jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Formation of Low Density and Free-Flowing Hollow Microparticles from Non-Hydrogenated Oils and Preparation of Pastries with Shortening Fat Composed of the Microparticles

Solid fats provide critical functionality in the structuring, shortening, and stabilizing of many foods. However, their use as an ingredient is foods can present a number of challenges. The physical properties of solid fat can make them difficult to apply to or incorporate into foods consistently. On an industrial food production scale, handling of solid fats can difficult because they are often packed in heavy cubes or totes, and production delays and inefficiencies may be caused by the need to remelt the oils before use. Oils as a macronutrient also contribute a relatively high number of calories at 9 calories per gram. The overall objective of this thesis is to create micron size hollow solid fat particles using supercritical CO2 that are free-flowing, easy to handle, quick to remelt, and simple to incorporate into foods. Specific objectives include forming free-flowing hollow solid lipid microparticles from fractionated palm oil and low moisture butter using CO2, to characterize these novel lipid particles, and to test the performance of these particles as a shortening in pastry products. The solid fat particles produced were composed using 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 ratios of butter and fractionated palm oil respectively. In presence of 120 bar pressurized CO2, the melting point of the fractionated palm oil decreased from 66.2 to 47.3 °C. The density of the particles decreased 5 folds compared to that of the original oils. With increasing fractionated palm oil 3 content, the particle size decreased. Ten percent (d10%) and fifty percent (d50%) of the 100% palm oil particles were smaller than 4.49 μm and 23.0 μm, respectively, whereas they were 14.5 μm and 58.3 μm when mixed with butter at 50% butter concentration, respectively. The hollow structure was more pronounced for the particles obtained from higher melting oils/oil blends, as well as with more spherical uniformity. When used as the shortening fat in pastries, the microparticles increased firmness and thickness. Their high ratio of surface area to mass does hold potential for other applications, and the small size and free-flowing nature did make the particles easy to mix into the pastry flour. The micron size hollow particle format for solid fats has the potential to provide a number of important benefits. It could allow for reduced calorie contributions from fat, better finished product quality, improved solid fat handling, and easier fat incorporation into formulas. Advisor: Ozan N. Ciftci

Topic: Petroleum Processing and Analysis
Subfield: Analytical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Heparan-mimetics: Potential agents of tissue regeneration for bone and periodontal therapies

Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are key players of tissue repair and can be regarded as useful compounds for regenerative medicines. Unfortunately, their therapeutic uses face many technical, industrial, and regulatory hurdles due to their animal origin. So, some non-animal sulfated polysaccharides mimic heparan sulfate properties and offer interesting solutions to replace them. Among them, dextran derivatives, seaweed polysaccharides, or marine bacterial polysaccharides are the best known and have demonstrated their pro-regenerative capabilities by promoting both extracellular matrix structuring and angiogenesis and limiting degenerative processes such as inflammatory cell migration or tissue proteolysis. These polysaccharides have also shown their ability to specifically promote osteoblastic differentiation and bone wound healing. Furthermore, recent works shows that heparan-mimetics can be used as an additive to improve the cytocompatibility of bone substitutes commonly used in periodontal surgery. The use of these polysaccharides can be regarded as a clever approach to improve the biointegration of bone substitutes.

Topic: Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans research
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A cell surface ELISA for detection of blood group antibodies- on anti-ABO and -MN blood group antibodies.

A cell surface ELISA method was employed for detection of polyclonal anti-A, -B, -M and -N, and monoclonal anti-M and -N antibodies. Native erythrocyte membranes or those fixed with glutaraldehyde (GA) were used as solid phase antigen in the ELISA method. In detection of anti-A and -B, and of monoclonal anti-M and -N antibodies, the method used here on the plates with erythrocyte membranes without fixation of GA had approximately 20-40 fold higher sensitivity than the hemagglutination test, but polyclonal anti-M and -N antibodies almost equally bound on the plates coated with unfixed group-M erythrocyte membranes. Anti-A, -B, and monoclonal anti-M antibodies were detected to the same extent in the plates with fixed erythrocyte membranes as in the plates coated with unfixed erythrocyte membranes, but binding of monoclonal anti-N antibody to group-N fixed erythrocyte membranes was not observed. In regard to the eluted antibody, the present cell surface ELISA method had an advantage over the hemagglutination test in detection of anti-A, -B, and monoclonal anti-M antibodies. Binding of monoclonal anti-N antibody to group-N antigen on the group-N or -MN bloodstains was not observed in both the present ELISA and the hemagglutination test. The results obtained indicate that present ELISA method is very useful to medicolegal practice.

Topic: Blood groups and transfusion
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Cyanide in Human Disease: A Review of Clinical and Laboratory Evidence

Cyanide in Human Disease: A Review of Clinical and Laboratory Evidence. Wilson, J. (1983). Fundam. Appl Toxicol. 3:397–399. Experimental cyanide exposure in animals causes demyelination and circumstantial clinical and laboratory evidence suggest that there are human parallels. In Leber's hereditary optic atrophy there appears to be a defect in the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate because of deficient rhodanese activity. For transmitters of the disease smoking carries the risk of blindness and in the most severely affected patients, there is diffuse neurological disease. It is possible that other hereditary optic atrophies (dominant and recessive) may also reflect inborn errors of cyanide metabolism. In the retrobulbar neuritis and optic atrophy of vitamin B12 deficiency there may be a conditional abnormality of cyanide metabolism in smokers, and likewise in so-called tobacco-alcohol amblyopia in which there are more complex nutritional deficiencies. Epidemiological evidence (differing sex ratios, excess of smokers) indicates that defective cyanide metabolism may contribute to the development of sub-acute combined degeneration of the cord in vitamin B12 deficiency. In protein-malnourished populations consuming large amounts of cyanide or cyanogens, viz. in tropical Africa where the staple diet includes cassava containing large amounts of linamarin, similar maladies occur as acquired disorders. There may be a similar explanation for lathyrism. The known pathways of human cyanide metabolism are reviewed and evidence supporting the clinical data is presented.

Topic: Cassava research and cyanide
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of sintering temperature on the aging resistance and mechanical properties of monolithic zirconia

This study aimed to investigate the effect of final sintering temperature and grain size on the aging resistance and mechanical properties of zirconia fabricated through colloidal and cold isostatic pressing. Zirconia samples appearing as cylindrical discs were prepared and subjected to five different sintering temperatures ranging from 1400 °C to 1600 °C. Grain pullout and rough surfaces were detected on the micrographs of aged samples sintered at more than 1500 °C, indicating surface degradation. The highest flexural strength of non-aged and aged samples was obtained at 1500 °C, whereas excellent fracture toughness was demonstrated by the sample sintered at 1550 °C under non-aged and aged conditions. The hardness properties of all of the samples sintered at various temperatures did not significantly differ. Under the aged conditions, their hardness properties slightly decreased. Overall, the mechanical performance of the aged zirconia slightly deteriorated but remained acceptable for use in an oral environment for 15–20 years. Mechanical performance evaluation after aging revealed that 1500 °C was the appropriate sintering temperature. The mechanical properties and aging resistance of the zirconia samples were greatly dependent on sintering temperature during fabrication. Keywords: Monolithic zirconia, Aging, Biaxial flexural strength, Fracture toughness, Monoclinic transformation

Topic: Dental materials and restorations
Subfield: Orthodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Global brand advertisements and the representation of localization in the example of Turkey

In the present-day world, globalization has increased the intensity of international competition, transforming the world into a single market. The concept of global advertisements, which gained importance parallel to globalization, is nowadays losing its status as the sole valid advertisement strategy for companies conducting business at a global level. The primary reason for this is the increasingly intense competition environment created by the entry of many new actors into the global and local markets, which has led global businesses to pay greater attention to the cultural variables of their target markets rather than just their economic variables.Culture represents all of the material and spiritual elements associated with a society, and can vary considerably from one society to another; in this context, culture is increasingly becoming the focus point of marketing and advertisements in the present-day world. One consequence of this new approach has been the entry of the concept of â€œglocalâ€ into the advertisement literature.To summarize, the concept of â€œglocalâ€ involves the creation advertisements that bear the characteristic and local cultural features of the country where they are broadcast, while also closely adhering to a general global concept and goal.This study focuses particularly on the representation of localization elements and prevailing ideologies in global brand advertisements in Turkey, a country that harbors a highly diverse multitude of different lifestyles, cultural backgrounds and traditions. This study evaluates local advertisement campaigns in Turkey for certain global brands according to their overall preferences and/or differences with respect to the local cultural elements they harbor and represent, and the ideological background for these preferences. This evaluationwas performed based on several advertisement examples/cases examined through semiological analysis methods.Keywords: Culture, Advertisements, cultural differences, Global Advertisement, Glocal Advertisement, Representation, Ideology.

Topic: Diverse Cultural and Social Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Immunohistochemical Characterisation of the Interstitial Inflammatory Environment: T-Cell- and B-Cell-Dominant Subtypes of Hidradenitis Suppurativa

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease with a complex immune response. Given the considerable heterogeneity of the clinical phenotype of HS, this study aimed to analyse the immunohistochemical pattern of interstitial inflammation. Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on skin samples from 49 patients with HS. The immunohistochemical markers CD3, CD4 and CD8 for T-cells, CD20 for B-cells, CD138 for plasma cells and CD30, CD56, Bcl-2 and Bcl-6 were stained on lesional skin. Results: The analysis of immune cell dominance in patients with HS revealed that 33.3% of the cohort exhibited B-cell dominance, defined as a ratio of the sum of CD20+ and CD138+ cells to CD3+ cells greater than 1, while the majority (66.7%) demonstrated T-cell dominance, defined as a ratio of CD3+ cells to the sum of CD20+ and CD138+ cells greater than 1. B-cell-dominant HS is associated with a significantly elevated probability of mammary involvement (13.3% vs. 0%; p = 0.041). T-cell-dominant HS patients tended to demonstrate a higher mean tobacco consumption, but not significantly (20 vs. 5 tobacco pack-years; p = 0.06). CD4-dominant HS patients exhibited a significantly greater involvement of the mons pubis (62.5% vs. 28.6%, p = 0.023) compared to CD8-dominant patients, who demonstrated a significantly higher number of abscesses (p = 0.027). Conclusions: For the first time, we describe the clinical and immunohistochemical characteristics of T-cell- and B-cell-dominant HS. Although HS seems to be more dominated by T-cells, a B-cell dominance was found in 33% of cases.

Topic: Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Treatments
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Understanding Women’s Preconception Health Goals

This article discusses the social marketing planning process and strategies used to design a preconception health campaign, Show Your Love, launched in February 2013. Developing a social marketing strategy for preconception health is a challenging endeavor, in part because preconception health represents a set of diverse behaviors and the audience for the campaign is quite large, encompassing all women of childbearing age whether they intend to become pregnant or not. The network of organizations implementing the campaign, the National Preconception Health Consumer Workgroup, required a broad audience segmentation strategy; therefore, two large audiences were selected. This commentary describes the two primary audiences selected for the campaign based on the Transtheoretical Model—intenders (those in contemplation, preparation, and action) and nonintenders (precontemplators)—and explores how levels of knowledge, motivations, the campaign product, and the campaign goals are distinct for each audience. Additionally, the authors describe potential extensions to the segmentation strategy that could offer finer grained approaches for social marketers who may be building on the Show Your Love campaign or designing other programs in this area.

Topic: Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Elastic Scattering of Electrons and Positrons by Lithium Atoms

The eikonal approximation has been used to investigate ${e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}$ scattering in the energy region $E=0.8$ to 500 eV. In addition to the static potential, the effect of the polarization potential has been included explicitly. Our results for the total cross section of ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}$ scattering in the energy region $4\ensuremath{\le}E\ensuremath{\le}10$ eV are in close agreement with the recent experimental findings as well as with the theoretical results obtained by various authors using the close-coupling approximation. In the energy region $10&lt;E\ensuremath{\le}500$ eV, the present approach yields higher values than first Born approximation (FBA). Our results for the total cross section for ${e}^{+}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}$ scattering in the eikonal approximation are displayed and compared with the corresponding polarized FBA results and the results obtained by the polarized-orbital method. Results for the differential cross sections for both the systems ${e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}$ in the eikonal approximation are also presented together with the corresponding polarized FBA results.

Topic: Atomic and Molecular Physics
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Isolated Congenital Hydrocolpos with Imperforate Hymen - Two Case Reports with Literature Review

Introduction: Hydrocolpos is congenital cystic distension of vagina due to outlet obstruction.It presents as cystic swelling at introitus.A large hydrocolpos produces mass effects on pelvic organs leading to complications.It is potentially associated with other congenital anomalies and may present with clinical syndrome.Incidence is 1 in 16,000 to 30,000 births.Antenatal detection is possible with ultrasound anomaly scan and foetal magnetic resonance imaging scan.Prompt recognition and management at birth is essential to prevent complications.We are presenting two cases of isolated hydrocolpos without any complications.Methods: Two cases of hydrocolpos were seen at our out patient clinic on different days recently.Both cases were examined and noted with case details. Results:We had seen two out born cases of hydrocolpos at our out patient department and presenting both cases as clinical case reports with literature review. Conclusion:Early recognition of hydrocolpos at birth is essential for further evaluation, early management and prevention of complications.

Topic: Congenital gastrointestinal and neural anomalies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Heart failure after myocardial infarct in decompensated diabetes mellitus. Acute therapy with catecholamines--long-term therapy with ACE inhibitor-loop diuretic combination].

In a 63-year-old woman with longstanding type I diabetes mellitus, CAD and chronic heart failure, a subacute myocardial infarction developed, together with decompensation of cardiac function and diabetes and concurrent pneumonia. Acute heart failure with acute renal failure on top of diabetic nephropathy, and interstitial pulmonary edema was initially treated with hemofiltration and catechol amines together with antibiotic and perfusor-regulated insulin therapy, and systemic heparinization. Subsequent chronic treatment with digitalis, acetyl salicylic acid, insulin and a combination of an ACE inhibitor and a loop diuretic resulted in an improvement of heart failure to NYHA functional class II where PTCA of coronary multi-vessel disease could be performed with low risk.

Topic: Diabetes Treatment and Management
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Characteristics of water- and gas-atomised SS powders for MIM

Given the complexity of the laser-material interactions prevalent in powder bed fusion additive manufacturing, the need for tight control of alloy composition in the metal powder feedstock is leading to the use of specific gases during atomization. These changes in atomization gas also impact powder flow and packing. In order to identify the magnitude of this impact, two nitrogen atomized and one argon atomized 316 L austenitic stainless steel powders with similar size distributions were characterized using traditional powder characterization tools and rotating drum and annular shear rheological tools. While the traditional characterization tools and particle size measurements did not differentiate between the powders, these rheological tools allowed connections between the particle morphologies and rheological properties and powder performance to be identified. In particular, the argon atomized powders displayed higher aspect ratios, which translate into more spherical morphologies, and improved flow, defined by lower avalanche angles, when tested in the rotating drum. On the other hand, these differences in flow properties were not captured in the corresponding basic flow and specific energy measurements made with the annular shear tools. Variations in the powder packing properties and internal powder porosity in the different powder lots decreased the powder mass and introduced increased uncertainty in the force and torque measurements. The void spacing between loosely packed powders was also measured and showed how changes in particle size distribution and morphology impacted both packing density and permeability. Larger void spacing produced higher permeability values, indicating greater gas flow through the loosely packed powder.

Topic: Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Modular organization of human leg withdrawal reflexes elicited by electrical stimulation of the foot sole

Human withdrawal reflex receptive fields were determined for leg muscles by randomized, electrical stimulation at 16 different positions on the foot sole. Tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis, peroneus longus, soleus, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris reflexes, and ankle joint angle changes were recorded from 14 subjects in sitting position. Tibialis anterior reflexes were evoked at the medial, distal foot and correlated well with ankle dorsal flexion. Gastrocnemius medialis reflexes were evoked on the heel and correlated with plantar flexion. Stimulation on the distal, medial sole resulted in inversion (correlated best with tibialis anterior activity), whereas stimulation of the distal, lateral sole evoked eversion. Biceps femoris reflexes were evoked on the entire sole followed by a small reflex in rectus femoris. A detailed withdrawal reflex organization, in which each lower leg muscle has its own receptive field, may explain the ankle joint responses. The thigh activity consisted primarily of flexor activation. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 22: 1520–1530, 1999

Topic: Muscle activation and electromyography studies
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Persepsi Jurai Tue Terhadap Nilai Filosofi Arca Imam Peninggalan Zaman Batu (Megalitikum) Di Kabupaten Lahat

This study aims to determine the perception of Jurai tue in Simpur village in understanding and applying the philosophical value of the priest statue, one of the historical relics of the megalithic era, in carrying out daily activities. This statue symbolizes the figure of a leader, and is described as a strong figure with a slightly protruding head. Round eyes, wide mouth and flat nose. There are bracelets on the legs and arms, and the second is a human figure who is usually called a priest statue by the surrounding community. His eyes are round, his nose is flat, and his mouth is wide. On the head of this statue has a protrusion that looks like a headdress. In this study, the researcher used descriptive qualitative research methods. and also in this study using phenomenological theory with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, literature studies and also documentation. The results of this study aim to determine the jurai tue's perception of the philosophical value of the priest statue in Simpur village, Lahat district.

Topic: Cultural and Religious Practices in Indonesia
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Fair Trade and the consumer interest: a personal account

Abstract Abject poverty and rampant consumerism are twin ills of global capitalism. This short paper serves to encourage discussion on the role of Fair Trade in healing those ills. After describing the benefits of Fair Trade for producers, a paradox concerning the joys and blights of contemporary consumption is presented. Drawing on an autoethnographic method, the author indicates how Fair Trade resolves this paradox in the consumer interest.

Topic: Global trade, sustainability, and social impact
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences