jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
On the Viability of Conditional Assistance Programs

Economic reform programs, including those supported by international financial institutions (IFIs), must cope with informational asymmetries and special interest politics. This presents a particularly serious issue when IFIs make structural economic reforms a condition for awarding economic assistance. This paper examines what conditions must be satisfied to make conditional assistance programs viable; that is, to assure that the assistance-receiving government not only takes the assistance but also implements reforms, without compromising the country’s political and the IFI’s financial stability. It is pointed out that tightly budgeted conditional assistance programs never bring about reforms, that the IFI’s cost of viable programs rise with the government’s dependence on political support from an interest group, and that unconditional assistance – while inferior to viable conditional assistance – remains an alternative when conditional assistance fails to be viable. JEL Classification: E61, F33, F34 *Mayer: University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Tel: 513-556-2618, Fax: 513-556-2669, E-mail: mayerw@uc.edu. Mourmouras: IMF Institute, Washington, DC, 20431; Tel: 202-623-5402; Fax: 202-5895402. Email: amourmouras@imf.org. ** Comments by Cem Karayalcin, Catherine Mann, T.N. Srinivasan, Devashish Mitra and other participants in the Conference on “Globalization: Prospects and Problems” in Honor of Jagdish Bhagwati’s 70 Birthday are greatly appreciated. Special gratitude goes to the University of Florida for hosting the event and to the conference organizers, especially Elias Dinopoulos.

Topic: International Development and Aid
Subfield: Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
ERP indices of word learning

The event-related potentials (ERP) represents voltage fluctuations at the scalp surface, which result from activity within brain structures involved in the processing of a certain stimulus type. This chapter illustrates what kind of conclusions can be drawn when applying the ERP method to infant research. It focuses on the experimentally induced acquisition of novel word meanings in infants from 3 to 16 months of age. A semantic word processing stage is effectively established at 6 months, suggesting that word meanings built at that age can go beyond perceptually based associations. Infant ERP components are utilized to determine the nature of infants' newly established words in temporary and long-term memory. The absence of a comprehension effect in the category–word condition implies that infants did not encode general information about the category–word pairings. The results of infant ERP word learning studies have several implications for the development of word meanings and our view on the nature of infants' early words.

Topic: Language Development and Disorders
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Automated control systems for civil construction machinery using RTK-GNSS: an implementation review

The modernization of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) allowed us to obtain positions in three dimensions with accurate precision. Techniques such as real-time kinematic positioning (RTK) provide precise coordinates in the field. All the progress has contributed to construction works that make use of heavy machinery as a way to integrate these positioning systems and ensure accuracy of performed activities with increased productivity. A brief analysis on the implementation of automated control systems for construction machinery with the use of RTK-GNSS receivers is presented herein, as well as their needs and advantages as to programming and operation. The commonly automated machines (earthworks, compaction and machinery paving) are classified here into three categories based on their peculiarities and ability to integrate the system components.

Topic: BIM and Construction Integration
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Substrate interaction dynamics and oxygen control in the active site of thymidylate synthase ThyX

Thymidylate synthase ThyX, required for DNA synthesis in many pathogenic bacteria, is considered a promising antimicrobial target. It binds FAD and three substrates, producing dTMP (2′-deoxythymidine-5′-monophosphate) from dUMP (2′-deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate). However, ThyX proteins also act as NADPH oxidase by reacting directly with O2. In the present study we investigated the dynamic interplay between the substrates and their role in competing with this wasteful and potentially harmful oxidase reaction in catalytically efficient ThyX from Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus-1. dUMP binding accelerates the O2-insensitive half-reaction between NADPH and FAD by over four orders of magnitude to ~30 s−1. Thus, although dUMP does not have a direct role in FAD reduction, any turnover with molecular O2 requires its presence. Inversely, NADPH accommodation accelerates dUMP binding ~3-fold and apparently precedes dUMP binding under physiological conditions. In the oxidative half-reaction, excess CH2H4folate (N5,N10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate) was found to re-oxidize FADH2 within 1 ms, thus very efficiently competing with FADH2 oxidation by O2 (1.5 s−1 under aerobic conditions). The resulting reaction scheme points out how the interplay between the fast reactions with the native substrates, although not rate-limiting for overall catalysis, avoids NADPH oxidase activity in aerobic micro-organisms, including many pathogens. These observations also explain why ThyX proteins are also present in aerobic micro-organisms.

Topic: Biochemical and Molecular Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Differences in Physiological Reactions Due to a Competitive Rehabilitation Game Modality

Interpersonal rehabilitation games, compared to single-player games, enhance motivation and intensity level. Usually, it is complicated to restrict the use of the system to pairs of impaired patients who have a similar skill level. Thus, such games must be dynamically adapted. Difficulty-adaptation algorithms are usually based only on performance parameters. In this way, the patient’s condition cannot be considered when adapting the game. Introducing physiological reactions could help to improve decision-making. However, it is difficult to control how social interaction influences physiological reactions, making it difficult to interpret physiological responses. This article aimed to explore the changes in physiological responses due to the social interaction of a competitive game modality. This pilot study involved ten unimpaired participants (five pairs). We defined different therapy sessions: (i) a session without a competitor; (ii) two sessions with a virtual competitor with different difficulty levels; (iii) a competitive game. Results showed a difference in the physiological response in the competitive mode concerning single-player mode only due to the interpersonal game modality. In addition, feedback from participants suggested that it was necessary to keep a certain difficulty level to make the activity more challenging, and therefore be more engaging and rewarding.

Topic: Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
Subfield: Rehabilitation
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Co-creation as a potential business tool

The purpose of this article is to show the impact of the concept of co-creation in the business context by using a methodology of consultation, collection and selection of scientific articles related to the subject, which allowed to gather enough information about the definition of co-creation. creation of knowledge, characteristics, importance, requirements for its application, causes of its development, scope of application, advantages, disadvantages and challenges that are identified in the field, in order to contribute to the knowledge of entrepreneurs in their search for strategies differentially sustainable taking into account that as it could be found, cocreation involves other actors besides the client, which consequently becomes the obtaining of appreciable results in the business world. This is how, according to the review of the literature, it can be affirmed that co-creation, due to its versatility and multi-focus, is positioned as a potential business tool.

Topic: Service and Product Innovation
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Split‐hand and split‐foot deformity inherited as an autosomal recessive trait

A intermarried consanguineous family with split‐hand and ‐foot deformity occurring in two sibship is presented. Both the sibship resulted from marriage between first cousins. This report, together with those of Ray (1960) and Freire‐Maia (1971), further demonstrates that split‐hand and ‐foot deformity can be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.

Topic: Congenital limb and hand anomalies
Subfield: Developmental Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Socio-Demographic Factors Affecting the Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Iran

Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most important causes of infection worldwide, especially in low income countries. Socio-demographic disparities are obvious in prevalence of this disease. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was designed and new cases of smear positive TB were included to determine the incidence and relapse rate, with access to health records of TB patients in a provincial health center in south of Iran. Results: In our study, new cases of smear positive TB were observed in foreigners than Iranians (68.9 vs. 8%) and so was the relapse rate (14.5 vs. 0.5%). Incidence rate was higher in men compared with women (11.2 vs. 7.4%), and so was the rate in urban dwellers (11.6%) compared with rural population (7.2%). New cases were seen in 24.6% of people aged over 50 years and relapse rate was 1.8% in this age group. We conclude that relapse of smear positive TB and incidence of new cases is more prevalent in immigrants, and above the age of 50 years. Conclusion: It is suggested that the Iranian National Health Policy should be guided by these socio-demographic factors while designing and implementing programs aimed at controlling TB transmission. Although the DOTS system is precisely followed up, there are some pitfalls in managing urban patients.

Topic: Diverse Scientific Research Studies
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Mobile Actors, Mobile Slaves: Female Slaves from the Black Sea Region in Seventeenth-Century Istanbul

This contribution aims to investigate mobility in the context of Ottoman slavery. Mainly on the basis of seventeenth-century Istanbul court records, the study deals with the question of mobility by focusing on female household slaves in Ottoman Istanbul who originated from the Black Sea region. With a look at the actors who surrounded them, female slaves are analysed at different stages in their lives. These stages were marked by changes related to mobility. The entry as well as the exit from slavery meant a spatial and social mobility for the slave women. But even in the time in between, slave women remained mobile through aspects such as conversion and resale. This paper further shows that Ottoman slavery and the slave trade were part of the Transottoman context: it can be seen that spaces of interaction were created through the connections and exchanges of actors beyond the Ottoman Empire.

Topic: Colonialism, slavery, and trade
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Interim Analysis: Perioperative Wearable Fitness Devices Accelerate Recovery in Elective Abdominal Colorectal Surgery Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Reitz, Katherine M. MD; Andraska, Elizabeth M. MD, MS; Mahler, Brandon M.; Medich, David MD, FACS, FASCRS; Watson, Andrew R. MD, MLitt, FACS; Salgado, Javier M. MD; Celebrezze, James MD, FACS, FASCRS; Holder-Murray, Jennifer M. MD, FACS, FASCRS Author Information

Topic: Cardiac, Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[A rare combination: an azygos lobe and an abnormality of bronchial implantation].

The case of a 5 month old female infant with respiratory problems since birth in the form of a recurrent right pneumonia, associated with slight pulmonary arterial hypertension. Persistence of a paramediastinal opacity suggestive of a right upper lobe atelectasis led to bronchography being performed which revealed a bronchus implanted into the right side of the trachea. At operation there were two abnormalities: --an azygos lobe represented by the apical segment of the right upper lobe; --a tracheal bronchus, apical segmental apical, ventilating this territory. Simple disenclavement of the parenchyla and pleuroplasty led to regression of the respiratory disturbances. The special feature of the case lay in the rarity of an azygos lobe ventilated by a tracheal bronchus. The azygos lobe results from an abnormality in the topography of the arch of the azygos vein which draws the parietal pleura with it, forming a mesoazygos. It is not a supernumary lobe. Abnormalities of bronchial implantation are located above all along the right side of the trachea (tracheal bronchi) and correspond in most instances to ectopic positioning of a segmental bronchus of the upper lobe, as in the present case.

Topic: Vascular anomalies and interventions
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
MANDA system: A VME data acquisition system for nuclear physics experiments

The authors consider the MANDA (Multiprocessor Applied to Nuclear Data Acquisition) systems. They describe the running version of the system, which has been coupled to a double front-end. The data-sorting in this case is accomplished by hardware using CAMAC histogramming memories. Software data analysis is available on the Vaxstation. Some development details concerning the coupling with new front ends and the VME online data analysis system are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques
Subfield: Hardware and Architecture
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Control of Main Defoliators and Trunk Pests of Poplar

In the growth period of poplar, it is easy to be infringed by pests; this will influence the growth of trees, and cause loss for forestry production. In the article, it introduced the breeding and growth features of defoliators and trunk pests and the harmful characters to poplar, summarized the comprehensive control measures, and provided a reference for poplar production.

Topic: Bioenergy crop production and management
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Defoe's Shortest <i>Way with the Dissenters</i> Hoax, Parody, Paradox, Fiction, Irony, and Satire

Research Article| December 01 1966 Defoe's Shortest Way with the Dissenters Hoax, Parody, Paradox, Fiction, Irony, and Satire Maximillian E. Novak Maximillian E. Novak Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Modern Language Quarterly (1966) 27 (4): 402–417. https://doi.org/10.1215/00267929-27-4-402 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Maximillian E. Novak; Defoe's Shortest Way with the Dissenters Hoax, Parody, Paradox, Fiction, Irony, and Satire. Modern Language Quarterly 1 December 1966; 27 (4): 402–417. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00267929-27-4-402 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsModern Language Quarterly Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 1966 by Duke University Press1966 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Topic: Literature: history, themes, analysis
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Double‐Headed Epoxysuccinyl Activity‐Based Probes for Selective Targeting of Papain Family Cysteine Proteases

Checking out cathepsins. A solid-phase protocol was devised in order to synthesize activity-based probes (1) that contain peptides on both ends of an epoxysuccinyl moiety. The feasibility of this strategy was illustrated by the synthesis of selective probes for cathepsin B, one of the major lysosomal Papain family cysteine proteases.

Topic: Protease and Inhibitor Mechanisms
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HAND HYGIENE IN PREVENTING ZOONOTIC DISEASES AMONG ZOO WORKERS: A CRITICAL EVALUATION AND STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS

Simple yet powerful tool" perfectly describes hand hygiene that involves washing hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizer. Despite its simplicity, it is incredibly effective in preventing the spread of infections and promoting public health. This action significantly reduces pathogen transmission, making it essential in healthcare settings and daily life. This study evaluates the role of hand hygiene in preventing zoonotic diseases among zoo workers, who are in close contact with animals. The objectives are to assess the importance of hand hygiene in reducing disease transmission, evaluate current practices, and propose recommendations for improvement. Effective hand hygiene requires a systematic approach, including education on its significance, training in correct techniques, ensuring access to soap and sanitizers, promoting awareness through campaigns, and continuously refining strategies. For zoo workers, regular hand washing and using personal protective equipment are vital. This proactive approach can limit the impact of outbreaks, aiding global health security. This study underscores the importance of strict hand hygiene protocols to protect zoo workers, animals, and visitors, ensuring a safer environment for all. KEYWORDS: Hand hygiene, pathogens.

Topic: Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Reviewer #1 (Public Review): Hierarchical cortical entrainment orchestrates the multisensory processing of biological motion

When observing others' behaviors, we continuously integrate their movements with the corresponding sounds to achieve efficient perception and develop adaptive responses. However, how human brains integrate these complex audiovisual cues based on their natural temporal correspondence remains unknown. Using electroencephalogram, we demonstrated that cortical oscillations entrained to hierarchical rhythmic structures in audiovisually congruent human walking movements and footstep sounds. Remarkably, the entrainment effects at different time scales exhibit distinct modes of multisensory integration, i.e., an additive integration effect at a basic-level integration window (step-cycle) and a super-additive multisensory enhancement at a higher-order temporal integration window (gait-cycle). Moreover, only the cortical tracking of higher-order rhythmic structures is specialized for the multisensory integration of human motion signals and correlates with individuals' autistic traits, suggesting its functional relevance to biological motion perception and social cognition. These findings unveil the multifaceted roles of entrained cortical activity in the multisensory perception of human motion, shedding light on how hierarchical cortical entrainment orchestrates the processing of complex, rhythmic stimuli in natural contexts.

Topic: Multisensory perception and integration
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Enhancement of the Antibacterial Activity of Ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus by 3-Alkyl Esters and 3-Aryl Esters of Hexahydroquinoline Derivatives

In this study, 3-alkyl and 3-aryl esters of hexahydroquinoline derivatives were screened for their ability to decrease bacterial resistance to ciprofloxacin (CAS 85721-33-1), which is extensively used to treat bacterial infections. A group of 3-alkyl and 3-aryl esters of hexahydroquinoline derivatives in which 2-aryl thiazole is substituted at 4-position were synthesized. The enhancement of the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin by these new synthetic compounds was evaluated against a resistant clinical strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The agar disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of different synthetic compounds in the absence and presence of ciprofloxacin. These results indicate that the antibacterial effect of ciprofloxacin is enhanced by two 3-alkyl esters of hexahydroquinoline derivatives (7b-3 and 7b-4).The enhancing effect of 7b-4 on the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin was greater than that of compound 7b-3. In comparison to the other synthetic compounds, 7b-4 showed a 5.61-fold increase of the inhibition zone on the ciprofloxacin supplemented plates. The result demonstrated that compounds 7b (3 and 4) could serve as valuable probes to study the structure-function relationships of agents that reverse the resistance to ciprofloxacin.

Topic: Cancer therapeutics and mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Investigation on the surface structure of precipitated silver iodide samples by krypton adsorption

Detailed experimental isotherms are presented for the adsorption of krypton on precipitated silver iodide samples at temperatures between 77.5 and 79.1 K. Analyses of the variation in surface heterogeneity between samples are presented using a new algorithm, HILDA. The results indicate that despite the presence of a number of homotattic areas attributable to different crystal faces, much of the surface represents a wide distribution of adsorption potentials, and hence heterogeneity.The results of isosteric heat determinations on one sample suggest that the Vm values derived from the HILDA analysis are too large, and that despite its theoretical limitations the B.E.T. method yields values of Vm that are more nearly in agreement with isosteric heat curve predictions.

Topic: Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences