jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children

Considerable evidence has accrued that cardiovascular disease (CVD) has its beginnings during childhood, with some reports of endothelial damage occurring in early adolescence. Thus, early prevention and intervention on developing cardiometabolic risk factors is important. Presently, diet and exercise are strategic parts of any CVD prevention or treatment program. Although diet is important, the effects of exercise training or regular moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity go beyond simply modifying the traditional risk factors. For children, the majority of studies show that regular physical activity can lower elevated blood pressure, positively influence lipid profiles, reduce inflammation, and improve vascular functioning. These changes are most evident in children who exercise and lose weight. Despite these potential benefits of physical activity, not all studies on children have found positive effects of habitual physical activity on CVD risk factors. Reasons for these differences are discussed throughout this review. The literature also suggests that habitual physical activity, although meeting guidelines, may not be sufficient for all individuals to bring about changes; thus, to be an effective modality physical activity needs to increase beyond habitual levels or be of a moderate to vigorous intensity. This review provides recent evidence (since 2008) regarding the influence of physical activity on the cardiometabolic risk factors in children.

Topic: Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
From idioms to sentence structures and beyond

The paper will explore the theoretical scope of the concept “construction”, as envisaged in Constructional approaches to grammar. Starting from the Role and Reference Grammar notion of Constructions, as represented in “Constructional Schemas”, it will be argued that Constructional Schemas as representations of linguistic knowledge can be used not only for language specific constructions, but for the wide range of argument structure and sentence structure constructions as well. This will be exemplified by extensive discussions of two well known German construction types, which are the bekommen-passive, a passive three-place argument structure construction, and the bracket structure, which is a sentence structure pattern that forms the basis of many syntactic phenomena in German. It will be argued that the Construction in this sense is to be treated as a “grammatical object”, whose use is systematically constrained by context factors and also by lexical-semantic factors. The Constructional Schemas give an extensive representation of the constructions by providing the constraints of their use, the constraints for their recognition in a stream of speech or writing, their syntax, their semantics, morphology and pragmatics. The model of constructional schemas caters for real-time processing in a workspace. The notion of constructional knowledge for the processing of linguistic utterances is then taken a step further and expanded to include constructions whose use and functionality is not mainly based on grammatical knowledge, but rather on cultural knowledge. Some “idioms” do not “work” on their own, but require a very subtle mix of culturally acquired background knowledge and situational factors, and their use is deeply embedded in basic behavioural patterns in a society of speakers. I will introduce three speech act constructions, which do not exhibit the form-function correlation that is generally described for the linguistic realisation of illocutionary force, and explain their pragmatic effects by adhering to Dawkin’s notion of the cultural unit “meme” and Wittgenstein’s idea of “life form”.

Topic: Linguistic research and analysis
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Prognosis for patients newly admitted to hospital with heart failure: survival trends in 12 220 index admissions in Leicestershire 1993–2001

Objective: To examine rates of, prognosis following, and the influences on first hospital admission with heart failure in Leicestershire during 1993–2001. Design: Historical cohort study using record linked discharge and mortality data. Setting: Leicestershire, England. Patients: 12 220 individual patients newly hospitalised with heart failure between 1 April 1993 and 31 March 2001. Main outcome measures: 30 day and one year survival, temporal trends in survival, and the influence on prognosis of age, sex, comorbidity, social deprivation, and year of hospital admission. Methods and results: Between 1993/94 and 2000/01, rates of first hospitalisation increased by 62%, from 29 to 47/10 000 population, confined largely to those aged &gt; 65 years. Rates did not increase after 1998. Median age at presentation increased from 74 years in 1993/94 to 77 years in 2000/01 for men but was unchanged (80 years) for women. Overall one and five year survival was 57% and 27%, respectively. There was a 43–45% increase in risk of death for each decade of age at admission and a 14–17% increase associated with male sex. There was a clear influence on outcome of comorbidity but no influence of social deprivation score. Both one month and one year survival were lower for patients whose first heart failure admission was concomitant with acute myocardial infarction. Between 1993/94 and 2000/01 postdischarge cardiovascular survival improved by 50% (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Rates of first hospital admission with heart failure reached a plateau in the late 1990s. Case fatality rates remain high and prognosis poor, in particular for those of increasing age, for men, and for patients with concomitant acute myocardial infarction. However, clear trends to improved survival were seen over this time.

Topic: Heart Failure Treatment and Management
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An 87-Year-Old Woman With Unilateral Pulmonary Edema

Acute pulmonary edema resulting from a rapidly expanded collapsed lung is termed reexpansion pulmonary edema (RPE). The onset of RPE can occur within less than 1 hour after the removal of air or fluid. Management strategies include oxygen supplementation, diuresis if hemodynamically stable, and

Topic: Pleural and Pulmonary Diseases
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Design of Readout Electronics for Dose Monitoring Detectors in Hadrontherapy

Proton and ion beam therapy are rapidly gaining importance for tumor treatments. The intrinsic capability to deposit energy in highly localized regions of the tissues implies the need to monitor the Bragg peak position to reduce safety margins in treatment planning. This can be achieved by measuring secondary radiation emitted during the interaction of hadrons within the target. Detection of prompt-gamma rays is a promising monitoring technique as it provides an almost instantaneous signal after the beam interaction with the tissue. Challenges in terms of detection efficiency, background reduction, compactness and ease of use of the developed prototype, impose the development of a specific detector for this kind of measurements. Detectors based on LYSO scintillator arrays readout by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), front-end ASICs specifically designed to deal with the large current signals expected at high energies, and a FPGA-based DAQ that will allow a real-time measurement, for each event, of the hit position, of the energy deposited in the pixel and of the time of occurrence, are under development. In this work, we focus specifically on the design of the readout electronics for such detection systems, as these are quite specific for this kind of applications, with respect to traditional nuclear medicine detectors, especially in terms of high dynamic range.

Topic: Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Resistance to protease inhibitors

HIV-1 produces most of its viral proteins as large precursor proteins (Figure 1), including the Gag and the GagPol precursor proteins. The Gag precursor encodes the structural proteins of the virus, whereas GagPol encodes the three viral enzymes protease, reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase. HIV-1 protease is responsible for the cleavage of these two precursor proteins at a number of different cleavage sites in a defined order, which results in the formation of mature infectious virus particles [–3]. The HIV-1 protease enzyme is a homodimeric enzyme comprising two identical symmetrical subunits of 99 amino acids (Figure 2a). In the middle of the enzyme, there is a cavity that forms the substrate-binding cleft and the active site of the enzyme lies at the bottom of the cleft. The top of the cleft is covered by two mobile flaps, which allow the substrate to enter or leave the cleft.

Topic: HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Iron deficiency anemia of pregnant women: prevention and treatment

<b>Iron deficiency anemia of pregnant women: prevention and treatment</b><br> Dobrokhotova Yu.E., Bakhareva I.V.<br> <br> Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow<br> <br> Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common diseases in the world. In more than 90% of cases of anemia in pregnant women it is the iron deficiency anemia, while the frequency of IDA detection depends on the level of social and economic development of the region. The article describes in detail the stages of development of iron deficiency, the effect of anemia on fetal development, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of IDA in pregnant women. Treatment is considered both from the point of view of the diet therapy, and the appointment of drug treatment. Pathogenetic methods of IDA treatment are ferrotherapy (oral and intravenous), erythropoiesis stimulating drugs in combination with ferrotherapy and blood transfusion. The main drugs for anemia treatment and the replacement of iron reserves are oral iron preparations. Various groups of iron preparations are considered and compared, including the iron (III) containing drug succinylate protein (Ferlatum). High therapeutic efficacy of Ferlatum / Ferlatum Fol and its good tolerability with minimal side effects makes it possible to recommend it as a drug of choice for the prevention of anemia, treatment of latent iron deficiency and IDA during pregnancy.<br> <br> <b>Key words:</b> iron deficiency, iron-deficiency anemia, pregnancy, iron preparations, iron (III) protein succinylate, Ferlatum, Ferlatum Fol.<br> <b>For citation:</b> Dobrokhotova Yu.E., Bakhareva I.V. Iron deficiency anemia of pregnant women: prevention and treatment //&nbsp;<br> RMJ. 2018. № 2(I). P.59 –64.<br>

Topic: Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effects of hypokalemia on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 pneumonia

Purpose: We investigated the effects of hypokalemia on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 pneumonia.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: In this single-center retrospective study, we recorded characteristics of hospitalized covid-19 pneumonia patients and laboratory test results on the first hospital day. Duration of hospitalization, requiring intensive care including mechanical ventilation and survival, were determined.&#x0D; Results: Our study included 185 patients and of them 111 male (60% male) patients with mean age of 64 ± 14.5 (23-90). Patients were grouped as hypokalemic (16.8%) and normokalemic patients (83.2%). The number of diabetic patients was higher in the normokalemic group. Serum total protein and albumin levels were lower in hypokalemic group, while alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, blood pH and bicarbonate level were higher. In multiple logistic regression analyses, alkalosis increased risk of hypokalemia 5.73 times. Duration of hospitalization, requirement of intensive care and hospital mortality were similar in hypokalemia and normokalemia patients. &#x0D; Conclusion: In patients with Covid-19 pneumonia, hypokalemia has been found to be quite common as high as 16.8% at the first presentation. Hypokalemia was related to metabolic alkalosis but unrelated to the duration of hospitalization, requirement of intensive care including mechanical ventilation and hospital mortality.

Topic: Potassium and Related Disorders
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Muscle cellularity in relation to somatic growth in the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.)

Sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), juveniles (1.32 g) grew at a rate of 4.2% per day, when fish were fed ad libitum and reared at optimal thermal conditions (ambient sea water temperature, 20-26°C). At 13°C, feeding and spontaneous activity were severely restricted and somatic growth was reduced to 0.6% per day. Over a period of 6 weeks, both muscle fibre hyperplasia and nuclear division were higher in the ambient-temperature group compared with the fish reared at 13°C. Despite the differences in growth rate and spontaneous activity, muscle fibre hyperplasia was paralleled by nuclear division in the lateral axial muscle in both temperature groups and the number of nuclei per myofibre did not differ significantly between the two temperature groups. It is concluded that at optimal thermal and feeding conditions, somatic growth of sea bass juveniles is mediated through an increase in the number of nuclei and muscle fibres.

Topic: Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Oral Health Self-Management Ability and Its Influencing Factors among Adolescents with Fixed Orthodontics in China: A Mixed Methods Study

Objective. To understand the oral health self-management ability status and influencing factors among adolescent patients with fixed orthodontics in Nanjing and to provide a reference for formulating targeted intervention measures. Methods. A mixed research method was used. First, the convenience sampling method was used to select adolescent patients with fixed orthodontics admitted to the orthodontic department of a dental hospital in Nanjing from November 2021 to March 2022. The oral health self-management ability questionnaire was used for the investigation; then, 15 children with poor oral health management ability were selected for in-depth interviews. Results. The total score of oral health self-management ability of 290 adolescent children with fixed orthodontics was 45.6-90.8 points, with an average score of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <mn>69.63</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>7.40</mn> </math> of which knowledge, belief, and behavior dimension scores were <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <mn>72.09</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>10.47</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>68.50</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>10.13</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mtext>and</mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>67.63</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>8.67</mn> </math> , respectively, and the environmental score was <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <mn>69.91</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>12.50</mn> </math> . Multiple regression analysis showed that sex, age, bracket wearing time, grade, and place of residence were related to the scores of each dimension of self-management. Qualitative research shows that the main reasons for the poor oral health self-management ability of adolescents with fixed orthodontics are the lack of awareness during fixed orthodontics, lack of knowledge channels, low compliance, inability to solve oral problems during treatment, difficulty in adhering to oral care behaviors, and lack of motivation to treat. Conclusion. The oral health self-management ability of adolescent children with fixed orthodontics needs improvement, and a precise health intervention plan should be formulated.

Topic: Dental Health and Care Utilization
Subfield: Periodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
On units in orders in 2-by-2 matrices over quaternion algebras with rational center

We generalize an algorithm established in earlier work [21] to compute finitely many generators for a subgroup of finite index of an arithmetic group acting properly discontinuously on hyperbolic space of dimension 2 and 3, to hyperbolic space of higher dimensions using Clifford algebras. We hence get an algorithm which gives a finite set of generators of finite index subgroups of a discrete subgroup of Vahlen’s group, i.e. a group of 2-by-2 matrices with entries in the Clifford algebra satisfying certain conditions. The motivation comes from units in integral group rings and this new algorithm allows to handle unit groups of orders in 2-by-2 matrices over rational quaternion algebras. The rings investigated are part of the so-called exceptional components of a rational group algebra.

Topic: Advanced Topics in Algebra
Subfield: Algebra and Number Theory
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Coincidence of myotonic dystrophy and Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)

our patient sustained two respiratory arrests related to the use of narcotics.Therefore, avoidance of hypnotics and narcotics in this group of patients is strongly recommended.Recognition of the fact that adult-onset nemaline myopathy may present with pul- monary symptoms due to diaphragmatic paralysis rather than muscle weakness is of utmost importance to the clinician, since these patients, otherwise, might be subjected to unnecessary and often invasive investigations or inappropriate therapy.

Topic: Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
On Asymptotic Hamiltonian for SU(N) Matrix Theory

We compute the leading contribution to the effective Hamiltonian of SU(N) matrix theory in the limit of large separation. We work with a gauge fixed Hamiltonian and use generalized Born-Oppenheimer approximation, extending the recent work of Halpern and Schwartz for SU(2). The answer turns out to be a free Hamiltonian for the coordinates along the flat directions of the potential. Applications to finding ground state candidates and calculation of the correction (surface) term to Witten index are discussed.

Topic: Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
VEGF System in Dog’s Thymus—Temporal Expression

Given the importance of the thymus to the immune system and the limited knowledge about its development and involution processes, this study evaluated the expression of the vascular endo-thelial growth factor, a key angiogenic factor for the formation of vascular tissue bed and modulation of functions related to cell proliferation and migration, hormone synthesis, and immunomodulation. In this study, thymus samples of dog fetuses (30, 40, 50 and 60 days old), and young (180 days old) and adult (365 days old) dogs were submitted to real-time PCR and Western blot. Time-dependent changes were observed for proteins and genes associated with the development of the vascular system, such as VEGF-A, VEGF-C, Flt-1, KDR, FLT-4, and EG-VEGF. This result demonstrates that these system components play different roles during development and involution of the thymus. Possible functions, such as the modulatory effect on vasculogenesis and microenvironment, influence the proliferation and differentiation of thymocytes, T cells maturation, cell-cell interaction and hormone secretion.

Topic: Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Modal Development: Input-Divergent L1 Acquisition in the Direction of Diachronic Reanalysis

This thesis explores the proposed causal link between child language development and language change from the language acquisition perspective. While theorists have argued for a causal link between acquisition and change for over a century (Meillet, 1912; Paul, 1920; i.a.), but little research has investigated whether this proposal makes sense for child language (c.f. Baron, 1977; van Gelderen, 2011: 21-26; Cournane, 2014). I investigate whether child input-divergent patterns (i.e., analyses which diverge away rather than converge towards the adult target) are compatible with innovations we see in the historical record. \nI present a series of naturalistic and experimental studies focusing on modal expressions (e.g., must, can, have to, be going to) in English development. Modal expressions develop diachronically in a unidirectional manner: (a) syntactically, from verbs to functional verbs to INFL-elements (Roberts, 1985; i.a.), and (b) semantically, from root meanings (e.g., ability, obligation), to epistemic meanings (e.g., inference) (Traugott, 1989; i.a.). The studies in this thesis first propose what would need to be true of child language in order for child input-divergence to be the source of historical innovations, and second, test whether these input-divergent patterns indeed occur in child development. \nThe corpus studies on naturalistic modal development provide evidence for syntactic re-categorization biases (i.e., for treatment of expressions which belong to lower categories like v in the input, as higher categories, like INFL, in the child grammar). These studies also show that the delayed onset of epistemic modal uses relative to root modal uses is best explained by grammatical development, not conceptual development (Papafragou, 1998; i.a.). The experimental studies provide evidence that preschool age children increasingly attribute epistemic-type interpretations to polysemous modal constructions, regardless of the presence or absence of meaning-determining aspect cues which adult speakers rely on (Condoravdi, 2002; Hacquard, 2006). Children appear to show U-shaped development for modal meaning and the direction of non adult-like meaning attributions is compatible with the diachronic root &gt; epistemic trajectory. \nTaken together, the studies in this thesis show that children have persistent input-divergent developmental biases in both the syntactic and semantic development of their modal expressions. Both developmental patterns are consistent with the view that there are grammar internal biases in development towards treating modal expressions as increasingly abstract and functional (higher scope, higher in the tree), the same directionality observed in historical development (von Fintel, 1995; Roberts Roussou, 2003; i.a.).

Topic: Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Numerical Simulation for Influence of Surface Area/Volume Ratio and Inlet Gas Pressure on Pyrolytic Carbon Texture

Based on the model of pyrolytic carbon matrix texture formation and transformation in CVI for densification of carbon/carbon composites, a new model was constructed to describe the surface of pyrolytic carbon deposited in a honeycomb structure pores.This new model is related with structure characteristics of graphite microchip.The Monte Carlo method is applied to simulate the pyrocarbon deposition kinetics and to analyze the influence of surface area/volume (A S /V R ) and gas pressure on the texture of pyrocarbon in the process of isothermal-isobaric chemical vapor infiltration (ICVI).According to the numerical simulation results, under certain conditions of pressure, various textured carbon were obtained by controlling A S /V R in CVI process.Between two critical values (1.45 mm -1 and 8.9 mm -1 near the inlet, 0.3 mm -1 near the outlet) of A S /V R , the high-textured carbon can be

Topic: Graphite, nuclear technology, radiation studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences