jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Mosquito Species Composition And Insecticide Resistance Status of Anopheles Arabiensis In Itang Special Woreda, Gambella, Southwestern Ethiopia

Abstract Introduction : Anopheles arabiensis , member species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, is the primary vector of malaria widely distributed in Ethiopia. Anopheles funestus, An. pharoensis and An. nili are secondary vectors occurring with limited distribution in the country. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are pillars for the interventions against malaria control and elimination efforts in Ethiopia. However, the emergence and widespread of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector, An. arabiensis , might compromise the efforts of the country. The aim of this study was to investigate composition of mosquito species and insecticide resistance status of An. arabiensis in Itang special woreda (district), Gambella, southwestern Ethiopia. Materials and methods : Adult mosquitoes were sampled from September 2020 to Feburary 2021 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light trap and Pyrethrum Spray Catch (PSC). Moreover, mosquito larvae were also collected from different breeding sites and reared to adults to assess susceptibility status of populations of An. gambiae s.l. in the study area. Susceptibility tests were conducted on two to three days old non blood fed female An. gambiae s.l using insecticide impregnated papers with deltamethrin (0.05%), alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%), propoxur (0.1%), pirimiphos-methyl (0.25%) and bendiocarb (0.1%) following World Health Organization (WHO) standard susceptibility test procedure. Molecular diagnostics were done for the identification of member species of An. gambiae s.l and detection of knockdown resistance ( kdr ) allele using species specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and allele specific PCR. Results : In total, 468 adult mosquitoes were collected from different houses. Culex mosquitoes were the most dominant (80.4%) followed by Anopheles mosquitoes. Three species of Anopheles mosquitoes ( An. coustani, An. pharoensis , and An. gambiae (s.l.)) were identified, of which An. coustani was the dominant (8.1%) species. WHO bioassay tests revealed that the populations of An. gambiae s.l in the study area are resistant against alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin whereas, susceptible to bendiocarb, pirimiphos-methyl and propoxur. Out of the total 86 An. gambiae s.l specimens assayed, 79 (92%) successfully amplified and identified as An. arabiensis . West African Kdr (L1014F) mutation was detected with high Kdr allele frequency ranging from 67-88%. Conclusion: The detection of target site mutation, kdr L1014F allele, coupled with the phenotypic resistance against alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin call for continuous resistance monitoring.

Topic: Malaria Research and Control
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CAPTOPRIL IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

Objective: The objective of this research was to develop more simple, sensitive, accurate, and less expensive analytical methods for the determination of captopril in medicines by Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography.Materials and Methods: The chromatographic analysis of captopril performed on liquid chromatography Agilent 1290 Infinity II LC System.Results: A simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific method was developed for the determination of captopril by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography in mono-medicines and pharmaceutical dosage forms in combination with hydrochlorothiazide without previous separation. Satisfactory resolution was achieved using Fused-Core® technology Ascentis Express C18 column (4.6×150 mm) and a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.1% solution of trifluoroacetic acid (40/60, v/v) at a flow rate 1.2 mL/minute and the wavelength detection was 220 nm. Ascentis Express columns, based on Fusеd-core pаrticle technоlogy, prоvide more than twice the speed and efficiency of traditiоnal cоlumns at half the backpressure of sub-2-μm columns. The retention time for captopril was 1.345 minute. The validation of this method was based on the ICH and USP guidelines.Conclusion: The results obtained in this research work clearly indicated that the assay was rapid, sensitive and successfully applied to the determination of both drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms without interference from tablet excipients.

Topic: Analytical Methods in Pharmaceuticals
Subfield: Analytical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Biogeography of higher Diptera in glacial and postglacial grasslands

The presence of xeric grasslands on south-facing slopes in the Yukon Territory, Canada, has not been definitively explained. There are two competing hypotheses to explain their presence beyond the usual southern range of grasslands: (1) they are relicts of the Pleistocene mammoth steppe, widespread during the last glacial in Beringia, (2) they are relicts of the expansion of southern grasslands during the Hypsithermal, the warmest period of this last interglacial.This thesis examines the biogeographical patterns of selected acalyptrate Diptera in Canadian glacial and postglacial grasslands, with emphasis on the persistence of Yukon grasslands in an otherwise boreal zone. Flies were studied from three regions: the southern Prairies (AB and MB), the Peace River region (AB) and the southern Yukon. The Peace River grasslands were used as a baseline of a community influenced by a Hypsithermal expansion. Community structure, at the species-level, of the family Chloropidae was compared across the three grassland regions. Additionally, phylogeographic patterns at the population level were studied in three species: Incertella incerta (Becker), Meromyza columbi Fedoseeva (Chloropidae) and Trixoscelis fumipennis Melander (Heleomyzidae). Over 11,000 Chloropidae were used in the species-level analysis, representing 96 species. The community structure of the Chloropidae from Yukon grasslands was distinct from the community structure of southern grassland Chloropidae, including those from the Peace River region.At the population level, two genes were analysed: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b. For all three species, almost all haplotypes from the Yukon were unique, the Yukon individuals formed separate genetic lineages from the two southern regions and divergence times between the Yukon and southern populations suggested that populations diverged during the Pleistocene, prior to the end of the Wisconsinan glaciation.Biogeographical analyses at both levels suggest that modern Diptera communities in Yukon xeric grasslands survived Pleistocene glaciations in Beringia. This implies that these Yukon boreal grasslands are not recent expansions of southern grasslands but are rather relicts of the Pleistocene mammoth steppe which was widespread in Beringia during the last ice age.

Topic: Diptera species taxonomy and behavior
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Removal of NOx and NOy in Asian outflow plumes: Aircraft measurements over the western Pacific in Januray 2002

The Pacific Exploration of Asian Continental Emission Phase A (PEACE-A) aircraft measurement campaign was conducted over the western Pacific in January 2002. Correlations of carbon monoxide (CO) with carbon dioxide (CO2) and back trajectories are used to identify plumes strongly affected by Asian continental emissions. ΔCO/ΔCO2 ratios (i.e., linear regression slopes of CO-CO2) in the plumes generally fall within the variability range of the CO/CO2 emission ratios estimated from an emission inventory for east Asia, demonstrating the consistency between the aircraft measurements and the emission characterization. Removal rates of reactive nitrogen (NOx and NOy) for the study region (altitude &amp;lt;4 km, 124°-140°E, 25°-45°N) are estimated using the correlation with CO2, the photochemical age of the plumes, and the NOx/ CO2 emission ratio derived from the emission inventory. The plume age is estimated from the rates of hydrocarbon decay and hydroxyl radical (OH) concentration calculated using a constrained photochemical box model. The average lifetime of NOx is estimated to be 1.2 ± 0.4 days. Possible processes controlling the NOx lifetime are discussed in conjunction with results from earlier studies. The average lifetime of NOy is estimated to be 1.7 ± 0.5 days, which is comparable to the NOy lifetime of 1.7-1.8 days that has been previously reported for outflow from the United States. This similarity suggests the importance of chemical processing near the source regions in determining the NOy abundance. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.

Topic: Tendon Structure and Treatment
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Modification of the antiapoptotic ability of H18 hybridoma cells].

To construct eukaryotic expression vector containing murine bcl-XL and stably express it in H18 hybridoma cells in order to enhance hybridoma cells antiapoptotic ability. PCR was used to obtain 710bp murine bcl-XL cDNA from pGEM-T-bcl-XL. Then the recombinant expression vector pEF-bcl-XL was constructed by cloning bcl-XL cDNA into eukaryotic expression vector pEF by Pst I and Xho I double digestion. After transfection into H18 hybridoma cells through lipofectamine 2000, the stable expression cell line was screened by 800mg/L G418. The expression of bcl-XL gene was detected by Western blotting. Flow cytometer was used to test the modified hybridoma cells ability to resist apoptosis induced by 0.4mmol/L Sodium Butyrate. The eukaryotic expression vector pEF-bcl-XL was successfully constructed and stably expressed in H18 hybridoma cells. Our data showed that stably transfected H18 cells expressed high levels of Bcl-XL. Under the condition of 0.4mmol/L NaBu, the production of antibody was to be significantly increased by more than 3-fold in stably transfected H18, which resulted from suppressing the NaBu-induced apoptosis and allowing stably transfected H18 cells to grow at higher viability and extend culture longevity by > 3 days. The increased culture longevity by inhibition of NaBu-induced apoptosis by inducible expression of Bcl-XL combined with the enhanced secretion of antibody by NaBu contributed to the enhancement of final antibody concentration in the stably transfected H18 cells culture. The final antibody concentration of stably transfected H18 cells in the presence of NaBu was three-fold higher than that of H18 cells culture in the absence of NaBu. Together, our results showed that butyrate is of practical interest for production of antibody. NaBu-induced apoptosis of hybridoma cells could be inhibited by inducible expression of Bcl-XL. The expression of murine bcl-XL gene in hyridoma cells and the increasing antiapoptosis ability of hybridoma cells are of significance in further use of hybridoma cells in high density large scale cell culture.

Topic: Viral Infectious Diseases and Gene Expression in Insects
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Change in Editors of<i>The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon</i>

Professor Dr. Wolf-Peter Klövekorn served as Editor-in-Chief of The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon for 15 years, from 1996 to 2010 ([Fig. 1]). This represents the longest period an Editor-in-Chief has been in charge of our traditional journal. He and his team have established this scientific journal as a nationally and internationally accepted scientific publication and we are all grateful for his achievements. Unfortunately Professor Klövekorn died on Sunday March 28, 2010 from a severe disease. We will hold his memory in the highest esteem.

Topic: Cardiac, Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Favorable Plaque Sealing Process after Implantation of Endeavor Zotarolimus-Eluting Stent into Chronic Total Occlusion of Sirolimus-Eluting Stent

We here report a case with in-stent chronic total occlusion (CTO) of sirolimus-eluting stent (SES).The SES-CTO lesion was successfully treated with additional implantation of Endeavorzotarolimus-eluting stent (E-ZES) into the lesion.During the followup period of 50 months, coronary angioscopy and optical coherence tomography revealed the favorable plaque sealing process after E-ZES implantation into SES-CTO.

Topic: Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Fig. 3. Stenocactus obvallatus. A in Effect of Gerstaeckeria bifasciata (Gerstaecker, 1860) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae) Herbivory on a Globose Cactus in Guanajuato, Mexico

Fig. 3. Stenocactus obvallatus. A) Without feeding damage, B) After six months of herbivory by Gerstaeckeria bifasciata (some spines removed to better observe damage).

Topic: Primate Behavior and Ecology
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
ULTRASHORT DISSOCIATION AND RECOMBINATION DYNAMICS OF $I_{2}$ IN MATRIX Ar, A LINEAR CHAIN MODEL

$^{1}$ R. Zadoyan, Z. Li, P. Ashjian, C. C. Martens, and V. A. Apkarian, Chem. Phys. Lett. 218. 504 (1994).

Topic: Advanced NMR Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
S3053 THUMB RECONSTRUCTION WITH SECOND TOE-TO -HAND

Microsurgical techniques have become useful in reconstructive surgeryn of the hand. Toe-to-hand transplantation is currently the procedure of choice for thumb loss reconstruction, as well traumatical as congenital. For a successful outcome meticulous planning is imperative and presumes a thorough knowledge of pertinent anatomy and surgical technique The method of thumb reconstruction must be individualized and is dependent on the patient’s functional needs, age, and the level of the amputation. Postoperatvely, diligent nursing care is essential in assuring a positive outcome. From Nov. 1979 to Dec. 2001 53 second toe-to-hand transfers were performed at Center of Replantation of Limbs in Trzebnica/Poland. Mean age was 27 years. Males (79%) and manual workers (91%) dominated the series The rate of failure was 5,5%. The transfer gave functionally acceptable thumb with 8–12 mm two poin discrimination, on average 55% of strength in pinching (compared with unaffected side), 35 degrees of range flexion (but with flexion contracture)and poor cosmesis. Second toe transfers are preferable in cases with proximal thumb amputations, and in children. Their main advantage is the minimal morbidity of the donor site.

Topic: Organ and Tissue Transplantation Research
Subfield: Transplantation
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Statistical Distribution of the Fatigue Life of Steel and the Effect of Heat-Treatment on the Dispersion of the Fatigue Life

In general, the results of the fatigue tests on the metallic material are found to be widely scattered, accordingly, even if a test were performed under the same condition, the values of the fatigue lives obtained would be widely dispersed because of its "structure-sensitive" properties. Since we can not equalize these experimental factors, a statistical interpretation of the fatigue data would be necessary.In the present study, the authors have carried out the fatigue tests of the low carbon steel (0.23%C) with large sample (many test specimens per single stress level), and from the experimental data, the following three items have been discussed; (i) the effect of the cutting position of specimens taken from the original bar stocks on the fatigue life, (ii) the statistical distribution of the fatigue life under the higher and lower stress levels, and (iii) the effectiveness of the heat-treatments (normalizing and annealing) on the dispersion of the fatigue life, by means of F-test for the fatigue data.As a result, the following conclusion has been obtained:(1) The correlation coefficient (absolute value) between the cutting position of the specimen and the fatigue life amounts to 0.1-0.3 in cases of the as-rolled material and the normalized material, and 0.04-0.06 for the annealed material. It is concluded that the cutting position of the specimen from the original rolled bar has no influence on the fatigue life.(2) Under the higher applied stress level, the statistical distribution of the fatigue life is normal, but when the applied stress is lower, the log-normal distribution, or the extreme value distribution is applicable to the fatigue life.(3) No significant difference of variances of the fatigue life is recognized between the asrolled material and the normalized material, while the variance of the fatigue life of the annealed material is smaller than that of the as-rolled material, under the same applied stress level.

Topic: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Assessing Attention in Rodents

“Attention” refers to a variety of hypothetical constructs by which the nervous system apprehends and organizes sensory input and generates coordinated behavior. Although it has been a subject of psychological investigation since William James introduced it to the field in the late 19th century, systematic assessment of attention in animals has a shorter history. As with any unobservable cognitive process, assessment of attention requires quantification of an observable phenomenon, such as the behavior of the animal or the electrical activity of its nervous system. To the extent that these events can be measured objectively, attention can be inferred equally readily in any animal species, including humans or other primates, rats, mice, or birds [1].As James [2] pointed out, attention is not a unitary phenomenon, but rather a term that subsumes several different varieties of attentional processes. In the present discussion, we focus on three such processes: the ability to sustain attention over time, the ability to attend selectively to a subset of environmental information while filtering out extraneous stimuli, and the ability to shift attentional set. Accordingly, this chapter discusses three behavioral approaches to assessing attention in rodents. These approaches include multiple-choice serial reaction time tests that can be arranged to assess both sustained and selective attention, signal detection tests with blank trials that focus on sustained attention, and attentional set-shifting procedures. For each of these approaches, we present a commonly used method and then discuss design and analytic procedures that can help determine whether observed changes in performance can be attributed to the target attentional construct (see Sections 7.2–7.4). Section 7.5 discusses some guidelines for task selection. The appendix lists suppliers for necessary equipment.

Topic: Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Comments on: Conservative Surgical Treatment of a Case of Placenta Accreta

Placenta accreta describes pathological adherence or invasion of the placenta to the myometrium. It may be a consequence of any procedure affecting the integrity of the uterine lining.[1] The incidence is rising due to increase in the rate of cesarean delivery, which is the major risk factor. Published guidelines[2] [3] [4] recommend delivery with planned cesarean hysterectomy and placenta left in situ, while application of conservative management must be individualized according to the patient's desire for future fertility.

Topic: Maternal and fetal healthcare
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Functional examination of novel kisspeptin phosphinic peptides - Fig 3

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Stimulation of the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by KP-10, PKPS (A) or PKPR (B).&lt;/b&gt; HEK293 cells transiently expressing kisspeptin receptor were starved for 20 hours. The cells were then treated with vehicle (vehicle&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, 0.02% (v/v) propylene glycol or vehicle&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, 0.02% (v/v) DMSO), 100 nM KP-10 (□) or increasing concentrations of PKPS or PKPR (■) for 3 minutes. Western blot analyses were done using monoclonal anti-phospho-ERK1/2 and anti-β-actin antibodies. Representative western blot and densitometric quantitation are shown. The data represent the mean fold-changes over the basal of the vehicle-treated control ± SD of three independent experiments. **, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01; ***, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.005, compared with the basal.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Repeated cannulation attempts or late precut: which is more risky for post-ERCP pancreatitis?

We read with great interest the recent article by Mariani et al. relating to the effect of early precut sphincterotomy on post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) [1]. In this clinical trial, patients who had difficult biliary cannulation were randomized to early precut (Group A) or repeated papillary cannulation attempts followed, in cases of failure, by late precut (Group B). The authors found that PEP developed in 5.4 % (10/185) of Group A and in 12.1 % (23/190) of Group B patients. The difference was significant (P = 0.02), and the authors concluded that early precut sphincterotomy for difficult biliary access has less risk of PEP than persistent cannulation attempts and delayed precut.

Topic: Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Detection of Prebiotic Molecules in Plasma and Photochemical Aerosol Analogs Using GC/MS/MS Techniques

Abstract The formation and identification of prebiotic compounds in the organically rich atmospheres of Titan and Pluto are of great interest due to the potential implications such discoveries may have on theories of the origins of life on the early Earth. In past work, hindrances in detecting prebiotic molecules in lab-generated aerosol analogs have been the large number of products formed, often compounded by limited sample amounts. In this work, we detail a GC/MS/MS protocol that is highly selective (&gt;30 simultaneously detectable compounds) and highly sensitive (limits of detection ∼1 picomole). Using this method to analyze aerosol analogs (tholins) generated by either cold plasma or photochemical irradiation of 1:1 mixtures of methane and carbon monoxide in nitrogen, this work has expanded the number of identifiable compounds in Titan/Pluto analog aerosols to include the nonbiological nucleobases xanthine and hypoxanthine in plasma aerosols and the first identification of glycine as a product in photochemical aerosols produced under reducing atmospheric conditions. Several species (glycine, guanidine, urea, and glycolic acid) were found to be present in both plasma and photochemical aerosols. Such parallel product pathways bring new understanding to the nature of plasma and photochemical aerosols and allow for new insights into the prebiotic chemistry of organically rich atmospheres including Pluto, Titan, and the early Earth.

Topic: Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences