jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Energy Efficient Dynamic Source Routing Protocol For Mobile Ad hoc Networks

In a MANET, there is no Base Station i.e no fixed infrastructure and the nodes are free to move, thus network topology changes dynamically in an unpredictable manner. In this network each node acts both as a router and its job as an ordinary device. The major constraint of a network is the network parameters. These parameters are crucial in determining the network stability and reliability. Hence a better algorithm than the existing DSR algorithm is proposed to make the network transmission energy ecient. The major parameters on which the selection of the path depends is : (1) Node type and energy (2) Packet size (3) Delay in the network channel (4) no of hop counts required to reach the destination (5) Energy loss during transmission The conventional DSR algorithm uses any arbitrary path between the source and the destination pair. There is no parameter to judge the effectiveness of the path and this even floods the route cache with lengthier and multiple paths for the same source and destination. The EEDSR algorithm selects a node as a source node n then selects a set of node as destination. For each source and destination pair the best path is selected and then the parameters are collected. The average value of the parameters are taken over al the source and destination pair. This process is repeated for all the network of different dimension and a graph was plotted between no of nodes and the average parameter value. This algorithm not only enhances the network life but also minimises the effort required during the route maintenance phase. It even prevents back flooding of the packets and thus reduces the network congestion.

Topic: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Site-Specific A Priori Cancer Risk Estimator for Mixtures and Multiple Sources:  Net Excess Relative Odds

An essential requirement for effective cancer prevention, cancer surveillance, and cancer "hot-spot" analysis is the ability to evaluate cancer site-specific environmental risk factors associated with the operation of multiple industrial point sources and plumes as mixtures. Here we describe a methodology to make a priori estimates of environmental risk factors for minimal exposure by linking an inventory of releases associated with one of 60 standard industrial codes with an inventory of cancer risks associated with minimal occupational exposure to the same chemical releases. We show that an estimate of the risk of developing one of 10 cancers from living within 5 km of a pulp mill, a refinery, a wood treating plant, a chlorine generator, and a paint factory within a community of 36 000 is easily conducted with net excess relative odds (NERO). While this work is confined to cancer risk, the approach outlined can be expanded to estimate outcomes as diverse from cardiovascular disease to spontaneous abortion. This is the second in a series reexamining environmental risk factors using retrospective exposure assessment with emission inventories.

Topic: Air Quality and Health Impacts
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The European national and regional systems of innovation

One of the most important economic events in recent decades has been the ongoing process of European integration. This book provides a basic yet rigorous understanding of the current issues and problems of economic integration and innovation in Europe, and argues that national or regional economic development depends mainly on technical change, social and human capital, and knowledge creation and diffusion. This is clearly evident in the role of the quadruple innovation helix of government, university, industry and civil society.

Topic: Regional Development and Policy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[Hepatitis C virus vaccine].

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes chronic liver diseases and is a worldwide health problem. It is estimated that still 19,000 cases of new infection per year in USA. It has been difficult to analyze neutralizing immunity against HCV because of the lack of appropriate virus culture system. However, neutralizing antibodies against HCV infection in patient sera were reported using recently developed pseudotype virus and JFH-1 HCV culture systems. A neutralizing antibody induction and a vaccine development are necessary for prophylaxis of HCV infection. Here we summarize the recent progress in basic and clinical research toward the vaccine development for HCV.

Topic: Hepatitis C virus research
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Spatial Mechanism for the Evolution and Maintenance of Sexual Reproduction

In this paper we discuss a spatial mechanism for the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction. We consider three related models in which sexual reproduction is maintained by parasitism despite the twofold reproductive advantage to pathenogenic females. These models take into account the fact that the populations are spatially extended and that the effective local population size is relatively small. They do not rely on the deterministic cycling of genotypes but on the dynamically produced local stochastic genetic variation. The primary model is a probabilistic cellular automaton. In this, for a wide range of parasite mutation rates, the parasites maintain a spatially genetically heterogeneous population of sexuals and this allows the sexuals to overcome the twofold advantage of asexuals because parasites and their adaptation are much less effective in a stochastic spatial genetic structure. We also consider the case where the sexuality rate S (the proportion of the time the host breeds sexually) is slowly evolving. With such slow mutation, we find that both sexual (S=1) and asexual (S=0) populations are evolutionarily stable. We examine two other models which allow us to consider the mathematical conditions under which the advantage of this spatial genetic structure overcomes the twofold advantage of asexual reproduction.

Topic: Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Numerical analysis of plasma arc welding process for aluminium alloy

AbstractThree-dimensional time dependent governing equations in non-orthogonal body fitted curvilinear coordinate system for analysis of variable polarity plasma arc welding (VPPAW) process were established. The numerical analysis of VPPAW process for aluminium alloy LF6 was conducted via the developed models, which laid a foundation to guide procedure optimisation for VPPAW process. Functions between temperature and thermophysical properties for aluminium alloy LF6 were established. Fluid flow field, thermophysical properties, temperature field and free surface deformation of the keyhole weld pool were coupled into computation. Effect of wire filling on the geometry of the molten pool and double sided weld reinforcements was considered in the simulation. Dynamic evolutions of geometrical dimensions versus time for both weld pool and keyhole were simulated through the developed computational routines. Moreover, effects of welding current, travel speed and also heat input on geometry and dimensions of the ...

Topic: Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Influence of lime type, additives and application tehniques on limerenders characteristics

The diploma thesis deals with different facade systems with lime binder. The lime facade
consists of rough coating, fine coating and protective lime wash.
For the elaboration of mortar for rough coating limes of six different Slovenian producers
were chosen, mainly those produced in the traditional way. Mortar for rough coating was
evaluated regarding its consistency (in fresh) and compressive stress - strain relationship and
absorption of water (in hardened state).
Fine mortar, as the second coating of the facade system, was chosen based on practical
testing, with bigger or smaller deviations from different recipes of old masters. Fine mortar
surface was smooth or rough.
As the third layer different lime washes with different additives (casein or varnish) and
pigments were applied using different techniques (fresco or secco). I assessed the influence
of the base (fine mortar) surface structure, the technique of application and the additives on
the complexity of applying washes, on the appearance of dried lime washes, intensity of
colour nuances, the strength of binding of the washes as well as the absorption of water of the
facade system.

Topic: Building materials and conservation
Subfield: Earth-Surface Processes
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Representation Theory of Artin Algebras

This book is an introduction to the contemporary representation theory of Artin algebras, by three very distinguished practitioners in the field. Beyond assuming some first-year graduate algebra and basic homological algebra, the presentation is entirely self-contained, so the book is a suitable introduction for any mathematician (especially graduate students) to this field. The main aim of the book is to illustrate how the theory of almost split sequences is used in the representation theory of Artin algebras. However, other foundational aspects of the subject are developed. These results give concrete illustrations of some of the more abstract concepts and theorems. The book includes complete proofs of all theorems, and numerous exercises.

Topic: Advanced Algebra and Logic
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Considerations on the macromolecular structure of chestnut ellagitannins by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

Abstract The rather novel picture of chestnut wood tannin, in situ in the wood, which emerges from matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) is that of a pervasive and extended random tridimensional macromolecular network, formed by pentagalloylglucose clusters linked to each other, to form chains and encrust the wood constituents matrix. Up to pentagalloylglucose trimers were identified in the MALDI‐TOF analysis of the commercial chestnut tannin extract, which were clearly degradation products of more extensive chains likely to be present in situ in the wood before extraction, in the network through polygallic/polyellagic chains or flavogallonic acid bridges. The hydrolyzable chestnut tannin network is capable of being extracted, to yield the commercial chestnut tannin extract exclusively by its degradation, a degradation that is possible only because of the susceptibility to hydrolysis of the ester bridges holding the network together. Internal rearrangements of the fragments formed by the extraction appear to occur readily and with ease, to yield a variety of structures characterized by the presence of ellagic acid residues, flavogallonic acid residues, and also, but less readily, nonahydroxytriphnoic acid residues. The other main constituents of the commercial tannin extract, castalagin and vescalagin, are shown to be simply the more stable degradation plus internal rearrangement products derived from the hydrolysis of polypentagalloylglucose chains. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 429–437, 2002

Topic: Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Monitoring neurotoxins in industry: development of a neurobehavioral test battery.

To facilitate the early detection of neurotoxicity in workers exposed to hazardous substances, we assembled a set of noninvasive neurobehavioral tests designed to assess memory, verbal concept formation, visuomotor performance, and mood. The tests were administered to an unexposed reference population and multivariate prediction equations were developed to control for effects of age, gender, and education. To define the briefest test set with appropriate sensitivity and specificity, we applied factor analysis and stepwise logistic regression to data from our referents and a group of lead-exposed workers. As a result, we have identified a comprehensive set of tests that can be administered in less than 40 minutes by trained medical technicians on plant premises and used to detect the early effects of neurotoxic substances on exposed workers. Guidelines for applying this technique to common work-place exposures, including other metals and organic solvents, are discussed.

Topic: Noise Effects and Management
Subfield: Speech and Hearing
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Speech perception and production in bilinguals and monolinguals: Convergent and divergent patterns in adulthood and development

Most investigations of the role of language experience have looked at monolingual subjects. Data are presented from a series of experiments with consonant contrasts to highlight how bilingual adults exposed to Canadian-English and Canadian-French from birth accommodate two sets of input regularities in their perception and production behavior. Results from these investigations indicate that there are similarities as well as differences between adult simultaneous bilinguals and their monolingual peers. Recent findings from our lab exploring phonetic discrimination and word segmentation in monolingual and bilingual infants and children, which provide insights into the developmental roots of these adult patterns, are also presented. The findings from this work illustrate that during the developmental process bilingual infants and children differ from their monolingual peers in rate as well as pattern of development for some perceptual tasks but not others.

Topic: Phonetics and Phonology Research
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The Council Presidency

The potential impact of the EU Council Presidency on legislative decision-making has been frequently identified. This article provides an empirical analysis of the Presidency's influence on decision outcomes based on a large-n data set. Two counterfactuals are used to represent consensual decision-making and hard bargaining in the Council. The role of supranational actors is controlled for directly. The findings show that a member state benefits from holding the Presidency during the final stages of the legislative proceedings. Besides the support of supranational actors, the regression analysis controls for the voting threshold, the type of proposal and salience.

Topic: European Union Policy and Governance
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
MicroRNA-155-5p, Reduced by Curcumin-Re-Expressed Hypermethylated BRCA1, Is a Molecular Biomarker for Cancer Risk in BRCA1-methylation Carriers

Constitutional BRCA1-methylation is a cancer risk factor for breast (BC) and ovarian (OC) cancer. MiR-155, regulated by BRCA1, is a multifunctional microRNA that plays a crucial role in the immune system. The present study assessed the modulation of miR-155-5p expression in peripheral white blood cells (WBCs) of BC and OC patients and cancer-free (CF) BRCA1-methylation female carriers. Additionally, we investigated the potential of curcumin to suppress miR-155-5p in BRCA1-deficient breast cancer cell lines. MiR-155-5p expression was measured using a stem-loop RT-qPCR method. Gene expression levels were determined using qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. MiR-155-5p was more highly expressed in the BRCA1-hypermethylated HCC-38 and UACC-3199 BC cell lines than in the BRCA1-mutated (HCC-1937) and WT BRCA1 (MDA-MB-321) cell lines. Curcumin suppressed miR-155-5p in the HCC-38 cells but not in the HCC-1937 cells via the re-expression of BRCA1. Elevated levels of miR-155-5p were detected in patients with non-aggressive and localized breast tumors and in patients with late-stage aggressive ovarian tumors, as well as in CF BRCA1-methylation carriers. Notably, IL2RG levels were reduced in the OC and CF groups but not in the BC group. Together, our findings suggest opposing effects of WBC miR-155-5p, according to the cell and cancer type. In addition, the results point to miR-155-5p as a candidate biomarker of cancer risk among CF-BRCA1-methylation carriers.

Topic: MicroRNA in disease regulation
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Efficient Method for the Allylation of Heteroarenes Catalyzed by PdCl<sub>2</sub>.

Abstract Various furan, indole and thiophene derivatives are efficiently allylated with several allylic acetates used as an inseparable mixture of regioisomers in the presence of only 2 mol% of PdCl 2 under mild conditions.

Topic: Multicomponent Synthesis of Heterocycles
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
18F-EF5 PET of Murine Tumors Treated with Radiotherapy

This dataset contains positron emission tomography (PET) images acquired using the hypoxia-selective radiotracer 18F-EF5 and x-ray computed tomography (CT) data acquired from mice bearing subcutaneous xenograft tumors treated with radiation.

Topic: Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Tandem <sup>18</sup>O Stable Isotope Labeling for Quantification of N-Glycoproteome

A new strategy using tandem (18)O stable isotope labeling (TOSIL) to quantify the N-glycosylation site occupancy is reported. Three heavy oxygen atoms are introduced into N-glycosylated peptides: two (18)O atoms are incorporated into the carboxyl terminal of all peptides during a tryptic digestion, and the third (18)O atom is incorporated into the N-glycosylation site of asparagines-linked sugar chains specifically via a N-glycosidase F (PNGase F)-mediated hydrolysis. Comparing samples treated in H(2)(18)O and samples treated in H(2)(16)O, a unique mass shift of 6 Da can be shown for N-glycosylated peptide with single glycosylation site, which could be easily distinguished from those nonglycosite peptide pairs with a mass difference of 4 Da only. The relative quantities of N-glycosylated and its parent protein-levels were obtained simultaneous by measuring the intensity ratios of (18)O/(16)O for glycosylated (6 Da) and for nonglycosylated (4 Da) peptides, respectively. Thus, a comparison of these two ratios can be utilized to evaluate the changes of occupancy of N-glycosylation at specific sites between healthy and diseased individuals. The TOSIL approach yielded good linearity in quantitative response within 10-fold dynamic range with the correlation coefficient r(2) > 0.99. The standard deviation (SD) ranged from 0.06 to 0.21, for four glycopeptides from two model glycoproteins. Furthermore, serums from a patient with ovarian cancer and healthy individual were used as test examples to validate the novel TOSIL method. A total of 86 N-glycosylation sites were quantified and N-glycosylation levels of 56 glycopeptides showed significant changes. Most changes in N-glycosylation at specific sites have the same trends as those of protein expression levels; however, the occupancies of three N-glycosylation sites were significantly changed with no change in proteins levels.

Topic: Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Population pharmacokinetics of imatinib in CML and GIST patients under long-term treatment

Imatinib (Glivec®) has transformed the treatment and short-term prognosis of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and gastro-intestinal stromal tumour (GIST). However, the treatment must be taken indefinitely, it is not devoid of inconvenience and toxicity. Moreover, resistance or escape from disease control occur in a significant number of patients. Imatinib is a substrate of the cytochromes P450 CYP3A4/5 and of the multidrug transporter P glycoprotein (product of the MDR1 gene). Considering the large inter-individual differences in the expression and function of those systems, the disposition and clinical activity of imatinib can be expected to vary widely among patients, calling for dosage individualisation. The aim of this exploratory study was to determine the average pharmacokinetic parameters characterizing the disposition of imatinib in the target population, to assess their inter-individual variability, and to identify influential factors affecting them. A total of 321 plasma concentrations, taken at various sampling times after latest dose, were measured in 59 patients receiving Glivec® at diverse regimens, using a validated chromatographic method (HPLC-UV) developed for this study. The results were analysed by non-linear mixed effect modelling (NONMEM). A one- compartment model with first-order absorption appeared appropriate to describe the data, with an average apparent clearance of 12.4 l/h, a distribution volume of 268 l and an absorption constant of 0.47 h-1. The clearance was affected by body weight, age and sex. No influences of interacting drugs were found. DNA samples were used for pharmacogenetic explorations. The MDR1 polymorphism 3435C&gt;T appears to affect the disposition of imatinib. Large inter-individual variability remained unexplained by the demographic covariates considered, both on clearance (40%) and distribution volume (71%). Together with intra-patient variability (34%), this translates into an 8-fold width of the 90%-prediction interval of plasma concentrations expected under a fixed dosing regimen ! This is a strong argument to further investigate the possible usefulness of a therapeutic drug monitoring programme for imatinib. It may help to individualise the dosing regimen before overt disease progression or observation of treatment toxicity, thus improving both the long-term therapeutic effectiveness and tolerability of this drug.

Topic: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Review Achieving Smoke-Free Mental Health Services: Lessons from

Abstract: The culture of smoking by patients and staff within mental health systems of care has a long and entrenched history. Cigarettes have been used as currency between patients and as a patient management tool by staff. These settings have traditionally been exempt from smoke-free policy because of complex held views about the capacity of people with mental disorder to tolerate such policy whilst they are acutely unwell, with stakeholders ’ continuing fierce debate about rights, choice and duty of care. This culture has played a significant role in perpetuating physical, social and economic smoking associated impacts experienced by people with mental disorder who receive care within mental health care settings. The past decade has seen a clear policy shift towards smoke-free mental health settings in several countries. While many services have been successful in implementing this change, many issues remain to be resolved for genuine smoke-free policy in mental health settings to be realized. This literature review draws on

Topic: Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences