jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Map Projection Induced Variations in Locations of Polygon Geofence Edges

This Paper under-estimates answers to the following question under various constraints: If a geofencing algorithm uses a map projection to determine whether a position is inside/outside a polygon region, how far outside/inside the polygon can the point be and the algorithm determine that it is inside/outside (the opposite and therefore incorrect answer)? Geofencing systems for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) often model stay-in and stay-out regions using 2D polygons with minimum and maximum altitudes. The vertices of the polygons are typically input as latitude-longitude pairs, and the edges as paths between adjacent vertices. There are numerous ways to generate these paths, resulting in numerous potential locations for the edges of stay-in and stay-out regions. These paths may be geodesics on a spherical model of the earth or geodesics on the WGS84 reference ellipsoid. In geofencing applications that use map projections, these paths are inverse images of straight lines in the projected plane. This projected plane may be a projection of a spherical earth model onto a tangent plane, called an orthographic projection. Alternatively, it may be a projection where the straight lines in the projected plane correspond to straight lines in the latitudelongitude coordinate system, also called a Plate Carree projection. This paper estimates distances between different edge paths and an oracle path, which is a geodesic on either the spherical earth or the WGS84 ellipsoidal earth. This paper therefore estimates how far apart different edge paths can be rather than comparing their path lengths, which are not considered. Rather, the comparision is between the actual locations of the edges between vertices. For edges drawn using orthographic projections, this maximum distance increases as the distance from the polygon vertices to the projection point increases. For edges drawn using Plate Carree projections, this maximum distance increases as the vertices become further from the equator. Distances between geodesics on a spherical earth and a WGS84 ellipsoidal earth are also analyzed, using the WGS84 ellipsoid as the oracle. Bounds on the 2D distance between a straight line and a great circle path, in an orthographically projected plane rather than on the surface of the earth, have been formally verified in the PVS theorem prover, meaning that they are mathematically correct in the absence of floating point errors.

Topic: Robotic Path Planning Algorithms
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
CCDC 919305: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Conservation value of the Wadrékro village forest in the Department of Oumé, Central-Western Côte d'Ivoire

Village forest fragments play a crucial role in wildlife conservation. However, limited information is available on their mammalian diversity. To address this gap, this study was conducted in the Wadrékro Village forest, located in the Oumé department, to identify the mammalian fauna inhabiting the area. The survey involved cataloging mammal species through linear transects and reconnaissance walks (recce). Pedestrian surveys recorded 14 mammal species, grouped into 9 families and 3 orders: Artiodactyla, Rodentia, and Carnivora. These orders are representative of the major mammal groups found in better-preserved areas of the country. Specifically, Tragelaphus scriptus and Thryonomys swinderianus were the most frequently observed species. According to the IUCN Red List, all recorded mammal species are classified as Least Concern (LC), except for Hippopotamus amphibius, which is categorized as Vulnerable (VU). Rural forest patches can therefore contribute to wildlife conservation, particularly for mammalian species.

Topic: African Botany and Ecology Studies
Subfield: Forestry
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Psychiatric symptomatology after delirium: a systematic review

Delirium is an acute and usually transient severe neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with significant long‐term physical morbidity. However, its chronic psychiatric sequelae remain poorly characterized. To investigate the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms, namely anxiety, depressive, and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms after delirium, a systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases was performed independently by two authors in March 2016. Bibliographies were hand‐searched, and a forward‐ and backward‐citation search using Web of Science was performed for all included studies. Of 6411 titles, we included eight prospective cohort studies, including 370 patients with delirium and 1073 without delirium. Studies were heterogeneous and mostly included older people from a range of clinical groups. Consideration of confounders was variable. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was almost three times higher in patients with delirium than in patients without delirium (22.2% vs 8.0%, risk ratio = 2.79; 95% confidence interval = 1.36–5.73). There was no statistically significant difference between the prevalence of anxiety symptoms between patients with and without delirium. The prevalence of PTSD symptoms after delirium was inconclusive: only one study investigated this and no association between PTSD symptoms after delirium was reported. There is limited published evidence of the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms after non‐ICU delirium and the strongest evidence is for depressive symptoms. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and PTSD symptoms.

Topic: Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
Subfield: Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Bilateral Basal Ganglia Haemorrhage in a COVID-19 Positive Patient- Rare and Unusual Imaging Findings

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the most challenging problem for the world today. The disease is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), leading to high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Numerous pathways are involved in the neurological manifestation of the disease. The imaging findings are not limited to encephalopathy, encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, meningitis, ischaemic stroke, and intracerebral haemorrhage. Bilateral basal ganglia haemorrhages as manifestations are exceedingly rare. A 42-year-old male normotensive patient with no co-morbidities presented to the hospital with left hemiparesis. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) brain revealed haemorrhagic lesions in bilateral basal ganglia. No associated abnormalities were found in vasculature of brain. Hereby, authors report this rare and unusual case of COVID-19 infected patient presenting as bilateral basal ganglia haemorrhage.

Topic: Neurological and metabolic disorders
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Modification of membrane domain structure and function by membrane proteins

One of the popular approaches to study cell membranes is to study lipid mixtures phase behaviors. Although the structure of compositionally simple binary and ternary lipid systems have been extensively studied in the last three decades, the effects of proteins on compositional complexity of biological membranes have not been studied in details. Since in some biological membranes, the majority of membrane area is covered by proteins (up to 60–70%), it is reasonable to suppose that membrane proteins would have large effects on bilayer phase behavior. To the best of our knowledge, previously, no 4-component phase diagram, with protein as one of the components, has been reported. This work is the first study of this kind which investigate the effect of polypeptide gramicidin-A on Lo+Ld phase boundaries. &#13;\nIn recent years, many studies have focused on the study of lipid rafts, a type of domain structure thought to form spontaneously by lateral phase separation in membranes. Lipid rafts provide domains for self-assembly and transport of specific proteins involved in signaling and trafficking of the cells. To understand the properties of lipid rafts, model lipid bilayers of ternary or quaternary lipid mixtures have been used extensively in the past decade. Model membrane studies have developed the raft hypothesis by providing a picture of plasma membrane domains as coexisting liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) phases. &#13;\nIn this work, the effects of adding 1 mol% of gramicidin-A to Lo+Ld phase boundary of DOPC/DSPC/cholesterol, PLPC/DSPC/Cholesterol and PLPC/DPPC/ Cholesterol ternary lipid mixtures were investigated.

Topic: Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Self-Driven Gas Spreading\non Mesh Surfaces for Regeneration\nof Underwater Superhydrophobicity

Underwater superhydrophobic surfaces stand as a promising\nfrontier\nin technological applications such as drag reduction, antifouling,\nand anticorrosion. Unfortunately, the air film, known as the plastron,\non these surfaces tends to be unstable. To address this problem, active\napproaches have been designed to preserve or restore plastrons. In\nthis work, a self-driven gas spreading superhydrophobic mesh (SHM)\nsurface is designed to facilitate recovery of the plastron. The immersed\nSHM can be “wetted” by gas, even when the plastron is\nremoved. We demonstrate that the injected gas can spread spontaneously\nalong the SHM over a large area, which greatly simplifies the plastron\nreplenishment process. By incorporating a locally coated gas-producing\nlayer, we achieve rapid in situ plastron recovery and long-term immersion\nstability, extending the plastron lifespan by at least 48 times. We\nalso provide a framework for designing an SHM with suitable structural\ndimensions for gas spreading. Furthermore, an SHM with asymmetric\nstructural dimensions enables unidirectional gas transport by the\ncapillary pressure difference. This SHM surface shows excellent drag\nreduction properties (37.2%) and has a high slip recovery coefficient\n(73.4%) after plastron loss. This facile and scalable method is expected\nto broaden the range of potential applications involving nonwetting-related\nfields.

Topic: Surface Modification and Superhydrophobicity
Subfield: Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
ESTABLISHMENT OF CALLUS CULTURES OF RHODIOLA ROSEA BULGARIAN ECOTYPE

Rhodiola rosea (Roseroot, Golden Root or Arctic Root) is a herbaceous perennial plant of the Crassulaceae family. Rhodiola radix and rhizome is a multipurpose medicinal herb with antidepressant, anticancer, cardio protective and central nervous system stimulating effects. For callus induction, leaves were excised from in vitro micropropagated Rhodiola rosea and placed on 18 variants of nutrient media containing MS basic medium supplement with BAP, 2-ip, kinetin, 2,4-D, IAA, NAA, casein hydrolysate and glutamine in different combinations and concentrations. The highest responses for callus formation (62.85 and 73.17%) were observed on two media - containing 1 mg/L BAP and 1 mg/L or 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. These two combinations of plant growth regulators proved less efficient when 1 g/L casein hydrolysate was added. Callogenesis was not observed in any of the variants containing 2-ip and most of the variants containing NAA. Callus growth rate and tissue characteristics varied depending on the culture media composition with a tendency of positive correlation between callus induction efficiency and callus growth in most of the variants. BAP in concentration of 1 mg/L favoured fast growing compact tissue with grain structure easy to be maintained. Callus growth continued for more than 6 months being subcultured each 20 days on the same initial medium. In the present pioneer study, optimal combinations and concentrations of phyto-regulators were determined for efficient induction and long-term callus cultivation allowing accumulation of biomass and biochemical analysis of valuable secondary metabolites.

Topic: Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[External fixation of distal radius fractures: indication, technique and functional results].

A series of 56 consecutive patients with 59 fractures of the distal end of the radius, treated with an unilateral external fixator of Hoffmann between 1980 and 1988, is presented, 47 of these patients were examined clinically at home in the last months of 1989. We can distinguish two different groups of patients: the older females with an average of 59.2 years and the younger males with an average of 40.1 years. The fractures of the females were caused by a lower energy trauma than those of the males (p less than 0.05). The males had significantly more complex fractures (Frykman type VII or VIII) than the females (p less than 0.05). The indication for an external fixation was significantly different for males and females (p less than 0.01). The external fixator remained attached for an average time of 5.7 weeks. The traumatized wrist had an average power of 71% of the heterolateral side. 87% of the patients had no complaints in performing their daily activities. In 70% there was an anatomical reduction on the X-ray, in 64% an excellent cosmetic result and in 68% the functional end results were excellent or good. Functional end results can be ameliorated by paying more attention to the anatomical reconstruction of the wrist joint. Therefore, it can be necessary to complete the external fixation with an open reconstruction of the wrist joint and/or with a transplantation of cancellous bone. In some cases, a changing of procedure to a plate osteosynthesis could be the treatment of choice.

Topic: Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Tinospora Cordifolia: Formulation And Evaluation Of Herbal Tea

Tea is the most generally consumed beverage. Tea's olfactory allure is a crucial factor to take into account when developing new products. Tea in general and herbal tea in particular are gaining consumer attention due to awareness of health benefits derived from their consumption. Different boiling practices are used by consumers all over the world to prepare their tea. The two most popular techniques for making tea are with loose tea and tea bags. However, because of their ease and convenience, tea bags are growing in popularity for tea brewing all over the globe. There are several kinds of herbal teas that have been used for their medicinal properties. The aim of present study is to prepare herbal tea with new combination of medicinal plants. An important herbal medication in the Indian System of Medicine is <em>Tinospora cordifolia</em> (ISM). The methanol stem extract of <em>T. cordifolia</em> is being used for their Immunomodulatory activity which helps in preventing and healing many diseases. It has been demonstrated that <em>T. cordifolia</em> can stimulate and regulate the immune system.

Topic: Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Quantitative analysis of omega-3 aliphatic acid from Schizochytrium sp. DZAM (order thraustochytriales division chromista) under different spectral photo-emissions

Thraustochytrids are considered highly oleaginous marine microorganisms with excellent polyunsaturated fattys (PUFAs) and also with high carotenoid content. It is considered good microorganism as human dietary additive and feed-enrichment alternative. The present study was aimed at analyzing any changes in percentage of fatty acids and carotenoid content by subjecting a culture of Thraustochytrid (strain Schizochytrium DZAM) to different photo-emission spectra such as: fluorescent light, red light, yellow light, blue light, infrared and ultraviolet light for 12 hours a/day for 5 consecutive days.

Topic: Algal biology and biofuel production
Subfield: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Polymorphic mutations in the <i>polb</i> gene promoter and their impact on transcriptional activity

Abstract Background DNA polymerase β is one of the key enzymes involved in DNA damage repair and its proper expression is strictly controlled within different cells. We previously reported that three genetic mutations in the promoter region of the polb gene are prevalent in the Chinese Han population and two types of mutation are associated with thymic hyperplasia. The purpose of this study was to explore whether other mutated sites exist within the promoter region of the polb gene. Methods Genomic DNAs of 421 healthy Chinese Han individuals were extracted from whole blood samples and used for gene amplification of the promoter region of the polb gene. After gel purification, PCR amplicons were sequenced by the Sanger sequencing method and used for sequence alignment with the Lasergene program. PCR products with novel mutations were then subcloned into luciferase reporter plasmid pGL4.10 and transfected into 293T cells for dual‐luciferase activity analysis. Results In total, 11 mutated sites were detected in the Chinese Han population and eight of these were reported for the first time. Using a dual luciferase reporter system, it was found that one novel mutation −142 C &gt; G could decrease the transcription activity of the polb gene, whereas two novel mutations, −152_−151insC and −218 C &gt; G, could significantly increase the transcription activity of the polb gene. Conclusions High polymorphic sites could be found in the promoter region of polb gene and approximately half of them could influence its transcription activity.

Topic: DNA Repair Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Internet Study about Risk Factors Associated with HIV among Heterosexuals in Puerto Rico.

Results confirm the need to implement interventions that increases the sense of vulnerability among heterosexuals, as well as skills and use of male condoms. This study contributes additional data on sexual practices and attitudes to encourage the identification of new or current changes in HIV protective or risk factors, specifically for an understudied population of Heterosexuals in Puerto Rico.

Topic: Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
A Study on the Systemic Disaster Safety Management in Response to Complex Risk Society: Case of Korea

Recent disasters are becoming increasingly diversified, larger and increasingly uncertain.However, disaster management still lacks various research and lessons, and it exposes various problems in management.Disruption of the command system, a number of non-practical response manuals, failure to function effectively at the local government headquarters, a lack of unified system, failure of national emergency support function, disruption of central control tower.The majority of responding problems are due to the manual method of approaching each type of disaster and the distributed management system.In this study, we aim to review the disaster safety management plan from the viewpoint of total value chain aiming at total optimization.To this end, the system should be directed to a systematic model that is characterized by a systematic approach to disaster management and safety management.

Topic: Technology and Data Analysis
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Migrants’ Home as a Political Issue

Home, as a place and an experience of it, has meaningful political implications, since it embodies the material and legal boundary between insiders and outsiders. Migration, as the life condition of those who are physically away from their previous homes and often marginalized from the natives' ones, is a unique research venue on the political dimensions of home, at many levels: regarding the need and aspirations for new and better homes, whether achieved or not, which drive migrant life trajectories; for the metaphorical conflation between home and homeland, the nation, or the state, which pervades the public discourse of receiving societies vis-à-vis immigrants and their descendants; for the mixed significance of home, as a discursive and emotional resource in migration-related forms of political mobilization and claims-making.

Topic: Migration, Refugees, and Integration
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Wall Shear Stress and Pressure Fluctuations under Oscillating Stimulation in Helical Square Ducts with Cochlea-like Geometrical Curvature and Torsion<sup>*</sup>

Our study aims to provide basic insights on the impact of the spiral shape of the cochlea, i.e., of geometric torsion and curvature, on wall pressure and wall shear stress. We employed computational fluid dynamics in square duct models with curvature and torsion similar to those found in human cochleae. The results include wall pressures and wall shear stresses within the ducts under oscillating axial flow. Our findings indicate that the helical shape generates higher transverse wall shear stresses compared to exclusively curved or twisted ducts. The wall pressures and transverse wall shear stresses we found rise to amounts that may be physiologically relevant in the cochlea.Clinical relevance- The role of the spiral shape of the cochlea in hearing physiology remains, for a large part, elusive. For a better apprehension of hearing and its disorders, it is important to investigate the influence of geometric properties on biofluids motion and emerging phenomena in the cochlea.

Topic: Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Ultrasound provides a 'window' into the brain during surgery

A large tumor of the acoustic nerve was pressing on the brain stem. It could not be removed completely, but University of Chicago neurosurgeons hoped to make the few remaining years of the patient, an elderly woman, as comfortable as possible. They proposed to go directly to the tumor's center, then core out as much as possible. Operating room preparations, however, included something extra. George J. Dohrmann III, MD, PhD, and Jonathan M. Rubin, MD, PhD, set up the ultrasound equipment they've been using in neurological surgery since 1980. In this case, a neurosurgical resident wondered aloud why they were going to all that trouble, since "you can see the tumor clearly on the CT [computed tomography] scan." "Well," said Dohrmann, an assistant professor of neurosurgery at the university's Pritzker School of Medicine, "let's see what ultrasound will do for us." What ultrasound will do for all neurosurgeons, Rubin and

Topic: Advances in Oncology and Radiotherapy
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences