jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of the Reaction Medium on the Mechanochemical Synthesis of LiAlO2

An unactivated mixture of aluminum hydroxide (gibbsite) and lithium carbonate and a mixture mechanically activated in an AGO-2 planetary mill were heat-treated in air and under vacuum (0.05 Pa) at temperatures of up to 800–850°C, and the phase composition of the heat treatment products was determined by in situ X-ray diffraction. The results demonstrate that, in the case of the unactivated mixture or after mechanical activation for 1 min, heat treatments in air and under vacuum lead to the formation of α-LiAlO2 and γ-LiAlO2, respectively. After mechanical activation for 5 or 10 min, heat treatment both in air and under vacuum leads to γ-LiAlO2 formation. A possible mechanism behind the effect of the reaction medium on the phase composition of LiAlO2 is analyzed.

Topic: Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A comparison of the governance landscape of earthquake risk reduction in Nepal and the Indian State of Bihar

On 25 April 2015, a Mw 7.8 earthquake struck central Nepal, killing more than 8700 people. An earthquake of this magnitude has long been anticipated in Nepal and the neighbouring northern Indian state of Bihar, which straddle the active Himalayan frontal fault system. Drawing on field research undertaken before the earthquake, this paper traces the progress made in earthquake risk reduction efforts at the national scale in Nepal and at the sub-national scale in Bihar. With their contrasting ‘governance landscapes’, we examine the political and institutional context and power relations among different stakeholder groups, as well as the interests and political will motivating earthquake risk reduction. Nepal is a post-conflict country, with a weak legislative and institutional setting for earthquake risk reduction, and a multitude of different stakeholders (government, multi and bi-lateral donors, UN organisations, and national and international NGOs) engaged in the disaster risk reduction process. Bihar, by comparison, has a strong, hierarchical, sub-national government system with minimal influence of non-government stakeholders in earthquake risk reduction. While Nepal appears to have progressed further in strengthening earthquake resilience, the institutional structures in Bihar are stronger and could potentially support more sustainable resilience building in the long-term. The role of individual ‘champions’ in both instances (in Nepal among a national NGO, donors and multilateral agencies, and in Bihar within the government) has been instrumental in shaping the earthquake risk reduction agenda and initiatives.

Topic: Disaster Management and Resilience
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Cationic Conjugated Polymer/DNA Complexes for Amplified Fluorescence Assays of Nucleases and Methyltransferases

A new method is developed for sensitive, homogeneous, and convenient assays of nucleases and methyltransferases using complexes of cationic conjugated polymers with DNA containing a fluorescein tag at the 5′-terminus (DNA-Fl). The cleavage of DNA by nucleases can be monitored by fluorescence spectra by observing conjugated-polymer or fluorescein emission changes in aqueous solutions.

Topic: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope Study of Leaf Axil Structure in <i>Araucaria cunninghamii</i>

The cells of active plant meristems are characterised by their small size, thin walls and a full complement of organelles, most noticeably a large nucleus surrounded by densely staining, little-vacuolated cytoplasm. The axillary meristems of Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D. Don (hoop pine) possess a similar ultrastructure, even though they quickly assume a near complete, potentially permanent quiescence following their detachment from the flanks of the actively dividing apical meristem. However, they differ from metabolically active cells in that those organelles and structures associated with cytokinesis and cell wall formation are either absent (microtubules) or infrequent and in an apparently inactive state (smooth endoplasmic reticulum, non-vesiculating dictyosomes, nuclei with a low heterochromatin to euchromatin ratio). In addition, storage products (starch, lipid globules), usually not present in metabolically active cells, are well developed. In addition to not developing a bud-like organisation, the meristems are also unlike typical axillary buds in that they have no vascular or provascular connections with the axial vascular tissues and are bounded adaxially by a group of thick-walled cells. While these cells constitute a physical barrier around the axillary meristems, they are nucleated and possess numerous simple pits that have a high plasmodesmatal frequency. Thus it appears that the meristems are not physiologically isolated, but are in cytoplasmic continuity with the remainder of the plant.

Topic: Plant Reproductive Biology
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Transforming three-way arrays to multiple orthonormality

This paper is concerned with the question to what extent the concept of rowwise or columnwise orthonormality can he generalized to three-way arrays. Whereas transforming a three-way array to multiple orthogonality is immediate, transforming it to multiple orthonormality is far from straightforward. The present paper offers an iterative algorithm for such transformations, and gives a proof of monotonical convergence when only two modes are orthonormalized. Also, it is shown that a variety of three-way arrays do not permit double orthonormalization. This is due to the order of the arrays, and holds regardless of the particular elements of the array. Studying three-way orthonormality has proven useful in exploring the possibilities for simplifying the core, to guide the search for equivalent direct transformations to simplicity; see Murakami et al. (Psychometrika 1998; 63: 255-261) as an example. Also, it appears in various contexts of the mathematical study of three-way analysis. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Topic: Tensor decomposition and applications
Subfield: Computational Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Transabdominal radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: an experience on 155 patients].

Radical nephrectomy via transperitoneal route, with benefits of early ligating the renal vessels and easy to perform lymphadenectomy, has certain effect on RCC with less severe complications. It may be a standard surgical procedure for RCC.

Topic: Renal cell carcinoma treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Parent-infant psychotherapy - Promoting parent reflective functioning and enhancing child mentalizing capacity

Background: Parent- Infant Psychotherapy (IPP) is a relationship-based treatment for infants who are experiencing mental health problems or who are at risk for such disturbances. Objectives: With this work, the authors propose to explore the mechanisms by which PIP may enhance child mentalizing capacity and, consequently, child mental health. Methods: A literature review on adult and child and adolescent psychiatry textbooks and on Pubmed database was performed, using the MeSH terms u201cinfantu201d, u201cpsychotherapyu201d and u201cmentalization.u201c We selected the articles written in English, which fulfilled the objectives exposed above.Results: Mentalization is the process by which we make sense of each other and ourselves, in terms of subjective states and mental processes. This capacity is deeply dependent on early childhood experiences. Parents play a vital role in modulating the infantu2019s emotional states through u201cparental mirroring functionu201d - when it is troubled, child development is restricted. One of the focus of PIP sessions is parental reflective function - the therapist enhances parentsu2019 awareness of mental states and deconstructs wrong interpretations and misattributions of child emotions (e.g. projection). Conclusions: PIP improves parental mirroring and mentalizing functions, and, consequently child emotional regulation.

Topic: Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Ethics of the Era of Change: the Image of the 1917 th Revolution in Russia in Contemporary Swiss Documentary

The relevance of studying the theme of reflection of revolutionary changes in the value foundations of culture is directly related to the analysis of the spectrum of possibilities of intercultural interaction against the background of historical and cultural mutual influences which are emphasized by contemporary art. The most dramatic transformations of ethical assessments that took place during the "change of eras" of 1917 are analyzed in this article in the prism of Swiss documentary cinema. Comparative methodology, biographical method, categorical analysis and imagology techniques are used for that purpuse. Four films are highlighted. They tell about the Russian revolution through stories of specific Swiss people connected with the events of this period one way or another. These examples t race the connection between morality, ideology, religion and law, which raises the philosophical question of the role of violence in culture. The auther brings into discussion the philosophical views of N. A. Berdyaev on the religious role of Marxist ideology and F. M. Dostoevsky on the moral inevitability of punishment for a crime committed. The idea of the existence of a positive vector of searching for mutual understanding in conditions where violence is becoming an element of everyday life is put forward this way. It is emphasized that humanitarian cooperation between countries is acquiring an extremely important significance in the conditions of current geopolitical tension and the aggravation of interstate conflicts. Moreover artistic comprehension of the mistakes of the past can help in the search for adequate ways to respond to the challenges of modern times.

Topic: European Cultural and National Identity
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
METTL3‑mediated N6‑methyladenosine modification of MMP9 mRNA promotes colorectal cancer proliferation and migration

N6‑methyladenosine (m<sup>6</sup>A) is the predominant chemical modification of eukaryotic mRNA, dynamically mediated by the RNA methyltransferase, methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3). m<sup>6</sup>A modification plays a critical role in cancer progression through post‑transcriptional regulation in various types of cancer. However, the role of METTL3 and its associated m<sup>6</sup>A modification in colorectal tumorigenesis remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, it was demonstrated that METTL3 expression and the m<sup>6</sup>A levels were both upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) and positively associated with clinical progression, based on the bioinformatics analysis of cancer databases. Furthermore, knockdown and overexpression of METTL3 notably affected CRC cell viability, apoptosis and migration <i>in vitro</i>. Similarly, xenograft animal models confirmed that METTL3 promoted CRC tumorigenicity <i>in vivo</i>. Mechanistically, it was revealed that the m<sup>6</sup>A modification of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) mRNA mediated by METTL3 promoted its expression in CRC by decreasing its degradation. Collectively, the findings of the present study suggested that the METTL3/MMP9 axis could serve as a novel promising therapeutic candidate for CRC.

Topic: RNA modifications and cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Cosmic-Ray Positrons Strongly Constrain Leptophilic Dark Matter

Cosmic-ray positrons are a powerful probe of annihilating dark matter. While the unexpected rise in the positron fraction has been attributed to contributions from either dark matter or pulsars, in this work we instead investigate contributions from sharply peaked leptophilic dark matter models that do not fit the properties of the positron excess. Making use of the extremely precise measurements of the local positron flux by AMS-02, we create a detailed cosmic-ray propagation model, attributing the rising positron flux to primary positrons produced by Galactic pulsars, and constraining a secondary positron component with proton and Helium AMS-02 data. We do not find evidence for leptophilic dark matter and instead derive strong constraints on the annihilation cross section that lie below the thermal annihilation cross-section for dark matter masses below 60 GeV and 380 GeV for annihilation into $\tau^+\tau^-$ and e$^+$e$^-$ in our default model, respectively.

Topic: Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Predicting (variability of) context effects in language comprehension

Predicting variability in context effects is a timely enterprise considering that psycho- and neurolinguistic research has assessed how language processing depends on the perceived context, the body, and long-term linguistic knowledge of the language user. The current evidence suggests that some context effects may be systematically more robust than others and that language user characteristics are an influential modulator of context-sensitive comprehension. Reviewing psycholinguistic evidence, I argue for constrained contextual variability. Variability in context effects is predicted by characteristics of the language user and world-language relations. But extant findings also suggest generalizability beyond such variation, thus imposing constraint on theoretical prediction of context effects via relative (not absolute) processing preferences.

Topic: Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
What is normal vaginal flora?

Our study raises doubts about what should be regarded as normal vaginal flora. It calls into question the significance of finding BV or U urealyticum on a single occasion in asymptomatic women, or of finding normal flora in symptomatic women. The effect of external factors on the vaginal flora deserve further study.

Topic: Reproductive tract infections research
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Petrological coal seam accumulation model for the Zacler Formation of the Lower Silesian coal basin, southwestern Poland

Abstract Coal-bearing strata of Westphalian A–C age occur in the Zacler Formation of the Lower Silesian coal basin of the Central Sudetes. Numerous coal seams were studied petrographically to reconstruct their depositional environments. Coal seams were sampled from several localities, predominantly from mines and boreholes in the Wałbrzych (northwestern), Nowa Ruda (eastern) and Słupiec (southeastern) regions of the Lower Silesian coal basin. The coals studied range from high- to medium-volatile bituminous coals ( R m 0.72–1.35%). Petrographically, the coals from the northwestern region are characterized by low to high vitrinite contents, low to medium inertinite contents and a constant amount of liptinite. Coals in the eastern part of the basin are vitrinite dominated, with medium to high inertinite and negligible liptinite contents. All of the coals studied in the southeastern area of the basin have a moderate vitrinite content with high percentages of inertinite (semifusinite, fusinite and inertodetrinite) and with constant amounts of liptinite. Depositional environments were determined from the petrographic maceral analysis indices. Environments in peat swamps were interpreted from triangular facies diagrams and the tissue-preservation index versus gelification index relationships. Forest moors of telmatic and limno-telmatic zones predominate in the northwestern and eastern areas. In the southeastern region coals of reed-moor facies are also present. On the basis of the maceral composition, two main petrological coal facies were identified: (1) vitrinite-fusinite and (2) densosporinite facies. The variation in spore assemblage and petrographic composition of the seams indicates that environmental changes were accompanied by changes in vegetation. The vitrinite-fusinite facies, high in vitrinite, is characteristic of the forest moor/swamp environment (the Wałbrzych and Nowa Ruda regions), where arborescent vegetation predominated. The densosporinite facies, high in inertinite and intermediate in vitrinite, is typical of reed moor/marsh environments where herbaceous plants prevail.

Topic: Mining and Industrial Processes
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Functional preservation and variation in the cone opsin genes of nocturnal tarsiers

The short-wavelength sensitive (S-) opsin gene OPN1SW is pseudogenized in some nocturnal primates and retained in others, enabling dichromatic colour vision. Debate on the functional significance of this variation has focused on dark conditions, yet many nocturnal species initiate activity under dim (mesopic) light levels that can support colour vision. Tarsiers are nocturnal, twilight-active primates and exemplary visual predators; they also express different colour vision phenotypes, raising the possibility of discrete adaptations to mesopic conditions. To explore this premise, we conducted a field study in two stages. First, to estimate the level of functional constraint on colour vision, we sequenced OPN1SW in 12 wild-caught Philippine tarsiers ( Tarsius syrichta ). Second, to explore whether the dichromatic visual systems of Philippine and Bornean ( Tarsius bancanus ) tarsiers—which express alternate versions of the medium/long-wavelength sensitive (M/L-) opsin gene OPN1MW / OPN1LW —confer differential advantages specific to their respective habitats, we used twilight and moonlight conditions to model the visual contrasts of invertebrate prey. We detected a signature of purifying selection for OPN1SW , indicating that colour vision confers an adaptive advantage to tarsiers. However, this advantage extends to a relatively small proportion of prey–background contrasts, and mostly brown arthropod prey amid leaf litter. We also found that the colour vision of T. bancanus is advantageous for discriminating prey under twilight that is enriched in shorter (bluer) wavelengths, a plausible idiosyncrasy of understorey habitats in Borneo. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in dim light’.

Topic: Primate Behavior and Ecology
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Prospective Multicenter Diagnostic Performance of Technologist-Performed Screening Breast Ultrasound After Tomosynthesis in Women With Dense Breasts (the DBTUST)

PURPOSE To assess diagnostic performance of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) alone or combined with technologist-performed handheld screening ultrasound (US) in women with dense breasts. METHODS In an institutional review board–approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant multicenter protocol in western Pennsylvania, 6,179 women consented to three rounds of annual screening, interpreted by two radiologist observers, and had appropriate follow-up. Primary analysis was based on first observer results. RESULTS Mean participant age was 54.8 years (range, 40-75 years). Across 17,552 screens, there were 126 cancer events in 125 women (7.2/1,000; 95% CI, 5.9 to 8.4). In year 1, DBT-alone cancer yield was 5.0/1,000, and of DBT+US, 6.3/1,000, difference 1.3/1,000 (95% CI, 0.3 to 2.1; P = .005). In years 2 + 3, DBT cancer yield was 4.9/1,000, and of DBT+US, 5.9/1,000, difference 1.0/1,000 (95% CI, 0.4 to 1.5; P &lt; .001). False-positive rate increased from 7.0% for DBT in year 1 to 11.5% for DBT+US and from 5.9% for DBT in year 2 + 3 to 9.7% for DBT+US ( P &lt; .001 for both). Nine cancers were seen only by double reading DBT and one by double reading US. Ten interval cancers (0.6/1,000 [95% CI, 0.2 to 0.9]) were identified. Despite reduction in specificity, addition of US improved receiver operating characteristic curves, with area under receiver operating characteristic curve increasing from 0.83 for DBT alone to 0.92 for DBT+US in year 1 ( P = .01), with smaller improvements in subsequent years. Of 6,179 women, across all 3 years, 172/6,179 (2.8%) unique women had a false-positive biopsy because of DBT as did another 230/6,179 (3.7%) women because of US ( P &lt; .001). CONCLUSION Overall added cancer detection rate of US screening after DBT was modest at 19/17,552 (1.1/1,000; CI, 0.5- to 1.6) screens but potentially overcomes substantial increases in false-positive recalls and benign biopsies.

Topic: Digital Radiography and Breast Imaging
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Benchmarking Using Critical Success Factors to Implement Macrologistics Strategies

The concept of Critical Success Factors was first popularized by Jack Rockart of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The benchmarking consulting firm of Michael M. Kaiser provides this observation: "The most common reason why firms have not performed a more Competitive analysis is the perceived difficulty of finding the required data. The MIT team, headed by Jack Rockart, identified four prime sources of logistics-based critical success factors: Items one to three covered above suggest a strong alignment as well as integration role for Benchmarking in the competitive intelligence and strategic planning process. Daniel focused on those critical success factors that are relevant for any company in a particular industry, and he used the supermarket logistics model as an illustration. Benchmarking can be defined as the systematic comparison of elements of the performance of an organization against that of other organizations, usually with the aim of mutual improvement.

Topic: Competitive and Knowledge Intelligence
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
[Detection of singlet oxygen and superoxide anion with the fluorescence of FCLA].

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a major role in various life systems and is critical in understanding the mechanisms of photodynamic therapy (PDT), seed vigour and plant stress, and so on. Researchers have dedicated much effort for detecting singlet oxygen and suqeroxide anion. FCLA (the fluoresceinyl cypridina luciferin analog) is a singlet oxygen and superoxide anion specific chemiluminescence probe. Typical chemiluminescence signal is relatively weak and its detection at single cell level is rather difficult. In the present study, the fluorescence of FCLA at 515 nm was investigated and was found to increase significantly during the ROS oxidative reaction. With fluorescence imaging technique, ROS can be detected by evaluating the spatial distribution and the dynamic changes in FCLA fluorescence. The technique is proved to have high sensitivity and excellent signal-to-noise ratio compared to direct CL measurement. With minimal cytotoxicity and excellent ROS selectivity, the FCLA fluorescence imaging technique can be a powerful new means in real-time in vivo and in situ single oxygen detection at the single cell level.

Topic: bioluminescence and chemiluminescence research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences