jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Natalizumab for induction of remission in Crohn's disease

High quality data suggest that natalizumab is effective for induction of clinical remission and response in some patients with moderately to severely active CD. However, none of the included studies had the power to detect rare but serious adverse events such as PML. Due to the association with PML, and the availability of alternative agents that are not associated with PML, natalizumab is not likely to be used in patients who fail currently available medical therapy. The use of natalizumab in select patients (e.g. patients allergic to different biologics) needs to be carefully considered against the potential risk of developing PML. Futher studies of natalizumab are not likely to be done.

Topic: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Modeling instabilities of electrically driven jets with finite conductivity under constant or variable applied field

We investigate the problem of spatial (S), combined spatial and temporal (CST), and non-linear temporal instability (NLT) of electrically driven viscous jets with finite electrical conductivity and in the presence of either a constant or a variable applied electric field. A mathematical model, which is developed and used for the spatially growing disturbances in electrically driven jet flows, leads to a lengthy equation for the unknown growth rate and frequency of the disturbances. This equation is solved numerically using Newton‟s Method. For neutral temporal stability boundary, we find, in particular, two new spatial modes of instability under certain conditions. One of these modes is enhanced by the strength of the applied field, while the other mode decays with increasing. The growth rates of both modes increase mostly with decreasing the axial wavelength of the disturbances. For the case of variable applied field, we found the growth rates of the spatial instability modes to be higher than the corresponding ones for constant applied field, provided is not too small. The cases for CST and NLT instabilities are also presented in this investigation and the importance of such cases willbe discussed.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Choline and NMDG directly reduce outward currents: reduced outward current when these substances replace Na<sup>+</sup>is alone not evidence of Na<sup>+</sup>-activated K<sup>+</sup>currents

Choline chloride is often, and N-methyl-d-glucamine (NMDG) sometimes, used to replace sodium chloride in studies of sodium-activated potassium channels. Given the high concentrations used in sodium replacement protocols, it is essential to test that it is not the replacement substances themselves, as opposed to the lack of sodium, that cause any observed effects. We therefore compared, in lobster stomatogastric neurons and leech Retzius cells, the effects of applying salines in which choline chloride replaced sodium chloride, and in which choline hydroxide or sucrose was added to normal saline. We also tested, in stomatogastric neurons, the effect of adding NMDG to normal saline. These protocols allowed us to measure the direct effects (i.e., effects not due to changes in sodium concentration or saline osmolarity or ionic strength) of choline on stomatogastric and leech currents, and of NMDG on stomatogastric currents. Choline directly reduced transient and sustained depolarization-activated outward currents in both species, and NMDG directly reduced transient depolarization-activated outward currents in stomatogastric neurons. Experiments with lower choline concentrations showed that adding as little as 150 mM (stomatogastric) or 5 mM (leech) choline reduced at least some depolarization-activated outward currents. Reductions in outward current with choline chloride or NMDG replacement alone are thus not evidence of sodium-activated potassium currents. NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY We show that choline or N-methyl-d-glucamine (NMDG) directly (i.e., not due to changes in extracellular sodium) decrease outward currents. Prior work studying sodium-activated potassium channels in which sodium was replaced with choline or NMDG without an addition control may therefore be artifactual.

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Presidential immunity as a shield from liability for international crimes

Because of their unique position heads of state always enjoyed special position within international law. For decades every act by heads of state were protected by rule of international law which guaranteed them full immunity from foreign civil and criminal proceedings. This rule also comprised immunity from foreign proceedings for international crimes. The reason for the existence of this absolute immunity for heads of state was found in the fact that they were always considered as a part of the state which they represent. In this way, the rule of state equality was satisfied. Nevertheless, the immunity rule enables immunity for heads of state even they were, in most of the cases, the most responsible for international crimes. Rising human rights protection within international community after World War II influenced limitations of the heads of state immunity in respect of international crimes. This practice was firstly introduced before international courts, and then also before domestic court. However, the boundaries of the heads of state immunity rule were not definitely defined within international law. For that reason domestic courts enacted different decisions about heads of state immunity than international courts. This practice enabled possibility for dictators to avoid charges for committed international crimes. This article is dealing with contemporary solutions for dictators' punishment. Author explains which courts today have jurisdiction to prosecute former and incumbent presidents for committed international crimes. Also author points on different position of the heads of state before domestic and international courts, which is not covered by immunity rule any more.

Topic: International Law and Human Rights
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIV INFECTION AND PERILOUS IMPULSIVE BEHAVIORS IN INJECTION HEROIN ADDICTS

Background: Background: Background Intravenous Drug Abusers are prone to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome more than normal population. The aim of this study was investigating the association between HIV infection and perilousimpulsive behaviors in Heroin injection addicts. Materials and Methods: In a case-control study, 67 cases of injection Heroin addicts with HIV+ and HIV- from Shafaq rehabilitation center in Tehran were selected by using available sampling, and assigned to three groups of homeless heroin addicts with positive HIV and negative HIV injection Heroin and also homeness Heroin addicts with negative HIV. They were surveyed by Eysenck, Barrett’s questionnaires and Deal of test reduction. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS with using descriptive statistics and chi-square test (p ≤0/05).

Topic: HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of Aging on the Performance of Glass Fiber Reinforced pCBT Resin

In the present paper, pCBT casts and pCBT/E-glass fiber composites were prepared. In order to study the mechanical performance of the thermoplastic material in the aging environment, the specimens were exposed to salt spray, hygrothermal as well as immersion conditions. The hygroscopicity and mechanisation of the material were studied. From this research work, it is found that, in corrosion tests, the water absorb rate increases at the beginning of the test and decreases with the increase of time. Chloride ion concentrationb and a higher corrosion time have some influence on the moisture absorption kinetics. The results also show that the mechanical properties such as modulus and strength of pCBT and its glass fiber composites change with the trendency of moisture absorption curves.

Topic: Innovative concrete reinforcement materials
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A constructional analysis of unselected objects in Polish: The case of prze-

We provide a constructional account of unselected objects in Polish with special focus on valence augmentation and valence creation processes (Michaelis and Ruppenhofer 2001a, 2001b) involved in prze-prefixed predications. Unselected objects appear in two transitive patterns, which we label Object-as-Figure and Object-as-Ground constructions. Unlike most non-cognitivist approaches (cf. Spencer and Zaretskaya 1998) and in accordance with Cognitive Grammar proposals (cf. Janda 1985; Dąbrowska 1996), we argue that prefixes do not have a vague meaning nor are sometimes mere aspectual markers. In particular, we show that the semantics of both prze-patterns is based on an image schema, where a Figure physically crosses a Ground. Furthermore, we show, through a corpus study, that this spatial configuration provides the basis for a number of metaphorical extensions of the central constructional meaning. However, in contrast to some Cognitive Grammar approaches (cf. Dąbrowska 1996), we propose that the prefix is not added to the verb, changing its valency, but rather it is the verb (or other grammatical category) that is integrated into the prefixed construction. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the analytical machinery of Construction Grammar that is used to account for irregular patterns, i.e., direct objects not involved in the verb's argument structure, can also be used to account for regular syntactic patterns, i.e., prze-constructions with prototypical direct objects.

Topic: Language, Metaphor, and Cognition
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Lines of Energy Deposition for Supersonic∕Hypersonic Temperature∕Drag-Reduction and Vehicle Control

Lines of energy are deposited ahead of supersonic and hypersonic vehicles in order to create a low‐density channel, through which a vehicle can travel with dramatically reduced drag. Temperature and pressure are both also reduced on the front surfaces of the vehicle, while density and pressure are increased at the vehicle base. When applied off‐center, this technique can be used to control the vehicle, employing the entire body as the control surface and eliminating the need for actuators. Results for drag‐reduction, temperature‐reduction, and control forces are presented here.

Topic: Plasma and Flow Control in Aerodynamics
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Turbulence Plus

This paper attempts to give a concise overview of the turbulence research performed at the Laboratory for Aero and Hydrodynamics of the Delft University of Technology under the guidance of Frans Nieuwstadt. Frans Nieuwstadt was appointed in 1986 as director of the laboratory, and he held this position until his sudden death in 2005. Frans’ principal interest was to investigate turbulence at a fundamental level, but also to consider turbulence and its role in other processes. He coined a name for this research: turbulence plus.

Topic: Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Merchants of knowledge: Petty retail and differentiation without consolidation among farmers in Maharashtra, India

Abstract This article focuses on the intermediary figure of the village‐level petty retailer of chemical inputs, providing an account of the everyday relationships of farmers with transnational and domestic agribusiness capital. Retailers are figures from whom farmers purchase seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and other chemicals. The article traces the rise of village‐level retailers in western Maharashtra, India, since the 1990s, and finds that Maratha (a dominant landholding cultivator caste) households have ventured into retailing. Further, farmers depend on retailers for credit, technical knowledge, and for the sale of their harvest. By analysing the pressures and risks of petty retail, visible in interactions with farmers, the article argues that even as retailing provides avenues for upward mobility to petty agricultural commodity producers, the trade is too volatile for the gains to sustain. Thus, the entry of Marathas into petty retail is akin to an attempt at class differentiation but without consolidation.

Topic: Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The parliament of 1571

The parliament of 1571 Get access E. T. Evans E. T. Evans Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s7-VI, Issue 148, 27 October 1888, Page 330, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s7-VI.148.330e Published: 27 October 1888

Topic: Scottish History and National Identity
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Optimization and Investigation of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine based on Power and Frequency using Genetic Algorithm

This paper presents optimum design and performance investigation of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine (FPSE) by using genetic algorithm (GA). Mechanical and thermal analyses were considered in the optimization. Power and frequency were chosen primarily as the output performance. The mathematical model of the FPSE was provided from equation of motion in state space. The required engine operation frequency was set. The root of equation of motion is function of five unknowns including piston mass, displacer mass, stiffness of piston, stiffness of displacer and damping due to load. The engine operation with desired frequency occurs when two roots of equation of motion are imaginary part, which indicates operation frequency of the engine and other two roots are negative real part. The difference of operation frequency from equation of motion and desired frequency was set as the first objective function. The damping due to load which represents the work output of the engine was set as second objective function. Both objective functions were solved by GA.

Topic: Advanced Thermodynamic Systems and Engines
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Lithofacies-influenced ostracod associations in the middle Ordovician Bromide Formation, Oklahoma, USA

Abstract. The Bromide Formation of southern Oklahoma was deposited in a linear basin and on the adjoining platform during a marine transgressive-regressive event in the middle Ordovician. The formation displays wide lateral (platform-basin) and vertical (transgressive-regressive) sedimentary facies variation. From the prolific and diverse ostracod fauna present in the Bromide Formation two lithofaeies-related ostracod associations can be defined: a geographically and stratigraphically widespread Anisocyamus Association, occupying subtidally deposited marine sediments: and a Leperditella Association, which is restricted to marginal marine environments. The ostracods of the Bromide Formation demonstrate that the group can be utilized in the Ordovician as a tool to help establish palaeoenvironments and differentiate palaeoshoreline.

Topic: Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
(***Bestsellers***) Read Book [PDF] Challenger Deep TXT,PDF,EPUB

Read Or Download Challenger Deep Full Books By Neal Shusterman\n\nRead Online =&gt; Read Challenger Deep\n\nDownload Book =&gt; Download Challenger Deep\n\nChallenger Deep pdf download\nChallenger Deep read online\nChallenger Deep epub\nChallenger Deep vk\nChallenger Deep pdf\nChallenger Deep amazon\nChallenger Deep free download pdf\nChallenger Deep pdf free\nChallenger Deep pdf\nChallenger Deep epub download\nChallenger Deep online\nChallenger Deep epub download\nChallenger Deep epub vk\nChallenger Deep mobi\n\n\n#downloadbook #book #readonline #readbookonline #ebookcollection #ebookdownload #pdf #ebook #epub #kindle

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A Comprehensive Examination of the Pharmacist’s Role in Mental Illness

The number of people receiving mental illness diagnoses has increased in the last two decades. As one of the most accessible healthcare professionals, pharmacists need to be prepared to assist in the management of patients with mental illness. In this study, the objective was to see how pharmacists’ mental illness knowledge, acceptable social distance, familiarity, and perceived barriers may predict pharmacists’ attitude toward patients with mental illness and also their willingness to provide care to patients with mental illness. The secondary objectives of this study were to test for differences in knowledge, attitude, perceived barriers, and willingness to provide care based on type of degree type of pharmacy, gender, and location. This study utilized a descriptive, cross-sectional survey design to collect study data from a sample of 196 pharmacists. The respondents seemed to have an overall positive attitude towards patients with mental illness. Nearly 60% of pharmacists reported that their pharmacy education adequately trained them to work with patients with mental illness. In regard to education, pharmacists with a PharmD more strongly attributed physical symptoms to mental illness than did BSPharm-trained pharmacists. Most of the pharmacists perceived time available for pharmacist to give attention to patients as one of the most significant barriers. In terms of social distance, most pharmacists expressed that they would be willing to work alongside a person with mental illness than have same person as a babysitter for their child. Although, pharmacists held a somewhat positive perception of patients’ mental illness, there was still a stigma assessed. Due to this, there might be a need for educational interventions that will improve future pharmacists’ willingness to provide care to patients with mental illness.

Topic: Mental Health Treatment and Access
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Natural History of Collops georgianus (Coleoptera: Melyridae)

Collops georgianus Fall lives on rock outcrops in Georgia. It produces one generation per year. Adults die in the late fall and larvae overwinter, pupate in the spring, and emerge as adults by late June. Egg-laying occurs throughout the summer, with most occurring in September. In most months, females significantly outnumber males. Adults scavenge dead insects, prey upon oribatid mites, and eat seeds. They are diurnal and their activity peaks in the late afternoon. They use the various areas of the outcrop randomly in the morning and evening but specialize at midday during the warmer months. They appear to use certain areas for feeding and mating and to use others for escape from the heat of midday.

Topic: Entomological Studies and Ecology
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Variability in Successive Operational Model Forecasts of Maritime Cyclogenesis

The level of variability present in operational model simulations of marine cyclogenesis was examined. Successive forecasts valid for the same 12-h time period of analysed maximum cyclone central pressure fall from the National Meteorological Center (NMC) nested grid model (NGM) and the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) regional finite element model (RFE) were examined for one cold season (November 1988–March 1989). All cyclones with an analysed 12-h maximum central pressure fall occurring within the Western Atlantic region were included in the study, comprising a total of 52 sets of 0–12-,12–24-, 24–36-, and 36–48-h forecasts. Analyzed cyclone development spanned a wide range of intensities from no development (one case) to extraordinarily rapid development (greater than 24 mb in 12 h, 14 cases). The primary storm track was located offshore, resulting in reduced precipitation along the coastal regions. Both models tended to under-forecast cyclone development, and under-represent the clustering of cyclone activity within a narrow band offshore. This tendency became progressively stronger in the NGM with forecast range, while the behavior of the RFE was complicated by an apparent short-range (0–12-h) spin-up problem. The degree of variability in a sequence of forecasts was not well related to the overall prediction error for either model, belying the view that consistency in successive model forecasts indicates reliability. Each model exhibited forecast of low variance with high error (consistently poor forecasts of development) and sets of high variance with low error (inconsistent, but within range of the analyzed development). The models performed more similarly with regard to their mean error characteristics for a given set of forecasts than in terms of the dispersion of that error within the forecast sequences.

Topic: Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
A symptomatic acute hepatitis C infection in a chronic hemodialysis patient and traceable source of infection by viral RNA analysis

血液透析 (HD) 患者のHCV感染率は高率で, 輸血のほか透析医療行為による感染の可能性がある. 維持透析中にC型肝炎を急性発症したため, 感染源を特定し感染経路を推測し得た症例を報告する.症例は52歳女性. 半月体形成性腎炎により持続携行式腹膜透析 (CAPD) 導入となり8年を超えたため, 2001年8月より計画的にHDに移行し間歌的腹腔洗浄のみ行っていた. 2002年1月GOT 894U/L, GPT 1,254U/Lと著しい肝機能障害を認め, 精査加療目的に入院. HCV抗体が陰性で, HCV-RNAが陽性であったため急性C型肝炎と診断した. トランスアミナーゼは順調に低下したが, T-Bilが第9病日となっても10.3mg/dLと上昇を続けたため強力ネオミノファーゲンの投与を行い退院した.本症例では透析医療行為による感染を疑い, 2001年9月-2002年1月に当院でHDを行ったHCV抗体陽性患者全員のHCV genotypeを検索し, 本症例と同じ1bの患者9例を抽出した. 次いで本症例を含めた10例で, HCV RNA E1領域中の400の塩基配列を調査した. その結果, 2001年12月に5回の透析を本例と同一日に行った1患者の塩基配列が, 本症例と98.8%の相同性をもっており, 感染源であると判明した. 5回のうち, 同一ベッドで前後して透析を行ったことはなく, 5回とも本例は感染源例より約1時間遅れて透析を開始し終了していた. また, 5回のうち1回で透析ベッドが隣り合っていた. 明らかな血液の汚染事故はなかったので, その際に行われた透析手技を再度見直したところ, 穿刺時および終了・返血時の手技, さらに注射薬のポート注入などの際に手袋やアルコール綿の汚染を介して発生した可能性が考えられた. そのためそれらに対して具体的な防御策を検討し実行した.本例は血液透析患者におけるHCV感染防御手段を検討し, 今後の感染を防ぐために非常に重要な症例であった.

Topic: Hepatitis C virus research
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A short course of low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent deep venous thrombosis after elective total hip replacement.

A short course of low-molecular-weight heparin provides effective protection against proximal deep venous thrombosis without significantly increasing the risk to the patient. The treatment is compatible with early patient discharge and the pharmacologic prevention of heterotopic ossification after total joint replacement.

Topic: Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
Subfield: Internal Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Application of Real Options Analysis in the Valuation of Investment in Biodiesel Production

There are basically two main methods used in the valuation of capital investments; the discounted cash flow (DCF) techniques, and the option pricing valuation (OPV) method. The DCF techniques and other net present value (NPV) methods when used to value investment projects that have flexibility in them tend to underestimate the values of the projects, because they fail to capture the value of the flexibility embedded in such projects. For biodiesel production, such flexibility may include the option to defer, expand, contract or abandon the project, should the economic environment necessitate that. Most biodiesel production projects have been valued using the DCF techniques. This paper evaluates the economic feasibility of converting WVO from the Army Barracks as well as other feedstock into biodiesel, using the OPV method so as to incorporate managerial flexibility in the production process. The log-transformed binomial method (LTBM) is envisaged for the real options analysis.

Topic: Capital Investment and Risk Analysis
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences