jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Rolled Mixtures of Barley and Cereal Rye for Weed Suppression in Cover Crop–based Organic No-Till Planted Soybean

Maximizing cereal rye biomass has been recommended for weed suppression in cover crop–based organic no-till planted soybean; however, achieving high biomass can be challenging, and thick mulch can interfere with soybean seed placement. An experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2014 in New York to test whether mixing barley and cereal rye would (1) increase weed suppression via enhanced shading prior to termination and (2) provide acceptable weed suppression at lower cover crop biomass levels compared with cereal rye alone. This experiment was also designed to assess high-residue cultivation as a supplemental weed management tool. Barley and cereal rye were seeded in a replacement series, and a split-block design with four replications was used with management treatments as main plots and cover crop seeding ratio treatments (barley:cereal rye, 0:100, 50:50, and 100:0) as subplots. Management treatments included high-residue cultivation and standard no-till management without high-residue cultivation. Despite wider leaves in barley, mixing the species did not increase shading, and cereal rye dominated cover crop biomass in the 50:50 mixtures in 2013 and 2014, representing 82 and 93% of the biomass, respectively. Across all treatments, average weed biomass (primarily common ragweed, giant foxtail, and yellow foxtail) in late summer ranged from 0.5 to 1.1 Mg ha −1 in 2013 and 0.6 to 1.3 Mg ha −1 in 2014, and weed biomass tended to decrease as the proportion of cereal rye, and thus total cover crop biomass, increased. However, soybean population also decreased by 29,100 plants ha −1 for every 1 Mg ha −1 increase in cover crop biomass in 2013 (P=0.05). There was no relationship between cover crop biomass and soybean population in 2014 (P=0.35). Soybean yield under no-till management averaged 2.9 Mg ha −1 in 2013 and 2.6 Mg ha −1 in 2014 and was not affected by cover crop ratio or management treatment. Partial correlation analyses demonstrated that shading from cover crops prior to termination explained more variation in weed biomass than cover crop biomass. Our results indicate that cover crop management practices that enhance shading at slightly lower cover crop biomass levels might reduce the challenges associated with excessive biomass production without sacrificing weed suppression in organic no-till planted soybean.

Topic: Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Miss-Taken Identities: The Comedy of Misrecognition in New Woman Short Stories

This essay will illuminate a surprisingly common trope in British New Woman comic short stories from the late-1880s through the end of the nineteenth century—that is, the social misrecognition of women (almost always young women) by men. Often, this misidentification takes a class-based turn, with men of the upper classes assuming that the girls they encounter in socially ambiguous spaces belong to a class lower than their own and are, therefore, undeserving of the usual forms of respectful courtesy, or are even appropriate targets for sexual predation. These same men often display pre-existing prejudices against women who are smart, talented, and independent. In the course of the narratives that follow, the misidentified female protagonists offer comic correction, re-educating not only the erring men, but also the reader beyond the text. Such stories use the structure of a joke to reshape the understanding of both the diegetic masculine figures within the story and the extradiegetic audience and to advance the cause of the “New Woman” in general by representing this controversial social type as clever, wise, competent, appealing, and even funny. The essay focuses on a number of examples of this phenomenon, including stories by Mabel E. Wotton, Beatrice Harraden, Sarah Grand, and Ellen Thorneycroft Fowler.

Topic: Short Stories in Global Literature
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Lake Evaporation Estimation by Isotope, Energy Balance and Bulk Aerodynamic Methods

Lake evaporation from a shallow lake in central Sweden has been estimated using three independent methods from measurements during summer 1995. The applied isotope method is a combination of the water and isotope mass balance. Its main feature is that inflows need not to be measured. Only knowledge of their isotopic content is sufficient. For calculations by the bulk aerodynamic method a computer program was applied, which takes into account the different conditions of stratification. The energy balance of the lake was determined by using the short and long wave radiation, heat storage and advective heat energy. Measurements were done on a small island and at a mast in the middle of the lake. Evaporation estimated by all the methods varied from -1.1 to 5.0 mm/d during the summer months 1995. Values estimated by the energy balance method agreed well with those from the bulk aerodynamic method. Evaporation estimates from the isotope method a showed fairly good agreement with the two other methods, excepting a few periods. It was found that both the isotope as well as the energy balance method are sensitive to errors in lake volume. Both methods carry some uncertainty due to their dependence on water balance components, some of which are difficult to determine. The bulk aerodynamic method is independent of the water balance of the lake. A good accuracy can be achieved using only four variables i.e. wind speed, relative humidity, skin and air temperature.

Topic: Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies
Subfield: Water Science and Technology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Nationalism, Internationalism and Chinese Foreign Policy

This article examines the role of nationalism in shaping Chinese foreign policy in the history of contemporary China over the last 100 years. Nationalism is used here as an analytical term, rather than in the usual popular pejorative sense. By tracing the various expressions of contemporary Chinese nationalism, this article argues that nationalism is one of the key enduring driving forces which have shaped Chinese foreign policy over the period; as China increasingly integrates herself into this globalized and interdependent world and Chinese confidence grows, the current expression of Chinese nationalism is taking a more positive form, which incorporates an expanding component of internationalism.

Topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Trends in Health, Stress, and Migration in the pre-contact Southwest United States

The major goal of this dissertation was to examine migration and its impacts on health through use of dental morphological and paleopathological data. The case study is the Southwest United States between A.D. 1200-1400s. The second chapter, written with Corey Ragsdale, Biological Distance and the Fate of the Gallina in the American Southwest, examines where the Gallina people may have gone upon abandoning their homes in the late A.D. 1200s. We used dental data for 492 individuals and mean measure of divergence (biodistance) analysis to examine several hypotheses regarding where the Gallina went. We find that the Gallina may have moved to the Middle Rio Grande region, settling near Albuquerque, New Mexico. The third chapter, Indicators of Stress and their association with Frailty in the Pre-contact Southwestern United States, uses Kaplan-Meier Survival analysis to examine differential mortality risks in the entire sample of people with pathological data recorded (335 individuals). It shows that cribra orbitalia likely has a different etiology from porotic hyperostosis. Cribra orbitalia appears to develop in cases of more severe systemic disturbance. Further, the results demonstrate that there are different survival outcomes for individuals with active, healed or no skeletal lesions (PH, CO, or infection). These results indicate that individuals with active lesions are comparatively frailer than individuals with healed or no lesions. The fourth chapter, Frailty and Stress in People who Move: A View from the Southwestern United States, demonstrates that phenetically-inferred migrants are no different from the host-group in terms of health indicators (LEH, CO, PH, and infection). The 36 individuals identified as phenetically-inferred migrants are less frail (Kaplan-Meier survival analysis) than individuals identified as host-group. This dissertation research adds to a growing body of literature that addresses hidden heterogeneity in risks, frailty, and the Osteological Paradox. It demonstrates that hidden heterogeneity has different layers, and different lesions do not equally impact mortality risk. Further, this research demonstrates that individuals who are likely from elsewhere can be identified through nonmetric dental traits. The methods used here could likely be applied to skeletal nonmetric and metric data as well.

Topic: Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
Subfield: Health
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Application of fused filament fabrication 3D printing and molding to produce flexible, scaled neuron morphology models

Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess a novel method for creating tangible three-dimensional (3D) morphologies (scaled models) of neuronal reconstructions and to evaluate its cost-effectiveness, accessibility and applicability through a classroom survey. The study addresses the challenge of accurately representing intricate and diverse dendritic structures of neurons in scaled models for educational purposes. Design/methodology/approach The method involves converting neuronal reconstructions from the NeuromorphoVis repository into 3D-printable mold files. An operator prints these molds using a consumer-grade desktop 3D printer with water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol filament. The molds are then filled with casting materials like polyurethane or silicone rubber, before the mold is dissolved. We tested our method on various neuron morphologies, assessing the method’s effectiveness, labor, processing times and costs. Additionally, university biology students compared our 3D-printed neuron models with commercially produced counterparts through a survey, evaluating them based on their direct experience with both models. Findings An operator can produce a neuron morphology’s initial 3D replica in about an hour of labor, excluding a one- to three-day curing period, while subsequent copies require around 30 min each. Our method provides an affordable approach to crafting tangible 3D neuron representations, presenting a viable alternative to direct 3D printing with varied material options ensuring both flexibility and durability. The created models accurately replicate the fidelity and intricacy of original computer aided design (CAD) files, making them ideal for tactile use in neuroscience education. Originality/value The development of data processing and cost-effective casting method for this application is novel. Compared to a previous study, this method leverages lower-cost fused filament fabrication 3D printing to create accurate physical 3D representations of neurons. By using readily available materials and a consumer-grade 3D printer, the research addresses the high cost associated with alternative direct 3D printing techniques to produce such intricate and robust models. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates the practicality of these 3D neuron models for educational purposes, making a valuable contribution to the field of neuroscience education.

Topic: Cell Image Analysis Techniques
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Genomic Analysis to Elucidate the Lignocellulose Degrading Capability of a New Halophile Robertkochia solimangrovi

Robertkochia solimangrovi is a proposed marine bacterium isolated from mangrove soil. So far, the study of this bacterium is limited to taxonomy only. In this report, we performed a genomic analysis of R. solimangrovi that revealed its lignocellulose degrading ability. Genome mining of R. solimangrovi revealed a total of 87 lignocellulose degrading enzymes. These enzymes include cellulases (GH3, GH5, GH9 and GH30), xylanases (GH5, GH10, GH43, GH51, GH67, and GH115), mannanases (GH2, GH26, GH27 and GH113) and xyloglucanases (GH2, GH5, GH16, GH29, GH31 and GH95). Most of the lignocellulolytic enzymes encoded in R. solimangrovi were absent in the genome of Robertkochia marina, the closest member from the same genus. Furthermore, current work also demonstrated the ability of R. solimangrovi to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes to deconstruct oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), a lignocellulosic waste found abundantly in palm oil industry. The metabolic pathway taken by R. solimangrovi to transport and process the reducing sugars after the action of lignocellulolytic enzymes on EFB was also inferred based on genomic data. Collectively, genomic analysis coupled with experimental studies elucidated R. solimangrovi to serve as a promising candidate in seawater based-biorefinery industry.

Topic: Biofuel production and bioconversion
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Studying the processing of leguminous components into easily digestible feed for calves

The basic feed for calves during pre-weaning period is whole milk. In order to reduce consumption of whole milk in the leading Western countries, whole milk replacers are used. Attempts to produce local whole milk replacers have not yet found wide distribution due to the high consumption of dry milk and lack of production of hydrogenated fat with addi­tives of vitamins and microelements in Belarus. In recent years, production process of local milk replacers has been started to develop. An innovative technology has been developed for production of whole milk replacers based on local grains, legumes and oil crops, taking the idea of processing them into easily digestible liquid feeds based on moisture-and-heat treatment of grain components using cavitation energy. A special hydrodynamic plant was designed, allowing to obtain a homogeneous mass right of the grain forage, which does not decompose into fractions, highly palatable and easily digested by animals. The allowable processing temperature of leguminous crops was determined to be 80 °C maximum. In order to reduce processing time of the water-and-grain mixture and increase process productivity, a hypothesis was put forward related to use of elec­tromagnetic field for heating the mixture moving in pipeline. Studies have confirmed the efficiency of the electromagnetic field. Moisture-and-heat treatment of grain forage by cavitation using induction heating allows, in a short period of time and at a low temperature, to get easily digestible feed and preserve essential amino acids and vitamins. The developed innovative technology and equipment allows to reduce consumption of whole milk by 15-20% when growing calves during pre-weaning period.

Topic: Magnetic and Electromagnetic Effects
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Chemical Composition of the Bark Oil of<i>Cedrela odorata</i>from S. Tomé and Príncipe

Abstract The essential oil of Cedrela odorata L. bark from S. Tomé and Príncipe, where this plant is used in traditional medicine mainly for the treatment of malaria as well as a febrifuge and against diabetes, was investigated for the first time. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation of the bark, and subsequently analyzed by GC, GC/MS and 13C-NMR. Thirty-seven constituents were identified in the oil that was characterized by high and similar amounts of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (43.9 and 42.4%, respectively). Major compounds were α-copaene (14.4%), α-cadinol (11.2%), β-eudesmol (9.4%) and δ-cadinene (9.2%). The oil from S. Tomé is different from those reported in samples of other origins in which α-cadinol (11.2%) was not detected.

Topic: Phytochemical compounds biological activities
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Energy crops in Australia: sugar cane

Sugar cane is one of the most efficient and productive plants for storing solar energy as plant material. Approximately 35 per cent of the energy stored in the mature whole cane plant is soluble carbohydrate and 65 per cent is fibre. These figures can be compared with about 45 per cent fibre and 55 per cent soluble carbohydrate in the millable cane stalk. Sugar cane fibre is used as the main source of process heat in sugar manufacture. It could also fuel ethanol distilleries. Other potential uses for cane fibre include conversion to ethanol by hydrolysis and fermentation of the sugars formed or gasification to methanol. The fibre content of sugar cane can be increased substantially by breeding and selection if economic processes for converting cellulose to liquid energy products are developed. Average cane and sugar yields in Queensland over the past ten years were 80.2 Tonnes cane. Sugar production in Australia is currently restricted to about three million tonnes, produced from a gross assigned area of 355 000 hectares. Another 285 000 hectares are suitable for cane production. If all of the potential increase in sugar production were converted to ethanol, it would produce about 2.4 Gigalitres or 12 per cent of Australia's current motor spirit and automotive distillate consumption. Utilisation of cane tops, trash and surplus bagasse could produce 4.2 Gigalitres methanol equivalent to 21 per cent of national transport fuel requirements. Technology for ethanol production from sugar is known although research for satisfactory disposal of effluent from continuous distillery operation is required. Technology for economic harvesting and transport of crop residues is yet to be developed and a process for gasification has not passed the demonstration stage (a).

Topic: Sugarcane Cultivation and Processing
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Urinary Incontinence Due to Multiple Urogenital Anomalies in a Mature Dog

SUMMARY Urinary incontinence in a 6-year-old dog was found to be due to multiple urogenital anomalies including female pseudohermaphrodism. The urinary outflow tract was attenuated so that after the bladder was emptied, back pressure developed distal to the opening of the urethra into the vestibule and proximal to small openings in the clitoris and in an anomalous dorsal portion of the urogenital canal. This back pressure caused filling of the uterus, with subsequent gradual dripping of urine from the 2 orifices. The anomalies were corrected surgically.

Topic: Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
Subfield: Small Animals
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
Semiempirical backscatter models at low incidence angles under rain conditions

Rain affects radar backscatter to some extent, and the effect is complicated. Our article models the radar backscatter at low incidence angles under rain conditions by a semiempirical method. Starting from no rain conditions, we choose two optics models as backscatter models at low incidence angles. From the rain effect analysis, an empirical function is deduced by curve fitting. Then we add the empirical function with the backscatter models at low incidence angles under no rain conditions, and two backscatter models at low incidence angles under rain conditions are obtained. After comparing with measured backscatter, we select a quasispecular model combined with the empirical function as a new backscatter model. Further, a correction item is introduced to improve the model accuracy. Results demonstrate that the model can predict backscatter as rain rate ranging from −15 to 5 mm/h dB and wind speed ranging from 6 to 16 m/s with a root-mean-square error of 0.97 dB and a correlation coefficient of 0.81.

Topic: Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Comparison of the outcomes between reduced and nonreduced triplet pregnancies achieved by Assisted Reproductive Technology

In this observational cohort study reduction of triplets to twins decreased prematurity and increased birthweight without an increase in fetal loss. Additionally, there was a lower perinatal mortality, higher live birth rate and lower NICU admission.

Topic: Assisted Reproductive Technology and Twin Pregnancy
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Adult Cognition: Piagetian Based Research Findings

The work of Jean Piaget, widely recognized as pertinent to childhood cognition, has in recent years generated significant research based on adult samples. Because traditional Piagetian em phasis has been on young children the potential application of Piaget's theory to help in understanding and in explaining adult cognition has not been widely appreciated. Increasing in terest in adult development, however, has stimulated additional speculation and investigation in to the questions of adult cognition, including efforts to conceptualize adult cognitive develop ment in Piagetian terms. Application of Piagetian concepts to the study of adult cognition has occurred across a wide range and heretofore only limited efforts have been made to organize a review of the Piagetian literature on adult cognition around selected central issues. This extensive review, based on adult samples, reports the research findings concerning three specific topical issues that are of interest to the adult educator. The topics reviewed include the necessity, universality and persistence of the formal operations stage. Based on the literature reviewed, it is concluded that each of the topics requires further study, analysis and conceptualization.

Topic: Ego Development and Educational Practices
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Literal vs.Oral Pronunciations and Strata-Spliting

The competition of literal vs.oral pronunciations of Chinese characters may cause sound change going forward or backward.The reconstruction of internal strata is necessary,because there are some deffused sound change existed.There will have some difficulties in spliting strata,because of the different amount of literal or oral pronunciations,the possibility of identity shift of them,the new and old pronunciations,and the different prestige of sourse where the loan pronuciations originated from. Occasionally,the stratum may die away first and reestablish many years later.It brings more difficult to strata-spliting.

Topic: Phonetics and Phonology Research
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
In situ XAS Investigation of Electrocatalyst Surface Poisoning by Halides

X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy was utilized to study the poisoning of actual fuel cell catalysts under in situ conditions. The ∆µ analysis technique of X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure on in situ Pt/C electrocatalysts is utilized at various potentials and concentrations of KCl. Comparison with FEFF8.0 calculated ∆µ curves suggest a line shape consistent with 3-fold bonded Cl-. Inspection of the ∆µ peak intensities implies dramatic suppression of Pt-O[H] adsorption in 10mM Cl-, but with both Cl- and O[H] adsorption competitively occurring in 1mM Cl-. This is the first time that XAS has been employed to probe the poisoning effects of Cl- on Pt electrocatalysts.

Topic: Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
Subfield: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences