jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Data from Local Delivery of &lt;i&gt;Ox40l&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Cd80&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;Cd86&lt;/i&gt; mRNA Kindles Global Anticancer Immunity

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Localized expression of effector molecules can initiate antitumor responses through engagement of specific receptors on target cells in the tumor microenvironment. These locally induced responses may also have a systemic effect, clearing additional tumors throughout the body. In this study, to evoke systemic antitumor responses, we utilized charge-altering releasable transporters (CART) for local intratumoral delivery of mRNA coding for costimulatory and immune-modulating factors. Intratumoral injection of the CART–mRNA complexes resulted in mRNA expression at the site of administration, transfecting a substantial proportion of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells in addition to the tumor cells, resulting in a local antitumor effect. Using a two-tumor model, we further show that mRNA therapy locally administered to one tumor stimulated a systemic antitumor response, curing both tumors. The combination of &lt;i&gt;Ox40l&lt;/i&gt;-, &lt;i&gt;Cd80&lt;/i&gt;-, and &lt;i&gt;Cd86&lt;/i&gt;-encoding mRNA resulted in the local upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, robust local T-cell activation, and migration of immune cells to local draining lymph node or to an anatomically distant tumor. This approach delayed tumor growth, facilitated tumor regression, and cured tumors in both A20 and CT26 tumor models. These results highlight mRNA-CART therapy as a viable approach to induce systemic antitumor immunity from a single localized injection.&lt;/p&gt;Significance:&lt;p&gt;The mRNA-CART system is a highly effective delivery platform for delivering immunostimulatory genes into the tumor microenvironment for potential therapeutic development.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Security measure of mandatory psychiatric treatment in freedom

The paper examines the security measure of mandatory psychiatric treatment in freedom by analyzing the relevant statutory provisions. The author specifically addresses "danger to the environment", which is one of the preconditions for the application of this measure, duration of the measure the possibility of interchanging this measure with another measure of psychiatric character that exists in our criminal law. Upon extensive analysis of the aforementioned questions, the author concludes that there are no justifiable reasons for independent existence of the subject matter security measure in our register of criminal penalties. Nevertheless, he accepts the fact that this is still an independent criminal penalty, and proposes amendments to the relevant statutory provisions aimed at better protection of the rights of mentally disturbed offenders, better protection of citizens from mentally disturbed offenders, and assurance of principle of legality and legal security.

Topic: Psychology of Development and Education
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Human hair tests to document drug environmental contamination: Application in a family law case involving <i>N,N</i>‐dimethyltryptamine

Abstract For 40 years, hair tests have been presented as the best approach to document long‐term consumption of a drug. This unique property has found numerous applications in clinical, forensic, and occupational toxicology. However, since the beginning of its implementation in biology, external contamination, with an associated risk of false positive result, has been presented as the key in the final interpretation. Evidence of environmental contamination and subsequent health issues can be the task of any toxicologist. Because of recent progress of analytical equipment, it is now possible to quantify drugs in hair with high level of accuracy and specificity at the pg/mg range. Therefore, segmental hair tests can be used to document environmental contamination and are the objective of this publication. In a family law case, N,N ‐dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a powerful hallucinogen, has been found in the hair of the partner of a repetitive DMT smoker at 4 to 13 pg/mg in 6 × 1 cm segments, with a regular increase of concentrations from the proximal to the distal hair end. The low measured concentrations and the particular pattern of DMT distribution along the hair shaft seem to be typical of environmental contamination, the older hair (those of the distal part) being for a longer time in contact with the drug. Despite strong decontamination, drugs from the environment can remain bound to the hair matrix and therefore be able to be used to document environmental contamination.

Topic: Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
Subfield: Toxicology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
State of the Art and Perspectives in Catalytic Conversion Mechanism of Biomass to Bio-aromatics

Research on biomass decomposition and transformation has attracted widespread attention from academia to industry worldwide, aiming to harvest bio-aromatics from the abundant renewable biomass resource. However, the complexity of the structure and composition of biomass makes its conversion into bio-aromatics a very challenging task. Hence, it is necessary to understand in depth the mechanism of biomass conversion to bio-aromatics with higher selectivity. Although considerable progress has been achieved on the development of bio-aromatics from biomass, the detailed process and reaction mechanism for the bio-aromatics synthesis has lacked a complete summary. This work reviews the recent advances in the conversion of biomass to bio-aromatics, including biomass gasification, pyrolysis, and hydrolytic fermentation, etc. Various biomass sources and biomass-derived model compounds as examples were used to illustrate the effect of different raw materials on the yield of bio-aromatics. Subsequently, this review summarizes the influence of different catalysts on the synthesis of bio-aromatics and the metal-modified HZSM-5 catalysts exhibited a higher bio-aromatics yield compared with those of other catalysts. Finally, the reaction mechanism of biomass to bio-aromatic hydrocarbons via different reaction routes was discussed in detail. The aim is for the conversion mechanism presented in this work to provide a reference for the efficient conversion of bio-aromatics from biomass in the future.

Topic: Catalysis for Biomass Conversion
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Tumor recognition in wireless capsule endoscopy images using textural features and SVM-based feature selection

Tumor in digestive tract is a common disease and wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is a relatively new technology to examine diseases for digestive tract especially for small intes-tine. This paper addresses the problem of automatic recognition of tumor for WCE images. Candidate color texture feature that
integrates uniform local binary pattern and wavelet is proposed to characterize WCE images. The proposed features are invariant to illumination change and describe multiresolution characteris-tics of WCE images. Two feature selection approaches based on support vector machine, sequential forward floating selection and recursive feature elimination, are further employed to refine the proposed features for improving the detection accuracy. Extensive experiments validate that the proposed computer-aided diagnosis
system achieves a promising tumor recognition accuracy of 92.4% in WCE images on our collected data.
Index Terms—Feature selection, support vector machine (SVM),
texture, tumor recognition, wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) image.

Topic: Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Gastroenterology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Oxygen Vacancies in Amorphous InO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Nanoribbons Enhance CO<sub>2</sub> Adsorption and Activation for CO<sub>2</sub> Electroreduction

Abstract Tuning surface electron transfer process by oxygen (O)‐vacancy engineering is an efficient strategy to develop enhanced catalysts for CO 2 electroreduction (CO 2 ER). Herein, a series of distinct InO x NRs with different numbers of O‐vacancies, namely, pristine (P‐InO x ), low vacancy (O‐InO x ) and high‐vacancy (H‐InO x ) NRs, have been prepared by simple thermal treatments. The H‐InO x NRs show enhanced performance with a best formic acid (HCOOH) selectivity of up to 91.7 % as well as high HCOOH partial current density over a wide range of potentials, largely outperforming those of the P‐InO x and O‐InO x NRs. The H‐InO x NRs are more durable and have a limited activity decay after continuous operating for more than 20 h. The improved performance is attributable to the abundant O‐vacancies in the amorphous H‐InO x NRs, which optimizes CO 2 adsorption/activation and facilitates electron transfer for efficient CO 2 ER.

Topic: CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
Subfield: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Assessing the clinical applicability of prior head imaging in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

Background Patients often have received some modality of head imaging prior to being evaluated for chronic sinonasal complaints, and the clinical significance of these scans on current sinonasal symptomatology is unknown. Methods We performed a retrospective, cohort study of 578 patients with chronic sinonasal indications for maxillofacial computed tomography scans (CTs) in 2016. Patients were included if previous head cross‐sectional imaging had been performed. Lund‐McKay (LM) scores were calculated on the prior CT scan for each patient and compared to LM scores of the most recent scan. Scans with LM scores ≤3 were deemed normal, scores &gt;3 were deemed positive, and Δ &gt;3 was deemed a significant change. Results Of 578 patients, 153 (26.5%) patients had previous imaging. Overall, a strong correlation was noted between scans ( r = 0.791, p &lt; 0.001). Significant correlations remained with the subset of positive prior scans ( r = 0.743, p &lt; 0.001). The 3 most common prior imaging modalities were maxillofacial CT, head CT, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Correlations between these modalities and subsequent maxillofacial CTs range from strong to moderately strong. Women were significantly more likely to have negative prior imaging ( p = 0.048). Patients with negative prior imaging (80/153) were significantly more likely to remain unchanged (71/80) compared to patients with positive prior scans (56/73) ( p = 0.023). Conclusion Prior head imaging highly correlates to future maxillofacial CT in patients with chronic sinonasal complaints, and patients with prior negative scans are likely to remain negative on future imaging. If prior head scans exist, practitioners may want to avoid ordering additional scans in the absence of changing symptoms.

Topic: Sinusitis and nasal conditions
Subfield: Otorhinolaryngology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Measurement of Effects of Antibiotics in Bioluminescent <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> RN4220

ABSTRACT The spread of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria is a serious threat to humans and animals. Therefore, unnecessary use should be minimized, and new antimicrobial agents with novel mechanisms of action are needed. We have developed an efficient method for measuring the action of antibiotics which is applied to a gram-positive strain, Staphylococcus aureus RN4220. The method utilizes the firefly luciferase reporter gene coupled to the metal-inducible cadA promoter in a plasmid, pTOO24. Correctly timed induction by micromolar concentrations of antimonite rapidly triggers the luciferase gene transcription and translation. This sensitizes the detection system to the action of antibiotics, and especially for transcriptional and translational inhibitors. We show the results for 11 model antibiotics with the present approach and compare them to an analytical setup with a strain where luciferase expression is under the regulation of a constitutive promoter giving only a report of metabolic inhibition. The measurement of light emission from intact living cells is shown to correlate extremely well ( r = 0.99) with the conventional overnight growth inhibition measurement. Four of the antibiotics were within a 20% concentration range and four were within a 60% concentration range of the drugs tested. This approach shortens the assay time needed, and it can be performed in 1 to 4 h, depending on the sensitivity needed. Furthermore, the assay can be automatized for high-throughput screening by the pharmaceutical industry.

Topic: bioluminescence and chemiluminescence research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Saints and Madmen

Article AbstractFrom our regular book review column. Written by an intelligent journalist, Saints and Madmen surveys the contemporary American scene of popular religion, especially spirituality, and its relationships to traditional psychiatry. Recognizing the vastness of his topic, Russell Shorto restricts himself to reporting on vivid personalities, including patients, gurus, and theoreticians of all stripes. The subtitle captures his wish to announce a new openness in American psychiatry toward religion, especially the work of Paul Fleischman (author of The Healing Spirit ). Similar authors are P. Scott Richards, Harold George Koenig, William R. Miller, Edward P. Shafranske, and Mary A. Fukuyama. Psychiatrists, especially those who work with severely ill patients, will recognize those patients in these portraits of human beings who suffer so severely. Sometimes genuine relief comes through religion, sometimes through interpersonal psychotherapy, sometimes through medication—sometimes through all three.

Topic: Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Subfield: Health
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
P38 Budesonide use results in less weight gain than prednisolone during the management of autoimmune hepatitis; results from long term follow up

<h3></h3> The survival benefit of corticosteroid therapy in the management of autoimmune hepatitis has been shown in multiple studies. Prednisolone, historically the steroid of choice has an unfavourable systemic side effect profile with Budesonide now utilised as an alternative option. Undergoing 90% first pass metabolism it is appropriate for use in non-cirrhotic patients. While comparison trials have demonstrated a reduced side effect profile with Budesonide longer term effects on weight are not known. A retrospective chart review of patients with a diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis from five hospitals in the West of Scotland was performed. Data was accessed via electronic health records or when preceding this, historic case notes. Patients cirrhotic at diagnosis or diagnosed as a child were excluded as were those not treated with steroid or who had received both Budesonide and Prednisolone. BMI, diabetic status and biochemistry was measured at three time points- prior to steroid, end of steroid therapy and most recent contact. 355 patients were identified with 120 exclude (98 cirrhotic at diagnosis, 14 paediatric at diagnosis and 8 having received both forms of corticosteroids). Of 110 patients reviewed to date 39/110 (35.4%) received Budesonide and 71/110 (64.6%) Prednisolone. Baseline characteristics did not differ between groups with mean age (57.5 v 52.8 p=0.11), BMI at diagnosis (27.1 vs 28.7 p=0.22) and diabetes at diagnosis (1/39 vs 5/71 p=0.42). Median follow up was 49 months. At the end of steroid therapy, a significant increase in BMI was noted in the Prednisolone group (δmean 1.49 (±2.63)) vs Budesonide group (δmean 0.34 ±2.66) p=0.03. At the end of follow up the increase in BMI in the Prednisolone group appeared to be maintained though this change did not reach significance (δmean 1.20 (±4.20)) vs δmean -0.25 (±3.60)). In the Prednisolone group there were 2/71 new diagnoses of diabetes and 2/5 of those with previous diagnosis of diabetes required escalated therapy. No new diagnosis of diabetes was made in the Budesonide group and no changes of treatment in those with previous diagnosis. In this retrospective cohort study, Budesonide appears preferable to Prednisolone with respect to side effect profile with less weight gain at the end of treatment, a difference that may be maintained longer term (though this finding did not reach significance).

Topic: Liver Diseases and Immunity
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Measuring Food Safety Control in U.S. Hog Farms Using a Composite Indicator

Consumer demand for reliable food product quality and safety is growing. This trend, together with increased public regulation and attention to the legal liability of food processors and retailers creates derived demand for food safety assurance in farm production. In consequence, farms have adopted different measures, voluntarily or compulsorily, in their production practice to ensure reduced food safety risks from the farm product. Multiple individual indicators exist which reflect different facets of food safety practice. In fact, it is likely that production of a safer product is a result of several factors. However, little is known about what practices effect greater food safety control at the farm level, or how farms that take greater food safety control fare in comparison to other farms. This study develops a composite food safety control indicator by aggregating data from a set of individual indicators of food safety control and investigates the variation in food safety practices across farms. Moreover, we show how some relevant variables may influence farm food safety control, thus provide empirical evidence for the design of food safety-enhancing agricultural policy measures.

Topic: Food Safety and Hygiene
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Targeting Neuroinflammation to Alleviate Chronic Olfactory Dysfunction in Long COVID: A Role for Investigating Disease-Modifying Therapy (DMT)?

Chronic olfactory dysfunction after SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs in approximately 10% of patients with COVID-19-induced anosmia, and it is a growing public health concern. A regimen of olfactory training and anti-neuroinflammatory therapy with co-ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide with luteolin (um-PEA-LUT) has shown promising results in clinical trials; however, approximately 15% of treated patients do not achieve full recovery of a normal olfactory threshold, and almost 5% have no recovery. Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), which are used to treat autoimmune neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS), have not been studied for treating persistent inflammation in refractory post-COVID-19 smell disorder. This study evaluated COVID-19-related smell loss and MS-related smell loss, comparing the responses to different therapies. Forty patients with MS and 45 reporting post-COVID-19 olfactory disorders were included in the study. All patients underwent nasal endoscopy and were evaluated by using validated Sniffin’ Sticks testing. The patients with long COVID were treated for three months with um-PEA-LUT plus olfactory training. The patients with MS were treated with DMTs. Olfactory functions before and after treatment were analyzed in both groups. At the experimental endpoint, 13 patients in the COVID-19 group treated with um-PEA-LUT had residual olfactory impairment versus 10 patients in the MS group treated with DMTs. The severity of the persistent olfactory loss was lower in the MS group, and the patients with MS treated with IFN-beta and glatiramer acetate had the preservation of olfactory function. These data provide a rationale for considering prospective trials investigating the efficacy of DMTs for post-COVID-19 olfactory disorders that are refractory to um-PEA-LUT with olfactory training. This study is the first to consider the role of DMT in treating refractory post-viral olfactory loss in patients with long COVID.

Topic: Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
Subfield: Sensory Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Near-optimal control sequence design for untimed Petri nets based on a reduced breadth and depth exploration

This paper proposes algorithms to design control sequences for untimed Petri nets. The aim of the controller is to incrementally compute sequences of transition firings with minimal or near-minimal size from an initial marking to a reference one, avoiding forbidden markings and non-promising branches. The approach combines a partial exploration of the reachability graph with a model predictive control strategy. The main contribution is to explore only a small area of the reachability graph according to a double limitation in breadth and in depth in order to provide solution with a low computational effort. Thanks to its reduced computational effort and to the good performance of model predictive control in uncertain and perturbed environments, the method is suitable for proactive deadlock-free scheduling problems. It is applicable to a large class of discrete event systems in particular in the domain of flexible manufacturing, communication and computer science or transportation and traffic.

Topic: Petri Nets in System Modeling
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Exploring Experiences of First Year Students at Ambo University: Implication for Success

The purpose of this study was to explore, understand and describe first year students experience about student support services at Ambo University by using qualitative research method. Data were collected through in-depth interview and focus group discussion from twenty five purposively selected information rich participants’ ranging in diversity. The data were analyzed thematically by using verbatim quotes. The findings of the study revealed that adjustment difficulties, homesickness and loneliness, struggle to meet the demands of academic issues, exams, assignments, and financial inadequacy as a major concern of first year students’. The analysis revealed that the service rendered for first year students were unsatisfactory. Library, Dormitory, Cafeteria, Health and Academic development and learning support services were found to be inadequate to provide the students optimal learning opportunities.  Finally, the finding indicated that introducing guidance and counseling, strengthening academic support system, involving actively all university staff in providing the necessary guidance and help, using senior students as mentor, providing various supports and loan facilities, widening health service programs and matching intake capacity with available places are, thus, found to be the dimensions identified as points that need interventions.

Topic: Higher Education Research Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences