jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The cytoskeletal architecture of the presynaptic terminal and molecular structure of synapsin 1.

We have examined the cytoskeletal architecture and its relationship with synaptic vesicles in synapses by quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy (QF.DE). The main cytoskeletal elements in the presynaptic terminals (neuromuscular junction, electric organ, and cerebellar cortex) were actin filaments and microtubules. The actin filaments formed a network and frequently were associated closely with the presynaptic plasma membranes and active zones. Short, linking strands approximately 30 nm long were found between actin and synaptic vesicles, between microtubules and synaptic vesicles. Fine strands (30-60 nm) were also found between synaptic vesicles. Frequently spherical structures existed in the middle of the strands between synaptic vesicles. Another kind of strand (approximately 100 nm long, thinner than the actin filaments) between synaptic vesicles and plasma membranes was also observed. We have examined the molecular structure of synapsin 1 and its relationship with actin filaments, microtubules, and synaptic vesicles in vitro using the low angle rotary shadowing technique and QF.DE. The synapsin 1, approximately 47 nm long, was composed of a head (approximately 14 nm diam) and a tail (approximately 33 nm long), having a tadpole-like appearance. The high resolution provided by QF.DE revealed that a single synapsin 1 cross-linked actin filaments and linked actin filaments with synaptic vesicles, forming approximately 30-nm short strands. The head was on the actin and the tail was attached to the synaptic vesicle or actin filament. Microtubules were also cross-linked by a single synapsin 1, which also connected a microtubule to synaptic vesicles, forming approximately 30 nm strands. The spherical head was on the microtubules and the tail was attached to the synaptic vesicles or to microtubules. Synaptic vesicles incubated with synapsin 1 were linked with each other via fine short fibrils and frequently we identified spherical structures from which two or three fibril radiated and cross-linked synaptic vesicles. We have examined the localization of synapsin 1 using ultracryomicrotomy and colloidal gold-immunocytochemistry of anti-synapsin 1 IgG. Synapsin 1 was exclusively localized in the regions occupied by synaptic vesicles. Statistical analyses indicated that synapsin 1 is located mostly at least approximately 30 nm away from the presynaptic membrane. These data derived via three different approaches suggest that synapsin 1 could be a main element of short linkages between actin filaments and synaptic vesicles, and between microtubules and synaptic vesicles, and between synaptic vesicles in the nerve terminals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Topic: Microtubule and mitosis dynamics
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Smaug the Magnificent: A Critical Analysis of J.R.R. Tolkien’s Anarcho-monarchism

For all of the political machinations at work in The Lord of the Rings, there is astonishingly little detail paid to political institutions in it or any of J.R.R. Tolkien’s works. Although readers may use such resources as The Lord of the Rings’ monolithic series of appendices to trace the names and deeds of kings back to the Elder Days, the author has surprisingly little to say about how governments throughout Middle-earth actually function; so much attention is paid to the figure who occupies the throne that little to no description is provided as to what kingship actually entails in Tolkien’s world. In a universe where rulers are the primary actors, this seems like a striking omission.

Topic: Themes in Literature Analysis
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Stochastic models for generic images

The idea of using statistical inference for analyzing and understanding images has been used for at least 20 years, going back, for instance, to the work of Grenander [Gr] and Cooper [Co].To apply these techniques, one needs, of course, a probabilistic model for some class of images or some class of structures present in images.Many models of this type have been introduced.There are stochastic models for image textures [GGGD], [ZMW], for contours in images [Mu], [GCK], for the decomposition of an image into regions [G-G], [M-S], for disparity maps, for grammatical parsing of shapes [Fu], for template matching, and for specific tasks such as face recognition [HGYGM].The common framework for all these studies is to describe some class of images I(x,y) by means of a set of auxiliary variables {xa} representing the salient structures in the images, e.g., edges, texture statistics, inferred depth values or relations, illumination features, medial axes or shape features, locations of key points such as eyes in a face, labels (as in character recognition), etc.Then i) a prior probability model for the "hidden" variables p({xQ}) and ii) an imaging model p(I\{xQ}) for /, given the hidden variables, are defined.Finally, an image is analyzed using Bayes's rule p({xa}\I) cxp(/|{:ra})p({:rQ}) which is applied to infer, e.g., the MAP estimate for the hidden variables, given the image.Implicit in this approach is the deduction that there is a well-defined marginal distribution Pi1) = / PCMzaDjIctea J{Xc} on all images that are likely to be seen.But is there such a thing as a universal stochastic model p(I) for images?Is this a reasonable thing to ask for?What sense would it make-would the model apply equally if we were born in another historical time, if our eyes and bodies were hundreds of times bigger or smaller, if we lived in outer space?Images are so diverse and contain so many distinct types of structure that research has focussed on modeling specific well-defined

Topic: Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Correlation of Greenland ice-core isotope profiles and the terrestrial record of the Alpine Rhine glacier for the period 32–15 ka

Abstract. We present a newly extended stratigraphic subdivision of the Greenland NGRIP, GRIP and GISP2 ice cores for the period 32–15 ka. Our classification emphasizes the multiscale nature of the climatic oscillations. Spectral trend analysis of isotopic data supports this interpretation. We compare this time series with the stratigraphy of the last major Pleistocene (Weichselian, Würmian) glaciation in the area of the Rhine glacier (Germany and Austria) as chronicled by a detailed inventory of landforms and deposits, dated in part with 14C analyses, and their interpretation in terms of climate change. Both time series show a major climatic oscillation, consisting of a colder period (glaciation) followed by a warmer period (deglaciation). The available dates allow the time of change, at 23.4 ka, to be correlated between the two. Pattern analysis clearly indicates that higher-order oscillations were superimposed on the major oscillation in both areas, emphasizing the multiscale nature of the underlying pattern of climate change. The correlation between the two areas is sufficiently good to propose that the pattern of climate change was synchronous (within the available time resolution) between Greenland and the Rhine glacier area. Comparison of our results with other high resolution climate proxies is expected to further improve the understanding of the climate changes during the Late Weichselian.

Topic: Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Momentum, Heat, and Neutral Mass Transport in Convective Atmospheric Pressure Plasma-Liquid Systems and Implications for Aqueous Targets

There is a growing interest in the study of plasma-liquid interactions with application to biomedicine, chemical disinfection, agriculture, and other fields. This work models the momentum, heat, and neutral species mass transfer between gas and aqueous phases in the context of a streamer discharge; the qualitative conclusions are generally applicable to plasma-liquid systems. The problem domain is discretized using the finite element method. The most interesting and relevant model result for application purposes is the steep gradients in reactive species at the interface. At the center of where the reactive gas stream impinges on the water surface, the aqueous concentrations of OH and ONOOH decrease by roughly 9 and 4 orders of magnitude respectively within 50 $μ$m of the interface. Recognizing the limited penetration of reactive plasma species into the aqueous phase is critical to discussions about the therapeutic mechanisms for direct plasma treatment of biological solutions. Other interesting results from this study include the presence of a 10 K temperature drop in the gas boundary layer adjacent to the interface that arises from convective cooling and water evaporation. Accounting for the resulting difference between gas and liquid bulk temperatures has a significant impact on reaction kinetics; factor of two changes in terminal aqueous species concentrations like H$_2$O$_2$, NO$_2^-$, and NO$_3^-$ are observed if the effect of evaporative cooling is not included.

Topic: Plasma Applications and Diagnostics
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The High Price of Burial

During the clearing of the burial shafts of Tomb 30b in the Qubbet el-Hawa opposite Aswan there was found a semiglobular bowl smashed in many pieces with a hieratic inscription on the inside and outside. Edel has recently published it1 in the exacting and exhausting fashion typical of his scholarship. According to him the text is eine Liste der Grabbeigaben, die der Sohn seinem Vater zu dessen Versorgung ins Grab mitgegeben hat. No similar text is apparently known, either from Aswan or elsewhere.2 As translation he offers (disregarding the arrangement in nine columns on the inside; see fig. 1):

Topic: Ancient Egypt and Archaeology
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Railway access optimization for a container port in the high-speed railway era - a case study in China

The expansion of high-speed railway (HSR) has opened up new freight capacity on traditional railway (TR) lines in China. In order to increase China's railway volume of containers transported to port terminals, this paper estimates the HSR and TR modal splits for passenger transport. Then, the TR capacity used for passengers is calculated via traffic assignment model, and the number of passenger trains on TR lines is estimated and then deducted from total TR capacity. The remaining balance gives the freight capacity of a TR line. Moreover, a bi-level programming model is built to optimise the location of railway freight terminals and the corresponding train dispatching frequencies in a case in which trains on TR lines and trucks on highways are both used to transport containers to port terminals. The ports of Shanghai and Ningbo with their hinterlands are used as a case study for numerical analysis.

Topic: Maritime Ports and Logistics
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Reading Relationships in Jane Austen's Mansfield Park and Pride and Prejudice

This multi-disciplinary study of reading in Austen's Mansfield Park and Pride and Prejudice investigates the relationships of people, books, and ways of reading as represented in these books, placing them in the context of reading practices in Austen's time. The first chapter examines reading materials and reading spaces in Austen's period, showing how Austen's representation of books and libraries reveals character and social expectations. Chapter Two focuses on the reading practices of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, arguing that the way characters read sheds light on their social interactions. The performative aspect of reading, particularly reading aloud, is analyzed in Chapter Three, which compares the period's elocutionary, theatrical, and religious modes of performance. The final chapter expands the implications of reading and gender, linking the period's ideas of women's reading to Austen's representations of female readers. Reading enables Austen's heroines to interpret their worlds with greater accuracy and assurance.

Topic: Shakespeare, Adaptation, and Literary Criticism
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Deep‐sea tardigrades in the northern Gulf of Mexico with a description of a new species of Coronarctidae (Tardigrada: Arthrotardigrada), <i>Coronarctus mexicus</i>

During May and June 2000, for the first time, benthic samples were collected from 43 stations in the northern Gulf of Mexico deep sea that included seven transects along the northern continental slope and abyssal plain ranging in depth from 625 to 3159m. A total of 54 tardigrades (36 identified) were extracted from samples, ranging in depth from 625 to 3150m. Collected tardigrades belong to five genera and represented eight species, Angursa bicuspis abyssalis (two specimens from 1401 and 2020m depth), four species of Coronarctus (29 specimens from 625 to 3159m depth), Euclavarctus convergens (one specimen from 2743m depth), E. thieli (one specimen from 2635m depth), Proclavarctus sp. (one specimen from 2600m depth), Styraconyx sp. (two specimens from 1565 and 2600m depth). The most abundant genus was Coronarctus (80.5% of identified species) and was present in most areas sampled with the exception of the central and Mississippi trough regions and comprised four species, Coronarctus laubieri (15 specimens), C. stylisetus (one specimen), C. disparilis (three specimens) and a new species C. mexicus (10 specimens). Tardigrades were mostly found in the western regions (NW, W, WC) and in deep waters, 2290m average depth. Analyses of tardigrade and depth collected gave a slight positive correlation (R2=0.029), while analyses of tardigrade and degrees longitude resulted in a slight negative correlation (R2=0.022). © 2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Topic: Tardigrade Biology and Ecology
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Identifying the Risk of Formation of Nitrosamines and Other Potentially Mutagenic Impurities during API Manufacture Using <i>In Silico</i> Risk Assessment

Synthetic routes to drug products typically introduce several potentially mutagenic impurities (PMIs) which require controlling to a safe level in the final drug substance, generally directed by the control options within the ICH M7 guideline. These impurities are most commonly introduced due to their specific synthetic utility; however, the formation of a PMI can also occur indirectly from a combination of otherwise nonmutagenic sources, as was the case for NDMA within valsartan. Identifying these formation risks currently relies on manually assessing the synthetic route, a process requiring extensive knowledge and potentially liable to oversight. Herein we report on the development of functionality within an in silico risk assessment tool to facilitate the identification of synthetic stages which introduce the risk of formation of PMIs for industrial and/or regulatory users.

Topic: Chemical Reactions and Isotopes
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Impact of Innovation Technology in Enhancing Organizational Management

Digital technologies quick advancement prompts immersive remodeling of our economies and social orders that are entirely extensive. Innovative progress particularly in the area of artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, huge information and business analytics, also the increased and virtual reality are giving an all-out digital connectivity and recent conceivable outcomes for successful study and managing. Establishment anticipates higher efficiency and open doors for advanced execution by expanding utilization and integration of technology innovations. Not simply machines or shrewd calculations will accomplish assignments, however new types of human-machine communication show important influences for situating focal job of human in structure and advance exercises. In this study, the creators show a diagram of accessible technological solutions that (incorporating innovation) prompting new types of human-machine interaction and organizational management improvement. Moreover, features of advancement necessities producing thoughts in initial improve procedures are distinguished, organizational innovation is particularly pertinent in the present dynamic and turbulent environment, where other inside factors, for example, mechanical resources, employee training, synchronization of new management competences, flexible human capital, and increasingly versatile hierarchical design, are urged to make worth and upper hand. The objective behind this paper is to figure out whether technological assets impact organizational management procedure and how innovation technologies impact organizational management and performance. We accomplish these objectives by breaking down the organizational innovation and performance, using an integrative study methodology that brought out with data accumulated through perusing numerous articles that are connected to the theme and papers keywords.The finding of the research displays that help modernization and enhancement of mechanical aptitudes, inventive and innovative particular that include (web 2.0, Business Intelligence (BI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), enormous information, Internet of Think (IOT), industry 4.0 and social media) competencies advance enhancement in authoritative execution through its positive impact on the methods of potential and recognized adequacy, proficiency of decision making process.Primarily, traditional procedures of the firm affect organizational procedures as well as its performance. Further, interior work adaptability impacts organizational performance through innovation. This concern specifically interest when considering the changing idea of tempestuous mechanical situations wherein association works. Technological resources in this manner recognize new wellsprings of adaptability and organizational development subject to progressively significant logical information and instruments that controls data volume in the organization.

Topic: Big Data and Business Intelligence
Subfield: Management Information Systems
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
INTERPLAY OF ANTIFERROMAGNETISM AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN RARE EARTH NICKEL BOROCARBIDES

A review of some of the anomalous properties observed in rare earth nickel borocarbide superconductors is presented. A model proposed earlier for heavy fermion superconductors is adopted to the rare earth nickel borocarbides. Even though the model is solved in the mean field approximation, it provides qualitative explanation to many of the anomalous experimental observations.

Topic: Rare-earth and actinide compounds
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Calcium-dependent association of a protein complex with the lymphocyte plasma membrane: probable identity with calmodulin-calcineurin.

A protein complex is shown to participate in a calcium-dependent association with plasma membranes purified either from pig mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes or from human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Plasma membranes prepared in the presence of calcium possess this complex; those prepared in the absence of calcium (5 mM EGTA) do not. The complex associates itself with the inner cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. This complex is referred to as the "acidic protein band" because of its location during migration upon alkaline-urea gel electrophoresis. The complex dissociates from the plasma membrane during electrophoresis on 8-M urea gels, irrespective of calcium levels during electrophoresis; at intermediate urea concentrations (4-6 M), the complex is not dissociated in the presence of calcium. Upon purification of the acidic protein band, SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and radioimmunoassay techniques suggest that the acidic protein band is composed of at least four peptides (designated 68K, 59K, 20K, 20K): two of these (68K, 20K) are immunopositive for calcineurin and one (20K) is immunopositive for calmodulin. Immunoblots of urea gels also indicate that the calcineurin heavy chain (68K) can also appear at three different locations on the urea gel. Patches and caps induced in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-human IgG are not coincident with the location of calcineurin, which remains distributed throughout the cell.

Topic: Signaling Pathways in Disease
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Influence of the Thickness of the Insulation Paper to the Oil-paper Electrical Strength in the High Altitude Area

the Oil-paper insulation is composed of insulating paper and insulating oil, which has been widely used in the transformer inner insulation, the bushing and the switchgear insulation. The electrical properties of the Oil-paper insulation is heavily influenced by the thickness of the insulation paper. To explore the effect of the insulating paper with different thickness in high altitude. The electrical strength of the insulation paper with five kinds of thickness (0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) were tested with two different kinds of electrode. The insulation paper absorption rate were tested after the vacuum oil soaking treatment. The test results shows that with the increasing of the paper thickness, the oil absorption rate decreased from 38.29% with 0.15mm to 9.53% with 0.5mm.The average electrical strength of the Oil-paper with cylinder electrode decreased with the increasing of the thickness, from the 55.87kV/mm with the thickness of 0.15mm to 34.32kV/mm with the thickness of 0.5mm. The average electrical strength of the sphere electrode were lower than the test data with the cylinder electrode with the similar trend. The surrounding of the puncture holes also were observed with the optical microscope to analyze the breakdown mechanism.

Topic: Power Transformer Diagnostics and Insulation
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
USE OF A STANDARD CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER FOR AUTOLOGOUS PERIPHERAL BLOOD STEM CELL COLLECTION

自家末梢血幹細胞（末梢血幹細胞）採取においては，透析用の中心静脈カテーテル（dCVC）の使用が推奨されている．本研究では，動員化学療法前に鎖骨下静脈に，標準的なCVC（sCVC）を留置し末梢血幹細胞採取を行った造血器悪性腫瘍36例，計74採取について検討した．sCVC留置から末梢血幹細胞採取までの中央値は25日であった．末梢血幹細胞採取は，Spectraを用い，処理量中央値8.8l，流量中央値48.5ml/minの体外循環を行った．末梢血幹細胞動員不足を6例に認めた．採取したCD34+細胞数の中央値は，1.1×106/kg/採取，3×106/kg/患者であった．CVC感染症を2例，CVC血栓症を1例認めたが，sCVCを再挿入し採取は可能であった．アフェレーシス中の血流不足を21回認めたが，19回は血流速度の調節等にて継続可能であった．sCVCを用いた末梢血幹細胞採取は，充分量のCD34+細胞の採取が可能であり，安全に施行できると考えられる．

Topic: Central Venous Catheters and Hemodialysis
Subfield: Emergency Medical Services
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences