jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Solid-phase Submonomer Synthesis of Peptoid Polymers and their Self-Assembly into Highly-Ordered Nanosheets

Peptoids are a novel class of biomimetic, non-natural, sequence-specific heteropolymers that resist proteolysis, exhibit potent biological activity, and fold into higher order nanostructures. Structurally similar to peptides, peptoids are poly N-substituted glycines, where the side chains are attached to the nitrogen rather than the alpha-carbon. Their ease of synthesis and structural diversity allows testing of basic design principles to drive de novo design and engineering of new biologically-active and nanostructured materials. Here, a simple manual peptoid synthesis protocol is presented that allows the synthesis of long chain polypeptoids ( up to 50mers) in excellent yields. Only basic equipment, simple techniques (e.g. liquid transfer, filtration), and commercially available reagents are required, making peptoids an accessible addition to many researchers' toolkits. The peptoid backbone is grown one monomer at a time via the submonomer method which consists of a two-step monomer addition cycle: acylation and displacement. First, bromoacetic acid activated in situ with N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide acylates a resin-bound secondary amine. Second, nucleophilic displacement of the bromide by a primary amine follows to introduce the side chain. The two-step cycle is iterated until the desired chain length is reached. The coupling efficiency of this two-step cycle routinely exceeds 98% and enables the synthesis of peptoids as long as 50 residues. Highly tunable, precise and chemically diverse sequences are achievable with the submonomer method as hundreds of readily available primary amines can be directly incorporated. Peptoids are emerging as a versatile biomimetic material for nanobioscience research because of their synthetic flexibility, robustness, and ordering at the atomic level. The folding of a single-chain, amphiphilic, information-rich polypeptoid into a highly-ordered nanosheet was recently demonstrated. This peptoid is a 36-mer that consists of only three different commercially available monomers: hydrophobic, cationic and anionic. The hydrophobic phenylethyl side chains are buried in the nanosheet core whereas the ionic amine and carboxyl side chains align on the hydrophilic faces. The peptoid nanosheets serve as a potential platform for membrane mimetics, protein mimetics, device fabrication, and sensors. Methods for peptoid synthesis, sheet formation, and microscopy imaging are described and provide a simple method to enable future peptoid nanosheet designs.

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ANTIOXIDANTS AND L-CARNITINE PREVENTING HEPATOTOXICITY INDUCED BY VALPROIC ACID IN DIFFERENT AGE RATS

Objectives: To explore the age difference of hepatotoxicity induced by valproic acid (VPA) in rats and the capability of L-carnitine and antioxidants preventing the side effect.

Topic: Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
THE SIMILARITIES OF THE SAXICOLOUS VEGETATION FROM LEAOTA MASSIF WITH THE OTHER MONTAINOUS MASSIFS FROM ROMANIAN CARPATHIAN

In this paper is presented a comprehensive analysis of the saxicolous vegetation on the calcareous substratum of the Leaota Mountains, in comparison with the other calcareous massifs of the Romanian Carpathian. This comparison was done on base of calculation of the Jaccard qualitative index. The saxicolous vegetation is represented by the next associations, fixed on the calcareous substratum: Asplenio-Cystopteridetum fragilis Oberd. (1939) 1949, Asplenio quadrivalens-Poetum nemoralis Soo ex Gergely et al. 1966, Thymo comosi-Galietum albi Sanda, Popescu 1999 and Asperulo capitatae-Seslerietum rigidae (Zolyomi 1939) Coldea 1991.

Topic: Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
SiO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;-metal cantilever structures under thermal and intrinsic stress

The mechanical behavior of multi-layered cantilever structures made of SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> coated with thin metal films (chromium and gold) is investigated considering the intrinsic and thermal stress. Experimental measurements and numerical simulations were performed to analyze the influence of residual stress components on such cantilever structures.

Topic: Mechanical and Optical Resonators
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Total Synthesis and Bioactivity of 18(<i>R</i>)-Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic Acid

Resolvins are family of lipid mediators derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are generated during the resolution phase of acute inflammation. Resolvin E1 is biosynthesized from eicosapentaenoic acid via 18(R)-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18R-HEPE) in the Cox-2 and lipoxygenase mediated pathway and has proven to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory activity. We report herein the first total chemical synthesis of 18R-HEPE and demonstrate that this compound displays in vivo bioactivity by blocking neutrophil infiltration in a murine model of zymosan-induced peritonitis.

Topic: Fatty Acid Research and Health
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
[Thoracocentesis: wright indication and wright placement?]

The incidence of a tension pneumothorax is very low. The initial treatment of a tension pneumothorax is needle thoracocentesis. This procedure is not a routine treatment and this invasive treatment is not without risks. Recognition of a clinically relevant tension pneumothorax remains difficult especially in the prehospital setting. Elevation of one half of the chest is a notoriously unreliable observation in relation to the diagnosis of tension pneumothorax. Absence of breath sounds without tension physiology is not a reason to perform a thoracocentesis. With the help of 3 cases we would like to explain and clarify the clinical presentation, the indication for and the correct procedure of thoracentesis.

Topic: Respiratory viral infections research
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Some Remarks on Thomas A. Wayment, “A New Transcription of P. Oxy. 2383 (P69)”

Abstract Thomas Wayment’s article improves one important point in the transcription of P69: the reading of Lk 22:45 (recto, l. 4-5). His overall assessment obscures yet the particularities of this small enigmatic papyrus. Wayment misses the fact that P69 attests to a third version of the evidence for the Lukan prayer on the Mount of Olives: he does not consider the absence of Luke 22:42 in P69. This particularity has to be considered in the discussion of the evidence of Lk 22:43-44.

Topic: Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Novel chemical-based approaches for biofilm cleaning and disinfection

Biofilm formation plays a critical concern in the food processing industry due to potential environmental, economic, and food spoilage impacts. To maintain microbial safe levels, a sanitation process, comprising cleaning and disinfection steps, needs to be periodically performed. Biocide treatment for surface disinfection is the most widely applied strategy. Owing to the critical failure of current sanitation processes, the microbial persistence on surfaces, and the events of resistance and cross-resistance, the search for new effective antimicrobial strategies is emerging. This review aims to provide an overview of emerging strategies for biofilm prevention/control, as alternatives to current cleaning and disinfecting agents. Specifically, the use of antimicrobial peptides, biosurfactants, bacteriophages, essential oils, extracellular polymeric substances, matrix-degrading enzymes, and nanoparticles as alternative strategies for biofilm control in the food industry was revised, focusing on their main applications, advantages, and limitations. Combinatory approaches were critically assessed for allowing a personalized and specific attack of microbial contaminations, which may have a significant relevance in improving biofilm control while reducing the environmental impact from the use of conventional biocides.

Topic: Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES ACCUMULATED IN A SKIN CHAMBER

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes harvested from a skin chamber were compared with peripheral blood leukocytes by examining their migration under agarose, their bactericidal capacity and their chemiluminescence. The chamber leukocytes were chemotactically de‐activated and their bactericidal capacity reduced. The chemiluminescent response of chamber leukocytes was increased. In response to stimulation with formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (first peak), chemiluminescence was far more marked in chamber leukocytes (10–30 times) than in blood leukocytes, whereas in response to stimulation with opsonized zymosan it was only moderately more marked (3–5 times). Exposed to zymosan activated serum, blood leukocytes showed a similar functional modification as leukocytes harvested from a skin chamber, and our findings suggest that the altered function of leukocytes at an inflammatory focus is largely the result of their exposure to chemotactic factors.

Topic: Immune Response and Inflammation
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Northern Ireland: Current Issues and Ongoing Challenges in the Peace Process

This report describes the Peace Agreement in Northern Ireland, which is one of four component "nations" of the United Kingdom (UK). The conflict, often referred to as "the Troubles," has its origins in the 1921 division of Ireland and has reflected a struggle between different national, cultural, and religious identities.

Topic: Irish and British Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Application of β-(2-Chloroaroyl) Thioacetanilides in Synthesis:  An Unusual and Highly Efficient Access to Thiochromeno[2,3-<i>b</i>]pyridine Derivatives

A series of unusual fused tricyclic thiochromeno[2,3-b]pyridines were successfully synthesized by tandem [3 + 3] annulation and SNAr of beta-(2-chloroaroyl) thioacetanilides with activated 4-arylidene-2-phenyloxazol-5(4H)-ones or aromatic aldehydes and ethyl 2-cyanoacetate under microwave irradiation, respectively. Because of the existence of the o-chloro atom of beta-(2-chloroaroyl) thioacetanilides, these reactions were very mild, convenient, and ortho-selective to form new fused tricyclic target molecules. In the domino processes, at least seven reactive distinct chemical sites were involved and up to three new covalent bonds and one tricycle with only cis configuration were generated. A synthetic study and mechanistic proposal for these transformations are presented.

Topic: Synthesis of Organic Compounds
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Baclofen trial in six myotonic dystrophy patients

Six young adult patients with grade I myotonic dystrophy and a complaint of daytime somnolence underwent 36-hour polygraphic monitoring, dynamometric and electromyographic studies before and under baclofen (60 mg/daily). Patients with the most severe daytime sleepiness had pathologic Sleep Apnea Indexes. After 6 weeks' ingestion of baclofen, no subjective or objective effect on patient symptomatology was found.

Topic: Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Difficult Texts: Matthew 7.1–6

Every commentator struggles with the interpretation of Matthew 7.6, because the tantalizing image of ‘casting pearls before swine’ is so enigmatic. The interpretation offered here deals with the puzzle of the meaning of the proverb by reading it alongside verses 1–5. The argument suggests that the command not to judge (v. 1) is to be understood in a strong or hard sense (i.e. do not condemn) that does not undermine the use of judicious judgement in a weaker or softer sense (i.e. careful discernment and judgement). The need for careful judgement is relevant to relationships in the Christian community and the need, positively, to treat brothers and sisters as holy, as precious pearls who should never be thrown to the dogs or pushed into the mud through damning criticism, and not to be tempted, negatively, to waste their pearls of wisdom in rebuking their brothers and sisters, because they may end up trampled underfoot (v. 6). In this way, the danger of judgementalism is highlighted, but not at the expense of discernment and careful judgement.

Topic: Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Barrier penetration in a discrete-basis formalism

The dynamics of a many-particle system are often modeled by mapping the Hamiltonian into a Schrödinger equation. An alternative approach is to solve the Hamiltonian equations directly in a model space of many-body configurations. In a previous paper the numerical convergence of the two approaches was compared with a simplified treatment of the Hamiltonian representation. Here, we extend the comparison to the nonorthogonal model spaces that would be obtained by the generator-coordinate method. With a suitable choice of the collective-variable grid, a configuration-interaction Hamiltonian can reproduce the Schrödinger dynamics very well. Furthermore, the method as implemented here requires that the barrier height is not much larger than the zero-point energy in the collective coordinates of the configurations.

Topic: Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Screening of Secondary Metabolites Compounds in Stem Bark of Frangipangi (Plumeria alba) and Toxicity Test on Shrimp Larvae (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test)

Frangipani is a plant belonging to the family Apocynacea and potential for development as anti-cancer drug material. Content of secondary metabolites, anti-cancer compounds from frangipani (Plumeria alba) steam bark, especially it has not been made. This research aims to identify compounds secondary metabolites from frangipani steam bark extract potential for development as anti-cancer drug material. Steps undertaken in this study include: Extraction of secondary metabolites with frangipani stem bark maceration method of storey with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Each tested extracts obtained using prawn shrimp toxicity A. salina Leach and continued with the testing of secondary metabolites using color reagents. fraction extract has potential as an anti-cancer drugs is purified using gravity column chromatography technique with elusi gradient technique using a solvent mixture n-hexane:ethyl acetate hen conducted toxicity tests followed by identification using GC-MS Extraction results obtained by the four extracts namely: n-hexane extract (E1) is positive flavonoid groups, chloroform extract (E2), ethyl acetate extract (E3) and ethanol extract (E4) is positive for secondary metabolite groups flavonoid and alkaloid. Toxicity test results obtained LC50 values respectively participated: 973. 7 ppm (E1), 451.35 ppm (E2), 112.557 ppm(E3), and 637.50 ppm(E4). Keywords: Plumeria alba, secondary metabolite, toxicity test, and A. salina Leach

Topic: Medicinal Plant Research
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Observations on Fly Control by Sanitation

Journal Article Observations on Fly Control by Sanitation Get access Robert A. Hoffman Robert A. Hoffman Entomology Research Branch, Agr. Res. Serv., U.S.D.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 47, Issue 1, 1 February 1954, Page 194, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/47.1.194 Published: 01 February 1954

Topic: Forensic Entomology and Diptera Studies
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Mayor Carl Stokes meets with teachers and parents

"Left to right: Mayor Carl B. Stokes; James O'Meara, president, Cleveland Teachers Union; Willie Mae Travis, teacher, East High School; Frank Perez, teacher, East High School; Lucinda Graves, president, East High PTA; Maxine Brown, parent of East High pupil. Tapestry Room, City Hall." --photo verso. 70 teachers at East High walked out of the school earlier in the day to protest conditions in and around the school, claiming that they felt unsafe.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Identifying maternal humoral immune responses associated with control of viremia after primary maternal CMV infection in a rhesus macaque model

Abstract Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is the most common in utero infection and causes major neurodevelopmental deficits, but there remains no licensed vaccine to prevent cCMV. Little is known about maternal immune responses that can prevent placental CMV transmission, which could guide rational design of an effective vaccine. Using the rhesus macaque (RM) model of primary RM CMV (RhCMV) infection during pregnancy, we established that pre-existing RhCMV-neutralizing IgG protected against cCMV, even in the setting of CD4+ T cell depletion, where vertical transmission occurs consistently in RhCMV-seronegative RMs. However, the antibody (Ab) functions mediating this protection have not been fully defined. To identify humoral immune correlates of containment of viremia and protection against cCMV we used samples from previous studies in this model to measure Ab binding to whole RhCMV virus and key glycoproteins, neutralization, Ab dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and cytotoxicity (ADCC). Immunocompetent RMs developed both RhCMV-specific neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector functions (ADCP, ADCC) 2–4 weeks post infection. However, Ab responses were not statistically distinct between transmitters and non-transmitters during this period. Maternal viremia outperformed maternal Ab responses as a predictor of placental transmission. Therefore, we correlated each Ab response with maternal plasma viral load at day 21 post infection. Interestingly, IgG binding to gB and the pentamer, immunodominant viral glycoproteins involved in viral entry, displayed significant inverse relationships with maternal viremia (n=15, Spearman r=−0.71, p=0.003 for both), highlighting these as critical targets for vaccine design. Supported by grants from NIH (NIAID P01-AI129859, NCI T32-CA009111)

Topic: Cytomegalovirus and herpesvirus research
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Use of Myth in Literature

This study is entitled "The Use of Myth in Literature". It is an attempt to demonstrate the way myth is used in literary texts. The primary objective of the study is to present the types and mechanisms of myth usage in literature. Thus, the current study is concerned with how myth is reflected in literary works. The study is divided into two sections. The focus of the first section is on the term, concept and definition of Use, following this, mechanisms of Use are highlighted. The second section deals with the motives of Use and its types. Finally, the main conclusions and references of the study are presented.

Topic: Folklore, Mythology, and Literature Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Climate Change Litigation in Domestic Courts and Human Rights Commissions

Creative climate change litigation has raised awareness of the human rights dimensions of climate change impacts and highlighted the deficiencies of the existing domestic and international regulatory regimes to address climate change. The Inuit petition, submitted to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) in 2005, marked the beginning of this movement to hold public and private actors accountable for their contributions to climate change impacts and their failure to act (or at least to act adequately) to address the problem. A line of public nuisance cases was pending in US courts while the Inuit awaited the decision on its petition. This line of cases initially sought injunctive relief for climate change mitigation, but subsequently sought damages from private companies for their greenhouse gas emissions. The Kivalina case sparked the climate justice movement in this regard, where a small and remote Native Alaskan community sought damages under a public nuisance theory for the cost of relocation as a result of severe coastal erosion that caused its homeland to become imminently uninhabitable.

Topic: Environmental law and policy
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Symmetry-breaking vortex-lattice of a binary superfluid in a rotating bucket

We study spontaneous-symmetry-broken phase-separated vortex lattice in a weakly interacting uniform rapidly rotating binary Bose superfluid contained in a quasi-two-dimensional circular or square bucket. For the inter-species repulsion above a critical value, the two superfluid components separate and form a demixed phase with practically no overlap in the vortex lattices of the two components, which will permit an efficient experimental observation of such vortices and study their properties. In case of a circular bucket with equal intra-species energies of the two components, the two components separate into two non-overlapping semicircular domains for all frequencies of rotation $Ω$ generating distinct demixed vortex lattices. In case of a binary Bose superfluid in both circular and square buckets, (a) the number of vortices increases linearly with $Ω$ in agreement with a suggestion by Feynman, and (b) the rotational energy in the rotating frame decreases quadratically with $Ω$ in agreement with a suggestion by Fetter.

Topic: Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Financial culture in European education

In this study the authors investigate the state of European financial culture compared to other regions of the world and the programmes launched / to be launched by different European countries to improve it. They discuss the relationship between general indicators of development and financial culture pointing out that a step-by-step development of financial literacy leads to further growth potential as well as the implementation of best practices learnt from different European countries. All that is highly topical, because the Covid-19 pandemic and ongoing digitisation are new challenges to be faced by the experts dealing with the development of financial literacy. Despite the new challenges, they must call attention to the importance of financial culture. By comparing five European countries it has become clear that complex programmes involving many actors are the most effective; in addition, school subjects involving financial culture should be made mandatory.

Topic: Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences