jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Tamoxifen treatment of metastatic breast cancer and antithrombin III levels

Reported in the literature are several cases of thromboembolic complications occurring in patients on tamoxifen citrate for metastatic breast cancer. In view of this literature, a study of patients on tamoxifen was initiated to determine if a paradoxical estrogenic effect was present as evidenced by lowered levels of antithrombin III (AT III). Both functional and immunologic levels were assayed. Twenty-four women with metastatic breast cancer (predominantly bone, 83%) on tamoxifen 10 mg by mouth twice daily were studied. The mean duration of tamoxifen therapy at the time of the AT III determination was 36 weeks (range, 2-87 weeks). The mean age of the group was 64 years with a mean functional AT III of 86% (normal, 82%-120%). Ten of 24 (42%) had low levels of functional AT III (mean, 75%), whereas, the remaining 14 (58%) had normal levels of functional AT III (mean, 94%). Immunologic AT III levels were normal in 23 patients (mean, 26 mg/dl; normal range, 17-30 mg/dl) and elevated in 1 patient. Similarly, functional and immunologic AT III levels were determined in 11 women with metastatic breast cancer on no hormonal therapy. One of 11 (9%) had a low level of functional AT III with a mean of 102% for the entire group. The mean immunologic AT III was 28 mg/dl with two elevated. The poor correlation between functional and immunologic AT III levels may be similar to the disparity noted in women using estrogen-containing oral contraceptives. The finding of lowered functional activity of AT III in 42% of tamoxifen-treated patients is preliminary in nature and will require larger confirmatory studies, including further clinical correlation of this observation.

Topic: Cancer Treatment and Pharmacology
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The synthesis of a copper metal‐organic framework Cu<sub>3</sub>TDPAT and its application in a Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman (MBH) reaction

Abstract A highly effective Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman (MBH) reaction was developed employing Cu (II) derived Cu 3 TDPAT as the dual‐functional metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) catalyst. Four kinds of copper salts were employed as precursors to synthesize Cu 3 TDPAT. The resultant Cu 3 TDPAT MOFs were used as catalysts for the MBH model reaction of 4‐fluorobenzaldehyde and 2‐cyclopentene‐1‐one under various reaction conditions. The results showed that Cu 3 TDPAT‐c derived from copper nitrate was the optimal catalyst to achieve a high yield (up to 99%). With the presence of aromatic aldehydes and basic triazine groups in Cu 3 TDPAT, the Lewis acid and base sites in Cu 3 TDPAT MOF played a significant role during the reaction to effect the formation of CC single bond between 4‐fluorobenzaldehyde and 2‐cyclopentene‐1‐one to generate benzyl methyl acrylonitrile products. In addition, after optimization, this catalyst showed good catalytic performance for the MBH reaction with high thermal stability, reliability, and recyclability. This optimal catalytic performance shows great potential for further development.

Topic: Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Neurobehavioral toxicity with low doses of sarin and soman.

The acute effects of single subtoxic doses (1/48-1/9 of LD50) of two potent organophosphates (OPs), sarin (12.5 and 50 micrograms/kg i.p.) and soman (4 and 20 micrograms/kg i.p.), were studied on behavior, motor performance and nociception in male Wistar rats. On the elevated plus-maze with two open + two closed arms, higher doses of soman and sarin decreased the proportion of entries made onto open arms (p less than 0.05), while the total number of entries onto open + closed arms was unchanged. On the narrow elevated horizontal bridge, the latencies to reach the safe platform were prolonged with the higher dose of sarin (p less than 0.05) but not with that of soman. On the broad and rod bridges, the latencies of OP-treated rats did not differ significantly from those of controls. OPs did not significantly impair either learning frequency in one-trial passive avoidance test, rotarod performance or nociception in hot plate test. The results suggest that in acutely nontoxic doses sarin and soman affect the behavior of rats, and that the action profiles of the OPs differ from each other. Both soman and sarin change the behavior of rats in the plus-maze test but only sarin seems likely to impair motor coordination/balance.

Topic: Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Helping students become proficient problem solvers Part I: A brief review

Understanding issues involved in expertise in physics problem solving is important for helping students become good problem solvers. In part 1 of this article, we summarize the research on problem-solving relevant for physics education across three broad categories: knowledge organization, information processing and cognitive load, and metacognition and problem-solving heuristics. We also discuss specific strategies discussed in the literature for promoting development of problem-solving skills in physics. This review article can be valuable in helping instructors develop students' problem-solving, reasoning, and metacognitive skills in physics and other related disciplines. Additionally, this review article is relevant across educational contexts in countries that may have different educational paradigms and challenges.

Topic: Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
CONTACT ULCERS AND LARYNGEAL TUBERCULOSIS

THE CONCEPT of contact ulcers of the larynx was first advanced by Chevalier Jackson<sup>1</sup>in 1928, but since then the literature on this lesion has been rather scanty. As early as 1926, however (and also in 1937) Blegvad<sup>2</sup>called attention to laryngeal tuberculosis that manifests itself in swelling and redness of the mucous membrane of the vocal processes. In some cases he found ulcerations here. In addition, two case reports on nontuberculous contact ulcerations were published by Videbech<sup>3</sup>and Hagerup.<sup>4</sup>In 1942 Blegvad<sup>5</sup>discussed the possibility of tuberculosis as the cause of contact ulcers. He arrived at the conclusion that when one is faced by these ulcerations one should always think of the possibility that pulmonary tuberculosis is present, in contrast to what had been assumed previously. At the same time, Blegvad advanced the hypothesis that some of these ulcerations might be instances of pachyderma

Topic: Voice and Speech Disorders
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Abstract LB-78: Effects of rapamycin and fasting-cycles therapy on differential stress resistance and sensitization in breast cancer mouse models

Abstract Short-term starvation (STS) has been shown to be effective in both protection of normal cell and tissues and the sensitization of a variety of tumors during chemotherapy treatment. This condition of protection/sensitization of different cell types under the same condition has been named differential stress resistance (DSR). Although the effects of fasting have been mainly attributed to reduced glucose and circulating IGF1 levels, the involvement of signaling genes regulated by glucose and growth factors in these effects of fasting remain poorly understood. In this study we have administered the mTor inhibitor rapamycin in combination with STS and with the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin to shed light on the role of mTOR in the STS response and on its role in mediating DSR. In a mouse allograft model for breast cancer (4T1) we show that STS and rapamycin have an additive effect in reducing tumor progression, which confirms the possibility that STS-mediated effects on cancer cells are not due to the up-regulation of mTOR. Surprisingly, we observed that the administration of rapamycin during chemotherapy sensitizes the mice to the drug leading to an increased mortality. However, this sensitizing effect could be reversed by STS. In summary, the combination of mTor inhibition by rapamycin and STS have additive effects in retarding breast cancer tumor growth and also prevent the chemotherapy-dependent sensitization of normal cells caused by rapamycin alone. Because rapamycin is used for the treatment of certain tumors in humans, these results may have important implications for the safety of therapies using a combination of rapamycin and chemotherapy and indicate that the combination of Tor inhibitors and STS should be tested clinically. Citation Format: Stefano Di Biase, Sebastian Brandorst, Min Wei, Valter Longo. Effects of rapamycin and fasting-cycles therapy on differential stress resistance and sensitization in breast cancer mouse models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-78. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-78

Topic: Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Research Experience through the Lens of Undergraduate Filipino Pre-Service Physical Educators: An Interpretative Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study

The preparation of pre-service teachers, particularly in conducting research, is an important aspect of teacher training in the Philippine context, where challenges in various dimensions of the academic milieu exist. This interpretative hermeneutic phenomenological (IHP) study delved into the experiences of undergraduate Filipino pre-service physical educators (PSPEs) about the intricacies of research and thesis writing. The study aimed to unravel the lived experiences of these students throughout the research process to clarify how they make sense of these experiences. Conducted at a teacher education institution in Pampanga, the Philippines, 10 PSPEs who had completed their theses participated in the study. Employing a qualitative design, the IHP study used face-to-face in-depth interviews guided by a semi-structured interview protocol guide. Rigorous IHP analytical protocols were utilized to illustrate meanings from the data transcripts, while ensuring trustworthiness and rigor. The findings revealed that research, for the PSPEs, is not merely a technical pursuit but a combination of emotions requiring coordinated actions. For them, research demands fortitude and courage, accompanied by multiple challenges that, when overcome, lead to a fulfilling pursuit. The PSPEs view research as an investment for their future personal and professional undertakings. Considering these findings, a general recommendation is made for teacher education institutions to incorporate holistic support mechanisms that address the technical facets of research and the socio-emotional dimensions, especially for pre-service teachers, to ensure resilience and confidence as they pursue this challenging, yet rewarding, endeavor.

Topic: Physical Education and Pedagogy
Subfield: Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
The hybrid regime of Hugo Chavez in transition (2009-2013)

Scholars disagree about the nature of the political regime that Hugo Chávez established in Venezuela after he came to power in 1999.But in the last few years, despite existing disagreements, it has become more common to see the regime as a hybrid, meaning that it combines elements of democracy and autocracy, with separate authors placing different emphases on either of these two aspects. In this paper, we update our view on the nature of the regime. We continue to view the regime as a hybrid, but one that has become more competitive-authoritarian. Our paper i) shows that autocratic rules and practices have become more salient in the 2009-2013 period; ii) explains why popular support for the regime has declined, while it has improved for the opposition ; and iii) discusses how Chávez’s death will affect the future of the regime and the continuity of his movement.

Topic: Cultural and political discourse analysis
Subfield: Linguistics and Language
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Distinctions between Overemployment, Overwork, Workaholism, and Heavy Investments in Work Time

This chapter explores the role of incentives, explicit and implicit, in determining a worker's preferred number of hours. The former refers to extrinsic motivation, such as a monetary bonus for extra production. The chapter focuses on over employment, the inability to reduce one's work hours toward preferred shorter hours, despite a willingness to sacrifice some pay. It examines potential returns on investment in time not only in work time but in "non-work" time. The chapter aims to distinguish several separate types of non-work time uses, which are work-related and may have investment-type properties, such as "productive leisure." A comprehensive model of individuals' time devoted to work would incorporate the economic, psychological, physiological, social, and cultural sources of workers' constraints and preferences. The chapter concludes by exploring implications of the over employment findings and types of excessive work hours and non-work time uses for future research, both empirical and theoretical.

Topic: Employment and Welfare Studies
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
EMPIRICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN SOIL COMPONENTS AND WATER RETENTION AT 1/3 and 15 ATMOSPHERES

Regression equations, developed to predict the water content at 1/3- and 15-atm tension for various soil Orders in Canada, were tested against a set of independent data with generally a good degree of success. Some of the discrepancies between predicted and observed values could be attributed to the mineralogical and/or textural distribution of the prediction vs. test data, but in other cases causes of inconsistency were unclear. The equations which were not tested, due to insufficient available test data, should be used with caution.

Topic: Soil and Unsaturated Flow
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The development and initial validation of a screening scale for antenatal anxiety

Background: Anxiety during pregnancy is a strong predictor of postnatal depression and can negatively impact on a range of child developmental outcomes. Recent reviews highlight the lack of anxiety measures with robust psychometric properties for screening use in pregnancy.&#13;\nAim: This research aimed to develop a brief self-report scale specifically constructed to identify problematic anxiety symptoms in pregnant women, and conduct preliminary psychometric testing of the scale. &#13;\nMethod: The development and psychometric validation of the SAAS (Stirling Antenatal Anxiety Scale) was informed by five studies. A systematic review of the psychometric literature and interviews with women with experience of problematic anxiety symptoms in pregnancy both contributed to the generation of an initial item pool for the assessment of the target construct. This was subsequently refined and reduced, using a Delphi technique involving key informants (i.e. expert opinion and target population). The screening accuracy of the final, 10-item version of the scale was subsequently tested against a diagnostic interview, and compared to the NICE-recommended screening scales for antenatal anxiety (GAD-2/7). The internal consistency, factor structure and construct validity of the SAAS were also assessed. &#13;\nResults: 174 women completed the SAAS, GAD-2/7 and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The SAAS was found to have excellent sensitivity (91%) and very good specificity (85%) at its optimal cut-off score of ≥ 8. It also showed a superior screening performance when compared to both the GAD-2 and the GAD-7 at their NICE-recommended cut-off scores. Its internal consistency was close to excellent (α = 0.88), and the scale exhibited a single-factor structure. The SAAS was also considered highly acceptable to pregnant women (mean score = 9.48; range 1-10). &#13;\nConclusion: The SAAS shows promise as a brief, acceptable and effective screening tool for antenatal anxiety, which may improve identification and aid appropriate targeting of resources and care.

Topic: Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Castnia strandi

strandi (Houlbert, 1917) Castnia strandi Houlbert, 1917: Études de Lépidoptérologie comparée 13: 75–76. (fig. 16). Type material. GL believes he has found the specimen used by Strand (1913: 12, pl. 6c, fig. [1], as cronius [sic]) for his illustration of C. cronis in MNHU; it is a female, as is the illustration. Embrik Strand (1876–1947) was working in MNHU in 1913 so he must have seen this specimen in Staudinger’s collection deposited there; it is therefore highly likely that this is a syntype of strandi. It has no data other than “Coll. Sommer”. Type locality. In Strand’s (1913: 12) entry for cronida, which follows his entry for cronis, he writes “Both occurr [sic] in Guiana ”. As he believed he was merely providing an example of cronis this cannot be taken as an indication of the type locality. Houlbert (1917) writes “sa patrie serait la Guyane, mais aucune indication précise n’a été donée sur ce point”; therefore the type locality is unknown with both authors merely stating that the taxon is found in French Guiana, although Strand may have meant Guyana. Taxonomic status. The name is a junior primary homonym of Castnia (Gazera) strandi Niepelt, 1914 and was replaced by H. candida houlbertina Lamas, 1995. It was originally described as a species and treated as a subspecies of cronis by Miller (1995); Lamas (1995) then treated it as a subspecies of H. candida, to which Strand’s (1913) figure bears little resemblance. However, it is here considered to be a junior subjective synonym of nominotypical H. cronis. Distribution. Not relevant, see cronis above. Discussion. This is a name given by Houlbert (1917) for Strand’s Castnia cronis. Strand (1913) was merely listing the known Castniidae in Seitz’s magnum opus and provided a brief description and figure for Cramer’s Papilio cronis. Houlbert (1917) decided that Strand’s illustration represented a different species from Cramer’s cronis and proposed the name strandi for the new species. Lamas (1995) then proposed the replacement name houlbertina for the homonymic strandi and moved it to the species H. candida. At the time that Houlbert was writing specimens of Haemonides were very rare in collections and it seems from his treatise that he had never seen an actual specimen of H. cronis but was only working from illustrations in past works. He could also have been confused by the fact that Cramer’s type of cronis was an artefact which included the forewings of a cronis male and Strand’s figure was a female. Much more material of all taxa has been available for this work, which shows that strandi is within the range of variation of nominotypical H. cronis.

Topic: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Transplanted human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells improve left ventricular function through angiogenesis in myocardial infarction

Transplanted hUCBC can survive in host myocardium without immunorejection, significantly improve left ventricular remodeling after AMI and promote a higher level of angiogenesis in the infarct zones. All these factors beneficially affect cardiac repair in the setting of MI. Therefore human umbilical cord blood may be potential source for cell-based therapy for AMI.

Topic: Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Theoretical evaluation of a novel design for digital GaAs ICs

The performance of a novel integrated logic (complementary level FET logic, CLFL) for digital GaAs ICs was investigated by circuit simulation. This novel circuit design is characterized by complementary levels and DFETs with very small negative V/sub TD/ values (V/sub TD/>or=-100 mV). The static power dissipation, the dynamic power dissipation, the propagation delay time, the dynamic logic swing, the noise margins, and the driving capability were calculated and compared with the corresponding quantities of the conventional E/D technology (DCFL). CLFL circuits are about 5-500 times less static-power-consuming than DCFL circuits at the same switching speed. Inverters with a propagation delay time of 20-100 ps have shown a minimum power-delay product of 0.1 fJ. Disadvantages are a higher number of devices (a factor of 1.2-2.1) and more extensive interconnections.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Tight junctions and <scp>IBS</scp> ‐ the link between epithelial permeability, low‐grade inflammation, and symptom generation?

Abstract In this issue of N eurogastroenterology and M otility, Dr Ewa Wilcz‐Villega and colleagues report low expression of E‐cadherin, a tight junction protein involved in the regulation of paracellular permeability, in the colonic mucosa of patients with the irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) with predominance of diarrhea ( IBS ‐D) or alternating symptoms ( IBS ‐A). These findings constitute an improvement in our knowledge of epithelial barrier disruption associated with IBS . There is mounting evidence to indicate that a compromised epithelial barrier is associated with low‐grade immune activation and intestinal dysfunction in at least a proportion of IBS patients. During the last 10 years of research, much interest has focused on the increase in the number of different types of immune cells in the gut mucosa of IBS patients including: mast cells, T lymphocytes, and other local cells such as enteroendocrine cells. The inflammatory mediators released by these cells or other luminal factors could be at the origin of altered epithelial barrier functions and enteric nervous system signaling, which lead to gut hypersensitivity. A current conceptual framework states that clinical symptoms of IBS could be associated with structural and functional abnormalities of the mucosal barrier, highlighting the crucial importance of elucidating the contributory role of epithelial barrier defects in the pathogenesis of IBS . More importantly, disruption of the epithelial barrier could also participate in the generation of persistent abdominal pain and discomfort mimicking IBS in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases considered in remission. This mini review gives a brief summary of clinical and experimental evidence concerning the mechanisms underlying epithelial barrier defects in IBS .

Topic: Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Subfield: Gastroenterology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences