jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Modeling the risk for Phytophthora ramorum with an anthropogenic focus in northern California

Phytophthora ramorum is an oomycete plant pathogen found in both North America and Europe that is commonly referred to as Sudden Oak Death (SOD). Since its initial detection in California in 1995, SOD has killed over a million trees, primarily tanoaks (Lithocarpus densiflorus), coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), California black oak (Quercus kellogii), and Shreve???s oak (Quercus parvula var. shrevei). Northeastern California has thus far remained uninfected with the exception of one Rhododendron tree in Placer County. In order to contribute to the prevention of SOD spread to northeastern California, I created several models that depict where the risk for SOD development is highest based on four variables: host vegetation, climate suitability, proximity to roadways, and proximity to nurseries and lumber mills. I used a weighted overlay analysis to combine these variables at differing weights under five conditions. I applied the same analyses in Mendocino County, where sampling for SOD has resulted in 73 positive cases and 326 negative cases, to assess the accuracy of each condition. I calculated Cohen???s Kappa coefficient to measure the agreement between each condition and the recorded points. Though the Kappa values do not show strong agreement in the conditions, they do illustrate a trend of increase in agreement with the addition of proximity to roadways and nurseries. Suitable climate and host vegetation for SOD also exist along the coastal Pacific Northwest, and most of that area lies too far away from SOD incidence for natural spread to be the primary concern. Similar risk models incorporating human introduction variables could be applied to all of this area.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Resistance
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Evaluation and comparison of a lightweight bamboo composite

The demand for fast changing production lines and other facilities needs new lightweight and stable systems for partitioning walls. There is also a need for ecological products for this application. The wood like grass bamboo provides a wide potential to substitute conventional wood. A composite lightweight honeycomb like bamboo board was developed and compared with reinforced and unreinforced plywood specimen. The acquired mechanical properties gave a promising result for the usability of bamboo as basis material for wide span boards. It can be manufactured with minimal technical investments, that suits also well for regions with little industry. The ecological assessment of the structure is very positive.

Topic: Bamboo properties and applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Improving selection practices of subcontractors on building construction project in Nigeria

Subcontracting in Nigeria has extensively been used in the construction industry. It allows main contractor to employ a minimum workforce in construction projects and promotes specialization. The relationship between the main contractor and the subcontractors differ from one project to another. However, improper selection of subcontractors might lead to many problems during work pogress. This research focuses on improving subcontractor selection practices by the main contractors on building construction project in Nigeria. The objectives of the research were to identify the factors causing adversarial relationship between the main contractor and the subcontractor, identify significant factors used for subcontractors selection by the main contractor, and recommend ways for improving a better selection practices of subcontractors by the main contractor. The quantitative approach was used to obtain information from contractors (category A) for subcontractors selection practices. The data from the questionnaires were collected and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22.0. The data gathered was &#13;\nf converted into the form of percentages, tables, and charts. The results of the indings shows that incompetency of the subcontractor and non adherence of the subcontractor to the time schedule where among the factors causing adversarial relationship between the main contractor and the subcontractor, while providing dequate inormation to the subcontractor and speciality in certain type of work were ranked top for the factors used for subcontractors selection by the main contractor. In addition avoiding collection of kickbacks in construction and use of skilled labour force were the most significant ways to improve subcontractors selection practices by the main contractor. Subcontractors selection plays a vital role in the overall success of any construction project in order to get best results in te1ms of cost, time, and quality for the projects

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A Physiological Control System for an Implantable Heart Pump that Accommodates for Interpatient and Intrapatient Variations

A Physiological Control System for an Implantable Heart Pump that Accommodates for Interpatient and Intrapatient Variations

Topic: Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Theology and Philosophy in Dialogue

“The current theological scene … represents an attempt to reopen commerce between theology and philosophy without having dealt effectively with the standing theological objections to that commerce, and without having set out an independent alternative foundation for the theological task. … A central issue for the current discussion, then, should be to determine the nature and limits of interaction between philosophers and theologians in the context of a Christological conception of theology.”

Topic: Theology and Philosophy of Evil
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Evaluating Changes in Cropping Patterns due to the 2003 CAP Reform. An Ex-post Analysis of Different PMP Approaches Considering New Activities

There is a growing interest on models able to anticipate farmers' response to agricultural and environmental policy changes. The Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) method is being extensively used for evaluating the likely impacts of policy interventions. This paper evaluates the capability of three different PMP approaches to forecast changes in cropping patterns due to the 2003 CAP reform: the standard approach (Howitt 1995, Arfini and Paris 1995), the maximum entropy approach (Paris and Howitt 1998) and the Röhm and Dabbert approach (2003). However, neither of those approaches allows for activities non-observed in the base situation. An additional approach is therefore suggested to consider new activities already present in the post-reform situation. These approaches have been tested in an irrigated area of Central Italy. All models have been calibrated to the pre-reform situation and then the 2003 CAP reform has been simulated and model results have been compared with observed cropping patterns. Even if all models calibrate perfectly, response behaviour depends on the selected approach. Compared to the standard approach, the Röhm and Dabbert approach shows a too wide substitution between crops belonging to the same group; and the maximum entropy approach performs better only when prior information is considered. The extended PMP version proposed in this paper depicts a more realistic picture of post reform cropping patterns.

Topic: Agricultural Economics and Policy
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
An Evaluation of the Internet Tourism Information of Local Governments' Official Tourism Websites

The tourism website has become a pivotal tool for tourism destination marketing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the internet tourism information of 30 local governments' official tourism websites in China. Analysis was concentrated on eight items such as foreign language, site counter, menu item, sitemap, search engine, e-map, information update and contact point, link site. This study suggested that gratifying results were achieved in the development of the local governments' official websites in China whilst problems still remain. Implications of this study could be used to improve the tourism information provision for local government.

Topic: Digital Marketing and Social Media
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Gibberellic acid combined with hand pollination increases ‘Red’ and ‘Lessard Thai’ sugar apple fruit quality and produced parthenocarpic ‘Gefner’ atemoya fruits

ABSTRACT: The present research aimed to evaluate the effect of applying gibberellic acid (GA3) with hand (HP) or natural pollination (NP) on fruit set and the fruit quality of ‘Red’ and ‘Lessard Thai’ sugar apple and ‘Gefner’ atemoya fruits.This study was performed in an experimental orchard located in Homestead, Florida, USA. The experimental design included randomized blocks, with eight treatments, four replicates and four plants per plot. Treatments included: (1) HP; (2) HP + 10 mg L-1 GA3; (3) HP + 100 mg L-1 GA3; (4) HP + 1,000 mg L-1 GA3; (5) NP; (6) NP + 10 mg L-1 GA3; (7) NP + 100 mg L-1 GA3 and (8) NP + 1,000 mg L-1 GA3. The HP plus 1,000 mg L-1 GA3 promoted fruit setting above 90% over the 14 weeks for all genotypes evaluated. Significant increments for length and total fruit weight were observed. ‘Red’ sugar apple and atemoya had a reduced number of seeds per fruit. The NP plus GA3 (1,000 mg L-1) was effective in producing high quality seedless ‘Gefner’ atemoya fruits. This investigationdemonstratedthat GA3 plus hand pollination produced high quality sugar apple and atemoya seeded fruits and in association with natural pollination promoted seedless ‘Gefner’atemoya fruits.

Topic: Plant Physiology and Cultivation Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
New memory‐type dispersion control charts

Abstract The exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart is a memory‐type process monitoring tool that is frequently used to monitor small and moderate disturbances in the process mean and/or process dispersion. In this study, we propose 2 new memory‐type control charts for monitoring changes in the process dispersion, namely, the generally weighted moving average and the hybrid EWMA charts. We use Monte Carlo simulations to compute the run length profiles of the proposed control charts. The run length comparisons of the proposed and existing charts reveal that the generally weighted moving average and hybrid EWMA charts provide better protection than the existing EWMA chart when detecting small to moderate shifts in the process dispersion. An illustrative dataset is also used to show the superiority of the proposed charts over the existing chart.

Topic: Advanced Statistical Process Monitoring
Subfield: Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Assessment of bone defects in anterior shoulder instability.

Glenohumeral bone defects are a common finding in shoulder instability and they are strongly correlated with recurrence of dislocation and failure following arthroscopic Bankart repair. Most authors agree that open surgery should be considered in the presence of certain conditions: glenoid bone loss > 25%, a lesion involving > 30% of the humeral head, an engaging Hill-Sachs lesion, bipolar bone lesions even without engagement. A careful imaging evaluation must therefore be performed in order to identify, quantify and characterize the bone defects. Even though magnetic resonance has important additional value in the assessment of the glenoid labrum and rotator cuff, computed tomography scan is the examination of choice for studying bone defects. Several methods have been proposed to quantify the extent of the glenoid bone defect; the most accurate ones utilize two-dimensional computed tomography images with multiplanar reconstructions (PICO method) or more sophisticated three-dimensional reconstruction software. Conversely, the literature lacks studies that accurately quantify humeral bone defects and, above all, that demonstrate definitively the clinical and prognostic significance of the lesion location and size.

Topic: Shoulder Injury and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Strategies for Improving the Advanced Placement Examination Scores of AP Social Studies Students

WHETHER WE LIKE IT OR NOT, we live in a highly competitive world. Although there is no national competency examination in our subject area, Advanced Placement social studies courses are being used more and more to improve the credentials of college applicants. Those of us teaching these courses are under increasing pressure from parents and school administrators to allow more and more students to take the AP courses and to improve the AP scores of our students. The present standards movement has affected all social studies teachers. As this movement sweeps the country, more and more of us are faced with the difficult task of either teaching meaningful skills or teaching to a test. A recent study I conducted has demonstrated that we can achieve both. The study focused upon improving instruction in AP social studies courses through providing teacher training in the use of different teaching methods and strategies. Specifically, teachers learned the importance of (a) mastery learning, (b) the use of weekly written assessments, (c) the use of primary documents, (d) the use of actual AP tests for practice, (e) the use of student-developed outlines, and (f) vocabulary development. Each of the AP social studies teachers attended an AP Teacher Institute for their

Topic: Educator Training and Historical Pedagogy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Collaboration and co-creation at a distance: using technology to enhance student engagement online

This workshop will be a collaborative, co-created discussion on the use of digital tools for student engagement. We will facilitate this with a hands-on demonstration of Miro, a multiplatform collaborative whiteboard app that can be used live or on-demand to engage students in interactive teaching sessions.&#13;\n&#13;\nAt Middlesex University we introduced Miro as part of our pandemic teaching provision after trialling many virtual whiteboards; it is now an integrated part of our learning and teaching strategy. We will discuss digital innovations in engagement including whiteboard apps and polling software for gamification of learning, and a wide variety of other online tools. These technologies when utilised and integrated appropriately are powerful tools for student engagement.&#13;\n&#13;\nOver a number of years the mathematics team at Middlesex University have developed expertise in the use of technology in both the face-to-face setting and online. Students are given loan iPads and Apple Pencils to use during their studies on the programme. Having begun making the move to a more digitally inclusive teaching, learning and assessment strategy in 2017-2018, the team moved swiftly and confidently to online teaching when the first CoVid-lockdown occurred. Although our prior experience prepared us to teach online the reality of ensuring student engagement remained high quickly became an issue. Novelty gave way to the reality of digital poverty and the consequences of lockdown on lecturing staff and students’ mental health. Our focus had to move beyond the initial lecture/tutorial model of teaching to include high-quality learning experiences that gave students the opportunity to collaborate with peers and act as co-creators in sessions.&#13;\n&#13;\nOur aim in this workshop is to explore the potential of using technology to enable students to co-create learning and teaching. We will share our experiences, both positive and negative, of using them live in class and on-demand and share staff and student evaluations of their use. We will introduce and discuss some of the ways we have used technology to build constructive learning sessions, and the innovations that we will take forward into the future of teaching when we return to campus.&#13;\n&#13;\nParticipants will be expected to interact and engage in this session using collaborative virtual whiteboards: you will have a go some interactive activities from the student perspective before joining a small group to plan a lecture using these technologies.

Topic: Online and Blended Learning
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The effect of plasticizer and cellulose nanowhisker content on the dispersion and properties of cellulose acetate butyrate nanocomposites

Abstract We studied the effects of plasticizer and cellulose nanowhisker content on the dispersion and properties of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)‐based bionanocomposites. The cellulose nanowhiskers in an aqueous medium were solvent‐exchanged to nonaqueous polar solvent (acetone) and used for nanocomposite processing by solution casting. The plasticized and unplasticized nanocomposites with 5 and 10 wt % cellulose nanowhisker content were prepared. Atomic force microscopy indicated nanoscale dispersion of whiskers in the CAB matrix. The dynamic mechanical analysis showed an increase in storage modulus with addition of cellulose nanowhiskers, especially above the glassy‐rubbery transition region. Thermogravimetric analysis showed an improvement in thermal stability with increased whisker content for both unplasticized and plasticized nanocomposites. The plasticized nanocomposites showed better transparency than the unplasticized composites, indicating a better dispersion of cellulose nanowhiskers in CAB, in the presence of a plasticizer. The dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability increased, whereas transparency decreased with increased CNW content. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

Topic: Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
Subfield: Biomaterials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
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Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Plant and microbial feedbacks maintain soil nitrogen legacies in burned and unburned grasslands

Abstract Nitrogen (N) availability is a well‐known driver of ecosystem structure and function, but as air quality regulations continue to reduce atmospheric N deposition, there is a need to understand how managed and unmanaged ecosystems respond to widespread decreases in terrestrial N availability. Historical N eutrophication, from pollution or fertilisation, may continue to constrain contemporary responses to decreases in available N because of altered plant and microbial feedbacks. Thus, while certain management practices like prescribed fire remove N from grassland ecosystems, the role of fire supporting ecosystems recovering from chronic N input is unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we ceased a 30‐year N‐fertilisation treatment at a field experiment in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem crossed with burned and fire‐suppressed (unburned) treatments. We established subplots within each previously fertilised, recovering plot, fertilised at the same historical rate (10 g N m −2 year −1 as NH 4 NO 3 ), to compare plant and soil properties in recovering plots with control (never‐fertilised) and still‐fertilised treatments within different fire regimes. We document different N‐fertilisation legacies among ecosystem properties in burned and unburned prairies recovering from N‐fertilisation. Soil N availability, nitrification and denitrification potentials in recovering plots remained higher than controls for 3–5 years—indicative of positive legacies—in both burned and unburned prairies, but burning did not reduce this legacy. In burned prairies, however, a positive legacy in above‐ground plant production persisted because a more productive grass species (switchgrass) replaced the previously dominant species (big bluestem) even though root C:N, but not soil C:N, increased to return back to control levels. Consequently, the main N loss pathways in burned and unburned prairies (pyrovolatilisation and microbially mediated processes, respectively) led to similar losses of soil total N (20–28 g N m −2 ) over 5 years. Synthesis : Our results indicate that N eutrophication induces positive legacies of ecosystem functions that can persist for at least half a decade. N‐induced legacies arise because of shifts in soil microbial N‐cycling and plant functional traits. As a result, different management practices may elicit similar trajectories of ecosystem recovery in terms of total and available soil N because of different plant and microbial feedbacks.

Topic: Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences