jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Violence, Manhood, and War in Douglass

In a March 1978 address at Goshen College in Goshen, Indiana, the late John H. Yoder, distinguished Christian theologian and radical pacifist, publicly decried the nuclear arms race “as one of the simplest analogies to the monster language of the Apocalypse.” He called the language of apocalypse “right” in describing the extraordinary threat of the age. “The problem is still one,” he said, “that fits the apocalyptic language of dragons and angels and the sky falling down. This is a better description of what we are up against.” The fitness of apocalyptic language to the imagined prospect of nuclear annihilation was no other worldly abstraction to Yoder. Nor was it spiritualistic theologizing. Instead, Yoder understood Apocalypse to offer “a way of talking critically about this world.” He saw in the state of global affairs an untold irruption in history in the offing. More than a century earlier, Frederick Douglass shared a similarly critical vision of the state of US affairs concerning slavery and the war to defeat its interests. Like many others, North and South, Douglass discerned something millennial in the approaching Civil War. Like few others, however, Douglass slowly felt himself elected to the hastening of “the America apocalypse” with full confidence in its emancipatory ends. This chapter is about the evolution of Douglass’s thought and actions from 1845 to the Civil War regarding the serviceability of war and violence to the politics of abolition and freedom. It shows how Douglass transformed a platform of Christian pacifism into one of holy violence by deploying a sociology of manhood and a theology of political radicalism better suited to the task of making the history Douglass seems to have been, everywhere and at all times, intent upon.

Topic: American Constitutional Law and Politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A cost-efficient face learning mechanism: The impact of stability in appearance on the resolution of facial representations

The way faces become familiar and what information is represented as familiarity develops has puzzled researchers in the field of human face recognition for decades. In this paper, we propose a cost-efficient mechanism of face learning to describe how facial representations form over time and that explains why recognition errors occur. Encoding of diagnostic facial information would follow a coarse-to-fine trajectory, modulated by the intrinsic stability in individual faces’ appearance. In four experiments, we draw on a robust and ecological method using a proxy of exposure to famous faces in the real world to test hypotheses generated by the model and we manipulate test images to probe the nature of facial representations. We consistently show that stable facial appearances help create more reliable representation in early stages of familiarisation but that their resolution remains relatively low and therefore less discriminative over time. In contrast, variations in appearance hinder recognition at first but encourage refinement of representations with further exposure. Consistent with the cost-efficient face learning mechanism we propose, facial representations built on a foundation of large-scale coarse information. When coarse information loses its diagnostic value through the experience of variations across encounters, facial details and their spatial relationships receive additional representational weights.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Serum Adenosine Deaminase in the Differential Diagnosis of Jaundice

Mesothelioma of carcinoma of the bronchus and mesothelioma of the pleura.Asbestos bodies were found in the lungs of about 20% of patients dying with carcinoma of the lung.They were found in more than 80% of men dying of mesothelioma of the pleura.A history of an industrial occupation with exposure to asbestos was obtained from relatives, neighbours, or friends of about three-quarters of patients in whom asbestos bodies were found in the lungs at necropsy.Such a history was obtained for one-quarter of patients in whom asbestos bodies were not found in the lungs at necropsy.It is concluded that there is evidence that exposure to asbestos, even though it may have been transient and many years previous, is an important factor in the aetiology of mesothelioma of the pleura.This conclusion gives cause for anxiety because of the increasing commercial use of asbestos.We wish to thank Mrs. Yvonne Dudgeon and Mrs. Marion Simpson who worked untiringly with patience and tact to obtain occupational histories from patients or their relatives, friends, or neighbours.We are grateful to the records officers of Belfast hospitals for their help in searching out old notes and to many colleagues who have helped by referring patients to us.

Topic: Neonatal Health and Biochemistry
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Analysis of Failure Criteria in Laminas Reinforced with Unidirectional Curau&amp;aacute; Fiber Fabric

Natural fibers are being increasingly used in different areas of engineering, including as composite reinforcement. Among these fibers, carau&amp;aacute; stands out for its good mechanical properties and adherence to resin. Nevertheless, little is known about the behavior of this material in the manufacture of a composite or whether classic failure theory can be used in this case. In this context, the present study assesses the mechanical properties of two laminas made of unidirectional curau&amp;aacute; fiber with volumetric fiber percentages of 30 % and 22 %, and compares the results with the values obtained for four failure criteria reported in the literature, using analysis of variance (ANOVA). To that end, tensile tests were conducted in the direction of the fiber and at other loading angles, in addition to iosipescu shear tests. The results show that the maximum stress criterion does not represent the failure behavior of these materials and that the best was the Hashin criterion.

Topic: Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Income Inequalities in Capitalistic and Socialistic Economies: “An empirical evidence from capitalistic and socialistic countries

Income inequality undesirably affects the living standards of the people in the different parts of the world. The main objective of the paper is to find out the intensity of income inequality in capitalistic and socialistic economies in the world. The study helps to explore the empirical evidence that how income inequality impacts the life of the people under the umbrella of concurrent economic systems. The study is based on the panel data set. The Generalized Method of Movements (GMM) is applied and the results depict that Government revenues are inversely associated with income inequality in both economic systems. It happens because government expenditures in an account of social safety nets result in a decline in income inequality. On the other side, economic growth, and employment ratio hold a positive connection with income inequality under the parasol of socialism and capitalism. This research reveals that both systems are deficient to mitigate income inequality and leave the space for a new and balanced economic system.

Topic: Income, Poverty, and Inequality
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
BUILDING THE YOUTH MENTORING KNOWLEDGE BASE: PUBLISHING TRENDS AND COAUTHORSHIP NETWORKS

Despite the long history and widespread popularity of youth mentoring, only in the past two decades has an academic literature emerged to support the development of program policies and practices. This study examines knowledge development in the field of youth mentoring, with special attention to trends in the number and nature of articles published in peer‐reviewed academic journals between 1990 and 2010. The analysis also represents this base of knowledge as a network of articles interconnected by patterns of co‐authorship. The co‐authorship network reveals a notable subset of scholars from several disciplines who are publishing frequently and collaboratively on the topic of youth mentoring. The existence of a core network of youth mentoring researchers bodes well for continued growth of the literature providing theoretical insight and empirical evidence on effective mentoring for youth.

Topic: Mentoring and Academic Development
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Craters in aluminum 1100 targets using glass projectiles at 1-7 km/s

We report on impact experiments using soda-lime glass spheres of 3.2 mm diameter and aluminum targets (1100 series). The purpose is to assist in the interpretation of LDEF instruments and in the development of future cosmic-dust collectors in low-Earth orbit. Because such instruments demand understanding of both the cratering and penetration process, we typically employ targets with thicknesses that range from massive, infinite half-space targets, to ultrathin films. This report addresses a subset of cratering experiments that were conducted to fine-tune our understanding of crater morphology as a function of impact velocity. Also, little empirical insight exists about the physical distribution and shock-metamorphism of the impactor residues as a function of encounter speed, despite their recognized significance in the analysis of space-exposed surfaces. Soda-lime glass spheres were chosen as a reasonable analog to extraterrestrial silicates, and aluminum 1100 was chosen for targets, which among the common Al-alloys, best represents the physical properties of high-purity aluminum. These materials complement existing impact studies that typically employed metallic impactors and less ductile Al-alloys. We have completed dimensional analyses of the resulting craters and are in the process of investigating the detailed distribution of the unmelted and melted impactor residues via SEM methods, as well as potential compositional modifications of the projectile melts via electron microprobe.

Topic: Planetary Science and Exploration
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Photon Mapping Superluminal Particles

One type of light source that remains largely unexplored in the field of light transport rendering is the light generated by superluminal particles, a phenomenon more commonly known as Cherenkov radiation [Cˇ37]. By re-purposing the Frank-Tamm equation [FT91] for rendering, the energy output of these particles can be estimated and consequently mapped to photons, making it possible to visualize the brilliant blue light characteristic of the effect. In this paper we extend a stochastic progressive photon mapper and simulate the emission of superluminal particles from a source object close to a medium with a high index of refraction. In practice, the source is treated as a new kind of light source, allowing us to efficiently reuse existing photon mapping methods.

Topic: Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies
Subfield: Media Technology
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Genetic distance of Malaysian mousedeer based on mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and D-loop region sequences

Mousedeer is one of the primitive mammals that can be found mainly in Southeast-Asia region. There are two species of mousedeer in Malaysia which are Tragulus kanchil and Tragulus napu. Both species can be distinguish by size, coat coloration, and throat pattern but clear diagnosis still cannot be found. The objective of the study is to show the genetic distance relationship between T. kanchil and T. napu and their population based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and D-loop region. There are 42 sample of mousedeer were used in this study collected by PERHILITAN from different locality. Another 29 D-loop sequence were retrieved from Genbank for comparative analysis. All sample were amplified using universal primer and species-specific primer for COI and D-loop genes via PCR process. The amplified sequences were analyzed to determine genetic distance of T. kanchil and T. napu. From the analysis, the average genetic distance between T. kanchil and T. napu based on locus COI and D-loop were 0.145 and 0.128 respectively. The genetic distance between populations of T. kanchil based on locus COI was between 0.003-0.013. For locus D-loop, genetic distance analysis showed distance in relationship between west-coast populations to east-coast population of T. kanchil. COI and D-loop mtDNA region provided a clear picture on the relationship within the mousedeer species. Last but not least, conservation effort toward protecting this species can be done by study the molecular genetics and prevent the extinction of this species.

Topic: Identification and Quantification in Food
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Drug Delivery Applications

Lipid nanoparticles, such as solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers, are drug delivery systems in which solid lipids are dispersed in an aqueous phase stabilized by a surfactant layer. The great interest in these nanocarriers in the latest years is due to the biocompatible lipid matrix, associated with the potential for sustained drug release, and easy transposition to the industrial scale. Moreover, these lipid systems present the ability to prevent drug degradation, and to enhance cell uptake, usually increasing drug efficacy. This chapter will provide an overview of the recent literature on solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers for drug delivery applications. Thus, some background information on the origins, composition, characterization parameters and biological applications of these nanocarrier systems will be presented.

Topic: Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Representations of stack triangulations in the plane

Stack triangulations appear as natural objects when defining an increasing family of triangulations by successive additions of vertices. We consider two different probability distributions for such objects. We represent, or "draw" these random stack triangulations in the plane $\R^2$ and study the asymptotic properties of these drawings, viewed as random compact metric spaces. We also look at the occupation measure of the vertices, and show that for these two distributions it converges to some random limit measure.

Topic: Topological and Geometric Data Analysis
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Do Transparent Business Practices Pay? Exploration of Transparency and Consumer Purchase Intention

Information transparency has mostly been associated with financial institutions, and little is known about its application in the apparel supply chain. The aim of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors that may influence consumer attitude and purchase intention with respect to apparel products from businesses that are transparent about their supply chain. An interpretive analysis, through interviews with consumers, revealed that attitude and intention seemed to be affected by prior knowledge about the apparel industry, distrust on the business’ efforts, values (hedonic and social responsibility value) gained by consumers by consuming transparent products, as well as price and quality of the product. The study uses the theory of reasoned action to explain the relation between attitude and intention and combines with the concepts of consumer value and price and quality. Implications, limitations and scope of further research are also discussed.

Topic: Environmental Sustainability in Business
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Oncogenicity studies of piperonyl butoxide in rats and mice

1 The oncogenicity of Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) has been studied in the mouse and rat. CD-1 mice were administered PBO in the diet at target doses of 0, 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg/day for 79 weeks and Sprague - Dawley rats 0, 30, 100 and 500 mg/kg/day for 104/105 weeks. 2 At termination of the study in the mouse there was evidence of increased liver weights and an increased incidence of eosinophilic adenomas at 100 and 300 mg/kg/day in males and 300 mg/kg/day in females. 3 In rats there was increased liver weights at 100 and 500 mg/kg/day associated with hepatocyte hypertrophy in both male and female rats. There was no increased incidence of neoplasia at any site. Hyper-trophy and hyperplasia of thyroid follicles was observed at 500 mg/kg/day in both sexes. 4 The observations reflect the expected changes related to the induction of the mixed function oxygenase group of enzymes. In the mouse the increased incidence of eosinophilic adenomas is not considered relevant for human risk evaluation.

Topic: Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Impact of Organizational Crafting on Planning

The paper demonstrates that organizational landscapes play a central role in planning processes, and presents an analysis of the complex interrelationship between organizational structures and political, economic, and social factors. Using the redevelopment of the Toronto waterfront as a case study, the paper explores how organizational conflicts among levels of government and their agencies led to a fragmented redevelopment process and a planned environment that failed to meet public expectations. The narrative also highlights the generally unpredictable nature of organizational effects, often resulting from the dynamics of self-interested organizations. The final conclusion is that organizational crafting plays an essential role in the achievement of planning objectives, despite difficulties in predicting and controlling its long-term consequences.

Topic: Housing, Finance, and Neoliberalism
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Optimization of Polylactide-Co-Glycolide-Rifampicin Nanoparticle Synthesis, In Vitro Study of Mucoadhesion and Drug Release

Despite the large number of works on the synthesis of polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) loaded with antituberculosis drugs, the data on the influence of various factors on the final characteristics of the complexes are quite contradictory. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of the effect of multiple factors, including the molecular weight of PLGA, on the size and stability of nanoparticles, as well as the loading efficiency and release of the antituberculosis drug rifampicin (RIF), was carried out. Emulsification was carried out using different surfactants (polyvinyl alcohol, Tween 80 and Pluronic F127), different aqueous-to-organic phase ratios, and different solvents (dichloromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate). In this research, the PLGA nanoemulsion formation process was accompanied by ultrasonic dispersion, at different frequencies and durations of homogenization. The use of the central composite design method made it possible to select optimal conditions for the preparation of PLGA-RIF NPs (particle size 223 ± 2 nm, loading efficiency 67 ± 1%, nanoparticles yield 47 ± 2%). The release of rifampicin from PLGA NPs was studied for the first time using the flow cell method and vertical diffusion method on Franz cells at different pH levels, simulating the gastrointestinal tract. For the purpose of the possible inhalation administration of rifampicin immobilized in PLGA NPs, their mucoadhesion to mucin was studied, and a high degree of adhesion of polymeric nanoparticles to the mucosa was shown (more than 40% within 4 h). In the example of strain H37Rv in vitro, the sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to PLGA-RIF NPs was proven by the complete inhibition of their growth.

Topic: Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Polycoccum, Variospora, and Zeroviella, Three New Genera for Pakistan

Two lichen species, Variospora kudratovii and Zeroviella laxa , and a lichenicolous species, Polycoccum clauderouxii are reported for the first time from Pakistan and represent first generic records as well. Detailed macro- and micromorphological descriptions and spot test results are provided along with ITS-based molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Topic: Lichen and fungal ecology
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Integrative Oncology Exceptional Patients - Thoughts and Reflections

3Three groups of mice were injected with tumor cells and studied for the ability to reject these tumor cells among those three groups. In the first group, which was simply observed, about 54% of the mice rejected the tumor cells, with the other 46% developing tumors. The second group of mice received electric shocks. The mice had no control over the electric shocks. Only 23% of those mice managed to reject the tumor cells. This means that 77% developed tumors. The third group was given control over the electric shocks. They quickly learned that they could stop the shocks when they pressed a lever. What the researchers found was that 63% of the mice that were able to stop the shocks were able to reject the tumor cells—only

Topic: Cancer, Stress, Anesthesia, and Immune Response
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Anabolic steroid-induced cardiomyopathy underlying acute liver failure in a young bodybuilder

Heart failure may lead to subclinical circulatory disturbances and remain an unrecognized cause of ischemic liver injury. We present the case of a previously healthy 40-year-old bodybuilder, referred to our Intensive-Care Unit of Hepatology for treatment of severe acute liver failure, with the suspicion of toxic hepatitis associated with anabolic steroid abuse. Despite the absence of symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure at admission, an anabolic steroid-induced dilated cardiomyopathy with a large thrombus in both ventricles was found to be the underlying cause of the liver injury. Treatment for the initially unrecognized heart failure rapidly restored liver function to normal. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of severe acute liver failure due to an unrecognized anabolic steroid-induced cardiomyopathy. Awareness of this unique presentation will allow for prompt treatment of this potentially fatal cause of liver failure.

Topic: Liver Disease and Transplantation
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences