jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A History of the Boone and Crockett Club: Milestones in Wildlife Conservation

This account covers the history of the Boone and Crockett Club up to 1954. Contents include:\nIntroduction\nChapter 1: Formation purposes and method of operating\nChapter 2: National parks and monuments (History of Yellowstone Park, The Beginnings of Glacier National Park, Establishment of Mt. McKinley National Park)\nChapter 3: The Forest Service (saving the Redwoods)\nChapter 4: Madison Grant Forest and Elk Refuge\nChapter 5: Club's policies of game conservation and the national recreation conference\nChapter 6: Efforts on behalf of specific game species\nChapter 7: Waterfowl and other wildlife legislation\nChapter 8: Alaska game law\nChapter 9: Records of North American big game and North American big game competitions\nChapter 10: Records of North American committee for international wildlife protection\nChapter 11: The origin of the New York Zoological Society\nChapter 12: Conclusion\nAppendix A: Books published by Boone and Crockett Club\nAppendix B: Chronological history of establishment of Mt. McKinley National Park\nAppendix C: Resolutions of National Recreation Conference\nAppendix D: Agreement for the restocking of the Black Gap Area of Texas and areas in Arizona with bighorn sheep\nAppendix E: The American Wild Fowlers, a brief history of the association\nAppendix F: Publications of American Committee\nAppendix G: Officers, by-laws and list of members of the Boone and Crockett Club - 1955

Topic: American Environmental and Regional History
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Spray Performance of the High Pressure Air Inclusion Nozzle Used in Japan : In the aspects of the relative spray drift and the influence of key design parameters on spray performance

European spray nozzle drift classifications have enabled the objective evaluation of the drift reduction performance of different nozzles with various operating parameters available in certain areas. The drift potential index reduction percentage (DIXRP) for one series of drift reduction nozzles used in Japan was investigated by wind tunnel tests. Based on the reference spray (Hypro ISO F110 03), most of the YAMAHO KIRINASHI ES nozzles had DIXRP values above 50% at nozzle heights from 0.3 m to 0.5 m, which means these nozzles can be considered as drift reduction nozzles. The best nozzle height range was found to be between 0.3 m and 0.4 m above the crop canopy. In addition, the DIXRP values were above 80% for a nozzle height of 0.3 m, except for one nozzle (the ES 05). Its smallest droplet size and low liquid flow rate could contribute to the large decrease in the DIXRP values for this nozzle size when nozzle pressure increased. Large droplet diameter, high droplet velocity and low recommended nozzle height are considered to be important factors that can provide good drift reduction performance although droplet velocity was not measured in this study. The DIXRP value was inversely proportional to nozzle height. In addition, the influence of nozzle size on the DIXRP values was found to be statistically significant (**P < 0.01), although the influence was not as obvious as that of nozzle height. Finally, a nozzle classification system for use in Japan based on the relative drift potential has been established.

Topic: Plant Surface Properties and Treatments
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Enhanced electroluminescence of AlP/GaP disordered superlattice

Electroluminescent diodes with active layers of Al0.5Ga0.5P bulk alloy (b-AL), (AlP)5/(GaP)5 ordered superlattice (o-SL), and (AlP)m/(GaP)n (m,n=3,6,9) disordered superlattice (d-SL) are fabricated by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy using tertiarybutylphosphine. Stronger injection electroluminescence is observed from the d-SL diode as compared with the b-AL and the o-SL diodes. The total light output of the d-SL diode is about 4–5 times stronger than that of the b-AL and the o-SL diodes. The result indicates the remarkable luminescence capability of the d-SL.

Topic: Semiconductor materials and devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Strengthening the Fair Trade Act's Presumption of an Agreement to Facilitate Cartel Regulation

2007년 이전까지 합의추정제도는 부당한 공동행위를 규제하기 위해 비교적 활발히 활용되었으나, 2007년의 법 개정으로 인해 그 활용은 급격히 감소한다. 본 논문은 합의추정제도의 활용이 감소하게 된 원인을 밝히고 개선방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 개정 전, 구 합의추정조항은 ‘행위의 외형상 일치’와 ‘경쟁제한성’ 요건만 충족하면 부당한 공동행위의 성립을 추정하였다. 그러나 이러한 운용은 추정대상을 지나치게 확대한다는 비판에 직면하게 되었고, 2007년 개정된 추정조항은 이 비판을 수용하여 ‘해당 거래분야, 상품 용역의 특성, 사업자간 접촉의 횟수 등’의 ‘정황증거’와 ‘상당한 개연성’을 추가로 요구하였다. 개정 이후 합의추정조항의 활용이 급감하게 되는데, 2005년 무렵부터 활성화된 자진신고자 감면제도와 개정으로 인한 합의추정조항의 장점이 감소한 것을 원인으로 볼 수 있다. 특히 개정된 합의추정조항은 공정거래법 제19조 제1항을 통해 사실상 추정을 하는 것과 큰 차이가 없었고, 경쟁당국의 입증책임 완화라는 초기 도입목적도 충족하지 못하였다. 하지만 우리나라의 경우 해외 경쟁법의 흐름과 다르게 부당한 공동행위가 인정되기 위해서는 엄격한 입증을 요구한다는 점과 글로벌 기업들이 경쟁법의 역외적용으로 인해 행위지와 상관없이 복수의 국가로부터 강력한 제재의 위험에 직면해 있다는 점, 특히 많은 한국 기업들이 이러한 제재와 과징금의 대상이 되고 있다는 점, 자진신고자 감면제도에만 의존하기에는 한계가 있다는 점 등을 고려한다면, 합의추정제도의 개선은 필수적이다. 개선방안으로 법률개정과 해석기준완화의 방법을 제시할 수 있다. 법률개정의 측면에서는 공정거래법 제19조 제5항의 ‘상당한 개연성’요건을 삭제 또는 완화하는 방법이 있을 수 있고, 부당한 공동행위의 수단으로 빈번하게 악용되는 ‘정보교환행위’에 대한 규제를 신설하는 방법도 생각해 볼 수 있다. 해석기준 완화의 방법으로는 영미권의 ‘증거의 우월’ 개념을 도입하거나 부당한 공동행위의 유형에 따라 증거가치의 수준을 다르게 판단하는 방법도 검토해 볼 수 있다.

Topic: Intellectual Property Law
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Construct Validation of Quality of Life for the Severely Mentally Ill

This study focused on the quality of life experienced by persons with severe mental illness (SMI). Previous studies indicate the need for a multi-dimensional approach to the study of quality of life and its subjective indicators. For the SMI, attention should be paid not only to the direct and intentional effects of interventions, but also to the indirect and unintentional effects, both negative and positive. Hence, a global evaluation of individuals within this group is indicated. A multitrait-multimethod approach to construct validation using confirmatory factor analysis was employed. The hypothesized factors were modeled as multiple traits and the multiple perspectives of the respondents (i.e. patient, case manager, family member) were multiple methods. A total of 265 severely mentally ill adults served by a network of agencies in four cities were randomly sampled. The sample was approximately 50% male and 50% female, ages ranged from 19-78 years.

Topic: Mental Health Treatment and Access
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Instances and Contexts of the Head Motif in Britain

The human head has proved to be an enduring symbol, employed over several millennia in a variety of contexts suggestive of a more or less consistent association of meanings. Repeated appearances as skull or sculptured artefact through prehistory indicate a ritualised application of the head as symbol, as does a frequent recurrence at locations which may be seen as boundaries or thresholds, whether of a physical or metaphysical nature. Prehistoric artwork from a wide variety of cultures also implies a perception of the human head over and above a design element, extending to a degree of purposive application. Further appearances in the historical record to the present day, as skull or artefact, in narrative or artwork, tend to echo earlier manifestations.

Topic: Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Plumbers of the Internet: The Creation and Evolution of the LAN Industry

In 1973 at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox PARC), one of the first local area networking (LAN) technologies was invented: Ethernet. Today, Ethernet is the dominant LAN standard but, as is the case with most other information technologies, Ethernet was neither the only available alternative nor a technology well suited for all networking needs from the outset. In fact, when it was first commercialized in 1980, Ethernet was a relatively expensive, high-end technology, suited for connecting minicomputers or workstations but too expensive for connecting microcomputers or personal computers (PCs), soon to be the largest LAN market.

Topic: ICT Impact and Policies
Subfield: Media Technology
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
CSD 1948552: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, the world’s repository for inorganic crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the joint CCDC and FIZ Karlsruhe Access Structures service and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Osteosclerotic myeloma

A 49-year-old man with an osteosclerotic lesion of a thoracic vertebra had peripheral neuropathy, lymphadenopathy, and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and monoclonal immunoglobulin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. These findings, not usually seen in "classical" myeloma, have been noted in different combinations in the osteosclerotic variety. (<i>JAMA</i>236:1872-1874, 1976)

Topic: Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
www.csos.jhu.edu

We believe that the potential for an impactful use of computers lies in putting into service the vast quantities of student data already owned by schools. Schools, districts, and governments have collected large amounts of student data for years, but this data is rarely put to use, in fact, it is not unfair to suggest that schools are data-rich but

Topic: Irish and British Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Threshold characteristics of blue to ultraviolet light emitting semiconductor lasers based on the AlGaN material system

Two-dimensional numerical simulations of AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN semiconductor lasers are performed using material parameters obtained from the literature. Important differences between these wide band gap lasers and lasers from other systems are the slow recombination rate and large band discontinuities. The behavior of the threshold, and thus the speed of operation, with variations in the aluminum content of the cladding regions, and the width of the active region are presented. Results for lasing due to band to band recombination and band to impurity level recombination are presented separately. From these we observe that the band to impurity recombination is difficult due to the reduced number of available states for recombination. Stopper layers are investigated and found to be useful at increasing carrier confinement without any detrimental effects because particle tunneling is very strong for majority carriers through the band discontinuities.

Topic: GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Functional and biochemical characteristics of Oxycoccus palustris Pers. under exposure of a gas torch (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra, Russia)

Abstract The study was carried out on a sphagnum swamp exposed to thermal radiation from an associated petroleum gas (APG) combustion flare at various distances from the flare stack, which has been operating continuously for more than thirty years. The study was carried out in the period from 2018 to 2019 in the territory of the Pokachevskoye field (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra, Nizhnevartovsk district). Some functional and biochemical characteristics of Oxycoccus palustris Pers were studied. The Oxycoccus palustris Pers. photosynthesis and respiration intensity data analysis, the pigment composition of leaves (chlorophyll and anthocyanins content), the nitrogen balance index (NBI), non-enzymatic antioxidants (flavonoids, proline and ascorbic acid content) were studied, the biochemical composition of leaves specifics (nitrogen, carbon, soluble and non-structural sugars and metals accumulation) were determined in the conditions of exposure to the flare.

Topic: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[The measurement and numerical study of numerical aperture of photonic crystal fiber].

The numerical aperture is an important parameter of optical fiber, and the fiber with high numerical aperture can be well used in fiber laser and laser-induced fluorescence system. The numerical aperture of the photonic crystal fiber is different from that of traditional step optical fiber, which is closely related to the wavelength. In the present paper, a spectrometer was used to measure the numerical aperture of photonic crystal fiber, and a lot of refractive index photonic crystal fibers were measured and simulated to investigate the impact of wavelength, the diameter of air-hole and the pitch on numerical aperture. According to the measured numerical aperture, the parameters of fiber related with wavelength can be better studied, including nonlinearity coefficient, macro-bending loss, effective mode area, cut-off wavelength and so on, and satisfactory results were achieved.

Topic: Photonic Crystal and Fiber Optics
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
In Silico Pharmacokinetics Evaluation of Forgiveness for Doravirine and Rilpivirine

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of rilpivirine (RLP) and doravirine (DOR) after 3 days-off using simulations from population pharmacokinetics models. Methods: The authors conducted a series of 500 sets of 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations to examine the steady-state conditions for 2 common dosage levels: 25 mg/d for RLP and 100 mg/d for DOR. These simulations were conducted under 2 scenarios: 1 without drug cessation and another after a 3-day break. The validity of the implementation was established through a comparison of median trough concentrations (C24h) with previously reported data. Subsequently, the proportion of simulated patients with C24h and C72h after 3 days-off (C72h/3do) that exceeded the inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50), 5.2 mcg/L for DOR and 20.5 mcg/L for RLP respectively, was calculated. The inhibitory quotient (IQ) was also computed, which was 6 times IC50 for DOR and 4.5 times IC50 for RLP. Finally, nomograms were constructed to estimate the probability of having C72h/3do &gt; IC50 or &gt; IQ for different ranges of C24h. Results: Simulated C24h median ± SD for RLP were 61.8 ± 0.4 mcg/L and for DOR 397 ± 0 mcg/L. For RLP, 99.3 ± 0.1% exceeded IC50 at C24h, 16.4 ± 0.4% at C72h/3do, and none surpassed the IQ threshold. In contrast, DOR had 100% ± 0% above IC50 at C24h, 93.6 ± 0.2% at C72h/3do, and 58.6 ± 0.5% exceeded the IQ. Conclusions: These findings suggest that treatment with DOR may offer a more forgiving therapeutic profile than RLP, given the larger proportion of patients achieving effective drug exposure with DOR. However, it is important to acknowledge a significant limitation of this study, namely, the assumption that drug concentration is a perfect surrogate for drug effectiveness.

Topic: HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
CCDC 1819642: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
An amino-terminal deletion mutation of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein gIII affects protein localization and RNA accumulation

We have constructed a pseudorabies virus mutant that contains virtually a complete deletion of the predicted signal sequence coding region for a nonessential envelope glycoprotein, gIII. No signal sequence mutants have been reported previously for a herpesvirus glycoprotein. Through endoglycosidase treatments and pulse-chase analysis, we have determined that the mutant gIII protein is not posttranslationally modified like the wild-type polypeptide, but rather is present as a single, stable species within the infected cell. The mutant polypeptide cannot be detected in the virus envelope, nor is it aberrantly localized to the tissue culture medium. Immunofluorescence studies have indicated that the mutant protein also is not localized to the surfaces of infected cells. In addition, Northern (RNA) and slot blot analyses, as well as in vitro translation experiments using infected-cell cytoplasmic RNA, have indicated that the mutant gIII allele is expressed at lower levels than the wild-type gene is. This is despite the fact that no alterations have been made upstream of the gIII coding sequence. From these results, it appears that the first 22 amino acids of the wild-type gIII protein define a necessary signal peptide that is responsible for at least the correct initiation of translocation and subsequent glycosylation of the gIII envelope glycoprotein within infected cells.

Topic: Herpesvirus Infections and Treatments
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Simultaneous determination of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) by differential-pulse polarography after their extraction.

ピリジン及び過塩素酸イオンの存在下でCo及びNiのN,N'-(1,3-ジメチルプロパンジリデン)-ジ-(2'-ヒドロキシ)アニリン(DPDHA)錯体を炭酸プロピレンに抽出し,抽出液に過塩素酸テトラブチルアンモニウムを加えて直接微分パルスポーラログラムを測定する抽出/ポーラログラフ分析法について検討し,感度,選択性に優れた簡便なCo及びNiの定量法を開発した.Co(III)-及びNi(II)-DPDHA錯体は水相(pH8)でピリジンを付加し,更にCo(III)錯体は過塩素酸イオンとイオン対を形成し,いずれも炭酸プロピレンに定量的に抽出された.-0.44及び-1.21Vvs.SCEにそれぞれCo(III)及びNi(II)錯体に由来するピーク電流を示し,それらの値は水相のCo(II)及びNi(II)濃度に比例した.Cu(II)だけは共存するとCoの定量を妨害した.提案した定量法を合成試料の分析に適用したところ,満足し得る結果が得られた.

Topic: Electrochemical Analysis and Applications
Subfield: Electrochemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
An Improved Classical Singular Value Transformation for Quantum Machine Learning

We study quantum speedups in quantum machine learning (QML) by analyzing the quantum singular value transformation (QSVT) framework. QSVT, introduced by [GSLW, STOC'19, arXiv:1806.01838], unifies all major types of quantum speedup; in particular, a wide variety of QML proposals are applications of QSVT on low-rank classical data. We challenge these proposals by providing a classical algorithm that matches the performance of QSVT in this regime up to a small polynomial overhead. We show that, given a matrix $A \in \mathbb{C}^{m\times n}$, a vector $b \in \mathbb{C}^{n}$, a bounded degree-$d$ polynomial $p$, and linear-time pre-processing, we can output a description of a vector $v$ such that $\|v - p(A) b\| \leq \varepsilon\|b\|$ in $\widetilde{\mathcal{O}}(d^{11} \|A\|_{\mathrm{F}}^4 / (\varepsilon^2 \|A\|^4 ))$ time. This improves upon the best known classical algorithm [CGLLTW, STOC'20, arXiv:1910.06151], which requires $\widetilde{\mathcal{O}}(d^{22} \|A\|_{\mathrm{F}}^6 /(\varepsilon^6 \|A\|^6 ) )$ time, and narrows the gap with QSVT, which, after linear-time pre-processing to load input into a quantum-accessible memory, can estimate the magnitude of an entry $p(A)b$ to $\varepsilon\|b\|$ error in $\widetilde{\mathcal{O}}(d\|A\|_{\mathrm{F}}/(\varepsilon \|A\|))$ time. Our key insight is to combine the Clenshaw recurrence, an iterative method for computing matrix polynomials, with sketching techniques to simulate QSVT classically. We introduce several new classical techniques in this work, including (a) a non-oblivious matrix sketch for approximately preserving bi-linear forms, (b) a new stability analysis for the Clenshaw recurrence, and (c) a new technique to bound arithmetic progressions of the coefficients appearing in the Chebyshev series expansion of bounded functions, each of which may be of independent interest.

Topic: Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A System to Digitize Bathythermograph Aperture Cards

This paper describes a system which allows the automatic transformation of bathythermograph (BT) data to their digital equivalent. The BT data now stored on aperture cards, a technique described by Sauer (J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3), 1964), form the input to digitization equipment especially modified for this application. A description of the system and required equipment is followed by the mathematical approach employed in the Cartesian to BT grid coordinate transformation. It comprises a type of double inverse interpolation in the coordinates of the major grid intersections. Firstly, a point P on the BT trace is localized in or near a group of four "cells" in the grid. Secondly, the grid data belonging to this four-cell block are used in an iterative process based on two separate Lagrangian interpolations. The latter, both 3-point formulae, appear more than adequate in coping with BT grid distortions. This, in turn, leads to a two-dimensional fit up to fourth order terms. Any subsequent needs for translation, rotation, and linear amplification or reduction of the BT trace relative to its grid may be dealt with by means of a linear transformation.

Topic: Underwater Acoustics Research
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Stereospecific 1,4‐Metallate Shift Enables Stereoconvergent Synthesis of Ketoximes

Abstract Reported herein is a stereospecific 1,4‐metallate rearrangement for single‐geometry ketoxime synthesis from oxime chlorides and arylboronic acids. This strategy exhibits broad substrate scope with excellent stereoselectivity under mild reaction conditions. In comparison with the conventional approaches, each configuration of unsymmetric diaryl oximes, as well as the thermodynamically less stable Z isomer of aryl alkyl ketoximes can be selectively and exclusively obtained. The reactivities of unsymmetric diaryl oximes and the Z isomer of aryl alkyl oximes, a class of underexplored molecules, enables efficient access to the corresponding isoquinolines, isoquinoline N ‐oxides, and amides having a single configuration.

Topic: Catalytic C–H Functionalization Methods
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences