jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reactions in the regulation of nuclear functions

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification of proteins. During this process, molecules of ADP-ribose are added successively on to acceptor proteins to form branched polymers. This modification is transient but very extensive in vivo, as polymer chains can reach more than 200 units on protein acceptors. The existence of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymer was first reported nearly 40 years ago. Since then, the importance of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis has been established in many cellular processes. However, a clear and unified picture of the physiological role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation still remains to be established. The total dependence of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis on DNA strand breaks strongly suggests that this post-translational modification is involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids. This view is also supported by the identification of direct protein-protein interactions involving poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (113 kDa PARP), an enzyme catalysing the formation of poly(ADP-ribose), and key effectors of DNA repair, replication and transcription reactions. The presence of PARP in these multiprotein complexes, in addition to the actual poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of some components of these complexes, clearly supports an important role for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reactions in DNA transactions. Accordingly, inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis by any of several approaches and the analysis of PARP-deficient cells has revealed that the absence of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation strongly affects DNA metabolism, most notably DNA repair. The recent identification of new poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating enzymes with distinct (non-standard) structures in eukaryotes and archaea has revealed a novel level of complexity in the regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism.

Topic: PARP inhibition in cancer therapy
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The brain as an instrument: Comment on Gergen’s “The acculturated brain”

In “The acculturated brain,” his critical analysis of the current brain hype, Kenneth Gergen concludes that we should consider the brain primarily as an instrument for achieving culturally constructed ends, and challenge the determining power of the brain with the question “Could I do otherwise?” In my reply, I point out that the pressing issue is usually “How could I do otherwise?,” not sorting out determined behavior from culturally constructed action. The challenge is to understand the increasing traffic between brain and culture, rather than to keep mechanism and meaning separate. Secondly, the notion of the brain as an instrument needs to be developed in the light of technology studies, in order to avoid both neuro-reductionism and the instrumentalism implied in Gergen’s proposal.

Topic: Embodied and Extended Cognition
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Distance Based Image Classification: A solution to generative classification's conundrum?

Most classifiers rely on discriminative boundaries that separate instances of each class from everything else. We argue that discriminative boundaries are counter-intuitive as they define semantics by what-they-are-not; and should be replaced by generative classifiers which define semantics by what-they-are. Unfortunately, generative classifiers are significantly less accurate. This may be caused by the tendency of generative models to focus on easy to model semantic generative factors and ignore non-semantic factors that are important but difficult to model. We propose a new generative model in which semantic factors are accommodated by shell theory's hierarchical generative process and non-semantic factors by an instance specific noise term. We use the model to develop a classification scheme which suppresses the impact of noise while preserving semantic cues. The result is a surprisingly accurate generative classifier, that takes the form of a modified nearest-neighbor algorithm; we term it distance classification. Unlike discriminative classifiers, a distance classifier: defines semantics by what-they-are; is amenable to incremental updates; and scales well with the number of classes.

Topic: Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Etoricoxib and Herbal Adjuvant Containing Nanoparticles Incorporated Gel and Ointment Formulations for the Treatment of Human Skin Melanoma (SK-MEL-2)

Aim: The aim of study was to develop nanoparticles consisting etoricoxib with ethanolic extract of ginger rhizome (GE) and basil leaves (BE) and evaluated against human skin cancer cells (melanoma, SK-MEL-2). Nanoparticles were further incorporated into gel and ointment and characterized. Material: Concentration of extract was varied while etoricoxib remains constant in nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were incorporated into gel and ointment, prepared by using tamarind seed polysaccharide and aloe vera gel, respectively. Result: All the batches of nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size and were found from 924 nm (N1) to 1084 nm (N9). The loading efficiency of etoricoxib varied form 66.8 ± 0.05% (N4) to 85.1 ± 0.04% (N9), for GE 60.3 ± 0.04% (N4) to 72.1 ± 0.05% (N9), for BE 59.5 ± 0.04% (N8) to 80.5 ± 0.03% (N9). The consistency of ointment and gel was found smooth. The pH of the nanoparticles incorporated ointment was observed 6.2 ± 0.023 (O6) to 6.2 ± 0.089 (O4), viscosity was found as 0.70 ± 0.098 (O3) to 1.130 ± 0.092 (O1) gm/cm 3 , and spreadability in the range of 58.3 ± 0.062 (O2) to 66.2 ± 0.098 (O5)%. The pH of nanoparticles incorporated gel was observed 6.2 ± 0.019 (G2) to 6.2 ± 0.098 (G7), viscosity was found as 0.847 ± 0.030 (G7) to 1.130 ± 0.065 gm/cm 3 (G9), with spreadability in the range of 62.5 ± 0.045% (G5) to 70.51±0.056% (G4). In vitro cytotoxic studies showed that nanoparticles incorporated gel formulation (G1) was able to control cell growth (SK-MEL-2). Conclusion: It can be concluded that etoricoxib and herbal components consisting formulations were able to control human skin cancer cells.

Topic: Ginger and Zingiberaceae research
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of 2,3,4‐Substituted Quinolines with Sodium Borohydride.

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Topic: Asymmetric Hydrogenation and Catalysis
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Increased expression of the P2Y<sub>12</sub> receptor is involved in the failure of autogenous arteriovenous fistula caused by stenosis

This study investigated the role of the P2Y<sub>12</sub> receptor in autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure resulting from stenosis. Stenotic venous tissues and blood samples were obtained from patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) together with AVF stenosis, while venous tissues and blood samples were collected from patients with ESRD undergoing initial AVF surgery as controls. Immunohistochemistry and/or immunofluorescence techniques were utilized to assess the expression of P2Y<sub>12</sub>, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and CD68 in the venous tissues. The expression levels of P2Y<sub>12</sub>, TGFβ1, and MCP-1 were quantified using quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. Double and triple immunofluorescence staining was performed to precisely localize the cellular localization of P2Y<sub>12</sub> expression. Expression levels of P2Y<sub>12</sub>, TGFβ1, MCP-1, and CD68 were significantly higher in stenotic AVF venous tissues than in the control group tissues. Double and triple immunofluorescence staining of stenotic AVF venous tissues indicated that P2Y<sub>12</sub> was predominantly expressed in α-SMA-positive vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and, to a lesser extent, in CD68-positive macrophages, with limited expression in CD31-positive endothelial cells. Moreover, a subset of macrophage-like VSMCs expressing P2Y<sub>12</sub> were observed in both stenotic AVF venous tissues and control venous tissues. Additionally, a higher number of P2Y<sub>12</sub><sup>+</sup>/TGF-β1<sup>+</sup> double-positive cells were identified in stenotic AVF venous tissues than in the control group tissues. Increased expression of P2Y<sub>12</sub> in stenotic AVF venous tissues of patients with ESRD suggests its potential involvement in the pathogenesis of venous stenosis within AVFs.

Topic: Vascular anomalies and interventions
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Soil organic carbon and nutrients in smallholding land uses in southern Ethiopia

Abstract This study assessed the soil organic C (SOC) and soil nutrients in smallholding home garden, woodlot, grazing land, and cropland at two soil depths and two sites in Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia. The results showed that soil properties were significantly influenced by land use. The home garden had significantly higher ( p &lt; 0.05) SOC and soil nutrients when compared to the cropland. When the home garden was compared to the woodlot and grazing land uses, it had significantly higher ( p &lt; 0.05) values except in SOC, total N (TN), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and exchangeable Ca. Cropland, in comparison with grazing land and woodlot, had a non‐significant difference except TN. The SOC stock (0–40 cm) in the home garden, woodlot, grazing land and cropland was 79.5, 68.0, 65.0, and 58.1 Mg ha −1 , respectively. Home garden significantly differed ( p ≤ 0.05) in SOC only from cropland, and this was attributed not only to the relatively higher organic input in the home garden but also to the little organic matter input and frequently tillage of the cropland. The similar SOC among the home garden, woodlot and grazing lands may imply that the balance between inputs and outputs could be nearly similar for the land uses. Soil TN and CEC had a nearly similar pattern of difference as in SOC among the land uses because of their close relationship with SOC. In general, the land use influence on soil nutrients can be in the order: home garden &gt; wood land ≈ grazing land ≈ cropland, with home garden showing the least difference from the woodlot and the greatest from the cropland. In the agroecosystem, in general, the influence of smallholding home garden on SOC and soil nutrient was marginally different from Eucalyptus woodlot and grazing lands but evidently different from cropland.

Topic: Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Can Universal Screening Increase the Representation of Low Income and Minority Students in Gifted Education?

Low income and minority students are under-represented in gifted education programs.One explanation for this pattern is that the usual process for identifying gifted students, through parent and teacher referrals, systematically misses many potentially qualified disadvantaged students.We use the experiences in a large urban school district following the introduction of a universal screening program for second grade students to study this hypothesis.With no change in the standards for gifted eligibility the screening program led to large increases in the fractions of economically disadvantaged students and minorities placed in gifted programs.Comparisons of the newly identified gifted students with those who would have been placed in the absence of screening show that blacks and Hispanics, free/reduced price lunch participants, English language learners, and girls are all systematically "under-referred" in the traditional parent/teacher referral system.

Topic: School Choice and Performance
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
CCDC 608270: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of Project-Based Flood Mapping on Generation Z’s Mitigation Attitude

This study examines the effect of a Project‐Based Learning (PjBL) model, centered on creating flood hazard maps, on flood disaster mitigation attitudes among Generation Z students at SMA Negeri 7 Bandar Lampung. A quantitative causal design was employed with a cluster random sample of 70 grade X students. Data collection involved validated and reliable questionnaires (Cronbach’s α = 0.92) and analyses were performed using path analysis and regression techniques. Results show a significant direct effect of PjBL on mitigation attitudes (β = 0.677, p &lt; 0.001) and of disaster knowledge on mitigation attitudes (β = 0.323, p &lt; 0.001). The PjBL model also exhibited a strong positive relationship with disaster knowledge (r = 0.782, p &lt; 0.001). Indirect effects of PjBL on attitudes via knowledge were 0.529 and 0.252, yielding a total indirect effect of 0.781 and a total effect of 1.206. Simultaneous F‐test confirmed that PjBL and disaster knowledge together significantly influenced mitigation attitudes (F(2, 67) = 125.697, p &lt; 0.001). These findings suggest that integrating map‐making projects into learning can effectively enhance both knowledge and proactive attitudes toward flood disaster mitigation among youth.

Topic: Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
Subfield: Information Systems and Management
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Laughing at Failure or Failing to Laugh: Humour as a Strategy for Dealing With Foreign Policy Failure?

The paper considers the role of humour in dealing with failure in foreign policy and brings insights together from the studies of policy failure, humour studies, customer service management and crisis communication. It investigates how research in customer service management and crisis communication points to the use of humour as an additional strategy for dealing with foreign policy failure. This research has provided valuable insights into the benefits of humour for dealing with minor service failure, reducing the level of damage done to the standing of the actor responsible for the failure. The paper transfers these insights into IR and investigates the benefits and drawbacks of self-deprecating humour by policy makers responsible for failure. To illustrate this, we consider the humour employed by US President George W. Bush at the White House Correspondents Dinner in 2004 when making fun of his administration’s inability to find weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq. We argue that humour can be a tool to address policy failure only in front of a sympathetic audience when humour can be a means of addressing the cognitive tension between support for a policy and its empirical failure.

Topic: Humor Studies and Applications
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Improved Direct Power Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Without Phase-Locked Loop

Direct power control is widely used in renewable power generation, due to the advantages of simple implementation and fast dynamic response. This paper proposes an improved direct power control of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) without phase-locked loop (PLL), which is implemented in the stationary reference frame. In order to deal with the time-varying voltage matrix-related dynamics of active and reactive powers for a DFIG in the stationary reference frame, the modulated active and reactive voltage are introduced. By this means, the time-varying voltage matrix-related dynamics of DFIG active and reactive powers are changed into a constant coefficient-related equation, thereby resulting in a simpler implementation. Meanwhile, the modulated rotor voltage can be obtained from the modulated active and reactive voltages based on DFIG rotor position. Then, a linear controller can be introduced to achieve the decoupling regulation and fast tracking of active and reactive powers. Finally, the experimental results are provided to confirm the effectiveness and frequency adaptability of the proposed method.

Topic: Wind Turbine Control Systems
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Modification to the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) Visual Editor (MCNPVised) to Read in Computer Aided Design (CAD) Files

Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP) is the code of choice for doing complex neutron/photon/electron transport calculations for the nuclear industry and research institutions. The Visual Editor for Monte Carlo N-Particle is internationally recognized as the best code for visually creating and graphically displaying input files for MCNP. The work performed in this grant was used to enhance the capabilities of the MCNP Visual Editor to allow it to read in both 2D and 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD) files, allowing the user to electronically generate a valid MCNP input geometry.

Topic: Graphite, nuclear technology, radiation studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Network performance comparison of VPN protocols on wired and wireless networks

VPNs are a well-established method employed by organizations to secure their data communications across un-trusted networks. This is due to their relative low cost and ease with which they can be implemented, VPNs also allow the flexibility for staff to be able to access network resources in a secure manner from anywhere in the world. However performance of the network must be considered alongside the flexibility and security a VPN provides. With the address range of IPv4 all but exhausted organizations are now slowly adopting IPv6 addressing, and alongside this there have also been advances with wireless technologies such as the introduction of IEEE802.11ac. In this research paper we conduct performance evaluations of three VPNs (PPTP, IPSec, and SSTP) in a Windows 7 Windows 2012 Client/Server network environment over wired and wireless media (Ethernet and IEEE802.11ac) using both IP versions and observe their performance. IT is found that IPSec had the worst performance in all network metrics and SSTP had the most consistent performance. PPTP performed well in the IPv4 tests but is incompatible with IPv6.

Topic: IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplementary Material for: Is poor self-rated health associated with higher caries experience in adults? The HUNT4 Oral Health Study

Introduction: The association between lower socioeconomic status and a higher risk of dental caries is well established, but the independent association between general health status and dental caries on a population level is less investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the association between self-rated general health and caries experience in an adult Norwegian population and to assess if the associations were modified by age and sex. Methods: Data was collected as part of the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT4) conducted 2017-2019 and a randomly selected subsample (20%) were invited for the HUNT4 Oral Health Study. This cross-sectional study included 4,880 dentate participants aged 19-94 years (response rate 67%). Participants underwent clinical and radiographic oral examinations and caries experience was measured by numbers of decayed (DT), missing (MT), and filled teeth (FT), DMFT index. The DT component consisted of primary and secondary caries in dentine, cavitated root caries and remaining roots. Questionnaires were used to assess self-rated general health and socioeconomic position, denoted by education, household income and employment status. Associations between self-rated health and caries experience (DMFT) and components (DT, MT, and FT) were assessed using negative binomial regression models. Ratios of means (RMs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations were estimated, adjusting for socioeconomic position. Results: Individuals with poor self-rated general health had a 29% higher mean number of MT (RM 1.29 (95%CI 1.13-1.46)), a 22% higher mean number of DT (RM 1.22 (95%CI 1.07-1.39)), and a 7% higher mean number of DMFT (RM 1.07 (95%CI 1.04-1.11)) than individuals reporting very good health. Age stratified analyses presented a more pronounced association between self-rated health and caries experience for individuals below the age of 55 years than for those 55 years or older. Similarly, the association was more evident for women, with significantly higher mean values for DMFT, MT and FT among women reporting poor health. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated an independent association between poor self-rated health and a higher burden of caries experience, adjusted for education, income and employment status. The association was stronger for women and individuals below the age of 55 years. These findings add new evidence in understanding caries inequalities through self-rated health.

Topic: Genetic and Environmental Crop Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences