jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Use of PCR Amplification of tRNA Gene-Linked Short Tandem Repeats for Genotyping <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>

ABSTRACT We have developed a reliable method for PCR-based genotyping of Entamoeba histolytica based on variation in the numbers of short tandem repeats that are linked to tRNA genes in this species. Species-specific primer pairs were designed that differentiate E. histolytica from E. dispar as well as that reveal intraspecies PCR product length polymorphisms. The primers were tested with samples from different parts of the world, and DNA was extracted from cultured cells as well as liver abscess pus and feces by various methods. We now have the tools necessary to investigate a possible link between parasite genotype and the outcome of infection with Entamoeba histolytica , as well as other aspects of the organism's epidemiology.

Topic: Amoebic Infections and Treatments
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Mood-dependent changes in cognitive control

The symptomatology of depression includes affective and cognitive features. As such,&#13;\ndepression has been associated both with maladaptive concern over emotional material, and&#13;\nalso with general impairments in attentional control. In the current thesis, I investigated the&#13;\npotential influence of such depression-related dysfunctional emotional processing on a range&#13;\nof cognitive control abilities, using experimental paradigms containing either neutral or&#13;\naffective stimuli. In contrast to the hypothesis that depressive symptoms are associated with&#13;\ngenerally compromised cognitive control, depression-related impairments were not found on&#13;\na range of ‘classic' measures of cognitive control, including error-processing (pre-error&#13;\nspeeding, posterror slowing and error-related ERPs), overriding response conflict (colour-word Stroop interference, conflict adaptation) or more sustained control processes (cued-RT&#13;\nperformance, preparatory ERPs, and maintaining long-term speed-accuracy tradeoffs).&#13;\nInterestingly, however, differences between groups with low and elevated levels of depressive&#13;\nsymptoms emerged during the performance of emotionally valenced tasks. First, an elevated&#13;\ndepressive symptom group showed a reduced ability to resolve emotional conflict arising&#13;\nbetween competing affective representations. When compared with spared performance on&#13;\nthe classic Stroop task, this result suggests that depressive symptoms are associated with a&#13;\nspecific impairment in the ability to regulate emotional distraction. Secondly, an ERP related&#13;\nto advanced preparation in cued-RT tasks (the CNV), but not those associated with early&#13;\nperceptual processing (P1, N170), was selectively modulated by negative, but not positive,&#13;\ntask-irrelevant emotional distractors presented during the cue-target interval. This pattern of&#13;\nERP results supports a late processing locus of affective attentional bias in depression.&#13;\nTogether, the current results propose that control processes which facilitate the regulation of&#13;\nemotional material (i.e. over emotional sources of distraction) might be selectively affected&#13;\nby increased depressive symptoms, suggesting that future work should consider affective&#13;\nvariables when investigating executive control processes in depression.

Topic: Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Elucidation of the Nature of the Murine Oncogenic Virus Inhibitor Isolated from JLS-V5 Cell Line

An inhibitor (STAS) prepared from the supernatant of JLS-V5 cells blocked the replication of MLV in vitro when added to MEF cultures as late as 48 hr after but not prior to infection with MLV. Potent antiviral activity against MLV was also observed with inhibitor prepared from JLS—V9 tissue culture supernatant fluid, fetal calf serum (FCS), normal Balb/c mouse plasma, MEM + 10% FCS, saline, or silicotungstic acid (STA). Inhibitor prepared from JLS-V5 supernatant fluid, but substituting ZnSO4 PCA, TCA, ethanol, or ammonium sulfate precipitants instead of STA, showed little or no activity against MLV in vitro. No viracidal activity was obtained when MLV was exposed directly to JLS-V5 STAS. These studies suggest that the active ingredient in JLS-V5 STAS may be silicotungstic acid.

Topic: Virus-based gene therapy research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Dewey’s ‘Democracy without Politics’: On the Failures of Liberalism and the Frustrations of Experimentalism

Democracy, for John Dewey, is emphatically not just a form of government; it is an ethical way of life. And yet, historically, it is in a state of fragility, due to the ascendancy of liberal individualism and market holism, which are practically unable to meet the social needs of the day and threaten to eclipse the public that is essential for democracy to thrive. Exposing the politics of liberal individualism and the huge inequalities it generates, Dewey suggests replacing its social forms with those of the scientific community of enquiry and in particular its ethos of experimentation and co-operation. Dewey, and, less excusably, his contemporary admirers, neglect the politics of experimentalism, failing to explain its manner of concrete resistance (or, in hindsight, its capitulation) to the pathologies of modern capitalism, and to consider, in a more general sense, the significance of political power and political action.

Topic: Pragmatism in Philosophy and Education
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Development of Advanced Propeller Damper (Shift Dampener System)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Generally, the gearshift mechanism for outboard motors shifts into forward or reverse gear without using the synchromesh arrangement (dog clutch engagement)(See &lt;span class="xref"&gt;Fig.1&lt;/span&gt;). This type of shift mechanism has advantages in simple structure and in saving space and cost, but at the same time, this is often the source of problem due to the abrasion caused by the hitting of gear against the dog clutch before the engagement, as well as large gearshift shock and noise. In addition, the outboard motor horsepower is getting bigger in recent years. As they are equipped with bigger and heavier engines and propellers, the shifting shock and noise tend to become more severe. For this reason, the improvement in this aspect is required.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;We looked into the way to reduce the shock and noise by means of propellers, because the propeller can be mounted and replaced easily, which allows the effective improvement to be spread to the outboard motors already in the market. Consequently, the advanced propeller damper for reducing the gearshift shock and noise has been developed. This report presents the development process of the advanced propeller damper.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Real-time simulation and control systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Test Method for Tensile Testing Coated Carbon-Carbon and Ceramic Matrix Composites at Elevated Temperature in Air

Because the tensile test provides the most fundamental mechanical property data and because of the incentive to produce ceramic composites and coated, inhibited carbon-carbon composites for use in oxidizing environments, Southern Research, under Air Force contract, has been working on tensile tests to 3500°F (1927°C). This work has been broken down into test capabilities to ∼2800°F (1538°C) and to 3500°F (1927°C). The distinction is necessary at this time because two different heating methods are being considered. The lower temperature has been achieved by engineering existing technology. The higher temperature has required more creative engineering and may require some "inventions." The problem is not necessarily heating but combining the heating method with an adequate strain or deformation measuring system.

Topic: Advanced ceramic materials synthesis
Subfield: Ceramics and Composites
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Constraints of young prospective tourism entrepreneurs in the semi-rural areas in KwaZulu-Natal

Tourism is increasingly regarded as a potential catalyst for rural economic development. As it stands, the global economic situation and the progress of youth entrepreneurship in developing economies are leaving a lot to be desired. Cultural diversity, level of education, dire market standards, and grim sociopolitical environments are some of the factors that should be taken into consideration when aiming to create an enabling setting that will open tourism entrepreneurship opportunities for a developing country like South African. This study’s objectives are the investigation of the limitations that prevent young people from pursuing tourism entrepreneurial activities in a semi-rural area. This research was conducted in the Umdoni Local Municipal area, a semi-rural area in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A sample size of 126 respondents from the selected semi-rural area was selected to participate in this study. This was achieved using a snowball sampling technique and the results were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The study highlights that inability to secure financial support is one of the primary constraints for the setting-up of a new business. The study also found that youth support structures, such as National Youth Development Agency and the Department of Trade and Industry, that should stimulate and develop tourism entrepreneurship for the youth in the Umdoni Local Municipality area, are not accessible. This research recommends that finance for youth entrepreneurship initiatives in the tourism sector be introduced by financial institutions and access should not be tortuous. Government policies should be examined in terms of their effectiveness on entrepreneurship establishment, as well as their regulatory burden on new start-ups.

Topic: Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Reply to Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness in Nepali Porters: A Controlled Trial

To the Editor: Drs Ghimire and Pun have made some important points about problems that continue to put Nepali porters at risk of developing acute mountain sickness (AMS). Our answers to their questions are as follows:1.Exclusion criteria were established solely by taking a history. This can be difficult in any population. Many porters were unaware of the medical conditions mentioned, with the exception of AMS, with which most were familiar. The Nepali doctors, using colloquial language, asked specifically about each exclusion criterion. For example, diabetes was “chini rog,” meaning “sugar disease.”2.In the discussion we have touched on the reasons for a low incidence of AMS in these porters. It is also possible that trekking porters are a self-selected group from which AMS sufferers have to some extent been excluded over the years. Because there was such a high dropout rate, the power of the study was so weak that no conclusion could be drawn about the efficacy of acetazolamide.3.We did not find any evidence of a taboo regarding medication, but as you are probably aware, rural Nepalis are generally reluctant to take medication, often preferring to trust local healers (shamans). The porters were apparently fit and healthy and sometimes “macho,” so we suspect that there might have been some reluctance to take medication despite their initial agreement. Some were persuaded by their sirdars to stop their trial medication. However, we were unable to question many porters who dropped out of the study, so we cannot give a precise answer.4.We agree that porters’ options are limited by the demands of trekking schedules, but this has to change. Sick porters should not be forced to continue trekking and then be abandoned to descend alone. We hope that the results of our study will increase local awareness, thereby supporting the efforts of such organizations as the International Porters Protection Group (IPPG) and Porters’ Progress, who are trying to improve the education and working conditions of Nepali porters. The Mountain Medicine Society of Nepal could play an important role in advising and working with trekking companies to reduce the risk of AMS in this vulnerable group of lowland porters.5.We agree that better education is vital. The Nepali doctors who enrolled the porters in this study did their best, counseling them carefully about the risks of AMS and the role of acetazolamide. They also advised them about what to do if they had AMS symptoms, and they treated those porters who exited the trial due to AMS. Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness in Nepali Porters: A Controlled TrialWilderness & Environmental MedicineVol. 18Issue 1PreviewTo the Editor: Full-Text PDF

Topic: High Altitude and Hypoxia
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Some Amine Derivatives of Acrylonitrile

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSome Amine Derivatives of AcrylonitrileO. F. Wiedeman and W. H. MontgomeryCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1945, 67, 11, 1994–1996Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1945Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01227a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01227a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views400Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Topic: Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Barriers to Immigrant Use of Financial Services: The Role of Language Skills, U.S. Experience, and Return Migration Expectations

Immigrants constitute a rapidly growing share of the U.S. population. However, when compared to natives, foreign-born residents are more likely to be unbanked, less likely to participate in formal retirement savings programs and have lower levels of financial literacy. This project (1) investigated barriers to the use of financial services faced by immigrants and (2) designed and evaluated new financial education materials targeted at immigrants. The authors focused on three potential barriers: limited English proficiency, lack of U.S. experience and return migration expectations. They designed new financial education materials to help immigrants overcome financial participation barriers. Using the RAND American Life Panel they administered two different versions of the educational material to randomly selected test groups – one general version and one including immigrant-specific information — as well as having a control group that received no information. They find that the groups that received the educational intervention were more likely to correctly answer questions on investment and savings strategies, IRA and 401(k) rules and to perform simple interest rates calculations. When questions involved specific immigrant information, the effect was mostly present for the treatment group that received immigrant-specific content. They find little effect of the treatments on financial behavior measures such as probability expectations and choice tasks. Overall, the knowledge outcomes point to the efficacy of this type of educational material in informing respondents with respect to important financial information that they are not familiar with, including information related to their immigrant status. However, they find limited effect on intended behavior change.

Topic: Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Early intrauterine pregnancy on CT and MRI

The appearance of early pregnancy on ultrasound is well known, but the CT and MRI findings are less well described. In the first trimester, pregnancy results in an endometrial cyst-like structure (the gestational sac) of variable size at CT or MRI (Figures 80.1–80.6) [1,2]. Fetal parts are usually not visible until the late first trimester. The developing placenta may be seen as a peripheral curvilinear enhancing structure. Later in gestation, the diagnosis of pregnancy is straightforward as the fetus becomes obviously visible. The gestational sac of early pregnancy may be small and inconspicuous at CT and MRI, but the co-existence of an ovarian corpus luteum cyst can be an important clue to the diagnosis of pregnancy (Figures 80.1 and 80.3–80.5). Remember the corpus luteum (which normally regresses in the second half of the menstrual cycle) persists as a critical source of progesterone in early pregnancy. A corpus luteum can nearly always be identified between five and eight weeks' gestation, but after that the corpus luteum shrinks (as the placenta becomes the source of progesterone in later pregnancy) and may not be visible at imaging [3–5].

Topic: Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
PD diagnosis on medium voltage cables with oscillating voltage (OWTS)

Detecting, locating and evaluating of partial discharges (PD) in the insulating material, terminations and joints provides the opportunity for a quality control after installation and preventive detection of arising service interruption. A sophisticated evaluation is necessary between PD in several insulating materials and also in different types of terminations and joints. For a most precise evaluation of the degree and risk caused by PD it is suggested to use a test voltage shape that is preferably like the same under service conditions. Only under these requirements the typical PD parameters like inception and extinction voltage, PD level and PD pattern correspond to significant operational values. On the other hand the stress on the insulation should be limited during the diagnosis to not create irreversible damages and thereby worsening the condition of the test object. The paper introduces an oscillating wave test system (OWTS), which meets these mentioned demands well. The design of the system, its functionality and especially the operating software are made for convenient field application. Field data and experience reports was presented and discussed. This field data serve also as good guide for the level of danger to the different insulating systems due to partial discharges.

Topic: High voltage insulation and dielectric phenomena
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The main effect model versus buffering model of shop steward social support: A study of rank‐and‐file auto workers in the U.S.A

Abstract Social support has long been considered an important factor in influencing the experience of stress and strain at work (e.g. Cohen and Wills, 1985). Yet the effect of union support on stress and strain has been largely neglected. In the present study we explored the role of social support provided by shop stewards as both a predictor of various indicators of strain experienced by their constituents as well as a buffer of stress–strain relations. These hypothesized relations were evaluated using data provided by rank‐and‐file members ( N = 112) of a large local union associated with the automotive industry located in the midwestern region of the U.S.A. The results were not generally supportive of the main‐effect model of steward support, but were consistent with the buffering model.

Topic: Workplace Health and Well-being
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Design and Kinematic Analysis of a Novel Hybrid Kinematic Mechanism With Seven-Degrees-of-Freedom and Variable Topology for Operation in Space

We propose a novel hybrid robot with seven degrees-of-freedom (DOF) and variable topology for operation in space. Design specifications of the space robot are presented for the type synthesis of hybrid mechanisms. Based on GF set theory, three design rules are given, thus providing the design method of the 7DOF hybrid space robot mechanism. Twenty-four combinations of the hybrid robotic mechanisms are obtained. The final synthesized configuration for the design of the space robot has a 3DOF parallel module and a 4DOF serial module with four revolute (RRRR) joints. The parallel module consists of a limb with universal-prismatic (UP) joints and two limbs with universal-prismatic-spherical (UPS) joints. The topology of the hybrid robot can be changed, and it will become an RPRR four-bar mechanism when it is folded for launch. The closed-form solution for the inverse displacement model is developed, and then the forward displacement equations are also obtained. After that, the Jacobian matrix is derived from the displacement model; the Jacobian matrix will analyze the singularity and workspace. We find that there are four singularities of mechanisms. The dexterous workspace of the hybrid robot is a good match for the grapple operation in space. An experiment with the prototype shows the present hybrid robot can grapple to a satellite-rocket docking ring and therefore validates the kinematic equations.

Topic: Robotic Mechanisms and Dynamics
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Photonic muscles: optically controlled active optics

Reported is an investigation of a novel approach for producing and correcting active optical mirrors. Photoactive polymers represent a special class of "smart materials" whose electronic and physical properties such as conductivity, charge distribution, and especially shape can be changed in response to the environment (voltage, light, stress). The ability of photoactive polymers to change the structure of a polymer matrix in response to light is being studied to allow active figure control of membranes for optical element use. Photoactive substrates (mirrors) were produced. Incoherent light sources were used to effect shape control. Shack-Hartman Wavefront sensing was used to quantify the initial and optically altered figure of samples. Motion of two classes of samples was measured and is reported here. Proposed is also a new stress control technology as well as new hybrid technology combining two classes of photoactive materials.

Topic: Photonic and Optical Devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Leukocyte Kinetics in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: I. DNA Synthesis Time in Blood and Marrow Myelocytes

Abstract Using a double labeling technic the DNA synthesis time of CML blood myelocytes was found to be 14.2 ± 0.8 hours if all myelocytes were considered, and 13.6 ± 0.6 hours for large myelocytes only. The DNA synthesis time of CML marrow myelocytes did not differ significantly from that for blood myelocytes. These values are indistinguishable from previous estimates of DNA synthesis time in normal granulopoietic precursors.

Topic: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences