jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
LOCALIZATION OF DEHYDROGENASE AND ACID PHOSPHATASE IN THE ABSCISSION ZONE OF BEAN LEAVES

Leaf abscission in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. ‘Contender’ is associated with enzymatic changes during and prior to separation. Deblading resulted in a localized increase in dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase in the abscission zone. Increased enzyme activities were observed 24–48 hr after deblading. In debladed plants separation was complete in 6–8 days. At separation, dehydrogenase activity appeared to decrease and localization was specific to the protective layer, while the petiole side had no activity. In contrast, acid phosphatase activity was observed in some layers of cells on the petiole side after separation. Ethylene treatment promoted abscission and separation occurred in 24–48 hr in both debladed and intact plants. No protective layer was formed during ethylene‐induced abscission. Enzymatic changes similar to those observed in debladed control plants were observed with ethylene treatment. Ethylene induced an additional abscission layer between the pulvinus and petiole, where an abscission layer normally does not form. In this ethylene‐induced abscission layer, similar enzyme activities were detected.

Topic: Plant responses to water stress
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Protection of propofol on cultured PC12 cells impaired by N-methyl-D-aspartate

AIM To evaluate the possible mechanism of the protective effect on brain of propofol. METHODS Cellular viability was detected using lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) assay and MTT assay. Meanwhile, the the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration([Ca 2+ ] i) was detected by Fura 2/AM fluorescence method and the activity of nitric oxide synthase(NOS) was measured with ultraviolet spectrophotometer. RESULTS After exposing to N methyl D aspartate(NMDA) 300 μmol·L -1 for 4 h, the release of LDH in PC12 cells was increased and the values of A 570 nm (MTT assay) decreased, which indicated that NMDA induced impairment in PC12 cells, whereas in the presence of propofol 6.25, 25, 100, 400 μmol·L -1 for 4 h, the LDH was decreased and the values of A 570 nm increased. Furthermore, exposing to NMDA 300 μmol·L -1 for 4 h, [Ca 2+ ] i and the activity of NOS in PC12 cells raised significantly, while treatment with propofol 12.5, 125 μmol·L -1 simultaneously decreased the [Ca 2+ ] i and the activity of NOS, compared with NMDA group. CONCLUSION Propofol can attenuate the NMDA induced impairment of PC12 cells, decrease the Ca 2+ overloading and the activity of NOS in PC12 cells treated with NMDA. Effects of propofol on the overload of the [Ca 2+ ] i and the inhibition of NOS in PC12 cells may be one of the mechanisms for this protective action.

Topic: Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research
Subfield: Developmental Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Costs and Benefits of Mandatory Securities Regulation: Evidence from Market Reactions to the JOBS Act of 2012

The effect of mandatory securities regulation on firm value has been a long-standing concern across law, economics, finance, and accounting. The Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act relaxed disclosure and compliance obligations under US securities law for a new category of firms known as â€œemerging growth companiesâ€ (EGCs). EGCs were defined retroactively to include firms that conducted initial public offerings (IPOs) between December 8, 2011, and the enactment of the Act on April 5, 2012. We analyze market reactions for EGCs around key legislative events in March 2012, relative to a control group of otherwise similar firms that conducted IPOs in the months preceding the cutoff date. We find positive and statistically significant abnormal returns of between 3% and 4% for EGCs around the most important of these dates. This suggests that the value to investors of the disclosure and compliance obligations relaxed under the JOBS Act is outweighed by the associated compliance costs.

Topic: Corporate Finance and Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Bending Fibers of Hydroxyapatite for Ordered Parallel Architecture in Bovine Tooth Enamel

The nanometer-scale bending structure in the enamel–dentin interfacial region of bovine teeth was clarified using detailed electron micrographs. We found that enamel prisms of width ∼5–10 μm in the enamel are regarded as a bundle of nanometer-scale hydroxyapatite (HA) fibers of width ∼20–30 nm that are connected to the enamel–dentin interface. The radial arrangements of HA fibers elongated in the c-axis were formed on the dentin surface at the boundary. The orientation adjustment of the HA fibers was observed through stepwise bending with a gradual change of the c direction in the ordered parallel array of the enamel prisms. Our observation suggests that the crystallographic ordering in the enamel layer originates from the growth-induced orientation of HA crystals in the interfacial region.

Topic: Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Riverine macroinvertebrate assemblages up to 8 years

\n\t\t\t\t\tWillow removal followed by riparian revegetation is a widespread river restoration practice in Australia, but the ecological response to this has rarely been evaluated. We sampled river macroinvertebrates from six sites each of three riparian vegetation types: revegetated (treatment), willow-dominated (control) and native forest (reference) in the Gellibrand River catchment during austral spring 2007 and autumn 2008, and measured temperature and light intensity. Revegetated sites varied in age from 1 to 8 years since restoration. Abundances of invertebrates were similar across vegetation types, but were higher during autumn. Macroinvertebrate assemblages at revegetated sites (regardless of age) and at willow-dominated sites showed little among-site variation compared with native forest sites,which showed high site-to-site variability. Water temperatures and light intensity were higher at revegetated sites where works had recently been completed and cooler in native forest sites and long-established revegetated sites. The reduced variability in macroinvertebrate communities among revegetated sites may result from their history as willow-dominated sites or from the disturbance created by willow removal. Either way, these results suggest that longer than 8 years is required before macroinvertebrate assemblages in restored stretches of stream show the variation that appears characteristic of natural sites.\n\t\t\t\t

Topic: Freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and ecology
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Study on Argumentative Writing Lectures Using the ‘Believing and Doubting’ game

이 연구는 논증의 형식성보다는 총체적 사고력을 함양하는 데 초점을 둠으로써 논증 모형에 따라 글쓰기 기술을 익히는 데 치중하는 경향이 있는 기존의 논증 교육을 보완하고자 한다. 이를 위해 이 연구에서 제안하는 교육 방안은 Peter Elbow가 제시한 ‘신뢰-의심 게임’을 응용한 토의·토론 활동이다. 이 활동은 어떤 논제에 대해 전적으로 찬성하면서 진실임을 증명하는 데에 집중하는 ‘신뢰 게임’과 무조건 반대하면서 오류가 있음을 밝히는 데에 몰두하는 ‘의심 게임’으로 구성된다. 학습자는 이 두 활동에 번갈아 참여하면서 상반되는 두 견해를 종합적으로 깊이 숙고해 보게 된다. 이러한 과정을 통해 논제를 다각도로 고려해 본 후 하나의 입장을 선택하게 된다는 점에서 학습자는 변증법적이고 종합적인 사고력을 기를 수 있다. 또한 근거의 타당성 및 적절성을 검토하고, 반대 측 논의의 핵심적인 내용으로 예상 반론을 구상하는 데에 도움을 준다는 점에서 논증적 글쓰기 능력 향상에도 실질적으로 기여한다.<BR> 이 연구는 대학 글쓰기 수업에서 논증을 가르치는 교수자에게 직접적으로 수업 설계의 도움을 줄 수 있도록 구체적인 교육 방안과 수업 모형, 운영방식을 제안한다. 그리고 실제 수업에서 적용해본 사례를 통해 그 효과를 부분적으로 확인하였다. 이렇듯 본 연구는 논증 수업의 목표라 할 수 있는 ‘논리적 사고력 함양’과 ‘논증적인 글쓰기 실력 향상’이라는 두 요소를 모두 고려하는 수업 설계 방향을 제안했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 게다가 이 활동은 ‘게임’의 규칙을 따른다는 점에서 학습자가 큰 부담 없이 흥미롭게 참여할 수 있다. 대학 글쓰기 수업에서 학생들의 관심과 참여를 독려하는 일이 중요한 만큼, 이러한 이유에서도 이 활동이 지니는 의미는 상당하다. 신뢰-의심 게임 활동이 포함된 논증 수업을 통해 대학생들은 논증에 기반을 둔 글쓰기 방법을 익힐 뿐 아니라 통찰력과 판단력의 기초가 되는 철학적 사고력을 기를 수 있다.

Topic: Education, Safety, and Science Studies
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Competing Hegemonies: The High Middle Ages

The period from around 1000–1250 is generally represented as a major shift in European culture, trade and the construction of the self. The Carolingians notwithstanding, the period 500–1000 can be analysed as one dominated by centrifugal forces, with previously connected units becoming increasingly dissimilar. In this new period tendencies of cultural and political homogenization, associated with centripetal forces, became dominant. Although much recent scholarship (for instance, Reynolds 1994) has shied away from seeing the full-blown development of feudalism as the primary cause for homogenization, there is no doubt that, in much of western Europe, power and land tenure did become concentrated. Moore (2000) goes so far as to describe the period as the 'first European revolution'.

Topic: Medieval Literature and History
Subfield: Classics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Abstract 6607: Dried blood spot (DBS) sample analysis for drug and metabolomic profiling in oncology clinical trials: Cost-effective decentralized sampling modality for precision oncology

Abstract The COVID19 pandemic accelerated opportunities for innovation within the decentralization process of clinical trials with opportunities for implementation of patient-centric workflows for efficiency and cost-reduction. Decentralized sample collection, particularly whole blood using dried blood spots (DBS) provides the ideal mechanism for patient driven sample collection with ease of access to sample generation, drug level assessments and metabolomic prMegofiling, providing longitudinal real-time measure of drug specific pharmacodynamic readout for safety and efficacy. In this study, we report the development of a protocol for the capture and comprehensive profiling of metabolomics using dried blood spots from a cohort of 49 healthy volunteer donors. Using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometric (UPLC-MS/MS) methods an untargeted metabolomic approach resulted in the identification of &amp;gt;800 biochemicals of which a significant subset was found to be presented in corresponding matched plasma (from whole blood) samples. The biochemicals identified from the DBS samples included metabolites that were part of the lipid, amino acid, nucleotide, peptide, cofactors, carbohydrate and energy super pathways. A significant number of metabolites identified in the DBS samples were xenobiotics including those representing the biotransformation products of drugs. The overall metabolite profiles were analyzed for precision and accuracy of measure, variability in performance and dynamic range to establish benchmarks for evaluation. An additional cohort with a longitudinal sampling as part of the protocol provided the reproducibility of the analytic method for inter-day variability of metabolite performance over time. Although metabolomic profiles varied between individuals from a population perspective, there was minimal variation observed within individuals when samples were profiled longitudinally over several weeks. Thus, the protocols for DBS collection and the corresponding capture of a large set of metabolites with reproducible performance provides an opportunity for its implementation in oncological clinical trials as part of a de-centralized clinical trial solution. Citation Format: Kelli Goodman, Megan R. Showalter, Anne M. Evans, Matthew W. Mitchell, Rangaprasad Sarangarajan. Dried blood spot (DBS) sample analysis for drug and metabolomic profiling in oncology clinical trials: Cost-effective decentralized sampling modality for precision oncology. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6607.

Topic: Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Sejahtera, ulū al-albāb and competing paradigms in qualitative research

Sejahtera (peaceful) ulū al-albāb (people with wisdom) is the paradigm that integrates peaceful hearts and minds to attract al-falah (victory) and sustainability. This integration requires postgraduate students to integrate wahy (revelation) and ‘aql (reasoning) prior to research proposal defense. Majority of the students were prepared for quantitative research projects with dominant ‘aql (reasoning) attitude. The integration requirement has been understood by the students as customizing the quantitative research work with cosmetic of qualitative. The modification has resulted competing paradigms between positivism and constructionism. This study evaluates the presence of competing paradigms in qualitative research reports submitted by students in from 2017-2020. The study uses content analysis to evaluate the presence of competing paradigms in 66 papers. The study finds that the competing paradigms are due to the modification of quantitative research proposal into qualitative research.

Topic: Education and Islamic Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Lathyrus sativus L. IG 150142

Plant Genetic Resource.<br>Taxonomy: Lathyrus sativus L.<br>Common name(s): Grasspea<br>Conserved by: International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Lebanon<br>Local sample unique identifier: IG 150142<br>Method of creation: Acquisition<br>Date: 2012-03<br>Other identifiers: n/a,IFLA 0<br>Historical: No<br>Biological status: Breeding/research material<br>MLS status: Included

Topic: Veterinary Oncology Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Farmer’s knowledge of termite species and infestation in eastern Uganda

Termites are very well recognized by farmers as pests and beneficial insects. To develop management options suitable to the needs of the farmers, it is essential to understand their management experience. This study was aimed at understanding farmer’s perception about termite management in eastern Uganda. The study covered over 84 villages located in seven districts of eastern Uganda. There were 420 respondents for the survey and a focus group discussion (comprised of eight to 15 participants) specifically with push-pull technology adopters found in four districts. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed using STATA (version 13). Respondents were diverse in terms of age, gender, level of education and marital status. According to the respondent’s termite damage can cause food insecurity and poverty. The prevalence of termites and damage potential varies across districts and type of crop and growth stage. Some are vulnerable at germination, some at vegetative and some at maturity stages. Averaged over three districts, farmers claimed that maize is more vulnerable to termite attack causing about 40% yield loss followed by beans, soybeans, and sorghum. Push-pull technology adopters stated that green leaf desmodium intercropped with maize to control major lepidopteran pests and a parasitic weed striga was vulnerable to termite attack. Although pesticide application can be an effective option, they claimed it is either expensive or not a lasting solution.

Topic: Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Distinct Roles of Rock (Rho-Kinase) and Mlck in Spatial Regulation of Mlc Phosphorylation for Assembly of Stress Fibers and Focal Adhesions in 3t3 Fibroblasts

ROCK (Rho-kinase), an effector molecule of RhoA, phosphorylates the myosin binding subunit (MBS) of myosin phosphatase and inhibits the phosphatase activity. This inhibition increases phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) of myosin II, which is suggested to induce RhoA-mediated assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions. ROCK is also known to directly phosphorylate MLC in vitro; however, the physiological significance of this MLC kinase activity is unknown. It is also not clear whether MLC phosphorylation alone is sufficient for the assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions. We have developed two reagents with opposing effects on myosin phosphatase. One is an antibody against MBS that is able to inhibit myosin phosphatase activity. The other is a truncation mutant of MBS that constitutively activates myosin phosphatase. Through microinjection of these two reagents followed by immunofluorescence with a specific antibody against phosphorylated MLC, we have found that MLC phosphorylation is both necessary and sufficient for the assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions in 3T3 fibroblasts. The assembly of stress fibers in the center of cells requires ROCK activity in addition to the inhibition of myosin phosphatase, suggesting that ROCK not only inhibits myosin phosphatase but also phosphorylates MLC directly in the center of cells. At the cell periphery, on the other hand, MLCK but not ROCK appears to be the kinase responsible for phosphorylating MLC. These results suggest that ROCK and MLCK play distinct roles in spatial regulation of MLC phosphorylation.

Topic: Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Temperature Effects on the Catalytic Efficiency, Rate Enhancement, and Transition State Affinity of Cytidine Deaminase, and the Thermodynamic Consequences for Catalysis of Removing a Substrate “Anchor”

To obtain a clearer understanding of the forces involved in transition state stabilization by Escherichia coli cytidine deaminase, we investigated the thermodynamic changes that accompany substrate binding in the ground state and transition state for substrate hydrolysis. Viscosity studies indicate that the action of cytidine deaminase is not diffusion-limited. Thus, K(m) appears to be a true dissociation constant, and k(cat) describes the chemical reaction of the ES complex, not product release. Enzyme-substrate association is accompanied by a loss of entropy and a somewhat greater release of enthalpy. As the ES complex proceeds to the transition state (ES), there is little further change in entropy, but heat is taken up that almost matches the heat that was released with ES formation. As a result, k(cat)/K(m) (describing the overall conversion of the free substrate to ES is almost invariant with changing temperature. The free energy barrier for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction (k(cat)/K(m)) is much lower than that for the spontaneous reaction (k(non)) (DeltaDeltaG = -21.8 kcal/mol at 25 degrees C). This difference, which also describes the virtual binding affinity of the enzyme for the activated substrate in the transition state (S), is almost entirely enthalpic in origin (DeltaDeltaH = -20.2 kcal/mol), compatible with the formation of hydrogen bonds that stabilize the ES complex. Thus, the transition state affinity of cytidine deaminase increases rapidly with decreasing temperature. When a hydrogen bond between Glu-91 and the 3'-hydroxyl moiety of cytidine is disrupted by truncation of either group, k(cat)/K(m) and transition state affinity are each reduced by a factor of 10(4). This effect of mutation is entirely enthalpic in origin (DeltaDeltaH approximately 7.9 kcal/mol), somewhat offset by a favorable change in the entropy of transition state binding. This increase in entropy is attributed to a loss of constraints on the relative motions of the activated substrate within the ES complex. In an Appendix, some objections to the conventional scheme for transition state binding are discussed.

Topic: Biochemical and Molecular Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in clinical medicine.Historical perspectives, pitfalls and projections

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was first detected by the immunization of rabbits with human colon cancer extract. The techniques of antiserum absorption and immunologic tolerance were employed in an attempt to render the resulting antisera tumor-specific. Using the procedures of precipitation and precipitin-inhibition in gel media, hemagglutination, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and immunofluorescence, CEA was identified exclusively in all cancers of gastrointestinal origin and fetal digestive organs in the first two trimesters of gestation. The subsequent development of radioimmunoassays for CEA has raised the question of the presence of this material, in very low concentrations, in other normal and diseased (cancerous and noncancerous) tissue, but the problem of cross-reactivity within a family of closely related, but nonidentical, molecules remains to be resolved. CEA was initially purified by a sequence of steps involving extraction in perchloric acid, sieve chromatography, and preparative block electrophoresis. The molecule was characterized as a relatively heterogeneous acid glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 200,000 and its carbohydrate (one-half to two-thirds of the molecule) and protein composition were determined. CEA was localized to the glycocalyx of the colon cancer cell and it was found that the CEA could be released from this site into the circulation of the cancer patient, where it could then be detected by means of radioimmunoassay. The clinical implications of this observation, as they have evolved over the past eight years, form the basis of the papers that constitute this supplement.

Topic: Lung Cancer Research Studies
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency (ID) without anemia in the general population presenting to primary care clinics: a cross-sectional study

Iron deficiency without anemia in childbearing females is common but only one-seventh of females developed anemia within 5 years. Guidelines should consider incorporating ferritin levels with CBC in the workup of patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of iron deficiency or anemia.

Topic: Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ON STRONG CONSISTENCY OF A 2-DIMENSIONAL FREQUENCY ESTIMATION ALGORITHM

In this paper, we prove that an algorithm proposed in Rao, Zhao and Zhou (1993) gives a strongly consistent estimation of 2-dimensional frequencies. where y(m, n) consists of p distinct noise contaminated 2-D sinusoids in the (µ, ν)-plane and w(m, n)'s are independent and identically distributed random variables with zero mean and variance σ 2 . This signal model can be found in synthetic aperture radar imaging, frequency and wave number estimation in array signal processing and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and so on. To recover the p 2-D sinusoids, the techniques often used are periodogram, autoregressive spectral estimation and maximum entropy spectral estimation etc. (See, say Dudgeon and Merseresau (1984).) But all these methods require an exhaustive search in a 2-D space to obtain the estimates of the 2-D angular frequencies and need plenty of data. In the paper by Kung, Arun and Rao (1993) and Shaw and Kumaresan (1986), two sets of 1-D frequencies {µk} and {νk} are estimated separately instead of one set of 2-D frequencies {(µk ,ν k)}. Hua (1992) proposed a new algorithm by a matrix enhancement and matrix pencil (MEMP) approach. However, in the set {µk} (or {νk}), two or more components may be equal, but they are treated as different parameters in the estimation of the set {µk} (or {νk}). This concludes that the number of parameters estimated by MEMP may be larger than is necessary. In pairing the components in the sets {µk} and {νk}, the computation cost by MEMP in an optimum pairing process is proportional to p!. In order to reduce the cost, Hua (1992) suggested a pairing process with the computation cost proportional to p 2 but its performance is not clear. As

Topic: Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences