jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of high-NA GaN diffractive microlenses

We present the fabrication of the high-numerical-aperture GaN diffractive microlenses by gray-level mask and inductively coupled plasma etching. (NA=0.85) The microlenses were designed for the application of high-density optical data storage. The advantage of using GaN as the material of the diffractive microlenses is discussed.

Topic: GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Carers of People with Dementia and the Use of Assistive Technologies

Assistive technologies have a role in supporting both formal and informal carers of people with dementia. Whilst assistive technologies have a role in maintaining the independence and quality of life of both people with dementia and their carers, their use has both disadvantages and advantages, can pose challenges for all concerned, and raises ethical dilemmas. In this chapter, a model derived from Arnstein's ladder of participation is used to highlight the importance of empowering and connecting with carers in order to increase their participation in the care of their relative or client. Empowerment and connection contribute to maintaining the autonomy and well-being of both carers and people with dementia: technological interventions should not be used as alternatives to connection. The emphasis in practice should be on empowering and connecting with both carers and people with dementia.

Topic: Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Household Mobility Over the Great Recession: Evidence from the U.S. 2007-09 Survey of Consumer Finances Panel

This paper uses data from the 2007-09 Survey of Consumer Finances panel to examine U.S. households&amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27; decisions to move and the role of negative home equity and economic shocks, such as job loss, in these decisions. Even over this period of steep house price declines and sharp recession, we find that most moves were prompted by standard reasons. The recession&amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27;s effects are nonetheless apparent in the notable fraction of homeowners who moved involuntarily due to, for example, foreclosure. Many involuntary moves appear to stem a combination of negative home equity and adverse economic shocks rather than negative equity alone. Homeowners with both negative equity and economic shocks were substantially more likely to have moved between 2007 and 2009 and to have moved involuntarily. The findings suggest that, analogous to the double-trigger theory of default, the relationship between negative equity and household mobility varies with households&amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27; exposure to adverse shocks.

Topic: Housing Market and Economics
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
What are the effective reading strategies a second grade teacher can employ to increase reading achievement and comprehension skills through effective questioning toward boys

This study looks at three avenues of research, reading strategies, boy's behaviors and finding books that appeal to them, and deep and meaningful questioning through instruction. All aspects are looked at to create a resource book for second grade teachers. With research suggesting that boys' reading scores and my personal observation, I wanted to find an answer with what strategies should be taught in the classroom. Through modeling the strategies, and providing graphic organizers to show explicitly how the strategies work, there will be a clearer understanding. By looking at Anderson and Krathwohl's Taxonomy while creating higher level questions and activities to support the books, those components will support boys understanding of the strategies. While researching boys' behaviors and the types of books that appeal to them, I successfully chose read aloud books and provided examples of how the reading strategies are modeled in the classroom to create a resource .

Topic: Education and Critical Thinking Development
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Prediction Model of Diabetes Complications Based on Genetic Engineering Improved Genetic Algorithm Optimized BP Neural Network

Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology, people’s living standards have been greatly improved, and many chronic diseases have also been brought, including diabetes. The occurrence of diabetes not only poses a serious threat to human body, but also poses a threat to human life with its development. BP (Back Propagation) neural network model can well solve the logic regression problem of single factor and multiple factors, and also better solve the collinearity problem of multiple factors. BP neural network optimized based on improved genetic algorithm can reflect the influence mode and degree of various factors, and can be predicted from the perspective of patients’ diet, exercise, and doctors’ application of insulin. In this paper, the patients in a hospital were taken as the research object, and the BP neural network method was used to analyze the causes of the disease. The prediction model was used to screen out the high-risk groups of diabetes patients and reduce their incidence rate. Secondly, according to the collected data, the relationship between diabetes related complications was analyzed in depth by using genetic engineering technology, thus providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications. The prediction accuracy of BP neural network optimized by genetic algorithm can reach 94.1%. In the high-risk group of diabetes, taking appropriate diet and behavioral measures can reduce the probability of diabetes. The prediction scheme of diabetes complications proposed in this paper is simple and its cost is low, which can greatly reduce the cost of prevention and treatment of diabetes and the probability of diabetes.

Topic: Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Techno-Economic Analysis of Different Lighting Schemes: A Case Study

An optimum lighting design ensures sharp visibility and comfort by considering the light conditions. Further, for optimum utilization of electrical energy, proper care should be taken to avoid overestimation of required illuminance levels. In this paper techno-economic analysis of different lighting schemes viz incandescent lamp, CFL, LED lamp has been done. Further, an efficient arrangement of luminaries for a laboratory is designed in DIALux software.

Topic: Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A rare case of cervical tuberculosis simulating carcinoma cervix: a case report

This is an unusual case of a 26-year-old P2L2 lady who presented with chief complaints of pain abdomen and irregular bleeding p/v with history of post-coital bleeding.On per speculum examination, cervix was replaced by an irregular friable growth, which was bleeding on touch. A clinical diagnosis of carcinoma cervix was made but the cervical biopsy revealed granulomatous inflammation with presence of acid-fast bacilli on cervical smear consistent with tuberculosis. The patient responded to six months of anti-tubercular therapy.To conclude, cervical tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of carcinoma cervix in young women with suspicious cervix.

Topic: Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Internal gravity waves in a vertically sheared flow

We investigate the propagation of internal gravity waves in a rotating fluid with horizontal and vertical stratification. The modification of these waves by the presence of a vertically sheared geostrophic current is determined, and the rate of energy exchange between waves and current is estimated and compared to exchange rates of other interaction mechanisms. The effect of boundary conditions on the range of frequencies allowed for wave propagation is also considered. The wave amplitude has horizontal exponential dependence due to the horizontal density variation as well as to exchange of energy with the mean shear flow. The solution also shows a phase difference from surface to bottom. For waves propagating normally to a vertically sheared geostrophic current, the energy exchange mechanism is found to be weak when compared to other exchange mechanisms and is likely to be of little importance in the ocean. The imposition of boundary conditions on the wave solution alters the frequency range over which solutions may exist.

Topic: Geological formations and processes
Subfield: Earth-Surface Processes
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on endothelial [Ca2+]i and microvessel permeability

To investigate the mechanism whereby nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathways regulate microvessel permeability in vivo, we measured changes in microvessel hydraulic conductivity (Lp) and endothelial cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in response to calcium ionophore, ionomycin (5 microM), and ATP (10 microM) before and after the use of NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors in single perfused frog mesenteric venular microvessels. Ionomycin induced a transient increase in endothelial [Ca2+]i and an associated increase in Lp. The NOS inhibitors N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 and 300 microM) and N omega-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 10, 50, and 100 microM) significantly attenuated the peak increase in Lp induced by ionomycin. A similar inhibitory effect was also observed with the increase in Lp mediated by ATP. In contrast, D-NMMA, a biologically inactive isomer of L-NMMA, showed no effect on ionomycin-induced increase in Lp L-Arginine (3 mM) reversed the inhibitory effect of L-NMMA (10 microM) on Lp. However, the NOS inhibitors did not alter the magnitude and time course of the biphasic increase in endothelial [Ca2+]i induced by both ionomycin and ATP. These data suggest that 1) calcium-dependent NO release is a necessary step to increase microvessel permeability, and 2) the action of NOS inhibitors in attenuating the permeability increase in response to ionomycin and ATP occurs down-stream from calcium entry and does not involve modification of the initial increase in endothelial [Ca2+]i.

Topic: Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
COVID-19 as a Catalyst of Food Security Crisis. Whether the Existing System of Agriculture Can Remain the Same

From 2019 to 2022, since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global percentage of hunger rose by 150 million people, which is 10% of the world population. At the same time, one-third of food is thrown away because it cannot reach the final consumer. Climate change, natural catastrophes, wars leading to humanitarian crises are the main and ongoing causes of hunger. COVID-19 acted as an accelerator of processes that exacerbate the food security crisis, to which import-dependent countries are especially sensitive. Quarantine that was introduced as a tool to combat the spread of the COVID-19 acted as a catalyst of social, economic, political, ecological, and food crisis that is displayed in the global economic system and in agriculture – its subsystem. At first glance, the increase in the percentage of starving populations on the planet is explained by poverty and the inability to purchase basic food products; a rise in prices was caused by breaks in logistics chains, the increase in the price of energy carriers, and economic shifts caused by the lockdown. In practice, despite the constantly growing volumes of global production of agro-industrial products, the balance between demand and supply of products that ensure the world&amp;apos;s food security has been disturbed. The research problem lies in the insufficient determination of intangible causes of hunger, other than those caused by poverty and social inequality. The aim of the research is to show the prospects of the aggravation the food security crisis due to excess of food demand over supply, and to propose theoretical ways out of the crisis. The quantitative method of panel data research was used to prepare the article. The visualization method was used to simplify the perception of the proposed array of information. It is possible to overcome such social problems as hunger, poverty, climate and ecology problems caused by the increase in the temperature on the planet&amp;apos;s surface, ocean pollution, and soil degradation only through adaptation and achieving synergy between the planet’s ecosystems. Agriculture as a main factor of food security should be transformed through implementing principles of climate-optimized agriculture and blue economy (use of ocean resources) as a source of “blue food” to achieve food sustainability.

Topic: Agriculture Market Analysis Ukraine
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Integrated correlators from integrability: Maldacena-Wilson line in $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM

We present a systematic method for the derivation of a relation which connects the correlation function of operators on the straight Maldacena-Wilson line with the integrability data for the cusp anomalous dimension. As we show, the derivation requires very careful treatment of the UV divergences. Our method opens a way to derive infinitely many constraints on integrals of multi-point correlation functions, relating them with the integrability data for the generalised cusp anomalous dimension governed by the Quantum Spectral Curve. Such constraints have been shown recently to be very powerful in combination with the numerical conformal bootstrap, leading to very narrow non-perturbative bounds on conformal data beyond the spectrum.

Topic: Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Uncertainty in the Response of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings and Stratosphere‐Troposphere Coupling to Quadrupled CO<sub>2</sub> Concentrations in CMIP6 Models

Abstract Major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs), vortex formation, and final breakdown dates are key highlight points of the stratospheric polar vortex. These phenomena are relevant for stratosphere‐troposphere coupling, which explains the interest in understanding their future changes. However, up to now, there is not a clear consensus on which projected changes to the polar vortex are robust, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, possibly due to short data record or relatively moderate CO 2 forcing. The new simulations performed under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6, together with the long daily data requirements of the DynVarMIP project in preindustrial and quadrupled CO 2 (4xCO 2 ) forcing simulations provide a new opportunity to revisit this topic by overcoming the limitations mentioned above. In this study, we analyze this new model output to document the change, if any, in the frequency of SSWs under 4xCO 2 forcing. Our analysis reveals a large disagreement across the models as to the sign of this change, even though most models show a statistically significant change. As for the near‐surface response to SSWs, the models, however, are in good agreement as to this signal over the North Atlantic: There is no indication of a change under 4xCO 2 forcing. Over the Pacific, however, the change is more uncertain, with some indication that there will be a larger mean response. Finally, the models show robust changes to the seasonal cycle in the stratosphere. Specifically, we find a longer duration of the stratospheric polar vortex and thus a longer season of stratosphere‐troposphere coupling.

Topic: Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Improving phase uniformity in the aperture: A method to enhance radiation characteristics of Fabry-Perot resonator antennas

A novel technique for the performance enhancement of Fabry-Perot resonator antennas (FPRAs) is investigated in this paper. It has been observed, in close proximity of FPRAs, that the near field has strong non-uniform phase distribution, which compromise their characteristic of directive electromagnetic energy transmission. An all-dielectric structure referred to as phase correcting structure (PCS) is proposed to rectify and improve the phase distribution along the H-plane, by varying the thickness of a dielectric material. Significant improvement in the phase distribution of the FPRA is achieved along with more than 3dB increase in peak directivity.

Topic: Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Preparation and Properties of Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Polyurethane for Superfine Fiber Leather

Polyurethane (PU) superfine fiber leathers have been widely used in people's life. However, the flammability brings potential risks to their application. Therefore, more and more attention has been paid to the flame retardant modification of PU leathers. In the 1980s, researchers found that some brominated flame retardants produced dioxins during combustion. In 2007, the EU began implementing the REACH regulation, which restricted the use of certain halogenated flame retardants, so a majority of studies focused on halogen-free flame retardant modification. In addition, the halogen-free flame retardant PU should own a better alkali resistance, because alkali treatment is needed in the forming process of the superfine fiber leather. In this paper, two different halogen-free flame retardants were blended with solvent-based PU. The flame retardant properties and alkali resistance of the flame retardant PU were studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, vertical burning (UL-94) test, and thermogravimetry-infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). It was found that BY-90 system flame retardant could be uniformly dispersed in the PU matrix. And when its additive volume was 27%, the LOI value of the flame retardant PU was 27.1%, the vertical burning test could reach V-0 level. Moreover, it also had good alkali resistance. The LOI value remained at 26.1% after the alkali treatment at 90 °C for 40 min in the 30g/L NaOH solution.

Topic: Flame retardant materials and properties
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Historical and current approaches to decompose uncertainty in crop model predictions

Cropping systems models have become an essential tool to simulate crop growth and yield at different scales to produce actionable information related to climate change, food security, land use and market dynamics (e.g. Waha et al., 2015; Wallach et al., 2016; Porwollik et al., 2017). Despite their increased usage and importance, various sources of uncertainty exist in the modelling process due to the “impossibility to model the cropping system with complete determinism” (Ramirez-Villegas et al. 2017). In this article, by uncertainty we mean “any departure from the unachievable ideal of complete determinism” (Walker et al., 2003). Uncertainty is prevalent in every step of crop modelling, starting from the field observations used for model development to value of inputs and parameters to the structure and design of model (Fig. 1).

Topic: Climate change impacts on agriculture
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Mysticism and Reform: 1400–1750. Edited by Sara S. Poor and Nigel Smith . Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2015. x + 408 pp. $ 34.95 paper.

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Topic: Reformation and Early Modern Christianity
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Assessment of Pharmacotherapy of Myocardial Infarction Patients at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Peshawar

Objectives: Observation of drug-drug interaction in myocardial infarction at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Peshawar Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from May 1, 2022 to July 30, 2022 at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Peshawar. The sample size was 45. The study population was patients admitted to the cardiology unit with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction. A purposive sampling technique was used in the assessment and interview of the patient. Patients suffering from myocardial infarction admitted to hospital during the above-mentioned period were included in this work. Results: All patients diagnosed with myocardial infarction had major complaints of chest pain and vomiting. There was nausea and sweating in four out of ten cases (80%). Less than half were presented with SOB (shortness of breath) and body aches. Almost two-thirds (60%) of the patients used Glimepiride in the past. Amlodipine and insulin were used by 40% of patients (n =18), while Gibenclamide and metformin were used by 20% of patients (n =9). All the patients had used tablets in the past. Injectables and capsules were used in proportions of 28 and 24 percent, respectively. Practical implication: This study will provide information to the physician that the major problem with polypharmacy in hospitals is drug-drug interactions. Conclusion: The study revealed the majority of patients with MI presented with chest pain. The researcher found the main problem with polypharmacy in hospitals is drug-drug interactions. Also, there is a lack of patient counseling, which leads to irrational use of medication. Keywords: pharmacotherapy; myocardial infarction; polypharmacy; drug-drug interaction

Topic: Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
Subfield: Geriatrics and Gerontology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences