jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
10-Year outcomes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Mehaffey, James H. MD; Lapar, Damien MD; Clement, Kathleen; Seaman, Sierra J.; Turrentine, Florence E. PhD, RN; Miller, Michael; Hallowell, Peter T. MD, FACS; Schirmer, Bruce D. MD, FACS Author Information

Topic: Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Flexible systems approach to management in a borderless world

The managerial issues in a borderless world are becoming far more intricate and complex and requires to be handled differently at different levels in diverse situations. There is a need to resolve the paradoxes in literature regarding various schools of thought, and as a response to this a flexible systems approach to management is presented as a spectral and integrative paradigm. The critical managerial issues in the borderless world are outlined, and the utility of this spectral and integrative paradigm is emphasized for handling them effectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Complex Systems and Decision Making
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The impact of federal funding. Long-term dialysis programs: new selection criteria, new problems.

The following transcript is adapted from a case conference held in the Barnes and Wohl Hospitals, St. Louis, Missouri. The participants are members of the Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology of the Washington University School of Medicine. Dr. Renée Fox, professor and chairman of the Department of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania and co-author of the book The Courage to Fail, was a guest at the conference.

Topic: Healthcare Policy and Management
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Uluslararası Belgelerde İfade Özgürlüğü

People in the world living from day to day have enough security, nutrition, shelter, etc. in addition to meet the needs in the future, in order to meet these needs without interruption to act alone is insufficient, to come together and help each other can accomplish this are in communication with other people, thinking people have established communities. Here’s the idea description (Express) and the organization started its journey from this point on, starting with the historical. Over time people are multiplying families, families, society, societies, Nations have formed. Nations to secure their future, they have to protect the established States of the country. Their social security of the State, the economy, justice, health, social security, etc., to solve their problems, and to ensure that people’s happiness will conduct these services have established agencies

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Obesity, dopamine and the metabolic syndrome: potential of dopaminergic agents in the control of metabolism

Purpose of review To discuss and gather together current knowledge pertaining to the role of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the control of various metabolic and behavioural processes that are often disrupted in obese humans, and to highlight evidence that dopaminergic drugs can ameliorate various metabolic anomalies associated with obesity. Recent findings Dopamine is involved in the control of food intake, energy expenditure, glucose and lipid metabolism, blood pressure and insulin release. Dopaminergic (D2 receptor) neurotransmission is diminished in the brains of obese animal models and humans. D2 receptor activation facilitates glucose metabolism, lowers blood pressure and stimulates resting energy expenditure in non-diabetic obese individuals. Long-term treatment with D2 receptor agonists improves metabolic control in obese humans with type 2 diabetes. Summary The (re)activation of diminished D2 receptor-mediated neurotransmission simultaneously ameliorates a number of metabolic anomalies associated with obesity in humans. D2 receptor agonistic drugs could be an asset to our armamentarium in the battle against type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Their clinical efficacy may, however, be curtailed by the fact that D2 receptors are less abundant in obesity. The (patho-)biology of dopaminergic neurotransmission in obese individuals thus requires further study to be able to design drugs that can boost the beneficial effects of D2 receptor agonists in obese humans.

Topic: Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Subfield: Endocrine and Autonomic Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Low-Energy <i>e</i><sup>+</sup><i>e</i><sup>−</sup> Hadronic Annihilation Cross Sections

The past decade has seen very significant progress in the measurement of the cross section for the annihilation process e + e − →hadrons. Different experimental approaches have helped achieve a more complete and fairly consistent picture. I provide a short review of the procedures used to obtain a continuous description of cross sections combining all available results from experiments. These data are necessary input to calculations of hadronic vacuum polarization effects that use dispersion integrals in an energy regime in which perturbative QCD cannot be applied. Applications include the hadronic contribution to the muon magnetic anomaly prediction in the Standard Model and the running of the electromagnetic coupling through the scale dependence of α(s), particularly its value at the Z boson mass, which is necessary for electroweak precision tests. Another application is for QCD studies that aim to accurately determine the strong coupling and its running, α S (s), and the heavy quark masses.

Topic: Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Fiscal decentralization and internal conflict: an empirical investigation

This paper examines the relationship between fiscal decentralization and internal conflict in seventy-seven countries during the period 1972–2000. The results show that the devolution of fiscal power to subnational tiers of government reduces the incidence of civil conflict. This finding is robust to the inclusion in the analysis of the degree of political decentralization and of a number of control variables commonly employed in the literature. Likewise, the observed relationship does not depend on the estimation strategy or the specific measures used to quantify the degree of fiscal decentralization and the incidence of civil conflicts within the various countries.

Topic: Local Government Finance and Decentralization
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Brain-computer interfaces: signals, methods, and goals

A brain-computer interface (BCI) changes signals from the brain, which normally merely reflect brain activity into the end product of that activity, outputs that communicate the user's intent to the outside world (Wolpaw et al., 2002). BCI operation requires the effective interaction of two adaptive controllers: user and system. The user generates signals that encode intent; and the system translates these signals into commands that control a neuroprosthesis, an environmental control system, a word processor, or another external device. Thus, BCI use is essentially a new motor skill that user and system master and maintain. A variety of different brain signals could conceivably be used for BCI communication and control. These signals fall into two classes: spikes that reflect the action potentials of individual neurons, and field potentials that reflect the combined synaptic, neuronal, and axonal activity of groups of neurons (Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva, 1999).

Topic: EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Amazonia revealed: forest degradation and loss of ecosystem goods and services in the Amazon Basin

The Amazon Basin is one of the world's most important bioregions, harboring a rich array of plant and animal species and offering a wealth of goods and services to society. For years, ecological science has shown how large-scale forest clearings cause declines in biodiversity and the availability of forest products. Yet some important changes in the rainforests, and in the ecosystem services they provide, have been underappreciated until recently. Emerging research indicates that land use in the Amazon goes far beyond clearing large areas of forest; selective logging and other canopy damage is much more pervasive than once believed. Deforestation causes collateral damage to the surrounding forests – through enhanced drying of the forest floor, increased frequency of fires, and lowered productivity. The loss of healthy forests can degrade key ecosystem services, such as carbon storage in biomass and soils, the regulation of water balance and river flow, the modulation of regional climate patterns, and the amelioration of infectious diseases. We review these newly revealed changes in the Amazon rainforests and the ecosystem services that they provide.

Topic: Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
An<i>Orange Ripening</i>Mutant Links Plastid NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase Complex Activity to Central and Specialized Metabolism during Tomato Fruit Maturation

Abstract In higher plants, the plastidial NADH dehydrogenase (Ndh) complex supports nonphotochemical electron fluxes from stromal electron donors to plastoquinones. Ndh functions in chloroplasts are not clearly established; however, its activity was linked to the prevention of the overreduction of stroma, especially under stress conditions. Here, we show by the characterization of OrrDs, a dominant transposon-tagged tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant deficient in the NDH-M subunit, that this complex is also essential for the fruit ripening process. Alteration to the NDH complex in fruit changed the climacteric, ripening-associated metabolites and transcripts as well as fruit shelf life. Metabolic processes in chromoplasts of ripening tomato fruit were affected in OrrDs, as mutant fruit were yellow-orange and accumulated substantially less total carotenoids, mainly β-carotene and lutein. The changes in carotenoids were largely influenced by environmental conditions and accompanied by modifications in levels of other fruit antioxidants, namely, flavonoids and tocopherols. In contrast with the pigmentation phenotype in mature mutant fruit, OrrDs leaves and green fruits did not display a visible phenotype but exhibited reduced Ndh complex quantity and activity. This study therefore paves the way for further studies on the role of electron transport and redox reactions in the regulation of fruit ripening and its associated metabolism.

Topic: Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Managing Crop Residue with Green Manure, Urea, and Tillage in a Rice–Wheat Rotation

Most double‐crop grain farmers in South Asia remove or burn crop residue to facilitate seedbed preparation and to avoid possible yield reductions. This results in loss of soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrients. In this study, we determined whether incorporating wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) residue, rice ( Oryza sativa L.) residue, and sesbania ( Sesbania aculeta L.) green manure with urea fertilizer N in a rice–wheat cropping system can improve grain yields, N use efficiency, and SOM. We incorporated wheat residue (6 Mg ha −1 , C/N = 94), rice residue (6 Mg ha −1 , C/N = 63), or both, with and without green manure (20 or 40 Mg fresh ha −1 , C/N = 19), in a field experiment with irrigated rice and wheat grown each year in rotation on a Tolewal sandy loam (Typic Ustochrept) in the Punjab of India. Rice and wheat residue did not affect grain yields of wheat and rice, but residue incorporation did result in reduced recovery efficiency of urea N and green manure N. Rice production was greater with wheat residue incorporation when an average of 86 kg N ha −1 of a prescribed 120 kg N ha −1 dose was applied as green manure N and the balance as urea N vs. 120 kg urea N ha −1 alone. Despite wider C/N than rice residue, wheat residue additions to flooded rice resulted in greater C sequestration in soil than with rice residue or 40 Mg green manure ha −1 These results demonstrate that a green manure crop and/or incorporating crop residue in a rice–wheat system has potential to increase SOM while maintaining high grain yields.

Topic: Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Comparison of Direct Microscopic Examination and Culture Results in Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Abstract Background and Objectives: one of the endemic foci for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran is Mashhad in which limited outbreak have recently been reported. The commonly used method for diagnosis is the clinical features confirmed by direct microspic examination and culture or biopsy. We compared these two tests to determine the level of their sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value. Material and Methods: we performed this comparative-analytic study on 73 patients suspected of having ulcers Leishmaniasis in Mashhad, Iran. Giemsa was staining the smears and the samples cultivated on Di-phasic N.N.N. culture media . Analysis was performed by SPSS version 11.5 and Chi square test. A P- value less than 0.05 were considered as a significant. Results: In 43 cases (58.9%), both the smear and culture are Positive. In 13 cases (17.8%), the smear is negative but the culture Positive. In 17 cases (23.2%), both smear and culture are negative. The two methods are positively correlated (82%). Sensitivity, Specifity, Positive predictive Value and negative predictive value are 76.7%, 100%, 100% and 56.7%., respectively. Conclusion: when the smear is positive, there is no need for culture. However, the opposite is not true. Key words: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Laboratory Diagnostic, Direct Microspic Examination, Culture.

Topic: Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Northern teachers in northern schools: the Greenland experience

It often appears as if circumpolar school administrators believe that the quality of education varies with the number of photocopiers purchased, the variety of textbooks available or the shape and novelty of their school buildings. The idea that a teacher might be the single most important factor in a child's education often escapes mention. Yet the failure of schools in northern Canada and Alaska to produce enough graduates to meet even the limited local demand for workers can be traced, almost certainly, to the absence of trained native teachers and to the total lack of continuity provided by southern teachers, who stay for only two or three years in the north, keeping their locus of existence firmly rooted in the south.

Topic: Indigenous Studies and Ecology
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Incentive Problems and General Partner Compensation in Limited Partnership Real Estate Investments

When a general partner raises capital for a real estate syndication, prospective investors should price‐protect against incentives of the general partner to misrepresent project cash flows. In this study, I evaluate the structure of the general partner's compensation and specific project characteristics to determine if compensation structure can mitigate agency costs. Results indicate that front‐end compensation is higher for the high reputation general partner and that the compensation structure varies with the degree of management expertise required and the financial risks of the investment.

Topic: Housing Market and Economics
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Stress granules: RNP-containing cytoplasmic bodies arising in stress: Structure and mechanism of organization

The review considers recent data on stress granules, which are dense RNP-containing cytoplasmic bodies that arise under stress conditions, e.g., in heat shock, UV irradiation, energy depletion, and oxidative stress. There is evidence that stress granules accumulate incomplete initiation complexes containing mRNA associated with proteins, small ribosomal subunits, and some translation initiation factors, and that stress granules are formed when cells are depleted of the ternary complex (eIF2-tRNAMet-GTP), in particular, upon eIF2A phosphorylation or a decrease in GTP. Large ribosomal subunits and the ternary complex are absent from stress granules. The structural basis of stress granules is known. It is probable, however, that RNA-binding protein TIA-1, which normally occurs in the nucleus, forms prion-like aggregates that serve as scaffolds for other components of stress granules. The cytoskeleton facilitates the accumulation of stress granule components in local cytoplasmic sites. Studies of the formation and composition of stress granules are important for a better understanding of the regulation of translation initiation in vivo and the mechanisms of the cell response to stress factors.

Topic: RNA Research and Splicing
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Labeled extracellular vesicles can be found in the blood plasma shortly after intrauterine infusion in bovine

This study explored the migration of follicular fluid (FF)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) of the uterine environment to the bloodstream and their interaction with neutrophils <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. For the <i>in vivo</i> experiment, six Nellore heifers (<i>Bos indicus</i>) received an intrauterine infusion seven days after ovulation with 1X PBS only (sham group; n=1), 1X PBS stained with lipophilic dye PKH26 (control group; n=2), or FF-derived EVs stained with PKH26 (treated group; n=3). Plasma was collected at 0, 10, 30, 60-, 180-, 360-, 720-, and 1440-min post-infusion to obtained EVs for analysis by nano flow cytometry. Labeled EVs were present in the bloodstream at 30- and 60-min post-infusion in the treatment group. Additionally, plasma derived-EVs from all groups were positive for Calcein-AM, Alix, Syntenin, and Calnexin, which confirm the presence of EVs. The second experiment utilized the plasma-derived EVs from the heifers from 30 and 60 min timepoints to evaluate if neutrophils can uptake EVs <i>in vitro</i>. As results, it was possible to observe the presence of labeled EVs in neutrophils treated with plasma derived-EVs from the treatment group. In summary, our results suggest that labeled EVs can migrate from the uterine environment rapidly and interact with circulating immune cells in bovine.

Topic: Extracellular vesicles in disease
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Photonic Generation of Microwave Pulse Using a Phase-Modulator-Based Sagnac Interferometer and Wavelength-to-Time Mapping

We report a new photonic microwave pulse generator using a phase-modulator-based Sagnac interferometer (PM-SI) and wavelength-to-time mapping in a dispersive element. The key significance of the proposed scheme is that the phase of the generated microwave pulse can be continuously tuned by adjusting the bias voltage applied to the PM. Thanks to the wide bandwidth of the PM, high-speed phase modulation of the microwave pulse can be realized. Moreover, the PM-SI is polarization independent, which means that the PM-SI is insensitive to the state of polarization of the input optical signal, ensuring a stable operation of the system. The proposed scheme is theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified.

Topic: Advanced Photonic Communication Systems
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Drug interactions and dual diagnosis

Purpose – Adverse drug reactions (ADR) and interactions for patients who use substances and have a mental health problem is an area that lacks attention in research, practice and policy. The purpose of this paper is to examine what is currently known about this topic. Design/methodology/approach – The paper explores the available literature and specialist information available on this subject. Findings – This is a complex area, which is compounded by limited empirical evidence. However, information is available which when combined with individual patient assessment there is the potential to reduce the risk of detrimental ADR and improve concordance to medication. Originality/value – The paper offers pragmatic suggestions which aim to improve the knowledge of practitioners and lessen the potential harm to patients.

Topic: Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
Subfield: Toxicology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
The Decline in Food Stamp Use by Rural Low-Income Households: Less Need or Less Access?

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 (PRWORA) dramatically transformed the federal safety net and the food assistance landscape for low-income households in the United States.Although considerable research has focused on understanding how these reforms are affecting the lives of low-income families, most research to date has focused on urban settings.Yet there is reason to think that welfare reform may not be working as well for the almost 7.5 million people living in poverty

Topic: Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Treatment of vertebral pathological fractures by percutaneous vertebroplasty

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a consecutive series of patients undergoing vertebroplasty for pain control, according to results and complications in the short and medium follow-up. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of medical records of 26 patients undergoing vertebroplasty from January 2007 to December 2010. Patients were evaluated by the questionnaire of assessment of low back pain (Oswestry Index) and the visual analog pain scale (VAS) on the day before surgery, on the second day and 12 months after the procedure. RESULTS: Significant improvement of pain symptoms within 48 hours after surgery was reported in 22 patients (91.6%), two patients (8.32%) showed moderate improvement. Of the 22 patients with significant pain relief, 21 (95.4%) maintained the benefit and one (4.6%) had intense pain (new fracture in the body of L1) at a mean follow up of 12 months. Regarding the Oswestry Index, preoperative average was 52.9%. On the second day and 12 months after surgery this average was 23.6% and 24.5%, respectively; good results according to this index. Two patients were excluded from the study due to incomplete medical records. CONCLUSION: Despite the small sample size and short follow-up, the results of vertebroplasty were effective for the relief of pain symptoms and were safe as regards the risks of complications.

Topic: Spinal Fractures and Fixation Techniques
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
About local administration of antibacterial drugs for acne therapy

The review summarizes and systematizes data accumulated in the world research literature, which are related to the role of P. acnes in the pathogenesis of acne, its microbiology and antibacterial resistance; it also examines antibacterial drugs for the external therapy of acne and recommendations for their use.

Topic: Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences