jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Nutritional protein quality and digestibility changes during food processing

Proteins can be broadly characterized by their origin (plant or animal based), amino acid composition (essential versus non-essential; complete versus incomplete), and their digestibility. The composition or quality of various proteins may be so unique that their influence on physiological function in the human body can be quite different. The ability to accurately and objectively define protein quality plays an important role in addressing human nutrition requirements, nutrition policy, trade and product development. Such quality is also influenced by the availability of amino acids, which depends on various factors like source of the protein, previous protein processing treatments, and interactions with other components of food. Here we review the advances in dietary protein evaluation from a historical view, focusing on the bioavailability of proteins and the changes suffered during food processing using traditional and innovative methods.

Topic: Meat and Animal Product Quality
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Nanoparticle Synthesis in Engineered Organic Nanoscale Reactors

Abstract In this review, the recent achievements in the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials inside the spatially confined volume of individual micro‐ and submicroreactors (emulsions, micelles, organized thin films, polyelectrolyte capsules, etc.) are presented. The advantages and shortcomings of each type of microreactor are discussed. Particular attention is paid to polyelectrolyte capsules as confined microreactors with controlled shell permeability and the possibility of shell engineering on the nanolevel, thus tailoring different functionalities. Nanomaterials synthesized inside a confined multifunctional microreactor have several advantages: i) absence of particle aggregates, ii) amorphous or metastable crystal phases, and iii) unique composite inorganic/inorganic and inorganic/organic structures.

Topic: Polymer Surface Interaction Studies
Subfield: Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Equivalent circuits &amp; shaded pole motors

AS A RESULT of study and experimental work, a present-day shaded pole motor with good accelerating characteristics and 35- to 40-per cent efficiency is not uncommon. With improved efficiency, the horsepower ratings of these motors are also extended from the sub fractional to the fractional range. Experimental results reading to this improvement can be co-ordinated and integrated into infallible rules for designing shaded pole motors with the aid of the equivalent circuit.

Topic: Electric Motor Design and Analysis
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Vancomycin‐soaked femoral head allograft in opening wedge high tibia osteotomy enables earlier postoperative recovery and reduces infection rates compared to allogenic bone chips

Abstract Purpose To investigate the benefits of vancomycin‐soaked femoral head allograft versus allogenic bone chips as an osteotomy gap filler in reducing infection rates and perioperative pain control after medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOW‐HTO). Methods Retrospective analysis of 114 knees that underwent MOW‐HTO between 2013 and 2020. Osteotomy gaps were filled with vancomycin‐soaked femoral head allograft (Study Group) or allogenic bone chips (Control Group). Both groups received systemic antibiotics. Perioperative parameters studied included pain, blood loss, length of stay, postoperative day (POD1) pain scores at rest, with activity as well as ambulatory distance. Patients in the Study Group were also followed up prospectively and clinical outcome scores, namely Knee Society Score, Oxford knee score (OKS) and Physical and Mental Component of the Short‐Form 36 Questionnaire (PCS and MCS, respectively). Statistical analyses using Student’s T ‐test were performed between the groups. Results Patients of the study group had significantly better POD1 visual analogue scale (VAS) at rest (0.9 ± 1.6 vs 2.9 ± 1.2, p &lt; 0.001) as well as when active (3.0 ± 1.9 vs 5.8 ± 1.5, p &lt; 0.001). A greater proportion of patients in the study group ambulated on POD 1, (90.6% vs 26.0%, p &lt; 0.001). Of those who ambulated on POD1, study group patients managed to cover a greater ambulatory distance (13.9 ± 7.4 m vs 8.4 ± 9.3 m, p &lt; 0.05). The proportion of study group patients requiring patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) was also significantly less compared to the control group (32.8% vs 58.0%, p &lt; 0.05). Of those requiring PCA, the amount of morphine requirement was also significantly reduced in the group with vancomycin‐soaked allograft (8.7 ± 8.1 mg vs 23.9 ± 33.0 mg, p &lt; 0.05). The study group also had a reduced length of stay (3.5 ± 2.0 days vs 5.5 ± 2.6 days, p &lt; 0.001). Patients in the study group demonstrated significant improvement in Knee Society Knee Score (KSKS), OKS, PCS and MCS at 12 months postoperatively. The study group had a significantly reduced incidence of superficial wound infections compared to the control group (3.1% vs 18.0%, p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion Vancomycin‐soaked femoral head allograft reduced superficial and deep wound infections in MOW‐HTO. It was also effective in reducing postoperative pain, thereby enabling early ambulation and shorter hospital stays. Level of evidence Retrospective comparative study, III.

Topic: Orthopaedic implants and arthroplasty
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Thoracic cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: a consensus statement from the Thoracic Domain of the Asian Society for Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery

Objectives Healthcare resources have been mobilized to combat the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020. The Thoracic Domain of the Asian Society for Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery reports a consensus statement on the provision of thoracic cancer surgery during this pandemic. Methods A Thoracic Experts Panel was convened by the Society. A consensus on the provision, safety, and setting of thoracic cancer surgery during the pandemic was obtained through a Delphi process. Results Responses were received from 26 panel members (96% response rate) from 10 regions across Asia. The Society recommended that elective thoracic cancer surgery services may need to be reduced or postponed if medical resources were needed for COVID-19 patients, especially intensive care unit beds and ventilators. However, thoracic cancer surgery should proceed as normal for all solid tumors, without restrictions based on disease stage, availability of non-surgical treatment options, or patient condition (unless there is a high likelihood of postoperative intensive care unit stay). Aerosol-forming procedures should be avoided intra- and perioperatively. The surgical approach does not make a difference in terms of safety. Services for thoracic cancer patients should be offered only in hospitals that maintain isolation wards for patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. Conclusions Services for patients with thoracic cancer should be maintained during the COVID-19 pandemic. The position of the Society is that thoracic surgeons have a responsibility to perform good surgical management of thoracic cancer during the pandemic, to advocate for patients’ rights to receive it, and to safeguard patients and staff from infection.

Topic: COVID-19 and healthcare impacts
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
TOTAL OR HEMI ARTHROPLASTY FOR OA SHOULDER – META-ANALYSIS OF TRIALS

The recommended surgical treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the shoulder remains controversial. Recent published and presented trials evaluating hemiarthroplasty (HA) vs total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) have been underpowered to detect a clinically relevant difference between the treatments. A meta-analysis was carried out using methodology as described by the Cochrane Collaboration. Comprehensive search strategy was used including Medline, Science Citation Index, a review of references of relevant papers and abstracts of recent orthopaedic meetings. All articles were reviewed in a blinded fashion to select qualified articles based on population, intervention, outcome and methodological rigor. 4 RCT’s were identified. One was excluded due to selection bias introduced by the timing of randomization. The data of the 3 remaining trials was combined for analysis. In each trial multiple tools were used to assess patient outcome however, the UCLA score was the only one consistent to all 3 studies. The results demonstrated a statistically significant difference in change scores from baseline to 1 year (TSA 15.6; HA 11.2, p=0.012) in favour of the total shoulder arthroplasty group. This meta analysis demonstrated that in this selected group of patients, (primary osteoarthritis with intact rotator cuff and without excessive glenoid erosion), total shoulder arthroplasty provided a more predictable improvement in pain and function than hemiarthroplasty at 2 years.

Topic: Shoulder Injury and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Evaluation of SPECT with N-isopropyl [I-123]-p-iodoamphetamine (IMP) or technetium-99m [99mTc]-d,l-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (d, 1-HM-PAO) in cerebral concussion].

123I-IMP and Tc-PAO SPECT were performed in 20 cases of cerebral concussion ranging in age from 4 to 20 years old, including six cases of the juvenile head trauma syndrome (JHTS). The SPECT findings were divided into two main types: six cases in the normal group with no blood flow abnormalities, and 14 cases in abnormal group showing reduced blood flow, mainly in cerebellum and occipital lobe except in one case. In 10 cases with reduced blood flow which could be analyzed, calculation of the blood flow ratio in the temporal and occipital lobes and the cerebellum with the frontal lobe taken as 100 showed values of 93.5% for the temporal lobe, 82.7% for the occipital lobe and 76.8% for the cerebellum. A statistically significant reduction in blood flow occurred in the occipital lobe and cerebellum. In blood examination, abnormally high values of white blood cell counts were observed transiently in 94% of cerebral concussion cases. Abnormalities in brain stem and hypothalamus appeared to cause these abnormal WBC values. From these findings, it was suggested that the blood flow regions of the basilar and posterior cerebral arteries, i.e., the brain stem and hypothalamus are closely connected with the lesions responsible for cerebral concussion. It also appeared that the JHTS occurs in cerebral concussion cases where recovery of the abnormal blood flow in these regions in poor.

Topic: Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A survey of the opinions of recent veterinary graduates and employers regarding early career business skills

A questionnaire was designed to assess recent veterinary graduates' proficiency in early career business skills, from the perspectives of graduates of 2006–2008 and employers of recent graduates in the UK. Recent graduates perceived themselves to be generally more competent in financial matters than employers considered them to be. However, when specific skills were assessed, graduates felt less prepared than employers considered them to be competent. Overall, graduates and employers rated recent graduates' preparedness/competence as poor to average for all skills, which were regarded as having average to high importance. Both groups commented on the difficulties faced by new graduates in terms of client communication (generally and financially), and having the confidence to charge clients appropriately for veterinary services. The results of this study indicate that veterinary schools need to take a more active role in the teaching of basic finance skills in order to equip graduates with essential early career competencies. It is anticipated that the information reported will help inform undergraduate curriculum development and highlight the need for increased training at the continuing education level.

Topic: Veterinary Practice and Education Studies
Subfield: Speech and Hearing
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Broadband and low-reflection mid-infrared grating coupler for a perfectly vertical fiber-chip interface

Short-wavelength mid-infrared (SWMIR) silicon photonics has gained significant attention due to its applications in sensing, spectroscopy, and communications. A perfectly vertical grating coupler is a valuable packaging technique that is convenient for chip-to-chip optical interconnects and has low risks of mechanical failure during testing. However, SWMIR grating couplers have fewer periods to tailor the diffracted light, hindering the improvement of bandwidths and backreflections. Herein, we demonstrate a perfectly vertical subwavelength grating coupler by using a modified inverse design approach. The device exhibits a coupling efficiency of −5.9 dB with a 1-dB bandwidth of ∼122 nm and a low backreflection of −19.2 dB at 2200 nm wavelengths. Besides, the device also exhibits exceptional spatial fiber misalignment tolerance. The study underscores the effectiveness of the inverse design strategy in subwavelength grating couplers, charting a path to advance the mid-infrared silicon photonic packaging.

Topic: Photonic and Optical Devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Dermatoscopic features of pyogenic granuloma in children

Abstract The clinical appearances of Pyogenic granuloma (PG) in children are not as typical as in adults. Meanwhile, skin biopsy is hard to accept for parents in most of time. Therefore, data of PG in children has been deprived. To analyze the dermoscopic features of PG in children in order to improve the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment and to reduce the probability of invasive examination. A single‐center retrospective study conducted from 1 January 2022 to 30 August 2022 summarized and analyzed the clinical data and dermoscopic features of patients clinically diagnosed with PG. A total of 36 patients were involved, 61.11% were males, 72.22% occurred in the face. Over 50% patients had the following dermoscopic patterns: reddish homogeneous area (100%), white collarette (91.7%), yellow‐white scales (69.4%), vascular structures (52.8%), and white rail lines (55.6%). Regression analysis found that gender and courses of disease had a statistically significant impact on part of the dermoscopic patterns. The proportions of dermoscopic features with yellow‐white scales (69.4%), dark red scabs (27.8%), and bleeding (27.8%) in this study were higher than in previous studies (26.7%, 10%, and 10%, respectively). Dermoscope is a practical diagnostic tool for PG in children. It is necessary to consider gender, disease course and lesion locations when PG is diagnosed using dermoscope. The characteristics of yellow‐white scales, dark red scabs, and bleeding are the microscopic features that distinguish pediatric patients with PG from adult patients, which should be given special attention to in pediatric patients.

Topic: Vascular Malformations and Hemangiomas
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Use of biologically relevant enrichment to improve nursery-aged pig weaning transition

The objective of this study was to determine if a biologically relevant environmental enrichment (EE) biscuit-maintained novelty and affected nursery pig performance over the first seven days. Thirty mixed sex piglets, aged 19-24 days, were allocated to 3 pens. Each pen received 2 ropes with 2 biscuits per rope (defined as the EE) at the feeder for the first 7 days after weaning. Each pen was randomly allocated 1 of 3 treatments: positive control (POS, plain biscuits), maternal pheromone (MP, biscuits dipped in an oil-based sow maternal pheromone), and jam (JAM, biscuits dipped in strawberry jam). Biscuits were replaced daily. Descriptive data collected included EE interactions, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and fecal scores. EE interactions were evaluated in the 1st and 12th hour after daily EE replacement using instantaneous scan sampling at 10 second intervals. Average EE interaction frequency across the 1st hour was POS 372 ± 165, JAM 291 ± 96, MP 314 ± 223. Interaction frequency was consistently higher during the 1st hour compared to the 12th hour after EE replacement. ADG and ADFI were highest for pigs in the POS treatments (ADG 0.234, kg/d, ADFI 0.20 ± 0.13 kg/d) and lowest for pigs in the JAM treatment (ADG 0.186 kg/d, ADFI 0.16 ± 0.09 kg/d). In conclusion, nursery pigs showedhigh levels of interaction with the environmental enrichment over the entire week, and POS treatment was the most successful in enticing pigs to interact with the EE with potential impacts on subsequent performance.

Topic: Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Subfield: Small Animals
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
Negotiating Sovereignty: Resistance and Meaning Making at the Bear Mountain Mission in Early-Twentieth Century Virginia

In 1907, the Episcopal Church established a mission in the heart of the Native Monacan community on Bear Mountain in Amherst County, Virginia. The Bear Mountain Mission operated a church, day-school, and clothing bureau until 1965, when the day-school closed after the integration of Amherst County Public Schools. This thesis investigates how Native Monacan congregants negotiated sovereignty, enacted resistance against the assimilating efforts of the Episcopal Church, and maintained group identity and safety at the Mission during the first three decades of the twentieth century. Monacan congregants utilized the inherently colonial nature of the Mission's structure in ways that allowed them access to influential white Protestant networks, as well as validation by the mission workers who lived in and around the Bear Mountain community. I argue that Monacan people used strategies such as the refashioning of Mission teachings, anonymous and signed letter-writing to the Bishop, and communal protests to ensure that the Mission remained a safe space that worked for their Native community during a time of immense racial animosity. &#13;\nUsing the personal correspondence between women mission workers, church leadership, and Monacan congregants, I examine the inner workings of the Bear Mountain Mission, and the beliefs and actions of mission workers and Monacan people alike. This thesis challenges the history of Bear Mountain Mission, and Native missions within the United States more broadly, to consider the unique and numerous ways that Native peoples enacted resistance strategies in order to ensure that Protestant Missions worked in ways that benefited their communities.

Topic: Powdery Mildew Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Companies Act 2006 – revolution or evolution?

Purpose The Companies Act became law in November 2006. Government spokesmen have claimed that it will simplify the running of the private companies that constitute the majority of registered companies and that it will enhance shareholder engagement in large quoted companies. Aims to question whether this is really the case. Design/methodology/approach The article is a critical commentary. Findings There are some good things in the Act but it can be argued that these hardly add up to a revolution, and the new Act remains full of regulatory requirements for all companies, something that will be compounded when the mass of necessary secondary legislation is introduced. Originality/value Shows that evolution rather than revolution would seem a more apt description of this legislation.

Topic: Corporate Governance and Law
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Solid-state Laser Development for the in Situ Spectroscopic Europa Explorer Instrument

The in Situ Spectroscopic Europa Explorer (iSEE) instrument is an ultra-compact laser-enabled Raman spectrometer instrument that meets the top-level science requirements for multiple future planetary in situ missions to explore the surface and atmospheric chemistry of planetary bodies across the Solar System. Enceladus, Europa, the Moon, Mars, and Venus are some of the primary targets for future NASA missions to search for extraterrestrial life and potentially habitable environments beyond Earth, further our understanding of the timing and formation of the Solar System, and identify potentially viable economic resources such as water and/or valuable metal assets. We report on the advancement and space flight qualification of a compact, robust, solid-state laser operating at 515 nm that serves as the excitation source for the iSEE investigation.

Topic: Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Plasma Rotation Measurements by Passive Spectroscopic Method in the HYBTOK-II using a Dynamic Ergodic Divertor

Plasma rotation or its shear is important in the formation of a transport barrier. It is believed that a rotating helical magnetic field generated by a dynamic ergodic divertor (DED) can generate a rotational torque in tokamak plasmas, and therefore control the rotation profiles. To measure the plasma rotations and investigate the effect of DEDs on them, we developed a passive spectroscopic measurement system for the small tokamak HYBTOK-II. A spontaneous toroidal plasma rotation in the co-current direction and poloidal plasma rotation in the electron diamagnetic drift direction have been observed without using a DED. Considerable changes in the plasma flow have been obtained using a DED for reducing toroidal and poloidal rotation velocities near the resonant magnetic surface. The change in the plasma rotation velocity was found to couple with the change in the radial electric field.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effects of dietary oregano essential oil and vitamin E supplementation on meat quality, stress response and intestinal morphology in pigs following transport stress

This study investigates the effects of dietary oregano essential oil (OEO) and vitamin E (Vit E) supplementation on meat quality, stress response and intestinal morphology in pigs following transport stress. A total of 288 finishing pigs were randomly assigned to three groups: a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented either with 200 mg/kg Vit E or 25 mg/kg OEO. After a 28-day feeding trial, total of 132 finishing pigs according diet and transport stress were assigned to one of four treatment groups: 1) control treatment without transport stress (Control group), 2) control treatment with 5-hr transport stress (Negative group), 3) Vit E treatment with 5-hr transport stress and 4) OEO treatment with 5-hr transport stress. Transport stress pigs had lower muscle 45 min pH (pHi) and higher drip loss than control pigs. Dietary OEO and Vit E supplementation significantly increased 45min pH under transport stress, and the OEO groups produced lower 24-hr drip loss values (P<0.05) than that of pigs from the negative group. The OEO-supplemented pigs showed decreased serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and cortisol (P<0.05), and decreased Hsp 27 (heat shock protein 27) and Hsp 70 (heat shock protein 70) mRNA expression in the muscle (P<0.05). Additionally, histological analysis revealed intestinal epithelial damage in transport stress pigs that was reversed by dietary supplementation with OEO. In conclusion, supplementation with dietary OEO may be superior to supplementation with dietary Vit E in alleviating the meat quality, stress response and intestinal morphology of pigs after challenge due to transportation stress.

Topic: Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences