jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Root canal working length determination using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Introduction Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) represents unique supporting diagnostic tool in all areas of dentistry as well as endodontics. One of the uses in endodontics is determining working length of the root canals-odontometry. The aim of this paper was to test the efficacy of CBCT application in determining working length of root canals. Methods Forty-three extracted human teeth were placed in three wax models shaped as a horseshoe. Preoperatively, CBCT model scanning (voxel size: 0.2 mm) was performed. Access cavities were prepared and working length determined by introducing expanders #08 into the root canal until the apical foramen. The length was measured using a micrometer odontometer. The CBCT working length was simply measured by following the line between the apical foramen and the selected reference point. Two experienced operators performed all measurements, independently. The t-test was used to compare the obtained values. Results CBCT measurements showed small deviation from manual measurements. The mean value of the absolute difference between CBCT measurements and manual measurements was 0.39 mm (0.25-0.74 mm). The results of the t test (t = 0.311; p = 0.757) showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the odontometry performed by the endodontic instrument and odontometry performed using CBCT. Conclusion the CBCT measurement is reliable method for determining working length of root canals. In 94.29% of examined teeth, discrepancies less than 1 mm were found, which was not of clinical significance.

Topic: Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Glycoconjugate Amphiphiles

Glyconanoparticles essentially result from the (covalent or noncovalent) association of nanometer-scale objects with carbohydrates. Such glyconanoparticles can take many different forms and this mini review will focus only on soft materials (colloids, liposomes, gels etc.) with a special emphasis on glycolipid-derived nanomaterials and the chemistry involved for their synthesis. Also this contribution presents Low Molecular Weight Gels (LMWGs) stabilized by glycoconjugate amphiphiles. Such soft materials are likely to be of interest for different biomedical applications.

Topic: Supramolecular Self-Assembly in Materials
Subfield: Biomaterials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Treatment of Intracranial Superfi cial Micro-AVMs: A Single Center Experience

Background: Surgery and embolization may both be considered in ruptured superfi cial micro-AVMs.However, surgery may be challenged by poor recognition of the lesion and embolization by diffi culty in achieving complete obliteration and avoiding en passage feeders.Recent developments in AVM surgery and embolization techniques call for a reevaluation of these treatment options.Methods: Eight consecutive patients with superfi cial micro-AVMs are presented.All patients received an initial embolization attempt with either nBCA or ONYX.If complete obliteration was not obtained, either a second embolization or surgical resection was offered.At surgery, indocyanine green video angiography (ICG-VA) was used in all cases.Effectiveness and safety of all procedures were evaluated retrospectively.Functional outcome at 6 months was assessed by the modifi ed Ranking Score (mRS).Results: Patients had a mean age of 52±17 years and all presented with hemorrhage.The mean nidus size was 4 mm, and was localized supratentorially in 5 cases and infratentorially in 3. Initial embolization was successful in 2 patients (25%).One patient underwent a second, unsuccessful, embolization attempt and 1 patient did not receive further treatment.Consequently, fi ve patients underwent surgery, which was successful in four (80%).The unsuccessful case was successfully reoperated.The only two procedural complications were related to superselective embolization, but neither caused clinical sequelae.Mean clinical follow-up was 29 months (range, 4-75mo), with mRS 0 in 2, mRS 1 in 4 and mRS 3 in 2 cases. Conclusions:In a current case series, embolization of superfi cial micro-AVMs was associated with a lower success rate (25% vs 80%) than microsurgery and a higher procedural complication rate (minor complications: 22% vs 0%).

Topic: Vascular Malformations Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Unsteady boundary-layer measurement on oscillating airfoils - Transition and separation phenomena in pitching motion

To gain a better understanding of the boundary-layer response to flow unsteadiness, previous works from the present group have been focused on the development of an Embedded Laser Velocimetry measurement method (ELV), suited for unsteady boundary-layer measurements on an oscillating flat plate model. In the present paper, this ELV measurement method is extended to the determination of the 2D instantaneous velocity components (u, v), tangent and normal to the local surface curvature of a NACA0012 oscillating airfoil. This extension also concerns the determination of the tangential turbulence intensity evolution v /Ue along the oscillating period. Based on the ELV measurements, the present results clearly show that the main features of the pitching motion is to produce a time delay on the laminar, transitional, turbulent and turbulent separated boundary-layer response. Moreover, concerning the transition occurrence, it is shown that the transition criterion previously established on the oscillating flat plate, is also valid on the NACA0012 airfoil, for steady and unsteady flow configurations. Finally, a boundary-layer separation criterion suited for steady and unsteady flow configurations is also presented in the present paper.

Topic: Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Frailty syndrome in patients with heart rhythm disorders

Aim To assess the prevalence of frailty syndrome in patients with heart rhythm disorders that qualified for pacemaker implantation. Methods The study included 171 patients (83 women, aged 73.9 ± 6.7 years) who qualified for pacemaker implantation as a result of sinus node dysfunction (81 patients) or atrio‐ventricular blocks (AVB; 90 patients). A total of 60 patients (25 women, aged 72.40 ± 7.09 years) without heart rhythm disorders were included in the control group. Frailty syndrome was diagnosed using the Canadian Study of Health and Aging Clinical Frailty Scale test. Results Frailty syndrome was diagnosed in 25.15% of the patients, and pre‐frailty in 36.84% of the patients. Frailty syndrome was diagnosed in 10% of the control group, and the average value of frailty was 3.35 ± 0.92. Frailty occurred significantly more often among patients with AVB (33.34%) compared with patients who were diagnosed with sinus node dysfunction (16.05%); P = 0.0081. The average score of frailty for sinus node dysfunction was 3.71 ± 0.89, and for AVB it was 4.14 ± 0.93; P = 0.0152. In the case of AVB, the women had a statistically more intense level of frailty of 4.54 ± 0.90 as compared with the men 3.87 ± 0.85; P = 0.0294. In the multiple logistic analysis, the presence of any arrhythmia was strongly associated with frailty syndrome (OR 2.1286, 95% CI 1.4594 – 3.1049; P = 0.0001). Conclusions Frailty syndrome was diagnosed in one‐quarter of patients with cardiac arrhythmias, whereas a further 40% were at a higher risk of frailty syndrome, and its occurrence was significantly higher if compared with the control group. Frailty occurred significantly more often among patients with atrio‐ventricular blocks, especially in women. The results of the present research showed that there is a statistical association between frailty and arrhythmias. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1313–1318 .

Topic: Frailty in Older Adults
Subfield: Geriatrics and Gerontology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
VARIANTS OF ASSOCIATIONS KLINIKO-BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND CYTOKINES AT CIRRHOSIS OF LIVER OF VIRAL ETIOLOGY AT OF THE VARIOUS LEVELS OF PORTAL PRESSURE

Аim. For the early diagnosis of complications in liver cirrhosis, the degree of interrelation between clinical and biochemical blood indices and cytokines was studied. Materials and methods. In 107 patients with cirrhosis of viral etiology of classes A, B, C on the Child–Pugh has been studied indexes of clinical and laboratory syndromes were determined for liver cirrhosis cases of Class A, B, C according to Chad–Pugh and the degree of their interrelation with IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-a was determined. Results. Correlation is found between erythrocytes and IL-2, IL-6 in liver cases of class A, erythrocytes and IL-2, IL-6 in liver cases of class C. Correlation is found between leukocytes and IL-6 in liver cases of class A, between leukocytes and IL-6 in liver cases of class C, between leukocytes and TNF-a in liver cases of class C. Correlation is found between thrombocytes and TNF-a in liver cases of class A. Correlation is found between prothrombinand IL-2 in liver cases of class A, between prothrombin and IL-2 in liver cases of class C, between prothrombin and IL-6, PTT, between IL-2 andfibrinase, SMFC in liver cases of class A. Conclusion. The correlation of blood indexes and the level of cytokines was found to be dependent on a series of factors.

Topic: Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Electromagnetic properties of sup 181 Ir: Evidence of. beta. -stretching

We have calculated the B(Ml)/B(E2) ratios in {sup 18l}Ir within a shape-fixed particle + rotor model, in order to investigate how sensitive these may be to the nuclear shapes under consideration, and whether or not there is evidence of shape coexistence in the electromagnetic data alone. The model calculations employed the same Woods-Saxon potential that has been used previously for TRS and bandhead calculations and all parameters have been taken at their standard values, without any adjustments. To the extent possible with present models, these calculations should represent predictions for the B(M1)/B(E2) ratios at the deformations expected from the TRS and bandhead calculations. A comparison with the {sup 181}Ir data is stimulated by the fact that this is the lightest-mass Ir nucleus for which the spins and parities am firmly established experimentally; we find that the electromagnetic transition rates in this nucleus are well reproduced under the assumption of a single, fixed shape.

Topic: Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Sleep problems in Dravet syndrome: a modifiable comorbidity

Aim Many children with severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathies experience significant sleep disturbance, causing major disruption to the family's quality of life. We aimed to determine the frequency and nature of sleep problems in individuals with Dravet syndrome. Methods The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children and a seizure questionnaire were distributed to the parents/guardians of 96 patients with Dravet syndrome. Sixteen patients had two nights of home oximetry. Results Fifty‐seven out of 96 questionnaires were completed. Forty‐three out of 57 (75%) individuals had sleep problems. Twenty‐five out of 57 (44%) individuals had an abnormal total sleep score, with difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep (22 out of 57, 39%), sleep–wake transition disorders (20 out of 57, 35%), and sleep breathing disorders (19 out of 57, 33%). Twenty‐two out of 57 (39%) individuals took medication to assist sleep, predominantly melatonin ( n =14). Thirty out of 57 (53%) recently had nocturnal seizures. Overnight oximetry showed 14 out of 16 (88%) had a higher oxygen desaturation index (&gt;3%), and six out of 16 (38%) had higher mean pulse rates than normative values. Home oximetry was normal or inconclusive in all patients. Interpretation Seventy‐five per cent of individuals with Dravet syndrome had sleep problems, highlighting the importance of routinely assessing sleep and initiating appropriate behavioural and pharmacological interventions to improve the patient and family's quality of life. A high oxygen desaturation index and mean pulse rates on pulse oximetry may reflect unrecognized nocturnal seizures. What this paper adds More than 70% of patients with Dravet syndrome have sleep problems. Difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep was most common, particularly in those older than 20 years. Second most common were sleep–wake transition disorders, affecting more than 50% of those younger than 5 years. Sleep breathing disorders were a frequent problem across all age groups. Oximetry was not diagnostic of sleep‐disordered breathing or obvious seizures.

Topic: Epilepsy research and treatment
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
THE ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL USE: SUBSTITUTING METHANOL FOR GASOLINE

Alternative fuel advocates recommend substituting methanol for gasoline since methanol cars potentially pollute less. However, because the substitution is costly and the reduction of ozone precursor emissions is relatively small, using methanol raises questions about cost effectiveness. This study demonstrates that the air quality benefits would be very expensive: The cost effectiveness usually would exceed tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars per ton of reduced volatile organic compound emissions. Only if all the cost and emissions assumptions lined up favorably would methanol substitution be desirable. Even then, it would be attractive only if the energy‐adjusted price difference between gasoline and methanol were just a few cents a gallon.

Topic: Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies
Subfield: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
ility and St ilizability of uzzy-Neural-linear Control Systems

Abstruct- This paper discusses stability analysis of fuzzyneural-linear (FNL) control systems which consist of combmations of fuzzy models, neural network (NN) models, and linear models. We consider a relation among the dynamics of NN models, those of fuzzy models and those of linear models. It is pointed out that the dynamics of linear models and NN models can be perfectly represented by TakagiGugeno (T-S) fuzzy models whose consequent Pam are de~ribed by Enear the dynamics of NN models via T-S fuzzy models. Next, we recall stability conditions for ensuring stability of fuzzy control systems in the sense of Lyapunov. The stability criteria is reduced to the problem of finding a common Lyapunov function for a set of techniques of controllers in FNL control systems since the purpose of this paper is to offer a method of st for among the dynamics Of NN models, those of fuzzy models and those of hear models. It is pointed out that the dynamics of linear models and NN models can be perfectly represented by the Takagi-Sugeno linear Section I' ensuring stability of fuzzy control systems in t Lyapunov. The stability criteria is reduced to th control ' gives a equations. In particular, we present a procedure for =Presenting (T-S) fuzzy model whose consequent parts are

Topic: Fuzzy Logic and Control Systems
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Haemodynamic Effects of Hydralazine at Rest and during Exercise in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

The administration of vasodilator drugs has been shown to have beneficial effects at rest in patients with acute or chronic heart failure. To determine the efficacy of hydralazine during exercise, 10 severely symptomatic patients with chronic left ventricular failure from diffuse coronary disease or cardiomyopathy were studied at rest and during upright exercise on a bicycle ergometer. All patients were already receiving optimal treatment with digitalis and diuretics. At rest treatment with hydralazine resulted in a fall in both mean arterial and pulmonary wedge pressure. There was a 50 per cent reduction in systemic vascular resistance compared with pretreatment measurements and there was an equally impressive increase in stroke volume index. During exertion the changes noted at rest were sustained though occurred to a lesser degree; thus there was a 20 per cent fall in arterial resistance and a 20 per cent rise in stroke volume index compared with control. These findings show that hydralazine administration not only results in a beneficial effect on cardiac function at rest but that this effect is maintained during upright exercise in patients with impaired left ventricular function, thus providing further support for its use in the long-term management of such patients.

Topic: Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Data from Phospholipase D1 Inhibition Linked to Upregulation of ICAT Blocks Colorectal Cancer Growth Hyperactivated by Wnt/β-Catenin and PI3K/Akt Signaling

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Dysregulated expression of PLD1 has emerged as a hallmark feature of colorectal cancer, which remains a major cause of mortality worldwide. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a critical event in the development of colorectal cancer. Here, we investigated molecular crosstalk between the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt pathways via inhibitor of β-catenin and T-cell factor (ICAT), a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We also explored the effect of PLD1 inhibition on growth of colorectal cancer hyperactivated by Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt signaling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; Expression of ICAT via targeting of PLD1 was assessed &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; in &lt;i&gt;Apc&lt;sup&gt;Min/&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; mice, an AOM/DSS model, and &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; using various colorectal cancer cells. The relationship between ICAT/PLD1 expression and prognostic survival value of 153 colorectal cancer patients was examined. The therapeutic efficacy of PLD1 inhibitor was determined using a patient-derived xenograft model carrying &lt;i&gt;APC&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;PI3K&lt;/i&gt; mutations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; PLD1 promoted the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by selectively downregulating ICAT via the PI3K/Akt-TopBP1-E2F1 signaling pathways. Low PLD1 expression and high ICAT expression were significantly associated with increased survival in colorectal cancer patients and vice versa. Furthermore, PLD1 inhibition suppressed growth of colorectal cancer activated by the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K signaling pathways.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; These results suggest that PLD1 linked to ICAT mediates molecular crosstalk between the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt pathways and thus could be proposed as a novel colorectal cancer prognostic biomarker. These results may assist in the clinical development of a PLD1 inhibitor for treatment of colorectal cancer patients carrying &lt;i&gt;APC&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;PI3KCA&lt;/i&gt; mutations. PLD1, a nodal modifier, acts as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of colorectal cancer hyperactivated by the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 23(23); 7340–50. ©2017 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Mineralogy and geochemistry of the leucitite at Cosgrove, Victoria

Abstract Comparison of bulk chemistry confirms the comagmatic nature of the New South Wales leucitite belt and the olivine leucitite at Cosgrove, Victoria. This relationship was previously implied by general mineralogical, petrographical, and age similarities, as well as the meridional trend of the occurrences. Differences of a minor nature occur between the N.S.W. and Victorian rock types, the latter being less potassic and magnesian (poorer in leucite and olivine) and more calcic (richer in clinopyroxene). Trace‐element compositions for the Cosgrove leucitite are within the ranges recorded for the N.S.W. belt. Essentially one‐rock type—a melanocratic leucitite—characterizes the belt, with the essential minerals olivine, diopside/salite, leucite, titanomagnetite, ilmenite, nepheline, and Ti‐Ba biotite. However, a pegmatoid phase, relatively enriched in Ti, Fe, and P, is well developed at Cosgrove, with its mineralogy (salite‐titanian aegirine, sodic amphibole, K‐feldspar, nepheline, titanomagnetite, apatite, ilmenite, aenigma‐tite, sodalite, and analcite) demonstrating extreme peralkaline differentiation. Some evidence suggests that the analcite resulted from alteration of leucite. The role of volatiles such as F was significant in facilitating development of coarse textures as well as crystallization of the amphibole, apatite, and sodalite. Magmas for the southeastern Australian leucitite belt were probably generated by equilibrium fusion of phlogopite peridotites, of slightly variable mineralogy. Deep‐seated crustal fractures controlled the relatively limited appearance of the magmas at the surface. There is no regular age variation along the belt, despite the age range of from 7 to 13 m.y.

Topic: Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Delayed female sexual maturation

Delayed sexual development is present when an adolescent girl fails to experience, at an age that is beyond the average for her peers, those pubertal events that are indexes of gonadal function. Adolescent girls whose sexual development is delayed can be divided into three groups: (1) those who have not menstruated but have well-developed secondary sexual characteristics, indicating that they have a functioning hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian mechanism, (2) those with poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics whose hypothalamus and pituitary are functional but who have ovarian failure, as indicated by high levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism), and (3) those with poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics whose normal ovaries are not functioning because of a hypothalamic or pituitary disorder, as indicated by low or low normal serum FSH/LH levels (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism). There are, in addition, individuals with a female habitus and external female genitalia who were reared as females but have an XY karyotype and come to the physician with a complaint of delayed female sexual maturation.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Application of SEM Technique to Characterization of Breast Tumors

This paper describes an approach for the microwave characterization of breast tumors based on the 2D-FDTD simulation. Tumors and the breast tissue are modeled as dielectric targets and homogeneous dispersive media by Debye model. The CNRs (complex natural resonances) of the tumors, which can be used to characterize the tumors, can be extracted by the Prony' s method directly from the time-domain response from the tumors. The tumor response is obtained by the FDTD simulation. Some comparisons are done with different tumors and different frequencies of input pulse. The results show that this technique has the potential as an assistant tool to characterize the breast tumors in conjunction with other imaging techniques for diagnosis.

Topic: Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences