jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Structural and chemical analysis of hard carbon negative electrode for Na-ion battery with X-ray Raman scattering and solid-state NMR spectroscopy

This study explores the structural changes of hard carbon (HC) negative electrodes in sodium-ion batteries induced by insertion of Na ions during sodiation. X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) was used to record both C and Na K-edge absorption spectra from bulk HC anodes carbonized at different temperatures and at several points during sodiation and desodiation. Comparing the π∗/σ∗ regions in the C K-edge spectra sp2/sp3 hybridization ratio of material was determined. Higher carbonization temperatures led to increased order in graphitic structure and shorter bond lengths. Sodiation caused a decrease in graphitic layer order due to inserted Na ions. Complementary operando solid state 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) studies confirmed the structural changes, while showing pore filling mechanism, which is not observed in ex situ measurements, primarily at higher carbonization temperatures. XRS analysis of Na K-edge spectra revealed systematic variations in the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) composition during cycling. Changes in XRS spectra were attributed to both SEI composition alterations, accompanied by the insertion/adsorption of Na ions at defect sites within the carbon structure.

Topic: Advancements in Battery Materials
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Magnetization processes in amorphous R-Co/R′-Co/R-Co sandwiches (R, R′=Y, Nd, Gd, Er)

Sandwiches consisting of three amorphous layers (R0.33,Co0.67)1000 Å/ R′0.33,Co0.67)1000 Å/ (R0.33Co0.67)1000 Å, have been prepared by dc triode sputtering (R, R′ are rare-earth elements). The systems chosen are such that the bulk magnetization alternates from one layer to the next or the coercivity of each layer is significantly different. Magnetic transitions are observed under field. They have been quantitatively analyzed in terms of successive reversals of magnetization in the different layers. The creation or annihilation of planar Bloch walls parallel to the surface are associated with the magnetic transitions. The wall energy and wall width depend essentially on the competition between exchange energy and Zeeman energy. It is suggested that the existence of such Bloch walls may favor magnetization reversal in thin films by coherent processes.

Topic: Magnetic properties of thin films
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Exploration of component analysis in multi/hyperspectral image processing

Component Analysis (CA) has found many applications in remote sensing image processing. Two major component analyses are of particular interest, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) which have been widely used in signal processing. While the PCA de-correlates data samples via 2nd order statistics in a set of Principal Components (PCs), the ICA represents data samples via statistical independency in a set of statistically Independent Components (ICs). However, in order to for component analyses to be effective, the number of components to be generated, <i>p</i> must be sufficient for data analysis. Unfortunately, in MultiSpectral Imagery (MSI) <i>p</i> seems to be small, while <i>p</i> in HyperSpectral Imagery (HSI) seems too large. Interestingly, very little has been reported on how to deal with this issue when <i>p</i> is too small or too large. This paper investigates this issue. When <i>p</i> is too small, two approaches are developed to mitigate the problem. One is Band Expansion Process (BEP) which augments original data band dimensionality by producing additional bands via a set of nonlinear functions. The other is a kernel-based approach, referred to as Kernel-based PCA (K-PCA) which maps features in the original data space to a higher dimensional feature space via a set of nonlinear kernel. While both approaches make attempts to resolve the issue of a small <i>p</i> using a set of nonlinear functions, their design rationales are completely different, particularly they are not correlated. As for a large <i>p</i> such as HSI, a recently developed Virtual Dimensionality (VD) can be used for this purpose where the VD was originally developed to estimate number of spectrally distinct signatures. If we assume one spectrally distinct signature can be accommodated by one component, the value of <i>p</i> can be actually determined by the VD. Finally, experiments are conducted to explore and evaluate the utility of component analyses, specifically, PCA and ICA using BEP and K-PCA for MSI and VD for HSI.

Topic: Remote-Sensing Image Classification
Subfield: Media Technology
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
On-Site Clinics

With the continued rising cost of health insurance and the fiscal constraints as a result of the 2007-09 economic recession requiring local governments in the U.S. to make cuts in employees, services, and benefits, it appears that on-site health clinics are one method of reducing, or at least, slowing health care costs. This chapter analyzes the use and benefits of such clinics for local government managers that is a new, but potentially effective method of both controlling costs and improving employee health.

Topic: Healthcare Policy and Management
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
[Thyreotoxic periodic paralysis. A cause of pseudo-paralysing hypokalemia that should not be ignored in Caucasians].

In Caucasians, sporadic acute paralysis with hypokalemia requires testing for hyperthyroidism. Though it is well know that hypokalemia results from potassium intracellular shift, the underlying mechanism remains poorly elucidated. Treatment includes potassium administration with caution and/or beta blockers but the specific treatment is that of hyperthyroidism.

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Effectiveness of Drug Treatment for Severe Behavior Disorders: A Meta-Analysis

This investigation reviews 70 studies examining the efficacy of drug treatment for severe behavior disorders. Meta-analysis, the analysis of analyses, is the methodological procedure used to statistically integrate the findings from individual studies. General findings indicate a modest positive effect for drug intervention. In addition, subsets of data aggregating behavioral, cognitive, and physiological outcomes are examined. Finally, variation for drug effects in terms of subject characteristics and design variables are investigated. The generally positive findings suggest that drug treatment represents an important option for the treatment of severe behavior disorders.

Topic: Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Fading Ricardian Equivalence in Ageing Japan

Japan seems to be turning less Ricardian, a trend set to continue. First, the discount wedge seems to have risen, suggesting that consumers have become more myopic. Second, some evidence points to the possibility that an increasing number of households are liquidity constrained. If these developments continue, the impact of fiscal policy on the economy will gradually rise. While this will facilitate using fiscal policy to manage the economic cycle, it also calls for starting fiscal consolidation soon and in a gradual and steady manner, given the unsustainable public debt and the likely increasing challenges in funding the government's rising debt domestically.

Topic: Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Data from Impact of Rare Structural Variant Events in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma

&lt;div&gt;AbstractPurpose:&lt;p&gt;Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) has shown recurrent structural variant (SV) involvement in distinct regions of the genome (i.e., hotspots) and causing recurrent copy-number alterations. Together with canonical immunoglobulin translocations, these SVs are recognized as “recurrent SVs.” More than half of SVs were not involved in recurrent events. The significance of these “rare SVs” has not been previously examined.&lt;/p&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;p&gt;In this study, we utilize 752 WGS and 591 RNA sequencing data from patients with NDMM to determine the role of rare SVs in myeloma pathogenesis.&lt;/p&gt;Results:&lt;p&gt;Ninety-four percent of patients harbored at least one rare SV event. Rare SVs showed an SV class-specific enrichment within genes and superenhancers associated with outlier gene expression. Furthermore, known myeloma driver genes recurrently impacted by point mutations were dysregulated by rare SVs.&lt;/p&gt;Conclusions:&lt;p&gt;Overall, we demonstrate the association of rare SVs with aberrant gene expression supporting a potential driver role in myeloma pathogenesis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Queer Turkey

Before President Erdogan's repressive politics took hold, queer cultures were more visible than ever in Turkey. Queer Turkey offers a broad range of reflections on queer Turkish cultures within a transnational, Euro-American context. Based on his experience in Istanbul, Ralph J. Poole shares his impressions of queer desires between Muslim tradition and global pop, observes what goes on in the hamam, and wonders about Arabesk culture. The book features discussions of queer travel writers, poets, playwrights, and film directors. Their multifarious works manifest the subtle and subversive ways in which artists crisscross the cultural borders of East and West. With its many facets of Turkish-Euro-American cultural interactions, Queer Turkey outlines a kaleidoscope of transnational poetics.

Topic: Turkey's Politics and Society
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Metabolites augment oxidative stress to sensitize antibiotic-tolerant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> to fluoroquinolones

ABSTRACT If left unchecked, infections involving antibiotic-refractory bacteria are expected to cause millions of deaths per year in the coming decades. Beyond genetically resistant bacteria, persisters, which are genetically susceptible cells that survive antibiotic doses that kill the rest of the clonal population, can potentially contribute to treatment failure and infection relapse. Stationary-phase bacterial cultures are enriched with persisters, and it has been shown that stimulating these populations with exogenous nutrients can reduce persistence to different classes of antibiotics, including topoisomerase-targeting fluoroquinolones (FQs). In this study, we show that adding glucose and amino acids to nutrient-starved Staphylococcus aureus cultures enhanced their sensitivity to FQs, including delafloxacin (Dela)—a drug that was recently approved for treating staphylococcal infections. We found that while the added nutrients increased nucleic acid synthesis, this increase was not required to sensitize S. aureus to FQs. We further demonstrate that addition of these nutrients increases membrane potential and the ability to generate harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) during FQ treatment. Chelating iron, scavenging hydroxyl radicals, and limiting oxygenation during FQ treatment and during recovery following FQ treatment rescued nutrient-stimulated S. aureus . In all, our data suggest that while nutrient stimulation increases the activity of FQ targets in stationary-phase S. aureus , the resulting generation of ROS, presumably made possible through metabolic upregulation, is the primary driver of increased sensitivity to these drugs. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus causes many chronic and relapsing infections because of its ability to endure host immunity and antibiotic therapy. While several studies have focused on the nutrient requirements for the formation and maintenance of staphylococcal infections, the effects of the nutrient environment on bacterial responses to antibiotic treatment remain understudied. Here, we show that adding nutrients to starved S. aureus activates biosynthetic processes, including DNA synthesis, but it is the generation of harmful reactive oxidants that sensitizes S. aureus to DNA topoisomerase-targeting FQs. Our results suggest that the development of approaches aimed at perturbing metabolism and increasing oxidative stress can potentiate the bactericidal activity of FQs against antibiotic-tolerant S. aureus .

Topic: Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Is cosmology consistent?

We perform a detailed analysis of the latest CMB measurements (including BOOMERaNG, DASI, Maxima and CBI), both alone and jointly with other cosmological data sets involving, e.g., galaxy clustering and the Lyman Alpha Forest. We first address the question of whether the CMB data are internally consistent once calibration and beam uncertainties are taken into account, performing a series of statistical tests. With a few minor caveats, our answer is yes, and we compress all data into a single set of 24 bandpowers with associated covariance matrix and window functions. We then compute joint constraints on the 11 parameters of the ``standard'' adiabatic inflationary cosmological model. Out best fit model passes a series of physical consistency checks and agrees with essentially all currently available cosmological data. In addition to sharp constraints on the cosmic matter budget in good agreement with those of the BOOMERaNG, DASI and Maxima teams, we obtain a heaviest neutrino mass range 0.04-4.2 eV and the sharpest constraints to date on gravity waves which (together with preference for a slight red-tilt) favors ``small-field'' inflation models.

Topic: Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Use of Plaque Assay to Detect Enteric Viruses in a Rural Watershed

Abstract Water samples were collected from four locations within the Munnell Run Watershed in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, and analyzed for fecal coliforms by MPN and enteric phages by plaque assay using Salmonella typhimurium WG 49 and Bacteroides fragilis HSP 40 as hosts. Fecal coliform concentrations and the number of phages varied seasonally ( P &lt; 0.001), as well as among the different sampling stations ( P &lt; 0.001). At all sampling stations positive for phages, S. typhimurium WG 49 PFUs outnumbered B. fragilis HSP 40 PFUs. Phages also were isolated from a septic discharge pipe and a wetland receiving septic drainage, but not from three avian species, 12 mammalian species, two streams without human wastes or from natural wetland, indicating that these viruses were of human origin. MPNs of fecal coliforms and S. typhimurium and B. fragilis PFUs were correlated with stream temperature ( P &lt; 0.001) and rainfall ( P &lt; 0.01). Only fecal coliforms and S. typhimurium WG 49 phages were correlated with suspended solids concentrations ( P &lt; 0.01). Likewise, there was a significant interaction among these parameters and MPNs of fecal coliform and HSP 40 and WG 49 PFUs ( P &lt; 0.001). The presence of host specific phages indicate the existence of septic discharges in the watershed, but both fecal coliforms and enteric viruses persist in stream systems, especially during the summer months.

Topic: Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Progression and Multiple Events in Radiation Carcinogenesis of Rat Skin

The multistage theory of carcinogenesis specifies that cells progress to cancer through a series of discrete, irreversible genetic alterations, but data on radiation-induced cancer incidence in rat skin suggests that an intermediate repairable alteration may occur. Data are presented on cancer induction in rat skin exposed to the following radiations: 1. an electron beam (LET = 0.34 kev/μ), 2. a neon ion beam (LET = 45 kev/μ) and 3. an argon ion beam (LET = 125 kev/μ). The latter 2 beams were generated by the Bevalac at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA. About 6.0 cm2 of skin was irradiated per rat. The rats were observed every 6 weeks for at least 78 weeks and tumors were scored at first occurrence. Several histological types of cancer, including squamous and basal cell carcinomas, were induced. The total cancer yield was fitted by the quadratic equation, and the equation parameters were estimated by linear regression for each type of radiation. Analysis of the DNA from the electron-induced carcinomas indicated that K-ras and/or c-myc oncogenes were activated in all tumors tested. In situ hybridization indicated that the cancers contain subpopulations of cells with differing amounts of c-myc and H-ras amplification. The results are consistent with the idea that ionizing radiation produces stable, carcinogenically relevant lesions via 2 repairable events at low LET and via a non-repairable, linked event pathway at high LET; either pathway may advance the cell by 1 stage in the multistage model.

Topic: Plant Genetic and Mutation Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
MUTATIONS AFFECTING SEXUAL CONJUGATION AND RELATED PROCESSES IN <i>SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE</i>. I. ISOLATION AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF NONMATING MUTANTS

ABSTRACT Nonmating mutants were also isolated from haploid strains of yeast of both mating types. The mutants were characterized with respect to their ability to produce and respond to specific yeast sex factors, their ability to mate at low frequencies, and the ability of the low-frequency diploids to sporulate. Loss of the ability to mate by either mating type was invariably accompanied by the loss of one or more, and in some cases, all, of the above capabilities. The results strongly indicate that the sex factors are functionally involved in the conjugation process.

Topic: Fungal and yeast genetics research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Ion Efflux and Influenza Infection Trigger NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling in Human Dendritic Cells

The NLRP3 inflammasome, a multi‐protein complex, is an essential intracellular mediator of anti‐viral immunity. In murine dendritic cells (DCs) this complex responds to ion efflux and influenza A virus (IAV) infection to activate caspase‐1 mediated proteolysis of interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐18 into biologically active cytokines. However, the presence and function of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human DCs in response to various triggers, including viral infection, has not been clearly defined. Here, we delineate the contribution of the NLRP3 inflammasome to the secretion of IL‐1β, IL‐18, and IL‐1α by human DCs (monocyte‐derived DCs (MDDCs) and primary conventional (cDC)). Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human DCs by various synthetic activators resulted in the secretion of IL‐1β, IL‐18, and IL‐1α, and induction of pyroptotic cell death. Cellular IL‐1β release depended on potassium efflux and the activity of proteins NLRP3 and caspase‐1. Similarly, IAV infection of DCs resulted in priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and secretion of IL‐1β and IL‐18 in an M2 and NRLP3 dependent manner. The magnitude of priming by IAV varied amongst different strains and inversely corresponded to type I IFN production. To our knowledge this is the first report describing the existence and function of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human DCs and the ability of IAV to prime and activate this pathway in human DCs, with important implications for viral pathogenesis.

Topic: Inflammasome and immune disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
138 Placental insufficiency induced fetal and skeletal muscle growth restriction in fetal sheep.

Abstract Introduction and Methods: Placental insufficiency (PI) and fetal growth restriction (FGR) increases perinatal mortality and reduces postnatal productivity in livestock. Skeletal muscle constitutes a large proportion of tissue mass in the fetus, which is significantly reduced in the FGR fetus. This study investigates the effects of PI-FGR on musculoskeletal growth in sheep fetuses. Placental insufficiency and FGR (n = 8) was induced in pregnant ewes exposed to heat stress (35 to 40°C; RH 30-40%) between 40 and 95 days of gestation (term: 149 days). Control fetuses (n = 9) were from ewes maintained in thermoneutral conditions (20°C; RH 15-25%). At d120 ± 1, fetal surgeries were performed to place indwelling catheters for blood sampling. At d133 ± 1, umbilical blood flow was assessed before the fetuse was euthanized. Fetal hindlimb muscle satellite cells were isolated, and proliferation rates were assessed both in vivo and in vitro. Results: FGR fetuses had lower plasma glucose, insulin, IGF-1, and blood oxygen content (all P &amp;lt; 0.01). Absolute umbilical blood flow was lower in FGR fetuses (355 ± 41 vs. 619 ± 61 ml/min, P &amp;lt; 0.01), but weight-normalized blood flow was not different between groups. Both fetal weight (2118 ± 243 vs. 3423 ± 229 g) and placental weight (219 ± 41 vs. 426 ± 38 g) were lower (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in FGR fetuses. FGR fetuses exhibited higher brain-to-fetal (1.57 ± 0.06 vs. 1.34 ± 0.06, P = 0.01) and brain-to-liver weight ratios (0.85 ± 0.07 vs. 0.50 ± 0.06, P &amp;lt; 0.01), indicating brain sparing and asymmetrical growth. Hindlimb average muscle mass was reduced in FGR fetuses, including the biceps femoris (11.8 ± 2.2 vs. 18.4 ± 2.0 g, P = 0.04), semitendinosus (3.8 ± 0.7 vs. 6.3 ± 0.6 g, P = 0.01), gastrocnemius (7.7 ± 1.0 vs. 12.6 ± 1.0 g, P &amp;lt; 0.01), and tibialis anterior (3.4 ± 0.5 vs. 5.6 ± 0.5 g, P &amp;lt; 0.01). Muscle weights correlated (P &amp;lt; 0.01) with placental or fetal weights. In vivo, satellite cells proliferation rates were lower in FGR hindlimb muscle (3.8 ± 0.5 vs. 8.2 ± 1.5 %, P &amp;lt; 0.01). However, FGR isolated myoblasts had higher proliferation rates when cultured in nutrient enriched growth media (52 ± 0.5 vs. 48 ± 1.0 %, P &amp;lt; 0.01). Conclusion: FGR fetuses exhibited hypoglycemia, hypoxia, and reduced anabolic hormone concentrations, contributing to reduced hindlimb muscle mass. The contrast between lower satellite cell proliferation in vivo and increased proliferation in vitro under nutrient-enriched conditions suggests that nutrient deficiency and hypoxic stress are primary inhibitors of muscle cell growth in FGR fetal muscle. These results indicate that targeted nutrient or hormonal interventions may help restore muscle growth potential in FGR fetuses.

Topic: Birth, Development, and Health
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences