jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the relationship between the intra- and extramitochondrial [ATP]/[ADP] ratios using phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.

The ratio of free ATP to free ADP in the mitochondrial matrix [( ATPf]/[ADPf]) has been measured in suspensions of isolated mitochondria under conditions of active phosphorylation of extramitochondrial ADP. These measurements utilized phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase which is present in the matrix of mitochondria from the livers of guinea pigs, chickens, and pigeons. Mitochondria isolated from these sources also contain nucleoside diphosphate kinase, malate dehydrogenase, and glutamate dehydrogenase or 3-OH-butyrate dehydrogenase. Together these enzymes catalyze the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate and CO2 from oxaloacetate with oxidative phosphorylation as an energy source. These reactions have been shown to be fully reversible in suspensions of mitochondria isolated from the above sources. With oxidative phosphorylation as the source of ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate was synthesized from malate and conversely addition of phosphoenolpyruvate, ADP, and CO2 led to synthesis of malate and ATP. The forward and reverse reactions were allowed to continue until the rate of change of metabolite concentrations was minimal and then the latter were measured. The intramitochondrial [Mg-ATPf]/[MgADPf] was calculated from the equilibrium constants for the reactions and the measured steady state concentrations of the metabolites in both the intra- and extramitochondrial spaces. The value of the intramitochondrial [MgATPf]/[MgADPf] was found to exceed the extramitochondrial value (adjusted to the same free Mg2+ concentration) by a factor (+/- S.E.) of 0.83 +/- 0.22 (n = 17) for the forward reaction and 1.81 +/- 0.54 (n = 11) for the reverse reaction. It is concluded that the adenine nucleotide translocase catalyzes electroneutral exchange of ATP for ADP and that this reaction does not contribute significantly to the energetics of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

Topic: ATP Synthase and ATPases Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Cultural Construction of Society

Abstract This chapter argues that the purpose of the state is not to promote or foster liberal equality nor serve as the cultural architect or guardian of society. Its role is to serve as an umpire who attends to questions that arise in a society. It examines the idea that the state should pursue equality, and the view that ‘benign neglect’ is an implausible idea, embarrassed by the fact that the state cannot help but shape society.

Topic: Political Philosophy and Ethics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
How is Juncker’s ‘last-chance Commission’ faring at mid-term?*

Now that the European Commission has reached the half-way point in its five-year term, it is an appropriate moment to assess its performance to date and to look critically at its remaining time in office. Drawing on expert interviews, this contribution analyses two major elements of the Commission’s mandate, the first being the implications of its new way of working, involving a restructured College around ten priority policy fields, for the Commission’s internal dynamics. The paper finds that the internal processes are now more streamlined and team-oriented, but they are carried out under a flawed hierarchy, making the best of an oversized College. Second, the paper examines the Commission’s rationale for and the effect of its White Paper and the reflection process on the future of Europe. It observes an innovative approach, which aims to redefine the level of ambition for European integration and will lead to both policy prioritisation and differentiation.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Dynamic computer performance optimization based upon a collaborative cmac design

The dynamic analysis and modification of complex computer system performance is the domain of this research. The methods of this research have produced dynamic system adjustment for optimizing response to changes in system workloads or groupings of jobs with similar resource usage demands presented to the computer system. Conventionally such granular control response to performance feedback on a dynamic level has posed a prohibitively tedious and dexterously impossible task for human administrators using both empirical and analytic methods. With the automated collaborative CMAC neural network—based approach designed and demonstrated in this research, such dynamic control is facilely and reliably achieved.

Topic: Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Safety-assured collaborative load management in smart grids

When a power grid is overloaded, load shedding is a conventional way to combat the imbalance between supply and demand that may jeopardize the grid's safety. However, disconnected customers may be excessively inconvenienced or even endangered. With the emergence of demand-response based on cyber-enabled smart meters and appliances, customers may participate in solving the imbalance by curtailing their demands collaboratively, such that no single customers will have to bear a disproportionate burden of reduced usage. However, compliance or commitment to curtailment requests by untrusted users is uncertain, which causes an important safety concern. This paper proposes a two-phase load management scheme that (i) gives customers a chance to curtail their demands and correct a grid's undersupply when there are no immediate safety concerns, but (ii) falls back to conventional load shedding to ensure safety once the grid enters a vulnerable state. Extensive simulations based on a 37-bus electrical grid and traces of real electrical load demonstrate the effectiveness of this scheme. In particular, if customers are, as expected, sufficiently committed to the load curtailment, overloads can be resolved in real time by collaborative and graceful usage degradation among them, thereby avoiding unpleasant blackouts in existing practice.

Topic: Smart Grid Energy Management
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
State of art of real-time singing voice synthesis

This paper describes the state of art of realtime singing voice synthesis and presents its concept, applications and technical aspects. A technological mapping and a literature review are made in order to indicate the latest developments in this area. We made a brief comparative analysis among the selected works. Finally, we have discussed challenges and future research problems. Keywords: Real-time singing voice synthesis, Sound Synthesis, TTS, MIDI, Computer Music.

Topic: Music and Audio Processing
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
p38 MAPK Activation, DNA Damage, Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis As Mechanisms of Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Jurkat T Cells

To identify potential harmful effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on human health, a comprehensive toxicity assay was conducted on human Jurkat T cells, using oxidative stress-related endpoint. The effect of Ag ions was also investigated and compared with that of AgNPs, as it is anticipated that Ag ions will be released from AgNPs, which may be responsible for their toxicity. Cell viability tests indicated high sensitivity of Jurkat T cells when exposed to AgNPs compared to Ag ions; however, both AgNPs and Ag ions induce similar levels of cellular reactive oxygen species during the initial exposure period and; after 24 h, they were increased on exposure to AgNPs compared to Ag ions, which suggest that oxidative stress may be an indirect cause of the observed cytotoxicity of AgNPs. AgNPs exposure activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase through nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathways, subsequently inducing DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Selective toxicity of AgNPs on Jurkat T cells suggests that rigorous toxicity evaluation should be conducted using various different cell types and biological systems prior to the widespread use of AgNPs.

Topic: Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluation of mechanism of hepatotoxicity of leflunomide using albino wistar rats

Leflunomide (LEF) is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis via inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and tyrosine kinase enzymes. It is metabolised by cytochrome 2C9 enzyme to active form A771726 (melononitrilamide) which is responsible for both its pharmacological and toxicological responses. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave black box warning in 2010 due to acute liver failure in humans. While the exact mechanism of its toxicity remains unknown, it has been postulated that the formation of toxic reactive metabolites and elevation of serum transaminase level may be responsible for its toxicity. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether oxidative stress has any role in inducing hepatotoxicity of this drug. LEF was administered orally in 10 mg/kg body weight to albino wistar rats. Then, liver and blood were collected at 4, 8, 12 and 16 h intervals. Liver glutathione (GSH), oxidized lipid (malonaldehyde MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and plasma alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were measured to determine the level of toxicity. GSH, CAT and SOD levels were found to be decreased with respect to control at all time points, whereas MDA level was significantly increased which signified liver cell injury after drug administration. The plasma ALT and AST levels were also increased at the same time, denoting liver tissue damage. Our result collectively indicated that oxidative stress might be responsible for LEF inducing hepatotoxicity. Key words: Leflunomide, A771726 metabolite, hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress.

Topic: Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
The Modulation of Sucrose Nonfermenting 1-Related Protein Kinase 2.6 State by Persulfidation and Phosphorylation: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

SnRK2.6 (SUCROSE NONFERMENTING 1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE2.6) has been characterized as a molecular switch for the intracellular abscisic acid (ABA) signal-transduction pathway. Normally, SnRK2.6 is kept in an “off” state, forming a binary complex with protein phosphatase type 2Cs (PP2Cs). Upon stressful conditions, SnRK2.6 turns into an “on” state by its release from PP2Cs and then phosphorylation at Ser175. However, how the ”on” and “off” states for SnRK2.6 are fine-tuned, thereby controlling the initiation and braking processes of ABA signaling, is still largely unclear. SnRK2.6 activity was tightly regulated through protein post-translational modifications (PTM), such as persulfidation and phosphorylation. Taking advantage of molecular dynamics simulations, our results showed that Cys131/137 persulfidation on SnRK2.6 induces destabilized binding and weakened interactions between SnRK2.6 and HAB1 (HYPERSENSITIVE TO ABA1), an important PP2C family protein. This unfavorable effect on the association of the SnRK2.6–HAB1 complex suggests that persulfidation functions are a positive regulator of ABA signaling initiation. In addition, Ser267 phosphorylation in persulfidated SnRK2.6 renders a stable physical association between SnRK2.6 and HAB1, a key characterization for SnRK2.6 inhibition. Rather than Ser175, HAB1 cannot dephosphorylate Ser267 in SnRK2.6, which implies that the retained phosphorylation status of Ser267 could ensure that the activated SnRK2.6 reforms the binary complex to cease ABA signaling. Taken together, our findings expand current knowledge concerning the regulation of persulfidation and phosphorylation on the state transition of SnRK2.6 and provide insights into the fine-tuned mechanism of ABA signaling.

Topic: Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Semi-supervised ranking aggregation

Ranking aggregation is important in data mining and information retrieval. In this paper, we proposed a semisupervised ranking aggregation method, in which the order of several item pairs are labeled as side information. The core idea is to learn a ranking function based on the ordering agreement of different rankers. The ranking scores assigned by this ranking function on the labeled data are consistent with the given pairwise order constraints while the ranking scores on the unlabeled data obey the intrinsic manifold structure of the rank items. The experiment results show our method work well. Categories and Subject DescriptorsH.3.3[Information Storage and Retrieval]:Information Search and Retrieval{ Retrieval models H.3.4[Information Systems Application]: Systems and Software{Performance evaluation(eficiency and effectiveness).

Topic: Data Management and Algorithms
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Large Eddy Simulation of Random Pebble Bed Using the Spectral Element Method

The high-fidelity simulations are performed with Nek5000/NekRS to show the importance of various phenomena associated with fluid flow and heat transfer through pebble beds. As a result of this work, Kairos Power and NEAMS have a better understanding of the behavior of pebble bed geometries. Kairos Power will leverage the data generated and conclusions reached as part of this investigation to help accelerate the deployment of their reactor design.

Topic: Granular flow and fluidized beds
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Can signs of digital coercive control be evidenced in mobile operating system settings? - A guide for first responders

Perpetrators of domestic abuse are now frequently utilising technology to survey and regulate the conduct of their victims. Of all digital devices, mobile phones are considered one of the most common to be misused by perpetrators, with reports of their use to track victims via spyware or a device's location services, and to send abusive communications often seen. As a result, any support services and first responders involved in such investigations must ensure they are in a position to identify and understand any signs of technology-facilitated abuse on a mobile device if an investigative opportunity presents itself. In regards to a victim's phone, attention is often placed upon identifying the presence of unwanted applications or being in receipt of communications showing abuse. However, evidence of abuse can be more subtle, where this work seeks to identify and describe a series of proprietary settings that exist on the mobile operating systems iOS and Android that can be used to exert control, provide oversight of, or, manipulate the way in which a device itself is operated by its user. The intention here is to offer support to those involved in responding to or investigating incidents of abuse to identify and understand the impact of these potentially relevant digital traces.

Topic: Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Plant Disease Classification Using Two Pathway Encoder GAN Data Generation

Deep learning is used to mitigate plant disease in early stages. Improving training sample size, feature distribution and overall sample quality impacted deep learning models correctness. In this work we proposed a generic plant disease recognition architecture with a two path way Encoder GAN data generation network. This network incorporated conditional sample generation and conditional reconstruction tasks that enabled the generation of unseen data feature. Using the tomato samples extracted from PlantVillage dataset, we were able to efficiently generate plausible images that boosted plant disease recognition. We tested the performance of our approach on popular CNN architectures such as ResNet50, GoogLeNet, VGG19 and AlexNet. The experiment result proved that the approach achieved good result both in terms of generation quality and plant disease classification performance compared to existing state of the art works. Therefore, our proposed architecture is a robust candidate for plant disease recognition.

Topic: Smart Agriculture and AI
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Comparison of Pollination Activities Between Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and Bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) during the Flowering Period of Asian Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia N.) under Variable Weather Conditions

배 과수원에서 개화기의 기상조건에 따른 망실과 노지에서 꿀벌과 서양뒤영벌의 화분매개활동 특성을 비교 조사하였다. 그 결과, 꿀벌과 서양뒤영벌의 활동은 통계적으로 유의미한 차이는 없었지만, 저온과 강우가 있는 날에는 서양뒤영벌이 꿀벌보다 유의미하게 높은 활동을 보였다. 온도, 조도 및 풍속별로 꿀벌과 서양뒤영벌의 활동을 비교한 결과, 꿀벌과 서양뒤영벌 모두 조도와 온도변화에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났고, 가장 높은 영향을 끼치는 기상요소는 온도였다. 꿀벌이 서양뒤영벌보다 온도, 조도에 더 민감한 활동변화를 보여주었다. 특히 20℃ 이하, 30,000lux 이하의 흐린 날씨 및 4㎧ 이상의 바람이 부는 조건에서는 서양뒤영벌에 비해 꿀벌의 활동이 약 2배 이상 감소하였다. 따라서 배의 개화기중 기상불량이나 저온이 지속될 경우 꿀벌보다는 서양뒤영벌을 화분매개용 곤충으로 이용하는 것이 효율적이라고 생각된다.

Topic: Plant and animal studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Chief Seattle's speech(es): Ambivalent idealizations and emplacing the uprooted 'origin'

This thesis traces the narcissistic dynamics behind mounting idealizations of a Native American Indian, Chief Seattle, and his renowned speech of 1854. In my work I draw from psychoanalytic, poststructuralist, 'post-colonial', and translation theories, as well as from contemporary Indian scholarship. I develop my own provisional model of what I term "Narcissistic Drift", providing a means of charting the intertextual dynamics driving colonial representations of otherness to converge progressively with stereotypical norms. Where previous Seattle studies have tended to concern themselves with issues of textual 'authenticity', I build on such work to consider how an indigenous speech 'uprooted' from its Native American contexts by the written word, has become vulnerable to fetishistic uses by colonial producers, as well as to growing universalist idealization in written and visual media. I resist such trends by re-positioning H.A. Smith's Seattle speech version of 1887, relative to traces of the 1854 oration's political and cultural contexts and codes of interpretation. I find that in Smith's speech version- despite its aestheticizing frame - there is a sense of agency and sophistication in the Salishan elder's rhetorical manouevrings. I argue that Seattle's dynamic position in judgement of the colonizers, located in-between absolute denial and unqualified acceptance of 'Red'/'White' brotherhood, becomes erased by subsequent, increasingly assimilationist portrayals. I locate these idealizations of Seattle and his speech at a disempowering site placed across the West's most profound 'excluded middle'- between 'Nature' and 'Culture'.

Topic: Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Clinical analysis of reoperation after cholangiojejunostomy for hepatolithiasis

Objective To explore the causes and patterns of reoperation a fter cholangiojejunostomy for hepatolithiasis. Methods The clinical data of15ca ses who had experienced reoperation in the last14years were analyzed retreospect ively. Results epatolithiasis and bile duct stricture were main reason of reope ration.The reoperation contain hepatic lobectomy and Roux-en-Y hepatojejunostomy mainly and the postoperative follow-up was satisfied. Conclusion The reasons o f reoperation were retained stone and inappropriate operative therapy.Preoperati ve management and appropriate reoperative pattern are the keys.

Topic: Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Simulation of reversible polycondensations with monomer having reactivity different from that of higher homologs

Abstract Reversible AB‐type polycondensations have been simulated in a batch reactor where the monomer reacts with itself or any higher oligomer with a rate constant R times that for higher mers. Similarly, the rate of reaction of the condensation product with an AB group at the end of a polymer chain has been assumed to be R' times that with an “internal” AB group. The variation of the number‐average chain length μ n with time (until equilibrium is reached) has been obtained. μ n is found to be lower and the polydispersity index higher in the presence of the reverse reactions. Where the equilibrium conversions are high enough, a split in the molecular‐weight distribution (MWD) curves is observed for even‐ and odd‐order homologs for R &lt; 1, though this effect is considerably diminished as compared with that in similar irreversible polycondensations. It is also found that the most probable distribution does not adequately represent the MWD when the functional groups violate the equal‐reactivity hypothesis and number‐average chain lengths are relatively small.

Topic: Polymer crystallization and properties
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Chronic intermittent hypoxia alters glutamatergic control of sympathetic and respiratory activities in the commissural NTS of rats

Sympathetic overactivity and altered respiratory control are commonly observed after chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) exposure. However, the central mechanisms underlying such neurovegetative dysfunctions remain unclear. Herein, we hypothesized that CIH (6% O 2 every 9 min, 8 h/day, 10 days) in juvenile rats alters glutamatergic transmission in the commissural nucleus tractus solitarius (cNTS), a pivotal site for integration of peripheral chemoreceptor inputs. Using an in situ working heart-brain stem preparation, we found that l-glutamate microinjections (1, 3, and 10 mM) into the cNTS of control rats ( n = 8) evoked increases in thoracic sympathetic nerve (tSN) and central vagus nerve (cVN) activities combined with inhibition of phrenic nerve (PN) activity. Besides, the ionotropic glutamatergic receptor antagonism with kynurenic acid (KYN; 250 mM) in the cNTS of control group ( n = 7) increased PN burst duration and frequency. In the CIH group ( n = 10), the magnitude of l-glutamate-induced cVN excitation was smaller, and the PN inhibitory response was blunted ( P &lt; 0.05). In addition, KYN microinjections into the cNTS of CIH rats ( n = 9) did not alter PN burst duration and produced smaller increases in its frequency compared with controls. Moreover, KYN microinjections into the cNTS attenuated the sympathoexcitatory response to peripheral chemoreflex activation in control but not in CIH rats ( P &lt; 0.05). These functional CIH-induced alterations were accompanied by a significant 10% increase of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1) and glutamate receptor 2/3 (GluR2/3) receptor subunit density in the cNTS ( n = 3–8, P &lt; 0.05), evaluated by Western blot analysis. These data indicate that glutamatergic transmission is altered in the cNTS of CIH rats and may contribute to the sympathetic and respiratory changes observed in this experimental model.

Topic: Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Subfield: Endocrine and Autonomic Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences