jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Arranged Marriages: Relationships Between Regular and Irregular Forces, During the Early American Revolutionary War in Monmouth County, New Jersey

This monograph seeks to answer the question of how the relationship between regular and irregular military forces influenced operations in New Jersey during the winter of 1776-77. Much like an arranged marriage, regular and irregular forces can make the best of the situation and make it work, or hold onto preconceived notions and let the relationship fail. Despite occasional innovations by British commanders in combining regular and irregular forces against the rebels, the marriage ultimately failed. In contrast, the rebels found a way to make the arrangement work. This monograph begins with a discussion of irregular units as a topic in academic and popular literature. The winning rebel side presented the Continental Army and the rebel militia as the force that gained independence, while the existence of loyalist units was intentionally ignored. Next, it focuses on the colonial wars to provide background and context, specifically, King George’s War, 1744-1748, and the French and Indian War, 1754-1763. The interaction between colonists and the British Army during these conflicts established the foundation for relationships during the American Revolutionary War. Then key information about New Jersey and Monmouth County is presented to set the stage for the two case study units, the 1st Battalion, New Jersey Volunteers (loyalist) and the Monmouth County Militia (rebel). These units provide a glimpse into how irregular units were employed and how personal relationships and policies affected operations. Finally, it concludes with a few insights to consider when approaching future relationships. The difficulty and necessity of building positive working relationships between coalition partners remains a challenge for militaries to this day, and is reflected in United States Army and Joint doctrine, such as ADRP 6-0 Mission Command, as a priority for commanders at all levels of war. While relationships existed between British and colonial Provincial units prior to the Revolutionary War, the relationships were not maintained or made official, and thus ceased to be effective after the termination of those conflicts. The experiences of the British Army during the winter of 1776-1777 show there is a need to coordinate and build a positive working relationship with irregular forces. That some sort of relationship between regular and irregular forces exists is a recurring theme in military operations globally. Irregular forces are a component of conflict and bring inherent limitations and advantages. The side that interacts most effectively will benefit, while the side that fails to utilize these forces may experience challenges guiding the situation towards a favorable outcome.

Topic: American Constitutional Law and Politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Specifying Regulatory Aspects for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Haptic Technologies in Healthcare Domain

With the emergence of AI-powered diagnostics and robotic-assisted surgeries, regulations have to consider data privacy, algorithm transparency, and bias screening. Standards to guide their accuracy, patient interaction, and device interoperability need to be established for Haptic Technologies, which are already being utilized in Telemedicine and rehabilitation-based fields of medicine. Policymakers at a government and international agencies like the FDA and EMA articulate the balance between innovation and risk management. These include evolving AI models, disparate regulatory frameworks between nations and jurisdiction and accountability in AI-assisted decision-making. Robust guidelines build public trust and increase adoption, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Regulatory frameworks of tomorrow must prioritize adaptive regulatory sandboxes so that AI and haptics can stay ahead of the technological learning curve in the healthcare space while continuing to provide safe and effective therapy.

Topic: Healthcare Systems and Public Health
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
1. African American Soldiers and the Origins of Korean Transnational Adoption

African American soldiers took part in the child-centered humanitarian efforts that developed during the Korean War. The efforts that all soldiers made to provide food, clothing, shelter, and educations for Korean children displaced or orphaned by the war received considerable political and media attention. The black press mobilized the stories of black soldiers caring for Korean children to advance the fight for African Americans’ civil rights in the military and throughout US society. However, African American soldiers’ social and sexual relationships with Korean women revealed the ways that many black men exploited vulnerable women in war-torn countries. The children born as a result of these relationships faced punishing exclusions and ostracism because of US and Korean race and gender hierarchies that restricted the legal and social status of black men and the Korean women who associated with soldiers. These ideas would influence the development of Korean transnational adoption and African Americans’ participation in this method of family formation.

Topic: Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Blinking Crystallinity of Europa: A Competition between Irradiation and Thermal Alteration

The surface of Europa experiences a competition between thermally-induced crystallization and radiation-induced amorphization processes, leading to changes of its crystalline structure. The non-linear crystallization and temperature-dependent amorphization rate, incorporating ions, electrons and UV doses, are integrated into our multiphysics surface model (MSM) LunaIcy, enabling simulations of these coupled processes on icy moons. Thirty simulations spanning 100 000 years, covering the full ranges of albedo and latitude values on Europa, explore the competition between crystallization and irradiation. This is the first modeling of depth-dependent crystallinity profiles on icy moons. The results of our simulations are coherent with existing spectroscopic studies of Europa, both methods showing a primarily amorphous phase at the surface, followed by a crystalline phase after the first millimeter depth. Our method provides quantitative insights into how various parameters found on Europa can influence the subsurface crystallinity profiles. Interpolating upon our simulations, we have generated a crystallinity map of Europa showing, within the top millimeter, highly crystalline ice near the equator, amorphous ice at the poles, and a mix of the two at mid-latitudes. Regions/depths with balanced competition between crystallization and amorphization rates are of high interest due to their periodic fluctuations in crystalline fraction. Our interpolated map reveals periodic variations, with seasonal amplitudes reaching up to 35% of crystalline fraction. These variations could be detected through spectroscopy, and we propose a plan to observe them in forthcoming missions.

Topic: Astro and Planetary Science
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
A bio-inspired model for color image segmentation

To segment an object from its background image for advanced vision processing, this article presents a novel bio-inspired framework for image segmentation in complex nature scenes, which is a hierarchical system that mimics the organization of layered early visual area in primate visual cortex. The proposed methodology consists of two typical stages: the first stage is a parallel modular structure including three segmenting operators based on color feature, form feature and texture feature, each of which solves the segmentation problem independently for the same input. They implement the similar computing as the parvocellular (P-cell), the magnocellular (M-cell) and koniocellular (K-cell) pathway in lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) from the retina to the primary visual cortex. Then, a fusion operation, multiple feature fusion segmentation (MFFS), integrates these three feature segmentations together through the backpropagation neuron network (BPNN) in the last stage, which simulates the operation of area following the LGN in primary visual cortex. The proposed approach is applied to several segmentation experiments of many single objects in clustering conditions, the result shows that the approach is capable of competing with state-of-the-art systems.

Topic: Neural dynamics and brain function
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE AND ITS RELATION WITH SUSTAINABLE CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN INDONESIA

The immediate accumulation observation for the surrounding usually used in developing the architectural design. In vernacular architecture, the design passed from one generation to the other even without designer and academic method. Vice versa, the contemporary architecture nowadays is barely care about the relationship of the building and its surrounding nature. This research will try to look at this phenomenon and emphasizing the prominent role of climate on the design development of vernacular architecture and how it is impact thecontemporarly architecture in Indonesia. In addition, it will further discuss how the climate is having a close relation with the building physical performance in order to reach an energy efficiency. Architect should harmonize the building with its surrounding nature. They should consider more prominent elements in tropical-humid building, ie air temperature, wind, sun radiation and humidity itself. This paper consists of three main parts. First part consists of introduction about the climate in Indonesia. Indonesia known to be located in the tropical and humid region. Following that, the second part explains the basic characteristic of vernacular architecture in Indonesia from literatures and precedents. Lastly, the third section describes several case studies in which reflects the relation between vernacular architecture in its relationship with contemporary architecture. Through this paper, expectantly people can see that to solve the climate problem, architecture explorations are really needed as those affect the energy efficiency and construction cost in the building. Keywords: vernacular architecture, energy effiecieny, contemporary architecture, sustainable architecture.

Topic: Architectural and Urban Studies
Subfield: Conservation
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized γ‐Lactones via a Three‐Component Cascade Reaction Catalyzed by Consecutive N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Systems.

Abstract The first NHC‐catalyzed [3+2] annulation of α,β‐unsaturated acylazoliums with 1,2‐bisnucleophiles is described which proceeds efficiently starting from aryl aldehydes, but is not applicable to the transformation of alkyl aldehydes.

Topic: N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and associated neurocognitive and executive dysfunctions].

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is a benign disorder with a good response to antiepileptic drugs. Neuropsychological evaluations revealed mild cognitive deficits. The objective of this study is to determine the cognitive profile and mood symptoms in JME compared to normal controls. 30 patients with JME and 29 controls matched for age, gender, and education level were prospectively evaluated. The clinical characteristics were analysed. They were given a complete cognitive battery, a self-administered questionnaire of executive difficulties (DEX), the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and suicide risk scale (MINI). No significant differences in age and education were observed between JME and controls. Average time of evolution of the disease 18 years, 53% have three types of seizures: myoclonic, absence seizures and tonic-clonic seizures. Significant differences were found with greater failures in attention, executive function, a significantly higher score values in DEX in JME subjects. A higher score was found in the NDDI-E; BDI and GAD-7. No differences were found in the risk of suicide with respect to controls. The study confirms that JME presents greater failures in attentional functioning and executive skills related to flexibility and inhibition, with patients being aware of their difficulties in most cases. Knowing these difficulties would allow a better therapeutic approach to improve symptoms usually dismissed.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Perencanaan Strategis Sistem Informasi dengan Menggunakan Metode Ward and Peppard pada Swalayan

Abstract–Rapid technological developments require companies to move dynamically following the flow of technological changes, one of the things that can be done is to use information systems to support company operations. Harum Swalayan is one of the supermarkets that already uses information systems but there are still several divisions that have not implemented information systems. Data collection in this study used interviews and observations to determine the business environment and the company's information system environment. The method used in this study was Ward and Peppard with SWOT analysis, Value Chain analysis, Five Forces porter, and Mcfarlan's Strategic Grid. This research produces recommendations in the form of warehouse information system applications, vehicle parking security systems, and cashier information systems. Employee absenteeism system, and financial information system, which are priorities according to the McFarlan Strategic Grid mapping, and can be implemented within the next 3 years.

Topic: Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Intercensal urban Indian female participation rates and their variations 1961-1971: a census analysis

Changes in Indias urban female labor force participation rates between 1961-71 at the national and state level were examined using 1961 and 1971 census data. The age categories used in the 2 censuses differed and the data were regrouped before comparisons were made. A standardization method was used to examine the effect of the age distribution of the population on the age specific participation rates. The analysis revealed that urban women were underrepresented in Indias labor force. Although 19.08% of Indias female population lived in urban areas in 1971 only 10.65% of the female labor was urban. Between 1961-71 urban female labor force participation rate for the nation declined from 11.09-8.58% a 22.63% decline. A decline was observed in all states except Uttar Pradesh which experienced a 38.02% increase in the participation rate. The declines experienced in the other states ranged from 5.19% in Gujarat to 47.06% in Bihar. Only a small proportion of the observed decline was attributable to changes in the age structure of the population. Between 1961-71 at the national level the proportion of urban female workers engaged in agricultural work increased from 22.64%-23.92% while the proportion engaged in nonagricultural work declined from 77.36%-76.01%. All but 4 of the states experienced an increase in the proportion of urban female agricultural workers and 2 states (Bihar and Orisia) experienced increases of more than 90%. The decline in the urban female participation rate and the increase in the proportion of agricultural female workers during the 1960s is attributable to the serious economic problems experienced by India during those years. The drought of 1965-67 and the wars between 1962-65 diverted money away from development projects and the industrial recession of 1966-68 reduced employment opportunities for women.

Topic: Social and Economic Development in India
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Six years of monitoring annual changes in a freshwater marsh with SPOT HRV data

Fifteen dates of spring-time SPOT HRV data along with near-concurrent vertical aerial photographic and phenological data from spring 1987 through spring 1992 were analyzed to monitor annual changes in a 150-hectare, southeastern floodplain marsh. The marsh underwent rapid changes during the six years from a swamp dominated by non-persistent, thermally tolerant macrophytes to persistent macrophyte and shrub-scrub communities as reactor discharges declined to Pen Branch. Savannah River flooding was also important in the timing of the shift of these wetland communities. SPOT HRV data proved to be an efficient and effective method to monitor trends in these wetland community changes.

Topic: Species Distribution and Climate Change
Subfield: Ecological Modeling
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Exact Analytic Formula for Conductance Predicting a Tunable Sommerfeld–Arrhenius Thermal Transition within a Single‐Step Tunneling Mechanism in Molecular Junctions Subject to Mechanical Stretching

Abstract It is shown that the conductance G of molecular tunnel junctions wherein the charge transport is dominated by a single energy level can be expressed in closed analytic form which is exact and valid at arbitrary temperature T and model parameter values. On this basis, it is shown that the single‐step tunneling mechanism is compatible with a continuous thermal transition from a weakly T ‐dependent G at low T (Sommerfeld regime) to a nearly exponential ‐dependent G at high T (Arrhenius‐like regime). This Sommerfeld–Arrhenius transition can be observed in real molecular junctions and can be continuously tuned, for example, via mechanical stretching.

Topic: Molecular Junctions and Nanostructures
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The paradox of axions surviving primordial magnetic fields

In the presence of primordial magnetic fields the oscillating cosmic axion field drives an oscillating electric field. The ensuing dissipation of axions is found to be inversely proportional to the conductivity of the primordial plasma. This counterintuitive result is essentially equivalent to ``Zeno's paradox'' or the ``watched-pot effect'' of quantum mechanics. It implies that the standard predictions of the cosmic axion density remain unaltered even if primordial magnetic fields are strong.

Topic: Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Subfield: Gastroenterology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A case of nonsyndromic aplasia cutis congenita (Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta) in a large white Yorkshire piglet

Nonsyndromic Aplasia Cutis Congenita (Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta) are congenital, circumscribed hypoplastic defects of multiple or deeper skin layers in swine. A new born Large White Yorkshire female piglet was presented with glistening red, well-demarcated discontinuities in the skin on the frontal skull with no apparent bleeding which was managed by conservative treatment.

Topic: Skin and Cellular Biology Research
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Social status, inflation uncertainty and growth in a cash-in-advance economy

In a stochastic monetary model with the cash-in-advance constraint and the social-status concern, this paper studies the effects of inflation and inflation variability on growth. It is shown that the Tobin effect still holds under deterministic monetary growth. The effect of inflation on growth, however, is ambiguous under stochastic monetary growth: the effect is positive when an agent's desire for social status is relatively strong and negative when this desire is relatively weak. It is also found that inflation variability always stimulates growth.

Topic: Economic theories and models
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Can Patients with Diabetes Detect their own Eating Disorder? The Need for A Better Understanding of Eating Pathology in Diabetes

Some authors have suggested that patients with diabetes may hardly detect a comorbid eating disorders.Unfortunately, not doing so can negatively impact treatment and lead to several unwanted medical complications and psychological problems.Moreover, when a comorbid eating disorder in a patient with diabetes is not treated, it tends to be recurrent and persistent over time.This study aims to compare patient's own report of eating problems to a diagnosis established with the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire-6.A total of 624 patients with diabetes (type 1 diabetes=137; type 2 diabetes=487) participated to an online survey.The results provide support to the idea that people with diabetes may not adequately evaluate whether they have a comorbid ED or not.While many participants reported eating problems that did not meet an ED diagnosis, others thought they had no eating problems but their self-reported symptoms met the criteria for an ED diagnosis.People with type 2 diabetes were more likely to report eating problems when there was no ED diagnosis and people with type 1 diabetes were more at risk of denying eating problems when they presented symptoms associated with an ED.These results must be understood in light of the treatment particularities of each type of diabetes: weight management is strongly recommended in people with type 2 diabetes and monitoring of eating is considered essential for those with type 1 diabetes.These patients' difficulty to detect a comorbid ED should be taken seriously given that it may considerably impair their diabetes management.

Topic: Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
<i>Xystrocera globosa</i> . [Distribution map].

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Xystrocera globosa (Olivier) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae Two-lined albizia longhorn. Attacks Albizia odoratissima, A. lebbek, Acacia mollissima , cacao. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Aldabra, Egypt, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodriguez, Seychelles, Sudan, ASIA, Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanghai, Sichuan, Zhejiang, India, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Borneo, Java, Moluccas, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Timor, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Peninsular Malaysia, Nepal, Nicobar Islands, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudia Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam, CARIBBEAN ISLANDS, Puerto Rico, AUSTRALASIA, and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Northern Territory, Hawaii, Marquesas, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Society Islands.

Topic: Coleoptera: Cerambycidae studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
New ways in the treatment of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer

If until now the views of most authors still diverge on the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers, then there is complete unanimity in assessing the role of the nervous system in the development and course of gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers, stomach ulcers and duodenal ulcers have long ceased to be considered as local disease, it is a manifestation of a disease of the whole organism with the localization of the process in the stomach or duodenal ulcer, which finds its expression in the term peptic ulcer disease. This view, firmly established in medicine, on stomach and duodenal ulcers is impossible, of course, not consider when it comes to treating this suffering.

Topic: Helicobacter pylori-related gastroenterology studies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences