jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
SPERM-LIMITED FECUNDITY IN NEMATODES: HOW MANY SPERM ARE ENOUGH?

The Bateman principle, which holds that oocytes are the limiting gamete in reproduction, is violated in a variety of species. Self-fertilizing hermaphrodites of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provide an example of a system in which sperm number limits lifetime reproductive output, in this species due to the protandrous nature of sperm production that in turn delays the onset of fertilization. This reproductive delay forms the basis of a trade-off between generation time and total fecundity, in which sperm number plays a pivotal role. I use an age-structured population model to describe the number of sperm that maximize fitness, given larval development time and rates of gamete production. The model predicts the evolution of sperm numbers that are consistent with empirical data for C. elegans provided that precocious larval sperm production is taken into account. Several testable hypotheses follow from the model regarding how natural selection and environmental variation may influence patterns of sperm production among populations or species with a similar mode of reproduction.

Topic: Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Tigranakert of Artsakh

Tigranakert of Artsakh is situated in the Askeran region of the Republic of Artsakh (former Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Region), in the lower valley of Khachenaget, the second-largest river of the highlands. Occupying an area of more than 70 ha, it is spread over the south-western lower slope of Mt Vankasar and in the plain next to it (Figure 1), in the neighbourhood of the freshwater sources called ‘Shahbulagh’ (‘Royal Sources’). The city was founded at the end of 90s BC by the Armenian King, Tigranes II the Great (95-55 BC). The Artsakh expedition of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia found traces of the city in 2005, and thus far has realised archaeological excavations in its vicinity. Tigranakert of Artsakh is the only one among numerous settlements named after Tigranes that has been precisely located and is being investigated by archaeologists. The archaeological museum of the city was founded in 2010, based on the large amount of excavated archaeological material. Tigranakert is the most visited archaeological site in Artsakh, described in detail on the Internet, and is widely known within scientific circles and the public. The investigations of Tigranakert were undertaken and financed by the ‘Yerkir’ Union of Non-Governmental Organisations for Repatriation and Settlement. Since 2008, the archaeological investigation of the site has been financed by the government of the Republic of Artsakh.

Topic: Eurasian Exchange Networks
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
WLC16-2: Reliability-Based Hybrid ARQ (RB-HARQ) Schemes using Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes

The reliability-based hybrid ARQ (RB-HARQ) scheme, which can be used with error correcting codes using soft-input soft-output (SISO) decoders such as convolutional codes and turbo codes, has been proposed. In the RB-HARQ scheme, the error rate performance is improved by selecting retransmission bits based on log likelihood ratio (LLR) of each bit in the receiver. However, the receiver has to send the bit positions of retransmission bits to the transmitter. Therefore, the RB-HARQ scheme requires a large number of feedback bits. On the other hand, low density parity check (LDPC) codes are recently attracting a lot of interest, because LDPC codes can achieve near Shannon limit performance. In this paper, we evaluate the RB-HARQ scheme using LDPC codes. Moreover, we propose a RB-HARQ scheme that requires a fewer feedback bits by utilizing a code structure of LDPC code. We refer to the scheme as the RB-HARQ (row base) scheme. We show that the RB-HARQ and RB-HARQ (row base) schemes using LDPC codes have better error rate performance and higher throughput performance than no ARQ scheme. We also show that the RB- HARQ (row base) scheme has a good trade-off between error rate performance and the number of feedback bits compared to the RB-HARQ scheme.

Topic: Error Correcting Code Techniques
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Beta-chemokines that inhibit HIV-1 infection of human macrophages stimulate uptake and promote destruction of Trypanosoma cruzi by human macrophages.

Recently beta-chemokines have been shown to inhibit HIV-1 infection of human macrophages. Here, we show that the beta-chemokines RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta enhance the uptake and cause intracellular destruction of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes by human macrophages obtained from healthy individuals. The trypanosome enhancing uptake and the trypanocidal effect induced by these beta-chemokines in human macrophages are abrogated by neutralizing antibodies to RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-beta, whereas irrelevant antibodies of the same class do not affect these parameters. These results indicate that the effects seen are beta-chemokine specific. Pretreatment of human macrophages with RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta induced strong tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins, suggesting that signal transduction events are involved in enhanced trypanosome uptake and parasite killing. Taken together these results suggest that the beta-chemokines RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta, might play a beneficial role in parasite clearance and destruction in individuals infected with T. cruzi. Alternatively, these three beta-chemokines may play a beneficial role in individuals concurrently infected with T. cruzi and HIV-1.

Topic: Trypanosoma species research and implications
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Transaction Cost Assessment of SEC Regulation Best Interest

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) is required to provide an economic analysis of proposed regulations and to show they plausibly meet a cost-benefit test. It recently proposed Regulation Best Interest (RBI) to replace the longstanding suitability rule for securities brokers when providing their retail clients with incidental investment advice. Despite a dearth of empirical support, the proposing release concludes that a best interest standard would better mitigate the conflicts of interest brokers face between providing their clients with impartial advice and inflating their own compensation. The empirical vacuum is a result of the SEC’s failure to ask the right economic questions, which Nobel laureate Ronald Coase raised over half a century ago: why does the rule of liability matter? What transaction costs prevent parties–who in this setting negotiate face-to-face–from correcting any market failure through private ordering? This essay provides a transaction cost assessment of RBI and concludes that a far more thorough economic analysis is necessary to justify imposing a best interest standard on retail brokers.

Topic: Taxation and Legal Issues
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
[The influence of extracellular pH on volume-activated chloride current in the prostate cancer epithelial cells].

The influence of extracellular pH on characteristics of volume-activated chloride current, ICl,swell, in the human prostate cancer epithelial cell line, LNCaP, was studied using the patch-clamp technique. Acidification of the extracellular hypotonic solution used to develop the current shortened the temporal parameters of ICl,swell development and reduced its maximal density. Sudden shifts of the pH towards acidification caused fast, transient potentiation of the current followed by its sustained inhibition. Voltage-dependent inactivation of ICl,swell was the most pronounced in the narrow range of pH = 6-7. Based on the analysis of our data we hypothesize that volume-regulated anion channels underlying ICl,swell possess in their structure at least two pH-sensitive molecular groups with similar pK = 6, titration of which modulates the current amplitude and two additional proton-sensitive groups that determine channel's inactivation.

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The formation of ultra-shallow p-type junctions using vacancy engineering.

For the last 40 years a natural demand for faster, more complex, and therefore, more functional electronic systems, has been the fundamental driving force behind the miniaturisation of the complementary metal oxide semiconductor transistor. The formation of highly conducting, ultra-shallow, p-type junctions is a key component for the source/drain contact and extension regions of the p-channel metal oxide semiconductor transistor. However, the requirements are becoming increasingly more difficult to achieve as technology advances. In fact, new ways of achieving device improvements are being considered. One method currently being implemented within industry is a switch from bulk silicon substrates to silicon on insulator (SOI). Therefore, it is important for any new techniques to be SOI compatible. The most commonly used p-type dopant, boron, suffers from process related phenomena which hinders the creation of such shallow junctions. During annealing interstitial defects remaining from the implantation process impede the junction formation through a defect-dopant interaction, which reduces the electrical activation and enhances the junction depth - the exact opposite to what is required! This thesis studies a technique which generates an excess of vacancy defects (a vacancy is essentially a missing silicon atom). The vacancies counteract the effect via an interstitial-vacancy recombination mechanism, thus reducing their detrimental effect on the subsequent boron implant. A detailed investigation into the optimisation of such a technique has been achieved through Monte Carlo simulations and experimental studies on diffusion, electrical activation and lattice damage in bulk silicon and SOI. It has been shown that it is possible to optimise the boron and vacancy generating implants to achieve a near "diffusionless" process, producing a junction depth of around 17nm, with an extremely high level of electrical activation (~5x1020cm-3) at low annealing temperatures. Furthermore, the junction is extremely thermally stable (600-900&amp;deg;C) giving rise to a large process window for ease of integration. Overall, this optimised technique rivals competing processes with a much lower equipment cost and "footprint" making it potentially a highly viable alternative to the current preferred methodology within industry.

Topic: Silicon and Solar Cell Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Practice and Innovation Model Construction of Inheritance Education of Intangible Cultural Heritage — Taking Han Embroidery Crafts as an Example

Aiming at exploring the practice and innovation mode of inheritance and education of intangible cultural heritage, Han embroidery craft with regional artistic characteristics is chosen as the basic research object.Through discussing the relationship between the research center of intangible cultural heritage and universities that should shoulder the historical mission and responsibility of the preservation, inheritance and innovation of intangible cultural heritage in modern society, it is concluded that the involvement of the research center of intangible cultural heritage in local colleges and universities can not only give full play to its theoretical guidance advantages, but also give full play to the teaching advantages of local colleges and universities, and also provide new practice and innovation models for the education and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage.

Topic: Medical Research and Treatments
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Isolation, screening, and identification of antagonistic bacteria from soil against Fusarium oxysporum

Abstract Fusarium oxysporum is the causal agent of wilt in tomato, which is one of the most destructive fungal diseases. This fungal disease strain is an important mycotoxin producer that causes several negative effects on animal and human health. Bacteria, which are found in various natural environments including the rhizosphere soil displayed fungicidal activity against fungal phytopathogens. In our study, we investigated the antifungal activity of isolated bacteria which inhibited the growth of the plant pathogen F. oxysporum causing wilt disease in tomatoes. In total of 48 isolated bacterial strains, 9 strains showed antifungal activity against F. oxysporum using co-culture method. Two bacterial strains T1-4 and T10-1 exhibited strong antagonistic activity against fungal pathogen with control values of 50.8 and 48.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of these two strains also inhibited the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum . In the 96-well plate assay, the culture filtrate of T1-4 showed the strongest antifungal activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.25%. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, T1-4 was identified as Bacillus sp.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Consumer Preference towards Branded and Unbranded Honey in Tamil Nadu, India

Honey is a natural, sweet, syrupy fluid obtained from the nectar of flowers collected by bees. The main objective of the study was to analyze consumer preference towards branded and unbranded honey in Tamil Nadu. The primary data was collected from consumers through questionnaire using online survey method. The secondary data was collected using published sources and websites. From the study it was clear that majority of the respondents preferred branded honey which was followed by wild/ tribal honey and most of them preferred Dabur honey from the available brands.

Topic: Bee Products Chemical Analysis
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The role of hyperglycemia‐evoked intracellular hyaluronan accumulation and its activity on the autophagic and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways

Abstract Mesangial expansion is a hallmark of diabetic nephropathy (DN) that reduces the area for filtration and leads eventually to sclerosis and renal failure. A phenotypic activation and transient proliferation of the glomerular mesangial cells and a subsequent prominent glomerular infiltration of monocytes and macrophages appear to have a key role in the induction of mesangial matrix expansion, hypercellularity, and the onset of proteinuria. The molecular mechanisms underlying glomerular infiltration and activation by monocytes in DN are still unclear. Our previous studies indicate that aberrant intracellular synthesis of hyaluronan (HA) by hyperglycemic dividing mesangial cells is the central mechanism involved. These studies demonstrated that mesangial cells that divided in hyperglycemia activated synthesis of HA in intracellular compartments and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/autophagy to secrete and form a monocyte adhesive extracellular HA matrix. This recruits inflammatory cells and establishes a chronic inflammatory fibrosis process that leads to sclerosis and renal failure. Our perspectives for the role of intracellular HA synthesis, ER stress, and autophagy in diabetic nephropathy are described.

Topic: Advanced Glycation End Products research
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Factors Associated with Higher Pro-Inflammatory Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Levels in Young Women with Type 1 Diabetes

Lower residual C-peptide at diagnosis and poor long-term glycemic control independently predicted higher pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α levels years later. The novel relationship with C-peptide needs confirmation in a larger cohort. Given the association between tumor necrosis factor-α and diabetes complications, further longitudinal studies may help clarify the potentially complex associations between glycemic control, inflammatory cytokines, and complications.

Topic: Diabetes Management and Research
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Authenticity in assessment tasks: a heuristic exploration of academics' perceptions

This study was an exploration of the extent to which higher education tutors' perceptions of assessment were consistent with the construct of authenticity. Depth interviews with twelve academics sought views on what might constitute desirable assessment tasks and scoring methods to use with students. Summaries of transcribed interviews suggested that assessment should focus on real world problems and have some meaning to a real world audience. However, analysis of the interviews using Newmann's (1997) criteria for authentic assessment showed that, collectively, interviewees' conceptualisation of authenticity was incomplete. The results are discussed in terms of constructivist perspectives on learning

Topic: Student Assessment and Feedback
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
In a Spirit of Compromise: The Irish Doctrine of Excessive Defence

According to Robert Louis Stevenson compromise is the best and cheapest lawyer of all. Lawyers love a compromise. The notion of compromise does not sit so well in the context of the adversarial criminal justice system in general. The doctrine of excessive defence has been traced back as far as the seventeenth century. Many defendants who kill in an excessive defence situation will be able to claim a loss of self-control. The first is to follow the approach of the Irish Law Reform Commission in retaining an objective approach to self-defence whilst mitigating it in cases of homicide by a doctrine of excessive defence. Lack of precision in the legal context is often seen as the unforgiveable sin. Thus for instance it has been argued that in certain contexts such as contract and international law the constructive use of ambiguity might help to sustain important relationships that otherwise would not survive.

Topic: Military and Defense Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Analysis of ozone concentration in the Korean Peninsula using nonstationary generalized extreme value distribution

대기오염물질인 오존이 지표면에서 고농도로 발생하면 동물과 식물에 악영향을 미친다. 세계보건기구(World Health Organization. WHO)는 지구의 지표면 오존농도 0.01ppm이 증가할수록 인구 사망률을 0.5%부터 0.8%까지 증가시키는 효과가 있다고 보고하였다. 고농도의 오존은 인간의 기관지를 통해 유입되어 호흡기질환과 피부질환을 유발한다. 본 연구는 고농도 오존의 위험성을 평가하기 위해 2001년부터 2019년까지 총 19년간 한반도의 총 158개의 대기오염물질 측정소에서 측정된 일 최대 시간단위(ppm) 오존농도 자료를 사용하였다. 연 최대값을 추출하여 추세성 분석을 실행하였고, 추세성을 띄는 지역과 추세성을 띄지 않는 지역을 구분하여 일반화극단치분포와 비정상성 일반화극단치분포에 적합시켰다. 본 연구의 표본 수가 크지 않으므로 일반화극단치분포의 모수추정법으로 소표본에 적절한 L-적률추정법이 사용되었다. 또한 Anderson-Darling검정과 Cram&#233;r-von Mises검정을 통해 모형의 적합도도 검정하였다. 25년, 50년, 100년의 재현수준을 추정하여 남한의 고농도 오존 위험성을 시각화하여 나타내었다. 결론적으로 남한의 고농도 오존 위험성을 평가한 결과 경기도의 동쪽과 북동쪽, 그리고 전라남도 서쪽 해안지역이 위험성이 높았다.The ozone is an air pollutant which adversely affects the ecosystem. The World Health Organization reported that the earth s surface ozone concentration of 0.01 ppm has the effect of increasing population mortality from 0.5% to 0.8%. It is known that high concentrations of ozone cause respiratory and skin diseases in human beings. For the study, hourly ozone concentrations obtained from 58 air pollutant monitoring sites in South Korea between 2001 and 2019. The trend analysis was performed by identifying stationarity individually. The Generalized extreme value distribution and non-stationary Generalized extreme value distribution were considered. The L-moment estimation method was used to estimate parameters because of the lack of sample size. The Anderson-Darling test and Cram&#233;r-von Mises test were employed to the goodness of fit test. The return levels of 25, 50, and 100 years were estimated to be visualized about the risk of high concentration of ozone in South Korea. As a result, the eastern and northeastern parts of Gyeonggi-do and the western coastal areas of Jeollanam-do were exposed to high risk of ozone.

Topic: Diverse Approaches in Healthcare and Education Studies
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Conclusion

Abstract This Conclusion closes the study by summarizing the account of political economy that has been developed, which is intended to replace the standard accounts of ‘classical political economy’. The premise motivating this alternative account is that it is unacceptable to simply assume that classical political economy existed. By studying the major controversies of the period, the forms of argument active in them, and the reception of Smith’s Wealth of Nations in the doctrinal contests between Malthus and Ricardo, it was not possible to support the claim that such a unity existed. Instead, the evidence suggests that political economy was an ill-defined staging ground for contests spilling out of parliamentary debate. This is why the vast majority of texts represent attempts to supervene on policy. These texts—including those by Malthus and Ricardo—were almost always produced using ready-to-hand concepts and instruments. That is, political economy was constructed with great freedom, without intellectual specialization, and in dialogue with the controversies of the day. Moreover, it did not possess its own vocabulary or methods and was even construed as a species of political metaphysics of the same type thought to have caused the French Revolution. In such a context, theoretical speculation concerning commercial life was neither a prestigious nor an accepted form of behaviour, and both Malthus and Ricardo went to elaborate lengths to justify ‘theory’. This circumstance represents a major discontinuity between their time and ours.

Topic: Political Economy and Marxism
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Current multi-loop control strategy for grid-connected inverter with LCL filter

A new multi current loop control strategy for LCL grid connected inverter is proposed. Repetitive PI double loop strategy which uses the feedback form of grid side current, utilizes PI control to improve the dynamic performance of the system, Then, repetitive control outer loop is used to achieve the high-performance control of the grid current, suppress voltage fluctuation and nonlinear load effect on the grid current and track the baseband signal without static error control. And the capacitor current feedback LCL inverter system aims at suppressing the high frequency resonance of LCL output filter; Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that LCL type grid connected inverter with this method has the advantages of high accuracy, good dynamic performance and strong anti-interference ability.

Topic: Power Systems and Renewable Energy
Subfield: Energy Engineering and Power Technology
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences