jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Run-and-tumble particle in one-dimensional potentials: Mean first-passage time and applications

We study a one-dimensional run-and-tumble particle (RTP), which is a prototypical model for active systems, moving within an arbitrary external potential. Using backward Fokker-Planck equations, we derive the differential equation satisfied by its mean first-passage time (MFPT) to an absorbing target, which, without any loss of generality, is placed at the origin. Depending on the shape of the potential, we identify four distinct "phases," with a corresponding expression for the MFPT in every case, which we derive explicitly. To illustrate these general expressions, we derive explicit formulas for two specific cases which we study in detail: a double-well potential and a logarithmic potential. We then present different applications of these general formulas to (1) the generalization of the Kramers escape law for an RTP in the presence of a potential barrier, (2) the "trapping" time of an RTP moving in a harmonic well, and (3) characterizing the efficiency of the optimal search strategy of an RTP subjected to stochastic resetting. Our results reveal that the MFPT of an RTP in an external potential exhibits a far more complex and, at times, counterintuitive behavior compared to that of a passive particle (e.g., Brownian) in the same potential.

Topic: Diffusion and Search Dynamics
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Neural tracking of attended versus ignored speech is differentially affected by hearing loss

Hearing loss manifests as a reduced ability to understand speech, particularly in multitalker situations. In these situations, younger normal-hearing listeners' brains are known to track attended speech through phase-locking of neural activity to the slow-varying envelope of the speech. This study investigates how hearing loss, compensated by hearing aids, affects the neural tracking of the speech-onset envelope in elderly participants with varying degree of hearing loss ( n = 27, 62–86 yr; hearing thresholds 11–73 dB hearing level). In an active listening task, a to-be-attended audiobook (signal) was presented either in quiet or against a competing to-be-ignored audiobook (noise) presented at three individualized signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The neural tracking of the to-be-attended and to-be-ignored speech was quantified through the cross-correlation of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the temporal envelope of speech. We primarily investigated the effects of hearing loss and SNR on the neural envelope tracking. First, we found that elderly hearing-impaired listeners' neural responses reliably track the envelope of to-be-attended speech more than to-be-ignored speech. Second, hearing loss relates to the neural tracking of to-be-ignored speech, resulting in a weaker differential neural tracking of to-be-attended vs. to-be-ignored speech in listeners with worse hearing. Third, neural tracking of to-be-attended speech increased with decreasing background noise. Critically, the beneficial effect of reduced noise on neural speech tracking decreased with stronger hearing loss. In sum, our results show that a common sensorineural processing deficit, i.e., hearing loss, interacts with central attention mechanisms and reduces the differential tracking of attended and ignored speech. NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY The present study investigates the effect of hearing loss in older listeners on the neural tracking of competing speech. Interestingly, we observed that whereas internal degradation (hearing loss) relates to the neural tracking of ignored speech, external sound degradation (ratio between attended and ignored speech; signal-to-noise ratio) relates to tracking of attended speech. This provides the first evidence for hearing loss affecting the ability to neurally track speech.

Topic: Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Essays on the Impact of State Policies on Mortgage Finance

This dissertation consists of two essays that look at the impact of state policies on mortgage markets. Both essays examine how and the degree to which states that provide more borrower-friendly provisions versus more lender-friendly provisions may exhibit different outcomes in the mortgage market. The first essay examines the impact of state bankruptcy homestead exemption and foreclosure laws on both mortgage demand and mortgage supply. The second essay analyzes how state bankruptcy homestead exemption and foreclosure laws affect different types of mortgages that are originated.\nThe first essay examines the impact of state bankruptcy homestead exemption on size of the loan requested, size of the loan originated, and whether the loan application is accepted or rejected. The key source of variation used for identification is differences in the level of bankruptcy homestead exemption provision across state and over time. To estimate the effect of the provision, I compare mortgage activities in adjacent census tracts on opposite sides of state boundaries in the 55 urban areas that cross state borders. There are three key results. First, holding the loan-to-value ratio constant, a more generous homestead exemption encourages borrowers to buy more housing and take out larger mortgages. Second, holding house value constant, a more generous homestead exemption discourages mortgage borrowing and results in more home equity. Third, benefits of the homestead exemption outweigh the costs of it to mortgage lenders.\nThe second essay analyzes the impact of state bankruptcy provisions and foreclosure laws on different types of mortgages that are available to prospective borrowers. The state legislations govern the rights of lenders and borrowers during legal proceedings and therefore impact on lenders' exposure to credit risks. The degree to which lenders would respond to those state legislations by adjusting underwriting standards may differ across mortgage products with different level of risks. Focusing on high-risk segment of the mortgage market, this paper looks for evidence that lenders tend to respond to higher-risk environment by modifying the types of loans that are originated. Three key findings are obtained using a similar border method as in the first essay. First, higher-risk loans are less likely to be originated in a state with judicial foreclosure requirement. Second, conventional prime loans are more likely to be originated in a state with larger homestead exemption. Third, FHA and subprime loans share a very similar clientele and are close substitutes especially for home purchase loans.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Electroweak Interactions and Neutrinos

In this chapter we discuss electroweak interactions from the phenomenological point of view, which is also more closely related to its historical development. Special emphasize will be put on neutrino physics since it plays an important role in high energy astroparticle physics as will be developed in detail in part IV. At this occasion we will also develop and summarize some general concepts in particle physics such as quantum fields and representations of the group of space-time symmetries. A more formal discussion of all known interactions will follow in the next chapter. The aspects of strong and electromagnetic interactions relavant to astroparticle physics will mostly be discussed in Chaps. 5 , 7 and 8 .

Topic: Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
From trees to money: the contribution of njansang (<i>Ricinodendron heudelotii</i>) products to value chain stakeholders’ financial assets in the South West Region of Cameroon

Njansang -Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Pax.- is a commonly traded non-timber forest product from Central African humid forests, used as a spice. South West Cameroon was selected as major production area and market where little data exist on the contribution of njansang to stakeholders livelihoods in the value chain. Interviews were used to gather information from 261 harvesters, traders and processing enterprises. From 2013 to 2015, 65.8 tons were harvested, with 13.17 tons traded in markets in the South West Region and in Nigeria for a value of €33,511. The ease of accessing markets makes a significant difference to the quantity harvested and contribution to harvesters’ household income. Average profit for harvesters is higher in regional markets than in local ones. Harvester’s profits were higher than buy’amsell’ams, retailers and exporters. Processors add the most value and earn the highest unit profits. Livelihood dependence upon njansang decreases along the chain, with harvesters more dependent than traders. Seasonality, corruption, storage and processing, influence price. Long-term value chain sustainability could be improved by increasing collaboration between stakeholders, collective action, disseminating knowledge about processing and storage techniques, and promoting domestication and cultivation to enable trade in this largely wild harvested NTFP to continue sustainably.

Topic: African history and culture studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Link Protocol For Vehicle-roadside Communication Devised For Anonymous Road-use Debiting In Free Traffic Flow

This paper describes a short-range microwave link using semi-passive microwave transponder technology. The link is used for vehicle to roadside communication in free traffic flow on multilane roads. The distinguishing requirement for the link is that the transmission quality should comply with the security level demanded by compulsory road-use pricing. A procedure combining a random time division based connection phase with selectively addressed information transfer is used. Results from computer simulation verify its potential to fulfill financial application requirements, while surplus capacity for other RTI applications, such a route guidance, is projected to be adequate.

Topic: Power Line Communications and Noise
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
AN EXAUSTIVE SURVEY OF TRUST MODELS IN P2P NETWORK

Most of the peers accessing the services are under the assumption that the service accessed in a P2P network is utmost secured. By means of prevailing hard security mechanisms, security goals like authentication, authorization, privacy, non repudiation of services and other hard security issues are resolved. But these mechanisms fail to provide soft security. An exhaustive survey of existing trust and reputation models in P2P network regarding service provisioning is presented and challenges are listed. Trust issues like trust bootstrapping, trust evidence procurement, trust assessment, trust interaction outcome evaluation and other trust based classification of peer’s behavior into trusted,, inconsistent, un trusted, malicious, betraying, redemptive are discussed,

Topic: Access Control and Trust
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Nanoparticle Size Distribution Estimation Using Mass to Charge Ratio Measurements with Variable Optical Power Source in Vacuum Environments

In this study, we propose a nanoparticle size distribution estimation scheme which is based on mass-to-charge ratio measurements with variable optical power source in medium vacuum ranges (a few to tens of mTorr). It is well known that by-products generated in plasma discharge regions agglomerate into nanoparticles ranging from a few to hundreds of nanometers (nm) in size, and these particles are exhausted from the discharge regions. Size distributions of these exhausted particles are influenced by various parameters, such as processing materials and plasma source characteristics. Therefore, measuring nanoparticle size distribution can be a promising method for in-situ monitoring of semiconductor plasma processes. One of conventional particle size measurement-based process in-situ monitoring schemes is a Particle Beam Mass Spectrometer (PBMS), which is capable of sizing particles from a few to hundreds of nanometers at environmental pressures above hundreds of mTorr. The PBMS has been widely adopted in low vacuum process equipment. However, some modern semiconductor processes require medium vacuum operations (typ., a few to tens of mTorr) due to needs for larger device structure integrations. These vacuum conditions are beyond the operational range of the PBMS. Other schemes are required for nanoparticle size measurements under these vacuum conditions. Conventional mass-to-charge ratio measurement schemes (e.g., Quadrupole Mass Analyzers (QMA)), which are already utilized in Residual Gas Analyzers (RGAs), could be possible solutions. However, particle charging methods of these analyzers need to be modified because the current electron source-based particle charging modules used in the analyzers operate only in high vacuum regions (typ., less than 0.01 mTorr). To control nanoparticle charge status for size distribution measurements in medium vacuum ranges, we propose a variable optical power source-based particle charging and size distribution estimation scheme. In the proposed scheme, nanoparticles are charged via direct photoionization mechanisms that are compatible with medium vacuum environments. The charge status of the particles is modified by varying optical irradiation times and intensities, with a known population balance model. After collecting multiple mass-to-charge ratio measurement results for nanoparticles while varying the optical intensity per each measurement, the size distribution of the particles is estimated using the aforementioned population balance model and a least squares method. Simulation results for 5–50 nm sized NaCl nanoparticles in the free-molecular regime confirmed that any arbitrary nanoparticle size distribution could be estimated when the initial charges of all nanoparticles are zero.

Topic: Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Skeleton-based Adaptive Visual Servoing for Control of Robotic Manipulators in Configuration Space

This paper presents a novel visual servoing method that controls a robotic manipulator in the configuration space as opposed to the classical vision-based control methods solely focusing on the end effector pose. We first extract the robot's shape from depth images using a skeletonization algorithm and represent it using parametric curves. We then adopt an adaptive visual servoing scheme that estimates the Jacobian online relating the changes of the curve parameters and the joint velocities. The proposed scheme does not only enable controlling a manipulator in the configuration space, but also demonstrates a better transient response while converging to the goal configuration compared to the classical adaptive visual servoing methods. We present simulations and real robot experiments that demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed method and analyze its performance, robustness, and repeatability compared to the classical algorithms.

Topic: Advanced Vision and Imaging
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Neurologic Manifestations in Laboratory Animals Produced by Organ (Adjuvant) Emulsions

Summary Although these experimental results are limited by the small number of animals used it would appear that: Neurologic disturbances, characterized chiefly by paralysis of the hind limbs, have been induced in normal guinea pigs by single subcutaneous injections of emulsions of homologous and heterologous brain and heterologous kidney, containing Freund’s adjuvants, as well as similar preparations of alcoholic extracts of brain. Testicle emulsions were without effect in normal guinea pigs, but induced hind leg paralysis in 2 guinea pigs which had previously received injections of various organ suspensions.It was also possible to produce this phenomenon in rabbits by repeated injections of adjuvant-emulsions of both rat brain and alcoholic extract of sheep brain in combination with egg-white.

Topic: Prion Diseases and Protein Misfolding
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Control of Cattail and Bulrush by Cutting and Flooding

Cutting emergent vegetation represents an artificial technique not widely used, despite its effectiveness in inhibiting revegetation and enhancing emergent vegetation-water interspersion. Cutting procedures, implements, and size and configuration of cut areas differed among study areas and are described below for each area. Regeneration of cattail and bulrush was investigated at M. Milligan Creek and Kapakoskasewakak Lake, respectively. R. Murkin Henry and Ward and Sale and Wetzel discussed the possible mechanism by which cutting and subsequent flooding of cattail stubble results in its decreased regeneration. Post-growing season cutting of cattail and bulrush with subsequent flooding during the growing season appears to be an effective control method for these and possibly other emergent plant species. In several marshes in western Canada, the authors evaluated regeneration of common cattail, tule bulrush, and softstem bulrush following post-growing season cutting and subsequent spring-summer flooding as a method of control.

Topic: Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Systematics and phylogeny of the Satyrium erectum group (Orchidaceae), with descriptions of two new species from the Karoo region of South Africa

Two spectacular new orchid species from the semi-arid Karoo region of South Africa are described here. Both have been confused with Satyrium erectum Sw. in the past, yet have clear diagnostic characters which justify their recognition as distinct species. Satyrium pulchrumS. Johnson & Kurzweil sp. nov., known only from an isolated granite inselberg in Namaqualand, appears to be the sister taxon to S. erectum, whereas Satyrium pallensS. Johnson & Kurzweil sp. nov., known from several populations along the southern margins of the Karoo, has closer affinities to Saprium longicolleLindl. These four species form a distinct monophyletic group characterized by several synapomorphies. The allopatric distribution pattern and considerable divergence in floral characters of the sister species suggest that speciation involved shifts in the pollination system of geographically isolated populations.

Topic: Plant and animal studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Machaerota Burmeister

Checklist of Machaerota Burmeister from China Machaerota choui Lu, 1982 (China: Yunnan) M. conicapita sp. nov. (China: Yunnan; Laos: Borikhane) M. coomani Lallemand, 1942 (China: Hainan Island; Vietnam) M. coronata (Maa, 1947) (China: Fujian, Hongkong) M. esakii Kato, 1939 (China: Taiwan) M. formosana Kato, 1928 (China: Taiwan) M. fukienicola Maa, 1947 (China: Fujian) M. jiangxiensis Lu, 1982 (China: Jiangxi) M. notoceras Schmidt, 1907 (China: Hainan Island; Malaysia; Indonesia: Sumatra, Java) M. shaanxiensis Lu, 1982 (China: Shaanxi) M. taiheisana (Matsumura, 1940) (China: Taiwan) M. yunnanensis Lu, 1982 (China: Yunnan)

Topic: Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Mixed-order compositing for 3D paintings

We present a method for rendering 3D paintings by compositing brush strokes embedded in space. The challenge in compositing 3D brush strokes is reconciling conflicts between their z-order in 3D and the order in which the strokes were painted, while maintaining temporal and spatial coherence. Our algorithm smoothly transitions between compositing closer strokes over those farther away and compositing strokes painted later over those painted earlier. It is efficient, running in O(n log n) time, and simple to implement. We demonstrate its effectiveness on a variety of 3D paintings.

Topic: Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques
Subfield: Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Holocene environmental reconstruction from deltaic deposits in northeast Greenland

Abstract Terraces of different age in the Zackenberg delta, located at 74°N in northeast Greenland, have provided the opportunity for an interdisciplinary approach to the investigation of Holocene glacial, periglacial, pedological, biological and archaeological conditions that existed during and after delta deposition. The raised Zackenberg delta accumulated mainly during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, starting slightly prior to 9500 cal. yr BP (30 m a.s.l.) and continued until at least 6300 cal. yr BP (0.5 m a.s.l.). Evidence of sea‐level change is based on conventional 14 C dates of shells from the marine delta bottomsets, 14 C AMS dating of macroscopic plant material from the foresets and of fluvial deposits. Arthropod and plant remains from 7960 cal. yr BP in the delta foresets include the oldest evidence of the arctic hare in Greenland and evidence of a rich herb flora slightly different from the modern flora. Empetrum nigrum and Salix herbacea remains indicate a summer temperature at least as high as today during delta deposition. Post‐depositional nivation activity, dated by luminescence, lichenometry and Schmidt Hammer measurements indicate mainly late Holocene activity, at least since 2900 yr BP, including Little Ice Age (LIA) avalanche activity. Pedological analyses of fossil podsols in the Zackenberg delta, including 14 C AMS dating of selected organic rich B‐horizons, show continued podsol development during the Holocene Climatic Optimum and into the subsequent colder period of the late Holocene, until 3000–2400 yr BP. A Neo‐Eskimo house ruin found on the lower part of the delta, presently being eroded by the sea, is dated to AD 1800. It presumably was abandoned prior to AD 1869, and suggests that some of the last Eskimos that lived in northeast Greenland might have occupied the Zackenberg delta. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Topic: Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Penguatan Branding UMKM Puspazary Melalui Inovasi Kemasan Dan Pemasaran Digital

Improving the competitiveness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) is a primary focus in this digital era. This research explores efforts to enhance the branding of Puspazary MSMEs through packaging innovation and digital marketing strategies. The collaborative approach involves updating packaging design through re-branding photoshoots and digital marketing via Instagram. Through a two-month internship, the team focused on introducing the MSME, accessory production, marketing strategy analysis, content creation, and participation in innovation development. During the internship, re-branding photoshoots were implemented, packaging innovation by transitioning from cardboard to transparent ziplock, and digital marketing through Instagram. The results of these activities created a more attractive branding and increased competitiveness for Puspazary MSMEs, emphasizing the importance of innovative branding strategies in supporting MSME sustainability amid global market dynamics. The conclusion highlights the positive outcomes of implementing packaging and digital marketing innovations, while recommendations involve the continued development of digital-based branding strategies to expand market reach and enhance the resilience of Puspazary MSMEs in this digital era.

Topic: SMEs Development and Digital Marketing
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences