jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dose-dependent Respiratory Depression by Remifentanil in the Rabbit Parabrachial Nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse Complex and Pre-Bötzinger Complex

Background Recent studies showed partial reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the pre-Bötzinger complex and the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex. The hypothesis for this study was that opioid antagonism in the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex plus pre-Bötzinger complex completely reverses respiratory depression from clinically relevant opioid concentrations. Methods Experiments were performed in 48 adult, artificially ventilated, decerebrate rabbits. The authors decreased baseline respiratory rate ~50% with intravenous, “analgesic” remifentanil infusion or produced apnea with remifentanil boluses and investigated the reversal with naloxone microinjections (1 mM, 700 nl) into the Kölliker–Fuse nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and pre-Bötzinger complex. In another group of animals, naloxone was injected only into the pre-Bötzinger complex to determine whether prior parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex injection impacted the naloxone effect. Last, the µ-opioid receptor agonist [ d -Ala, 2 N-MePhe, 4 Gly-ol]-enkephalin (100 μM, 700 nl) was injected into the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex. The data are presented as medians (25 to 75%). Results Remifentanil infusion reduced the respiratory rate from 36 (31 to 40) to 16 (15 to 21) breaths/min. Naloxone microinjections into the bilateral Kölliker–Fuse nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and pre-Bötzinger complex increased the rate to 17 (16 to 22, n = 19, P = 0.005), 23 (19 to 29, n = 19, P &lt; 0.001), and 25 (22 to 28) breaths/min ( n = 11, P &lt; 0.001), respectively. Naloxone injection into the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex prevented apnea in 12 of 17 animals, increasing the respiratory rate to 10 (0 to 12) breaths/min ( P &lt; 0.001); subsequent pre-Bötzinger complex injection prevented apnea in all animals (13 [10 to 19] breaths/min, n = 12, P = 0.002). Naloxone injection into the pre-Bötzinger complex alone increased the respiratory rate to 21 (15 to 26) breaths/min during analgesic concentrations (n = 10, P = 0.008) but not during apnea (0 [0 to 0] breaths/min, n = 9, P = 0.500). [ d -Ala, 2 N-MePhe, 4 Gly-ol]-enkephalin injection into the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex decreased respiratory rate to 3 (2 to 6) breaths/min. Conclusions Opioid reversal in the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex plus pre-Bötzinger complex only partially reversed respiratory depression from analgesic and even less from “apneic” opioid doses. The lack of recovery pointed to opioid-induced depression of respiratory drive that determines the activity of these areas. Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Topic: Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Subfield: Endocrine and Autonomic Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Functional changes cardiovascular: normobaric activity and microgravity in young healthy human subjects&#13;\nEur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012; 16 (3): 310-315

Abstract. – Background: The cardiovascular system works to maintain homeostasis through a series of adaptive responses to physiological requirements. Different self-regulatory mechanism prevent the effects induced by hydrostatic pressure changes on oncotic pressure caused by postural changes.&#13;\nGravity exerts a strong influence on the postural changes with implications on the cardiovascular system. In orbit, gravity (+Gz) is responsible of mass redistribution of circulating blood flow.&#13;\nThe aim of this study was the evaluation of the adaptive responses of cardiovascular system to postural changes with and without the use of the Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP).&#13;\nWe considered that pressure changes that occur in human body in orbit can be simulated experimentally with use of Tilt-Test (Clino/ortho; Clino/head-down; head-down/ortho).&#13;\nThis investigation could be useful for studying the influence on astronauts of long flights.&#13;\nSubjects and Methods: We studied in 12 months, 30 young healthy volunteers (20 males, 10 female) during postural change tests. In the first evaluation they were submitted to tilt-test for 40 minutes, remaining in head-up +60° (this state corresponds to a kind of gravitational stress +Gz) and in head-down to -30° (-Gz) for 20 minutes. During the second assessment (after 5 ± 1 days) all volunteers wear a device that simulate a state of LBNP at -20 mmHg.&#13;\nAfterwards, they were processed to 20 minutes in Head Down -8o and after 2 hours of rest to 20 minutes at -15°. Volunteers were monitored measuring blood pressure, heart rate and by Transthoracic Echocardiogram (TTE)&#13;\nResults: Collected data were elaborated by a statistical analysis. We observed during orthostatic position for 40 min (+60°) without LBNP, lower diameters and volumes of left and right ventricular (p &lt; 0.05) and an increase in heart rate in comparison with the baseline conditions in clinostatism. Despite the reduction of preload volume, the mean value of cardiac output does not vary significantly.&#13;\nIn Trendelemburg (-15°) data show a non-significant variation (p &gt; 0.05) of left and right ventricular diameters and volumes, while cardiac output and systolic blood pressure varies significantly (p &lt; 0.05) compared to clinostatic and orthostatic position.&#13;\nWith LBNP in head down to -8° and -15°, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, ventricular volumes and cardiac output were unchanged if compared to values obtained in clinostatism with and without LBNP. If compared to -30° in Trendelemburg without LBNP, data reached statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05)&#13;\nConclusions: The cardiovascular system and the autonomic nervous system, respond to postural changes and to volemia alterations, maintaining the physiological cardiac output, in order to preserve the metabolic requirements of body.

Topic: Spaceflight effects on biology
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Social Class and Habitus at the End of College: Cultural Similarity and Difference among Graduating Seniors

Existing research offers a range of perspectives on the impact of the college experience on culture. While some scholars claim that higher education leads to cultural convergence or homogenization among students, others emphasize the durability of class-based cultural differences during college. This article seeks to understand the degree to which students from across class backgrounds leave college with a similar habitus. Drawing from interviews with 62 graduating seniors from three distinct class backgrounds, I examine cultural similarities and differences at two layers of habitus as students look toward life after college. Findings demonstrate that while students' specific aspirations for graduate study and careers are similar, their general cultural schemas—evidenced by students' perceptions of what constitutes success and failure after graduation—and sense of self diverge along class lines. In other words, these interviews provide evidence that college seniors across class backgrounds are comparable in their secondary habitus but differ at the level of their primary habitus. These findings have implications for the way we conceive of social mobility through higher education as well as our understanding of multiple layers of habitus.

Topic: Social and Cultural Dynamics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A comparison of lutein, spray-dried Chlorella, and synthetic carotenoids effects on yolk colour, oxidative stability, and reproductive performance of laying hens

ISA Brown hens were fed diets supplemented with the synthetic carotenoids Carophyll Red and Carophyll Yellow at 20 and 15 mg/kg, respectively, lutein at 250 mg/kg, and the algae Chlorella at 12.5 g/kg. The synthetic carotenoids, lutein, and Chlorella significantly increased egg weight (P &lt; 0.001), shell weight (P &lt; 0.001), and thickness (P = 0.017) and decreased the yolk/albumen ratio (P = 0.035) of the eggs. Lutein but not the Carophylls or Chlorella significantly increased the shell breaking strength (P = 0.032). Furthermore, the carotenoids and Chlorella significantly (P &lt; 0.001) increased yolk colour, and the yolk redness increased significantly (P &lt; 0.001) in the following order: control &lt; Chlorella &lt; Carophyll &lt; lutein. Lutein and Chlorella increased the yellowness of the yolks, and boiling the eggs for 5 min increased the redness of the yolks, while boiling them for 10 min increased the lightness and reduced the colour of the yolks. Supplementation of feed with lutein and Chlorella significantly (P &lt; 0.001) increased the concentration of lutein (from 12.8 to 133.9 and 49.0 mg/kg dry matter) and zeaxanthin (from 9.2 to 123.9 and 40.1 mg/kg dry matter) in the yolks, and all carotenoids and Chlorella significantly (P &lt; 0.001) increased the oxidative stability of the lipids of fresh eggs and eggs that had been stored at 18°C for 28 days.

Topic: Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Remote Sensing based Sea Surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux (FCO2) in the South China Sea (2003-2019)

The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the largest marginal seas worldwide. It includes a river-dominated, highly productive marginal sea on the north shelf and a wide, oligotrophic ocean-dominated basin with various dynamic sub-regions. Based on an in situ seawater partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) datasets of 44 cruises/legs collected for the last two decades in the SCS, we proposed a seawater pCO2 retrieval algorithm by combining the semi-mechanistic and machine learning (ML) methods (MeSAA-ML). The parameter selection strategy was based on the mechanistic analysis of pCO2 variation, separating impacts of thermodynamics, biological activities, water mixing, and the atmospheric CO2 forcing. We set a few semi-analytical parameters: pCO2_therm, which was a proxy for the combined effect of thermodynamics and the atmospheric CO2 forcing on seawater pCO2; an upwelling index (UISST) and mixing layer depth (MLD) to characterize the multiple mixing processes; chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) with remote sensing reflectance at 443 and 555 nm (Rrs(443) and Rrs(555)), which were the inputs to proxy the biological effect and other characteristics for distinguishing shelf, basin, and sub-regions. As the seawater pCO2 and atmospheric pCO2 ( pCO2air) have similar data values and characteristics in the vast SCS oligotrophic basin, it will cause instability of the model if one is input and the other is output; thus the difference between them (ΔpCO2sea-air) was set as the output, and the seawater pCO2 was obtained finally by summing pCO2air and ΔpCO2sea-air. We compared several ML models, and the XGBoost model was confirmed as the best model. Completely independent cruise-based and observed datasets from Southeastern Asia Time-series Study (SEATS) were used to validate the satellite products, with low root mean square error (RMSE = 11.69 μatm) and mean absolute percentage deviation (APD = 1.59%). The increasing trend of satellite-derived pCO2 (2.44 ± 0.24 μatm/yr) at the location of SEATS was found to be consistent with observed data. We presented that the SCS as a whole is a source of atmospheric CO2, releasing an average of 11.00 ± 2.45 Tg C/yr from a total area of 3.32 × 106 km2, and the northern shelf is a sink (1.69 ± 0.53 Tg C/yr). The area-integrated CO2 efflux over the entire SCS may decrease with a rate of 0.34 Tg C/yr during 2003–2019. This high-accuracy dataset with 1 km resolution provides a refined understanding of the air-sea CO2 exchange dynamics in the SCS during 2003–2019.

Topic: Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
CANDID: Dynamic Candidate Evaluations for Automatic Prevention of SQL Injection Attacks

SQL injection attacks are one of the top-most threats for applications written for the Web. These attacks are launched through specially crafted user inputs, on Web applications that use low-level string operations to construct SQL queries. In this work, we exhibit a novel and powerful scheme for automatically transforming Web applications to render them safe against all SQL injection attacks. A characteristic diagnostic feature of SQL injection attacks is that they change the intended structure of queries issued. Our technique for detecting SQL injection is to dynamically mine the programmer-intended query structure on any input, and detect attacks by comparing it against the structure of the actual query issued. We propose a simple and novel mechanism, called CANDID, for mining programmer intended queries by dynamically evaluating runs over benign candidate inputs. This mechanism is theoretically well founded and is based on inferring intended queries by considering the symbolic query computed on a program run. Our approach has been implemented in a tool called CANDID that retrofits Web applications written in Java to defend them against SQL injection attacks. We have also implemented CANDID by modifying a Java Virtual Machine, which safeguards applications without requiring retrofitting. We report extensive experimental results that show that our approach performs remarkably well in practice.

Topic: Web Application Security Vulnerabilities
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supervised Learning of Human Welder Behaviors for Intelligent Robotic Welding

Current industrial welding robots are mostly articulated arms with a pre-programmed set of movement, which lack the intelligence skilled human welders possess. In this paper, human welder's response against 3-D weld pool surface is learned and transferred to the welding robots to perform automated welding tasks. To this end, an innovative teleoperated virtualized welding platform is utilized to conduct dynamic training experiments by a human welder whose arm movements together with the 3-D weld pool characteristic parameters are recorded. The data is off-line rated by the welder and a fuzzy classifier is trained, using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), to automate the rating. Data from the training experiments are then automatically classified such that top rated data pairs are selected to model and extract “good response” minimizing the effect from “bad operation” made during the training. A supervised ANFIS model is then proposed to correlate the 3-D weld pool characteristic parameters and welder's adjustment on the welding speed. The obtained model is then transferred to the welding robot to perform automated welding task as an intelligent controller. Experiment results verified that the proposed model is able to control the process under different welding current as well as under disturbances in speed and measurement. A foundation is thus established to selectively learn “good response” to rapidly extract human intelligence to transfer into welding robots.

Topic: Robot Manipulation and Learning
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of Physical Activities Training and Massages on the Physical Fitness of Elderly People

Study purpose. The study aimed to investigate the effect of physical activities and massages on the physical fitness of elderly people.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The participants were 32 females aged 62–75 who were willing to participate in the study. They were selected through a systematic random sampling. The participants were divided into two groups: the experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed physical activities such as Qi Gong and Ruesi Dadton (RSD), and received a massage for 90 minutes a day, 3 days a week, for a period of 8 weeks. The control group did not perform the physical activities in question. Quantitative data were gathered by measuring the elderly people’s body potential such as balance, strength of the leg and arm muscles, flexibility, flexibility of the shoulders, cardiovascular and respiratory endurance before and after training in the fourth and eighth weeks. Qualitative data were collected by means of a semi-structured interview.&#x0D; Results. The study found that following the training in the fourth and eighth weeks, the experimental group had a better mean of body balance, muscular strength in arms and legs, flexibility in shoulders, cardiovascular and respiratory endurance than before training and the control group at a statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusions. As regards the benefits to the physical fitness, it was found that the subjects had a better body balance, strength and endurance, better mental health, and more socialization.

Topic: Health and Wellbeing Research
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Serum Vitamin D Level and it’s Clinical Correlation with Rheumatological Diseases

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is a worldwide problem including Bangladesh. It is common in Rheumatological diseases.&#x0D; Objectives: To find outthe clinical correlation of serum Vitamin D level with Rheumatological diseases.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based case control study. It was conducted in Rheumatology department of Combined Military Hospital Dhaka. Total 100 patients having Rheumatological diseases and 100 age and sex matched healthy control were included in the study. Data were collected from face to face interview, clinical examination and relevant investigation reports and processed with SPSS version 20 and obtained in tables and charts.&#x0D; Results: Among 100 study patients’Osteoarthritis (OA) were 24(24.0%), Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 20(20.0%), SLE 16(16.0%), Osteoporosis 16(16.0%), Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) 10(10.0%), Chikungunya arthritis (CS) 4(4.0%)and other arthritis 10(10.0%). Among patients group 84(84.0%) had vitamin D deficiency/ insufficiency, of whom OA were 20(23.80%), RA 16(19.04%), SLE 16(19.04%), osteoporosis 14 (16.66%),AS 8(9.52%), CS 2(2.38%) and other arthritis 8(9.52%).Abnormal vitamin D level were in SLE 16(100.0%), osteoporosis 14(87.50%), OA20(83.33%), RA(80.0%), AS 8(80.0%), CS 2(50.0%), and other arthritis 8(80.0%).In study patients, 60 had adequate sun exposure of whom 48(72.07%) had low serum vitamin D level and 40 had inadequate sun exposure of whom 36 (90.0%) had low vitamin D level that reflects sunlight exposure affects vitamin D status.Abnormal serum vitamin D level was more common in Rheumatological diseased patients than healthy group (p &lt;0.01).&#x0D; Conclusion: Abnormal vitamin D level were more in Rheumatological diseases than healthy control group that was statistically significant; it was also affected by lifestyle of patients.&#x0D; Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.14 (2) 2018: 101-105

Topic: Vitamin D Research Studies
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Impairs Neurogenic and Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation of Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle: Improvement With Chronic Oral Administration of L-Arginine

No AccessJournal of UrologyUrological Survey: Male and Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction; Andrology1 Nov 2005Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Impairs Neurogenic and Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation of Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle: Improvement With Chronic Oral Administration of L-Arginine Allen SeftelM.D. Allen SeftelAllen Seftel More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)68851-7AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Impairs Neurogenic and Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation of Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle: Improvement With Chronic Oral Administration of L-Arginine." The Journal of Urology, 174(5), p. 1941 © 2005 by American Urological Association, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 174Issue 5November 2005Page: 1941 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2005 by American Urological Association, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Allen Seftel More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Topic: Urinary Bladder and Prostate Research
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On- and off-diagonal heat kernel behaviors on certain infinite dimensional local Dirichlet spaces

This paper studies on-diagonal and off-diagonal bounds for symmetric diffusion semi-groups that admit a continuous kernel, in the case where the underlying space is typically infinite dimensional. For invariant diffusions on the infinite dimensional torus, the equivalence between a certain on-diagonal estimate and a certain off-diagonal behavior is proved. This gives a necessary and sufficient condition, in terms of the associated infinite symmetric matrix, for an elliptic Harnack inequality to be satisfied. As a consequence, elliptic and parabolic Harnack inequalities are in fact equivalent properties in this setting. In terms of potential theory, this gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the associated harmonic sheaf to be a Brelot harmonic sheaf. A new distance associated to certain Dirichlet spaces is also introduced. It plays a crucial role in relating on-diagonal behavior to off-diagonal behavior in cases where the intrinsic distance is infinite almost everywhere.

Topic: Geometric Analysis and Curvature Flows
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
What, if anything, is a caesura? The ontology of the ‘pause’ in English heroic verse

The term ‘caesura’ (or ‘pause’) has featured in discussion of English iambic pentameter for four centuries, and yet it still lacks what the Latin hexameter or the French alexandrine have: a definition of the term that might be usefully applied in stylistic description. Despite the temptation to dismiss it as a prosodic chimera or a mere epiphenomenon of syntax, this article will investigate a rough consensus that emerged amongst 18th-century theorists and practitioners about the bisecting caesura as both a normative element of versification and an aesthetic instrument, and attempt to formalize that consensus into a taxonomy based on linguistic features that will allow the caesura to function as a feature of stylistic description and analysis, not just for the heroic couplet but for the pentameter more generally, in terms of three independent and objectively definable properties that I term ‘balance’, ‘juncture’ and ‘integration’.

Topic: Medieval Literature and History
Subfield: Classics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Preparation and Investigation of SiO&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt;/TiO&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt; Antireflective Coatings with Self-cleaning and Scratch-resistant Properties

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和钛酸正丁酯(TBOT)为原料, 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了SiO 2 溶胶和TiO 2 溶胶, 利用浸渍提拉法制备了SiO 2 /TiO 2 双层减反膜. 用紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、椭圆偏振光谱仪和接触角测量仪等分析表征了薄膜的特性, 以光催化降解甲基橙溶液实验来评价薄膜的自洁功能, 考察了SiO 2 /TiO 2 双层减反膜的耐磨擦性. 结果表明, SiO 2 /TiO 2 双层减反膜在400~800nm可见光波段的透光率最高可达97.2%, 薄膜表面平整, 结构致密且粗糙度小, 经紫外灯照射后薄膜的水接触角接近0°, 光催化2h后可将5mg/L的甲基橙溶液降解43.6%. SiO 2 /TiO 2 减反膜还具有优良的耐磨擦性能.

Topic: TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells
Subfield: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Brain tumor as a cause of false thrombosis of internal carotid artery.

The authors present an unusual case of a 59-year-old woman suffering from a brain glioma, which gave the false angiographic picture of the internal carotid artery thrombosis in the neck. The possible mechanisms that might have come into play were discussed basing on the literature.

Topic: Cerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences