jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibition with LCZ696: a novel approach for the treatment of heart failure

The natriuretic peptide system exerts beneficial cardiorenal effects in chronic heart failure, whereas activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system exerts opposing and deleterious effects. LCZ696, a first-in-class angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, targets both neurohormonal systems by inhibiting neprilysin, which prevents natriuretic peptide degradation, while concomitantly blocking the angiotensin (AT1) receptor. In clinical studies of patients with chronic heart failure with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, LCZ696 has been shown to improve biomarkers of cardiorenal function. The effects of LCZ696 on cardiovascular outcomes and survival in patients with heart failure are currently being investigated.

Topic: Heart Failure Treatment and Management
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Influence of Dairy Products on Bioavailability of Zinc from Other Food Products: A Review of Complementarity at a Meal Level

In this paper, we reviewed the role of dairy products in dietary zinc absorption. Dairy products can have a reasonable contribution for dietary zinc intake in Western diets, where dairy consumption is high. However, the co-ingestion of dairy products can also improve zinc absorption from other food products. Such improvements have been observed when dairy products (e.g., milk or yoghurt) were ingested together with food such as rice, tortillas or bread products, all of which are considered to be high-phytate foods with low inherent zinc absorption. For foods low in phytate, the co-ingestion of dairy products did not improve zinc absorption. Improved zinc absorption of zinc from high-phytate foods following co-ingestion with dairy products may be related to the beneficial effects of the citrate and phosphopeptides present in dairy products. Considering that the main dietary zinc sources in areas in the world where zinc deficiency is most prevalent are typically high in phytate, the inclusion of dairy products in meals may be a viable dietary strategy to improve zinc absorption.

Topic: Trace Elements in Health
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Quantum Chemistry in Drug Design: Density Function Theory (DFT) and Other Quantum Mechanics (QM)-related Approaches

Drug design and development are expensive and time-consuming processes, which in many cases result in failures during the clinical investigation steps. In order to increase the chances to obtain potential drug candidates, several in silico approaches have emerged in the last years, most of them based on molecular or quantum mechanics theories. These computational strategies have been developed to treat a large dataset of chemical information associated with drug candidates. In this context, quantum chemistry is highlighted since it is based on the Schrödinger equation with mathematic solutions, especially the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Among the Hartree-Fock-based methods, the Density Functional Theory (DFT) of HohenbergKohn represents an interesting and powerful tool to obtain accurate results for electronic properties of molecules or even solids, which in many cases are corroborated by experimental data. Additionally, DFT-related methods exhibit a moderate time-consuming cost when compared to other ab initio methods. In this chapter, we provide a deep overview focused on the formalism behind DFT, including historical aspects of its development and improvements. Moreover, different examples of the application of DFT in studies involving GABA inhibitors, or catalytic mechanisms of enzymes, such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2, and different proteases associated impacting diseases, such as malaria, Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis, and others. Moreover, the role of metal ions in catalytic enzymatic mechanisms is also covered, discussing iron-, copper-, and nickel-catalyzed processes. Finally, this chapter comprises several aspects associated with the elucidation of catalytic mechanisms of inhibition, which could be used to develop new potential pharmacological agents.

Topic: Computational Drug Discovery Methods
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Research on the Design of the Ontology-Based Automatic Question Answering System

Automatic question answering system is a hot issue in the field of natural language processing, and is playing an increasingly important role in the long-distance teaching through networks. This paper proposes an ontology-based automatic question answering system model, at first, build restricted area ontology, then take advantage of the accurate description of concept as well as the definition of the relationship of the concepts, to expand keywords and improve the accuracy and recall rates.

Topic: Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
ALICE: Angled Label Image Capture and Extraction for high throughput insect specimen digitisation

The world’s natural history collections contain at least 2 billion specimens, representing a unique data source for answering fundamental scientific questions about ecological, evolutionary, and geological processes. Unlocking this treasure trove of data, stored in thousands of museum drawers and cabinets, is crucial to help map a sustainable future for ourselves and the natural systems on which we depend. The rate-limiting steps in the digitisation of natural history collections often involve specimen handling due to their fragile nature. Insects comprise the single largest collection type in the Natural History Museum, London (NHM), reflecting their global diversity. The NHM pinned insect collection, estimated at 25 million specimens, will take over 700 person years to digitise at current rates. In order to ramp up digitisation we have developed ALICE for Angled Label Image Capture and Extraction. This multi-camera setup and associated software processing pipeline enables primary data capture from angled images, without removal of the labels from the specimen pin. As a result ALICE enables a single user to sustainably image over 1,000 specimens per day, allowing us to digitally unlock the insect collections at an unprecedented rate.

Topic: Species Distribution and Climate Change
Subfield: Ecological Modeling
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Existential Epistemology

Abstract I develop a Heideggerian response to the central traditional problem in epistemology—whether we can have (objective) knowledge of the external world. I introduce the main philosophical terms and claims of Being and Time, and try to use this system to amplify the book's brief and elusive treatments of that problem. Because Heidegger's early system is crucially ‘existential’, it gives a critique of epistemology from an existential stance—or an existential epistemology. This critique claims to ‘dissolve’ or ‘undermine’ that traditional problem, by showing how it is misguided or misformed. Heidegger's ultimate argument is that the problem rests on a mistake about time, or about the temporal character of reality, and of humans—Dasein—in particular. Heidegger thinks this mistake infects not just epistemology, but our whole theoretical stance, how we try to go beyond our ‘everyday’, pre‐theoretical understanding. But his point is not to return us to that ‘everydayness’, but to improve our thinking by turning it into a ‘phenomenology’, which—by Heidegger's existential twist—amounts to the same thing as authenticity. My three chapters focus respectively on these three basic stances—everydayness, epistemology, and phenomenology.

Topic: Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Therapeutic Assessment of Dried Rumen Liquor Preparations in Cases of Simple Indigestion in Buffaloes

The present study was aimed for studying epidemiological, clinico-pathological, hemato-biochemical and therapeutic management of indigestion in buffaloes in and around Pantnagar of Uttarakhand state. Rumen motility reduced substantially in all the therapeutic groups. Before the treatment, pH of rumen liquor was slightly acidic in all the treatment groups. Pre-treatment rumen liquor examination revealed reduced microbial count and activity, which was indicated by reduced total protozoal count, protozoal motility, bacterial count and amount of TVFA in rumen liquor and increase in time values for MBRT, SAT and Nitrate reduction test. Hemogram with leukocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia suggestive of more or less stress like condition. Alterations in biochemical parameters included significant (P≤0.05) increase in serum ALT, AST, LDH and BUN concentrations and reduced serum glucose levels. Recovery in magnesium sulphate treated was 83.33%, whereas in all the other therapeutic groups (Air dried RL and Lyophilized RL) recovery was 100%. Based on the clinico-therapeutic study lyophilized rumen liquor was graded as a superior treatment for indigestion in buffaloes followed by air dried rumen liquor and magnesium sulphate respectively.

Topic: Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Leaf Anatomical Adaptation and Chloroplast Ultrastructure Changes Upon Magnesium Foliar Application of Faba Bean (<i>Vicia faba</i> L.) Grown Under Drought Stress

ABSTRACT Background Drought stress (DS) impedes plant growth and development by impairing the uptake of nutrients, such as magnesium, which is central to many physiological processes, particularly photosynthesis. Leaf application was proposed to be an effective strategy to compensate for inadequate Mg 2+ supply from the nutrient solution. Aim The present study is designed to investigate the role of Mg 2+ leaf application in ameliorating leaf anatomy and chloroplast ultrastructure changes in faba beans grown under DS. Methods Hydroponically grown plants were subjected to DS under various levels of Mg 2+ , that is, sufficient (0.5 mM), deficient (0 mM), and leaf‐application (250 mM). Light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were conducted to examine leaf anatomy and ultrastructural changes. Results Mg 2+ deficiency alone and under DS significantly affected plant biomass and photosynthesis. Additionally, sucrose concentration, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation were increased. Accordingly, the excessive deposition of photoassimilates in source organs due to the inhibition of phloem loading results in a disruption of the thylakoid structures leading to chloroplast damage. In the current study leaf application of Mg 2+ partially ameliorated physiological functions, most notably chlorophyll concentration, photosynthesis and transpiration rate, plant biomass, and preservation of ultrastructure of the chloroplast. Conclusion Although the Mg application via roots enhanced drought tolerance, compared to Mg 2+ leaf application. However, Mg 2+ leaf application was proven to be an efficient strategy in mitigating DS in field trials. Therefore, Mg 2+ foliar application should be prioritized for further investigation under relevant environmental stress conditions.

Topic: Plant Micronutrient Interactions and Effects
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
DO THE MATH!: Fibonacci Lemonade

"DO THE MATH!: Fibonacci Lemonade." Math Horizons, 22(1), p. 29 Additional informationNotes on contributorsAndrea HawksleyAndrea Hawksley is a software developer and mathematical artist. She is a cofounder of the Octahedral Group for math artists and works on virtual reality video with ele VR. Email: hawksley@gmail.com

Topic: Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Start–Up Capital and Chinese Entrepreneurs: The Role of Family

This paper examines the formation of the initial capital structure of Chinese start–up firms. Contrary to the predominant view of Chinese family business, this study found that family funding is not the major source of start–up capital under certain conditions. Employing two surveys conducted separately in Hong Kong and the mainland of the People's Republic of China, it was revealed that Chinese entrepreneurs seek initial funding from their family rather than from outsiders only if they expected lower transaction costs and lower levels of family interference in the business. The implications of the findings for entrepreneurship of ethnic Chinese communities in East Asia are discussed.

Topic: Family Business Performance and Succession
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Afro-Caribbeans and Indo-Caribbeans in the Netherlands: Premigration Legacies and Social Mobility

The social mobility of immigrants depends not just on the opportunity structure of the receiving society, but also on the past experiences and the sociocultural repertoires that immigrants bring with them on arrival. This becomes clear in a comparison of two ethnic groups that migrated from one Caribbean country to the Netherlands: the Afro-Surinamese and Indo-Surinamese. While both groups left Surinam at the same time and settled into very similar conditions in the Netherlands, their premigration histories differed considerably. These different premigration legacies seem crucial to understanding the current differences in the economic and educational performance of these immigrants and their offspring.

Topic: Migration and Labor Dynamics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Kinematics of field Type II Cepheid variables

The spectra of 49 field Type II Cepheids have been assembled and combined with 14 additional stars with previously published radial velocities in order to investigate the kinematics and spectral characteristics of these stars. Many of the stars have low peculiar velocities consistent with circular rotation around the galaxy, while some are high-velocity stars. Outside the nuclear bulge, the velocities are correlated with photometric metallicities in the sense that metal-rich stars show a nearly normal, disklike rotation velocity and a low velocity dispersion. This correlation shows that the low-velocity, metal-rich stars have an old-disk origin. Fewer Cepheids are found in the field than expected relative to clusters, suggesting a difference between the populations of the halo field and clusters. The kinematic properties of Cepheids in the nuclear bulge appear to be different in that both metal-poor and metal-rich Cepheids have a high velocity dispersion and show little systematic galactic rotation.

Topic: Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effects of chirality and inhomogeneous growth on the morphology of plant tendril

Abstract By controlling the growth rate, biomaterials with chiral microstructure can produce nonuniform prestress and then form chiral morphologies, such as twisted biological filaments, while it is not clear how the chiral microstructure of biomaterials affects the formation and movement of its macro chiral morphologies under the action of uneven prestresses. In this work, a double-layered composite beam model considering the chiral microstructure of biological materials based on experimental observations is established. The influences of inhomogeneous growth and chiral microstructure on the formation of the chiral morphologies of tendrils are considered as a typical example and discussed in detail. The results show that the macro chiral phases of plant tendrils provide a remarkable dependence on their chiral microstructures.

Topic: Advanced Materials and Mechanics
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Lymphoreticular Tumors in Argentina&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"&gt;1&lt;/xref&gt;

Diagnoses of lymphoreticular tumors in 5 medical centers of Buenos Aires were reviewed, and Hodgkin's disease subtypes were reclassified according to the Rye classification. Hodgkin's disease was found to be the most frequent solid lymphoma. Lymphosarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma increased in frequency with age. Hodgkin's disease was distributed bimodally, with peaks in young adults and in the aged. All lymphomas developed more frequently in males than in females. The frequency of subtypes of Hodgkin's disease differed, probably representing urban-rural extraction of the population.

Topic: Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Nonlinear Static and Dynamic Analysis Framework for Very Flexible Multibody Aircraft with Propellers

View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-1391.vid A nonlinear static and dynamic aeroelastic analysis framework for high aspect ratio wings with propellers is described. The aerodynamic effect of propellers is considered. The high computational cost required for modeling aerodynamic interaction between the wing and propeller wake is reduced by taking advantage of the relatively slow dynamics of the wing. Consequently, the propeller wake is modeled as a straight vortex cylinder that does not require a computationally expensive wake updating process. By leveraging the smallness of the propeller, we propose an averaged vortex cylinder method that calculates the induced velocities of the propeller vortex cylinder efficiently without suffering from a numerical singularity and loss of accuracy. The induced velocities are considered in the wing aerodynamic force calculation using an unsteady vortex lattice method. We also propose an efficient propeller cylinder coordinate generation method modeling the propeller-attached wing by absolute nodal coordinate formulation with a multibody dynamic theory. The developed framework is validated by comparison with other frameworks and formulations. A nonlinear static analysis on a representative high-aspect-ratio wing demonstrates that the propeller-induced axial velocity has a larger effect on the increase in deflection than the tangential velocity. The nonlinear dynamic results show that the propeller may decrease the deflection amplitude.

Topic: Aeroelasticity and Vibration Control
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Immigration enforcement and justifications for causing harm

States are not only claiming the right to grant or deny entry to their territories but also enforcing this right against non-citizens in ways that cause significant harm to these individuals. In this article, I argue that endorsing the presumptive right to restrict immigration does not settle the question of when or how it may permissibly inflict harm on individuals to enforce this right. I examine three distinct justifications for causing harm to individuals. First, the justification of defensive harm holds that harming individuals is morally permissible when they pose an unjustified threat to others. Second, the justification of protecting property states that harming individuals is morally permissible when they pose an unjustified threat to others' property interests. Third, I consider the state punishment justification, which maintains that harming individuals is morally permissible when punishment is an appropriate response to their previous conduct. I conclude that any immigration enforcement measure that involves lethal force or the infliction of severe bodily harm is morally impermissible, whether it is used to defend the state or its property. Moreover, criminal sanctions for immigration violations are difficult to justify.

Topic: War, Ethics, and Justification
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
New Poland's old dilemma: The Polish minority of Lithuania

Abstract This article seeks to explore the growing problem posed by the Slav/Polish ethnic minority in Lithuania and attempts to place this conflict in the general context of twentieth‐century East European ethnic conflicts. Particular attention is given to explaining the unique historical circumstances that produced this ethnically transitional area between the Byelorus, Polish and Lithuanian societies where throughout their history, the representatives of these ethnic groups as well as a large Jewish community and many other smaller ethnic groups have cohabited together as an intertwined mixture. However, with the spread of the idea of a single ethnic dominated national state, the transitional area in southwestern Lithuania ‐ as well as similar ethnically transitional areas elsewhere in eastern Europe ‐ were destined to be liquidated. Such areas could be liquidated either through some kind of enforceable dispersal of the now ‘undesirable’ ethnic groups from the region or through a state‐driven programme which would impose a new national identity on the ethnic groups involved. With Lithuania being much too weak a society to enforce the dispersal of its Slav minority, and with its élites determined to transform it into a single ethnic dominated national state, the only remaining option was a state policy of ‘Lithuanization’ of the Slav minority. The Slavs’ resistance to such a policy spurred on the growth of ethnic conflict in Lithuania and threatened to spill over into neighbouring countries. This article explores the regional ramifications of this ethnic conflict.

Topic: Historical Geopolitical and Social Dynamics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Osteosarcoma of the maxilla treated with radiation therapy and surgery.

Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) presumably arises from mesenchyme and is characterized by the production of malignant osteoid by the sarcomatous stroma. When all cases are considered, osteosarcoma occurs more frequently in the younger age group (peak range of 10 to 25 years of age) and commonly involves extremity bones, particularly the lower. Osteogenic sarcoma rarely arises in the maxilla. The usual treatment is radical maxillectomy, postoperative radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Results usually are very poor.A case is presented of a 33-year-old man in whom a diagnosis of osteogenic sarcoma of the maxilla was made eight years previously. The treatment was unusual. Preoperative radiation therapy was accomplished by drilling holes in the tumor and adjacent maxilla into which were implanted high-dose radium needles. This was followed by a left radical maxillectomy. The patient is cured and is without functional deficiencies up to the present time.

Topic: Bone Tumor Diagnosis and Treatments
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences