jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Estimating Immeasurable Variables of Quadrotor Using PSO Based Virtual Sensing System

In recent years, the implementation of intelligent control systems in many control theory lead to the development of virtual sensing technologies which can predict most of the systems states accurately. Virtual sensing system or virtual sensor which consists of a Diagonal Recurrent Neural Network (DRNN) coupled with Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) will estimate the immeasurable system variables using easy to measure known variables. In this paper, virtual sensor scheme which is optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is introduced. The new scheme will be used to estimate the position parameters of a quadrator, which originally has all 12 state variables to be determined. Simulation studies reveals that the designed virtual sensor scheme is able to predict the positions state of the quadrotor accurately.

Topic: Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
[A return to callus healing using dynamic osteosynthesis procedures. Principles, indications, complications, x-ray diagnosis of interlocking nailing and dynamic monofixators in comparison with conventional bone plates].

A disproportionately high rate of complications such as osteomyelitis, nonunion and refracture after plating have brought about a change in our understanding of the process of fracture healing. Locked nailing and dynamic external Monofixators, however, avoid fracture exposure obviate the necessity of arranging fragments and aim at callus healing of fractures. Fracture hematoma and axial micromovements of these dynamic stabilizing devices are two of the yet known elements to promote callus production.

Topic: Medical and Biological Sciences
Subfield: Anatomy
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Near East and the Great Powers. Edited by Richard N. Frye. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951. pp. x, 214. Index. $3.50.

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Topic: Middle East and Rwanda Conflicts
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Is surveillance of small renal masses safe in the elderly?

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE To determine if preoperative variables, including gender, age and tumour size, influence the decision for active surveillance of renal masses, as due to the increasing detection of incidental renal masses within the ageing population there is a need to identify reliable means of selecting patients who require therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified all renal masses resected at our institution between 1 December 1999, and 1 October 2005. The size of tumour, patient age and gender were compared between those with and without malignancy on final pathology. The influence of these variables in predicting malignancy, high grade, and high stage were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis using logistic regression models, with a significance level of P &lt; 0.05. Subsets were analysed for the groups of patients with tumours of ≤3 or &gt;3 cm and those aged ≤75 or &gt;75 years. RESULTS Among 466 of 501 patients with evaluable data, univariate analysis showed that both male gender and increasing size positively predicted malignancy (odds ratio 1.13 and 1.40, respectively), but age, treated as a continuous variable, did not. On multivariate analysis both remained independent predictors of malignancy (odds ratio 1.13 and 1.40, respectively). Size was the only independent predictor of high‐stage and high‐grade disease on both univariate and multivariate analysis. Among 156 patients with tumours of ≤3 cm, on multivariate analysis, male gender was only weakly associated with the risk of malignancy, whereas size remained strongly predictive (odds ratio 1.98, P = 0.076; and 2.16, P = 0.015, respectively). Neither male gender, size nor age increased the risk of high‐stage or high‐grade disease in this cohort. Patients who were aged &gt;75 years had a greater risk of high‐stage disease than those aged &lt;75 years (odds ratio 2.64, P = 0.008). On multivariate analysis, age &gt;75 years remained an independent predictor of malignancy and high‐stage, along with size (odds ratio 2.75, P = 0.014; and 1.35, P &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Increased size of tumour increases the risk of malignancy and the likelihood of high‐stage and high‐grade disease. Among patients aged &gt;75 years there was a higher risk of malignancy and high‐stage disease than in those aged ≤75 years. As such, the decision for observation should not be based upon age alone, and should be approached with caution in patients aged &gt;75 years, particularly for larger lesions.

Topic: Renal cell carcinoma treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Exploring the Therapeutic Effects of Chandra Nadi Pranayama on Components of Health-Related Fitness

The present study was conducted with the objective to determine the short term practice of Chandra-Nadi pranayama on components of health-related fitness. For the purpose of present study 34 university level girls between the age group of 19-25 years were selected. The subjects were purposively assigned into two groups: Group-A: Experimental (n1=17); Group-B: Control (n2=17). The subjects from Group-A: Experimental were subjected to a 4-weeks Chandra Nadi pranayama. Student t test for paired samples was utilized to compare the means of the pre-test and the post-test. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, we conclude that the significant differences were found in Components of Health-Related Fitness (i.e., Cardiorespiratory Endurance, Flexibility) of University Level Girls. Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Muscular Strength, Muscular Endurance, % Body Fat, Fat Weight and Lean Body Weight of University Level Girls.

Topic: Exercise and Physiological Responses
Subfield: Rehabilitation
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Quality of life in patients with hypothyroidism

To assess the quality of life of patients with hypothyroidism and to compare with the QoL of patients with nodular goiter and people without thyroid disease. Thirty patients with compensated primary hypothyroidism (aged from 25 to 55 years), 28 patients with nodular (multinodular) euthyroid goiter of the same age not receiving levothyroxine, and 30 healthy people. The scores for the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) and Beck Depression Inventory Scale were analyzed. Almost all scales of the questionnaire SF-36 (except for general health and role emotional functioning) in patients with compensated hypothyroidism were significantly lower (p 0.05), than in healthy people. While comparing QoL in patients with hypothyroidism with QoL in patients with nodular goiter the rates of role physical functioning (p = 0.042), vitality (p = 0.015), social functioning (p = 0.0) and psychological health (p = 0.021) of patients with hypothyroidism were significantly less compared with patients with euthyroid goiter. In assessing the severity of depression revealed that the value on a scale of depression in patients with compensated hypothyroidism was significantly higher compared with the results of patients with nodular goiter and healthy individuals (p = 0.014). Conclusion: In patients with compensated hypothyroidism in almost all parameters the quality of life worse than in people without thyroid disease, and on many scales (role physical functioning, vitality, social functioning and psychological health) is worse than in patients with euthy-roid goiter. Severity of depression in patients with compensated hypothyroidism is higher compared to patients with nodular goiter and healthy people, which may be one of the reasons for the decrease of quality of life of these patients.

Topic: Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Beyond Jerusalem: Music in the Women's Institute, 1919-1969

Music in the Women's Institute has become stereotyped by the ritualistic singing of Jerusalem at monthly meetings. Indeed, Jerusalem has had an important role within the organization, and provides a valuable means within which to assess the organization's relationship with women's suffrage and the importance of rurality in the Women's Institute's identity. However, this book looks beyond Jerusalem by examining the full range of music making within the organization and locates its significance within a wider historical-cultural context. The Institute's promotion of conducting - a regular part of its musical activity since the 1930s - is discussed within the context of embodying overtly feminist sentiments. Lorna Gibson concludes that a redefinition of the term 'feminism' is needed and the concept of 'gendered spheres' of conducting provides a useful means of understanding the Institute's policy. The organization's promotion of folk song is also examined and reveals the Institute's contribution to the Folk Revival, as well as providing a valuable context within which to understand the National Federation's first music commission, Ralph Vaughan Williams's Folk Songs of the Four Seasons (1950). This work, and the Institute's second commission, Malcolm Williamson's The Brilliant and the Dark (1969), are examined with the context of the organization's music policy. In addition to discussing the background to the works, issues of critical reception are addressed. The book concludes with an Epilogue about the National Society Choir (later known as the Avalon Singers), which tested the organization's commitment to amateur music making. The book is the result of meticulous work undertaken in the archives of the National Federation, the BBC Written Archives Centre, the V&A archives, the Britten-Pears Library, the Ralph Vaughan Williams Library, the Women's Library and the Newspaper Library.

Topic: Music History and Culture
Subfield: Music
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Childhood diabetes in a developing country; How much knowledge can the clinical medical students offer?

Background: Knowledge of childhood diabetes is not as common as diabetes in adults. Previous studies revealed a gross deficiency in the knowledge of childhood diabetes among the general population. Unfortunately, with the exception of paediatric endocrinologists, many doctors do not have in-depth knowledge of childhood diabetes. Focused attention on medical students becomes necessary since medical students are the future custodians of the medical profession and major disseminators of information. It becomes imperative for them to be knowledgeable of this poorly discussed and neglected disease but still exists among us. The study assesses the depth of knowledge of childhood diabetes among clinical medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional interview of consenting final, penultimate, and year four medical students of the University of Nigeria (UNN) was performed in December 2019. A semi-structured self-administered questionnaire was used to assess their knowledge of childhood diabetes. For the purposes of this study, knowledge <50% was graded as poor, equal to 50% and <70% was average and good for equal to and >70%. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics and Pearson Chi-squared were used as appropriate. Results: Seventy-seven percent of the students were aware of childhood diabetes, while 23% had no idea that diabetes could occur in children. Yet, in-depth knowledge of the different aspects of diabetes was deficient among students in successive classes. An average of 17.2%, 24.2%, 11.3%, and 4.8% of the students had good knowledge of the definition, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, and complications, respectively. All the 4th year clinical students could not define childhood diabetes nor the different types. In general, a positive association existed between the depth of knowledge and the year of the study (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Among the medical students studied, there is a deficiency in the knowledge of childhood diabetes. This underscores the need for a wider curriculum spectrum in childhood diabetes.

Topic: Diabetes Management and Research
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Elucidation of Cryptic and Allosteric Pockets within the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has rapidly spread across the globe, posing an urgent health concern. Many quests to computationally identify treatments against the virus rely on <i>in silico</i> small molecule docking to experimentally determined structures of viral proteins. One limit to these approaches is that protein dynamics are often unaccounted for, leading to overlooking transient, druggable conformational states. Using Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics to enhance sampling of conformational space, we identified cryptic pockets within the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, including some within regions far from the active site. These simulations sampled comparable dynamics and pocket volumes to conventional brute force simulations carried out on two orders of magnitude greater timescales.

Topic: Protein Structure and Dynamics
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Immune Dysfunctions: Impact of Protein-Bound Uremic Retention Solutes on Immune Cells

Regardless of the primary disease responsible for kidney failure, patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) have in common multiple impairments of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, the pathophysiology of which has long remained enigmatic. CKD-associated immune dysfunction includes chronic low-grade activation of monocytes and neutrophils, which induces endothelial damage and increases cardiovascular risk. Although innate immune effectors are activated during CKD, their anti-bacterial capacity is impaired, leading to increased susceptibility to extracellular bacterial infections. Finally, CKD patients are also characterized by profound alterations of cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses, which account for an increased risk for malignancies and viral infections. This review summarizes the recent emerging data that link the pathophysiology of CKD-associated immune dysfunctions with the accumulation of microbiota-derived metabolites, including indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, the two best characterized protein-bound uremic retention solutes.

Topic: Dialysis and Renal Disease Management
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Core Strength or Achilles’ Heel: Organizational Competencies and the Performance of R&D Collaborations

The three essays collected in this dissertation advance our understanding of how organizational competencies and R&amp;D objectives are related with partner selection and R&amp;D performance at the project level. The first essay shows how the organizational competencies and R&amp;D prime objective of the focal firm are related with who is seen as the most important partner in the R&amp;D project. The second essay examines how organizational competencies affect the innovation performance of companies when collaborating with an external R&amp;D organization. The third essay focuses on the relationship of absorptive capacity and knowledge distance with new product development performance.

Topic: Innovation and Knowledge Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Aliphatic polyamine ruthenium(II) complexes: crystal structure, DNA-binding, photocleavage, cytotoxicity, and antioxidation

The DNA-binding behaviors of two aliphatic polyamine Ru(II) complexes, [Ru(dppt)(dien)](ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (<b>1</b>) and [Ru(pta)(dien)](ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (<b>2</b>) (dppt, pta, and dien standing for 3-(1,10-phenanthrolin-2-yl)-5,6-diphenyl-as-triazine, 3-(1,10-phenanthrolin-2-yl)-5,6-diphenyl-as-triazino[5,6-f]-acenaphthylene, and diethylenetriamine, respectively), were studied through absorption titration, thermal denaturation, and viscosity measurements. The results indicate that the DNA-binding affinity of <b>2</b> is much greater than that of <b>1</b>; <b>2</b> binds to CT-DNA in an intercalative mode but <b>1</b> binds to CT-DNA through partial intercalation. In addition, the complexes react with DNA in an energy-driven process with a decrease in entropy. The photocleavage of plasmid pBR322 can be triggered by <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> and strengthened with an increased concentration of both complexes. The scavenging activity of <b>1</b> against hydroxyl radical (˙OH) is slightly better than that of <b>2</b> according to the antioxidation experiment. The standard cytotoxicity experiments were carried out with MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide); the results indicate that the proliferation of Hela, A549, and 7402 cells is inhibited by these two compounds in a dose-dependent manner. The X-ray crystal structure of <b>1</b> and some results of DFT (the density functional theory) calculations were analyzed to further understand the differences in DNA-binding strength of the complexes.

Topic: Metal complexes synthesis and properties
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The German Thorotrast Study: Recent Results and Assessment of Risks

The German Thorotrast study comprises 2,326 patients and 1,890 controls. Forty-eight Thorotrast patients and 239 controls are still alive and are invited for a follow-up examination every 2 years. In the deceased patients, the following neoplastic diseases with excess rates were registered (Thorotrast/controls): liver cancer (454/3); cancer of the bile ducts, including gallbladder (42/7); myeloid leukemia (40/7); myelodysplastic syndrome (30/4); plasmacytoma (10/2); non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (15/5); bone sarcoma (4/1); malignant peritoneal or pleural mesothelioma (9/0). Dose calculations are based on results of whole-body counting, X-ray films, and data obtained from the hospital records on the volume of Thorotrast injected. For liver cancer, the cumulative risk estimate was calculated to be 40 per 10(4) person Sv (radiation weighting factor = 20). These figures are close to the results of the Danish study and are comparable to the results of the Life Span Study of A-bomb survivors after 40 years at risk with 18 to 48 liver cancers per 10(4) person Sv. For hematopoietic malignancies, the cumulative risk was calculated to be about 7 per 10(4) person Sv (radiation weighting factor = 20). This risk estimate is lower by a factor of 10 compared to the results of the Life Span Study.

Topic: Radiation Dose and Imaging
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Hemolytic anemia and dysenteric syndrome: a case of ulcerative colitis].

A 53-years-old man has a dysentery since two weeks. The blood test shows Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia and inflammation. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is treated with corticosteroid. A colonoscopy reveals an ulcerative colitis. The evolution of the patient is complicated by a spontaneous digestive perforation treated by total proctocolectomy. After this intervention, there is a resolution of the AIHA and the patient is gradually weaned from corticosteroids. AIHA is a rare extra-intestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease essentially ulcerative colitis. Identification of this cause of secondary AIHA is important for the therapeutic strategy. However treatment is nonspecific and based on low levels of evidence.

Topic: Microscopic Colitis
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Numerical analysis of flow and heat transfer of a viscoelastic fluid over a stretching sheet

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible homogeneous second‐grade fluid past a stretching sheet channel and employ the homotopy analysis method (HAM) to compute an approximation to the solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing on the problem. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, a study of the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible homogeneous second‐grade fluid past a stretching sheet channel is presented and the HAM is employed to compute an approximation to the solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing on the problem. It has been attempted to show the capabilities and wide‐range applications of the HAM in comparison with the numerical method in solving this problem. Findings The obtained solutions, in comparison with the exact solutions admit a remarkable accuracy. Originality/value In this paper, a study of the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible homogeneous second‐grade fluid past a stretching sheet channel is presented and the HAM is employed to compute an approximation to the solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing on the problem. The paper shows the capabilities and wide‐range applications of the HAM in comparison with the numerical method in solving this problem. The obtained solutions, in comparison with the exact solutions admit a remarkable accuracy.

Topic: Fractional Differential Equations Solutions
Subfield: Modeling and Simulation
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
CCDC 810435: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Gifted Students in Poverty's Perceptions of Blended Learning

Students who are raised in poverty and are not adapted to technology use have less positive learning experiences with technology usage than other students. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore students' perceptions of blended learning among gifted students who are enrolled in the free and reduced lunch program in a public high school district in the southeastern United States. Davis's version of the technology acceptance model was used as the conceptual framework. The research questions explored the perceptions of these gifted students when they are taught using blended learning in terms of their attitudes, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and behavioral intentions. For this exploratory case study, interviews were conducted with 10 gifted high school students. After manual and digital coding, the emergent themes were an overall positive perception of blended learning. The participants had a positive attitude toward educational technology and also an overwhelmingly positive outlook on behavioral intentions of using education technology. The participants also felt that the perceived usefulness and the perceived ease of use of blended learning platforms were attainable for them. This research may encourage positive social change by providing a needed resource for teachers, parents, and technology coordinators who work in low socioeconomic areas because there is very little research on gifted students in poverty and their use of blended learning. The results of this study indicate that students in poverty could use blended learning for gifted programs and advanced courses that might not be available at their local school in a low-income area.

Topic: Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences