jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Alterations in methylation and SNPs of OPRM1 gene show lack of association with heroin (nyaope) consumption in South African males of African ancestry

Nyaope is a highly addictive heroin derivative that elicits its effects via the -opioid receptor. Gene mutations and (cytosine-phospho-guanosine) CpG methylation, alter the function of the -opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) and protein. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1799971 (118 A&gt;G) and intronic rs3778150 (T&gt;C) in the OPRM1 have previously been associated with heroin use. The SNP rs1799971 can influence methylation levels of OPRM1 and alter mRNA and protein expression. This study compared the degree of OPRM1 methylation and allele frequency of SNPs rs1799971 and rs3778150 in black South African male nyaope users (n=200) to age-and gender-matched controls (n=55).DNA was extracted from whole blood samples, and analysed by methylation-specific PCR and sequencing to determine methylation frequencies across 29 CpGs within the OPRM1promoter gene region. SNPsrs1799971 (118 A&gt;G) and rs3778150 (T&gt;C) were assessed using SNP genotyping Taqman assays.Using a positive methylation assignment method, most CpGs were significantly more unmethylated in nyaope users than in controls. Using a partial methylation assignment method, most CpGs displayed significantly higher percentages of partial methylation in nyaope users than in controls. The AG genotype frequency for SNP (118 A&gt;G), was higher in controls than in nyaope users while other genotypes (AA &amp; GG) for SNP rs1799971 and (TT, CT, CC) SNP rs3778150 were broadly similar in both groups. There was no correlation observed between nyaope consumption and the presence of SNP rs1799971 and/or rs3778150 in the study populations.This study provided evidence that methylation may not be associated with the intake of nyaope and that SNPs rs1799971 and rs3778150 did not alter the methylation status of the OPRM1 promoter gene or contribute to nyaope addiction in a black South African male population.

Topic: Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Protracted Collapse of Ghana Airways: Lessons in Organizational Failure

Although the importance of organizational failure has fostered a steady stream of research, a review of the literature suggests that the majority of studies have focused on firms in the private sector and in developed economies. Despite the increasing occurrence of state-owned firms failing in many developing countries, empirical research on this issue remains scant. Using an in-depth case study of Ghana Airways, this article examines the causes of failure of state-owned organizations in developing countries. This study revealed that, in addition to external factors such as liberalization, frequent changes of the top management team and the decision makers’ characteristics contributed significantly to the firm’s demise. The theoretical, managerial, and policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Topic: Corporate Finance and Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Bioactivity-guided synthesis of gramine derivatives as new MT<sub>1</sub> and 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors agonists

Twenty-four gramine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated on MT<sub>1</sub> and 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors in vitro. Among them, seven derivatives (7, 8, 16, 19, 20, 21, and 24) exhibited higher agonisting activities on MT<sub>1</sub> or 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors. Compared with gramine, derivatives 7, 8, 16, 19, 20, 21, and 24 displayed 1.6-3.5-fold increase in agonistic rates on 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor. Particularly, derivatives 7, 19, and 21 exhibited significant agonistic activities on MT<sub>1</sub> and 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors with EC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.51, 0.39, 0.50 mΜ and 0.28, 0.46, 0.23 mΜ, respectively. The preliminary structure-activity relationships of gramine derivatives were summarized for further investigation on MT<sub>1</sub> and 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors as new potential agonists.

Topic: Insect and Pesticide Research
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Use of Traditional Methods of Contraception among Turkish Couples

About half the users of contraceptives in Turkey employ traditional methods of family planning, particularly withdrawal. This report presents data from a 1988 national survey to examine Turkish couples' use of and opinions about these methods. Use of traditional methods is widespread across all geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic groups. The principal reasons reported for not using methods generally considered to be highly reliable were fear of health problems and side effects and the opposition of husbands to such methods. Most couples who practice withdrawal also feel that it is as effective as modern methods. These findings imply that a major focus of family planning efforts should be the education of women, of their partners, and of health-care and family planning providers concerning the benefits, risks, and failure rates of both traditional and modern contraceptive methods.

Topic: Global Maternal and Child Health
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Optimally Robust Private Information Retrieval.

We give a protocol for multi-server information-theoretic private information retrieval which achieves the theoretical limit for Byzantine robustness. That is, the protocol can allow a client to successfully complete queries and identify server misbehavior in the presence of the maximum possible number of malicious servers. We have implemented our scheme and it is extremely fast in practice: up to thousands of times faster than previous work. We achieve these improvements by using decoding algorithms for error-correcting codes that take advantage of the practical scenario where the client is interested in multiple blocks of the database.

Topic: Cryptography and Data Security
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Prolonged Esophageal Button Battery Impaction in a 15 Month-Old: A Case Report

A 15 month-old female was transferred to the emergency department from a gastroenterologist's office after a chest x-ray revealed an esophageal foreign body. The patient was undergoing evaluation for regurgitation of food and refusal to eat solid food for three months with their primary care physician. X-ray of the neck upon arrival in the emergency department revealed that the foreign body was consistent with a button battery. The button battery was likely lodged in the esophagus for the three months that the child was having difficulty with feeding.

Topic: Foreign Body Medical Cases
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
From West Africa to Mecca and Jerusalem: The<i>Tijāniyya</i>on the<i>Hajj</i>Routes

Pilgrimage routes from West Africa provided channels for cultural and spiritual exchange between West African and Middle Eastern Muslims, and facilitated religious exchanges. Some of these exchanges were orthodox in nature; others, such as Sufi beliefs and practices, were more popular in their appeal. This article examines the ways that Tijāniyya tāriqa leaders and disciples spread their beliefs and practices along the hajj routes during the colonial period. Since this period saw the transformation of boundaries and borders, the hajj could be perceived more as a “state affair,” as its routes moved within the boundaries of the new empires or fluctuated between the new colonial empires. The article focuses on the Tijāniyya tāriqa, mainly because this tāriqa was relatively new (established around the beginning of the nineteenth century) and as such serves as a good case study for the spread of tāriqa affiliations through the hajj routes from West Africa during the colonial period. This article also examines the role of the hajj for Tijāni West African Muslims who settled in Jerusalem in the same period.

Topic: Islamic Studies and History
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Spatial - Temporal variability of Land Use Land Cover at Mount Merapi, Indonesia

One of the most active volcanoes in the island of Java is Merapi mount which was experienced the last major eruption peak on October 26th, 2010. This volcanic eruption was effusive eruption type where magmatic gas pressure in the crater was not too strong and magma eruption was just flown out past the slopes of the Merapi mount area. However, magmatic gas pressure and magma volume still result in deformation changes that have a direct impact on residential areas throughout the Merapi mount area. Residential areas were obtained through supervised classification process from Landsat 7 and 8-satellite imagery in the 2009, 2011 and 2019 acquisition year. The reason of observation year selection was based on pre and post eruption concept to get pattern of Merapi’s mountain body change through deformation analysis. The work focuses on spatial-temporal variability of land use land cover analysis at Mount Merapi pre and post 2010 eruption event considered here. The technique is based on NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) and False Colour Composite methodology. Based on change in number of pixels it was analysed. Actually, some portion of land was covered with clouds and its shadows. From the results it was observed that, water body, barren and built up features were miss classified. So finally False Colour Composite (FCC) images are used to identify the misclassified classes.

Topic: Q Methodology Applications
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Highly manufacturable 7nm FinFET technology featuring EUV lithography for low power and high performance applications

7nm CMOS FinFET technology featuring EUV lithography, 4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> gen. dual Fin and 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> gen. multi-eWF gate stack is presented, providing 20% faster speed or consuming 35% less total power over 10nm technology [1]. EUV lithography, fully applied to MOL contacts and minimum-pitched metal/via interconnects, can reduce >25% mask steps with higher fidelity and smaller CD variation. A <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">VT</inf> of 6T HD SRAM cell are 1.29 for PD (PG) and 1.34 for PU, respectively.

Topic: Semiconductor materials and devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Regulation of Virulence in Rhizoctonia Solani: Global Gene Expression Profile and Impact of Soil Amendments on Rhizoctonia Disease of Potato

Rhizoctonia solani is an important plant pathogen affecting monocot and dicot crops alike. In potato, R. solani is an economically important pathogen causing two types of symptoms. Stem and stolon canker results from the formation of lesions on stems and stolons that can girdle and kill the plant, while black scurf is marked by the formation of sclerotia on the potato tuber surface, providing a source of inoculum in subsequent years on seed tubers, and decreasing marketability of table stock potatoes. Control of rhizoctonia disease of potato has traditionally focused on economically and environmentally costly chemical measures that are often ineffective. Therefore, the identification of novel control measures is paramount to the development of sustainable disease management strategies. The goals of this study were two-fold. The first was to gauge the success of several cultural practices at controlling rhizoctonia disease of potato. Specifically, a Brassica napus (rapeseed) rotation crop, conifer-based compost, and three biological control organisms (Trichoderma virens, Bacillus subtilis, and a hypovirulent isolate of R. solani RhslAl) were assessed at two potato production sites with contrasting management histories (organic versus conventional potato production). All of the treatments tested had significant impacts on rhizoctonia disease of potato and overall soil microbial communities in at least one year of trials. However, while the rapeseed rotation crop generally reduced rhizoctonia disease, the compost amendment had the opposite effect, and this appeared to be independent of the levels of R. solani in the soil (as measured by quantitative PCR) at summer or fall sampling dates. The second goal of this study was to enhance the understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing pathogenicity in R. solani. Through the use of a suppression subtractive hybridization cDNA library, next-generation sequencing techniques and current bioinformatics approaches, several hundred genes induced during the infection process of R. solani were identified. These genes included many with known roles in pathogenesis in fungal phytopathogens, including those involved in entry into and growth within the host. From these data, a potential model outlining the molecular processes governing the infection of potato by R. solani was constructed and tested using quantitative PCR.

Topic: Plant Disease Resistance and Genetics
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Inferring Capabilities of Intelligent Agents

We investigate the usability of human-like agent-based interfaces. In an experiment we manipulate the capabiliÂ­ties and the âhuman-likenessâ of a travel advisory agent. We show that users of the more human-like agent form an anthropomorphic use image of the system: they act as if the system is human, and try to exploit typical human-like capabilities. UnfortuÂ­nately, this severely reduces the usaÂ­bility of the agent that looks human but lacks human-like capabilities (overestimaÂ­tion effect). We also show that the use image users form of agent-based systems is inherently integrated (as opposed to the compositional use image they form of conventional GUIs): cues provided by the system do not instill user responses in a one-to-one manner, but are instead integrated into a single use image. Consequently, users try to exploit capabilities that were not signaled by the system to begin with, thereby further exacerbating the overestimation effect.

Topic: Social Robot Interaction and HRI
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
New Evidence on the ‘Renovation Inscription’ at Tabo Monastery

The partly obliterated inscription that forms the subject of this paper provides information on both the early history of Tabo monastery (Spiti, Himachal Pradesh) and the socio-religious situation of Western Tibet in the 11th century. The three editions that have been published so far could not make use of a handwritten draft which is to be found among the unpublished works of A.H. Francke (1870–1930). The missionary’s manuscript contains the oldest available documentation of the inscription and provides text for some passages where the three later editions feature a lacuna. The present paper assesses the variant readings in the three published editions and in Francke’s draft, taking into account the additional evidence of a detailed video-documentation of the inscription which the author was able to prepare in 2002.

Topic: China's Ethnic Minorities and Relations
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[Jaundice with indirect bilirubinemia via the mother's milk].

Among the clinical entities included in the differential diagnosis of the prolonged jaundice at the end of neonatal period and in the small infant is the jaundice due to mother's milk, whose incidence is of 0.5-2% in the naturally fed infants. The authors present two cases in which the diagnosis was reached by exclusion and confirmed by the therapeutically positive test. Physiopathologic considerations are made on the basis of the literature data, and the nosologic background of the affection is presented. This clinical entity, considered to have an excellent prognosis, presented a special evolution in one of the cases.

Topic: Neonatal Health and Biochemistry
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Understanding the role of zingerone on biochemical and behavioral changes in rat brain inflicted with C6 glioma cells

Abstract Malignant glioma is the deadliest form of brain cancer. Zingerone (ZO), a polyphenolic compound found in ginger, offers pharmacological properties that make it a promising agent for containing the growth of glioma cells. The present study was conducted to understand the efficacy of ZO in containing the growth of C6 glioma cells. The study also assessed the prophylactic role of ZO on rat brain glioma induced by C6 cell lines by addressing its antioxidative action on biochemical, behavioral, and histoarchitectural indices. For dose optimization, the animals were pretreated with different doses of ZO for a period of 2 weeks before the inoculation of glioma cells (1 × 10 5 /10 µL phosphate‐buffered saline) in the caudate region of rat brain and the treatment with ZO continued for 4 more weeks post implantation. In vitro studies were done to assess the radical scavenging activity of ZO and also to determine its effects on viability of C6 glioma cells at different concentrations. Glioma‐bearing rats showed significant alterations in memory; exploratory and muscular activities which were appreciably improved upon simultaneous supplementation of ZO administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight and were also visible even at a higher dose. Glioma‐bearing rats revealed a significant increase in reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl contents, and lipid peroxidation, but showed a significant decrease in reduced glutathione and antioxidative enzymes in the brain tissue. Interestingly, all the biochemical indices and altered brain histoarchitecture displaying cellular atypia and hyperplasia showed appreciable improvement when supplemented with ZO at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight.

Topic: Ginger and Zingiberaceae research
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Fast Determination of Vitamin A Palmitate in Margarines by HPLC

Abstract Vitamin A palmitate can be directly determined by HPLC in the margarine fat phase. Omitting saponification leads to a considerable saving in analysis time, and to reduced losses during sample clean‐up. The result is obtained ca. 12 min after the HPLC injection, and one analysis incl. sample preparation can be carried out in ca. 30‐45 min ‐ when the HPLC equipment is running and calibrated. A similar method can be developed for vitamin A acetate in margarines. Initial results using azobenzene as an internal standard are also reported.

Topic: Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
In Vivo Evaluation of a Physiologic Control System for Rotary Blood Pumps Based on the Left Ventricular Pressure-Volume Loop

Current generation continuous flow assist devices to operate at a fixed speed, which limits preload response and exercise capacity in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) patients. A feedback control system was developed to automatically adjust pump speed based on direct measurements of ventricular loading using a custom cannula tip with an integrated pressure sensor and volume-sensing conductance electrodes. The input to the control system is the integral of the left ventricular (LV) pressure versus conductance loop (PGA) over each cardiac cycle. The feedback control system adjusts pump speed based on the difference between the measured PGA and the desired PGA. The control system and cannula tip were tested in acute ovine studies (n = 5) using the HeartMate II LVAD. The preload response of the control system was evaluated by partially occluding and releasing the inferior vena cava using a vessel loop snare. The cannula tip was integrated onto a custom centrifugal flow LVAD and tested in a 14-day bovine study. The control system adjusted pump support to maintain constant ventricular loading: pump speed increased (decreased) following an increase (decrease) in preload. This study demonstrated in vivo the Starling-like response of an automatic pump control system based on direct measurements of LV loading.

Topic: Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Implications of Smoothing on Statistical Multiplexing of H.264/AVC and SVC Video Streams

While the hierarchical B frames based scalable video coding (SVC) extension of the H.264/AVC standard achieves significantly improved compression over the initial H.264/AVC codec, the SVC video traffic is significantly more variable than H.264/AVC traffic. The higher traffic variability of the SVC encoder can lead to smaller numbers of streams supported with bufferless statistical multiplexing than with the H.264/AVC encoder (and even less streams than with the MPEG-4 Part 2 encoder) for prescribed link capacities and loss constraints. In this paper we examine the implications of video traffic smoothing on the numbers of statistically multiplexed H.264 SVC, H.264/AVC, and MPEG-4 Part 2 streams, the bandwidth requirements for streaming, and the introduced delay. We identify the levels of smoothing that ensure that more H.264 SVC streams than H.264/AVC streams can be supported. For a basic low-complexity smoothing technique that is readily applicable to both live and prerecorded streams, we identify the levels of smoothing that give (bufferless) statistical multiplexing performance close to an optimal off-line smoothing technique. We thus characterize the trade-offs between increased smoothing delay and increased statistical multiplexing performance for both H.264/AVC, which employs classical B frames, and H.264 SVC, which employs hierarchical B frames. We similarly identify the buffer sizes for the buffered multiplexing of unsmoothed H.264 SVC, H.264/AVC, and MPEG-4 Part 2 streams that give close to optimal performance.

Topic: Video Coding and Compression Technologies
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
To be Waterproof or to be soaked: importance of packing in British textile exports to distant markets: The cases of Chile and the River Plate,<i>c</i>.1810-1859

Abstract The literature on Anglo-South American trade during the first half of the 19 th century has taken British exports for granted. There are no specific considerations of textile exports, which were the backbone of British trade to the continent. Accordingly, when explaining the growth of British exports, historians have paid tribute solely to economic developments in South America. Important developments taking place in Britain have long been neglected. This paper provides the first account of the impact that improvements in the packing of textiles to protect against seawater damages had on British exports to distant markets, focusing on the particular markets of Chile and the River Plate c .1810-1859.

Topic: Historical Studies in Latin America
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Borg in Lofoten — An inter‐Scandinavian research project

Several sites of the historic and prehistoric periods exist at the vicarage of Borg on Vestvåg⊘y, North Norway. The settlement site Borg I, which is at present being investigated within the framework of a Scandinavian research project, is believed to be a Late Iron Age chieftain's residence.

Topic: Historical and Archaeological Studies
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences