jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of human neutrophil proteases on ex vivo small airway function

Small airways are the main site of airflow obstruction in COPD. Neutrophils are implicated in COPD pathophysiology via the activity of their released products, including proteases, which damage airway tissue.

We studied the effects of activated neutrophil supernatants on small airway function in rat precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) using videomicroscopy. PCLS were incubated overnight in fMLP-stimulated neutrophil supernatants from non-smokers (NS), smokers (S) and COPD patients (C), and contraction to carbachol (CCh) assessed. Supernatant levels of MMP-8, -9, neutrophil elastase (NE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured.

Compared with untreated (UT) airways, airway maximal contraction (at 10µM CCh) was significantly reduced after incubation in supernatants (UT 80±4; NS 56±10; S 40±11; C 52±7%, n=6-10, p<0.01). Airway reopening after CCh washout was significantly augmented in airways incubated in neutrophil supernatants, compared with UT airways (UT 18±8; NS 157±25; S 186±68; C 171±79% difference in contraction (10µM CCh vs. post-washout), n=4, p<0.05). There was a significant decrease in baseline airway patency after incubation in COPD neutrophil supernatants, compared with UT airways (10±5 vs . 40±7% decrease in patency, n=8-10, p<0.01). Maximal contraction correlated with supernatant \[NE\] (r=-0.5, n=46, p<0.001) and \[active MMP-9\] (r=-0.6, n=27, p<0.001), whilst airway reopening correlated with \[NE\] (r=0.6, n=11).

Hence, activated neutrophil supernatants reduce maximal contraction, augment reopening, and decrease baseline patency of small airways, possibly due to proteolytic action. Thus, increased numbers of neutrophils in COPD may contribute to the airway dysfunction characteristic of the disease.

Topic: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Dickkopf Homolog 3 (DKK3) as a Prognostic Marker in Lupus Nephritis: A Prospective Monocentric Experience

Background: The gold standard for diagnosis of lupus nephritis (LN) is still represented by renal biopsy, and serological prognostic biomarkers are still lacking. Dickkopf homolog-3 (DKK3) has been suggested as a marker of tissue fibrosis in different conditions; however, its role in autoimmune diseases needs to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the prognostic role of DKK3 in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with and without LN, assessing its changes in relation to kidney function, flares, and interstitial fibrosis. Methods: Overall, 132 SLE patients (57 with LN) were included and prospectively followed up for at least 36 months. DKK3 was measured in serum at baseline. Biopsies were evaluated for glomerular involvement, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy. Results: Patients with biopsy-proven LN had significantly higher levels of DKK3 than those without (median [min–max]: 215 ng/mL [81–341] vs. 21.1 ng/mL [1–69], p &lt; 0.01). DKK3 levels were associated with prevalent chronic kidney diseases (OR: 4.31 [C.I. 2.01–6.61] per DKK3 doubling, p &lt; 0.01), higher chronicity index at biopsy (1.75 [1.51–2.77] per DKK3 doubling, p &lt; 0.01), and flares rate (OR: 1.45 [C.I. 1.1–5.71] per DKK3 doubling, p &lt; 0.044). Conclusions: While kidney biopsy still represents the gold standard for diagnostic and prognostic assessment in LN, DKK3 could represent an additional prognostic tool to monitor SLE patients and guide therapeutic choices.

Topic: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Identification of some Mathematical needs Linked to the Use of Mathematics at work

This article offers a theoretical approach to a problem which is normally solved pragmatically without ever being raised at all: it attempts to define what mathematical techniques are necessary for tasks in which it is not evident that mathematics are being used. The concept of a tool introduced by Vygotsky helps to show how mathematical knowledge is inscribed within an artefact, so as to become invisible to its users. A study of the maths which are at work in occupational practice may thus be helpful in building up an understanding of the necessary relationship between the teaching of mathematics and the requirements of vocational training which, it is supposed, are fulfilled by that teaching. With the anthropological approach developed in maths teaching (mainly in France: Chevallard, 1991), it has been possible to test out a theoretical framework which is known for its application to vocational teaching problems. Thus, we emphasise the fact that a tool is socially determined and that this, in its turn, determines the way people think about problem-solving.

Topic: Education, sociology, and vocational training
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Popper'S verisimilitude

Journal Article Popper'S verisimilitude Get access G. S. Robinson G. S. Robinson University of Southampton Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Analysis, Volume 31, Issue 6, June 1971, Pages 194–196, https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/31.6.194 Published: 01 June 1971

Topic: Philosophy and History of Science
Subfield: History and Philosophy of Science
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Dispersion and Stability Optimization of TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Nanoparticles in Cell Culture Media

Accurate evaluation of engineered nanomaterial toxicity requires not only comprehensive physical−chemical characterization of nanomaterials as produced, but also thorough understanding of nanomaterial properties and behavior under conditions similar to those used for in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies. In this investigation, TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; nanoparticles were selected as a model nanoparticle and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was selected as a model protein for studying the effect of protein−nanoparticle interaction on TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; nanoparticle dispersion in six different mammalian, bacteria, and yeast cell culture media. Great improvement in TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; dispersion was observed upon the addition of BSA, even though the degree of dispersion varied from medium to medium and phosphate concentration in the cell culture media was one of the key factors governing nanoparticle dispersion. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was an effective dispersing agent for TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; nanoparticles in all six media due to synergistic effects of its multiple protein components, successfully reproduced using a simple “FBS mimic” protein cocktail containing similar concentrations of BSA, γ-globulin, and apo-transferrin.

Topic: Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A logarithmic spiral antenna for polarization and incident angle insensitive broadband electromagnetic wave absorption

To date, there have been very few research on electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption by such antennas in the infrared (IR) region. Therefore, in this article we have proposed a new type of gradient log-spiral antenna to enhance the absorption bandwidth. The unit cell antenna is designed by considering the special arrangements of different log-spiral arms. The unit cell antenna can achieve an average absorption ˃88.5% from 4.5 to 100 THz under normally incident plane waves. The absorption of the antenna is incident angle insensitive up to 45° and polarization independent up to 75° for both the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. The antenna shows high directivity of 6.68 dBi and high gain of 3.55 dB with 3dB beamwidth 59.2°. Moreover, omnidirectional directivity is observed in both low, mid and high frequencies. This innovative design approach opens a new path for thermal detection, bolometer, and energy harvesting research.

Topic: Antenna Design and Analysis
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Frame and Structure in the Conde Lucanor

and the solutions which he provides are too rounded for our tastes.1 The entire first part of the work appears to be no more than a hodgepodge of materials loosely conjoined within the frame. My contention in this paper is that this section of the book is constructed according to and conforms to principles having to do with a technique of literary framing which Juan Manuel understood extremely well. Further, an appreciation of the frame of the work and the ideas behind it can aid the reader in understanding how the author used his materials to emphasize certain themes and ideas which were of great importance to him. Marshall McLuhan in a number of his works has discussed the differences which exist between so-called primitive societies and our modern world.2 Basically McLuhan's argument is that print has conditioned man to look at phenomena in an organized, linear fashion and that this habit has tended to convince the reader that his world functions in this manner. We then view our environment as basically m?tonymie; things are related to one another if they can be seen to be connected either contiguously by cause and effect or if they can be shown to have similarity of function. McLuhan believes that primitive societies and historical segments of our civilizations, such as early Greece and the Latin Middle Ages, understood the world differently. The highly developed sense of progress, of organized movement, of coordination and subordination, of perspective which is apparent in modern civilization did not exist. Rather, man understood his world in terms of a great number of simultaneous, interrelated events. Space was for him not a homogeneous, continuous entity which existed as a separate phenomenological reality. Objects created their own space and therefore the need to view them as totally separated from one another and related geometrically to one another was by no means as great as it is for modern man. Thus McLuhan concludes that it is necessary to approach the art which originates when such a worldview prevails notfrom the point of view of perspective but to see such art as a grouping, a configuration or

Topic: Media, Communication, and Education
Subfield: Communication
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Glutamatergic Synaptic Dysregulation in Schizophrenia

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Origins of the Glutamate Hypothesis: Dissociative Anesthetics and Schizophrenia Neurochemistry of the Glutamatergic Synapse in Schizophrenia Are there Sensitive Developmental Periods for NMDAR Hypofunction in Schizophrenia Risk? Schizophrenia Risk Genes and Glutamatergic Neurotransmission Corticolimbic Gaba Ergic Deficts in Schizophrenia Which NMDA Receptors are Hypofunctional? Psychosis as a Downstream Event Conclusion References

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Accessing the Lunar Poles for Human Exploration Missions

The National Vision for Space Exploration calls for an American return to the Moon in preparation for the human exploration of Mars and other destinations. The surface environment of the Moon is a challenge for human operations, but recent findings from robotic and Earth-based studies have indicated that the polar regions of the Moon may offer advantages in terms of thermal conditions, availability of solar energy, and access to local resources. While accessing these regions represents a challenge due to orbital dynamics and propulsive performance, methods for accessing the regions with humans are being actively pursued, and environmental data gathering is planned through future robotic missions.

Topic: Planetary Science and Exploration
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Consequences of variation in interval from insemination to ovulation on fertilization in pigs

This review describes effects of variation in the interval between insemination and ovulation on the fertilization process in the sow. Inseminations performed too early or too late relative to ovulation decrease litter size and especially farrowing rate. This effect can be explained to a large extent by the increase in the percentage of non-fertilized eggs, resulting in partial fertilization or no fertilization at all. No effects of variation in the interval from insemination to ovulation are found on the percentage of degenerate embryos. Only moderate effects are found on mean embryonic development and variation in embryonic development at day 5 after insemination. In general, insemination between 0 and 24 h before ovulation gives good fertilization results. Factors influencing the optimal interval from insemination to ovulation, such as number of sperm cells used for insemination, storage time of liquid semen and use of frozen semen, and sow factors such as parity and breed are discussed.

Topic: Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Subfield: Small Animals
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
The Role of Adenosine A<sub>2A</sub>Receptor, CYP450s, and PPARs in the Regulation of Vascular Tone

Adenosine is an endogenous mediator involved in a myriad of physiologic functions, including vascular tone regulation. It is also implicated in some pathologic conditions. Four distinct receptor subtypes mediate the effects of adenosine, such as its role in the regulation of the vascular tone. Vascular tone regulation is a complex and continuous process which involves many mechanisms and mediators that are not fully disclosed. The vascular endothelium plays a pivotal role in regulating blood flow to and from all body organs. Also, the vascular endothelium is not merely a physical barrier; it is a complex tissue with numerous functions. Among adenosine receptors,<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">2</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>receptor subtype (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">2</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>AR) stands out as the primary receptor responsible for the vasodilatory effects of adenosine. This review focuses on important effectors of the vascular endothelium, including adenosine, adenosine receptors, EETs (epoxyeicosatrienoic acids), HETEs (hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids), PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">K</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>channels. Given the impact of vascular tone regulation in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, better understanding of the mechanisms affecting it could have a significant potential for developing therapeutic agents for cardiovascular diseases.

Topic: Eicosanoids and Hypertension Pharmacology
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Management Education: Fragments of an Emancipatory Theory

Written in the tradition of the Frankfurt School of critical theory, this book develops a practical theory designed to humanise management education. Inevitably encountering deeply authoritarian business schools, the author sets the rigidity of curriculum against a student-centred approach found in Honnethâs concept of recognition and the Habermasian concept of communicative action. Management Education outlines measures for preventing Managerialism from colonising learning spaces that would prevent the practice of emancipatory learning from flourishing. The aim of the book is to allow students and teachers of business schools to create learning inside an education system based on humanity. .

Topic: Management and Organizational Studies
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Intelligent Fast Handover Scheme for Mobile IPv6-based Wireless Local Area Networks

IEEE 802.11-based wireless local area networks (WLANs) have experienced rapid growth for some years. Increasingly ubiquitous, they are deployed in hotspots such as airports, campuses, shopping malls, providing Internet access for mobile users. Meanwhile, Internet service providers can be endowed with substantial increased productivity by enabling roaming users to access data in wireless systems. Such facts render handover management one critical issue for WLANs. Fast handovers for mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) relies on layer two (L2) pre-triggers to anticipate link prediction; this limits its applicability over WLANs. On the other hand, typical L2 handoff results in at least 250 ms delays, this makes supporting real-time application impossible. Thus new mobility management protocol is essential to improve the performance of FMIPv6 over WLANs. This paper proposes a new intelligent fast handover scheme for mobile IPv6-based WLANs. The new approach consists of equipping mobile nodes with pre-configured mobility pattern to select new access point prior to attachment. And access points are location-aware with new functionality to know the operating channels of its neighborhood. To show the effectiveness, simulations are conducted using a wireless network simulator, SimulX. Of which preliminary simulation results demonstrate that our proposal delivers better performance than FMIPv6 when deploying in WLANs.

Topic: IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Accuracy of Mammogram and Ultrasound in Assessment of Tumour Size and Lymph Node Involvement in Invasive Breast Cancer

Objectives: The purpose of our study is to assess the accuracy of mammogram and ultrasound in pre-operative prediction of the tumour size and lymph node involvement in patients with invasive breast carcinoma. Methods: A retrospective study includes 200 female patients, aged 35 – 75 years diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma at King Hussein Medical Center from October 2014 to August 2018. All patients underwent either modified radical mastectomy or breast conserving surgery with axillary dissection. Results of pre-operative mammogram and ultrasound were collected and compared with the final histopathologic findings. Results: 84/200 patients (42%) had the same tumour size in both mammographic and histopathologic results. The mammographic tumour size was underestimated in 76 patients (38%), and overestimated in 40 patients (20%). The mean value of underestimation and overestimation of tumour size were 6.96 ± 4.70 mm and 5.30 ± 4.04 mm respectively. The difference and correlation of the mean size between mammography and histopathology were statistically significant (t=-3.83, p=0.000; r=0.93, p&lt;0.05). Moreover mammography accurately determined the tumour size (versus pathological size) within 5 and 10mm, in 77 and 90% of cases, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of axillary ultrasound to detect the lymph node metastasis were 87 and 67% respectively. Conclusion: The mammography does not seem to be very accurate in detecting the tumour size. The axillary ultrasound is quite sensitive and moderately specific in the diagnosis of axillary lymph node metastasis.

Topic: Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Method of determining the microbial flora of the small intestinal cavity and mucosa in different gastrointestinal tract diseases].

Intestinal microflora in patients with chronic enterocolitis and duodenal ulcer was studied. Both the cavity of the small intestine and the structures of its mucosa were investigated. The method of aspiration biopsy was used, the samples of multiple washings of the intestinal mucosa and its homogenate were used for seeding. The results thus obtained in indicated that the structures of the mucosa contained microorganisms similar to those isolated from the intestinal cavity, but in lesser amounts and with different characteristics. The proposed method of detecting the microflora in the intestinal cavity and mucosa is simple and can be used in clinical practice.

Topic: Gut microbiota and health
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
SiGe transformer matched power amplifier for operation at millimeter-wave frequencies

In this paper, a transformer matched power amplifier for operation at millimeter-wave frequencies is presented. The SiGe single-stage push-pull amplifier uses a stacked transformer above a ground shield for output matching. The millimeter-wave transformer has a high coupling factor k = 0.8 and provides a very compact circuit layout. At 61.5 GHz the class-AB biased amplifier achieves a power gain of 12 dB with 8.5 dBm output power at a 1 dB compression. The saturated output power was measured up to P/sub sat/ = 14 dBm with a maximum PAE of 4.2%.

Topic: Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The dealkylation of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons I. The kinetics and mechanism of toluene decomposition in the presence of hydrogen

Abstract The kinetics of toluene and xylene decomposition in the presence of hydrogen have been investigated under two sets of conditions: 500–600°/250 atm. and 700–950°/atmospheric pressure. The reaction is thermal and homogeneous and leads to simple products under these conditions provided that excess hydrogen is initially present. The kinetics are then of order 1.5: first‐order with respect to toluene and order 0.5 with respect to hydrogen. In presence of excess hydrogen, the reaction is straightforward with the formation of benzene and methane. In the absence of excess hydrogen the kinetics and product compositions become complex and variable. Some possible mechanisms for the principal reaction (demethylation) in presence of hydrogen are discussed and attempts are made to explain qualitatively the effect of increased conversion on the reaction sequence postulated by Szwarc for decomposition in the absence of added hydrogen.

Topic: Zeolite Catalysis and Synthesis
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences