jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Anomalies of Kaluza-Klein theories in six dimensions

The author calculates the gauge, gravitational and mixed (perturbative) anomalies in general six-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theories, including supergravity models, from the Atiyah-Singer index theorems and discuss the conditions for anomaly cancellation. The topological meaning of the index polynomials, when used in computing anomalies, is emphasised. The absence of anomalies in the compactified heterotic superstring theory in six dimensions is reviewed. The existence of matter and gauge coupled anomaly-free U(1)-gauged six-dimensional supergravities with E8(X)E7, E8(X)E6(X)SU(2), E7(X)E6(X)SU(2)(X)U(1), E7(X)E7 and E6(X)E6(X) SU(2)(X)SU(2)(X)U(1) gauge groups is proved without any reference to the compactification procedure. It realises a highly non-trivial check of the anomaly cancellation in some K3 compactified heterotic superstrings. Some comments on global anomalies in six dimensions are made.

Topic: Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
In Vitro Biosynthesis of Violacein from <scp>l</scp>-Tryptophan by the Enzymes VioA−E from <i>Chromobacterium violaceum</i>

The purple chromobacterial pigment violacein arises by enzymatic oxidation and coupling of two molecules of l-tryptophan to give a rearranged pyrrolidone-containing scaffold in the final pigment. We have purified five contiguously encoded proteins VioA-E after expression in Escherichia coli and demonstrate the full 14-electron oxidation pathway to yield the final chromophore. The flavoenzyme VioA and the heme protein VioB work in conjunction to oxidize and dimerize l-tryptophan to a nascent product that can default to the off pathway metabolite chromopyrrolic acid. In the presence of VioE, the intermediate instead undergoes on-pathway [1,2] indole rearrangement to prodeoxyviolacein. The last two enzymes in the pathway are flavin-dependent oxygenases, VioC and VioD, that act sequentially. VioD hydroxylates one indole ring at the 5-position to yield proviolacein, and VioC then acts on the other indole ring at the 2-position to create the oxindole and complete violacein formation.

Topic: Microbial Metabolism and Applications
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Is tourism Haiti's magic bullet?: An empirical treatment of Haiti's tourism potential

The Haitian government has elevated tourism to the top of its development agenda. Yet prospects for success are uncertain. This assessment is the first empirical treatment of the attitudes and perceptions of tourists and service providers in Haiti. It is based on a survey of more than 2,000 tourists and 390 industry professionals. It finds that just over 3% of tourists reported crime victimization and that the current tourism model should be revisited.

Topic: Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Repurposing a DNA‐Repair Enzyme for Targeted Protein Degradation

Abstract Herein we present the exploration of the utility of DNA demethylase enzymes for targeted protein degradation. Novel benzylguanine substrates are characterized for their ability to control protein degradation in cells. Our data demonstrate the utility of this approach to degrade fusion proteins in different localizations within living cells.

Topic: Protein Degradation and Inhibitors
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Rotational Constants of Torsionally Excited Molecules

Molecular torsion is described by a model which has only one internal degree of freedom but allows for distortions depending on the torsional angle τ. Evidence for such distortions is found by comparing observed and calculated rotational constants associated with ground and excited states of skeletal torsion in symmetric conformers of ethyl formate, propionyl fluoride, and fluoroacetyl fluoride. For these cases, possible torsional modes involving only skeletal angular distortions are discussed. Effective rotational constants are calculated from exact energy levels for J = 0 and J = 1. A convenient numerical method, based on discretization of the torsional angle and trigonometric interpolation, is applied and tested with respect to over-all numerical convergence. An internal axis method is found to converge faster than the principal axis method and shows that the effective rotational constants are approximated to considerable accuracy by the expectation values of instantaneous rotational constants if the respective torsional wavefunctions are localized. In such cases it is easy to evaluate corrected instantaneous rotational constants which may be related in the usual way to a τ-dependent molecular structure, i.e., to the torsional mode.

Topic: Molecular Spectroscopy and Structure
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pulmonary Prostacyclin Synthase Overexpression Chemoprevents Tobacco Smoke Lung Carcinogenesis in Mice

Abstract Increased pulmonary production of prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) by lung-specific overexpression of prostacyclin synthase decreases lung tumor incidence and multiplicity in chemically induced murine lung cancer models. We hypothesized that pulmonary prostacyclin synthase overexpression would prevent lung carcinogenesis in tobacco-smoke exposed mice. Murine exposure to tobacco smoke is an established model of inducing pulmonary adenocarcinomas and allows for the testing of potential chemopreventive strategies. Transgenic FVB/N mice with lung-specific prostacyclin synthase overexpression were exposed to mainstream cigarette smoke for 22 weeks and then held unexposed for an additional 20 weeks. All of the exposed animals developed bronchiolitis analogous to the respiratory bronchiolitis seen in human smokers. The transgenic mice, when compared with smoke-exposed transgene negative littermates, had significant decreases in tumor incidence and multiplicity. Significantly fewer transgenics (6 of 15; 40%) developed tumors compared with the tumor incidence in wild-type littermates (16 of 19; 84%; Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.012). Tumor multiplicity was also significantly decreased in the transgenic animals (tg+ = 0.4 ± 0.5 versus wild-type = 1.2 ± 0.86 tumors/mouse; P &amp;lt; 0.001). Targeted prostaglandin levels at the time of sacrifice revealed significantly elevated prostaglandin I2 levels in the transgenic animals, coupled with significantly decreased prostaglandin E2 levels. Gene expression analysis of isolated type II pneumocytes suggests potential explanations for the observed chemoprevention, with Western blot analysis confirming decreased expression of cytochrome p450 2e1. These studies extend our previous studies and demonstrate that manipulation of prostaglandin production distal to cyclooxygenase significantly reduces lung carcinogenesis in a tobacco smoke exposure model, and gene expression studies show critical alterations in antioxidation, immune response, and cytokine pathways.

Topic: Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Association of <scp>MMP</scp> but not <scp>TIMP</scp>‐1 gene polymorphisms with recurrent aphthous stomatitis

Objectives Recurrent aphthous stomatitis ( RAS ) is a common oral inflammatory disease induced by genetic and environmental factors. Gelatinases ( MMP ‐2 and MMP ‐9) and their natural inhibitor TIMP ‐1 are active players in the inflammatory process. We aimed to determine whether inheritance of specific MMP ‐2, MMP ‐9, or TIMP ‐1 gene polymorphisms is associated with RAS susceptibility. Subjects and methods Ninety‐six RAS patients and 153 healthy controls were studied. Five polymorphisms were genotyped: rs17576, rs3918242, and rs11697325 in MMP ‐9, MMP ‐2 rs2285053, and TIMP ‐1 rs6609533. Association was assessed by logistic regression analysis after adjustment for confounding factors. Linkage disequilibrium ( LD ) was assessed using the Haploview program. Results MMP ‐9 rs11697325 was significantly associated with RAS , with an increase in the AA genotype in patients, determined using χ 2 analysis ( OR = 2.3, P = 0.006) and adjusted regression analysis ( OR = 3.1, P = 0.009). MMP ‐9 rs11697325 and rs17576 showed strong LD ( D ' = 0.95), with an increase in the AA haplotype ( P = 0.023) and a decrease in the GA haplotype ( P = 0.015) in patients. Conclusions This is the first study to investigate the association of MMP s or TIMP ‐1 with RAS . We found a significant association between MMP ‐9 rs11697325 polymorphisms and RAS . Confirmatory studies in other populations and functional investigations are needed to determine the role of these genes in RAS .

Topic: Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
Subfield: Periodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
New Proof for Astrocytes Having L-type Calcium Channels

The laser scanning confocal microscope and fluorescence\nspectrophotometer were used to investigate the effects of the L-type\ncalcium channel agonist\n1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]\npyridine-3- carboxylic acid [(±)-Bay k8644] and antagonist\nnimodipine on intra-cellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i ) of\ncultured mouse astrocyetes. The results showed that Bay K8644 can\nsignificantly increase the [Ca2+]i in cultured astrocytes at doses of\n0.0001, 0.001 and 0.01 mmol/L, whereas nimodipine can decrease the\n[Ca2+]i at doses of 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mmol/L. Nimodipine can also\ndecrease the elevation of [Ca2+]i elicited by KCl. Our results suggest\nthat the effects of L-type calcium channel agonist and antagonist on\nastrocyes are the same as those on neurons, it indicates that\nastrocytes also have L-type calcium channels.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Microbial Resolution of Racemic 2- and 3-Alkylcyclohexanols

By using microorganisms (their esterase), (±)-trans and cis-2-methylcyclohexyl acetates were asymmetrically hydrolyzed to (−)-trans-2-methylcyc]ohexanol with (+)-trans-2-methyl-cyclohexyl acetate and (−)-cis-2-methylcyclohexanol with (+)-cis-2-methylcyclohexyl acetate. Similarly (±)-trans and cis-3-methylcyclohexyl acetates were hydrolyzed by the same microorganisms to give (+)-trans-3-methylcyclohexanol with (−)-trans-3-methylcyclohexyl acetate and (−)-cis-3-methylcyclohexanol with (+)-cis-3-methylcyclohexyl acetate.

Topic: Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Modulation of plant autophagy during pathogen attack

In plants, the highly conserved catabolic process of autophagy has long been known as a means of maintaining cellular homeostasis and coping with abiotic stress conditions. Accumulating evidence has linked autophagy to immunity against invading pathogens, regulating plant cell death, and antimicrobial defences. In turn, it appears that phytopathogens have evolved ways not only to evade autophagic clearance but also to modulate and co-opt autophagy for their own benefit. In this review, we summarize and discuss the emerging discoveries concerning how pathogens modulate both host and self-autophagy machineries to colonize their host plants, delving into the arms race that determines the fate of interorganismal interaction.

Topic: Plant Parasitism and Resistance
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Unintended Consequences of Devolution: Regionalization and Secessionist Politics in Contemporary Western Europe

This thesis seeks to show that in a region with pre-existing secessionist sentiment, the creation of a regional legislative institution and an accompanied devolution of powers and competencies to this institution leads to a regionalization of the region’s (and possibly central state’s) party system. This regionalization of the party system fosters support for explicitly secessionist parties by providing them access to the government and to the media. The process of devolution occurred in Catalonia, Flanders, and Scotland during the late twentieth century and continued into the twenty-first century. These three regions will act as evidence of this regionalization and the strengthening of secessionist parties as a result of the creation of a regional legislative institution and the subsequent devolution of powers and competencies.

Topic: Post-Soviet Geopolitical Dynamics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Social networking sites usage &amp; needs scale (SNSUN): a new instrument for measuring social networking sites’ usage patterns and needs

Numerous measures of SNSs use have been found in the literature. However, the bulk of existing instruments measure either usage patterns or needs gratifications. What remains lacking is an instrument that integrates both dimensions of SNSs usage patterns and needs. The current study addresses this gap by presenting an integrated instrument that measures both SNSs usage patterns and interrelated dimensions of SNSs needs, namely: diversion needs, cognitive needs, affective needs, personal integration needs, and social integration needs. This instrument is specifically validated for populations in a developing country as exemplified by Pakistan, a research context lacking in validated instruments. Development and validation of the instrument were conducted in two phases: (1) expert validation of questionnaire (2) instrument convergent validation. Six researchers with related expertise, internationally and from Pakistan, provided input in the expert validation phase. Next, structural equation modelling (SEM) was performed on the results of an online survey in Pakistan (n = 162). Results returned five dimensions of SNSs needs (i.e. diversion, cognitive, affective, personal integration and social integration), with 18 items showing high reliability (α = .922) and strongly correlated within and between dimensions. Based on demographic data analysis, the instrument is validated for male and female young adult urban residents with middle and higher socioeconomic status.

Topic: Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
To Mask or Not to Mask Correctly: An Empirical Look at Public Masking Behavior

Introduction: Mask usage was mandated by public health authorities globally to decrease the spread of COVID-19. These recommendations were based on data showing that N95 masks and possibly surgical masks, when worn tight against the face, help slow the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, cloth and loose-fitting surgical masks are greatly inferior. Methods: Mask use by a random observation of 100 people in public indoor facilities was recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: Out of 100 people wearing a mask, 37 wore a cloth mask. Another 36 people wore a loosely applied surgical mask. Only 27 people wore a surgical mask that covered the nose and mouth and was applied firmly against the face at its margins. There were no people seen wearing an N95 mask. Overall, people were about 70% more likely to wear a surgical mask than a cloth mask (63 vs 37, p &lt; 0.05). Of those wearing a surgical mask, more people wore it loosely than properly (36 to 27, p=0.17). Overall, people were more likely to wear a cloth mask or improperly applied surgical mask than a properly fitted one (73 vs 27, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: In public settings, using cloth or loose-fitting surgical masks was almost 3 times more common than adequately using a tight-fitting surgical mask. Out of the 100 people observed, none wore an N95 respirator mask.

Topic: Infection Control and Ventilation
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Efficient Algorithms for Synthesizing Probing Waveforms With Desired Spectral Shapes

We consider the design of constant-modulus probing waveforms to improve the spectral compatibility of radar systems with the congested radio frequency environments. We seek to synthesize radar probing waveforms with desired spectral shapes. We use a weighted least-squares fitting approach to formulate the spectral shaping problem. We introduce two algorithms to tackle the optimization problem we encounter. Both algorithms are devised based on cyclic approaches and have guaranteed convergence of the objective values. Moreover, the proposed algorithms can be implemented via fast Fourier transforms and, hence, are computationally efficient. Furthermore, we extend the proposed algorithms to deal with peak-to-average-power ratio and similarity constraints, which are desirable in some radar applications. Finally, we provide several numerical examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

Topic: Radar Systems and Signal Processing
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Loco-regional fibrinolysis with urokinase in the treatment of deep venous thromboses].

The importance of the fibrinolytic treatment in deep venous thrombosis, to avoid the mortal pulmonary embolism, among other complications, is commented on. The results in 32 patients, presenting deep venous thrombosis and treated with loco-regional Urokinase, are presented. Author carries out some commentaries about surgical and medical treatment.

Topic: Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
Subfield: Internal Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Geophysical Survey and Rural Settlement Architecture on the Lower Danube at the Transition to Late Antiquity

One of the key aims of the ‘Transition to Late Antiquity’ research programme has been to collect a systematic data sample in order to examine local patterns and disparities at a regional level. In this project, an understanding of inter- and intra-settlement patterns of occupation is primarily acquired by calculating total density distributions of surface material, but for the examination of individual architectural units and the relationships between them, a geophysical survey has been used because of its particular ability to provide detailed information about subsurface features over a large area without excavation. This chapter describes the approach and methodology employed in the geophysical surveys carried out to assess rural settlement patterns in Bulgaria (lower Danube) as part of the ‘Transition to Late Antiquity’ research programme. Examples of particular surveys — which in general have proved remarkably successful — are used to illustrate the results.

Topic: Ancient Mediterranean Archaeology and History
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The cytoprotective actions of long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids in pancreatic β-cells

Chronic exposure of pancreatic β-cells to long-chain fatty acids can cause loss of secretory function and enhanced apoptosis by a process of ‘lipotoxicity’, which may be a contributory factor to the rising incidence of Type 2 diabetes in humans. However, when incubated in vitro, β-cells respond differentially to long-chain saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids, suggesting that these molecules may regulate cell functionality by different mechanisms. In particular, it is clear that, whereas saturated fatty acids [e.g. palmitate (C16:0)] exert detrimental effects on β-cells, the equivalent mono-unsaturated species [e.g. palmitoleate (C16:1)] are well tolerated. Indeed, mono-unsaturated species are potently cytoprotective. The present review explores the differential effects of these various fatty acids on β-cell viability and considers the possible mechanisms involved in cytoprotection by mono-unsaturates.

Topic: Pancreatic function and diabetes
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Spectrophotometric determination of ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate (ferbam) in formulations, grain and apples using 1, 10‐phenanthroline

Abstract A procedure has been developed for the determination of ferbam (ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate) by converting it into ferbam‐phenanthroline complex, which is dissolved in acetone + water (1 + 1 by volume), and the absorbance measured at 490 nm against a reagent blank. Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range 0–8–20‐0 mg litre −1 in the final solution. The method is sensitive, selective and can be used for the direct determination of ferbam in commercial samples, in mixtures with various other dithiocarbamates (ziram, zineb, maneb, etc.) and from grains (rice and wheat) and apples. The limit of determination from foodstuffs is 0–4 mg kg −1 .

Topic: Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from hospitals in the north-west region of Poland.

A total of 90 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from 4 hospitals in the west-north region of Poland were studied by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR). AP-PCR results revealed the presence of 11 main groups of patterns (A-K) and 5 unique patterns among isolates. Generally, they were characterized by high resistance to antibiotics tested and significant differences in serogroups and types of growth on Cetrimide Agar medium. It was observed that clonally related strains were isolated from patients within the same ward, among different wards as well as in distant hospitals.

Topic: Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences