jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Artifacts associated with the measurement of oxidized DNA bases.

In this paper we review recent aspects of the measurement of oxidized DNA bases, currently a matter of debate. There has long been an interest in the determination of the level of oxidized bases in cellular DNA under both normal and oxidative stress conditions. In this respect, the situation is confusing because variations that may be as large as two orders of magnitude have been reported for the yield of the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua) in similar DNA samples. However, recent findings clearly show that application of several assays like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and -32P--postlabeling may lead to a significant overestimation of the level of oxidized bases in cellular DNA. In particular, the silylation step, which is required to make the samples volatile for the GC-MS analysis, has been shown to induce oxidation of normal bases at the level of about one oxidized base per 10(4) normal bases. This has been found to be a general process that applies in particular to 8-oxoGua, 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydroadenine,5-hydroxycytosine, 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil, and 5-formyluracil. Interestingly, prepurification of the oxidized bases from DNA hydrolysate prior to the derivatization reaction prevents artefactual oxidation. Under these conditions, the level of oxidized bases measured by GC-MS is similar to that obtained by HPLC associated with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). It should be added that the level of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2;-deoxyguanosine in control cellular DNA has been found to be about fivefold lower than in earlier HPLC-EC measurements by using appropriate conditions of extraction and enzymatic digestion of DNA. Similar conclusions were reached by measuring formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase sensitive sites as revealed by the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay.

Topic: Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
In Vitro Approaches to Determine the Potential Carcinogenic Risk of Environmental Pollutants

One important environmental/health challenge is to determine, in a feasible way, the potential carcinogenic risk associated with environmental agents/exposures. Since a significant proportion of tumors have an environmental origin, detecting the potential carcinogenic risk of environmental agents is mandatory, as regulated by national and international agencies. The challenge mainly implies finding a way of how to overcome the inefficiencies of long-term trials with rodents when thousands of agents/exposures need to be tested. To such an end, the use of in vitro cell transformation assays (CTAs) was proposed, but the existing prevalidated CTAs do not cover the complexity associated with carcinogenesis processes and present serious limitations. To overcome such limitations, we propose to use a battery of assays covering most of the hallmarks of the carcinogenesis process. For the first time, we grouped such assays as early, intermediate, or advanced biomarkers which allow for the identification of the cells in the initiation, promotion or aggressive stages of tumorigenesis. Our proposal, as a novelty, points out that using a battery containing assays from all three groups can identify if a certain agent/exposure can pose a carcinogenic risk; furthermore, it can gather mechanistic insights into the mode of the action of a specific carcinogen. This structured battery could be very useful for any type of in vitro study, containing human cell lines aiming to detect the potential carcinogenic risks of environmental agents/exposures. In fact, here, we include examples in which these approaches were successfully applied. Finally, we provide a series of advantages that, we believe, contribute to the suitability of our proposed approach for the evaluation of exposure-induced carcinogenic effects and for the development of an alternative strategy for conducting an exposure risk assessment.

Topic: Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Optimized research and application of spraying ratio for automobile based on artificial neural network

The basic principle of artificial neural network has been introduced in the text. The faults in neural network model have been analyzed and the optimized strategy has been put forward. The double forward artificial neural network model has been adopted to optimize the material ratio in spraying step for automobile. The conventional manual ratio has been changed into computer-control optimized ratio. Thus in this way, the production cost and time have been greatly reduced. The practice proves the feasibility.

Topic: Industrial Technology and Control Systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Distribution of Choroidal Thinning in High Myopia, Diabetes Mellitus, and Aging: A Swept-Source OCT Study

Purpose . To compare the macular choroidal thinning between young healthy, aged healthy, young high myopic, and aged type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid and three-dimensional (3D) maps. Methods . A prospective study including 102 eyes of 51 healthy young subjects, 60 eyes of 30 healthy aged subjects, 24 eyes of 12 high myopic patients, and 110 eyes of 55 T2D patients. Choroidal thickness (CT) was examined with swept-source optical coherence tomography Triton DRI (Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The choroid was automatically segmented using the software algorithm, and mean CT values of a 6 × 6 mm macular cube were exported. 3D maps were created to represent CT, and its values were compared using the ETDRS grid. Results . Mean age was 27.31 ± 3.95, 66.41 ± 7.54, 27.69 ± 3.89, and 66.48 ± 7.59 years in young healthy, aged healthy, young high myopic, and T2D patients, respectively. CT was not shown to be uniform, as superior and central zones were thicker. All ETDRS sectors were always thicker (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math>) in young healthy individuals than in the others. It was found that the choroidal sector which got thinner was inferior in case of age (103.28 μ m decrease), inferior-nasal in high myopia (86.19 μ m decrease), and temporal in T2D (55.57 μ m decrease). In addition, the choroid got thinner in those regions where it was thicker in healthy subjects. Conclusions . 3D maps allow a further comprehension of choroidal changes. The choroidal pattern in young healthy individuals resembles a mountain range; with age, a mountain peak; in high myopia, an inverted gorge; and in aged T2D, gathered hills. Not all choroidal regions are affected in a similar way, as it depends on the pathology. The thicker the zone is in healthy subjects, the thinner it becomes with any pathology.

Topic: Retinal Diseases and Treatments
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A multiscale correction to the Black–Scholes formula

Based on a new multiscale hybrid structure of the volatility of the underlying asset price, we study the pricing of a European option in such a way that the resultant option price has a desirable correction to the Black–Scholes formula. The correction effects are obtained by asymptotic analysis based upon the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck diffusion that decorrelates rapidly while fluctuating on a fast time‐scale. The subsequent implied volatilities demonstrate a smile effect (right geometry), which overcomes the major drawback of the Black–Scholes model as well as local volatility models, and move to a right direction as the underlying asset price increases (right dynamics), which fits the observed market behavior and removes the possible instability of hedging that the local volatility models may cope with. Further, we demonstrate that our correction brings significant improvement in terms of fitting to the implied volatility surface through a calibration exercise. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Topic: Stochastic processes and financial applications
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
ON STRUCTURAL AND GRAPH THEORETIC PROPERTIES OF HIGHER ORDER DELAUNAY GRAPHS

Given a set P of n points in the plane, the order-k Delaunay graph is a graph with vertex set P and an edge exists between two points p, q ∈ P when there is a circle through p and q with at most k other points of P in its interior. We provide upper and lower bounds on the number of edges in an order-k Delaunay graph. We study the combinatorial structure of the set of triangulations that can be constructed with edges of this graph. Furthermore, we show that the order-k Delaunay graph is connected under the flip operation when k ≤ 1 but not necessarily connected for other values of k. If P is in convex position then the order-k Delaunay graph is connected for all k ≥ 0. We show that the order-k Gabriel graph, a subgraph of the order-k Delaunay graph, is Hamiltonian for k ≥ 15. Finally, the order-k Delaunay graph can be used to efficiently solve a coloring problem with applications to frequency assignments in cellular networks.

Topic: Computational Geometry and Mesh Generation
Subfield: Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A lower bound on expected communication cost of quantum state redistribution

Data compression is a fundamental problem in quantum and classical information theory. A typical version of the problem is that the sender Alice receives a (classical or quantum) state from some known ensemble and needs to transmit them to the receiver Bob with average error below some specified bound. We consider the case in which the message can have a variable length and the goal is to minimize its expected length. For classical messages this problem has a well-known solution given by Huffman coding. In this scheme, the expected length of the message is equal to the Shannon entropy of the source (with a constant additive factor) and the scheme succeeds with zero error. This is a single-shot result which implies the asymptotic result, viz. Shannon's source coding theorem, by encoding each state sequentially. For the quantum case, the asymptotic compression rate is given by the von-Neumann entropy. However, we show that there is no one-shot scheme which is able to match this rate, even if interactive communication is allowed. This is a relatively rare case in quantum information theory when the cost of a quantum task is significantly different than the classical analogue. Our result has implications for direct sum theorems in quantum communication complexity and one-shot formulations of Quantum Reverse Shannon theorem.

Topic: Quantum Information and Cryptography
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
New Cretaceous empidoids and the Mesozoic dance fly revolution (Diptera: Empidoidea)

Abstract Dance flies and relatives (Empidoidea) are a diverse and ecologically important group of Diptera in nearly all modern terrestrial ecosystems. Their fossil record, despite being scattered, attests to a long evolutionary history dating back to the early Mesozoic. Here, we describe seven new species of Empidoidea from Cretaceous Kachin amber inclusions, assigning them to the new genus Electrochoreutes gen.n. (type species: Electrochoreutes trisetigerus sp.n. ) based on unique apomorphies among known Diptera. Like many extant dance flies, the males of Electrochoreutes are characterized by species‐specific sexually dimorphic traits, which are likely to have played a role in courtship. The fine anatomy of the fossils was investigated through high‐resolution X‐ray phase‐contrast microtomography to reconstruct their phylogenetic affinities within the empidoid clade, using cladistic reasoning. Morphology‐based phylogenetic analyses including a selection of all extant family‐ and subfamily‐ranked empidoid clades along with representatives of all extinct Mesozoic genera, were performed using a broad range of analytical methods (maximum parsimony, maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian inference). These analyses converged in reconstructing Electrochoreutes as a stem‐group representative of the Dolichopodidae, suggesting that complex mating rituals evolved in this lineage during the Cretaceous.

Topic: Fossil Insects in Amber
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Journey in the Fourteenth Century. A Digital Reconstruction of Piazza delle Erbe in Verona

Digital visualization as the representation of a past that no longer exists is a communicative necessity in which virtual reconstructions have become means and experience of an otherwise intangible time. The case study presented is the expression of a methodology seeking to combine informative and scientific aspects. This method aims to provide an answer to a multidisciplinary approach that characterizes the study of architectural heritage of the past where virtual reconstructions, if scientifically substantiated, can become clear and transmittable documents.

Topic: Architecture and Art History Studies
Subfield: Visual Arts and Performing Arts
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Contribución de la ganadería mexicana a la seguridad alimentaria nacional, a tres sexenios del TLCAN

In recent decades Food Security (FS) has become a topic of global interest, with food shortages and deficient diets at home being a serious problem faced by humanity. The objective was to analyze the role of livestock in the FSof Mexico, period 1994-2012, toevaluate and contrast, livestock production and the availability of food for the national population. A descriptive and comparative multidimensional analysis was carried out with statistics from official sources, finding a significant increase in the volume of livestock production, a significant rise in prices and a sustained deficit trade balance. Therefore, livestock shows a significant contribution to the Mexican food security, supplying with national production the nutritional requirements established by the National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL) for a balanced and healthy diet.

Topic: Agricultural and Food Production Studies
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Collaboration between Keynes and Robertson during the Second World War: A Perspective from the National Archives

The relationship between John Maynard Keynes and Dennis Robertson has been widely examined in the literature,1 and three periods are com¬monly distinguished: intensive scientific partnership in the 1920s, a drift apart following the publication of the Treatise on Money and widening dur¬ing work on the General Theory, and finally renewed collaboration during the Second World War.2KeywordsTrade PolicyNational IncomeEconomic JournalNational ArchiveEconomy CampaignThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Topic: Economic Theory and Institutions
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
THE ROLE OF A WHATSAPP CLINICAL DISCUSSION GROUP IN THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF COVID-19 CASES: AN EXPERIENCE OF TERTIARY CARE HOSPITALS IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Objective: To assess the usefulness of the Whatsapp group made for managing the patients of COVID-19 at different govt. sector hospitals of Sahiwal, Punjab. Study Design: A web-based cross-sectional analytical survey. Place and Duration of Study: Sahiwal Medical College Sahiwal, from Jun to Jun 2020. Methodology: A validated questionnaire was distributed among 95 members of the Whatsapp group at Sahiwal Medical College Sahiwal. Results were assessed by using SPSS version-24. Results: The response rate of our study was 75.78%. Most were younger than 30 years of age (69.40%) and majority (80.60%) belonged to clinical departments. Out of 58 clinical side doctors, 44 (75.86) belonged to medicine and allied departments while 14 (24.14%) belong to surgery and allied departments. Results showed that the helpful discussion in the group increased the confidence of the participants by 4.24 times with 95% C.I. of 2.76 to 6.52. Speedy management of the patients due to Whatsapp group also increased the confidence of the study participants by 6.30 times with 95% C.I. of 2.03 to 19.49. Discussions on Whatsapp group and increase in knowledge of participants related to COVID-19 through Whatsapp also helped participants to speed up the management of the patients by 3.77 times with 95% C.I. of 2.54 to 5.61. Conclusion: Hence our study concludes that the usefulness of the Whatsapp group for management of COVID-19 patients was very well perceived by our survey population. It increased their confidence in managing the patients of COVID-19.

Topic: COVID-19 and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
CAR Mechanics: Driving T Cells into the MUC of Cancer

Abstract Several monoclonal antibodies bind in a highly selective manner to tumor-associated glycoforms of MUC1. We set out to exploit this by developing a MUC1-specific chimeric antigen receptor. Difficulties were encountered in this endeavor, owing to MUC1-imposed steric hindrance and antigenic heterogeneity. These issues were addressed by the iterative engineering of all components of the fusion receptor. Our experience underlines the need for careful individual optimization of immunotherapeutic reagents as dictated by the molecular vagaries of the target under study. [Cancer Res 2009;69(11):4559–62]

Topic: Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Acceleration Speed Optimization of Intelligent EVs in Consideration of Battery Aging

A speed optimization framework is presented to minimize both the battery aging and the energy consumption for intelligent electric vehicles (EVs) during acceleration process. To describe quantitatively the battery capacity loss and to optimize in real-life driving conditions, a control-oriented battery life model is derived. Then, the formulation of the speed optimization during an acceleration process is established and solved by sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm. Several simulations are conducted in the case that an intelligent EV speeds up to the specified speed considering different road slopes. The results during an acceleration process from 0 to 100 km/h within 14 s show that the loss of battery capacity can be reduced by 9.6% while the battery energy consumption is merely increased by 1.6% compared with the strategy that only considers the optimal energy consumption.

Topic: Advanced Battery Technologies Research
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Phase behavior of blends of linear and branched polyethylenes in the molten and solid states by small-angle neutron scattering

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhase behavior of blends of linear and branched polyethylenes in the molten and solid states by small-angle neutron scatteringR. G. Alamo, J. D. Londono, L. Mandelkern, F. C. Stehling, and G. D. WignallCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2, 411–417Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00080a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00080a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views579Altmetric-Citations118LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Topic: Polymer crystallization and properties
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplementary Material for: Association of age-related cataract risk high polygenetic risk scores involved in galactose-related metabolism and dietary interactions

Introduction: Cataracts are associated with the accumulation of galactose and galactitol in the lens. We determined the polygenetic risk scores for the best model(PRSBM) associated with age-related cataract(ARC) risk and their interaction with diets and lifestyles in 40,262 Korean adults aged over 50 years belonged to a hospital-based city cohort. Methods: The genetic variants for ARC risk were selected in lactose and galactose metabolism-related genes with multivariate logistic regression using the PLINK 1.9 version. PRSBM from the selected genetic variants was estimated by generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) after adjusting covariates. The interactions between the PRSBM and each lifestyle factor were determined to modulate ARC risk. Results: The genetic variants for ARC risk related to lactose- and galactose metabolism were SLC2A1_rs3729548, ST3GAL3_rs3791047, LCT_rs2304371, GALNT5_rs6728956, ST6GAL1_rs2268536, GALNT17_rs17058752, CSGALNACT1_rs1994788, GALNTL4_rs10831608, B4GALT6_rs1667288, and A4GALT_ rs9623659. In GMDR, the best model included all ten genetic variants. The highest odds ratio (OR) for a single SNP in the PRSBM was 1.26. However, subjects with a high-PRSBM had a higher ARC risk by 2.1-fold than a low-PRSBM after adjusting for covariates. Carbohydrate, dairy products, kimchi, and alcohol intake interacted with PRSBM for ARC risk: the participants with high-PRSBM had a much higher ARC risk than those with low-PRSBM when consuming diets with high carbohydrate and low dairy product and kimchi intake. However, only with low alcohol intake, the participants with high-PRSBM had a higher ARC risk than those with low-PRSBM. Conclusion: Adults aged &gt;50 years having high-PRSBM may modulate dietary habits to reduce ARC risk.

Topic: Biochemical effects in animals
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Functional analysis of Pitchfork and G-protein coupled associated sorting protein 2 in the mouse

Pitchfork (Pifo) was previously identified as a novel cilia disassembly protein regulating AuroraA kinase and participating in cilia signaling in order to control the cell cycle (Kinzel et al. 2010). In this study, we showed that Pifo and its interacting protein, Gprasp2 are essential components of an Hh induced ciliary targeting complex able to regulate Smo translocation to the primary cilium (Jung et al. 2014, in revision). In functional analysis we could for the first time link primary cilium dependent signaling to pancreatic beta cell-cycle control. Moreover, it is likely that misregulation of Pifo and Grpasp2 is associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Topic: Genetic and Kidney Cyst Diseases
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences