jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Trifluoromethyl-substituted fluorophosphates and fluoroarsenates

Synthetic routes have been developed to salts containing the anions [CF 3 PF 5 ] − , [(CF 3 ) 2 PF 4 ] − , [(CF 3 ) 3 PF 3 ] − , [(CF 3 ) 2 AsF 4 ] − , and [(CF 3 ) 3 AsF 3 ] − . These are isolated as stable solids with Cs + , or sometimes Ag + , as the cation. Their 19 F n.m.r. spectra are discussed, and it is suggested that the bis- and tris-(trifluoromethyl)-substituted fluorophosphates have a trans configuration.Trimethyltrifluoromethyltin, (CH 3 ) 3 SnCF 3 , forms 1:1 complexes with PF 5 , (CF 3 ) 2 PF 3 , and (CF 3 ) 3 PF 2 . It is suggested that transfer of a trifluoromethyl group as CF 3 − has occurred here, leading to the formation of trimethyltin derivatives of the trifluoromethyl-substituted fluorophosphates.

Topic: Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
The Story of Carmen in the Lens of Locals: A Biographical Sketch of Carmen

This study explores the story of Carmen, a woman from a wealthy family during the Spanish colonization, whose life story has been passed down through generations in Cadiz City. The research employs Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages to analyze Carmen’s psychological development. Using the Narrative Inquiry approach, participants were encouraged to narrate Carmen’s story in their own words, allowing a deeper understanding of the historical and emotional context. The findings reveal that although Carmen’s physiological needs were fulfilled due to her family’s affluence, her emotional needs—particularly for love, freedom, and self-actualization—remained unmet. This led to psychological distress and ultimately, her tragic death. The study contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage and promotes tourism by documenting this untold local story.

Topic: Cuban History and Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Measurements of stratospheric hydrogen cyanide at McMurdo Station, Antarctica: Further evidence of winter stratospheric subsidence?

We have made measurements of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the springtime Antarctic stratosphere using ground‐based millimeter wave spectroscopy. We find a steeper decrease in volume mixing ratio with altitude than that found at tropical latitudes, from an assumed value of ∼160 pptv in the troposphere to a value of 65±30 pptv at 40 km, which may be further evidence of substantial vertical subsidence of the Antarctic winter stratosphere.

Topic: Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Coronary plaque morphology affects stent deployment: Assessment by intracoronary ultrasound

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in arterial wall morphology induced by coronary stent implantation and the influence of plaque morphology on stent expansion by intravascular ultrasound. Intravascular ultrasound imaging was performed in 25 lesions before and after Palmaz-Schatz stent implantation. In the 25 lesions with ultrasound images before and after stent deployment angiographic percent diameter stenosis decreased from 71% ± 11% to 6% ± 14%. By ultrasound there was a gain in luminal area from 2.0 mm2 ± 1.5 mm2 to 6.6 mm2 ± 2.1 mm2 owing to a gain in external elastic membrane area of 2.5 mm2 ± 1.7 mm2 and reduction of plaque area of 2.1 mm2 ± 1.7 mm2. Calcified lesions (n = 8) showed significantly less relative luminal gain (218% ± 128% vs. 421% ± 276%, P = .01), and stent expansion was significantly less symmetric (minimal/maximal stent diameter 0.8 ± 0.1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.1, P = .002) as compared to non-calcified lesions (n = 17). The difference in lumen area within the stent between the previously stenotic area and the ends of the stent was significantly larger in calcified lesions as compared to non-calcified lesions (29 ± 28% vs. 8 ± 23%, P = .03). Both vessel stretch and plaque reduction contribute to the luminal gain after coronary stenting. Calcified lesions interfere with optimal stent expansion. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Topic: Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
MAKING CAMPUS GREAT AT ANY AGE: ONE UNIVERSITY’S APPROACH TO AFU PRINCIPLES

Abstract This presentation will discuss the focused approach to putting AFU principles into practice that we accomplished with our campus-wide steering committee. We performed surveys for students over the age of 40 to learn the perspectives of older learners and what resources they felt were available on campus. By doing this, we were able to understand more about learners pursuing second careers and through a variety of initiatives at the university level, we have improved visibility of older learners and the richness they bring to our campus. We also collected data from our emeritus faculty and staff to learn how they interact with campus in retirement to understand effective ways to actively engage with them as a retired community. Overall, we have been able to effectively use the AFU Initiative to enhance inclusion and diversity to include older learners on campus and make AFU efforts more visible across campus.

Topic: Retirement, Disability, and Employment
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Li<sub>2</sub>O Entrainment during UO<sub>2</sub> Reduction in Molten LiCl-Li<sub>2</sub>O: Part II. Effect of Cathodic Reduction Mechanism

A study was performed to assess the effect of controlling the reduction mechanism on Li 2 O entrainment in an electrolytic UO 2 reduction process. The reduction mechanism was controlled by isolating the UO 2 particles from the lead, eliminating the direct reduction mechanism. Cathode design made it possible to eliminate the direct UO 2 reduction mechanism, as evidenced by the cathode potential, the result being indirect reduction via electrolytically produced Li metal. Characterization of the reduced product was achieved via acid-base titration to measure Li 2 O entrainment and thermogravimetry to measure reduction extent. Significantly increased entrainment was observed when the electrolytic UO 2 reduction portion was eliminated compared to normal operation. In addition to the entrainment the representativeness of dip sampling, compared to cup sampling, was investigated. A statistically significant difference between Li 2 O concentration measurements from dip and cup samples was observed, dip samples measured 8 ± 3% less Li 2 O than cup samples.

Topic: Molten salt chemistry and electrochemical processes
Subfield: Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes
Field: Chemical Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Prevalence and related factors of dry eye in primary school pupils in Lanzhou

AIM:To investigate the prevalence and related factors of dry eye in primary school pupils in Lanzhou, Gansu Province. METHODS: From October to November 2016, 1 347 pupils in two primary schools in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, were randomly selected as subjects. Every pupil was carried on the questionnaire of dry eye and eye inspection to confirm the diagnosis of dry eye. Besides, the prevalence and influencing factors of dry eye in pupils were analyzed by chi-square test, Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test and logistic regression model. RESULTS: A total of 1 268 pupils took part in this study and the inclusion ratio was 94.14%; 271 individuals were diagnosed as dry eye, and the prevalence rate was 21.37%. Statistical analysis showed that the risk factors of dry eye were male, senior pupils, often using eye drops, poor reading habits, wearing contact lenses, video terminals last for a long time, learning pressure. CONCLUSION: Dry eye has become one of the main diseases that plagued pupil's life and learning. It should cause wide attention. Considering the above factors, rational use of eye and improve lifestyle will help to reduce the damage to eye of pupils.

Topic: Ocular Surface and Contact Lens
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Progressive Challenges to the American Constitution

In this volume, Bradley C. S. Watson brings together the leading scholars who have sparked one of the most important intellectual and political movements of our times: the criticism of the progressive intellectual synthesis that has dominated American thought and politics over much of the last century, and has provided the framework in which the administrative state has expanded and flourished. The contributors address the most important questions raised by this movement: what is the meaning of progressivism? What is the nature of the Founders&amp;apos; Constitution and the progressive challenges to it? What is the significance of recent scholarship and public opinion that have arisen in opposition to the progressive vision? What are the implications of American progressivism for twenty-first century politics and policy? Progressive Challenges to the American Constitution addresses the growing doubt about the scope and sustainability of expanded government power.

Topic: American Constitutional Law and Politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
School Finance and Courts: Does Reform Matter, and how Can We Tell?

Background/Context School finance litigation has often prompted funding reforms, but what happens as a result is the subject of considerable dispute. Purpose This article explores design problems encountered in studies examining the nature and effects of those reforms. Analysis After describing the development and current status of school finance litigation, the authors explore methodological complexities associated with estimating the effects of state school finance reforms. Then, following a review of the research literature that provides the most direct and empirically rigorous evaluations of the achievement effects of these reforms, the authors critique a growing body of weaker but nonetheless influential literature focused on attacking school finance reform and more generally on discrediting judicial involvement in public schooling and finance litigation. In the article's final section, the authors review school finance reform in the four states analyzed in an influential recent book by Hanushek and Lindseth, taking a second look at what the book's authors concluded were disappointing outcomes. Conclusions Methodological complexities and design problems plague finance impact studies. Although there are high-quality studies covering these issues, the research appearing to have the greatest influence in media coverage and policymaking is often advocacy-oriented and of lesser quality.

Topic: School Choice and Performance
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Physico-chemical and Sensory Analysis of Calcium-Fortified Cracker with Cricket Protein Source

Calcium (Ca) deficiency is a major public health problem that leads to bone health complications. This study aimed to develop a Ca-fortified cracker with a cricket protein source, a high-quality alternative source of protein that involves low-cost production. Four recipes of the cracker with cricket protein (Acheta domesticus) were prepared; control recipe, 15% of Ca by RDA per serving recipe (15% formula), 25% of Ca by RDA per serving recipe (25% formula), and 50% of Ca by RDA per serving recipe (50% formula). All recipes were assessed for satisfaction by 30 participants using the sensory evaluation method. The Ca-fortified cracker recipe which obtained the most acceptable rating by participants was sent for analysis, together with the control recipe. The findings of this study indicated that the 50% formula obtained significantly higher scores in taste and texture when compared with the other two Ca-fortified recipes (p&lt;0.05). In addition, its overall satisfaction score stayed at an acceptable level. The proximate analytical results indicated there were comparable results between the 50% recipe and control recipe, such as ash (2.42 g/100g for 50% recipe and 2.03 g/100g for control), moisture (3.66 g/100g for 50% recipe 2.99 g/100g for control), and protein (4.46 g/100g for 50% recipe and 4.33 g/100g for control). For Ca, the 50% recipe obtained Ca 183.38 mg/100g and the control recipe obtained 68.89 mg/100g. In conclusion, the cracker recipe with cricket protein contained 50% of Ca by RDA per serving, was acceptable to participants and comparable on proximate composition with the control recipe.

Topic: Insect Utilization and Effects
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Electrophilic Properties of Patulin. Adduct Structures and Reaction Pathways with 4-Bromothiophenol and Other Model Nucleophiles

The mycotoxin patulin (PAT) is believed to exert its cytotoxic and chromosome-damaging effects by forming covalent adducts with essential cellular thiols. Since the chemical structures of such adducts are unknown to date, we have studied the reaction of PAT and its O-acetylated derivative with the monofunctional thiol model compound 4-bromothiophenol (BTP), which was chosen due to analytical advantages. By means of analytical and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, 16 adducts of PAT and 3 adducts of acetyl-PAT were isolated and their chemical structures elucidated by (1)H and (13)C NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy. Time course studies and analysis of daughter product formation from isolated intermediate adducts led to a detailed scheme for the reaction of PAT with BTP. The structures of adducts of PAT formed with other model nucleophiles, e. g., the aliphatic thiol 2-mercaptoethanol and the aromatic amine 4-bromoaniline, were also elucidated and found to corroborate the reaction scheme. In addition, one further reaction pathway was observed with 2-mercaptoethanol, which appears to be independent from those found for BTP. Our study with model nucleophiles provides insights into the electrophilic reactivity of PAT and proved to be useful for the structure elucidation of PAT adducts with biological nucleophiles of toxicological relevance, as will be reported by Fliege and Metzler [(2000) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 13, 373-381].

Topic: Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Associations between SNRs and molecular clouds (Zhou+, 2023)

Supernova remnants (SNRs) in the coverage of the MWISP project, i.e., nearly all SNRs in 1{deg}<l<230{deg} and -5.5{deg}<b<5.5{deg}, are investigated. The MWISP project is an unbiased survey of ^12^CO/^13^CO/C^18^O(J=1-0) emission lines (see Su+ 2019ApJS..240....9S ; Sun+ 2020ApJS..246....7S and references therein, for details), using the Purple Mountain Observatory Delingha 13.7m millimeter wavelength telescope. Radio continuum emission data at 200MHz were obtained from the Galactic and Extragalactic All-sky Murchison Widefield Array (GLEAM) survey (Wayth+ 2015PASA...32...25W & Hurley-Walker+ 2017, VIII/100 and 2019, VIII/102). 1.4GHz radio continuum emission data were obtained from the NRAO Very Large Array Sky Survey (Condon+ 1998, VIII/65) and the HI/OH/Recombination line survey (Beuther+ 2016A&A...595A..32B and Wang+ 2020, J/A+A/634/A83). 4850MHz radio continuum data were also obtained from the Green Bank 6cm/Parkes-MIT-NRAO survey (Condon+ 1991AJ....102.2041C & 1993AJ....106.1095C & 1994AJ....107.1829C). 20cm radio continuum data are from the Multi-Array Galactic Plane Imaging Survey (Helfand+ 2006, J/AJ/131/2525).

Topic: Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Non-Aspergillus Aspergilloma

A case of lung cavity with fungus ball is reported in a patient subsequent to the treatment of tuberculosis for a year. Fungal serologic titers for histoplasmin, blastomycin, coccidiodin, and aspergillin were negative. Surgical resection of the cavity and to be done because of episodes of hemoptysis. Numerous hyphae formed into a compact mass consistent with aspergilloma were seen in the cavity. The cultures for fungi were negative on material from the surgical specimen. Immunodiffusion studies of sera obtained prior to surgery were positive for Pseudallescheria boydii and very informative in assessing the correct morphologic characteristics of the organism.

Topic: Fungal Infections and Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Observing Defect Passivation of the Grain Boundary with 2‐Aminoterephthalic Acid for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with their exceptional properties, show promise as photoelectric converters. However, defects in the perovskite layer, particularly at the grain boundaries (GBs), seriously restrict the performance and stability of PSCs. Now, a simple post‐treatment procedure involves applying 2‐aminoterephthalic acid to the perovskite to produce efficient and stable PSCs. By optimizing the post‐treatment conditions, we created a device that achieved a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.09 % and demonstrated improved stability. This improvement was attributed to the fact that the 2‐aminoterephthalic acid acted as a cross‐linking agent that inhibited the migration of ions and passivated the trap states at GBs. These findings provide a potential strategy for designing efficient and stable PSCs regarding the aspects of defect passivation and crystal growth.

Topic: Perovskite Materials and Applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
ETHNO MEDICINAL CLAIMS EXISTING AMONG MISING TRIBES OF ASSAM

The present study attempts to explore the ethno medico system of Mising (Miri) tribe of the Majuli subdivision, Jorhat district of Assam, India. The study mainly deals with the identification of medicinal plant species with the local names, preparation methods, treatment techniques that used frequently for curing several diseases. The practices of herbal treatments were more in the char-chapori(riverine) area as compared to areas nearer to the modern medical facilities. An interesting fact is that the magico-religious practices were done before any type of treatments in the Mising community. The popularity of modern medicines though has increased a lot, but they have ardent faith only on qualitative herbal medicine.

Topic: Ethnobotanical and Medicinal Plants Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Regulating the supermarket in 1960s Britain: exploring the changing relationship of food manufacturers and retailers through the Cadbury archive

A study of sales and marketing correspondence related to the Restricted Trade Practices Act 1956 and the subsequent Resale Prices Act 1964 in the Cadbury's archive.

Topic: Historical Studies on Reproduction, Gender, Health, and Societal Changes
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The Effects of Lamin A/C C1908T Polymorphism on Body Composition, Plasma Lipoprotein Lipid Profile and Insulin Sensitivity Changes with Aerobic Exercise Training

Obesity, lipoprotein subclass concentrations and insulin resistance are predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The Lamin A/C (LMNA) C1908T polymorphism has been associated with obesity-related anthropometric and biochemical traits, higher fasting triglyceride, lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations and the metabolic syndrome. Aerobic exercise training has been shown to generate favorable changes in body composition, lipoprotein-lipid profile and insulin sensitivity and to reduce CVD risk. The purpose of this project was to examine the effect of the C1908T polymorphism on percent body fat, plasma lipoprotein-lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in sedentary subjects before, and their change with, 24 weeks of exercise training. Following IRB approval, 144 sedentary adults underwent dietary stabilization, body composition scans, a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and plasma lipoprotein-lipid profile analysis. Genotyping was performed using standard techniques. Following baseline testing, 104 subjects completed six months of aerobic exercise training and then underwent a final body composition scan, 3-hour OGTT and plasma lipoprotein-lipid profile analysis. Comparisons were made between C-allele carriers and TT homozygotes; ANOVA and ANCOVA procedures were utilized to examine the effects of the C1908T polymorphism on percent body fat, lipoprotein-lipid profile and insulin sensitivity before, and their changes with, 24-weeks of aerobic exercise training. Statistical significance was set at p&amp;#8804;0.05 level. Overall, genotype frequencies were as predicted by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There were no significant differences between the genotype groups regarding body composition, lipoprotein-lipid profile or OGTT variables at baseline, nor were there significant differences in the change with exercise training of these variables between the two genotype groups. This study suggests that components of the metabolic syndrome and certain CVD risk factors may not be dependent on LMNA A/C genotype. However, a larger and more balanced study population across genotype groups may be needed to reach a definitive conclusion.

Topic: Nuclear Structure and Function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[The effect of cysteamine on the duodenal defense mechanism in the vagotomized rats--with special reference to the parietal cell vagotomy with CO2-laser].

The parietal cell vagotomy with CO2-Laser defocused beam has been developed and its efficacy was confirmed in cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer in rat. Rats were classified into the truncal, parietal cell and Laser vagotomy groups and control. After cysteamine was administered, the change of the Brunner's gland were examined histologically for each group. Duodenal ulcer was seen and the depletion of the Brunner's glands was observed in all control rats. Duodenal ulcer formation was prevented in all vagotomized rats regardless of the type of vagotomy and the preservation of synthetic activity of the Brunner's gland was noted. However, multiple gastric ulcer was seen in truncal vagotomy group. Laser vagotomy was done very easily and safely. It consumed much less time and prevented duodenal ulcer formation. It prevented the cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer formation in rats by preservation of the Brunner's gland activity.

Topic: Digestive system and related health
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences