jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations of the Head and Neck.

Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations of the Head and Neck. Edited by Milton Waner, M.D., and James Y. Suen, M.D. Pp. 396. Wiley-Liss, New York, 1999. I commend Waner and Suen for their outstanding book. Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations of the Head and Neck will be extremely valuable to the plastic surgeon who treats any kind of vascular anomaly, from those entities as simple as hemangiomas and port-wine stains to more complex arteriovenous malformations. The book is laid out in an extremely logical manner and is commendable for taking a very strong approach in basing its entire premise on the biologic classification of vascular anomalies proposed by Mulliken and Glowacki in 1982. In fact, in my opinion it is the best book on the topic of vascular anomalies since Mulliken’s text Vascular Birthmarks, Hemangiomas and Malformations, published in 1988. The book from Waner and Suen covers classification, natural history, and clinical assessment of all vascular birthmarks. The chapter by Drs. North and Mihm on Surgical Pathology was simply outstanding. This chapter could be used to educate any pathologist who works closely with surgeons who remove these tumors. Often, pathology reports are worthless clinically and group many of these lesions into archaic terminology. These authors bring the surgical pathology of pediatric vascular tumors into the 21st century. The chapter on Diagnostic Imaging is clear and concise, and chapters dealing with treatment, specifically, of vascular malformations, are excellent. The laser discussions take advantage of Dr. Waner’s unparalleled knowledge and clinical experience in this area. It is imperative, however, that the reader be aware that the entire book portrays a bias for early aggressive treatment of hemangiomas, and this will be the most controversial portion of the book. The authors take the straightforward stance that benign neglect should be abandoned and propose aggressive treatment. Careful evaluation of the cases shown reveals extremely aggressive, large lesions that even conservative surgeons would most likely operate on at an early stage. The weakest chapter is that on Psychosocial Impact of Congenital Vascular Lesions, in which a subjective anecdote is used to close the chapter in an effort to support this early treatment bias. It is interesting to note that the authors show no photographs of successful involution, nor do they discuss fully the risks of early surgical intervention with the scarring it ensures. The risk of blood loss and damage to neurovascular structures must be considered as well. Although I agree in most instances with the authors’ approach, the book would benefit the average surgeon by bringing out these contrary opinions in a more balanced, unbiased manner. Nevertheless, Drs. Waner and Suen should be commended for a book that is a clear, informative update and state-of-the-art approach to simple and complex vascular birthmarks.

Topic: Vascular Malformations and Hemangiomas
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
"Sisters in Arms": Slave Women's Resistance to Slavery in the United States

This paper examines the gendered nature of slave resistance in the nineteenth-century United States and illustrates the ways in which both gender and race shaped the institution of slavery. This examination is based on a collection of ex-slave oral interviews which were gathered in the 1930s in the Slave Narrative Collection of the Federal Writer's Project of the Works Progress Administration. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data reveal that slave women defended their own needs as slaves and challenged the system itself. The analysis broadens the traditional definition of resistance," and illustrates the ways in which slave women carried out their day-to-day resistance to an oppressive system of servitude. Without women, slave resistance could not have been so throughly entwined into the fabric of everyday life as under slavery.

Topic: Race, History, and American Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
University as an opportunity space enabler in a regional entrepreneurial ecosystem

Universities are widely recognized as key players in entrepreneurial ecosystems that support entrepreneurial activities to create economic and social value in the region. Previous research has increased our understanding about the role of universities contributing to regional economic development and entrepreneurship through knowledge transfer mechanisms, increasing human capital and innovation activity. However, little is known about the contribution of universities to the actual entrepreneurial processes in spatial context. Utilizing the case study approach, this study examines university as an ecosystem actor, focusing particularly on the enabling role of universities in entrepreneurial opportunity formation. As a result, this study provides a conceptualization of four different entrepreneurial opportunity spaces, bounded by the varying degrees of knowledge applicability and opportunity proximity. This article contributes to research on regional entrepreneurial ecosystems and on the role of universities as ecosystem actors contributing to research knowledge-based entrepreneurial opportunity formation for innovative entrepreneurship.

Topic: Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Ultrastructural and quantitative studies of mammary tumor virus production in cultured mouse mammary tumor cells.

Summary A whole-cell-mounting technique was successfully applied to the study of mouse mammary tumor virus budding from cells in tissue culture. The technique permitted the visualization of ultrastructural detail, including the cores and the surface spikes of budding virions. The latter are difficult to discriminate in thin sections. Budding mammary tumor virus was compared with budding murine leukemia virus. The latter lacked the spikes and differed from mammary tumor virus with respect to the assembly of the cores. Binding of specific antibody to budding mammary tumor virions was directly visualized without the use of conjugated antibody. The antibody binding was found to be specific since the antibody was bound only to the virus bud and not to other regions of the cell membrane. Binding was not observed with control sera. The whole-cell-mounting technique was also used as an assay for virus production in infected cells. It was found that the MMT/R-5 cell line contained a higher ratio of producing cells than the MMT (Sykes) cell line from which it was derived by alternate in vivo-in vitro passage in Amsterdam rats. As the cultures aged, the productivity of MMT approached zero while that of the MMT/R-5 cells increased.

Topic: Virus-based gene therapy research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Nano‐Imaging Study of Graphene Edge Plasmons with Chirality‐Dependent Dispersions

Abstract Graphene plasmons (GPs) have a variety of potential applications in nanophotonics and optoelectronics, such as room temperature mid‐infrared photodetectors, sensors, and modulators, due to their ultrahigh electromagnetic field confinements. In particular, the GPs at the edges of a monolayer graphene have been demonstrated to exhibit superior electromagnetic field confinements compared to the sheet plasmons. The graphene is terminated by two types of edges with different chiralities, that is, zigzag or armchair edge. Here, study of the plasmon modes at these two edges and their dispersions, is reported. The authors manage to visualize these two edges using a nano‐imaging technique, and show that edge plasmon behaviors are strongly dependent on chirality. The plasmon dispersions of these two edges can be modified upon chemical doping. Due to the stronger molecule absorption ability of the zigzag edge, the associated plasmons exhibit a broader tuning range.

Topic: Plasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Additional file 1 of Bidirectional treatment of peritoneal metastasis with Pressurized IntraPeritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) and systemic chemotherapy: a systematic review

Additional file 1. Reporting items for PIPAC. List of items to be considered when reporting on PIPAC directed therapy.

Topic: Intraperitoneal and Appendiceal Malignancies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Morphology and histology of the thymus gland in dromedary camel with particular reference to thymic Hassall's corpuscles

The thymus gland is the primary lymphoid organ that undergoes postnatal growth followed by gradual atrophies and functional decline with age progress. The thymus gland has similar morphology across species, with a thoracic portion in the cranial mediastinum and a cervical portion along the trachea. Histologically, the thymus consists of an outer cortex populated with darkly stained T lymphocytes and a pale inner medulla. The medulla contains thymic Hassall's corpuscles (THC), which may function as sites for T cell maturation or as communication points between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. The thymus gland in camels has yet to be well studied, with limited research on its macroscopic and microscopic anatomy. In this study, the thymus glands of camel calves were examined. The thoracic portion was triangular and located in the cranioventral part of the mediastinum. The cervical portion extends cranially to the level of the thyroid gland and, in some cases, to the larynx. Histologically, the camel thymus had a fibrous capsule and connective tissue trabeculae, dividing the gland into incomplete lobules. The cortex was heavily populated with thymocytes, while the medulla contained epithelial reticular cells. A perivascular space (PVS) consisting of mature T lymphocytes surrounding blood vessels was also identified. THCs were present in the medulla, with variable shapes and forms ranging from small-sized to very large-sized with degenerative changes. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of the thymus gland in camels and its implications for vaccination programs and immune health.

Topic: Digestive system and related health
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Governing for Resilience in Vulnerable Places

Governing for Resilience in Vulnerable Places provides an overview and a critical analysis of the ways in which the concept ‘resilience’ has been addressed in social sciences research. In doing so, this edited book draws together state-of-the-art research from a variety of disciplines (i.e. spatial planning, economic and cultural geography, environmental and political sciences, sociology and architecture) as well as cases and examples across different spatial and geographical contexts (e.g. urban slums in India; flood-prone communities in the UK; coastal Japan). The cases present and explore challenges and potentials of resilience-thinking for practitioners and academics. As such, Governing for Resilience in Vulnerable Places aims to provide a scientifically robust overview and to generate some conceptual clarity for researchers, students and practitioners interested in the potential of resilience thinking as well as the application of resilience in practice.

Topic: Flood Risk Assessment and Management
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Studies on Bermuda grass pollen allergens.

Two allergens, BGP-1 and BGP-2, were identified in crude Bermuda grass pollen extract. BGP-1 was a major allergen and elicited a skin reaction in all subjects sensitive to the crude extract, whereas BGP-2 was a minor allergen and elicited a reaction in only 75% of such subjects. Calibrated column chromatography was used to determine the molecular weights and Stokes radii of the allergens. For BGP-1 they were 30 000 daltons and 24,3 X 10(-8) cm respectively and for BGP-2 they were 14 000 daltons and 18,1 X 10(-8) respectively. The sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) of BGP-1 on sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation was 3,1 and on iso-electric focusing its iso-electric point was found to be pH 5,4. The reason why only certain individuals sensitive to BGP-1 are sensitive to BGP-2 is discussed. It is possible that the former is a dimer of the latter.

Topic: Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
Subfield: Immunology and Allergy
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Diastolic Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Presenting to Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: To study the frequency of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus presenting to a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Medicine Dept, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Mar to Aug 2022. Methodology: Fifty-one patients between the ages of 30 to 65 years were enrolled, belonging to either gender, presenting to outdoor department, with diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus for at least 1 year, on oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin, and no underlying hypertensive cardiac pathology or diastolic dysfunction. These patients were further analyzed using statistical software based on their 2D echocardiogram findings. Results: Out of 51 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, there were more males 32(62.7%) as compared to females 19(37.3%), with mean age of 52.25±8.09 years. We observed that 21(41.2%) patients did not have left ventricular diastolic dysfunction at the time of our study, but among these patients, 13(61.9%) had type 2 diabetes mellitus for 1-3 years while remaining 30(58.8%) patients had both type 2 diabetes mellitus and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, with 13(25.5%) having grade-I, 10(19.6%) having grade-II and 7(13.7%) having grade-III categorization. Conclusion: There was an increased risk of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus with longer duration of disease and higher HbA1c. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus to be followed up for diabetic control and monitored for the presence of asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with measures to be taken to prevent it.

Topic: Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Mirror Movements Identified in Patients with Moebius Syndrome

<strong>Background:</strong> Moebius syndrome is a rare disorder with minimum clinical criteria of congenital facial weakness in association with impairment in abduction of one or both eyes. Mirror movements are not known to be associated with Moebius syndrome. <strong>Case Report:</strong> We present three patients who meet minimum criteria for a diagnosis of Moebius syndrome and who also display mirror movements. <strong>Discussion:</strong> This case series suggests that Moebius syndrome may be associated with mirror movements. Further investigation to delineate the genetic etiologies of Moebius syndrome is ongoing. Patients with Moebius syndrome and mirror movements may represent a specific subclass of this disorder.

Topic: Trigeminal Neuralgia and Treatments
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Faster cytotoxicity with age: Increased perforin and granzyme levels in cytotoxic <scp>CD8</scp><sup>+</sup> T cells boost cancer cell elimination

Abstract A variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the altered efficiency of CTLs in elderly organisms. In particular, the efficacy of antiviral CD8 + T cells responses in the elderly has come back into focus since the COVID‐19 pandemic outbreak. However, the exact molecular mechanisms leading to alterations in T cell function and the origin of the observed impairments have not been fully explored. Therefore, we investigated whether intrinsic changes affect the cytotoxic ability of CD8 + T cells in aging. We focused on the different subpopulations and time‐resolved quantification of cytotoxicity during tumor cell elimination. We report a surprising result: Killing kinetics of CD8 + T cells from elderly mice are much faster than those of CD8 + T cells from adult mice. This is true not only in the total CD8 + T cell population but also for their effector (T EM ) and central memory (T CM ) T cell subpopulations. TIRF experiments reveal that CD8 + T cells from elderly mice possess comparable numbers of fusion events per cell, but significantly increased numbers of cells with granule fusion. Analysis of the cytotoxic granule (CG) content shows significantly increased perforin and granzyme levels and turns CD8 + T cells of elderly mice into very efficient killers. This highlights the importance of distinguishing between cell‐intrinsic alterations and microenvironmental changes in elderly individuals. Our results also stress the importance of analyzing the dynamics of CTL cytotoxicity against cancer cells because, with a simple endpoint lysis analysis, cytotoxic differences could have easily been overlooked.

Topic: Immune Cell Function and Interaction
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Media Costs and Effects in Political Campaigns

The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974, although modified by the Supreme Court, set the tone for campaign spending in the 1976 elections. The original limitations of the act caused candidates and their managers to design campaigns within the spending ceiling. Presidential campaigns receive the most attention from the press but actually are atypical. The best campaigns being conducted in the United States today are for senator and governor. Candidates in these contests do not receive the heavy concentration of publicity that presidential candidates get, and thus are much more dependent upon electronic media to get their message to the voters. Defining the candidate's message is one of the most difficult decisions in structur ing a campaign. Paid electronic advertising permits a candi date to communicate his message directly to the voter without filtering it through a news editor. Despite criticisms, the 30-second and 60-second television spots are the best means available to reach the voters. Television production costs vary little from state to state, but the cost of time varies considerably. Radio can have an important impact on the electorate, but frequently its importance in politics is underestimated.

Topic: Media Studies and Communication
Subfield: Communication
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Affective Refuge in the Work of Samuel Beckett

Abstract Drawing upon Sara Ahmed's “cultural politics of emotion” and Claire Colebrook's conceptualization of “Cartesian affect,” this article puts forward the notion of affective refuge, a phenomenon which is investigated through an analysis of Samuel Beckett's Watt , Krapp's Last Tape and Ohio Impromptu . First, I highlight the opposing perspectives as well the potential common ground between Ahmed's and Claire Colebrook's theories in order to argue that the thought of affective refuge might actually be defined as the movement away from seeing affect as that which “make[s] us aware of [our] bodily dwelling” (Ahmed 26) and towards recognizing “the Cartesian moment of … never being proximate to one's own body,” as understood by Colebrook in her 2020 essay “Cartesian Affect” (442). I then go on to claim that, in Watt , affective refuge emerges as a reaction to fear, as the protagonist strives to process the surfaces of things and bodies around him via elaborate systems of perception, while in Krapp's Last Tape and Ohio Impromptu , the pain of remorse the characters experience regarding their own grieving practices comes to shatter the remainder of the affective refuge which had unfolded in their relationships to their departed loved ones.

Topic: Samuel Beckett and Modernism
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The Birmingham pub bombings, the Irish as a ‘suspect community’ and the memories of the O’Reilly family

In the immediate aftermath of the Birmingham Pub Bombings in 1974, the Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA) was introduced as British politicians struggled to deal with the increasing threat of the Provisional IRA on British soil. This reactionary measure intensified the already contested policy of Internment and would have severe implications for the Irish communities in England. This chapter argues that through the implementation of this legislation, alongside a media campaign that failed to put the conflict into context, a 'suspect community' was created, in which civil liberties were taken away from Irish people simply because of their ethnicity. However, the PTA not only created this 'suspect community' in the eyes of the police and the government, but also - and perhaps most crucially - for the public too. The negative impact this had 'ordinary', innocent Irish people is therefore analysed through the personal experiences of one Irish family as they discuss the institutionalised racism they faced living in Birmingham throughout the period. The chapter concludes by drawing on the importance of oral history, as it has taken almost half a century for the family to openly recount their experiences.

Topic: Irish and British Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Joint Cluster Head Selection and Trajectory Planning in UAV-Aided IoT Networks by Reinforcement Learning with Sequential Model

Employing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has attracted growing interests and emerged as the state-of-the-art technology for data collection in Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks. In this paper, with the objective of minimizing the total energy consumption of the UAV-IoT system, we formulate the problem of jointly designing the UAV's trajectory and selecting cluster heads in the IoT network as a constrained combinatorial optimization problem which is classified as NP-hard and challenging to solve. We propose a novel deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with a sequential model strategy that can effectively learn the policy represented by a sequence-to-sequence neural network for the UAV's trajectory design in an unsupervised manner. Through extensive simulations, the obtained results show that the proposed DRL method can find the UAV's trajectory that requires much less energy consumption when compared to other baseline algorithms and achieves close-to-optimal performance. In addition, simulation results show that the trained model by our proposed DRL algorithm has an excellent generalization ability to larger problem sizes without the need to retrain the model.

Topic: UAV Applications and Optimization
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences