jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Determination of 2,4-D, Dicamba, and Mecoprop in Soil Leachates by Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection

Abstract Capillary gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD) and mass selective detection (MSD) was used for simultaneous determination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba), and (±)2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoicacid (mecoprop) extracted from soil leachates. The 2,2,2-trif luoroethanol (TFE) esters of the acid analytes were synthesized by using H2SO4 as the catalyst. Efficiency of derivatization and instrumental molecular response were compared for herbicides methylated with boron trifluoride-methanol (14%, w/v), H2S04-methanol (33%, v/v), and diazomethane. The molecular integrity of TFE-2,4-D, TFE-dicamba, and TFE-mecoprop in the mixture was confirmed by GC-MSD. The TFE-esterification efficiency was maximized by adjusting the volume of H2SO4, the reaction time, and the reaction temperature. Optimal efficiency for the herbicide mixture was obtained by adding 1 m└ H2SO4 and 1 m└ TFE to the dried extract and allowing the reaction to proceed at 22�C for 8 h or by adding 0.5 m└ H2SO4 and 1 m└ TFE at 60°C for 120 min. Maximum esterification efficiency required an increased temperature and a decreased reaction time. The sensitivity of GC-ECD was about 2-20 times greater in determining TFE esters than in determining methyl ester derivatives. The herbicides were extracted simultaneously from soil leachates previously spiked with the analytes and esterified to TFE derivatives. Herbicide recovery, peak resolution, and detector sensitivity were excellent without column cleanup procedures.

Topic: Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Assessing the Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Potential Tolerance of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) while Monitoring the Population Dynamics of the Associated Rhizobia

Microbially-assisted phytoremediation (MAP) is increasingly recognized as the feasible alternative for removing hazardous heavy metals (HMs) from contaminated environments. However, the dynamics of rhizobial-plant interactions during phytoremediation remain unclear. This study investigated the toxicity of some selected heavy metals (Cobalt, Nickel, and Manganese), the potential tolerance of Phaseolus vulgaris grown in the HMs-rich effluents, and the population dynamics of the associated Rhizobia within the Katsina metropolis. After 80 samples of P. vulgaris collected from Lambun Sarki garden were exposed to 10 mL of 0.5- 2g/L of Ni and Co and 5-20 g/L Mn, respectively, in mesocosms, and the plants treated with 10 mL HMs solutions daily. After three weeks treatment and then Indices of HMs toxicity on seeds and plants (4 and 3, respectively) were monitored in all the treatments. Weekly rhizobial counts on Congo Red Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar (CRYEMA) were taken to monitor rhizobial population dynamics. Pure isolates obtained after three iterations were identified biochemically. One-way ANOVA was employed for statistical analyses using AnalyStat (version 1.6.50). Generally, Ni exerts the highest toxicity, with Mn having less toxicity. Average rhizobial counts increased weekly, with high counts obtained in Ni and Mn treatments. However, they did not differ significantly between weeks (p = 0.061). Thus, longer time intervals (&gt;2 weeks) are required to observe significant shifts in population dynamics. Moreover, HMs concentration did not affect the colony counts (p = 1.00). Metabolism profile of the preliminarily identified Rhizobium sp. and Sinorrhizobium melliloti evidenced HMs removal and plant growth promotion ability. The research demonstrated the phytoremediation ability of P. vulgaris and how rhizospheric population dynamics change during phytoremediation and contributed towards understanding HMs impact as environmental stressors on rhizospheric plant-microbe interactions. Future research targeting the hyperaccumulation capacity of the plants and heavy metals tolerance of the identified rhizobia are recommended, as this may help in knowing the BCF, TF, and BAC of the plants as well as the tolerable amount of the heavy metals to the bacteria.

Topic: Legume Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
FXR1 is a novel MRE11-binding partner and participates in oxidative stress responses

Abstract Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) and MRE11-defective Ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder (ATLD) patients show progressive cerebellar ataxia. ATM, mutated in AT, can be activated in response to oxidative stress as well as DNA damage, which could be linked to disease-related neurodegeneration. However, the role of MRE11 in oxidative stress responses has been elusive. Here, we showed that MRE11 could participate in ATM activation during oxidative stress in an NBS1/RAD50-independent manner. Importantly, MRE11 was indispensable for ATM activation. We identified FXR1 as a novel MRE11-binding partner by mass spectrometry. We confirmed that FXR1 could bind with MRE11 and showed that both localize to the cytoplasm. Notably, MRE11 and FXR1 partly localize to the mitochondria, which are the major source of cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species (ROS). The contribution of FXR1 to DNA double-strand break damage responses seemed minor and limited to HR repair, considering that depletion of FXR1 perturbed chromatin association of homologous recombination repair factors and sensitized cells to camptothecin. During oxidative stress, depletion of FXR1 by siRNA reduced oxidative stress responses and increased the sensitivity to pyocyanin, a mitochondrial ROS inducer. Collectively, our findings suggest that MRE11 and FXR1 might contribute to cellular defense against mitochondrial ROS as a cytoplasmic complex.

Topic: DNA Repair Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Overcoming Design Problems in Evaluating Health Behavior Programs

The increasing importance of high-quality evaluative research on health lifestyle change programs is established. Failure to ask the right evaluative research questions and problems of research design are identified as two major reasons for the dearth of well-controlled, interpretable evaluations in this area. Thirteen issues of research design that need to be considered if interpretable answers to evaluative research questions are to be obtained are identified and discussed. Solutions to these problems and design recommendations are offered.

Topic: Evaluation and Performance Assessment
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Kinetics of Virus-Specific CD8<sup>+</sup>T Cells and the Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

ABSTRACT Several primate models indicate that cytotoxic T lymphocyte-inducing vaccines may be unable to prevent human immunodeficiency virus infection but may have a long-term benefit in controlling viral replication and delaying disease progression. Here we show that analysis of the kinetics of antigen-specific CD8 + T-cell expansion suggests a delay in activation following infection that allows unimpeded early viral replication. Viral kinetics do not differ between controls and vaccinees during this delay phase. An increase in virus-specific CD8 + T-cell numbers around day 10 postinfection coincides with a slowing in viral replication in vaccinees and reduces peak viral loads by around 1 log. However, this response is too little too late to prevent establishment of persistent infection.

Topic: HIV Research and Treatment
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Longevity in glass-ionomer restorations: review of a successful technique.

It is just 20 years since glass-ionomer cements were introduced to the profession as a restorative material capable of an ion exchange adhesion to tooth structure as well as a continuing fluoride release. At the time of presentation there was considerable publicity, but, in retrospect, it is likely that the materials were marketed prematurely, before there had been a great deal of clinical investigation. The clinical short-term results were rather disappointing, particularly in relation to esthetics, because the original version lacked translucency. In the next few years, some manufacturers worked to refine the product and improve the properties and achieved reasonable results. In the early 1980s, it was shown that the main problem with both esthetics and physical properties was the need to maintain a proper water balance in the material during the early setting phase. Once this problem was identified and overcome, it became possible to achieve excellent results, but these have not been reported frequently. This article discusses a method of placement that will lead to acceptable glass-ionomer restorations and shows a series of restorations that are up to 15 years old.

Topic: Dental materials and restorations
Subfield: Orthodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
<i>British Policy Towards Wartime Resistance in Yugoslavia and Greece</i>, edited by Phyllis Auty and Richard Clogg

"British Policy Towards Wartime Resistance in Yugoslavia and Greece, edited by Phyllis Auty and Richard Clogg." Canadian Journal of History, 11(2), pp. 236–237

Topic: Historical and Contemporary Political Dynamics
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Neurological channelopathies

Disorders of ion channels (channelopathies) are increasingly being identified, making this a rapidly expanding area of neurology. Ion channel function may be controlled by changes in voltage (voltage gated), chemical interaction (ligand gated), or by mechanical perturbation. The first disorders recognised as channelopathies were the voltage gated channelopathies causing inherited muscle diseases: the non-dystrophic myotonias and familial periodic paralyses. Paramyotonia congenita is due to mutations in the gene coding for the α1 subunit of the sodium channel, while Thomsen's disease (autosomal dominant myotonia congenita) and Becker's disease (autosomal recessive myotonia congenita) are allelic disorders associated with mutations in a gene coding for skeletal muscle chloride channel. Familial hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis is due to mutations in the same sodium channel gene as that affected in paramyotonia congenita, while familial hypokalaemic periodic paralysis results from mutations in the gene coding for the α1 subunit of a skeletal muscle calcium channel.1

The first demonstration that channelopathies could affect nerves as well as muscles …

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A “NEW HISTORY” IN AMERICA: Robinson and Beard

[James Harvey Robinson (1863–1936) spent his lifetime battling against the conventional history taught in American schools, and sought to replace it with "The New History." Trained both in this country and in Germany in the exacting methods of nineteenth century historiography, Robinson became dissatisfied with its exclusively political, constitutional, and military emphasis. After writing an orthodox doctoral dissertation on the German Bundesrath, he edited and translated a series of original sources in European history. A highly effective teacher at Pennsylvania and Columbia Universities, he introduced a novel course on the History of the Intellectual Class of Europe and inspired some of his graduate students—among them Lynn Thorndike, C. J. H. Hayes, Preserved Smith, and James T. Shotwell—to embark on a study of intellectual history. But his greatest influence came through his many, widely-used textbooks, beginning with An Introduction to the History of Western Europe (2 vols. 1902–1903). These high school and college texts stressed the intellectual and social trends of a particular age, and were designed to be more popular in their appeal than the older political chronicles.

Topic: Educator Training and Historical Pedagogy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Measurement of conchal atrophy and pneumonic lesions and their association with growth rate in commingled feeder pigs

Summary A group of 85 commingled feeder pigs was fed on a totally confined feeding floor until slaughter. Mean daily weight gain was calculated for each pig. At slaughter, the nose of each pig was cross-sectioned and scored for conchal atrophy by use of 2 methods. One method ascribed a score based on a linear measurement of the distance between the ventral scroll of the ventral conchae and the ventral floor of the nasal cavity. The other method ascribed a score based on a subjective evaluation of the degree of conchal degeneration according to previously published guidelines. The amount of pulmonary consolidation attributable to pneumonia was also estimated for each pig. Association was not found between growth rate and conchal atrophy, as determined by linear measurement scores. A negative correlation existed between growth rate and conchal atrophy, as determined by subjective evaluation scores. Pigs with extensive pneumonic lesions (consolidation of 20 to 30% of total lung volume) grew slower than pigs with milder pneumonic lesions. Results of this study indicate that subjective evaluation scores of conchal atrophy may be more useful in predicting growth rate than are linear measurement scores.

Topic: Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A perspective on the first and subsequent outbreaks (2020-2022) of African swine fever in India and its impact on agriculture and environment

The first report of African Swine Fever (ASF) was confirmed in India in April 2020, making it the second cross-border disease in India after SARS-CoV-2 induced COVID-19. The northeastern states of India – Assam and Arunachal Pradesh confirmed the first case of ASF in the last week of April 2020. Subsequently, almost all northeastern states of India reported ASF outbreaks successively by April 2021. The ASF outbreaks in 2022 were reported from northern, eastern and southern parts of India which include Uttarakhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Kerala. Such outbreaks not only severely threaten economy and livelihood of people involved in pig farming, but also have severe environmental consequences ranging from contamination of natural water bodies to the extinction of threatened species. In this COVID-19 pandemic, concerns arising due to ASF on the farming economy and environment, in the Indian context, have largely remained ignored. This paper attempts to address agricultural and environmental issues, and further risks, developing due to the first and subsequent outbreaks of ASF in India.

Topic: Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against eel glycoprotein hormone

The glycoprotein hormone family consists of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH), which are secreted by the pituitary gland in all mammalian species, and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) secreted by placental trophoblast cells in primates and equids. These hormones consists of non‐covalently associated α and β subunits. Within a species, the amino acid sequence of the α subunit is identical across all glycoprotein hormones and is encoded by a single gene. The α/β dimer is the active form of the hormone, and biological specificity is conferred by the β subunit. Also in fish, the duality of gonadotropin hormone (GTH), GTH‐1 (FSH‐like GTH), and GTH‐II (LH‐like GTH) is found in certain teleost. In this study, to understand the fundamental mechanisms involved in teleost reproduction and to prove a broader basis for comparative study of teleost GTHs, we produced tethered rec‐eelFSH protein, the cDNA encoding the full‐length eel FSH β‐subunit (signal sequence of 22 amino acid residues and the mature protein of 105 amino acid residues) was fused with the mature protein (93 amino acids) of eel α‐subunit, immunized and A positive hybridoma was selected by ELISA using eel FSH. Anti‐eel glycoprotein mAbs was purified from culture supernatants by affinity chromatography. Six monoclonal antibodies for eel FSH were produced and 2 clones (#11, #5) of these antibodies were bound with α‐subunit of eel glycoprotein. And the other one (#14) was bound with FSHβ. Recombinant FSHβ/α also produced into the CHO cells. Its molecular weight was about 34 kDa. The deglycosylated rec‐FSHβ/α was about 25 kDa. This mAb can specially recognize eel glycoprotein and may serve as a component of eel glycoprotein ELISA kit. (This work was supported by NFRDI. Eun Bi Seo was supported by a scholarship from the BK21 Plus Program (31Z20130012928). the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, korea)

Topic: Reproductive biology and impacts on aquatic species
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Kisspeptin Overcomes GnRH Neuronal Suppression Secondary to Hyperprolactinemia in Humans

Abstract Context Hyperprolactinemia suppresses gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses. The hypothalamic neuropeptide kisspeptin potently stimulates the secretion of GnRH. The effects of exogenous kisspeptin administration on GnRH pulse generation in the setting of hyperprolactinemia have not previously been explored. Objective This work aimed to examine the effects of kisspeptin on GnRH secretion, as reflected by LH secretion, in women with hyperprolactinemia. Methods Women with hyperprolactinemia (n = 11) participated in two 12-hour visits. Before study visits, participants underwent washout of dopamine agonist and/or combined oral contraceptive. Frequent blood sampling was performed (1 sample was collected every 10 minutes). Visit 1 involved no intervention, to examine baseline LH pulsatility. During visit 2, kisspeptin 112–121 (0.24 nmol/kg) was administered every 1 hour, for 10 hours. At hour 11, one intravenous bolus of GnRH (75 ng/kg) was administered. Results Repetitive intravenous bolus kisspeptin administration increased the total number of LH pulses in the setting of hyperprolactinemia. The interpulse interval declined during the same time frames. LH pulse amplitude did not change, but the mean LH rose. In 6 participants with progesterone levels suggestive of an anovulatory state, mean LH and estradiol levels increased significantly at visit 2. In the entire cohort, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin levels did not change significantly across the 2 visits. A total of 73% of subjects exhibited an LH pulse within 30 minutes of first kisspeptin dose. Conclusion Kisspeptin is capable of stimulating hypothalamic GnRH-induced LH pulses in the setting of hyperprolactinemia.

Topic: Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Health campaigns in an infodemic

The COVID-19 crisis is not only a pandemic, but also an infodemic. In the editorial for this Special Issue about health campaigns and COVID-19, we offer an overview of the context as well as of the three articles in the issue. This opening editorial focuses on the wider context within which the various campaigns took place. While the essays focus on the use of graphics and visual advertisements, we explore meme culture with special emphasis on character assassination, where memes are used to target accountability claims and engender distrust towards powerholders. Hence this presents a backdrop to the cultural and visual environment into which these responses to the global spread of COVID-19 entered.

Topic: Humor Studies and Applications
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Evaluation of the use of rotational thromboelastometry in the assessment of FXI deficency

Introduction The absence of a reliable clinical test to predict bleeding tendency leaves factor XI ( FXI )‐deficient individuals at risk of overtreatment or under treatment. Aim To assess whether rotational thromboelastometry has value in detection of FXI deficiency and identification of bleeding tendency. Methods Thromboelastometry was measured in whole blood and platelet‐rich plasma ( PRP ) samples containing corn trypsin inhibitor ( CTI ) from controls ( n = 50) and FXI ‐deficient individuals ( n = 93) at tissue factor ( TF ) 0.12 p m . The effect of tissue plasminogen activator was also assessed. For analysis, FXI ‐deficient individuals were divided into bleeders ( n = 24) and non‐bleeders ( n = 44) based on experience of tonsillectomy and/or dental extraction prior to diagnosis. Results In whole blood, thromboelastometry distinguished those with major FXI deficiency ( FXI :C ≤ 15 IU dL −1 ) but not partial deficiency from control populations, but did not identify bleeding phenotype. In PRP , bleeders had significantly longer clot formation time [CFT; 434 ± 179 s vs. 277 ± 70 s (mean ± SD ); P &lt; 0.05] and smaller α angle [43.8 ± 9.5° vs. 52.4 ± 5.8° (mean ± SD ); P &lt; 0.05] compared to non‐bleeders. However, these parameters were found to depend on multiple additional variables and on an individual basis, ROC analysis showed test specificity for bleeding phenotype identification to be only 38.5% at 100% sensitivity: CFT (area under first derivative curve: AUC = 0.8091, P = 0.0014), α angle ( AUC = 0.7804, P = 0.006). Conclusion Thromboelastometry in PRP with CTI samples triggered with TF 0.12 p m was able to distinguish between bleeders and non‐bleeders in FXI deficiency, but poor specificity restricts its clinical application as a test to identify bleeding phenotype. Further technical advances to the assay may allow better discrimination.

Topic: Coagulation, Bradykinin, Polyphosphates, and Angioedema
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
CIVILIZATION ADOPTION CONTRAST OF INEXHAUSTIBLE VITALITY AUTOMATION

21st century existence without the normal innovations, like a PC, cell phone, vehicle and others, is at this point not possible. The innovation, transformation and large scale manufacturing of these new advances is a key and crucial for additional human turn of events and endurance on earth. Environmentally friendly power advancements have been created to have a maintainable, clean future with boundless vitality source. The entirety of the past, present and future advances are not straight in opportunity with regards to arriving at various societies and social orders. A portion of the way of life get these new sustainable power advancements in an especially unique request consequently there is an extraordinary change in how these societies and social orders see and acknowledge the progressions in their normal day lives. This paper centers around recognizing and introducing the social acknowledgment contrasts that happen in various social orders inside the space of sustainable power advances considers.

Topic: Social Acceptance of Renewable Energy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences