jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Enhanced sludge conditioning by enzyme pre-treatment: comparison of laboratory and pilot scale dewatering results

The effect of enzyme pre-treatment on dewaterability of anaerobically digested sludge was investigated at both laboratory and pilot scale. Our results revealed a significant increase in cake solid content (27% cake solids compared to 18% without enzyme pre-treatment), using an enzyme dose of only 20 mg/L. In order to assess practical application, enzyme pre-treatment was applied at the Wilmington, Delaware (US) wastewater treatment plant, using a pilot-scale centrifuge. However, the efficiency reached in laboratory scale could not be obtained in pilot scale, where the final cake solids content did not exceed 20%. Centrifuge and belt filter press (simulated by Crown Press™) dewatering were compared in terms of the process efficiencies in the absence and presence of enzyme pre-treatment. Possible factors that might cause the differences were tested by experimental and statistical comparisons. Results indicated that the higher shear applied in centrifugation is responsible for the lack of improved cake solids. The network strength of sludge determined by rheological measurements revealed that enzymatic treatment weakens the gel structure of the sludge floc through the hydrolysis of extracellular polymeric substances; this allows improved dewatering by filtration processes, but leads to floc deterioration when subjected to high shear during centrifugation.

Topic: Coagulation and Flocculation Studies
Subfield: Water Science and Technology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Transfer and dissipation of strain energy in surrounding rock of deep roadway considering strain softening and dilatancy

Abstract In this study, the transfer and dissipation of strain energy in the surrounding rock of a deep roadway were analyzed, considering the objective strain softening and dilatancy behaviors. The strain energy increment was decomposed, and its variation was analyzed based on the incremental plastic flow theory; then, a numerical simulation was conducted for verification and further analysis. The results were verified by the field monitoring data of a coal mine gateway. The results show that in the elastic stage, the volumetric elastic strain energy density U ev decreases, while the shear elastic strain energy density U es increases. In the plastic stage, both U ev and U es decrease. The volumetric plastic strain energy density U pv is negative, and its absolute value increases, leading to strain energy accumulation. In contrast, the shear plastic strain energy density U ps is positive and increases, leading to strain energy dissipation. Considering strain softening, the elastic strain energy decreases, the plastic strain energy increases, and the region of strain energy dissipation expands. Considering dilatancy, the plastic strain energy varies more significantly, and the effect of strain softening is amplified. The strain energy is transferred from the deep part to the shallow part of the elastic zone and then to the plastic zone. The preexisting and input strain energies in the plastic zone are transformed into considerable amounts of plastic strain energy and then dissipated. Thereafter, a significant plastic strain appears, leading to the large deformation of the surrounding rock.

Topic: Rock Mechanics and Modeling
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Improvement of ventilation-induced diaphragm dysfunction through toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor-?B in a murine sepsis model

<b>Rationale:</b> Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a life-saving procedure for patients with sepsis and sepsis-related acute lung injury (ALI). However, controlled MV may cause diaphragm weakness due to muscle injury and atrophy, an effect termed ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD). Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways may induce sepsis-related ALI and muscle protein degradation and mediate the pathogenic mechanisms of VIDD. However, the mechanisms regulating the interactions between VIDD and sepsis remain unclear. We hypothesized that MV with or without endotoxin would enhance diaphragmatic structural damage, oxidative stress, muscle proteolysis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autophagy of the diaphragm through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. <b>Methods:</b> Male C57BL/6 mice, either wild-type or TLR4-deficient were exposed to MV (6 mL/kg or 10 mL/kg) with or without endotoxemia for 8 h. Nonventilated mice were used as controls. <b>Results:</b> MV with endotoxemia augmented VIDD, as demonstrated by the increases in the expression levels of TLR4, caspase-3, atrogin-1, muscle ring finger-1, and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II. In addition, increased NF-κB phosphorylation and the production of free radicals, disorganized myofibrils, disrupted mitochondria, autophagy, and myonuclear apoptosis were also observed (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, endotoxin-exacerbated VIDD was attenuated by pharmacologic inhibition with a NF-κB inhibitor or in TLR4-deficient mice (P &lt; 0.05). <b>Conclusions:</b> Our data indicate that endotoxin-aggravated MV-induced diaphragmatic injury occurs via the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Topic: Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Use of Infrared Thermography on the Measurement of Microstructural Changes of Reservoir Rocks Induced by Temperature

A variation of temperature produces a change in the microstructure of the rock due to the mineral thermal expansion and its residual strain. Depending on the temperature cycle and texture, microstresses may lead to the development of preexistent cracks or the creation of a new and irreversible cracking. The effect of temperature on reservoir rocks is an important topic since it conditions the permeability and the fluid flow. Two main questions arise from this: the first is if an irreversible cracking threshold is attained in the reservoir rocks at low temperature geothermal systems (around 100 °C); the second one is about the influence of thermal fatigue by the repetition of heating–cooling cycles on the different rock types. To answer these questions, four reservoir rocks (chalk, sandstone, fresh granite, and weathered granite) were submitted to two different thermal regimes. The first test was conceived to detect the irreversible cracking threshold, and for that, the rocks were submitted to progressive heating (90°, 100°, 110°, 120°, and 130 °C). The second test consisted of doing cycles of fast heating of the samples up to 200 °C. The microstructure variation was assessed by means of a scanning electron microscope, mercury porosimetry, and capillary water uptake combined with passive infrared thermography. Infrared thermography is an emerging tool in the field of rock study, used to detect water masses or determine thermal properties. The water transfer during the capillary tests of the rocks, before and after the tests, was monitored with this technique. In addition, the cooling rate index, a non-destructive parameter to detect cracking development, was calculated. The results made it possible to differentiate the behaviours in relation to the rock type, with a chalk and a weathered granite less susceptible to thermal stresses than a fresh granite and sandstone. In addition, infrared thermography resulted in being a very useful indirect technique to detect the changes on the surface, although they do not always correlate to the bulk microstructural changes.

Topic: Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications
Subfield: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Implementation of Consumer Legal Protection in Electronic Transactions

The development of online transactions through social media presents convenience and risks for consumers, mainly due to the lack of regulations and legal protection mechanisms. The goal of this study is to look at how Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection is applied to online transactions and see how much legal protection consumers get. The method utilized is normative legal and follows the law. The problem being studied is how customers are protected by law when they buy things online through social media The study's results show that although normative protection has been regulated, its implementation is still weak due to low law enforcement, a lack of information, and often irresponsible business actors. This study recommends strengthening regulations, consumer education, and stricter law enforcement.

Topic: Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
SCIENCE, NORMS, AND BRAINS On a Cognitive Approach to the Paradigm of Knowing

Many advocates of a cognitive approach to science, a form of naturalism, claim that it possesses normative dimensions or yields normative insights. I critically examine such claims, focusing on P. M. Churchland's radical neurocomputational approach. I point out that his approach cannot provide an epistomic, but only a pragmatic, distinction between good and bad explanations and that particular claims of his-e. g., that simplicity is an epistemic virtue because “simple networks generalize better”-are hardly tenable. Before discussing such normative issues, I give a general and critical account of his views on scientific and other forms of cognition. I submit that his choice of neuroscientific and connectionist ideas is an a priori normative answer to the circularity problem, facing naturalistic approaches; that his elaboration of these ideas tends to transcend his eliminative materialism and, in fact, involves a dualism of neural mechanisms and learning algorithms.

Topic: Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The Differences in Bispectral Index according to Age during Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Children Aged 1-7 Years

서 론 Bispectral index (BIS) 감시장치는 일련의 과정을 통하여 대뇌 피질의 뇌파로부터 마취약제 들의 수면 효과를 정량화 한다.이 기계는 Fourier 전환과 이중분광(bispectral)분석을 이용하여 환자의 수면상태를 하나의 숫자로 나타내는데 등전압 뇌파 (isoelectric EEG)인 경우 0, 완전한 각성 상태인 경우를 100으로 나타낸다. 1,2)현재 전신마취에 적절한 BIS는 40-65, 진정(sedation)에 적절한 BIS는 65-85인 것으로 알려져 있다. 3) 이러한 BIS의 개발은 성인에서의 자료를 토대로 한 것이므로 뇌의 성 장과 성숙이 계속되고 있는 소아에서도 똑같이 적용될 수 있을 지는 아직도 미지수로 많은 연구를 필요로 한다.1971년 BIS를 이용한 첫 임상연구가 발표된 이래 4) 많은 연구가 이루어졌으 나 소아에서의 연구는 제한적이며 더욱이 동일한 마취제 농도 에서 연령에 따른 BIS 값을 보고한 논문은 거의 찾아볼 수 없 었다.이에 본 저자들은 1-7세의 소아 환자들에서 동일한 농 도의 sevoflurane으로

Topic: Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
Subfield: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Diabetes Mellitus in Nonhuman Primates: Recent Research Advances and Current Husbandry Practices

Primates can be utilized for a variety of studies to give insight into the mechanisms of the onset and progression of diabetes mellitus and obesity, and into the development of secondary manifestations. Results can be used to understand the etiologies and effects of diabetes in human beings. Investigators and animal care personnel should be continually aware of the potential for development of diabetes among primates and should seek to identify the earlier stages before the appearance of overt diabetes. In addition to updating recent research in which nonhuman primates have been used in studies on the different forms of diabetes, this review also furnishes some information about therapeutic management and husbandry of monkeys with predispositions toward diabetes or with overt diabetes.

Topic: Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Subfield: Endocrine and Autonomic Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Long-term Efficacy and Safety of rVIII-SingleChain in Patients with Severe Hemophilia A: Interim Results of an Extension Study

Scientific Research Question: To investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of rVIII-SingleChain in previously treated patients (PTPs) with severe hemophilia A.

Topic: Hemophilia Treatment and Research
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Modification of 2,7‐Diphenyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b]benzothiophene (DPh‐BTBT) with Diarylamino Substituents: From Crystalline Order to Amorphous State in Evaporated Thin Films.

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Topic: Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Factors Affecting Performance of Staff of Local Authorities in Kenya. (Case of Kisii Municipal Council)

In order to have a developed country, all regions of the country must move forward in uniform speed and uniform levels. Local government has been a system of central government through which it could distribute its public goods to all its systems. Through the local government the central government can be centralized some of the services which otherwise could be sort from the country‟s headquarters a situation which is not only cumbersome but it‟s also wasting and hence inefficient. However, there has been a hue and cry about the performance in local governments all over the country. This research project intended to analyze the various challenges influencing performance in Local Councils in Kenya. The objectives that guided the study include establishing how team work and motivation are factors influencing performance, to determine how leadership is one of the challenges influencing workers performance, to establish appropriate technology are factors affecting performance of local councils. The findings of this study are likely to go a long way to lift the standards of living of the Kisii residents, inform both the government and the local council leadership, and enable NGO s understand where to chip in and lend a hand to make Local authorities better services delivery instruments. The overall result of the research will contribute to the improvement of service delivery which is in tandem with the on-going public service delivery reforms. The researcher took Kisii Municipal Council as a case study. Given that, not only geographical, technological and economical but also other Kisii circumstances, being quite different from other areas in other parts of Kenya, it may not be possible to generalize the findings of this study. The study used descriptive, causal and explorative design. The study involved a stratified population of top management, middle and lower level employees as respondents. The total population was 424 whereby the management was 27 and the subordinates were 397. The study took a stratified sample of 20% on the employees (staff) by the use of simple random sampling procedure and census on management. A Self Administered Questionnaire (SAQ) which was given at least for two weeks to allow for free well thought answers was used to collect data. The data was analyzed using descriptive Statistics and SPSS program and presented by tables and charts.

Topic: Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation
Subfield: Applied Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Immunising children a practical guideImmunishing children a practical guide Mayon-White A Richard Moreton Judith Radcliffe medical press ltd £9.95, 78pps1 85775 154185775154

The authors, a consultant in communicable disease control and a health visitor district Immunisation co-ordinator, describe this book as an update to immunising children published in 1989 and as a practical guide for parents and professionals alike.

Topic: Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
Subfield: Health
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Zigbee Based Cost-Effective Home Monitoring System Using WSN

WSNs are vital in a variety of applications, including environmental monitoring, industrial process control, and healthcare. WSNs are a network of spatially scattered and dedicated sensors that monitor and record the physical conditions of the environment.Significant obstacles to WSN efficiency include the restricted power and processing capabilities of individual sensor nodes and the issues with remote and inaccessible deployment sites. By maximising power utilisation, enhancing network effectiveness, and ensuring adaptability and durability through dispersed and decentralised operation, this study suggests a comprehensive approach to dealing with these challenges. The suggested methodology involves data compression, aggregation, and energy-efficient protocol. Using these techniques, WSN life-times can be increased and overall performance can be improved. In this study we also provide methods to collect data generated by several nodes in the WSN and store it in a remote cloud such that it can be processed and analyzed whenever it is required.

Topic: IoT-based Smart Home Systems
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP AND PERFORMANCE WORK THROUGH DISCIPLINE OFFICE FACILITIES IN THE VILLAGE IN DISTRICT DISTRICT ENTIRE STOCK SINJAI

This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of leadership and work discipline on performance through office facilities at village officials in Sinjai Borong District, Sinjai Regency. This type of research is quantitative research using a questionnaire as a source of data collection. This study uses the SmartPLS analysis technique. The results of this study indicate that: 1) Leadership has a significant positive effect on office facilities, 2) Work discipline has a significant positive effect on performance, 3) Leadership has a significant positive effect on performance, 4) Work discipline has a significant positive effect on performance, 5) Office facilities are significant positive effect on performance, 6) Leadership has a significant indirect effect on performance through office facilities, 7) Work discipline has no significant indirect effect on performance through office facilities

Topic: Employee Performance and Management
Subfield: Human Factors and Ergonomics
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Synchronous Pulmonary Adenofibroma and Solitary Fibrous Tumor: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Pulmonary adenofibroma (PAF) is a rare neoplasm that may be related to solitary fibrous tumor (SFT). A subset of PAFs harbor the NAB2-STAT6 fusion that is typical of SFT, but a significant proportion do not. Their distinction is clinically important as SFTs can potentially have an aggressive clinical course, while there has been no report of a PAF behaving in a malignant fashion. We report a case of a 60-year-old male who developed a SFT and PAF in the same lung. The SFT harbored a NAB2-STAT6 fusion, while the PAF did not have any identifiable fusion. This case represents the first instance of a single patient with both of these tumors occurring simultaneously in the same lung.

Topic: Soft tissue tumor case studies
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Hubungan Kontribusi Orang Tua dengan Karakter Siswa Kelas IV UPT SD Inpres 6/75 Kading Kecamatan Barebbo Kabupaten Bone

This research is a quantitative research with a correlational approach which aims to determine the relationship between parental contributions and the character of the fourth grade students of UPT SD Inpres 6/75 Kading, Barebbo District, Bone Regency, with 42 students. Data collection is done by using a questionnaire. Data analysis technique with descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis. Based on the results of descriptive statistical analysis, the results of the research showed that the contribution of parents had an average of 46.11 and a percentage of 76.90% in the good category and the average character of fourth grade students had an average of 48.5 and a percentage of 80.99% in the category very good. Based on the results of inferential statistical analysis, the tcount value (2.87) is greater (&gt;) the ttable value (1.68385) at a significance level of 5%. Thus H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. The results of the study can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the Contribution of Parents and the Character of Class IV Students at UPT SD Inpres 6/75 Kading, Barebbo District, Bone Regency.

Topic: Education and Character Development
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
FinFET-based SRAM design

Intrinsic variations and challenging leakage control in today's bulk-Si MOSFETs limit the scaling of SRAM. Design tradeoffs in six-transistor (6-T) and four-transistor (4-T) SRAM cells are presented in this work. It is found that 6-T and 4-T FinFET-based SRAM cells designed with built-in feedback achieve significant improvements in the cell static noise margin (SNM) without area penalty. Up to 2/spl times/ improvement in SNM can be achieved in 6-T FinFET-based SRAM cells. A 4-T FinFET-based SRAM cell with built-in feedback can achieve sub-100pA per-cell standby current and offer the similar improvements in SNM as the 6-T cell with feedback, making them attractive for low-power, low-voltage applications.

Topic: Semiconductor materials and devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Application of the Fuzzy Self-Adaptive PID Controller to the Automatic Operation Control of Water Transfer Canal System

The PID controller is widely used in the automatic water conveyance system of canal. However, the conventional PID controller has poor adaptability to canal operating conditions, and along with the variation of canal operating conditions, we must continuously adjust the PID control parameters, it brings some difficulties to the practical operation. And the online self-adapting of PID parameters is also the problem difficult to solve of conventional PID controller, so we combined the fuzzy control with the PID control, designed the fuzzy self-adaptive PID controller, and applied it to the automatic control system of canal operation. When canal operates, according to actual response conditions, the computer uses fuzzy reasoning, and the optimal adjustment of PID parameters can be automatically realized. The simulation results show that this controller can remarkably improve the control effects of canal automatic operation.

Topic: Hydraulic flow and structures
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Temperature dependence of substrate current in silicon CMOS devices

The temperature dependence of the substrate current in CMOS devices is investigated over the range 20–300 K. It is shown that the simple classical substrate current law is applicable down to near-liquid helium temperature for both n and p channel devices. The exponent factor B of the substrate current law is found to be almost independent of temperature. Moreover, the increase of the substrate current at low temperature is attributed to the temperature variation of the pre-exponent coefficient A of the substrate current law. The modelling of the substrate current as a function of gate and drain voltages is therefore achievable over a wide temperature range provided an accurate drain current model is employed.

Topic: Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences