jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Multi-agent learning tournaments

In this thesis the methods used in previous multi-agent learning tournaments are compared. The goal of the comparison is to provide insight into why diﬀerent methods are used and the impact of small, but important, design choices, like normalizing rewards between games to avoid misinterpretation of the results. Additional attention is payed to the fairness of the methods. After the analysis a sample tournament is played to ensure the practical problems are encountered as well. Some of the settings do not have an optimal value, in these cases the options are described and we explain the criteria we used to make a choice.\n\nThe resulting methodology is used in a small tournament to show how it can be used. The tournament is run in a modular framework which is published along with this thesis. The framework contains a parameter tuner for the algorithms, something not seen in previous research. To gain insight into N-player games some of the algorithms used in this paper have been slightly modiﬁed, which led to a new version of Bully. The tournament is analyzed with a set of statistical analysis techniques and plots which are also published. The metrics give diﬀerent winners, and to our surprise Markov earned the highest average reward.

Topic: Machine Learning in Bioinformatics
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Table3_Expression Profiles of tRNA-Derived Small RNAs and Their Potential Roles in Primary Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.XLSX

&lt;p&gt;Introduction: tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs, are divided into two categories: tRNA-related fragments (tRFs) and tRNA halves (tiRNAs). Abnormal expression of tsRNAs has been found in diverse cancers, which indicates that further understanding of the function of tsRNAs will help identify new biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Until now, the underlying roles of tsRNAs in primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are still unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Methods: tRF and tiRNA sequencing was performed on four pairs of NPC tissues and healthy controls. Thirty pairs of NPC samples were used for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) verification, and the ROC analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency initially. Target prediction and bioinformatics analysis of validated tRFs and tiRNAs were conducted to explore the mechanisms of tsRNAs in NPC’s pathogenesis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Results: A total of 158 differentially expressed tRFs and tiRNAs were identified, of which 88 are upregulated and 70 are downregulated in NPC. Three validated tRFs in the results of qRT-PCR were consistent with the sequencing data: two upregulations (tRF-1:28-Val-CAC-2 and tRF-1:24-Ser-CGA-1-M3) and one downregulation (tRF-55:76-Arg-ACG-1-M2). The GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the potential target genes of validated tRFs are widely enriched in cancer pathways. The related modules may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of NPC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Conclusions: The tsRNAs may become a novel class of biological diagnostic indicators and possible targets for NPC.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: RNA modifications and cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Pseudo-color filter in two-dimensional imaging in dentistry].

Most digital systems that are currently used in two-dimensional imaging in dentistry provide opportunities for different image processing filters. One possible means of enhancing digital radiographic image is pseudocoloring (i.e., color conversion of gray-scale images). Recently, this method has become widely used in digital radiology. The human eye is more sensitive to differences in color than to differences in shades of gray. Theoretically, converting a gray scale intensity level of a digital image into colors could enhance the radiographic information. There have been some studies that applied pseudocoloring of digital radiographic images for the detection of caries and periodontal defects. However, thus far, this method failed to show a significantly improved ability for the detection of these lesions. Further investigations are necessary in order to develop specific algorithms that will increase the validity of pseudocoloring in two-dimensional imaging in dentistry.

Topic: Dental Radiography and Imaging
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
CCDC 722975: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Principals, agents, and the delegation of power inside political parties

Chapter 4 sets out the principal-agent framework of power delegation that is applied to the Labour Party, the PS and SPD throughout the book. It first presents a brief overview of the literature that uses principal-agent frameworks to analyse power delegation inside political systems and political parties. Next, it highlights the problems that power delegation can cause inside parties, and explained how parties can address them. The chapter then outlines the conceptual framework that will subsequently be applied to the Labour Party, the PS and SPD, introducing four possible modes of power delegation between the three faces of the party organisations and the three levels. Next, the research questions guiding the empirical analysis in are introduced. As this book is primarily concerned with power delegation in the formulation of European policy and the processes of selecting EU specialists, both of these activities have been briefly described. Last but not least, this chapter mentions a number of factors that are likely to shape the parties' dealings with the EU, namely: the legal regulations of internal party organisations; the parties' EU positions; the financial resources available to the parties; and the status as parties in government or opposition.

Topic: European Union Policy and Governance
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The role of national culture on email usage among non-academic staff in Malaysian public universities

The Malaysian government has made extensive investment in the expansion of ICT and email usage in workplaces, particularly in the Higher Education Institutions. However, the levels of ICT as well as email usage have still not reached its optimum level, particularly in public universities. This study investigates the role of national culture on email usage among non-academic staff in Malaysian public universities using Hofstede’s National Culture mediated by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Data was collected by using survey questionnaires among 217 non-academic staff in four public universities in Malaysia. The study found a significant positive relationship between long-term orientation (LT) and indulgence (I) with perceived ease of use (PEOU) while a significant negative relationship between power distance (PD) with perceived ease of use (PEOU). This study also found that the relationship between collectivism (C) and uncertainty avoidance (UA) with perceived usefulness (PU) on email usage is negative. Finally, both PEOU and PU have a significant positive relationship with email usage and PEOU has a significant positive relationship with PU on email usage. In conclusion, Malaysian public universities perceive that emails become more useful when they are easy to be utilised and that individual long-term orientation and indulgence of work affect this thought.

Topic: Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
Subfield: Information Systems and Management
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
How Does Context Contribute to and Constrain the Emergence of Responsible Innovation in Food Systems? Results from a Multiple Case Study

Organizations and practices that contribute to the resolution of major societal challenges are key to achieving a transition towards sustainable and resilient food systems. Previous research identified contextual elements that affect the emergence of organizations and practices with responsibility characteristics, but how this process unfolds remains poorly articulated. Our study thus focuses on how contextual dimensions may contribute to or constrain the emergence of responsibility in food systems. We applied a multiple case study design and conducted 34 semi-structured interviews with 30 organizations in the province of Québec (Canada) and in the state of São Paulo (Brazil). Our across-case analyses clarify how multiple contextual dimensions both contribute to and constrain the emergence of responsibility. More specifically, our findings show that while contextual dimensions shaped by the dominant food system constrain the emergence of responsibility, the same dimensions also contribute to it when they embed responsibility principles. One key contribution of our study is to show that interpersonal relations are an important mediation mechanism that helps to modify contextual elements, so they can contribute to the emergence of responsibility. This study’s findings can inform research and policy aiming to design institutional environments that promote a transition towards more responsible food systems.

Topic: Organic Food and Agriculture
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Optimization of High Cell Density Perfusion Bioreactors

This chapter discusses the benefits and the techniques of high cell density perfusion bioreactors for culturing mammalian cells. Perfusion refers to the continuous inflow of nutrient medium coupled with the outflow or harvesting of spent medium, while the cells are fully or partially retained within the bioreactor. In contrast to the chemostat bioreactor, in which the outflow stream contains cells at the same concentration as in the bioreactor, the outflow stream of a perfusion bioreactor is either completely or substantially depleted of cells. The concept of perfusion was applied as early as 1912 to keep small pieces of tissue alive for extended periods of observation under a microscope (1,2). A historical account on the development of perfusion bioreactors for mammalian cell cultivation is given in an earlier review (3). While many of the perfusion techniques discussed earlier pertain to attachment cultures and are still applicable, this chapter focuses more on perfusion techniques for suspension bioreactor cultures, as these homogeneous cultures have become increasingly popular in the ensuing decade (4).

Topic: Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Warm-up: A case study on maximal oxygen consumption as it relates to acute stretching

Warm-up: A case study on maximal oxygen consumption as it relates to acute stretching The aim of this study was to determine the acute effects of static and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretches on maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max). Ten physically active men (mean ± SD, 23.80 ± 1.54 years, 70.60 ± 9.70 kg, 1.74.60 ± 5.23 m), who were healthy students volunteered to take part in the study. The participants were subjected to Static and PNF stretching exercises. After the interventions, the Bruce treadmill protocol was applied to measure VO 2 max values. The expired gases were collected and analyzed continuously using the Cortex Metalyzer II. Analysis of variance showed significant main effects for interventions (F (2,18) =10.74, p&lt;.05) on VO 2 max. The main result of this study showed that both static and PNF stretching exercises improved VO 2 max values.

Topic: Sports injuries and prevention
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Transport and fusion of Majorana zero modes in the presence of nonadiabatic transitions

We perform simulations for transport and nontrivial fusion of Majorana zero modes in topological superconducting quantum wires. We uncover interesting behaviors of nonadiabatic transition associated with the transport through mini-gate-controlled multiple-segments modulations. Owing to breaking of the initial fermion parity induced by nonadiabatic transitions, a deviation from the statistics of outcomes of nontrivial fusion arises and is analyzed. Moreover, we develop a measurement scheme to infer the amount of fermion parity breaking and nonadiabatic transition probability to excited states, based on the characteristic spectrum of measurement current by a quantum-point-contact detector, by measurement of the charge occupation dynamics in a fusion-outcome-probing quantum dot.

Topic: Quantum optics and atomic interactions
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Fuzzy Model of Ranking Risks at Petropars Company’s Excavation of Oil Well Projects

Naturally all activities are along with risk and uncertainties. Project risk has the concept more than the financial concept. In project management, risks are events that can occur during the project implementation and has negative effects on project completion and meeting goals. Identification, analysis, prioritizing and having plan for dealing with these events are playing an important role in project success. Project management body of knowledge (PMBOK) illustrates a systematic approach for implementation of risk management plan that can be lead to minimization of probability or impacts of undesirable outcomes to project goals. On the other hand appearing risks implies that project is done in an uncertain environment. Fuzzy computations are a suitable tool for dealing with these uncertainties. In this paper, possible risks in implementation of excavation of oil well project are identified and then measured and ranked by fuzzy approach.

Topic: Engineering and Environmental Studies
Subfield: Ocean Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Rapid analysis of Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Zn in breakfast cereals (granola type) by energy dispersive‐X‐ray fluorescence

Energy dispersive‐X‐ray fluorescence (ED‐XRF) is a well spread near‐line analytical technique, suitable for easy and rapid measurement of major elements and/or trace elements especially in many different food matrices. This study demonstrates the fitness for purpose of this method to ensure the correct addition of minerals during breakfast cereal production. Indeed, variations in process and in raw material compositions may lead to values out of legal tolerance, and thus quality controls need to be regularly performed to meet the release compliance criteria. Using such analytical technique close to production lines can allow controls that are more systematic as well as avoiding the shipment of numerous samples for reference method analyses often done to external laboratories. Thus, ED‐XRF allows to ensure finished products compliance with product declarations. A commercial ED‐XRF device was used during this study. Within 7 min of analytical time for two replicates/sample, the developed method gave accurate results for the quantification of Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Zn in breakfast cereals without any proportional biases between ED‐XRF and reference method (inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry) results.

Topic: X-ray Spectroscopy and Fluorescence Analysis
Subfield: Radiation
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Physiological changes in advanced Parkinson's disease: Altered motor cortical plasticity and its significance in pathophysiology and clinical symptoms

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra. Dopamine plays an important role in the induction of synaptic plasticity, and plastic changes in the brain have been broadly investigated in PD. In humans, non‐invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been widely used for plasticity induction in the motor cortex. In this review, we will discuss how dopamine receptors are involved in the induction of neuroplasticity, changes in corticostriatal plasticity in PD model animals, effects of dopamine on motor cortical plasticity in healthy humans, changes in motor cortical plasticity in PD patients including its relationship to motor symptoms, and, finally, altered plasticity in levodopa‐induced dyskinesia.

Topic: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Supramolecular antibiotics: a strategy for conversion of broad-spectrum to narrow-spectrum antibiotics for<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>

Supramolecular antibiotics: a reactive supramolecular disassembly approach ensures the narrow delivery of broad-spectrum antibiotics to selectively target pathogenic bacterial population.

Topic: Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of L-valine produced by<i>Escherichia coli</i>NITE SD 00066 for all animal species

The additive L-valine is produced by a strain of Escherichia coli (NITE SD 00066) obtained by chemical mutagenesis. The additive L-valine is safe for all animal target species/categories when used in appropriate amounts to supplement feed to compensate for a valine deficiency in feedingstuffs. The composition of tissues and products of animal origin will not be changed by the use of L-valine in animal nutrition. Considering the high purity of the product under assessment, no risks are expected for the consumer from its use as a feed additive. In the absence of any data, it would be prudent to consider L-valine produced by E. coli NITE SD 00066 to be an irritant to skin, eyes and mucous membranes, a potential dermal sensitiser and potentially harmful by inhalation. The amino acid L-valine is a natural component of plants and animals. The use of the product L-valine under assessment in animal nutrition does not represent a risk to the environment. The product L-valine is considered to be an efficacious source of the amino acid L-valine for all non-ruminant species. Supplementary free amino acid valine is degraded by ruminal microorganisms if it is not given in a protected form.

Topic: Agricultural safety and regulations
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Formalizing Anonymous Blacklisting Systems 1,2 (Extended Version)

Abstract—Anonymous communications networks, such as Tor, help to solve the real and important problem of enabling users to communicate privately over the Internet. However, in doing so, anonymous communications networks introduce an entirely new problem for the service providers—such as websites, IRC networks or mail servers—with which these users interact; in particular, since all anonymous users look alike, there is no way for the service providers to hold individual misbehaving anonymous users accountable for their actions. Recent research efforts have focused on using anonymous blacklisting systems (which are sometimes called anonymous revocation systems) to empower service providers with the ability to revoke access from abusive anonymous users. In contrast to revocable anonymity systems, which enable some trusted third party to deanonymize users, anonymous blacklisting systems provide users with a way to authenticate anonymously with a service provider, while enabling the service provider to revoke access from any users that misbehave, without revealing their identities. In this paper, we introduce the anonymous blacklisting problem and survey the literature on anonymous blacklisting systems, comparing and contrasting the architecture of various existing schemes, and discussing the tradeoffs inherent with each design. The literature on anonymous blacklisting systems lacks a unified set of definitions; each scheme operates under different trust assumptions and provides different security and privacy guarantees. Therefore, before we discuss the existing approaches in detail, we first propose a formal definition for anonymous blacklisting systems, and a set of security and privacy properties that these systems should possess. We also outline a set of new performance requirements that anonymous blacklisting systems should satisfy to maximize their potential for real-world adoption, and give formal definitions for several optional features already supported by some schemes in the literature. Keywords-privacy enhancing technologies; anonymity; authentication; anonymous blacklisting; privacy-enhanced revocation. I.

Topic: Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Distant homelands: Mobility, exile and (trans)nationalism in contemporary African fiction

In this article, I argue that Bulawayo’s representation of precarity in her novel helps us decolonize representations of mobility in African literature. In Bulawayo’s novel, mobility undergirds the global presence of Africa and frames African identities in a cosmopolitan purview. Yet, the cultural trajectory of African migrants unveils practical realities within the nation state that shape expressions of cultural belonging in Afrodiasporic contexts. The novel’s presentation of poverty, abjection and dislocation limits the possibilities of an Afropolitan engagement with Darling’s experience in the diaspora. Her joyful, yet, precarious childhood in Zimbabwe and the illusion of an abundant life in the United States show that the postcolonial nation state and the US racial state remain unprecedented forces that constraint the fluidity of people of African descent’s identities. The metaphoric representation of her condition as a prisoner not only questions her mobility but also her difficult experience as a migrant in the United States underscores her struggles to belong in a racialized American society. Thus, the protagonist’s precarious position in her homeland and her host-land reveals the restrictive power of the state and challenges a romantic description of life in both the Global North and the Global South.

Topic: Postcolonial and Cultural Literary Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences