSC is capable of measuring multicolor fluorescence, light scatter, and the location of cells fixed to a glass slide. It is capable of automatically measuring a large number of cells with data displayed in real time. In addition, cell location is recorded so that cells of interest can be relocated for morphological examination and classification. The LSC is capable of measuring a wide variety of sample types, including thin preps, cytospins, touch imprints, and tissue sections. In this brief review paper, the mechanics of laser scanning cytometry are examined along with potential applications to conventional histopathology. (The J Histotechnol 24:59, 2001)Submitted: September 9, 2000; Accepted with revisions: December 29, 2000

Topic: Cell Image Analysis Techniques
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
An Investigation of the Aerodynamic and Vibration Behavior of a Helicopter Rotor Blade

Abstract Rotary-wing aircrafts are the best-suited option in many cases for its vertical take-off and landing capacity, especially in any congested area, where a fixed-wing aircraft cannot perform. Rotor aerodynamic loading is the major reason behind helicopter vibration, therefore, determining the aerodynamic loadings are important. Coupling among aerodynamics and structural dynamics is involved in rotor blade design where the unsteady aerodynamic analysis is also imperative. In this study, a Bo 105 helicopter rotor blade is considered for computational aerodynamic analysis. A fluid-structure interaction model of the rotor blade with surrounding air is considered where the finite element model of the blade is coupled with the computational fluid dynamics model of the surrounding air. Aerodynamic coefficients, velocity profiles, and pressure profiles are analyzed from the fluid-structure interaction model. The resonance frequencies and mode shapes are also obtained by the computational method. A small-scale model of the rotor blade is manufactured, and experimental analysis of similar contemplation is conducted for the validation of the numerical results. Wind tunnel and vibration testing arrangements are used for the experimental validation of the aerodynamic and vibration characteristics by the small-scale rotor blade. The computational results show that the aerodynamic properties of the rotor blade vary with the change of angle of attack and natural frequency changes with mode number.

Topic: Aeroelasticity and Vibration Control
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Hungry for the Job: Gender, Unpaid Internships, and the Creative Industries

This paper examines the experiences of young Canadian women working in Toronto and New York who have undertaken unpaid internships in the creative sector. Interviews focused on their internship experiences, ability to secure paid employment, knowledge of the legal status of unpaid internships, and familiarity with emergent activism against unpaid internships. Findings reinforce the class-based privilege of unpaid internships in the creative sector. Despite the economic precarity of unpaid internships, the young women articulated strong desires to find meaningful, secure, and paid employment.

Topic: Cultural Industries and Urban Development
Subfield: Urban Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The possibility of using entomopathogenic nematodes and entomophages as bioagents of the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte)

The article presents the results of studies on the possibility of using entomopathogenic nematodes and entomophages against the western corn rootworm. It is established that the bioagents under study are able to regulate the number of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte. The obtained results showed the prospects of using these biological agents for phytophage control.

Topic: Entomopathogenic Microorganisms in Pest Control
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Redox-Regulated Recruitment of the Transcriptional Coactivators CREB-Binding Protein and SRC-1 to Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) functions as a transcription factor that is activated by decreased cellular oxygen concentrations to induce expression of a network of genes involved in angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, and glucose homeostasis. Here we demonstrate that two members of the SRC-1/p160 family of transcriptional coactivators harboring histone acetyltransferase activity, SRC-1 and transcription intermediary factor 2 (TIF2), are able to interact with HIF-1alpha and enhance its transactivation potential in a hypoxia-dependent manner. HIF-1alpha contains within its C terminus two transactivation domains. The hypoxia-inducible activity of both these domains was enhanced by either SRC-1 or the CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300 coactivator. Moreover, at limiting concentrations, SRC-1 produced this effect in synergy with CBP. Interestingly, this effect was strongly potentiated by the redox regulatory protein Ref-1, a dual-function protein harboring DNA repair endonuclease and cysteine reducing activities. These data indicate that all three proteins, CBP, SRC-1, and Ref-1, are important components of the hypoxia signaling pathway and have a common function in regulation of HIF-1alpha function in hypoxic cells. Given the absence of cysteine residues in one of the Ref-1-regulated transactivation domains of HIF-1alpha, it is thus possible that Ref-1 functions in hypoxic cells by targeting critical steps in the recruitment of the CBP-SRC-1 coactivator complex.

Topic: Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
CCDC 797015: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
STUDYING THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF PHOSPHORIC ACID ON THE SEPARATION OF NICKEL FROM THE WASTE OF SOUTH BAGHDAD THERMAL POWER STATION

The process of separating nickel from the waste of thermal power stations has a positive effect on the environment and has a good economic return. . In this study, nickel was separated from the wastes of the South Baghdad thermal power station by using phosphoric acid. The investigation studied the influence parameters ( concentration of acid, temperature, time, size of waste granules and acid to the waste quantity ratio) on separation process of nickel. The best conditions in the separation process were obtained when the concentration of acid is 5 molarities, the temperature 50 °C, the duration time of separation is 4 hours, the acid phosphoric to the waste quantity ratio is 30, and the size of the waste granules is 150μm. The percentage of nickel that can be separated from the wastes of south Baghdad thermal power station reaches 81%.

Topic: Extraction and Separation Processes
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Art of the Street

Tahrir Square is a symbol of tireless revolutionary struggle. It is from this site where, in 2011 and 2013, citizens took to the streets to revolt against Egypt's corrupt leadership. Today, street art near the famous square acts as an anonymous visual meter for the public in response to the current political structure. The author traveled to Egypt in the wake of the 2013 revolution and left just days before Abdel Fattah el-Sisi was elected to office. Her experience in Egypt has shifted her research to focus on these (sometimes) anonymous artists in Egypt and those whose activities take over the compromised public spaces of "the street" to subvert, and ultimately overturn, the oppressive authority that limits their freedom. This chapter contextualizes Egyptian street artists working from a similar revolutionary standpoint in the wake of the Arab Spring.

Topic: Public Spaces through Art
Subfield: Urban Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Characteristics of α-D-Fructofuranosyl-(2→6)-D-glucose Synthesized from D-Glucose and D-Fructose by Thermal Treatment

We have previously observed that the Super Ohtaka®, produced by fermenting extracts from 50 types of fruits and vegetables, contained the disaccharide, α-D-fructofuranosyl-(2→6)-D-glucose (α-Ff2→6G), which was produced during the fermentation process. α-Ff2→6G was also formed from equal amounts of D-glucose and D-fructose under melting conditions at 130°C for 45 min or at 140°C for 30 min. This disaccharide was isolated from the reaction mixture by carbon-Celite column chromatography and preparative- high performance liquid chromatography. It was confirmed to be α-Ff2→6G by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. The characteristics of α-Ff2→6G were investigated. The saccharide showed low digestibility and was 0.25 times as sweet as sucrose. Furthermore, unfavorable bacteria such as Enterobacter cloacae 1180, Escherichia coli 1099 and Clostridium perfringens 1211 that produce mutagenic substances did not break down the synthetic oligosaccharide.

Topic: Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Mothers in Trouble: Coping With Actual or Pending Separation From Children due to Incarceration

Although female offenders are the fastest growing population in prison today, relatively few studies focus on their unique experiences as mothers. In this study, the authors utilize 74 semistructured interviews with mothers before trial and during incarceration to document coping strategies employed to deal with potential or actual separation from their children. From the study data, seven strategies emerge: being a good mother, mothering from prison, role redefinition, disassociation from prisoner identity, self-transformation, planning and preparation, and self-blame. The findings show that mothers used multiple strategies and tended to employ emotion-focused and adaptive coping techniques. The policy implications are discussed.

Topic: Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Decentralisation and the construction of inclusion education policy in South Africa

This paper critically reviews the ways in which the policy of education decentralisation in post‐apartheid South Africa results in both forms of inclusion and new forms of exclusion. Drawing on a two‐year research project carried out in three provinces in South Africa, it shows how in the governance of schools, new forms of exclusion are being generated. It thus throws into sharp relief the policy effects of education decentralisation in South Africa, illuminating through case study data the disjuncture between policy intention and effect. It argues for the need to re‐examine some aspects of post‐apartheid education policy given the historical apartheid legacy. It suggests that often, in practice, policies of education decentralisation may exacerbate rather than reduce inequities in society; they may exclude more than include.

Topic: Global Educational Policies and Reforms
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences