jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Multi-spacecraft observations of near-relativistic electron events at different radial distances

With the launch of Solar Orbiter (SolO) on Feb. 10th 2020, a new era of multi-spacecraft solar energetic particles (SEP) observations has started. The unique orbit of the mission allows the observation of SEP events close to the Sun (&lt;0.28 au), which can occasionally be compared to corresponding observations made by other spacecraft at 1au. Such multi-spacecraft observations of the same event at different radial distances provide an excellent opportunity to study the radial evolution of SEP events.In this study, we identify SEP events for which SolO and either Wind or STEREO-A had a small longitudinal separation (&lt;15&amp;#176;) between their magnetic foot-points at the Sun. For all SEP events that satisfy our selection criteria we determine the onset times and rise times as well as peak fluxes and peak values of the first-order anisotropy for electrons in the energy range from &amp;#8764;50&amp;#8722;85 keV. We compare the event parameters observed at the different spacecraft regarding their radial changes. In our sample we find strong event-to-event variations in the radial dependency of all derived event parameters. For the majority of events, the peak flux and the maximum value of the first-order anisotropy decrease with increasing radial distance to the Sun, while the rise time increases with radial distance in the majority of events. The derived onset delays observed between two spacecraft were found to be too long to be explained by ideal Parker spirals in multiple events.We present an overview of the most interesting observations and discuss the wide variability in the radial dependency of the event parameters analysed in this study.

Topic: Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Experimental research on the dynamic constringent characteristics and fractal properties of sandstone under impact loading

Using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB), a sequence of impact loading experiments were performed on sandstone to examine the dynamic constringent characteristics and crushing properties. The dynamic parameters, block size distribution, and energy characteristics of sandstone under various loading rates were obtained. The damaged sandstone was screened using a standard sieve and the particle size distribution curve conforming to the Rosin-Rammler distribution was discovered. On account of fractal theory, dynamic parameters, fractal dimension and energy characteristics of sandstone after splitting failure were constructed concerning the distribution of broken size. The results show that: the fragment size distribution of damaged sandstone complies with the geometric fractal law. As the loading rates increase, the fractal dimension of impacted fragments increases and the average fragment size decreases. The specimen’s energy dissipation density is a power function related to the fractal dimension, which is negatively associated with the average fragment size of the specimens. The research findings of this paper have necessary implications for rock-crushing engineering applications.

Topic: High-Velocity Impact and Material Behavior
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Agential layering, the absurd and the grind in game-playing

This paper attempts to provide a reflection on Nguyen’s (2020) book, Games: Agency as Art. It demonstrates how games provide new ontological spaces and ways of being by focusing on the concept of agential layering that Nguyen suggests is the mechanism by which we can take up, and shift between, different agential requirements and motivations in and out of game-playing. This paper begins with a considering of the uniqueness of game-playing as an art form in its ability to play, replay, and change the artifact as it is created. It then provides a deeper analysis of the concept of agential layering and what this mechanism might be before considering the way in which meaning and value affect and impact agential layers through the concept of ‘grinding’ in games.

Topic: Digital Games and Media
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Conservatism, Dogmatism, and Authoritarianism in British Police Officers

The Wilson-Patterson Attitude Inventory, Eysenck's Social and Political Attitude Inventory, Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale, and the Lee-Warr Balanced F Scale were administered to 48 recruit police constables at the beginning and end of their basic training, 36 probationer constables with an average of 20 months' police experience, and 30 control subjects matched with the police groups in socioeconomic status. All subjects also gave open-ended responses to questions on controversial issues. Compared with control subjects, the recruits' and probationers' scores were significantly more conservative and authoritarian, and the probationers' open-ended responses on the death penalty and coloured immigration were rated significantly more illiberal/intolerant. The probationers' responses on coloured immigration were also rated significantly more illiberal/intolerant than those of the recruits. Among the recruits, basic training was followed by a reduction in conservatism and authoritarianism. The findings suggest that the police force attracts conservative and authoritarian personalities, that basic training has a temporarily liberalizing effect, and that continued police service results in increasingly illiberal/intolerant attitudes towards coloured immigration.

Topic: Social and Intergroup Psychology
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
An Analysis of Air Force Acquisition Engineering Officer's Perceptions of the Adequacy of Their Preparation for Management

The purpose of this study was to determine how much time Air Force acquisition engineers spend in performing management functions, how those engineers spend in performing management functions, how those engineers perceive their management training, and which types of training contribute the most to managerial competency. The results from surveys of 215 acquisition engineers assigned to ASC/EN, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH and their supervisors revealed that engineers do indeed spend substantial amounts of time performing management functions. Slightly more than half the engineers reported spending at least 50% of an average workday performing management functions. Over 53% of engineers responding to the survey felt their management training had been either 'excellent' or 'good'. Management skills were rated either 'excellent' or 'good' by 72% of the respondents. In the key area of communication skills, 87% agreed they had the necessary communication skills to be successful in their jobs. The most effective contributors to managerial competency were experience, an aptitude for management, and having a mentor. Items rated least effective in improving management abilities included Professional Military Education courses and the System 100 and System 200 system acquisition classes

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Coordinated NADPH oxidase/hydrogen peroxide functions regulate cutaneous sensory axon de- and regeneration

Tissue wounding induces cutaneous sensory axon regeneration via hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) that is produced by the epithelial NADPH oxidase, Duox1. Sciatic nerve injury instead induces axon regeneration through neuronal uptake of the NADPH oxidase, Nox2, from macrophages. We therefore reasoned that the tissue environment in which axons are damaged stimulates distinct regenerative mechanisms. Here, we show that cutaneous axon regeneration induced by tissue wounding depends on both neuronal and keratinocyte-specific mechanisms involving H 2 O 2 signaling. Genetic depletion of H 2 O 2 in sensory neurons abolishes axon regeneration, whereas keratinocyte-specific H 2 O 2 depletion promotes axonal repulsion, a phenotype mirrored in duox1 mutants. Intriguingly, cyba mutants, deficient in the essential Nox subunit, p22Phox, retain limited axon regenerative capacity but display delayed Wallerian degeneration and axonal fusion, observed so far only in invertebrates. We further show that keratinocyte-specific oxidation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at a conserved cysteine thiol (C797) serves as an attractive cue for regenerating axons, leading to EGFR-dependent localized epidermal matrix remodeling via the matrix-metalloproteinase, MMP-13. Therefore, wound-induced cutaneous axon de- and regeneration depend on the coordinated functions of NADPH oxidases mediating distinct processes following injury.

Topic: Nerve injury and regeneration
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Elastic–Adhesive Interface Effect on Effective Elastic Moduli of Fiber-Reinforced Asphalt Concrete with Large Deformation

A methodology has been developed to account for the elastic–adhesive interface effect on the effective elastic moduli of fiber-reinforced asphalt concrete. To consider the large deformation of asphalt mixtures, the nonlinear factor related to the second-order term of strain was first proposed. The effective medium method was introduced to obtain the closed form for the elastic moduli of isotropic asphalt concrete reinforced by unidirectional isotropic fibers of a circular cross section. The elastic and adhesive coefficients were used to describe the interface effect. To reveal the influence of interface microstructure in asphalt concrete quantitatively, some numerical examples are given. It was found that the effective elastic moduli showed significant variation with the interface microstructure in asphalt concrete, especially with the small radius of fibers. The interface effect with a large deformation of asphalt concrete was also examined in detail.

Topic: Composite Material Mechanics
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Schwarz problem for the generalized Beltrami equation

This article deals with the Schwarz problem where Ω is a regular domain of the complex plane. Sufficient conditions on the coefficients of the differential equation are obtained under which the operator of the corresponding problem for a system of integral equations is contractive in a certain Hölder space. This leads to the existence of a unique solution of the original problem.

Topic: Algebraic and Geometric Analysis
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Loop Interactions\nand Dynamics Tune the Enzymatic\nActivity of the Human Histone Deacetylase 8

The human histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8)\nis a key hydrolase in gene\nregulation and has been identified as a drug target for the treatment\nof several cancers. Previously the HDAC8 enzyme has been extensively\nstudied using biochemical techniques, X-ray crystallography, and computational\nmethods. Those investigations have yielded detailed information about\nthe active site and have demonstrated that the substrate entrance\nsurface is highly dynamic. Yet it has remained unclear how the dynamics\nof the entrance surface tune and influence the catalytic activity\nof HDAC8. Using long time scale all atom molecular dynamics simulations\nwe have found a mechanism whereby the interactions and dynamics of\ntwo loops tune the configuration of functionally important residues\nof HDAC8 and could therefore influence the activity of the enzyme.\nWe subsequently investigated this hypothesis using a well-established\nfluorescence activity assay and a noninvasive real-time progression\nassay, where deacetylation of a p53 based peptide was observed by\nnuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Our work delivers detailed\ninsight into the dynamic loop network of HDAC8 and provides an explanation\nfor a number of experimental observations.

Topic: Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
POWER REMOVAL FROM A BOILIGN REACTOR

BS&amp;gt;This work is based on a rather specific and simplified model of the reactor core in which internal circulation exists. Because of the model simplicity, the influence varying some of the parameters appears more directly. In particular, calculation of the circulation factor, which is important in determining the need for vapor separators is included. On this basis it was felt desirable to make the results of this study available even though they have been largely superseded by the later work. (auth)

Topic: Nuclear reactor physics and engineering
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Development of Proportional Counters Using Photosensitive Gases and Liquids

An introduction to the history and to the principle of operation of wire chambers using photosensitive gases and liquids is presented. Their use as light sensors coupled to Gas Scintillation Proportional Counters and BaF2, as well as their use in Cherenkov Ring Imaging, is discussed in some detail.

Topic: Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies
Subfield: Radiation
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
HMM-Based Asynchronous <i>H</i> <sub>∞</sub> Filtering for Fuzzy Singular Markovian Switching Systems With Retarded Time-Varying Delays

This article reports our study on asynchronous H<sub>∞</sub> filtering for fuzzy singular Markovian switching systems with retarded time-varying delays via the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy control technique. The devised parallel distributed compensation fuzzy filter modes are described by a hidden Markovian model, which runs asynchronously with that of the original fuzzy singular Markovian switching delayed system. The fuzzy asynchronous filtering dealt with in this article contains synchronous and mode-independent filtering as special cases. Novel admissibility and filtering conditions are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities so as to ensure the stochastic admissibility and the H<sub>∞</sub> performance level. Simulation examples including a single-link robot arm are employed to demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy asynchronous filtering technique.

Topic: Stability and Control of Uncertain Systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Time-Domain Response of Damped Stochastic Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Characterizing the time-domain response of a random multiple-degree-of-freedom dynamical system is challenging and often requires Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). Differential equations must therefore be solved for each sample, which is time-consuming. This is why polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) has been proposed as an alternative to MCS. However, it turns out that PCE is not adapted to simulate a random dynamical system for long-time integration. Recent studies have shown similar issues for the frequency response function of a random linear system around the deterministic eigenfrequencies. A Padé approximant approach has been successfully applied; similar interesting results were also observed with a random mode approach. Therefore, the latter two methods were applied to a random linear dynamical system excited by a dynamic load to estimate the first two statistical moments and probability density function at a given instant of time. Whereas the random modes method has been very efficient and accurate to evaluate the statistics of the response, the Padé approximant approach has given very poor results when the coefficients were determined in the time domain. However, if the differential equations were solved in the frequency domain, the Padé approximants, which were also calculated in the frequency domain, provided results in excellent agreement with the MCS results.

Topic: Probabilistic and Robust Engineering Design
Subfield: Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Board Composition And Corporate Use Of Interest Rate Derivatives

Abstract We provide new evidence on the motives for corporate hedging by examining the relation between the quality of the firms' monitoring mechanisms and the quantity of interest rate derivatives employed. Because the capital structure decision and hedging decision are considered to be endogenous, the firm's capital structure and level of interest rate derivative use are modeled simultaneously. We show a positive relation between the relative influence of outside directors and the quantity of derivatives used. This evidence indicates that outside directors take an active role in derivatives usage and that firms employ hedging in the shareholders' best interests.

Topic: Risk Management in Financial Firms
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Project-Based Learning: Designing a Course Syllabus to Teach English for Environmental Education

Abstract: This paper delves into the dynamic connection between English for environmental studies and the development of global citizens at the National School of City Engineers -Abdelmadjid Meziane- in Tlemcen, Algeria. Through an innovative syllabus that combines English language education with environmental citizenship to promote environmental awareness and environmental change, the project-based learning approach that has been implemented goes beyond the development of linguistic skills and competencies to shape the mindset of would-be inspectors at the level of the National School. Through incorporating real-world examples, interactive learning methods, and practical applications and practices, this integration cultivates a profound sense of civic responsibility and global awareness. The current paper will showcase specific instances where English language education becomes a powerful tool in enhancing environmental and global consciousness skills among future inspectors for cleanliness, hygiene, and purity in Algeria which will allow them to gain not only national visibility but also a global visibility as active actors and agents of change. From engaging classroom activities to real-world practices, the findings of this study will highlight the real impact on their ethical perspectives and eco-friendly behaviour. This paper also aims to inspire educators and institutions to recognise the potential of English for environmental studies in shaping not only proficient inspectors but also in creating socially responsible and globally engaged citizens whose mission is to communicate environmental issues and promote real change. Overall, this purely qualitative paper reflects the innovative practices of English language teachers in creating environmental and global citizens. Keywords: English language education, Environmental citizenship, Global citizenship, Project-based learning, Course Syllabus

Topic: Plant and animal studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Investigating the impact of the latitudinal velocity profile on nonlinear gradient drift instability development in the subauroral ionosphere

Subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) are regions in the subauroral ionosphere with lower plasma density and large westward flow driven by a poleward electric field. Density irregularities have been observed in the SAPS region; these irregularities can negatively impact radio signals by causing phase and amplitude fluctuations. Previous work identified the gradient drift instability (GDI) as a generation mechanism of such ionospheric irregularities in SAPS and investigated the impact of the velocity profile on the GDI development. The turbulence spectra of the GDI are important to understand as they can provide insight into spatial scales associated with the turbulent evolution that may impact radio propagation. We hypothesize that the background electric field, through the neutral wind, and the nature of the velocity shear have an impact on the power laws from the turbulence spectra. A 2D fluid model is used to investigate the turbulence spectra of GDI in SAPS with a fixed background density profile and different latitudinal velocity profiles. Data from Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar and Global Positioning System (GPS) provide the background ionospheric conditions. The neutral wind direction is chosen to be in the equatorward direction, which is in line with typical observations; however, this can be used to modify the electric field to consider new possibilities in the SAPS region. The angle of the electric field is manifested through the combination of the background velocity profile (E×B drift) and the neutral wind. The turbulence spectra of cases with no velocity profile and with different neutral wind directions are analyzed. The impact of velocity shear is studied by translating the velocity shear location relative to the density gradient. Numerical spectral analysis results are presented and compared to recent experimental observations. Results of spectral slopes of GDI simulations with no background velocity (E×B drift) were found to be −5/3 and −3 for the normalized density and the perturbed electric potential, respectively. Spectral slopes for simulations with different velocity shear locations were found to follow power laws of −6 and −8 for the normalized density and perturbed electric potential (inside SAPS region), respectively.

Topic: Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Two-Membrane Model of Epithelial Transport:Koefoed-Johnsen and Ussing (1958)

This year marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of one of the most important papers in the fi eld of epithelial transport.In 1958 Valborg Koefoed-Johnsen and Hans Ussing presented the two-membrane model (KJU model) of Na transport by the frog skin ( Koefoed-Johnsen and Ussing, 1958 ).This idea has guided thinking throughout epithelial biology for the past half century.The life and remarkable career of Ussing has been reviewed ( Larsen, 2002 ), and we will not do that in detail here.Rather, we will mark the milestone of this seminal work with a short description of its historical background and a brief discussion of its wide-ranging impact and implications.

Topic: Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
PREVALENCE OF HIV-1 POLYMERASE GENE MUTATIONS IN PRE-TREATED PATIENTS IN THAILAND

Abstract. To determine the prevalence of drug resistance-conferring mutations in human immu-nodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), 83 HIV-1 infected Thai patients who had been treated with any antiretroviral drug were studied. HIV-1 RNA was reverse transcribed and amplified by RT-PCR. The direct sequencing of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease was then performed. Changes in nucleotide and amino acid sequences were determined by comparison with a pNL4-3 reference sequence. Data on mutations associated with resistance to antiretroviral drugs were obtained from literature. The mutations associated with lamivudine resistance (M184V/I) were found most often (in 45.7 % of individuals). Zidovudine-resistant mutants: T215Y/F (36%), M41L (28%) and K70R (25.3%) were common; but mutations linked to didanosine (L74V) and multinucleoside-resistant genotypes (Q151M) were rarely recognized (2.4 % and 3.6%, respec-tively). The stavudine-resistant mutant (V75T) and T69 insertions were not found. All subjects who had a significant exposure to antiretroviral drugs and current virological failure in the past carried drug-resistant genotypes. Genotypic resistance to zidovudine, lamivudine, zalcitabine, indinavir and ritonavir appeared in more than one third of the samples, which suggested that the prevalence of the HIV-1 resistance-conferring genotype resisting reverse transcriptase inhibitors and/or protease inhibitors was high in treatment experienced patients.

Topic: HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences