jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Impregnation rapists, parental rights, and the often ignored constitutional rights of victims: An important case study from Massachusetts

In 2015, Congress passed a law regarding victims who become pregnant from rape. Specifically, the new federal law offers funding incentives to encourage state legislatures to enact laws related to parental rights when rapists impregnate their victims. Since that time, and even prior, many states have been proposing and passing legislation on the topic. This article addresses the ways that such laws ignore the important constitutional rights of rape victims and how these laws create rather than prohibit parental rights for rapists by assuming, incorrectly, that parentage is caused by DNA alone. This article tracks the law in Massachusetts after an impregnated fourteen year-old rape victim was forced by the criminal court judge presiding over her rape case to participate in family court for 16 years with her attacker. The victim objected to the jurisdiction of the family court on the grounds that the criminal court judge had no authority to send her to family court and that the rapist had no parental rights to adjudicate in any court. She also argued that she had a constitutional right not to be forced by the government to participate in family court proceedings for one day, much less 16 years, with the man who raped her.

Topic: Judicial and Constitutional Studies
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Destination Unknown: A Unique Case of Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma to the Breast, Axilla &amp; Skin

Shariful Islam1,2*, Aneela Shah1,2, Avidesh Mahabir1, Sarah Dial1,2 and Vijay Naraynsingh2 Author Affiliations 1San Fernando General Hospital (SFGH, SWRHA), San Fernando, Trinidad 2Department of Clinical Surgical Science, UWI, St Augustine, T&T Received: December 14, 2020| Published: December 22, 2020 Corresponding author:Shariful Islam, MBBS, DM (Surgery), FACS, FASBrS, Consultant General, Laparoscopic and Oncoplastic Breast Surgery, San Fernando Teaching Hospital Associate Lecturer, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.32.005299

Topic: Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
LHD TESPEL #29366.1

Tracer-Encapsulated Solid Pellet(TESPEL) is a double-layered impurity pellet, which basically consists of polystyrene polymer (-CH(C6H5)CH2-) as an outer shell and tracer particles as a core. TESPEL can be utilized for various physics-oriented experiments, e.g. impurity injection for the perturbative impurity transport, induction of a cold pulse propagation.

Topic: Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Prescription Proportion of Pomegranate Extract Gallic Acid Gel by Orthogonal Design

The aim of the present work was to optimize the formulation of pomegranate extract gallic acid gel by orthogonal design. Using orthogonal design, propylene glycol, carbomer-940 and gel pH level as influencing factors, the evaluation key index was external apearance malleability, uniformity, and eccentric for gel, and the optimum formula was selected. The present findings suggest that 10% propylene glycol, 1.5% Carbopol-940, and gel pH in the range of 4.5~5.5, and the indexes of the optimal. The inclusion complexes showed that after the orthogonal design, the preparation process was simple, stable and controllable quality, with production feasibility.

Topic: Pomegranate: compositions and health benefits
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Influence of water and sodium on the energetics of dimethylphosphate and its implications for DNA structure

\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAb initio calculations, including electron correlation, were performed on dimethylphosphate (DMP) in the presence and absence of a single water molecule or sodium ion to study their influence on DMP conformational energetics. The presence of sodium had only minimal effect on the energetics of DMP. In the presence of a single water significant changes versus anhydrous DMP were calculated including a lowering of the energies of the g,t and t,t conformers relative to the g,g conformer. Analysis of results from surveys of DNA crystal structures indicate that the calculated differences in DMP energetics, when applied to the phosphodiester backbone in DNA, may contribute to experimentally observed structural differences between the A and B forms of duplex DNA. Molecular dynamics simulations using three phosphodiester backbone parameter sets further suggest that ab initio calculated changes in the conformational properties of DMP may indeed influence DNA structure. These results suggest that changes in the conformational energetics of the phosphodiester backbone due to interactions with water or counterions may contribute to experimentally observed changes in DNA structure associated with alterations in the DNA environment.

Topic: DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
RABBIT PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA : SOME ASPECTS OF CURRENT STATUS AND PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES

[EN] Sorne aspects of the current status and promotional&#13;\nstrategies of rabbit production in Nigeria were appraised in this study.&#13;\nThis was because such data are lacking and rabbit production offers a&#13;\ngreat potential towards attainment of food security in terms of animal&#13;\nprotein intake. Data were obtained principally from field survey,&#13;\nquestionnaires administration, personal observations and experiences&#13;\nof authors, structured personal interviews of identified rabbit farmers,&#13;\npersonal interview and observational data from agricultura! extension&#13;\nagents, personal interview and visitation to markets and retail outlets for&#13;\nrabbit, proxy information from distant collaborators, recorded data from&#13;\nGovernment establishments and published data. All the information&#13;\ncollected was synthesized to provide an informative blend on major&#13;\naspects of rabbit production. From the data collected, it was found that&#13;\nrabbit production in Nigeria is largely a traditional, non-commercially&#13;\noriented, family-consumption targeted, and smallholder type operation&#13;\ncomprising an average of 2-7 does and 3 bucks. About 3.4-5.2% of the&#13;\nNigerian population may be keeping rabbits with women and children being mostly involved. Rabbit keeping is both intensive and semiintensive,&#13;\nthough sorne scattered free range backyard rearing was&#13;\nrecorded. Unlike the rural rabbit keepers, space is limiting for most&#13;\nurban rabbit keepers. Diets of rabbits in Nigeria are primarily forages,&#13;\ngrasses and legumes, kitchen wastes while commercial feeds are rarely&#13;\nfed. Bucks and does are under-utilized, with does producing about 20&#13;\nweaned rabbit per year and are usually offered for sale after four&#13;\nparlties. Nigerian rabbits do not suffer any peculiar disease, however&#13;\nskin disease (mange) and coccidia infection are very common. There&#13;\nare high peri- and post-natal mortalities, and it was estimated that&#13;\noverall mortality between birth and marketing was between 30-40%,&#13;\nbeing highest in the young enes. The performance and reproductive&#13;\nproductivity of rabbits in Nigeria are strongly correlated with the leve! of&#13;\nmanagement. There exists a latent and growing market for rabbit meat&#13;\nin Nigeria especially as an alternative livestock species. We propase&#13;\npromotional strategies for sustainable rabbit production.

Topic: Rabbits: Nutrition, Reproduction, Health
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Targeting the ‘right’ patients for integrated care: stakeholder perspectives from a qualitative study

Objective To explore the perceptions of relevant stakeholders in terms of targeting the ‘right’ patients for integrated care. Methods Secondary analysis of qualitative interviews with relevant stakeholders (including programme managers, programme initiators, a representative of the payers, medical and social care professionals and allied health services staff) from two integrated care sites in England. A thematic analysis was conducted of cross-cutting themes. Results Both sites focused on individualized management of ‘high-risk’ patients through multidisciplinary team case management. The data-driven approach to targeting patients, recommended in the policy literature, did not align with stakeholders’ experience of selecting patients in practice. The ‘right’ patients were at lower risk than those recommended by policy, and their complexities were identified as comprising mostly social rather than medical issues. Conclusions These findings raise timely questions about the individualized management approach. They potentially explain why management of high-risk patients has not been found to be effective using quantitative measures, undermining the assumption that this approach will lead to cost savings. There is a need to expand beyond an individually targeted approach to incorporate prevention and to address social issues.

Topic: Interprofessional Education and Collaboration
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of<i> Xylocarpus granatum</i> Bark Extract on Amelioration of Hyperglycaemia and Oxidative Stress Associated Complications in STZ-Induced Diabetic Mice

Xylocarpus granatum is a medicinal mangrove plant, traditionally used for the treatment of diarrhoea, cholera, fever, dyslipidaemia, inflammation, etc. The present study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic ( α -glucosidase inhibition assay) and antioxidant (ABTS scavenging and metal chelating assay) activities of ethanol, methanol, and aqueous extracts of leaves and barks of X. granatum followed by in vivo antidiabetic and antioxidant evaluation of ethanol bark extracts in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic mice. The in vitro evaluation revealed higher α -amylase inhibition and ABTS scavenging activities in ethanol bark extracts of X. granatum (XGEB). Administration of XGEB at 100 and 200 mg/kg BW doses to STZ-induced diabetic mice resulted in significant decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transminase (SGPT), and urea levels in the serum of the extract administered groups as compared to diabetic control group. The levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, and GST in liver along with LPx, SOD, GST, and GR activities in brain tissues were found to be ameliorated in XGEB treated diabetic mice. Histopathological alternations of liver tissues were also found to be restored in XGEB treated diabetic groups. The HPLC fingerprint analysis of XGEB revealed the presence of simple polyphenols, isoflavone, and flavonol-like compounds. The DSC and UV-VIS analysis also confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds in XGEB. The GC-MS analysis of XGEB showed the presence of a number of bioactive compounds. These results demonstrated the beneficial effect of XGEB in controlling hyperglycaemia and ameliorating oxidative stress associated complications associated with diabetes.

Topic: Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the wrist and elbow joints: A pilot study to explore a non-invasive technique for age estimation

Age estimation is a vital aspect of the process of identification. Studying the appearance and fusion of long bones is one of the most commonly used methods for age estimation. Most research conducted on age estimation using the study of the appearance and fusion of ossification centres has been roentgenographic in nature. However, X-ray examination and computed tomography examination are associated with ionisation radiation. The present study investigated the use of ultrasonography (USG) as a means of visualising ossification centres of the elbow and wrist joints for age estimation in 31 Maharashtrian boys from Ahmednagar, India. The Schmeling et al. method of grading was used to score the fusion of ossification centres, and simple and multiple linear regression models were developed for age estimation. It was found that the ossification centres of the elbow and wrist joints followed a set pattern of maturation and fusion. The ossification centres of the elbow joint fused before the ossification centres of the wrist joint. The fusion scores of proximal radial epiphyses had the highest correlation with the decimal age of the participants, making its fusion the best indicator among all the ossification centres examined in this study for age estimation. Regression models to estimate age were generated using all the ossification centres. USG was found to be suitable for the purpose of age estimation based on ease of examination, minimal ionisation risks, its non-invasive nature and clear visualisation of ossification centres.

Topic: Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
O23.3 Hiv and injecting drug use among out of school youths: experience from nigeria

<h3>Introduction</h3> Out of school youths are often prone to high risk behaviours as a result of limited public health interventions including prevention outreach and education efforts. Little is known about injecting drug use among them. Information on drug use is needed to design harm reduction strategies to reduce out of school youths9 exposure to HIV through injection. This study assessed factors associated with their injecting drug use. <h3>Methods</h3> Secondary analysis of data collected among out of school youths in November 2013 in North Central Nigeria. The data collected socio-demographic, sexual, behavioural and biological information among 1600 participants aged 15–24 years. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess factors that influence their injecting drug use. <h3>Results</h3> Their average age was 20.6 ± 2.7 years, participants from urban areas were 769 (48.1%) and rural area was 831 (51.9%). Male participants were 1023 (63.9%) and age category 20–24 years was 67.6%. Mean age at sexual debut was 16.2 ± 2.8 years; mean age at first alcohol use was 16.2 ± 3.8 years; mean age at first cigarette smoking was 15.1 ± 5.8 years; current smokers was 17.5%; alcohol intake was 53.1%; cocaine intake was 3.9%; heroine intake was 3.3%; sex in the past 12 months was 79.1% and sex in the last 3 months was 30.2%. HIV prevalence was 5.2%; and proportion injecting drug was 5.5% with rural 5.3% and urban 5.8%. Factors associated with injecting drug use were age group 20–24 years OR = 3.4 95% CI 1.5–8.3, smoking status OR = 2.1 95% CI 1.2–4.5, daily alcohol intake OR = 3.1 95% CI 2.0–7.7 and rural area OR = 0.6 95% CI 0.5–0.8. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Harm reduction approaches need to be instituted among out of school youths. Programming among them to reduce injecting drug use is important. Their HIV prevalence of 5.2% is above the national youth average of 3.0%. Multi-pronged strategies including motivational programs to reduce drug use and HIV risk are urgently needed. This will involve age-specific targeted interventions to effectively improve their health. <h3>Disclosure of interest statement</h3> This is a self-funded research and no pharmaceutical grant was received to conduct this study.

Topic: HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effects Low-Level Infections by Coccidia and Roundworms on the Nutritional Status of Rats Fed an Adequate Diet

Experiments were conducted on male, Sprague-Dawley rats of the same age fed a standard laboratory diet to determine the comparative effects of single and concurrent subclinical infections by coccidia (Eimeria nieschulzi) and roundworms (Nippostrongylus brasiliensis) on nutritional status and metabolism. All infections produced anorexia, but it was more prolonged and intense with the concurrent ones. Feed:gain ratios were increased only by infections by nematodes alone, but average daily gains were reduced beyond the effect of anorexia (i.e., "specifically") only with the double infections. Infections by coccidia only, but not by nematodes only, specifically reduced the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and N; whereas only the apparent N digestibility was specifically reduced by the double infections. Balances of N were reduced in infected rats and pair-fed controls during anoretic periods, but significant differences between the daily means for infected and pair-fed rats occurred only erratically. Specific increases in urinary N loss did not occur with the single infections, but occurred on 2 d with the double ones. Increased losses of fecal N occurred with both coccidial and double infections, but they were much more pronounced in the latter. No effects of infection on the balances or carcass contents of Ca and P occurred. The only significant differences between mean empty carcass densities occurred with the double-infected and free-fed uninfected groups, with the mean for the uninfected group being the higher.

Topic: Insect and Pesticide Research
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Motivating Players to Perform an Optional Strenuous Activity in a Virtual Reality Exergame Using Virtual Performance Augmentation

Research on VR Exergaming is mostly conducted with participants who are not presented a choice whether or not to play the exergame and thus to perform a certain strenuous activity. Whether players would engage in such activity if it were optional and how they could be motivated to do so is mostly neglected. Therefore, we have developed a novel controller and implemented a VR exergame that utilizes Virtual Performance Augmentation (VPA) to motivate players to engage in an optional strenuous activity. The motivational impact of three different conditions (VPA vs. Points vs. No Motivator) was evaluated in a study with 47 participants. Our results suggest that using VPA can significantly increase the time the players engage in the strenuous activity enriched by VPA, while in contrast to our hypotheses, no significant differences for the players' enjoyment and perceived exertion between the conditions were found. We discuss our findings in the context of motivation, exertion, and the resulting implications for further VR exergames research.

Topic: Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Subfield: Human-Computer Interaction
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Earnings and Labor Market Dynamics: Indirect Inference Based on Swedish Register Data

In this paper, we present a life-cycle earnings dynamics model including endogenous employment and job change. The model is estimated with the method of indirect inference using Swedish register data. By simulating data from this microeconomic model, we study the macroeconomic consequences of transitory shocks to unemployment risk. The results show that transitory aggregate shocks to unemployment risk have long-lasting negative effects on employment, income, and increases earnings volatility. By studying how unemployment at different ages affects the accumulation and distribution of pension entitlements, we find that becoming unemployed at 40 has the largest effect on pension accumulations. Furthermore, unobserved individual heterogeneity contributes substantially to the observed life-cycle earnings inequality for both men and women in Sweden.

Topic: Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
The Dark and Light Sides of Humor

Abstract Humor is often described as an adaptive coping strategy. However, the empirical literature is surprisingly mixed. It is not yet clear under which circumstances humor is helpful, and whether there are situations in which humor might even have detrimental effects. In this chapter, we first define humor, and also identify light and dark sides of humor. Framing humor as an emotion regulation strategy, we present empirical results demonstrating the role of humor in down-regulating negative emotion and up-regulating positive emotion. We discuss benevolent (more positive) and mean-spirited (more negative) forms of humor and how they have differential effects on emotions when adopted as an emotion regulation strategy. We conclude by considering promising directions for future research on humor.

Topic: Humor Studies and Applications
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Wheelchair positioning and pulmonary function in children with cerebral palsy

Background: In children with cerebral palsy (CP), poor trunk control fosters spinal deformity, pulmonary compromise (Canet, et al., 1998), increased health risks, and costs of long-term care (Braddock, 2001). Evidence links posture and pulmonary function, but influence of wheelchair parameters on pulmonary mechanics is unknown.\nObjectives: 1) Determine relative contribution of five wheelchair configuration parameters to improvement in pulmonary mechanics--total airway resistance (RAW), tidal volume, minute ventilation (MV), and deadspace to tidal volume ratio; 2) Describe recruitment and retention of school-aged children with CP; and 3) Discuss response of the participants to the protocol.\nMethod: This within-subjects, descriptive study employed a sample of 8 school-aged children with CP and flexible spines who could not sit alone. In a single session, participants experienced five seating parameters manipulated in a Prairie wheelchair simulator: 1) left and right upper extremity supports; 2) left and right lateral trunk supports; 3) secured, level, derotated pelvis; 4) tilt in space; and 5) all four parameters. The Viasys Jaeger Impulse Oscillometry System and Respironics Non Invasive Cardiac Output monitor (NICO) measured the dependent variable, pulmonary mechanics, via Hans Rudolph facemasks. Spasticity (by Modified Ashworth Scale), patient characteristics, and medications were recorded. A process log captured participant recruitment and retention challenges and response to protocol.\nResults: Recruitment was challenging; retention was 50%. For this sample, despite lack of power, both RAW and MV improved with upper extremity and lateral trunk supports. Highest RAW was seen with total absence and total presence of the parameters, and secured, level pelvis. The data collection protocol was feasible for 50% of participants, none of whom could execute conventional measurement. Facemask and seating simulator acceptability were 75 %, improving with participant verbal communication ability. The facemask seal was vulnerable to tilted positioning; 75% of participants became fatigued. RAW measures differed from manufacturer's directions but were reliable.\nConclusions: The Prairie seating simulator, Jaeger IOS, Respironics NICO, and Hans Rudolph facemasks effectively measured pulmonary mechanics as a function of wheelchair seating parameters in this sample. Upper extremity and lateral trunk supports most greatly reduced RAW, maintaining MV. Verbal children tolerated the procedure best.

Topic: Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Erratum: Chronic Subdural Hematoma Spontaneous Resolution

Corrected by: Chronic Subdural Hematoma Spontaneous ResolutionArquivos Brasileiros de Neurocirurgia: Brazilian Neurosurgery 2017; 36(02): 096-100DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1603512

Topic: Neurosurgical Procedures and Complications
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences