jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The European Integration perspective in Western Balkans- A case study of Serbia

The turbulence of the war in the Balkans has been an external motivation for a rapid development of the European foreign policy, to establish security and stability through various instruments. It implied intensification to initiate a foreign policy towards integration of the Western Balkans i.e. through economic and political assistance provided by the Stability Pact (SP) & the Stabilisation Association Process and (SAP), and Especially through the regional approach. In connection with the new policy towards the Balkans, the EU has in particular expressed the crucial role of Serbia due to the fragile and postponed transition to Democracy and participation in the process of integration. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the foreign policy objective towards integration. By means of studying how the integration perspective is framed i.e. what underlying aspect are there in the objective towards integration of the Western Balkans? Hence, there is also an aim to lay weight on Serbia, since Serbia's partaking as well as its own political and economic progress is essential to the foreign policy towards integration. The interest is to examine the European Unions strategies towards Serbia, and thus analyze the underlying interests behind these strategies. Thus, the thesis emphasise that the task of the integration perspective is not mainly related to security and economic interests but also with an normative ambition; foremost building and enforcing the norms required to guarantee democratic development and political stability. The EU: s more rationale interests such as economic development and security are correlated and also embedded in the EU: s normative concerns. The strategies employed by the EU towards Serbia has particularly had the ambition to create political stability and in turn increase the security throughout the Balkans, and thereby decrease the risk for further conflict around Europe’s borders. For instance he support towards the democratic entities is of high priority as well as the promotion of European norms and rules.

Topic: European Union Policy and Governance
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Promoting community-based monitoring approaches for the measurement of sediment fluxes in rivers

Part of this scientific effort was concentrated on a better understanding of the sediment transfers: sediment washed from hillslopes and through the river network to end up in reservoirs. A first step towards the implementation of better adapted land conservation practices is to provide accurate estimates of suspended sediment flux in upland catchments. We therefore carried out an intensive monitoring study of water and sediment fluxes within five contrasting areas of the Cointzio catchment. The objectives were (i) to quantify sediment loss at the catchment scale and compare the sensitivity to erosion among the study sites, (ii) to characterize the variability of fluxes in order to optimize sampling designs, (iii) to deduce relevant community-based monitoring strategies for the rural areas of Mexico. Societal and scientific context

Topic: Soil erosion and sediment transport
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Studies on the Application of PCR Molecular Diagnosis to Silkworms with Simulated Pebrine Disease

The pathogen of Pebrine disease in silkworm is Nosema bombycis Nageli (N.b). Based on published data, one effective primer set VIF/530R, which matched conserved regions of microsporidian SSU-rDNA from N.b and the other microsporidium species were selected. In order to consult the practicality of PCR diagnosis to Pebrine disease, the sensitivity and effectivity of PCR assay for different concentration of N.b(3×101-7ml-1)mixed with moths and Bombyx eggs to simulate natural N.b infection were studied, respectively. Under this paper抯 DNA extraction methods and PCR conditions, the template DNA from purified N.b spores and from spores diluted in tissues from Bombyx mori eggs and moths to simulate natural N.b infection were amplified. The results are as follows:(1)the sensitivity of PCR diagnosis was 3?04 N.b穖l-1 for purified spores (the slight bands were up to 3102-3N.bml-1), and 3?05 N. b穖l-1 for spores mixed with tissue from Bombyx moths, respectively. All of them are therefore excessive or equal to the sensitivity of microscopical diagnosis currently used as criteria to quarantine silk moths in the field in China.(2)For the DNA template from spores diluted in tissues from Bombyx eggs simulated naturally N.b infection, there are no target bands with the primer set VIF/530R, it suggested that there exist inhibitory substances from the eggs interfere with PCR amplification, but not exist in the extraction of moths.

Topic: Silkworms and Sericulture Research
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Fractionation and Solvent-Free MALDI-MS Analysis of Polymers Using Liquid Adsorption Chromatography at Critical Conditions in Combination with a Multisample On-Target Homogenization/Transfer Sample Preparation Method

A solvent-free homogenization/transfer matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) method is described for the preparation and precise transfer of up to 100 samples simultaneously on a single MALDI plate. This method is demonstrated using a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) mixture consisting of different molecular weights (500-6000) and end groups (PEO, dimethoxy-PEO, monomethoxy monomethacrylate-PEO, and dimethacrylate-PEO) that was fractionated using liquid adsorption chromatography at critical conditions. Off-line fractionation is performed prior to the on-target homogenization/transfer solvent-free sample preparation and MALDI mass analysis. The miniaturization of the solvent-free MALDI approach allowed analysis of less than 2 microg per PEO component per fraction corresponding to approximately 200 pmol for PEO 6000. The amounts of polymer sample used for LC separation and the quality of the MS results are equivalent to the "dry spray" method; however, three times more fractions were collected and analyzed with the newly developed hyphenated approach. The off-line method eliminates optimization of, for example, spray conditions or spreading of organic solvents on the MALDI plate that occurs with droplet deposition methods. The widespread applications of MALDI make this solvent-free, multisample method particularly important as it expands the capabilities for obtaining mass measurements with great efficiencies in areas with increased sample numbers. In addition, the solvent-free method is well suited for automated MALDI analysis as it virtually eliminates the "dead-spot" phenomenon.

Topic: Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Inhibition in the Slow Muscle of the Scallop, Pecten circularis aequisulcatus Carpenter

The adductor muscle of Pecten consists of two parts, the larger of which is responsible for the rapid movements during swimming, and the smaller, which contracts slowly, is responsible for keeping the valves closed. The peculiarities of this muscle have been studied repeatedly., , A satisfactory answer has not been given to the question of how the slow muscle can withstand rather large tensions for indefinite periods without appreciable fatigue and at the same time be able to relax very quickly when necessary. Reflex Relaxation. In Pecten stimulation of the mouth in a normal animal leads to rapid relaxation of the slow muscle. In our experience the sensitive area for this reflex is much wider than hitherto reported, and includes all parts in the vicinity of, and innervated by the cerebral ganglion. Stimulation of the branchial nerves also leads to relaxation, although they do not connect directly with the cerebral ganglion, but with the visceral ganglion. That they nevertheless find their reflex center in the cerebral ganglion is shown by the fact that after cutting both cerebro-visceral commissures their stimulation elicits no relaxation of the slow muscle. As long as either commissure is intact, the reflex relaxation takes place. We were not able to find in this species the reported difference in action of the two commissures., As long as the nerve bands between the visceral ganglion and the slow muscle are intact, mechanical stimulation of these bands results in relaxation. This, too, is most likely reflex as this kind of stimulation becomes totally ineffective after cutting the bands. Peripheral Inhibition. The relaxation following a contraction produced by direct stimulation of isolated slow muscle is much slower than the relaxation observed when preganglionic mechanisms are stimulated.

Topic: Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Interstate Hazardous Waste Shipments and Disposal Taxes

This paper links the theoretical and empirical literatures on inter- jurisdictional tax and regulatory competition, focusing on the case of state hazardous waste disposal taxes. It begins by demonstrating that local environmental taxes can be inefficient, and that the inefficiency depends on the tax elasticity of polluters' responses. The paper then uses panel data from the Toxics Release Inventory to estimate the magnitude of the tax elasticities, and to demonstrate the empirical relevance of the theoretical inefficiency of local taxes.

Topic: Municipal Solid Waste Management
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Isolation, Serovar Identification, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Avibacterium paragallinarum from Chickens in China from 2019 to 2020

Infectious coryza is an acute infectious respiratory disease in chickens that is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum (A. paragallinarum). Infectious coryza has major economic effects due to decreased egg production in growing birds and slowed growth in broilers. In this study, we isolated and identified 40 strains of A. paragallinarum from chickens that showed typical clinical signs of coryza in part of China from 2019 to 2020. Using a hemagglutination-inhibition test, 11 isolates were identified as serovar A, 10 isolates were identified as serovar B, and 19 isolates were identified as serovar C. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests showed that high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were encountered for compounds sulfamethoxine sodium and oxytetracycline hydrochloride. Especially, of the 40 A. paragallinarum isolates, 30% had an MIC value of compound sulfamethoxine sodium of 64 μg/mL, 10% of 128 μg/mL, and 15% of 256 μg/mL. For oxytetracycline hydrochloride, 85% of isolates showed MIC values of 64 μg/mL or more. Excitingly, the MIC values of β-lactamase (amoxicillin, ampicillin, and ceftiofur) were low, with 77.5%, 70%, and 92.5% of isolates having an MIC value of ≤1 μg/mL, respectively. Our results may provide a reference for the treatment of infectious coryza.

Topic: Microbial infections and disease research
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Anaemia a Monitoring Tool for Helminth Infection

Helminthic infections also known as worm infections affect mostly the gastrointestinal tracts. They are caused by parasites known as helminths. The infection is capable of causing blood loss which often leads to anaemia. However the severity of anaemia is dependent on the intensity of the infection. With an estimated 3.5 billion infected individuals globally, helminth infections are among the most prevalent infections. In tropical and subtropical regions, these infections primarily affect the most impoverished and disadvantaged communities that have limited access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene. The highest prevalence of these infections has been reported from sub-Saharan Africa, China, and South America. The major helminths that causes anaemia includes Hook worm (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma. duodenale), Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiuria (whip worm). Hookworms and whipworms are examples of helminths that cause iron-deficiency anaemia through blood consumption and by causing damage to the intestinal mucosa during feeding. It is estimated that adult hookworms consume 0.05 to 0.2 milliliters of blood per day per worm, with an average daily blood loss of 26.4 milliliters in adult subjects infected with A. Duodenale. There are many risk factors which can lead to acquiring these infections and they include eating raw or undercooked meat and fish, poor hygiene, inadequate availability of clean water, poor sanitation. Some of the symptoms includes blood loss, abdominal pain, vomitting. Helminth infection can be diagnosed through direct wet mount, concentration technique and stool sample is used for this diagnosis. Helminth infections can be treated using antihelminthic drugs. Helminths can be prevented through safe sanitary facilites, maintainance of personal hygiene mass deworming in the affected areas and health education. In conclusion a well developed medical health care system should be put in place to control the devastating effects helminths infections.

Topic: Parasites and Host Interactions
Subfield: Parasitology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Particulate Exposure at two Arkansas Racinos; Unsafe Environments?

The purpose of this pilot project was to initiate data collection on secondhand smoke (SHS) for two racinos (racetrack casinos) exempted from Arkansas' 2006 Clean Indoor Air Act. Air quality was assessed during regular hours in sites open to the public. All measurements of fine particulates (PM2.5) within both facilities exceeded maximal safe EPA standards for an equivalent 24-hour average exposure. The exemptions as they stand, fail to protect all interested citizens.

Topic: Air Quality and Health Impacts
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effects of operating temperature on optical-absorption coefficient and optical band gap of hydrogenated amorphous silicon

This communication reports experimental results concerning the effects of the operating temperature on the optical properties of doped and undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon films prepared by rf glow discharge. Optical-absorption coefficients of those films increased by about 10%–18% and their optical band gaps decreased linearly by about 4–8×10−4 eV/K with increasing temperature from about 20 to 100 °C.

Topic: Thin-Film Transistor Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Estimating Tree Heights Using Multibaseline PolInSAR Data With Compensation for Temporal Decorrelation, Case Study: AfriSAR Campaign Data

The project studied using of multi-baseline SAR data for estimating tree heights with compensation of temporal decorrelation and new structure function.Estimating Tree Heights Using Multi-baseline PolInSAR Data With Compensation for Temporal Decorrelation, Case Study: AfriSAR Campaign Data Ghasemi, N., Tolpekin, V. A. &amp; Stein, A., 1 Oct 2018, In : IEEE Journal of selected topics in applied earth observations and remote sensing. 11, 10, p. 3464 - 3477 14 p., 8477041.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8477041This paper presents a multibaseline method to increase the accuracy of height estimation when using SAR tomographic data. It is based upon mitigating the temporal decorrelation induced by wind. The Fourier-Legendre function of different orders was fitted to each pixel as the structure function in the PCT model. It was combined with the motion standard deviation function from the random-motion-over ground (RMoG) model. L-band multibaseline data are used that were acquired during the AfriSAR campaign over La Lope National Park in Gabon with a height range between 0 and 60 m that has an average of 30 m and standard deviation of 15 m. The results were compared with those from the regular PCT model using the root mean square error (RMSE). Histograms were compared to the one obtained from Lidar height map. The average RMSE was equal to 7.5 m for the regular PCT model and to 5.6 m for the modified PCT model. We concluded that the accuracy of tree height estimation increased after modeling of temporal decorrelation. This is of value for future satellite missions that would collect tomographic data over forest areas.

Topic: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Nonlinear oscillations for beginners. Calculating period using an elementary computational approach

Determining the period of a nonlinear oscillation is a challenging task that requires a strong mathematical background in solving nonlinear differential equations. However, the procedure can be significantly simplified using the area under the 1/|υ|= f(x) graph, where υ is the velocity of the oscillating object and x is its displacement from its equilibrium position. The proposed method requires elementary computational tools and is appropriate for determining the period of any nonlinear undamped oscillation. Characteristic examples are presented, such as the simple pendulum, the oscillation with a power-law restoring force, and the cubic-quintic Duffing oscillator. The proposed approach provides accurate results and is appropriate for introductory physics and mechanics courses.

Topic: Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
An Analysis of the Mode of Habitation in the Iron Age of the Mountainous Region of Northern Iran, Based on the Distribution of Sites

In the mountainous lands of northern Iran, most of the excavated sites of the Iron Age (1450 BC ~ mid-3rd century B.C.) have been graveyards. Consequently, except for funeral customs, there is a lot of obscurity about certain basics such as the modes of habitation and the occupations. In this paper, we analyze dates from surveys of recent years together with the results of earlier investigations and present the basic data of the distribution of Iron Age sites of the study area. Based on this, we investigate the modes of habitation and occupation. In this analysis we date the surveyed sites in more detail, based on the results of the study of pottery. We also group and analyze sites according to their natural geographic conditions and compare them. In this way, through an understanding of both the detailed chronological changes and the detailed regional diversity of the distribution of sites, we attempt to grasp the relation between the distribution of the sites and the geographic factors. As a result, we find that in the Iron Age the number of settlements increased notably and their zone of distribution also expanded. But certain aspects of these changes were not always uniform throughout the region. Based on the diversity by area of the distribution of the sites, we can trace the process in which an area which has the particular geographic conditions began to be chosen. Because the increase of settlements was especially remarkable in that area, we can hypothesize that these shifts were accompanied by the establishment of new modes of habitation as well as shifts in occupation.

Topic: Ancient Near East History
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Biodecolorization of methylene blue using aspergillus consortium

Abstract To establish sustainable circular ecosystems, the immense knowledge of different fungal strains as pure and mixed isolates and application them in biodecolorization of dye-laden wastewater is required. In this study, the biodecolorization of methylene blue (MB) dye was investigated by using mixed microfungal strains of Aspergillus consortium consisting of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus . The experiments were conducted in batch-mode. Analytical measurements were performed by UV-VIS spectroscopy. Optimization of operating conditions was carried out in order to achieve the optimal biodecolorization of methylene blue dye (MB). Furthermore, the results illustrated that 36 hrs., 30°C, 9, 2g/L and 150mg/L for incubation time, temperature, initial pH, fungal inoculum size and MB dye concentration, respectively, were chosen as the optimum conditions with the maximum biodecolorization of MB dye was 92%.

Topic: Enzyme-mediated dye degradation
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Population Dynamics of &lt;i&gt;Mustard aphid&lt;/i&gt; and Its Natural Enemies

Mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) appeared as a major pest in Jobner and its incidence is highly influenced by weather parameters and natural enemies. Therefore, a study was conducted to understand their population dynamics. The commencement of the aphid incidence was recorded in the fourth week of December (52th SMW) which gained a peak in the 6th SMW i.e., second week of February and declined thereafter and reached its lowest during 9th SMW i.e., first week of March. Among the natural predators Coccinella septempunctata (L) and Xanthograma scutellarae (F) were found predating on L. erysimi and showed significant positive relationship (r= 0.997* and r = 0.883*). The population of X. scutellarae showed a significant negative correlation (r=-0.658*) with minimum temperature.

Topic: Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Posttetanic changes in the afferent and efferent activity of monosynaptic reflex in kittens

Both the afferent volleys from the dorsal root and the monosynaptic reflex discharges from the corresponding ventral root were recorded with hook electrodes during stimulation of the nerves innervating the triceps surae muscles. The effects of conditioning high frequency tetanus on the magnitudes of these afferents and reflex volleys were examined in kittens of postnatal age 1–90 days and in adult cats. In young kittens under barbiturate anaesthesia, large-amplitude monosynaptic reflex discharge can be evoked without prior conditioning. The amplitude of this reflex discharge decreased with increasing age of the animal. Application of conditioning tetanic stimuli to the muscle nerves resulted in posttetanic depression followed by posttetanic potentiation of the monosynaptic reflex. The magnitude of posttetanic depression was much higher than that of potentiation in the first postnatal week. As the age increased, the magnitude of depression decreased while the magnitude of potentiation increased. The afferent volley showed a considerable posttetanic potentiation in older kittens and cats. No significant potentiation or depression was observed in the younger animals. Possible mechanisms contributing to posttetanic depression and potentiation are discussed.

Topic: Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences