jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Esophageal Cancer Among Bantu in the Transkei&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;

This is a report on a 5-year survey of esophageal cancer occurring among South African Bantu domiciled in reserves of the Transkeian Territories. Available information suggests that the disease was unknown 25 years ago; today, however, esophageal cancer is particularly rife in scattered circumscribed localities. The population investigated was 1.6 million and 1,882 cases were registered, 1,036 men and 846 women. Sixty percent of cases were diagnosed as esophageal cancer on irrefutable radiological evidence and about one third was confirmed as squamous carcinoma by biopsy or cytological examinations. The remaining 40 percent was diagnosed on clinical grounds only. A majority of the tumors was situated in the middle-third esophagus, but in older patients relatively more of their tumors occurred in the lower third. Crude morbidity and mortality rates are given, as well as mortality rates for males and females in half-decade age groups. Females show a peak mortality at 50 years of age, whereas the mortality curve for males continues to rise steeply to 60 years and beyond. Seventy-two instances (147 persons) are recorded of esophageal cancer affecting 2 or more non-blood-related members of the same homestead. Local habits, customs, and food were closely examined and are described under possible factors of environmental carcinogenization.

Topic: HIV/AIDS Impact and Responses
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Effect of a codoped interface layer on passively Q-switched laser performance of composite crystals

By using combinations of appropriate laser crystals, we simulated a Yb:YAG/Cr<sup>4+</sup>:YAG composite crystal with a Cr,Yb:YAG interface layer. The effect of the Cr,Yb:YAG interface layer on the laser performance of the Yb:YAG/Cr<sup>4+</sup>:YAG composite crystal has been investigated for the first time to our best knowledge. The formation of the Cr,Yb:YAG interface layer in the Yb:YAG/Cr<sup>4+</sup>:YAG composite crystal has a negative impact on average output power, optical efficiency, as well as single pulse energy and peak power. In addition, the Cr,Yb:YAG interface layer also leads to strong mode competition, resulting in the decrease of the longitudinal mode number, the widening of longitudinal mode separations, and the poor stability of laser pulse trains. The results of this study are of theoretical and practical importance to develop novel Yb:YAG/Cr<sup>4+</sup>:YAG composite crystals that could be used to obtain laser pulses with high peak power and high optical efficiency.

Topic: Solid State Laser Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
THE UNHOLY ALLIANCE OF SEX AND GENDER

Abstract: Several decades ago, feminists differentiated between the biologically given basis of sex identity (sex) and the socially constructed cultural practices anchored by sex identity (gender). In recent years, many feminists have challenged that distinction, arguing that biological sex is as much a social construct as are the practices comprising gender. I survey two examples from biological studies of sex identity that, by contrast (I maintain), warrant saving the concept of biologically given sex identity. The result is not antithetical to feminism, however, since these studies also suggest that sex identity proliferates beyond the rigid female/male dichotomy. If articulated carefully, this view can avoid metaphysically essentialist baggage while enriching feminist conceptions of sex identity.

Topic: Feminist Epistemology and Gender Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Mutational Alteration of the Tryptophan Synthetase of Escherichia coli

SUMMARY: A tryptophan auxotroph of Escherichia coli produced an altered tryptophan synthetase which could not convert indole to tryptophan but converted indole-3-glycerol phosphate to indole. As distinct from the normal tryptophan synthetase, which also catalysed this reaction, both pyridoxal phosphate and serine stimulated the activity of the mutant enzyme system. Fractionation and chromatography of the mutant tryptophan synthetase separated it into its two protein components, A and B. Examinations of the separated components showed that the A protein was normal, while the B protein was altered. Studies of the effect of serine on the pH-activity response of mutant preparations in the indole-3-glycerol phosphate → indole reaction demonstrated that different pH-activity responses were obtained, respectively, in the presence and absence of serine. The curves obtained were characteristic of the serine-requiring and serine-non-requiring reactions, respectively, of normal tryptophan synthetase. The saturation curves of the mutant component B by normal component A, with and without serine added, suggest that one role of serine and pyridoxal phosphate in the stimulation of the indole-3-glycerol phosphate → indole reaction is to bind together the A and B proteins in a catalytically effective complex.

Topic: Fungal and yeast genetics research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Mechanised one-day fat clearance method to increase the lymph node yield in rectal cancer specimens

The Royal College of Pathologists' guidelines for reporting colorectal cancer state that all lymph nodes in a colorectal cancer specimen should be sampled, regardless of site or size. The only means by which one can be certain that all nodes have been sampled is to clear the fat and visualise the lymph nodes. Methods of fat clearance have been available for many years, but few are acceptable in routine practice. Here, a simple, effective and economical solution to the problem is described, which should be amenable to any laboratory with a spare or back-up tissue-processing machine.

Topic: Colorectal Cancer Surgical Treatments
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Non-Coding RNAs and Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide health problem and is one of the main causes of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite recent improvements, effective treatments for HCC are still missing and new tools for early detection are needed. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression and key players in human carcinogenesis, including HCC. Aberrant expression of ncRNAs is associated with HCC metastasis, invasion, dissemination, and recurrence. This review will focus on the recent advances in ncRNA expression profiles, their dysregulation in HCV-related HCC, and the clinical perspective of ncRNA signatures for the early detection of HCC.

Topic: Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Performance Of Steel Frame With A Viscoelastic Damper Device Under Earthquake Excitation

Standard routes for upgrading existing buildings to improve their seismic response can be expensive in terms of both time and cost due to the modifications required to the foundations. As a result, interest has grown in the installation of viscoelastic dampers (VEDs) in mid and high-rise buildings. Details of a low-cost viscoelastic passive control device, the rotary rubber braced damper (RRBD), are presented in this paper. This design has the added benefits of being lightweight and simple to install. Experimental methods and finite element modeling were used to assess the performance of the proposed VED design and its effect on building response during earthquakes. The analyses took into account the behaviors of non-linear materials and large deformations. The results indicate that the proposed RRBD provides high levels of energy absorption, ensuring the stable cyclical response of buildings in all scenarios considered. In addition, time history analysis was employed in this study to evaluate the RRBD’s ability to control the displacements and accelerations experienced by steel frame structures. It was demonstrated that the device responds well even at low displacements, highlighting its suitability for use in seismic events of varying severity.

Topic: Structural Engineering and Vibration Analysis
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Nogays of the Northern Azov and Kalmyks of the Volga Region: a Comparative Analysis of the Imperial Policy of Acculturation In the System of Management and Economic Activity

The policy of acculturation pursued by the tsarist government and regional authorities in relation to the nomadic peoples living in the Azov-Black sea and Volga regions is being analyzed in the article. For comparative analysis, Nogays of the Azov and Kalmyks of the Volga region were chosen. The study analyzes the main directions of state policy on the integration of Nogays and Kalmyks into Russia. The management system and economic activity are defined by such directions in work. The article also raises the question whether the tsarist government had a single programme for the integration of all nomadic peoples into Russia. The chronological framework of the work is determined by the end of 18th — early 60s of 19th century, which is explained by the residence at that time on the territory of the Azov Nogays, which became one of the objects of study. Archival documents, legislative acts, statistical data and scientific publications were used to cover this issue. It is indicated that this issue was not previously the subject of special study. The study showed that the tsarist government did not have a single programme, according to which the integration of all nomadic peoples took place. In each case, there were regional peculiarities. It is noted that the administrative and economic acculturation of the nomadic population can not be assessed unambiguously. Administrative acculturation led to the limitation or elimination of traditional institutions and the introduction of a General Imperial system of government. Acculturation in the economic sphere, despite the painful perception of innovations by part of the nomads, had a progressive significance for them.

Topic: Regional Socio-Economic Development Trends
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
AutoDiCE: Fully Automated Distributed CNN Inference at the Edge

Deep Learning approaches based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are extensively utilized and very successful in a wide range of application areas, including image classification and speech recognition. For the execution of trained CNNs, i.e. model inference, we nowadays witness a shift from the Cloud to the Edge. Unfortunately, deploying and inferring large, compute and memory intensive CNNs on edge devices is challenging because these devices typically have limited power budgets and compute/memory resources. One approach to address this challenge is to leverage all available resources across multiple edge devices to deploy and execute a large CNN by properly partitioning the CNN and running each CNN partition on a separate edge device. Although such distribution, deployment, and execution of large CNNs on multiple edge devices is a desirable and beneficial approach, there currently does not exist a design and programming framework that takes a trained CNN model, together with a CNN partitioning specification, and fully automates the CNN model splitting and deployment on multiple edge devices to facilitate distributed CNN inference at the Edge. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel framework, called AutoDiCE, for automated splitting of a CNN model into a set of sub-models and automated code generation for distributed and collaborative execution of these sub-models on multiple, possibly heterogeneous, edge devices, while supporting the exploitation of parallelism among and within the edge devices. Our experimental results show that AutoDiCE can deliver distributed CNN inference with reduced energy consumption and memory usage per edge device, and improved overall system throughput at the same time.

Topic: Advanced Neural Network Applications
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cooperative Regulatory Enforcement and the Politics of Administrative Effectiveness

Even when political interests control bureaucratic outputs , the control of policy outcomes is complicated by trade-offs between controllable versus effective implementation strategies. I use a nested game framework to explain why a cooperative strategy can increase enforcement effectiveness in the narrow administrative game and why principal-agent control problems and collective action problems associated with the strategy lead policy beneficiaries to oppose the effective strategy in the broader political games. Analyses of state-level Occupational Safety and Health Administration enforcement provide evidence that cooperation does enhance the impact of enforcement in reducing workplace injury rates but that policy beneficiaries oppose and sabotage cooperation. The interactions between administrative effectiveness and interest group politics in this and other implementation situations require that both be analyzed simultaneously, and the nested game framework can provide a systematic approach to such analyses.

Topic: Regulation and Compliance Studies
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Combined Activity of the Redox-Modulating Compound Setanaxib (GKT137831) with Cytotoxic Agents in the Killing of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells harbor elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promote cell proliferation and cause oxidative stress. Therefore, the inhibition of ROS formation or elevation beyond a toxic level have been considered as therapeutic strategies. ROS elevation has recently been linked to enhanced NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) activity. Therefore, the compound Setanaxib (GKT137831), a clinically advanced ROS-modulating substance, which has initially been identified as a NOX1/4 inhibitor, was tested for its inhibitory activity on AML cells. Setanaxib showed antiproliferative activity as single compound, and strongly enhanced the cytotoxic action of anthracyclines such as daunorubicin in vitro. Setanaxib attenuated disease in a mouse model of FLT3-ITD driven myeloproliferation in vivo. Setanaxib did not significantly inhibit FLT3-ITD signaling, including FLT3 autophosphorylation, activation of STAT5, AKT, or extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Surprisingly, the effects of Setanaxib on cell proliferation appeared to be independent of the presence of NOX4 and were not associated with ROS quenching. Instead, Setanaxib caused elevation of ROS levels in the AML cells and importantly, enhanced anthracycline-induced ROS formation, which may contribute to the combined effects. Further assessment of Setanaxib as potential enhancer of cytotoxic AML therapy appears warranted.

Topic: Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Gauge-Invariant Noncompact Lattice Simulations

Three techniques for performing gauge-invariant, noncompact lattice simulations of nonabelian gauge theories are discussed. In the first method, the action is not itself gauge invariant, but a kind of lattice gauge invariance is restored by random compact gauge transformations during the successive sweeps of the simulation. This method has been applied to pure $SU(2)$ gauge theory on a $12^4$ lattice, and Wilson loops have been measured at strong coupling, $β=0.5$. These Wilson loops display a confinement signal not seen in simulations performed earlier with the same action but without the random gauge transformations. In the second method, the action is gauge symmetrized by integrations over the group manifold. The third method is based upon a new, noncompact form of the action that is exactly invariant under lattice gauge transformations. The action is a natural discretization of the classical Yang-Mills action.

Topic: Theoretical and Computational Physics
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
LEGISLATIVE ENVIRONMENT OF TACTICAL OFFICERS TRAINING FOR RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING PROCESS

Полонськийаспірант кафедри загальної педагогіки і андрагогіки Полтавського національного педагогічного університету імені В. Г. Короленка НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПІДГОТОВКИ ОФІЦЕРІВ ТАКТИЧНОГО РІВНЯ ДО ДОСЛІДНИЦЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ У ПРОЦЕСІ

Topic: Foreign Language Teaching Methods
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
France and American Literature: The Crocodile Beckons

Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Crocodile/' a hapless civil servant named Ivan Matveitch goes to see an Egyptian crocodile on exhibition. It is not every day that such an exoticism comes to St. Petersburg. Alas, in a bizarre turn of circumstances, he is swallowed by the crocodile. Unlucky man! Yet, upon being informed of this misadventure, Ivan Matveitch's colleague grimly observes, I always believed that this would be sure to happen to him.1 A satire of the author's contemporaries and an allegory of Russia's ambiguous relationship with Europe, this tale also offers a plausible description of how France perceives America today. We have entered an age of renewed polemic and counterblasts. Such traditional sore spots as food and film (still reliable sources of outcry, when tweaked) become even more tender in times of divisive foreign policy. Geopolitics has the power to resurrect cliches, give them new life, sometimes even make them true. A cover story for the Times Literary Supplement recently offered to explain Why the French Hate America.2 At present, America and antiAmericanism receive more attention than ever before. Indeed, the crocodile has come to town.

Topic: Canadian Identity and History
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Effect of Chelated Chromium and <scp>L</scp> ‐carnitine on Subcutaneous Fat Deposition in the <scp>M</scp> angalarga <scp>M</scp> archador Breed after Training

Introduction The B razilian M angalarga M archador breed is valued for its gait. However few studies have assessed the use of nutritional additives on this breed's performance. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that chelated trivalent chromium and L ‐carnitine feed supplementation may reduce subcutaneous fat deposition after training. Methods 13 mares (2.5 to 3 years old) were assigned to one of three treatments ( T 1, 10 mg C r/day; T 2, 10 g LCN /day; T3, control) according to a completely randomized design, with split‐plot arrangement. The diet was Panicum maximum cv. Massai and concentrate (50:50 ratio and 2.5% BWT ). During 42 days the mares received supplementation and exercised for 50 min on a treadmill and 60 min on an automatic walker every other day, resting on Sundays. Subcutaneous fat was measured with ultrasound before and after training in the back‐loin( GDL ), croup( GG ), and base of the tail( GBC ). Results were compared by Tukey test (P&lt;0.05). Results Before training, the variables were similar across the groups (P&gt;0.05). After training, in GDL , T 2 (1.76 mm) was 37.37% lower (P&lt;0.05) than control (2.81 mm), while T1 (2.22 mm) was similar to T 2 and control. There was no difference between treatments (P&gt;0.05) in GG . In GBC , there was a 24.45% increase from pre (8.59 mm) to post‐treatment (10.69 mm) evaluations, regardless of the treatment. Conclusions Supplementation with L ‐carnitine reduces subcutaneous fat deposition in the lumbar region of M angalarga M archador mares after training, which may be indicative of increased use of subcutaneous fat in this region as a substrate for exercise. Ethical Animal Research Procedures were approved research by the U niversity (no. 237 / 2012 protocol). Sources of funding: CNPq , CAPES , FAPEMIG , ABCCMM , Lab TORTUGA , Haras Esperança e Grande Sertão. Competing interests: none.

Topic: Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Colditz Myth

Though only one among hundreds of prison camps in which British servicemen were held between 1939 and 1945, Colditz enjoys unparalleled name recognition both in Britain and in other parts of the English-speaking world. Made famous in print, on film, and through television, Colditz remains a potent symbol of key virtues-including ingenuity and perseverance against apparently overwhelming odds-that form part of the popular mythology surrounding the British war effort in World War II. Colditz has played a major role in shaping perceptions of the prisoner-of-war experience in Nazi Germany, an experience in which escaping is assumed to be paramount and 'Outwitting the Hun' a universal sport. This book chronicles the development of the Colditz myth and puts what happened inside the castle in the context of British and Commonwealth POW life in Germany as a whole. Being a captive of the Third Reich-from the moment of surrender down to the day of liberation and repatriation-was more complicated and a good deal tougher than the popular myth would suggest. The physical and mental demands of survival far outweighed escaping activity in order of importance in most camps almost all of the time, and even in Colditz the reality was in some respects very different from the almost Boy's Own caricature that developed during the post-war decades. This book seeks to place Colditz-both the camp and the legend-in a wider historical context.

Topic: German History and Society
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Unusual case of anxiety: trichloroethylene neurotoxicity

I present an uncommon case of recurrent, intractable anxiety that was presented acutely and slowly evolved into a chronic debilitating condition. A young previously fit and healthy 24-year-old patient presents with somewhat atypical symptoms of anxiety. Full medical work-up including examination, blood, ECG electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram and CT of the head was unremarkable. When the history was explored in detail, it was revealed he worked in the navy and was exposed to a neurotoxic solvent, trichloroethylene. This case highlights the importance of eliciting a detailed occupational history, particularly paying attention to patient demographics such as occupation and presenting symptoms that do not readily fit into diagnostic criteria.

Topic: Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Training Psychiatrists from Developing Nations

Foreign physicians face critical linguistic and cultural barriers to learning American psychiatry. Furthermore, conventional training programs effectively deprive many of them of freedom of choice by forging a professional identity incompatible with medical realities in their own countries. Moral dilemmas complicate the identity crisis. Adequate training for foreign medical school graduates, the author believes, requires working through these conflicts in addition to special emphasis on the social sciences and public health.

Topic: Global Health Workforce Issues
Subfield: Emergency Medical Services
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences