jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Lightweight Road Environment Segmentation using Vector Quantization

Road environment segmentation plays a significant role in autonomous driving. Numerous works based on Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs) and Transformer architectures have been proposed to leverage local and global contextual learning for efficient and accurate semantic segmentation. In both architectures, the encoder often relies heavily on extracting continuous representations from the image, which limits the ability to represent meaningful discrete information. To address this limitation, we propose segmentation of the autonomous driving environment using vector quantization. Vector quantization offers three primary advantages for road environment segmentation. (1) Each continuous feature from the encoder is mapped to a discrete vector from the codebook, helping the model discover distinct features more easily than with complex continuous features. (2) Since a discrete feature acts as compressed versions of the encoder's continuous features, they also compress noise or outliers, enhancing the image segmentation task. (3) Vector quantization encourages the latent space to form coarse clusters of continuous features, forcing the model to group similar features, making the learned representations more structured for the decoding process. In this work, we combined vector quantization with the lightweight image segmentation model MobileUNETR and used it as a baseline model for comparison to demonstrate its efficiency. Through experiments, we achieved 77.0 % mIoU on Cityscapes, outperforming the baseline by 2.9 % without increasing the model's initial size or complexity.

Topic: Advanced Neural Network Applications
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Figure 103 from: Caterino M, Tishechkin A (2013) A systematic revision of Operclipygus Marseul (Coleoptera, Histeridae, Exosternini). ZooKeys 271: 1-401. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.271.4062

Figure 103 - Operclipygus iheringi. A Dorsal habitus B Pygidia.

Topic: Coleoptera Taxonomy and Distribution
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Anthropogenic and Hydroclimatic Drivers of Livelihood Vulnerability in Wetland Communities: A Geospatial and Pragmatic Assessment

Abstract Over the last few decades, the degradation of wetlands has significantly contributed to the decline in rural sustainability and the exacerbation of livelihood losses, particularly pronounced among wetland communities in developing nations. This paper employs a pragmatic approach and geospatial modelling to scrutinise the vulnerabilities in the livelihoods of these wetland communities. The primary focus of the study is to comprehensively analyse the ramifications of climate variability, natural disasters, alterations in wetland hydrology, diminishing fish diversity, sanitation concerns, anthropogenic pressures, and infrastructural development on the livelihoods of these communities. Along with a field observation-based pragmatic approach, geospatial techniques, Fragstat modelling, and water quality analysis, methods were employed in a mixed methods analysis. A Multi Criteria Decision Making Approach (MCDMA) was adopted to quantify the final composite rank of the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). In our mixed methods approach, we utilised qualitative interventions such as focus group discussions (FGD) to understand the complex issue of livelihood vulnerability of wetland communities. Our analysis revealed that the vulnerability of wetland communities has been increasing due to anthropogenic pressures. To maintain the stability of the livelihoods of wetland communities, all indicators studied need to be optimised or supported by various state and non-state actors to reduce vulnerability. Graphical Abstract

Topic: Climate change impacts on agriculture
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The influence of diameter ratio on the output performance of piezoelectric energy harvester with double interference effect

Abstract At present, it is very popular to obtain energy from environmental vibration to continuously supply power to small sensors. However, most of the current research focuses on either one or two cylinders. The research on the tandem arrangement of three cylinders is still insufficient. In this paper, a double-interference-effect energy harvester based on wake excitation is proposed. Three distinct diameters of downstream interference columns were tested. Wind tunnel experiments revealed that, within a specific wind speed range, the non-interference column achieved a peak output voltage of 1,132.065 mV, while the 60 mm interference column reached a maximum output of 1,162.712 mV. Furthermore, the maximum output voltage of the downstream interference column with a diameter of 60 mm can reach 1,162.712 mV.

Topic: Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cotton N rate could be reduced further under the planting model of late sowing and high-density in Yangtze River Valley

Abstract Background An optimal N rate is one of the basic determinants for high cotton yield. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal N rate on a new cotton cropping pattern with late-sowing, high density and one-time fertilization at first flower in Yangtze River Valley China. A 2-year experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016 with a randomized complete blocks design, and cotton growth process, yield and biomass accumulation were examined. Results The results showed that N rate had no effect on cotton growing progress or periods. Cotton yield was increased with N rate increasing from 120–180 kg ha − 1 , while the yield was not increased when N was beyond 180 kg ha − 1 , or even decreased (9–29%). Cotton had the highest biomass at N180 due to its highest accumulation speed during the fast accumulation period (FAP). Conclusions The result suggests that cotton N rate could be reduced further to be 180 kg ha − 1 under the new cropping pattern in Yangtze River Valley China.

Topic: Research in Cotton Cultivation
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Types of German causal clauses and their syntactic-semantic layers

Abstract This chapter aims to discuss some distinguishing syntactic and interpretative properties of German causal weil -clauses, da -clauses and verb-first causal clauses. The chapter argues that these different properties can be fruitfully analysed in Krifka’s ( 2018 , to appear) system of decomposition of a speech act into the levels of a proposition, of a judgement, of a commitment and of a speech act. These semantic levels are represented in syntax by TP, JP, ComP and ActP, respectively. Standardly, a weil -clause is just a TP (covered by a CP-shell). In contrast, a da -clause is of the more complex category JP (covered by a CP-shell), which is adjoined to the JP of its host, i.e., a da -clause is interconnected with a judgement. Related to this there are, for example, the findings that in contrast to the situation with a weil -clause, a da -clause cannot be narrowly focal, that the causal relation expressed by da is not at-issue, and that there is no binding from the host into a da -clause. Furthermore, a da -clause may host a certain type of root phenomena. A verb-first causal clause is of the most complex category ActP and is licensed by an ActP. It cannot be syntactically embedded and it has illocutionary force, which, however, has a supporting function with regard to the illocutionary force of the preceding sentence. A verb-first causal clause may host all kinds of root phenomena. The chapter also compares Krifka’s layers of interpretation and Sweetser’s (1990) three domains of interpretation (content, epistemic, speech act) and shows that these two classifications complement each other with correlations.

Topic: Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A Marine Organism Detection Framework Based on the Joint Optimization of Image Enhancement and Object Detection

Underwater vision-based detection plays an increasingly important role in underwater security, ocean exploration and other fields. Due to the absorption and scattering effects of water on light, as well as the movement of the carrier, underwater images generally have problems such as noise pollution, color cast and motion blur, which seriously affect the performance of underwater vision-based detection. To address these problems, this study proposes an end-to-end marine organism detection framework that can jointly optimize the image enhancement and object detection. The framework uses a two-stage detection network with dynamic intersection over union (IoU) threshold as the backbone and adds an underwater image enhancement module (UIEM) composed of denoising, color correction and deblurring sub-modules to greatly improve the framework’s ability to deal with severely degraded underwater images. Meanwhile, a self-built dataset is introduced to pre-train the UIEM, so that the training of the entire framework can be performed end-to-end. The experimental results show that compared with the existing end-to-end models applied to marine organism detection, the detection precision of the proposed framework can improve by at least 6%, and the detection speed has not been significantly reduced, so that it can complete the high-precision real-time detection of marine organisms.

Topic: Image Enhancement Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Reversible Breakdown in GaN Dual Channel Cantilevers for VOC Sensing

There is a unique challenge presented by the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the air quality monitoring. VOCs are vital components for environmental and human health. VOCs from number of sources and mixtures are complex to monitor. But, with the emerging technologies there is a potential to support existing air quality measurement methods by providing data with high time and spatial resolution. With the availability of technology where sensors are connected to each other there is great potential to enhance the research and monitoring for public health and communities impacted by air toxics, which in turn could support a better understanding of exposure levels and actions to reduce harmful exposure. In the past century the pollution levels in the indoor environment has rapidly increased compared to the pollution levels of outdoor environment. The pollution is not only due to carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide that is present in the atmosphere but, there are lot of other pollutants such as VOCs. There is a need for a sensor to continuously monitor all these harmful gases that are present in the air. The focus of our paper is on Gallium nitride (GAN) based cantilevers for VOCs sensing to monitor the air quality.

Topic: Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting
Subfield: Environmental Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Clinical Profile and Outcome of Children with Acute Central Nervous System (CNS) Infection from a Tertiary Care Centre in the Present Vaccination Era

Introduction: Meningitis is a common tropical infection which causes significant morbidity and mortality in children. Vaccination is available now-a-days for Haemophilus influenza and pneumococcus which are the common infection causing meningitis. Profile of acute Central Nervous System (CNS) infection in children varies with time to time as it depends on the organism, age, seasonal period, outbreaks, immunisation and place. Aim: To study the clinical, microbiological, radiological profile and outcome of children with acute CNS infection in a tertiary care centre in the present vaccination era. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was done in the Department of Paediatrics, Government Dharmapuri Medical College Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India, from December 2018 to June 2020. Total 50 children from one month to 12 years with features of acute CNS infection were included in the study. Clinical features, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and serology findings, Computed Tomography (CT) scan findings and outcome were taken for analysis. The data were entered in Microsoft Excel software and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Results: During the study period, 50 children were diagnosed with acute CNS infection. A total of 37 (74%) children were less than 3 years and 31 (62%) male children were commonly affected. Fever 42 (84%), seizures 46 (92%) and altered sensorium 31 (62%) were the common symptoms. Status epilepticus 40 (87%), shock 18 (36%), respiratory distress 16 (32%) were common findings. In CSF, elevated cell count, reduced sugar, elevated protein were seen in 21 (42%), 14 (28%) and 27 (54%), respectively. Pneumococcus 3 (6%), Japanese Encephalitis (JE) 8 (16%), dengue 5 (10%), herpes 4 (8%), scrub typhus (aetiological agent Orientia tsutsugamushi) 2 (4%) were the common aetiological agents for CNS infection. CT brain was abnormal in 8 (16%) children. Nine children died (18%) and rest 41 (82%) recovered. Conclusion: In the present vaccination era, viruses and tropical fevers- JE, dengue, herpes and scrub typhus were common causes for acute CNS infection in children. Common clinical features were status epilepticus, fever, altered sensorium, respiratory distress and shock. Initial stabilisation of physiological status, specific management and JE vaccination are mandatory to improve the outcome in CNS infection.

Topic: Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Investigation on the Effect of Tool Pin Profiles on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Friction Stir Butt and Scarf Welded Aluminium Alloy 6063

In the present study, friction stir welding (FSW) of butt and scarf joints of Al 6063-T6 were investigated. Five different tool pin profiles (cylindrical, tapered cylindrical, square, triangular, and hexagonal) were applied for performing welding. Scarf joint, being a new joint configuration, was used and effect of pin profiles was investigated on this type of joint configuration. The effect of pin profiles on microstructure, micro-hardness, impact and tensile properties of friction stir welded Al 6063-T6 was investigated. Scanning electron and optical microscopy were employed to characterize the different zones of welded joints. A thorough discussion on correlation between mechanical properties and microstructure has been made. In addition, the formation of various defects during the FSW was discussed with the help of fractography of the fractured surfaces.

Topic: Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Energy deposition limits in a Nb/sub 3/Sn separation dipole in front of the LHC high-luminosity inner triplet

Interaction region inner triplets are among the systems which may limit the LHC performance. An option for a new higher luminosity IR is a double-bore inner triplet with separation dipoles placed in front of the first quadrupole. The radiation load on the first dipole, resulting from pp-interactions, is a key parameter to determine the feasibility of this approach. Detailed energy deposition calculations were performed with the MARS 14 code for two Nb/sub 3/Sn dipole designs with no superconductor on the mid-plane. Comparison of peak power densities with those in the baseline LHC IR suggests that it may be possible to develop workable magnets for luminosities up to 10/sup 35/ cm/sup -2/ s/sup -1/.

Topic: Superconducting Materials and Applications
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Memory Problems in Parkinson's Disease Patients With and Without Mild Cognitive Impairment: Comparisons Between Caregiver and Self‐report

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to examine differences in patient and caregiver ratings of memory function in a community sample of patients with Parkinson's disease ( PD ) diagnosed with and without mild cognitive impairment ( PD ‐ MCI ). Methods One hundred sixty‐five patient‐caregiver pairings participated in the study. Patients with PD were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing five of the key cognitive domains as indicated in the PD ‐ MCI Movement Disorders Task Force criteria. Patients and caregivers also completed the Memory Assessment Clinics Self‐Rating or Family Scale ( MAC ‐S/ MAC ‐F), and patients were divided into two groups, those with PD ‐ MCI and those without. Results For patients diagnosed with PD ‐ MCI , both patients and caregivers reported significantly more memory changes compared with patients without PD ‐ MCI on the MAC ‐S and MAC ‐F. In contrast, for patients without PD ‐ MCI , patients and caregivers differed significantly in their reporting of memory changes, with scores indicating that patients without PD ‐ MCI felt their memory functioning was worse than what caregivers were reporting. Conclusions Patients with PD without MCI might be more sensitive to memory changes than their caregivers. Whether the self‐appraisal of memory problems is predictive of future cognitive difficulties, including progression to PD ‐ MCI or PD dementia, should be the focus of future research.

Topic: Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Infrasound Monitoring in Hawaii

The infrasound network around Kīlauea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai Volcanoes is one of the most advanced in the world. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) and the University of Hawaii Infrasound Laboratory (ISLA) maintain a network of infrasound arrays and individual stations to detect hazardous events in Hawaii. The network was designed for natural hazards applications such as volcanic eruptions, severe weather, high surf, and tsunamis. Active open-vent volcanoes such as Kīlauea are particularly good infrasound emitters. We are steadily building a continuous baseline of volcano-acoustic activity, including infrasonic tremor and crater collapses from Halema′uma′u and Pu′u O′o, as well as other natural and anthropogenic infrasound from acoustic sources on-island, offshore, and aloft. New directions include the development and commercialization of ubiquitous sensing platforms for high-density data collection, and the construction of real-time signal identification and early warning systems within the machine learning and big data frameworks. Once field- and stress-tested in Hawaii, the techniques and technologies developed by this collaboration between academia, government, and industry will be exported to other volcanic environments.

Topic: Underwater Acoustics Research
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Students’ motivation to study music: The United States of America

As a part of a larger international mapping exercise to examine students’ motivation to study music as compared to other school subjects, this article draws upon data from a sample of 3037 students in the USA to observe perceptions of values, competence and interest in music study (in school versus outside of school) among music learners and non-music learners. Students were grouped into three grade levels: (a) 6, (b) 7—9, and (c) 10—12. Music learners in the USA had significantly higher motivational profiles for music and some other school subjects as compared to non-music learners. Music interest inside of school was ranked significantly lower than for any other subject, while music interest outside of school was ranked second highest for any subject in grades 6 and 7—9, and highest of all subjects in grades 10—12. This article addresses cultural and contextual issues in the USA to consider how music advocates might better demonstrate the importance and usefulness of music study as an academic course. Practical recommendations include encouraging a broader emphasis beyond performance and competition, and promoting opportunities for autonomous music learning within the school setting.

Topic: Diverse Music Education Insights
Subfield: Music
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Mechanism of energy dissipation in cavitation vortices of low head axial flow pump-as-turbine via reduced-order variational mode decomposition

When the low head pump-as-turbine (PAT) mode, the nonlinear coupling of vortex systems (namely draft-tube and blade–passage vortices) and the intensification of cavitation degrade both efficiency and operational stability. Existing signal–decomposition techniques (e.g. EMD, EWT) struggle to disentangle these interacting vortex modes and their associated energy–dissipation mechanisms. To overcome these limitations, this study fuses reduced-order variational mode decomposition (RVMD) with entropy–production theory. By imposing physics–based constraints, RVMD achieves high–fidelity separation of multimodal phenomena (such as cavitation vortices), while avoiding mode mixing. Each extracted mode is then embedded within an entropy–production framework to establish a quantitative mapping between specific vortex dynamics and local energy–dissipation rates. Cavitation severity is characterized by the dimensionless Thoma number σ (smaller σ indicates more severe cavitation). Our results reveal two regimes: The head is 4.4 m. Initial cavitation stage (σ = 0.831): Energy concentrates predominantly in mid–frequency modes (Modes 3 and 4), accounting for 62% of the total, with minimal instability. Severe cavitation stage (σ = 0.388): Cavitation vortices dominate low–frequency modes (Modes 1 and 2), comprising 78% of the signal. The overall dissipation rate surges to 24.7%, with low–frequency modes contributing 71% of the additional loss under strong cavitation. The proposed ‘high–precision modal separation to mode–specific entropy–production evaluation’ framework addresses a critical bottleneck in deciphering complex vortex dissipation mechanisms. It offers a broadly applicable tool for energy–optimization in turbomachinery and other systems with intricate flow dynamics.

Topic: Cavitation Phenomena in Pumps
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Development of Churg‑Strauss syndrome with severe multiple mononeuropathy after leukotriene receptor antagonist treatment in one of the monozygotic twins with asthma

Several cases of Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) have been reported in asthmatic patients treated with leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs). It is not clear whether LTRA is a causative factor in the development of vasculitis. We present the case of a 26-year-old patient, who developed severe central and peripheral neuropathy after a short-term treatment with LTRA, followed by gastrointestinal perforation and bleeding. The patient was successfully treated with high-dose glucocorticoids, immunoglobulins, and cyclophosphamide. His monozygotic twin brother treated for asthma does not meet classification criteria for Churg-Strauss syndrome at the moment, but his condition is being monitored. Both asthma and rheumatology specialists should consider the possibility of CSS development in patients treated with LTRAs.

Topic: Vasculitis and related conditions
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences