jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Scoliosis management in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: prospective study of modified Jewett hyperextension brace.

The management of scoliosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy is not standardized. Some centers offer no treatment, some provide customized body jackets or wheelchair inserts, and others recommend early surgical spinal fusion. Spinal orthoses are frequently prescribed at significant cost and inconvenience to the patient, with little evidence as to effectiveness in preventing scoliosis. This paper reports the preliminary findings of 22 patients involved in a study assessing the usefulness of a modified Jewett hyperextension brace. Seven brace wearers and 15 controls were entered into the study. The preliminary results indicate a mean curvature of 23.6 degrees (+/- 12.8 degrees) in the experimental group and 35.7 degrees (+/- 24.8 degrees) in the controls. Over an observation period ranging from two to seven years, the wearers have shown an average curve progression of 8.8 degrees/yr while the control group progressed at 11.2 degrees/yr. This difference is not considered statistically significant. We conclude that wearing the brace minimally slows scoliosis progression, but does not ultimately prevent a significant curve.

Topic: Scoliosis diagnosis and treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH: A PANEL SMOOTH REGRESSION APPROACH

In this paper, we propose an original framework to determine the relative influence of series of variables on the linkage between financial development and economic growth. Based on panel threshold regression models, we establish country-specific and time-specific finance-growth coefficients for 71 countries, both developed and developing, from 1960 to 2004. The results show that inflation rate, ratio of government consumption, degree of openness to trade and financial development affect the non-linearity between financial development and growth, and have the greatest influence on the relationship of two variables.

Topic: Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Late complete heart block in an adult patient undergoing percutaneous ventricular septal defect closure.

With advances in transcatheter treatment options, percutaneous device closure of ventricular septal defects has become a safe and practical alternative to surgical repair. While outcomes have been excellent, late complete heart bock has been documented during follow up of pediatric patients. We report a case of late complete heart block complicating percutaneous device closure of a ventricular septal defect in a 37-year-old female requiring permanent pacemaker insertion. The patient underwent transcatheter closure of an atrial and ventricular septal defect in the context of treated pulmonary hypertension and significant intracardiac shunting. Seven months after the procedure, the patient was admitted with presyncope, with electrocardiographic monitoring confirming complete heart block. While previously only reported in the pediatric literature, awareness of the possibility of complete heart block should be considered during the late follow up of adult patients.

Topic: Congenital Heart Disease Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Update of the Human Reliability Analysis for a Nuclear Power Plant

Human reliability analysis is a systematic framework, which includes the process of evaluation of human performance and associated impacts on structures, systems and components for a complex facility. The update of Human Reliability Analysis in Probabilistic Safety Assessment of a Nuclear Power Plant requires the development of an overall method for the human reliability analysis. The update is needed as the original human reliability analysis was performed years ago, as the methods have been improved, as the requirements for performing the analyses have changed and as the additional good practice was gained in the mean time. The method for update of human reliability analysis is developed with consideration of the current requirements and the good practice. The selected features of existing methods and the selected specific features are introduced into the method. The evaluation is performed and the preliminary results of human reliability analysis are introduced into the probabilistic safety assessment model. The preliminary results of evaluating the probabilistic safety assessment model identify the key risk contributors and the areas for possible improvement.

Topic: Risk and Safety Analysis
Subfield: Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
On the Genus of the Star Graph

The star graph Sn is a graph with Sn the set of all permutations over {1,...,n} as its vertex set; two vertices π1 and π2 are connected if π1 can be obtained form π2 by swapping the first element of π1 with one of the other n-1 elements. In this paper we establish the genus of the star graph. We show that the genus, gn of Sn , is exactly equal to n!(n-4)/6+ 1 by establishing a lower bound and inductively giving a drawing on a surface of appropriate genus

Topic: Graph Labeling and Dimension Problems
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
7. Trade Marks II

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses the relative grounds for refusal to register a trade mark; acts that constitute infringement; and remedies for infringement. It considers the finding of the Court of Justice of the EU that the investment, advertising, and commercial functions of a trade mark will be protected as well as its role as a badge of origin in cases of ‘double identity’ under the Trade Marks Directive. The chapter considers possible changes to the position under the new Trade Marks Directive and looks at the CJEU’s interpretation of cases where a third party is deemed to have taken unfair advantage of a trade mark with a reputation. It also discusses the use of trade marks on the internet and the implications for findings of infringement.

Topic: Intellectual Property Law
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Role of Physical Clues in Detection of Crimes

In order to appreciate fully the potential value of physical evidence, the investigator must have an understanding of the difference between class and individual characteristics. When the characteristics of physical evidence are common to a group of objects or persons, they may e termed class. Regardless of how thoroughly examined, such evidence can only be placed into a broad category; an individual identification cannot be made as there is a possibility of more than one source for the material found ' Examples of this type of evidence include blood, hair, soil, glass fragments too small to be matched to broken edges, and tool narks or shoe prints in instances where microscopic or accidental markings are insufficient for positive individual identification. Evidence with individual characteristics can be identified as having originated with a particular person or source; it is the ability to establish individuality which distinguishes this type of physical evidence from that possessing only class characteristics.

Topic: Forensic and Genetic Research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Designing digital resources for a physics course

A generic tool is described for creating an inexpensive yet powerful digital learning environment. Originally developed to supplement a modem physics course in a traditional large university classroom setting and based on a flexible database structure, it can be easily adapted to all fields of physics and indeed to all science courses. The integration of modern views on physics teaching and learning with information and communicaton technology has resulted in a very positive response from both lecturers and students.

Topic: Experimental Learning in Engineering
Subfield: Media Technology
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
An Analytical Fault Diagnosis Method: Component Relation and Event Relationship Description Matrices

There are large amounts of status, switch, and protection information in ac transmission and distribution networks. Due to the complex relationship of information and high overlap of recognition logic, it is difficult to find the exact homeomorphic mapping between a fault and information. This article proposes an analytical fault diagnosis method by the use of a matrixed relationship description and operation to build a certain mapping between the fault and certain related information.

Topic: Advanced Computational Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Endocannabinoid System: Overview and Therapeutic Relevance

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) modulates a variety of physiological processes, attracting considerable attention as a potential target for therapeutic intervention. This complex system is activated by the lipid-derived mediators anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), which mainly engage the cannabinoid receptor subtypes 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2). The biological actions of anandamide and 2-AG are terminated by internalization and intracellular enzymatic hydrolysis catalyzed primarily by the serine hydrolases fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), respectively. Here, we provide an overview of ECS and discuss the implications for advancing pharmacological tools that interfere with such a system as next-generation therapeutics. This review contains 4 figures, 3 tables and 41 references Keywords: Endocannabinoid; anandamide; 2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol; fatty acid amide hydrolase; monoacylglycerol lipase; cannabinoid receptors; N-acylethanolamine acid amidase; Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

Topic: Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
High dose dipyridamole as a pharmacological stress test during cardiac catheterisation in patients with coronary artery disease.

AIM: To validate dipyridamole as a pharmacological stress test during cardiac catheterisation, allowing both functional and morphological estimation of stenosis severity. METHODS: The study encompassed 74 patients: 62 patients with significant coronary artery disease (age 61 (SD 8) years; seven women, 55 men) and 12 controls. Regional wall motion, left ventricular ejection fraction and end diastolic pressure were analysed in the resting state and after high dose intravenous dipyridamole. Patients were subdivided into four groups: group I (n = 32, 43%) had stopped all anti-ischaemic treatment for &gt; 24 h, group II (n = 14, 19%) was under treatment, group III (n = 16, 22%) had significant coronary artery disease only in regions with regional wall motion abnormalities at rest, and group IV consisted of 12 control patients (16%) with no significant coronary artery disease (age 62 (8) years, three women, nine men). RESULTS: The sensitivity of dipyridamole testing in patients with coronary artery disease was poor. The best sensitivity was obtained with regional wall motion analysis (26/62 = 42%) and with global left ventricular ejection fraction (25/62 = 40%). Specificity was 100% for regional wall motion and 100% for ejection fraction. Calculated positive and negative predictive values for regional wall motion were 100% and 63%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although safe, handy, and inexpensive, dipyridamole is not an adequate pharmacological stress test during cardiac catheterisation because of its low sensitivity.

Topic: Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Niderlandzki koszyk świadczeń gwarantowanych – przykład dla reformatorów

The Dutch guaranteed Benefit Health Basket – an example for reformers In the process of searching for nearly half a century of new possibly effective forms of satisfying the health needs of societies, which have been undertaken with limited success in all countries of the world, an exceptional position should be attributed to the experience in the Netherlands. There are many reasons: not only the success of the changes carried out, not only the concept of a guaranteed health benefits basket confirmed by practice, not only the rarely used mechanism of competition between payers, but above all the consistency in the long-term preparation of a comprehensive change in the health system. At the same time, the constant dialogue with the society was not neglected, which allowed it to treat the introduced changes as its own.

Topic: Global Health Care Issues
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Bolivia's Coca Headache: The Agroyungas Program, Inflation, Campesinos, Coca and Capitalism In Bolivia

Bolivia in the 1980s was wracked by monetary inflation approaching levels of the German Weimar Republic. Immediately following this time of great financial crisis in Bolivia, the U.N. founded a project through the U.N.D.P. to encourage peasant farmers in Bolivia to switch from growing coca (the plant used manufacture cocaine) to growing other cash crops for market. This crop substitution and development program, called the Agroyungas Project, lasted from 1985 to 1991 and is the focus of this study. While many U.N. pundits and journalists considered the program’s initial small successes promising, it has been considered since its conclusion to be a failure. The program was poorly conceived, poorly funded and poorly executed from the start. So one question remains: why was the Agroyungas Project a failure? Additionally, was the project simply a way to steer Bolivians away from the illicit coca/cocaine economy? While on the surface this might appear to be the case, one must probe the complex situations in Bolivia deeply to uncover the true missteps behind this U.N. program. By looking at the evidence, it is apparent that crop substitution programs like the Agroyungas Project failed for a variety of reasons. Besides poor planning and execution of project plans, the project’s developers, planners and workers simply did not understand Bolivian indigenous culture and Bolivian history. However, the project was not doomed to fail. The lack of knowledge and understanding of indigenous Bolivian realities, Bolivian geography and Bolivian history directly led to the failures of the Agroyungas Project.

Topic: Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
One-Rod Contraceptive Implant as a Postpartum Contraceptive Option

In an effort to increase family planning coverage, reduce high-risk pregnancies, reduce the incidence of unwanted pregnancies, and reduce maternal mortality, long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) in the form of IUDs and implants are routinely used as postpartum contraception. Postpartum contraception use supports the reduction of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality rates.The use of implant contraception has undergone several developments from six-rods, two-rods to one-rod. A one-rod contraceptive refers to a type of LARC implant, typically containing a progestin hormone, that is inserted under the skin of a woman’s upper arm. Included among the contraceptive techniques thought safe for immediate postpartum usage, it offers efficient, reversible contraception for several years (generally 3-5 years depending on the brand). A postpartum contraceptive helps to avoid unplanned and closely spaced pregnancies, allows a woman’s body enough time to recover from birth, therefore lowering the risk of maternal anemia and other complications, also progestin-only contraceptives and non-hormonal strategies are usually preferred for breastfeeding women as estrogen-containing methods may lower milk production.

Topic: Reproductive Health and Contraception
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
FLASHCARD GAMES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSES IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS: FIRST AND SECOND GRADE

The aim of this paper is to show how primary school students in the fi rst and the second grades can successfully master the fi rst steps in learning a foreign language with the use of certain game elements. When choosing which games to use, EFL teachers should think not only about their students’ knowledge, needs and different types of learners, but also about the teaching facilities, that is, the size of the classroom and the available equipment and resources, as well as the number of children in each class. Listening and reading are skills that young learners develop at this stage. Since writing is introduced in the third grade, the aim of foreign language classes in the fi rst and the second grades, among other things, is to familiarise the students with the phonological system of the foreign language and the basic communication skills in spoken interaction. At this stage, young learners acquire a new language through what they hear, see and touch, which makes fl ashcards an essential resource for teachers. Some of the most popular fl ashcard games among young learners are <em>Say the word, Bingo!, Noughts and crosses, Simon Says</em> and <em>Role-play</em>. These games have a positive infl uence on the emotional, social, mental and physical development of children. Another advantage of these games is that their number is virtually unlimited, so that they can be adjusted to almost any topic assigned in the National Curriculum. Both teachers and students can easily make their own sets of fl ashcards for specifi c needs. Through games and specifi c roles they perform, children develop imagination and creativity, but at the same time, they practice different types of<br />socially acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.

Topic: Educational Games and Gamification
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Supplementary tissue-core histology from fine-needle transthoracic aspiration biopsy

Biopsies of 150 consecutive suspected lung cancers were performed with fine needles having circumferentially beveled tips that produced cytology and tiny tissue cores suitable for histology. Visible tissue cores were aspirated in 92% (n = 138) and histologic diagnoses were obtained in 72% (n = 108). There were 118 (79%) proven malignant and 27 (18%) proven benign lesions. Sensitivity and specificity of cancer diagnoses were 97% and 100%, respectively. Biopsy histology was the only positive cancer specimen in two biopsies (1.7%). Biopsy cytology was the only positive cancer specimen in 20 cases (17.2%). Biopsy cytology and histology agreed with the proven cell type in 71.8% and 78.6% of cancers, respectively. As expected, when large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma was regarded as a nonspecific cell type consistent with either poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or poorly differentiated epidermoid carcinoma, biopsy-cell-type accuracy increased greatly. Specific benign diagnoses were obtained in 44% of the 27 biopsies of proven benign lesions: cytology (four), core histology (five), and bacteriology (nine). Simple and complicated pneumothorax occurred in 10% and 4% of biopsies, respectively. It was concluded that biopsy with fine, circumferentially beveled needles can produce useful histology to supplement biopsy cytology.

Topic: Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of Slope Gradients on Erosion from a Red Soil Hillslope under Different Rainfall Intensity

The simulated rainfall experiment was used to quantify the effects of slope gradients on runoff and soil erosion processes on red earth hillslopes under different rainfall intensity conditions.The results showed that the initial slope red soil runoff rates increased the time in advance with the slope,but weren't obvious,start time of slope runoff was mainly affected by rainfall intensity control sooner or later;slope runoff increased with rainfall intensity increases,with slope gradient was more complex,in the rain intensity of 50 mm/h,the runoff with slope decreased with increased in rainfall intensity for the 75 mm/h,the increase in runoff with slope then decreased;Under different rainfall erosion of the slope of the rainfall rates were in the initial sharp rise,followed by the index fell to form a lean to the left of the curve.Slope of the impact of slope erosion increased with rainfall intensity increased;The amount of red soil erosion increased with rainfall intensity increased significantly,with the slope of the increase in the 50 mm/h rain intensity at first increased and then decreased when the trend,there was a critical near the 20° slope;at 75 mm/h rain intensity,erosion increased with slope.

Topic: Environmental and Agricultural Sciences
Subfield: Water Science and Technology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
After the expulsions : the lost German Heimat in memory, monuments and museums

This comparative thesis explores how museums and monuments in postwar east and west Germany commemorate the eastern territories that were lost after 1945. I focus on the concept of Heimat which spans aesthetics and politics, psychological and political identity and emerges from a condition of loss, thus it features highly in my attempt to understand the development and current state of memorialisation. The centrality of the notion of Heimat in expellee memorialisation is a field as yet little explored in research on the expulsions, particularly in east Germany.&#13;\nFollowing chapters on the historical context, Heimat, and cultural memory, Chapter Three discusses monuments erected between 1947 and 1989 by expellees who resettled in West Germany which are used to mourn, replace, reflect on and revere the old Heimat. I compare post-unification west and east German memorials, discussing key differences resulting from the former taboo on expellee commemoration in East Germany. I additionally examine changing sites of memory, memorials that illustrate a shifting integration process and investigate the use of symbolism. Chapter Four considers the interaction between eyewitnesses, historians and curators in the portrayal of history in museums and Heimatstuben at Görlitz, Greifswald, Lüneburg, Regensburg, Molfsee, Gehren, Rendsburg and Altenburg, in addition to the Altvaterturm in Thuringia. Chapter Five discusses the contentious Berlin Stiftung Flucht Vertreibung Versöhnung Centre, first mooted in 1999 by the Bund der Vertriebenen as a Centre against Expulsions. The tension between ‘German victims’ and ‘victims of the Germans’ is a recurring theme in this thesis. My conclusions highlight how memorialisation is framed clearly within the contemporary socio-political context, demonstrate the durability and flexibility of the term Heimat and illustrate the resilience of the regard for the lost territories, not only for expellees; the idea of the German East persists in German cultural memory.

Topic: German History and Society
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Additional file 1 of Molecular evolution and phylogenetic relationships of Ligusticum (Apiaceae) inferred from the whole plastome sequences

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Gene map of Ligusticum angelicifolium plastomes. The genes shown outside of the circle are transcribed clockwise, while those inside are transcribed counterclockwise. The genes belonging to different functional groups are color-coded. The innermost darker gray represents the GC content of the plastome.

Topic: Aortic Disease and Treatment Approaches
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences