jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of Moringa Oleifera leaves powder on hemoglobin level in second-trimester pregnant women of Karachi, Pakistan.

Background: Anemia, particularly iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy, has substantial implications for maternal health and fetal growth. Moringa leaves are known to be rich in iron and may offer a dietary solution to combat anemia in pregnant women. However, evidence on the association between fresh Moringa leaf consumption and maternal hemoglobin levels during pregnancy is lacking. Hence, this study aims to assess the impact of Moringa Oleifera leaf powder supplementation on hemoglobin levels during the second trimester of pregnancy in Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Koohi Goth Women's Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from November 2021 to May 2023. The study involved 200 pregnant women who consumed fresh Moringa leaves and 200 non-consumers. Data were collected through an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire, and hemoglobin levels were measured using HemoCue Hb 301. Results: The demographic characteristics of the study participants were analyzed, revealing that most participants in both groups were between 20 and 30 years old. Additionally, most participants in both groups were pregnant for the first time. Hemoglobin (Hb) levels were measured across trimesters, with the Moringa leaf extract group showing levels of 9.43 ± 0.62 g/dL in the first trimester, 8.98 ± 1.12 g/dL in the second trimester, and 9.09 ± 1.04 g/dL in the third trimester. The folic iron group exhibited a higher increase in hemoglobin concentration (10.14 ± 0.91 g/dL) compared to the Moringa leaf extract group (8.98 ± 1.12 g/dL), but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, iron-rich foods such as Moringa leaves and iron tablets are recommended to enhance hemoglobin levels in pregnant women.

Topic: Moringa oleifera research and applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
ANTIGEN-REACTIVE CELLS IN NORMAL, IMMUNIZED, AND TOLERANT MICE

The numbers of antigen-reactive cells (ARC) responding to a purified protein, the polymer of S. adelaide flagellin, have been assayed in cell populations derived from several lymphoid tissues of mice. The assay, which employs the cell transfer into lethally irradiated mice, indicates that there is a response of ARC in bone marrow in the absence of thymus cells. This suggests that the immune response to this protein antigen is not thymus dependent. The presence of relatively large numbers of ARC in Peyer's patches argues for their direct participation in the immune response in the adult mouse. The kinetics of ARC and antibody-forming cells in the early primary response employing the transfer system is described. The numbers of ARC declined during the first 2 days of the immune response, but by day 6 had increased to about five times the number in unprimed spleen cells. The rise is believed to be a result of the primary injection of antigen and therefore may be described as memory; however, these experiments have not been able to further elucidate any specific qualities of the "memory cell." Tolerance induction in C57BL/Brad mice produced by repeated injections of a cyanogen bromide digest of the antigen is described. The ARC or its precursor is shown to be the site of the lesion of tolerance by direct investigation.

Topic: Immune Response and Inflammation
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Propylphosphonic Anhydride (T3P) Mediated Synthesis of β‐Lactams from Imines and Aryl‐Substituted Acetic Acids.

Abstract The products are generally delivered in high yields and with high to excellent trans‐selectivity.

Topic: Synthesis of β-Lactam Compounds
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
CCDC 173463: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Chapter Four. The Integrated Settlement Network Towards A New Spatial Organization Of The Countryside

This chapter discusses ideas and proposals that evolved during the latter part of the twentieth century for the reorganization of rural space in Turkey, in particular the concepts of village-unification, village-towns and center-villages. It argues that these concepts, developed in the 1960s and 1970s, were aimed at taking modernization to the countryside by means of a reorganization of space, an approach that employed a focus on territory as the locus of modernization, rather than people, modernizing villages by (re)construction rather than villagers by having them migrate to cities, the conventional view on modernization. The chapter presents what is essentially a historical overview of the recent evolution of the rural reorganization approach—yet these ideas remain today, at the turn of the 21st century, key-concepts in official resettlement and return programs. Resettlement of the displaced became absorbed by a rural development paradigm.Keywords: center-villages; integrated settlement network; modernization; new spatial organization; rural development paradigm; Turkey; village-towns

Topic: Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Quantitative ethnobotanical study in Gafargaon Sub-district and unveiling drug candidates through molecular docking and dynamics simulation approaches

An ethnobotanical investigation was carried out in Gafargaon sub-district (upazila) under Mymensingh district, Bangladesh that unveiled a total of 79 medicinal plant species under 74 genera and 46 families which were used to treat various ailments through 106 formularies. In addition, molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies were performed based on ethnobotanical outcome for the first time in Bangladesh to unveil potential drug candidates. The study revealed that most of the species used for primary healthcare were herbs (44.3%) followed by trees (36.7%), shrubs (10.2%) and climbers (8.8%). Leaves were found to be the most frequently used part (34%) compared to other plant parts. Factor of informant consensus values ranged from 0.975 to 0.984 and the highest value was recorded for respiratory tract disorders (0.984). Maximum number of taxa was unraveled to treat digestive and gastrointestinal disorders. Fidelity level varied from 41.2 to 100%, where 11 species showed 100% fidelity, and the citation frequency was found above 70% for 15 different ailments. Molecular docking study exposed 60% Stephania japonica phytocompounds scoring higher than the control drug Ibuprofen (-7.0 kcal/mol) targeting rheumatoid arthritis. The phytocompounds Oxostephanine, Trilobine and Epistephanine were identified as lead drug candidates with binding affinity of -9.7, -8.7 and -8.6 kcal/mol, respectively. Molecular interactions of these compounds were found significant to identify potential drug surface hotspots. Molecular dynamics simulation shed light on regional flexibility profiles and unraveled notable structural stability of the top three phytocompounds. The present study would offer foundational data for identifying potential bioactive compounds that could be utilized in novel drug discovery efforts. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 30(1): 53-76, 2023 (June)

Topic: Ethnobotanical and Medicinal Plants Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Engaging community health workers in maternal and infant death identification in Khayelitsha, South Africa: a pilot study

Abstract Background Engaging community health workers in a formalised death review process through verbal and social autopsy has been utilised in different settings to estimate the burden and causes of mortality, where civil registration and vital statistics systems are weak. This method has not been widely adopted. We piloted the use of trained community health workers (CHW) to investigate the extent of unreported maternal and infant deaths in Khayelitsha and explored requirements of such a programme and the role of CHWs in bridging gaps. Methods This was a mixed methods study, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods. Case identification and data collection were done by ten trained CHWs. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Qualitative data were collected using semi-structured interview guides for key informant interviews, focus group discussions and informal conversations. Qualitative data were analysed thematically using a content analysis approach. Results Although more than half of the infant deaths occurred in hospitals ( n = 11/17), about a quarter that occurred at home ( n = 4/17) were unreported. Main causes of deaths as perceived by family members of the deceased were related to uncertainty about the quality of care in the facilities, socio-cultural and economic contexts where people lived and individual factors. Most unreported deaths were further attributed to weak facility-community links and socio-cultural practices. Fragmented death reporting systems were perceived to influence the quality of the data and this impacted on the number of unreported deaths. Only two maternal deaths were identified in this pilot study. Conclusions CHWs can conduct verbal and social autopsy for maternal and infant deaths to complement formal vital registration systems. Capacity development, stakeholder's engagement, supervision, and support are essential for a community-linked death review system. Policymakers and implementers should establish a functional relationship between community-linked reporting systems and the existing system as a starting point. There is a need for more studies to confirm or build on our pilot findings.

Topic: Global Maternal and Child Health
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Microbiological studies on cases diagnosed as typhoid/enteric fever in south-east Nigeria.

Eight hundred and nine patients suspected of having typhoid/enteric fever were investigated. Enteric fever bacilli (Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi) were cultured from stool samples of 128 (16%) patients. Serological evidence of typhoid fever was obtained in 83 (13%) of 620 of the patients examined by the Widal test. The antibody titres ranged from 1:160 to 1:1280. A higher proportion of paratyphoid infection over typhoid infection was recorded both by culture (56%) and by the Widal test (63%). The predominant serotype was paratyphi C. Non-typhoid Salmonellae were recovered from stool samples of 60 patients, comprising five serovars, namely, S. typhimurium-22 strains, S. enteritidis-15, S. hardar-9, S. virchow-5, S. bredeney-3, and 6 non-typable strains. Shigella sonnei and S. flexneri were detected in diarrhoeic and semi-formed stools of 19 (2.3%) of the typhoid suspects. It is clear from the results of the study that though typhoid is endemic in South-East Nigeria and the number of cases may rise at certain periods of the year, the news of a current wave of epidemic of typhoid seem unfounded.

Topic: Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Community health workers can be trained to identify patients eligible for tuberculosis preventive therapy, but encounter barriers to programme implementation in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, ranking as the leading cause of death from infectious disease, above HIV and AIDS. South Africa has the sixth highest TB incidence rate in the world and the world's largest HIV epidemic. This study sought to demonstrate the feasibility of community health workers (CHWs) contributing to the implementation of tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT) among people living with HIV and AIDS. Twelve community health workers were trained to test for communicable and non-communicable diseases and screen for TPT eligibility. They visited a select number of homes monthly to conduct screening for HIV, TB and non-communicable diseases. We recorded screening results, rates of referral for TPT, linkage to care - defined as being seen in the clinic for TPT - and treatment initiation. Among the 1 279 community members screened, 248 were identified as living with HIV, 99 (39.9%) individuals were identified as eligible for TPT, and 46 (46.5%) were referred to care. Among those referred, the median age was 39 (IQR 30-48) and 29 (63%) linked to care; 11 (37.9%) of those linked subsequently initiated treatment. In rural South Africa, it is feasible to train CHWs to identify and refer patients eligible for TPT, but losses occurred at each step of the cascade. CHWs can facilitate TPT implementation, although further implementation research exploring and addressing barriers to TPT (on an individual, provider and systems level) should be prioritised to optimise their role in rural resource-limited settings.

Topic: Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Widespread Bilateral Pulmonary Embolism: A Case Report

We present a 45-year-old man with a personal pathological history of deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs without current medical management. It begins suddenly with respiratory difficulty, decreased oxygen saturation, and dyspnea. Upon arrival at the emergency department, chest angio tomography was performed, highlighting bilateral filling defects, from main branches to segmental branches, so admission to the hemodynamics room for right heart catheterization was decided. Thrombectomy, bilateral ultrasound rheolysis and targeted fibrinolysis were performed, with improvement in mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) to 19 mmHg compared to the previous one.

Topic: Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
Subfield: Internal Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Biomechanical Stability of Dental Implants in Augmented Maxillary Sites: Results of a Randomized Clinical Study with Four Different Biomaterials and PRF and a Biological View on Guided Bone Regeneration

Introduction . Bone regenerates mainly by periosteal and endosteal humoral and cellular activity, which is given only little concern in surgical techniques and choice of bone grafts for guided bone regeneration. This study investigates on a clinical level the biomechanical stability of augmented sites in maxillary bone when a new class of moldable, self-hardening calcium-phosphate biomaterials (SHB) is used with and without the addition of Platelet Rich Fibrin (aPRF) in the Piezotome-enhanced subperiosteal tunnel-technique (PeSPTT). Material and Methods . 82 patients with horizontal atrophy of anterior maxillary crest were treated with PeSPTT and randomly assigned biphasic (60% HA/40% bTCP) or monophasic (100% bTCP) SHB without or with addition of aPRF. 109 implants were inserted into the augmented sites after 8.3 months and the insertion-torque-value (ITV) measured as clinical expression of the (bio)mechanical stability of the augmented bone and compared to ITVs of a prior study in sinus lifting. Results . Significant better results of (bio)mechanical stability almost by two-fold, expressed by higher ITVs compared to native bone, were achieved with the used biomaterials and more constant results with the addition of aPRF. Conclusion . The use of SHB alone or combined with aPRF seems to be favourable to achieve a superior (bio)mechanical stable restored alveolar bone.

Topic: Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Enhancement in ionic conductivity on solid polymer electrolytes containing large conducting species

Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs) lack better conducting properties at ambient temperatures. Various methods to enhance their ionic conductivity like irradiation with swift heavy ions, γ-rays, swift electrons and quenching at low temperature etc., have been explored in the literature. Among these, one of the oldest methods is incorporation of different conducting species into the polymer matrix and/or addition of nano-sized inert particles into SPEs. Various new salts like LiBr, Mg(ClO4)2, NH4I etc., have already been tried in the past with some success. Also various nanoparticles like Al2O3, TiO2 etc., have been tried in the past. In this article, we have investigated an SPE containing Rubidium as a conducting species. Rubidium has a larger ionic size compared to lithium and sodium ions which have been investigated in the recent past. In the present article, we have investigated the conductivity of large sized conducting species and shown the enhancement in the ionic conductivity by addition of nano-sized inert particles.

Topic: Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ironies and Limitations of Educational Leadership for Social Justice: A Call to Social Justice Educators

In this article that reviews this special issue, we identify 5 ironies and limitations of educational leadership for social justice: (a) the meaning of inclusive practice, (b) the intersection of identity and difference, (c) the emphasis given to student achievement, (d) the lack of policy and practice coherence, and (e) the separation of superheroes from critical collaborative leadership. Although we discuss each issue separately, these conceptions are interrelated and intersecting. We conclude with a call to educators for social justice to change their work in several fundamental ways.

Topic: Teacher Education and Leadership Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Impact Assessment of Microinsurance

The impact of microinsurance has two distinct orientations — ex post assessments and ex ante assessments. This distinction is helpful for donors/investors/lenders who are interested in the indicators and evidence of results that their financial commitments affect. Along with a growing interest in the impact of community-based health insurance (CBHI), there has been a surge in the detailed guidelines on the metrics, data elements, and methods to show the impact. We discuss here the evidence relating to the CBHI schemes improving health service utilization, providing financial protection for members, and improving the quality of care and social inclusion. The relevance of impact investments and the significance of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing and corporate social responsibility (CSR) investing is also discussed.

Topic: Community Development and Social Impact
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Index Insurance Quality and Basis Risk: Evidence from Northern Kenya

Abstract The number of index insurance pilots in developing countries has grown tremendously in recent years, but there has been little progress in our understanding of the quality of those products. Basis risk, or remaining uninsured risk, is a widely recognized but rarely measured feature of index insurance product quality. This article uses eight semi‐annual seasons of longitudinal household data to examine the distribution of basis risk associated with an index‐based livestock insurance (IBLI) product in northern Kenya. We find that IBLI coverage reduces exposure to covariate risk due to large shocks and mitigates downside risk substantially for many households, even at commercial premium rates. But index insurance is no magic bullet; insured households continue to face considerable basis risk. Examining the components of basis risk, we find that IBLI reduces exposure to covariate risk due to high loss events by an average of 63%. The benefits of reduced covariate risk exposure are relatively small, however, due to high exposure to seemingly mostly random idiosyncratic risk, even in this population often thought to suffer largely from covariate shocks. The result is that IBLI policyholders are left with an average of 69% of their original risk due to high loss events. This research underscores the need for caution when promoting index insurance as a risk mitigation tool, as well as the importance of product quality evaluation.

Topic: Agricultural risk and resilience
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Sur les rapports entre la Compagnie de Thévenot et l'Académie royale des Sciences

SUMMARY. — In this new article, the author uses archival material to establish a comparison between Melchisédech Thévenot 's Compagnie and the Académie des Sciences at the time of its foundation. The comparison is made with reference to the structure and organization of the two groups, and to the methods, aims, and content of their researches.

Topic: Historical and Literary Studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Numerical Investigation of the Thermodynamic Limit for Ground States in Models with Quenched Disorder

The effect of open boundary conditions for four models with quenched disorder are studied in finite samples by numerical ground state calculations. Extrapolation to the infinite volume limit indicates that the configurations in ``windows'' of fixed size converge to a unique configuration, up to global symmetries. The scaling of this convergence is consistent with calculations based on the fractal dimension of domain walls. These results provide strong evidence for the ``two-state'' picture of the low temperature behavior of these models. Convergence in three-dimensional systems can require relatively large windows.

Topic: Theoretical and Computational Physics
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cross-Border Purchase Price Adjustment Provisions

As cross-border transactions become more common, special complexities make the resolution of purchase price adjustments ever more difficult. The authors discuss purchase price adjustment provisions for the U.S., the U.K., and Germany, and review customs and practices in all three regions. Suggestions are offered to deal with the difficult issues involved when purchasing or selling assets from one country to another.

Topic: Taxation and Legal Issues
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Electrical Properties of p-Type Al - N Codoped ZnO Thin Films

Aluminium doped zinc thin films were deposited on silicon substrates using direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering in argon atmosphere. These films were then annealed in nitrogen - oxygen mixed gases for 1 hour at temperature range of 200 °C to 500 °C. P - type conduction of Al - N codoped ZnO thin films were obtained for all temperatures with a high hole concentration of 1.85 × 1022 cm-3.

Topic: ZnO doping and properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences