jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
George Eliot's Italian Roads: Mobility, Temporality and the Crises of Realism in <i>Romola</i> and <i>Middlemarch</i>

Critics have read Eliot's Romola (1862–3) and Middlemarch (1871–2) as historical novels, as examples of the female Bildungsroman or as oddities and successes, respectively, within Eliot's realist oeuvre. This essay brings these strands of enquiry together in a formalist analysis, suggesting that these must not be seen as separate but connected debates about time, space and Eliot's novelistic poetics. Using Bakhtin's idea of the meaning-making nature of the chronotope, the essay reads momentous ‘road’ scenes in Eliot's two novels. As I argue, the road chronotope does not just represent moments of crisis for the protagonists and is, thus, an agent of narrative and mental change, but it also creates the symbolic, generic and affective registers in which these two novels operate. The road chronotope reveals Eliot's self-conscious experimentation with realism as she grapples with history, the individual's place in the world, and also sympathy, which is central to both her novels and her realist poetics. On a broader scale, the essay thus participates in ongoing scholarly debates about nineteenth-century novelistic form while also acknowledging the current ‘mobilities turn’ in analyses of Victorian fiction.

Topic: Modernist Literature and Criticism
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Characteristics and mechanism of neutrophil-mediated cytostasis induced by tumor necrosis factor.

Abstract After being treated with rTNF, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were highly suppressive to the growth of four different tumor target cells, Raji, K562, UCLA-SO-M14, and U937. Neutralizing TNF with specific antibodies before PMN were treated blocked induction of the anti-proliferative activity against Raji. However, after PMN were exposed to TNF the cytostatic activity could not be reversed by the antibody or by washing off TNF, indicating that the continuous presence of TNF was not required for expression of the anti-proliferative function. Addition of the hydrogen peroxide (HP) scavenger, catalase, at the beginning of the assay inhibited the cytostatic activity, suggesting that HP was involved in suppressing the tumor cell growth. In contrast, other reactive oxygen species inhibitors such as superoxide dismutase, sodium azide, L-methionine, or deferoxamine did not inhibit the cytostasis. HP alone at above 10 microM was cytostatic to Raji cells. The presence of TNF did not increase the sensitivity of Raji to HP. TNF activated PMN to produce HP but the amount of HP released in the culture supernatant was too low for direct cytostasis. PMN also became more adherent after TNF treatment. Therefore, the TNF-induced cytostasis may be mediated by local high concentrations of HP produced by PMN.

Topic: Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
FREQUENT OCCURRENCE OF ANASTOMOTIC STENOSIS FOLLOWING COLON INTERPOSITION RECONSTRUCTION AFTER TOTAL GASTRECTOMY

From 1992 to May 1995 a total of 13 cases underwent a colon interposition reconstruction after a total gastrectomy in the hospital and stenosis of the anastomosed site occurred in 10 out of 13 cases (79%). The frequency of anastomotic stenosis was significantly higher than that (19%; 13 out of 69 cases) with Roux-Y reconstruction and double tract reconstruction in the same period. In addition it was also significantly higher than the incidence with jejunum interposition performed between 1987 and 1992 that was 27% (3 out of 11 cases). The length of the mobilized colon, in the cases of stenosis at the esophagocolonostomy, was 21.4±3.5cm which was significantly longer than that of non-stenosis cases (14.8±1.5cm). Now, we usually make the colon length about 15cm and thereby the incidence of stenosis has decreased. Dilation using balloon dilator (Regiflex balloon dilator) for 5 minutes at the pressure of 20 PSI was performed for all of the stenosis cases with successful result within twice. After dilatation, no recurrent stenosis has been found so that we estimate the balloon dilation as an appropriate management.

Topic: Gastric Cancer Management and Outcomes
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Salt-Adapted Plant Growth Promoting Rhizo-bacteria (SA-PGPR): A systemic approach towards mitigation of salinity

Salinity stress is considered as one of the main challenges against agriculture farming and food sustainably. It poses a significant threat to global agricultural productivity, affecting vast expanses of arable land. Conventional methods of salt mitigation often fall short in providing sustainable solutions, necessitating innovative approaches for enhanced crop resilience. Application of eco-friendly potential salt tolerant bacteria are biological natural approach to enhance the productivity of crops under saline stress. Potent bacterial isolates having various kind of mechanism under stress condition which participatestoimprove the plant performance by assisting nutrient uptake and by stimulating the synthesis of phytogrowth hormones. These bacteria demonstrate a remarkable ability to modulate the rhizospheric environment, enhancing soil structure and nutrient availability. Food crops’ productivity and salt tolerance could be improved by utilizing selected potent Salt-Adapted Plant Growth Promoting Rhizo-Bacteria (SA-PGPR). The utilization of SaltAdapted Plant Growth Promoting Rhizo-bacteria (SA-PGPR) has emerged as a promising strategy to address salinity-induced challenges in agriculture. The economic and environmental benefits of SA-PGPR application, including reduced reliance on chemical inputs and improved soil health, are underscored. This systemic approach involves the application of rhizospheric bacteria that not only thrive in high-salt environments but also actively promote plant growth and development.

Topic: Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Helmet Safety Issues and Consumer Psychology in Nepal’s Motorcycle Market: A Trade Sector Perspective

Motorcycles account for over 80% of registered vehicles in Nepal and are responsible for more than half of all road traffic accidents, posing a significant public health challenge. This study explores helmet safety perceptions, user psychology, and consumer behavior from the perspective of Nepal’s helmet trade sector. Based on in-depth interviews with 17 helmet retailers and wholesalers across five provinces, Koshi, Bagmati, Lumbini, Karnali, and Sudurpashchim, the research examines regional patterns in helmet use and purchasing decisions. Findings reveal that helmet purchases are driven largely by a desire to avoid fines rather than genuine concerns for safety. Cost is the dominant factor, with 60–90% of consumers opting for cheap, non-certified helmets. Riders often rationalize this choice, especially for short or low-speed trips. Environmental and institutional influences such as hot climates, free low-quality helmets from showrooms, and unregulated imports across open borders further normalize unsafe practices. A widespread lack of awareness about safety certifications like ISI or DOT underscores the need for stronger regulation and education. The study concludes that without coordinated enforcement and public health efforts, helmet use in Nepal will remain symbolic, leaving riders vulnerable to preventable injuries and fatalities.

Topic: Supply Chain Resilience and Risk Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
AN EXTENSION OF LERNER'S MONOPOLY INDEX FOR MARKETS WITH A DISPARITY BETWEEN LONG‐ AND SHORT‐RUN DEMAND ELASTICITIES

This paper develops a theoretical analysis of steady state monopoly pricing in markets with a disparity between long‐ and short‐run demand elasticities, based on a separation between the long‐run demand schedule and the adjustment process that underlies actual demand levels. This sheds light, in a practical context, on the impact of the speed of adjustment and the firm's discount rate on its equilibrium markup; and on the measurement of realized monopoly power. An illustrative application of the analysis to existing empirical data supplements the theoretical presentation.

Topic: Digital Platforms and Economics
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Rural cooperative coding project.

Data quality is the cornerstone on which other quality activities are built. The importance of accurately coded data cannot be overlooked. The Rural Cooperative Coding Project sought to collaborate with rural hospitals in Utah to improve the quality of that data through an individualized educational program allowing open and active discussions. We hope that this project has assisted rural facilities in building and enhancing their own ongoing coding and data quality improvement activities.

Topic: Medical Coding and Health Information
Subfield: Health Information Management
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Fact Sheet Occupational Exposure to Rabies Virus

This fact sheet is for workers who may be exposed to the rabies virus on the job, and their employers. Three main groups are at risk: those who work with animal species that can transmit the virus, workers whose jobs may incidentally expose them to carrier animal species, and lab workers who use live rabies virus in research or vaccine facilities, or perform diagnostic tests. Human rabies is now very rare, due to the development of domestic animal control programs. In 1997, only four cases of human rabies were reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). In the United States today, wildlife accounts for more than 90 % of the reported cases of animal rabies. In California, rabies is well established in the skunk and bat populations. Humans can be infected when an infected animal&amp;apos;s saliva gets through an open wound (usually the animal&amp;apos;s bite) or through a mucous surface such as the eyes, nose, or mouth. A new vaccine is being used that has fewer side effects than the previous vaccines. If you think you may have been exposed to a rabid animal, retrieve and quarantine or euthanize the animal for testing, see a physician as soon as possible, and contact animal control authorities.

Topic: Rabies epidemiology and control
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Real world efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in Malaysian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Background: The empagliflozin clinical trial program (EMPA-REG) demonstrated reductions in glucose, weight, blood pressure (BP) and insulin requirements in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. In Malaysia, real world outcomes data on empagliflozin has not been published. Aim: To assess the real world efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in Malaysian T2DM patients.Method: This study was conducted at the University of Malaya Medical Centre, a tertiary referral hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Empagliflozin prescription data from March to September 2016 was extracted from outpatient records. Demographic details, HbA1c, weight, BP, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), lipids, insulin use, history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and adverse events were analysed. Patients that did not return for follow-up or had incomplete data were excluded from the analysis.Results: Of the 233 patients identified, 27 were excluded. Empagliflozin was prescribed by endocrinologists (81%), cardiologists (15%) and nephrologists (4%) with a mean follow-up of 19 weeks. Median dose was 25mg daily. 36% of patients had established CVD. At baseline, mean HbA1c was 8.76%, mean weight 79.92kg and mean BP 137/77mmHg. Mean changes from baseline were reductions in HbA1c (-0.71%), weight (-1.60kg) and systolic BP (-3.6mmHg). HbA1c reduction was highest (-1.82%) in those with baseline HbA1c &gt; 10% (Table 1). Weight reduction was highest (-3.97kg) in those with baseline weight above 100 kg (Table 1). BP reduction was highest (-23.4/-7.6mmHg) in those with baseline SBP above 160mmHg (Table 1). Patients who were on insulin at baseline (n = 125, mean baseline HbA1c 9.16%) showed improvements (HbA1c: -0.66%; weight: -1.05 kg) on a stable insulin dose. GFR and LDL-C did not change significantly (-2.33 ml/min and 0.03 mmol/L respectively). The most common adverse event was hypoglycaemia (n = 22), mostly in patients on concomitant sulfonylurea/insulin. Other adverse events were rare: polyuria (n = 3), dehydration (n = 2), postural hypotension (n = 2), urinary tract infection (n = 2), genital tract infection (n = 1) and diarrhoea (n = 1). Discussion: The results of this real world study closely reflect those from the EMPA-REG trials. The majority of patients in this study had sub-optimal glycaemic control and obesity with clinically significant HbA1c, weight and BP reductions of similar magnitudes to those seen in the EMPA-REG trials. The mean follow-up of 19 weeks in our study was comparable to that of the EMPA-REG Multiple Daily Insulin trial. Empagliflozin was particularly effective for patients who were overweight or obese and had an insulin sparing effect. The drug was safe and well tolerated. The most common adverse event was hypoglycaemia, mostly attributable to insulin, highlighting the need for insulin dose reduction on initiation of the drug.

Topic: Diabetes Treatment and Management
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Unraveling the architecture of caveolae

The eukaryotic cell surface is composed of many distinct membrane domains that are formed by the cooperative interactions of different proteins and lipids. These domains are important for membrane trafficking and cell signaling and are modulated in turn by changes in the cell environment. Caveolae (“little caves”) are ∼60-nm membrane invaginations (Fig. 1) that are a dominant surface feature of many mammalian cells, including muscle fibers, endothelia, and adipocytes, where they play a role in membrane homeostasis, signaling, and cellular mechanoprotection. Formation of caveolae in vertebrate cells requires two distinct protein families: the membrane-embedded caveolins (CAV1–3) and the peripheral membrane cavins (Cavin1–4). Although the general morphology of caveolae has been known for decades, the atypical structures of the protein subunits has meant that progress has been slow with regards to the high-resolution studies of caveola architecture. By high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (EM) and frozen deep-etch transmission EM, caveolae have been shown to be coated with striations (1, 2) or to possess spike-like structures (3), very different from other well-characterized vesicle coats, such as clathrin (4, 5). In PNAS, Stoeber et al. use a combination of biochemical dissection and EM to provide important insights into the underlying architecture of the caveola protein coat (6).



Fig. 1. 
Proposed model for the assembly of caveolae. ( A ) Electron micrograph of caveolae in an adipocyte cell line. (Scale bar, 100 nm.) ( B ) Schematic diagrams depicting the main features of the CAV1 and Cavin1 proteins required for caveola formation. Cavins possess two regions of α-helical structure, termed HR1 and HR2, which are rich in basic residues. These are linked by disordered acidic sequences DR1–DR3. Caveolins are membrane-integral proteins that are embedded by a central helix–turn–helix. They also possess a conserved sequence suggested to be involved in oligomerization (oligomerization domain, OD) and a sequence with potential … 



[↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: r.parton{at}imb.uq.edu.au or b.collins{at}imb.uq.edu.au.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Topic: Caveolin-1 and cellular processes
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Primary cardiac synovial sarcoma: an asymptomatic patient 8 years after the primary surgery

Primary cardiac synovial sarcoma is an extremely rare disease. Its prognosis is poor with a median survival time of 24 months, even when adequate and timely treatment is given. This case reports a 61-year-old woman presenting with primary cardiac synovial sarcoma with an 8-year survival time following surgical and adjuvant chemotherapy.

Topic: Cardiac tumors and thrombi
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Free trade agreements and female labour: The chilean situation

This article analyses the relations between economic integration processes, employment and equality of opportunities between men and women. To this end, the case of Chile is considered, where simultaneous processes of internationalization of the economy, the pursuit of economic integration agreements and the growing incorporation of women into the labour force are taking place. The relation between integration agreements and the labour situation of women derives from three factors. Firstly, the new trade flows affect employment and wages, and there may be a differential effect by sex if the female labour force is concentrated in particular, sectors of production.

Topic: Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
What is the role of technology in improving patient safety? A French, German and UK healthcare professional perspective

Patient safety in hospitals can be compromised by preventable adverse events (AE). Among the preventable AEs, hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are one of the most burdensome, contributing to not only poorer patient outcomes but institutional burden through direct financial losses and increased patient length of stay. Technological innovations can enhance patient safety by automating tasks, introducing medication alerts, clinical reminders, improved diagnostic and consultation reports, facilitating information sharing, improving clinical decision-making, intercepting potential errors, reducing variation in practice, and managing workforce shortages as well as making complete patient data available. A multidisciplinary working group from three European countries was convened to discuss how to optimise the use of technology to reduce preventable AEs in acute care hospitals. The working group identified examples where they felt there were opportunities to streamline patient pathways, including antimicrobial stewardship, point of care testing, microbiology test reporting to streamline time from sample-taking to clinical decision and mobile automated dispensing systems, which can reduce the burden on overworked staff. The working group also discussed key factors that were critical to ensuring different stakeholders, both within and outside the hospital, could meaningfully contribute to improving patient safety. They agreed that technological approaches and advances would have limited impact without meaningful cultural changes at all levels of healthcare infrastructure to implement the benefits offered by current or future technologies.

Topic: Patient Satisfaction in Healthcare
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Phytochemical Study of Two Algerian Plants Origanum vulgare L. Sbsp. glandulosum (Desf) Ietswaart and Thymus algeriensis (Boiss. and Reut)

In phytochemical study of two Algerian plants, the ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts from aerial parts of Origanum vulgare L. Sbsp. glandulosum (Desf) ietswaart and n-butanol extract from aerial parts of Thymus algeriensis (Boiss. and Reut), one flavonoid (8,4'-dihydroxy-7-O-β-Darabinopyranosideflavone) was isolated for the first time from Origanum vulgare L. Sbsp. glandulosum ethyl acetate extract using chromatographic methods. The structure was identified on the basis of spectral analysis including UV-visible, HPLC-TOF/MS, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The HPLC-TOF/MS analysis of the two n-butanol plants extracts showed the presence of important compounds such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. The antibacterial assay revealed that the different n-butanol extracts have a weak activity against the tested bacteria.

Topic: Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
ISOSTATIC PRESSING OF UO$sub 2$ IN HIGH TEMPERATURE METALS

The hot isostatic pressing process was applied at temperatures up to 1500 deg C for the fabrication of high-temperature fuel rods composed of UO/sub 2/ clad in niobium and UO/sub 2/ in iron-aluminum type alloy. The fused UO/sub 2/ powder apparently becomes quite plastic at temperatures above 1200 deg C and can be isostatically compacted at 1500 deg C to 98% of its theoretical density. Niobium tubes particularly lend themselves to the fabrication of fuel rods by simultaneously compacting and cladding UO/sub 2/ powders in the tubes, but the cast iron-aluminum type alloy that was used was unsatisfactory because of its brittleness. (auth)

Topic: Nuclear Materials and Properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Does the Balassa-Samuelson hypothesis still work? Evidence from OECD countries

This study tests the Balassa-Samuelson (BS) hypothesis, which explains the real exchange rate with relative productivity differences, for ten OECD countries between 1975 and 2007 by using the Johansen cointegration approach. The study further tests the effect of the terms of trade variable by adding it into a standard BS model. The cointegration analysis confirms the existence of cointegration among real effective exchange rate, relative productivity and terms of trade. The study’s major findings suggest that the BS hypothesis still works well in OECD countries while explaining the long-run movements of the real exchange rates that it holds for eight out of ten OECD countries in the extended BS model. The results also exert the existence of significant cross-country differences about the size the BS effects. These results are important for calibrating the real exchange models, which is crucial for sustainable allocation of resources in international trade and finance.

Topic: Monetary Policy and Economic Impact
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Generalized Utilitarianism: accidents of birth, life chances and Harsanyi's impartial observer

We provide an axiomatization of generalized utilitarian social welfare functions in the context of Harsanyi's impartial observer theorem. We reformulate Harsanyi's problem to allow the impartial observer to distinguish between imaginary randomizations over identity (accidents of birth) and real randomizations over outcomes (life chances). We show how to accommodate (�rst) Diamond's critique concerning fairness and

Topic: Income, Poverty, and Inequality
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Foreign aid, sustainable development and Rapti IRDP

The PDF of this file is 3,860 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v9i0.1142Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.9 2005 p.231-257

Topic: International Development and Aid
Subfield: Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences