jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
www.ijergs.org Design of Impact Load Testing Machine for COT

Abstract: this paper describes the design of a new pneumatically load applied machine that has been specifically design for studying the dynamic mechanical behavior of COT (wooden bed). Such type of equipment has been used to generate simple and measurable fracture processes under moderate to fast loading rates which produce complicated crack patterns that are difficult to analyze. We are developing the machine as a facility to provide experimental data to validate numerical data of impact load on COT that observe kinetic energy during collision. The machine consists of two main parts, the mechanical structure and the data acquisition system. The development process included the design, development, fabrication, and function tests of the machine.

Topic: Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the incidence of major sucking insect pests of mothbean, Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) during Kharif, season 2019 - 20. To study the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the incidence of major sucking insect pests of mothbean, Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal during Kharif, 2019 and 2020. The infestation of major insect pests, leafhopper, Empoasca motti Pruthi and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn), commenced in the second week of August in 2019 and first week of August in 2020 (32nd standard meteorological week, SMW) and reached their peak in first week of September. The population of leafhopper (r=0.71) and whitefly (r= 0.71, 0.72) revealed significant positive correlation with relative humidity in 2019 and 2020. The correlation of leafhopper (r=-0.76) and whitefly (r=-0.78) with maximum temperature was significantly negative in the second year only. The ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. had significantly positive correlated with leafhopper (r=0.77, 0.76), whitefly (r=0.75, 0.82) and thrips (r=0.90, 0.75) during both years. The green lacewing population showed positive significant correlation with leafhopper (r=0.75, 0.76), whitefly (r=0.72, 0.79) and thrips (r=0.94, 0.80) during both the years.

Topic: Agricultural pest management studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Behavioral classification of low‐frequency acceleration and temperature data from a free‐ranging small mammal

Abstract The miniaturization and affordability of new technology is driving a biologging revolution in wildlife ecology with use of animal‐borne data logging devices. Among many new biologging technologies, accelerometers are emerging as key tools for continuously recording animal behavior. Yet a critical, but under‐acknowledged consideration in biologging is the trade‐off between sampling rate and sampling duration, created by battery‐ (or memory‐) related sampling constraints. This is especially acute among small animals, causing most researchers to sample at high rates for very limited durations. Here, we show that high accuracy in behavioral classification is achievable when pairing low‐frequency acceleration recordings with temperature. We conducted 84 hr of direct behavioral observations on 67 free‐ranging red squirrels (200–300 g) that were fitted with accelerometers (2 g) recording tri‐axial acceleration and temperature at 1 Hz. We then used a random forest algorithm and a manually created decision tree, with variable sampling window lengths, to associate observed behavior with logger recorded acceleration and temperature. Finally, we assessed the accuracy of these different classifications using an additional 60 hr of behavioral observations, not used in the initial classification. The accuracy of the manually created decision tree classification using observational data varied from 70.6% to 91.6% depending on the complexity of the tree, with increasing accuracy as complexity decreased. Short duration behavior like running had lower accuracy than long‐duration behavior like feeding. The random forest algorithm offered similarly high overall accuracy, but the manual decision tree afforded the flexibility to create a hierarchical tree, and to adjust sampling window length for behavioral states with varying durations. Low frequency biologging of acceleration and temperature allows accurate behavioral classification of small animals over multi‐month sampling durations. Nevertheless, low sampling rates impose several important limitations, especially related to assessing the classification accuracy of short duration behavior.

Topic: Bat Biology and Ecology Studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Plantar fascia release and calcaneal spur excision for sub-calcaneal heel pain.

Aim of this study was to evaluate the results of open plantar fascia release and calcaneal spur excision in patients with plantar fasciitis. The author studied retrospectively the results in 16 patients who had been treated with open plantar fascia release and calcaneal spur excision from 2002 to 2008. Two patients were men and fourteen were women. Their mean age was 43.3 years (39 to 52). Based on visual analog scale the results were pain free in 12 feet and some pain in four. There are two patients with superficial skin infection which can be manage with local wound care and oral antibiotic. We conclude that open plantar fascia release and calcaneal spur excision can relieve pain in patients who resist conservative treatment.

Topic: Tendon Structure and Treatment
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Crowdsourcing Rural Data Collection

The rise of geospatial information on popular websites and its comparative lack in rural areas prompted the pilot project described here to apply crowdsourcing techniques to community mapping. The 3-month project yielded many valuable lessons to apply to future endeavors, but did not yield enough point-of-interest (POI) data to merit an analysis of its accuracy. Results were disappointing in that few POIs were collected, despite participants' initial enthusiasm and hours of training. Key questions for the future are the following. Is it feasible to sustain volunteer-based community mapping efforts in rural areas? And, if so, what kind of incentives should be offered?

Topic: Rural development and sustainability
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Constitution and constitutionalism

A constitution is a body of formal and effective rules and regulations that govern the relationship between people and formal institutions of a state. It is a body of fundamental rules which determines the organisation or structure of the government, and determines the relations among the organs of the government. It also contains a statement of the rights and duties of the citizens of the country. In democratic systems, the constitution is considered a fundamental social contract among citizens, where government receives its powers from the people and is bound by an express set of human rights. The constitution is thus considered a statute superior to ordinary statutes, which it can overrule, and is usually protected by special courts. This chapter analyses the nature and features
of the Constitution of Malaysia and examines the way the Constitution produces a government limited by law.

Topic: Legal Studies and Policies
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Prospect Theory and Soviet Policy Towards Syria, 1966-1967

This paper first describes and analyzes Soviet behavior toward its Arab clients, especially Syria, in 1966 and 1967. It then shows that the Soviet leadership was risk-acceptant in order to avert the loss of the incumbent Syrian regime. Finally, the paper argues that the Soviets defined the status quo in the Middle East as including a socialist-oriented Syria aligned with the Soviet Union against the West and against China in the socialist and national-liberation movements.

Topic: Historical and Contemporary Political Dynamics
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Gamma Rays from the Inelastic Scattering of Neutrons in Aluminum, Magnesium, and Silver

Monoenergetic neutrons from the ${\mathrm{H}}^{2}(d, n){\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ reaction were used to bombard scatterers each in the form of a ring surrounding an unshielded NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometer. The gamma-ray spectrum for each scatterer was obtained by subtracting the background counting rate from the counting rate with the scatterer in place. An analysis of the gamma-ray spectra yields discrete gamma-rays for each scatterer as follows: Al: 0.422*, 0.843, 0.988, 1.69, and 2.10 Mev; Mg: 0.438, 0.555, 0.688, 0.837, 1.00, 1.34, 1.91, 2.08*, and 2.44 Mev; Ag: 0.332*, 0.696, 0.795, 1.10, 1.99, 2.13*, 2.32, and 2.54* Mev. The starred gamma-ray energies denote those that have not been previously reported.

Topic: Nuclear Physics and Applications
Subfield: Radiation
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Efficient discretisation of stochastic differential equations

The aim of this study is to find a generic method for generating a path of the solution of a given stochastic differential equation which is more efficient than the standard Euler-Maruyama scheme with Gaussian increments. First we characterize the asymptotic distribution of pathwise error in the Euler-Maruyama scheme with a general partition of time interval and then, show that the error is reduced by a factor (d+2)/d when using a partition associated with the hitting times of sphere for the driving d-dimensional Brownian motion. This reduction ratio is the best possible in a symmetric class of partitions. Next we show that a reduction which is close to the best possible is achieved by using the hitting time of a moving sphere which is easier to implement.

Topic: Stochastic processes and financial applications
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
The Politics of U.S. Ambassadorial Appointments: From the Court of St. James to Burkina Faso*

Objectives While there is great deal of scholarship on the nature of presidential appointments in the realm of domestic policy (e.g., cabinet departments and regulatory agencies), foreign policy appointments have received far less attention. Yet, these appointments are important because they have global implications, dealing with such basic issues as trade, diplomacy, war, and peace. We examine one type of foreign policy appointment, the ambassadorial appointments of Presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton. Methods We employ data provided by the U.S. Department of State and data collected from various sources on the background characteristics of their U.S. ambassadors. Results We find that while both presidents promoted loyalty over competence in their ambassadorial appointments, they did so in different ways. The first President Bush used a personal “friends and neighbors” approach, while Clinton rewarded former campaign officials. Though it generally is assumed that presidents reward key contributors from their presidential campaign with key assignments, we find that Clinton was more likely than Bush to reward contributors with appointments to choice countries. Finally, we demonstrate that women and minorities received appointments of lesser quality during the Bush administration. Conclusions The determinants of ambassadorial appointments are more complex than previously assumed. While presidents appoint ambassadors on the basis of campaign contributions, they do not reward them equally with plum assignments.

Topic: Political Influence and Corporate Strategies
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
The Maccabean Conquest: Jonathan and Simon the Maccabees

Uses material from Josephus (Antiquities xii), and 1 and 2 Maccabees to examine the changes in the high priesthood leading up to the Maccabean revolt, and the careers of the first two Maccabean leaders, Jonathan and Simon. Although Jonathan and Simon both became high priests as well as political rulers, their style of rule was monarchic, and they had already achieved political authority among their own people, by virtue of their military exploits, before they were made high priests. The high priesthood, of itself, did not therefore give them any new powers of governance.

Topic: Historical, Religious, and Philosophical Studies
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Mitochondrial COII sequences and modern human origins.

The aim of this study is to measure human mitochondrial sequence variability in the relatively slowly evolving mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) and to estimate when the human common ancestral mitochondrial type existed. New COII gene sequences were determined for five humans (Homo sapiens), including some of the most mitochondrially divergent humans known; for two pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus); and for a common chimpanzee (P. troglodytes). COII sequences were analyzed with those from another relatively slowly evolving mitochondrial region (ND4-5). From class 1 (third codon position) sequence data, a relative divergence date for the human mitochondrial ancestor is estimated as 1/27 th of the human-chimpanzee divergence time. If it is assumed that humans and chimpanzees diverged 6 Mya, this places a human mitochondrial ancestor at 222,000 years, significantly different from 1 Myr (the presumed time of an H. erectus emergence from Africa). The mean coalescent time estimated from all 1,580 sites of combined mitochondrial data, when a 6-Mya human-chimpanzee divergence is assumed, is 298,000 years, with 95% confidence interval of 129,000-536,000 years. Neither estimate is compatible with a 1-Myr-old human mitochondrial ancestor. The mitochondrial DNA sequence data from COII and ND4-5 regions therefore do not support this multiregional hypothesis for the emergence of modern humans.

Topic: Forensic and Genetic Research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Rehabilitation or transportation - what now for 'home-grown' foreign national prisoners?

Deportation, and immigration control generally, are held not to enjoy the protections of article 6 ECHR (right to a fair trial in a civil or criminal matter) or article 7, which outlaws retrospective criminal penalties. However, the Immigration Act 2014 declaration that ‘deportation of a foreign criminal “is” in the public interest’ has opened the way to retrospective measures against foreign criminals, even long residents with leave to remain. The Act’s formal limits on access to article 8 ECHR and curtailed appeal rights for foreign criminals mean that the ‘effective remedy’ available to ‘aliens’ under article 13 barely applies. This paper argues the need to consider how the current position measures up to the standards of certainty and finality formally protected by the ancient concepts of double jeopardy and res judicata, and consider whether a blanket exclusion of immigration issues from articles 6 and 7 can still be justified. I examine how autrefois convict and autrefois acquit may be applicable where the criminal sentence discussed but did not include a recommendation for deportation, and how res judicata may be applicable where a foreign criminal has already won an appeal on art 8 grounds, or, by analogy, where leave to remain has been granted subsequent to the criminal conviction. I look at whether deportation appeals for unconvicted suspects facing unsupported police evidence amount to a ‘determination of a criminal charge’ despite being neither a criminal or civil trial, and whether deportation as a result of such must amount to a ‘penalty’, so as to engage articles 6 and 7 ECHR.

Topic: European Criminal Justice and Data Protection
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Signature of Jean-Martin Charcot (b.1825, d.1893), French founder of modern neurology: Handwritten note on stationery with "JC" embossed, 17, Quai Malaquais

Light collection of scientific letters, is a collection of letters, memos and autographs of renowned scientists and physicians. The signatures and correspondence were originally collected by David S. Light, M.D. (alumnus, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1944). The collection was donated to the Rudolph Matas Library of the Health Sciences between 1993 and 2003.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Radiologic Findings in Cases Involving Complications Arising from Total Knee Arthroplasty

Total knee arthroplasty(TKA) has been used for the treatment of knee joint pain, deformity, and instability caused by osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or tuberculous arthritis, and by virtue of good results and rapid development, the procedure has been increasingly employed. With the development of total knee prosthesis, complications have also increased, however, and due to complications occurring up to six years after surgery, fusion occurs in about 2% of all replaced knees. The most common complication of TKA is loosening, followed by infection. Others are thrombosis, subluxation, dislocation and fracture, and complications may be divided into four groups: biologic, technical, specific to type of components, and associated with certain diagnosis. Where these complications occur, a patient must undergo a second procedure, but the success rate is lower than for the initial procedure. Exact etiological evaluation important clinically and radiologically. We illustrate the etiologies and radiologic characteristics of TKA complications according to classification.

Topic: Orthopedic Infections and Treatments
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Kinetic Measurements to Estimate and Predict Protein–Ligand Residence Times

Ligand-target residence time is emerging as a key drug discovery parameter because it can reliably predict drug efficacy in vivo. Experimental approaches to binding and unbinding kinetics are nowadays available, but we still lack reliable computational tools for predicting kinetics and residence time. Most attempts have been based on brute-force molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which are CPU-demanding and not yet particularly accurate. We recently reported a new scaled-MD-based protocol, which showed potential for residence time prediction in drug discovery. Here, we further challenged our procedure's predictive ability by applying our methodology to a series of glucokinase activators that could be useful for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. We combined scaled MD with experimental kinetics measurements and X-ray crystallography, promptly checking the protocol's reliability by directly comparing computational predictions and experimental measures. The good agreement highlights the potential of our scaled-MD-based approach as an innovative method for computationally estimating and predicting drug residence times.

Topic: Protein Structure and Dynamics
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
&lt;title&gt;Theoretical modeling of the laser-solid-plasma interaction during UV laser ablation of metallic targets&lt;/title&gt;

A model of laser-solid-plasma interaction taking into account vapor ionization and absorption mechanisms and laser induced plasma kinetics was developed. The laser-solid interaction has been modeled by using a thermal approach, and inverse bremsstrahlung and direct photo-ionization from excited neutrals have been considered for the absorption of the laser light. The model shows that the plasma parameters, which are increasing function of the fluence at moderate laser intensities, approach a plateau regime at high laser fluences. Model provisions show a quite good agreement with the experimental findings suggesting that laser-plasma interaction processes and plasma kinetics are of great importance in nanosecond laser ablation of metallic targets for power densities of the order of approximately 10<SUP>9</SUP> Wcm<SUP>2</SUP>.

Topic: Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Pelanggaran Hak Cipta Atas Penggunaan/Menjual Karya Seni Penggemar (Fan Art) Orang Lain Tanpa Izin Di Internet

Many people use fan art to use it as merchandise such as key chains, clothes, photo cards, accessories, including distributing their work without the permission of the fan art creator. The problem in this research is what are the factors that cause copyright infringement for using/selling other people's fan art without permission on the internet and how to enforce the law against copyright infringement for using/selling fan art? other people without permission on the internet. This research approach is normative juridical such as literature studies and empirical juridical such as data from the Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights, Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Lampung Regional Office. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively. The research results show that the factors that cause copyright infringement are, first, lack of public knowledge and understanding of copyright protection. Second, to seek personal profit for commercial purposes. Third, the law enforcement aspect is still weak, because the creator did not take the matter to legal action. Law enforcement for copyright infringement has been regulated, but because of the offense of complaints, as long as the creator does not make a complaint, copyright disputes cannot be processed through criminal acts

Topic: Indonesian Legal and Regulatory Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Prophage-encoded Hm-oscar gene recapitulates Wolbachia-induced male killing in the tea tortrix moth Homona magnanima

Abstract Wolbachia are the maternally transmitted bacterial symbionts that are ubiquitous among arthropods. They can hijack host reproduction in various ways, including male killing (MK), where the sons of infected mothers are killed during development. The recent discovery of MK-associated Wolbachia genes, i.e., oscar in Ostrinia moths and wmk in Drosophila flies, stimulates our interest in the diversity and commonality of MK mechanisms, which remain largely unclear. We recently discovered that a Wolbachia symbiont of the moth Homona magnanima carries an MK-associated prophage region encoding homologs of oscar (Hm-oscar) and wmk (wmk-1–4). Here, we investigated the effects of these genes in the native host. Upon transient overexpression, Hm-oscar, but not wmk, induced male lethality in H. magnanima, in contrast to our observations in Drosophila, where the wmk homologs, but not Hm-oscar, killed the males. Hm-oscar disrupted sex determination in male embryos by inducing a female-type doublesex splicing and impaired dosage compensation, recapitulating the Wolbachia phenotype. Cell-based transfection assays confirmed that Hm-oscar suppressed the function of masculinizer, the upstream male sex determinant involved in lepidopteran dosage compensation. Our study highlights the conserved roles of oscar homologs in Wolbachia-induced lepidopteran MK and argues that Wolbachia have evolved multiple MK mechanisms in insects.

Topic: Insect symbiosis and bacterial influences
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences