jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Motor program of an intersegmental reflex in crayfish

Abstract Flexion of a merocarpal joint of a single leg initiates a discharge of the efferent neurons that produces postural abdominal extension in the crayfish. This intersegmental reflex is characterized by the excitation of those efferents whose effects are synergistic to extension, and the incomplete suppression of those efferents that are extensor antagonists. Comparison of the latencies and discharge patterns that are generated in response to leg flexion with those produced during “command fiber” stimulation suggests that this intersegmental reflex is mediated by the activation of more than one “command fiber” interneuron.

Topic: Crustacean biology and ecology
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
<i>We Shall Bear Witness: Life Narratives and Human Rights</i>. By Meg Jansen and Margaretta Jolly

We Shall Bear Witness: Life Narratives and Human Rights is very much a book by life-narrative practitioners for oral historians and others who work with life texts. The contributors to this volume ...

Topic: Oral History, Memory, Narrative Analysis
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Distribution patterns of antioxidants in the organs of anadromous fish Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton, 1822)—a profiling in different age groups for future application in anti-aging

Antioxidants play a crucial role in maintaining health by scavenging free radicals that causes cellular damage and accelerates aging and disease. The present study focuses on the antioxidant levels in various organs of Hilsa fish, both male and female, with a weight range of 50 g to 780 g collected from the Hooghly River in the lower Gangetic plain. The study utilized commercially available free radicals such as, viz ., 2,2′-azinobis-[3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] and ferric reducing antioxidant potential to measure the scavenging activity. The results indicated that female Hilsa fish possess higher levels of antioxidants (93.79 ± 0.26) compared to male counterparts (84.50 ± 0.65) in all organs, with levels increasing proportionally with weight. Interestingly, in males, the serum antioxidant profile was higher in the lower weight group (50–100 g), whereas, in females, the highest antioxidant activity was observed in the weight range of 300 g to 400 g. The present study was attempted for the first time to characterize the antioxidant distribution pattern in the different organs of Hilsa. These findings suggest that Hilsa fish organs, including serum, contain high levels of antioxidants that could significantly benefit human nutrition and potentially will contribute to anti-aging effects by incorporating Hilsa to their diet, which needs further clinical study.

Topic: Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Specific Sympathomimetic Ergone in Adrenergic Nerve Fibres (Sympathin) and its Relations to Adrenaline and Nor‐Adrenaline

Summary. Extracts have been prepared of various kinds of nerves and their content of sympathomimetic activity determined and the actions analyzed. The thoracic and lumbar sympathetic chain and the splenic periarterial nerves were especially suitable for preparation of the active substance and contained some 30–100 μg adrenaline equivalents per g as measured on the blood pressure of the cat. The active substance gives catechol reactions and bears near relations to adrenaline, but differs characteristically from this in the following respects, where a close resemblance to nor‐adrenaline was found: Blood pressure action on the cat after ergotamine or dihydroergotamine (Fig. 2–4). Action on non‐pregnant cat's uterus (Fig. 5 A), pregnant rabbit's uterus (Fig. 6) and the isolated intestine of the cat and rabbit (Fig. 7). Pupil‐dilating action (Fig. 8). Fluorescence test. The active substance occurs in higher amounts in the grey sympathetic rami than in the white rami (Fig. 10). The content is fairly high in sensory nerves of the skin but low in sympathetic ganglia, the vagus and phrenic nerves and various parts of the brain. After degeneration of the main portion of the (post‐ganglionic) periarterial splenic nerves the content of the spleen of the active substance is greatly reduced. The possible physiological significance of the solubility of the active substance in ether in the presence of phospho‐lipids is pointed out. From the experiments it is inferred that the active substance is the physiological transmitter of adrenergic nerve action in mammals and identical with nor‐adrenaline. Extracts of frogs' hearts contain an active substance with the properties of adrenaline. It is suggested that the name sympathin should be used for the ergone demonstrated in adrenergic nerves, exerting the actions of nor‐adrenaline. The relationship of the adrenergic ergone to sympathin E and I is discussed.

Topic: Chemical Reactions and Mechanisms
Subfield: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Studies on psychotropic agents. V. Synthesis of 1-substituted spiro[dibenz[b,f]oxepin-11,4'-piperidine]-10(11H)-one and related compounds.

Tricyclic compounds (12, 17 and 20) combined with a spiro-system at the 4 position of 1-substituted piperidine were synthesized for pharmacological testing. They could be prepared by a sequence of reactions involving the Pinacol rearrangement of 9-(1-ethoxy-carbonyl-4-piperidinyl) fluorene-9, 4'-diol (9) or the cyclization of 1-benzyl-4-(o-substituted phenyl)-4-carboxy (or cyano) piperidine (15a and 16). 9-(1-Methyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl) xanthene (or -anthracene) (21 and 26) and 3-methyl-2, 3, 4, 5-tetrahydro-1H-phenanthro [9, 10-d] azepine (27) were also prepared by the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement of α hydroxy spiro compounds (19b, 19d, and 11, respectively). Among the compounds synthesized, 1-methyl-1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7-hexahydrospiro [[4H] azepine-4, 9'-fluorene]-5-ol (8) showed marked anti-convulsant activity.

Topic: Coordination Chemistry and Organometallics
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Rapid Quantification of Flavor-Active Sulfur Compounds in Beer

Sulfury notes that did not correlate with measured dimethyl sulfide concentrations were identified during organoleptic panel assessments of beer. This initiated the development of a method by which these compounds could be detected, identified, and quantified. An in-bottle purge-and-trap sampling technique was successfully coupled to a capillary gas chromatograph with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector. Analyses of beer then generated sulfur compound profiles that correlated with the sulfury notes detected by the panelists. This method should be a valuable quality control tool for flavor-active sulfur compound profile measurement and for subsequent control of unwanted high concentrations of these compounds.

Topic: Fermentation and Sensory Analysis
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of breast lesions.

This article reviews the current status of Doppler sonography in breast neoplasms. The results already reported in the literature all indicate that more vessels are displayed and higher flow velocities are measured in malignant tumors than in benign conditions. The potential role of Doppler sonography remains to be definitively determined. It appears that high measured flow velocities and markedly elevated number of detectable vessel density indicate malignancy. However, Doppler sonography does not make it possible to rule out cancer, since a subset of malignant tumors show few Doppler signals or none at all. The use of Doppler sonography for monitoring the results of treatment is currently being evaluated.

Topic: Breast Lesions and Carcinomas
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
XSS for the common good - GreaseMousey

I know I haven't posted anything here for a good while, but that's because on top of uni work I have a surprise up my sleeve in the not so distant future. I also do intend to continue working on .NETIDS when I finally get some time! This is not that surprising... but something I found interesting. A certain musical group, whom I will not name here, recently changed their forum onto a new proprietary system.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Discrimination of shockable tachycardia by morphologic stability of ventricular electrogram

Most tachycardia episodes detected by implantable defibrillators as VF do not require shock therapy. Pace terminable VT represents >80% of appropriately detected VF episodes. Rapidly conducted AF accounts for ~75% of inappropriately shocked VF detections. An algorithm for discriminating VT and AF from VF on the basis of morphologic stability has been devised. Morphologic similarity is determined using a template-matching algorithm. Morphologic stability was evaluated by comparing morphology of the current beat to that of a single previous beat. We compared the morphology of the current beat to that of beats preceding the current beat by 1, 4 and 7 beats. As the delay between compared beats increased, the algorithm did better at recognizing unstable morphology, but classified more non-shockable episodes as unstable. Morphologic stability can reduce inappropriate shocks for VT by 95% and inappropriate shocks for AF by 81%

Topic: Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Pulmonary lymphomas and other pulmonary lymphoid lesions. A clinicopathologic and immunologic study of 64 patients

Sixty-four patients with lymphoid lesions involving the lung were separated into three groups. In 32 patients, the predominant lymphoid cell population consisted of small, mature-appearing round lymphocytes with or without plasmacytoid features. This group, designated small lymphocytic proliferation (SLP), represents a heterogeneous group of pulmonary lymphocytic lesions including small lymphocytic lymphoma, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, and lymphoid hyperplasia (pseudolymphoma). Thirteen SLP patients were identified as having small lymphocytic lymphoma on the basis of monoclonality, progressive disease in other sites, or both. This group was morphologically identical to the remainder of the SLP patients, except for a higher incidence of plasmacytoid features (P = 0.003) and a greater degree of mast cell infiltration (P < 0.05). Four of these 13 patients subsequently developed an aggressive large cell lymphoma resulting in death in three patients. The median survival for all of the SLP patients has not yet been reached. Patients in whom a monoclonal cell population could be established showed a slightly worse prognosis of borderline statistical significance (P = 0.09); however, the presence of a serum monoclonal gammopathy conveyed a significantly worse prognosis (P = 0.003). The remaining two groups of patients had various forms of malignant lymphoma other than the small lymphocytic type. One group of 12 patients, designated as having presumed primary lymphoma limited to one or both lungs (PL), had a prolonged course with a median survival of 117 months. The remaining 20 patients had disseminated lymphoma also involving lung (DL); DL patients had a shorter median survival of 33 months.

Topic: Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Relationship Between LH and Testicular Development in Progesterone-Implanted Prepubertal Ram Lambs1

The relationship between systemic luteinizing hormone (LH) and testicular development was investigated in Finn and Suffolk ram lambs treated at 2 wk of age with sc progesterone implants for 0, 4, 8 or 12 wk. Serial samples of blood (30-min intervals for 3 h) were collected from five rams X breed-1 X treatment-1 at 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18 and 22 wk of age plus 1 and 2 wk after implant removal. Scrotal circumference was measured at 10, 14, 18 and 22 wk of age. A testicular biopsy was obtained at 14, 18 and 22 wk for microscopic evaluation of testicular development and spermatogenesis. Pulsatile LH releases occurred 60 to 180 min apart in control lambs between 6 and 22 wk of age; LH secretion was not affected by age except for a decrease (P less than .01) in mean LH at 22 wk. Transient increases in testosterone were found subsequent to LH pulses. Systemic testosterone increased (P less than .01) progressively with age, was higher (P less than .05) in Finn than in Suffolk rams at 18 and 22 wk and was correlated positively (P less than .01) within breeds with seminiferous tubule diameter at 14 wk and with scrotal circumference at 10 and 14 wk. Tubule diameter was larger (P less than .01) but testes size and weight were smaller (P less than .01) in Finn than in Suffolk rams. Progesterone implants decreased (P less than .01) LH secretion at 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12, but not at 14 wk of age; decreased systemic testosterone between 4 and 14 wk; decreased (P less than .01) seminiferous tubule diameter at 14 wk, which was related inversely to duration of progesterone treatment; and delayed puberty from 18 to 22 or more wk in rams implanted from 2 to 10 or 14 wk of age. Both control and treated rams with elongated spermatids at 18 vs 22 or more wk had increased LH secretion, higher systemic testosterone and larger tubule diameter and testes size at a younger age. These results suggest that rate of sexual maturation in ram lambs is related to level of postnatal LH stimulation and to the prepubertal age when increased LH stimulation occurs.

Topic: Reproductive Physiology in Livestock
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Time-Reversal Symmetry-Protected Coherent Control of Ultracold Molecular Collisions

Coherent control of atomic and molecular scattering relies on the preparation of colliding particles in superpositions of internal states, establishing interfering pathways that can be used to tune the outcome of a scattering process. However, incoherent addition of different partial wave contributions to the integral cross sections (partial wave scrambling), commonly encountered in systems with complex collisional dynamics, poses a significant challenge, often limiting control. This work demonstrates that time-reversal symmetry can overcome these limitations by constraining the relative phases of S-matrix elements, thereby protecting coherent control against partial wave scrambling, even for collisions mediated by highly anisotropic interactions. Using the example of ultracold O$_2$-O$_2$ scattering, we show that coherent control is robust against short-range dynamical complexity. Furthermore, the time-reversal symmetry also protects the control against a distribution of collisional energy. These findings show that ultracold scattering into the final states that are time-reversal-invariant, such as the J = 0, M = 0 rotational state, can always be optimally controlled by using time-reversal-invariant initial superpositions. Beyond the ultracold regime, we observe significant differences in the controllability of crossed-molecular beam vs. trap experiments with the former being easier to control, emphasizing the cooperative role of time-reversal and permutation symmetries in maintaining control at any temperature. These results open new avenues for the coherent control of complex inelastic collisions and chemical reactions both in and outside of the ultracold regime.

Topic: Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Should Otoacoustic Emissions Be Added to the Monitoring Protocol? A Systematic Review

Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) refers to a loss of hearing, most commonly unilateral, that occurs suddenly (≤72 h) with no identifiable cause or etiology. To date, there is no standard protocol to predict prognosis (hearing recovery) for patients with ISSNHL. However, studies have shown that changes in otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) often occur prior to changes in audiometric hearing thresholds. OAEs originate from the electrochemical motility of the outer hair cells (OHC) and reflect the integrity of the inner ear, specifically the cochlear amplifier. Therefore, OAEs may be useful as a prognostic predictive factor in patients with ISSNHL from the initial onset of symptoms through recovery. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to assess the relationship between pure tone thresholds, OAEs, and subjective hearing improvement and/or recovery. Fourteen studies were identified for inclusion, and they overwhelmingly support the inclusion of OAEs in the protocol to monitor ISSNHL recovery. This finding supports the development of a standard diagnostic protocol that includes OAEs to predict patient hearing outcomes.

Topic: Vestibular and auditory disorders
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
[A case of renal pelvic tumor with heterotopic bone formation].

The patient was a 74-year-old man who was referred to our hospital with a complaint of left flank pain. Laboratory data were almost within normal limits and urine cytology was positive. X-ray examination revealed a calcification in the left kidney and abdominal CT scan confirmed the presence of a heterogenous renal pelvic mass which contained a calcification. Based on these examinations, a diagnosis of a renal pelvic cancer with heterotopic bone formation was made. Subsequently, left nephroureterectomy was performed. Grossly, the renal pelvis of the resected kidney was filled with a mass which had a white cut surface and bone-like tendency. Histopathologically, a poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma with massive bone formation was found. Fifty five cases of heterotopic bone formation in the kidney have been reported in Japan. Among the cases, 4 cases were complicated with renal pelvic tumor and our case was the second case of heterotopic bone formation complicated with a transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis in Japan.

Topic: Urological Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Advance in Riboflavin Biosynthesis: Fermentation Techniques, Enzymatic Pathways, Utilisation and Industrial Applications

Two molecules of ribulose 5-phosphate and one molecule of GTP are needed as substrates for the production of one riboflavin molecule. GTP's imidazole ring is hydrolytically opened to produce a 4,5-diaminopyrimidine, which is then followed by deamination, side chain reduction, and dephosphorylation to produce 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine is produced by condensing 5-amino-6-ribitylamino2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione with 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate, which is derived from ribulose 5-phosphate. Riboflavin and 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione are produced upon dismutation of the lumazine derivative and are then recycled throughout the biosynthetic process. Many studies have been conducted on the structure of the biosynthetic enzyme 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase. Under the direction of the inducible Pxyl promoter in B. subtilis PY, overexpression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) altered carbon flow in Bacillus subtilis through the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway. The yield of riboflavin and the availability of ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P) will change if the carbon input into the PP pathway is altered. The specific growth rate remained constant, but the glucose consumption rate significantly increased as a result of overexpres¬sion of G6PDH. A 25%±2 increase in riboflavin synthesis was achieved. Lower acid production (acetate andpyruvate) and higher acetoin formation were noted in comparison to by-product formation in flask culture. The results of metabolic studies and carbon flux redistribution showed that overexpression of G6PDH increases the fluxes in the PP pathway.

Topic: Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
How to Understand the Formation of Delusional Beliefs: A Proposal

The formation of delusional beliefs is elucidated by the expressed experiences of 75 delusional patients. It is found that such beliefs may develop regardless of the presence (64%) or absence (20%) of anomalous experiences. Patients within the same diagnostic category remember it very differently. Many patients (71%) find a simple and reassuring way of understanding and relating to the external world by the formation of delusional beliefs. To many patients (47%) the delusional theme remains unchanged from the start and from one psychotic episode to another, while to other patients (24%) the theme changes in a hierarchical way. It is suggested that the formation of delusional beliefs is caused by impaired two-way communication or metathinking and that the delusional theme indicates the severity of cognitive dysfunction or mental disorder.

Topic: Mental Health and Psychiatry
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms After Potentially Traumatic Events

Abstract People exposed to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) may develop distinct symptom patterns, which may require different therapeutic approaches. We aimed to identify classes of people exposed to PTEs based on the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) clusters, anxiety, and depression and to explore which cognitive factors (rumination, worry, and negative cognitions) are associated with class membership. Latent class analyses were conducted to identify subgroups of 258 PTE-exposed Spanish adults. A three-class solution emerged: a resilient class with low odds of all symptoms ( n = 188); a partial PTSD class, characterized by partial PTSD clusters, moderate anxiety, and low depression ( n = 36); and a high symptom class, characterized by high PTSD, moderate anxiety, and low depression ( n = 34). These classes related meaningfully to rumination, worry, and negative cognitions. Distinct symptom patterns of PTSD clusters, anxiety, and depression can be distinguished in people exposed to PTEs and relate to cognitive risk factors of psychopathology.

Topic: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
How Much Pornography Use Do Americans Think Is “Average” for a Man and Woman? Findings from a National Survey

Though research has examined pornography viewing frequency and its correlates in national samples, researchers have yet to assess how much pornography use the general population thinks is "average" for men and women. Drawing on data from a nationally representative sample of American adults (Men: N = 1,127; Women = 1,382; total mean age = 50.0, <i>SD </i>= 17.4), it was hypothesized that Americans' estimations of how much pornography use is average for men and women would be shaped by perceptual mechanisms as well as the influence of religious subculture. Results show that age, personal pornography use, self-reported addiction to pornography, and religiosity (for men), were associated with Americans' perceptions of what is average for others. The association with personal pornography use was amplified for same-gender estimations, and Americans estimated the average man views pornography more frequently than the average woman. Americans rarely reported viewing pornography at higher rates than what they estimated for others. This study provides initial steps toward understanding gendered impressions of average pornography use and provides recommendations for how future research could explore differing mechanisms of same-gender and cross-gender perceptions.

Topic: Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences