jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Flooded Boiling of Ammonia with Miscible Oil Outside a Horizontal Plain Tube

Pool boiling tests were conducted with plain steel tubing using pure ammonia and a mixture of ammonia and a miscible lubricant. By comparing the results, the effect of miscible lubricant on shell-side boiling heat transfer coefficient of ammonia was quantified. The experiment covered saturation temperature from −23.3° C to 7.2°C (−10° F to 45°F) and heat flux up to 60 kW/m2 [19,000 Btu/(h·ft2)]. Nucleate boiling of ammonia took place outside a plain steel tube of 19.1 mm (0.75 in.) diameter. The tube was heated by liquid flowing inside to simulate a real heat exchange device. A polyalkylene glycol lubricant, miscible with ammonia, was tested at 0%, 1%, 5%, and 10% mass concentrations. The experimental results showed that under a particular saturation temperature and heat flux, the heat transfer coefficient generally first decreased with an increase in oil concentration up to 5%. It was then followed by an insignificant increase in the coefficient with a further increase in oil concentration to 10%. At a low temperature and a high heat flux, the heat transfer coefficient decreased with the lubricant concentration and stayed constant. The effect of miscible lubricant strongly depends on saturation temperature and weakly depends on heat flux. The largest degradation of heat transfer performance due to the miscible lubricant occurs at the present low temperature of −23.3°C where the heat transfer coefficient can be reduced by up to 33%. A general correlation was developed for heat transfer coefficients both with and without lubricant effect.

Topic: Heat Transfer and Boiling Studies
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Numerical Study of the Influence of Turbulent Diffusion Coefficients and Turbulent Prandtl Number on the Reactive Flow Simulation in a Combustor

The influence of the k–ε–RNG model parameters is studied in terms of simulation of processes in the combustor with the gas oxygen and methane inside including the conjugate heat transfer with the wall. A sufficient influence of the empirical diffusion coefficients of turbulence model on the reactive flow simulation is observed. Recommendations for the choice of the turbulent diffusion coefficients and the turbulent Prandtl number are provided.

Topic: Combustion and flame dynamics
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Визначення розмірних характеристик частинок глинопорошків як нанонаповнювачів полімерних композицій

Comparative morphometric analysis of different types and brands of clay powders of domestic origin for the reasonable choice of filler of polymer nanocomposite materials with improved properties. Morphometric analysis of alumina particles was performed by optical polarization microscopy. Micrographs were obtained using a digital camera with an adapter. To quantify the size of clay particles, we used the image analysis method in ImageJ program. The area, perimeter were determined, and the equivalent diameter and particle shape index were calculated. Statistical processing of the experimental data was performed using the software packages "Statistica" and "Excel". A comparative morphometric analysis of various types and grades of clay powders of domestic origin, intended for use as nanofillers in the production of polymeric composite materials with improved properties, was performed. It was found that the nature of the distribution of particles of equivalent diameter in all the studied samples is qualitatively similar, but has certain differences in quantitative indicators. The distribution of particles of the studied brands of clay powders according to the shape indicator showed a pronounced asymmetry towards its maximum values. On the basis of a detailed morphometric analysis of particles of different types of clay powders, differences in the quantitative characteristics of the particle distribution by the equivalent diameter and shape index were established. The results obtained will allow a reasonable approach to the selection of the brand of clay, which will be used as filler in the production of polymeric nanocomposite materials.

Topic: Advanced Theoretical and Applied Studies in Material Sciences and Geometry
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Sample preparation of high-purity titanium for analysis by glow discharge mass spectrometry

A new sample preparation protocol for high-purity titanium material has been developed for analysis by glow discharge mass spectrometry. The titanium material is machined using an aluminium oxide cut-off wheel followed by a double etching process with a hydrogen peroxide based acid etchant. This sample preparation method reduces conventional preparation time from 3 h to 20 min and pre-sputtering time from more than 1 h to 20 min.

Topic: Ion-surface interactions and analysis
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Photosynthetic Reaction Center Covalently Bound to Carbon Nanotubes

The photosystem reaction center I is covalently bound to carbon nanotubes using carbodiimide chemistry. The hybrid systems are characterized by atomic force microscopy, and UV-VIS spectroscopy, indicating a high degree of conjugation between the photosystem reaction center and the carbon nanotubes. Three different architectures for optoelectronic circuits are presented, which have the potential to serve as basis for molecular optoelectronic devices.

Topic: Molecular Junctions and Nanostructures
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Antella tibetica P. Du & Y. C. Dai 2022, sp. nov.

Antella tibetica P. Du & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. (Figs. 2–3) MycoBank no.—MB 843263 Diagnosis:— Antella tibetica is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiocarps with large pores, 0.5–1.5 per mm, a dimitic hyphal system with generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, and subicular skeletal hyphae bearing fine crystals, abundant gloeocystidia variable in shape, oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores, and growth on living or dead angiosperm wood. It can easily be distinguished from other members of the genus by the presence of cystidioles, variable gloeocystidia, strongly encrusted subicular hyphae, and growth on angiosperm wood. Etymology:— tibetica (Lat.): refers to Tibet, where the type was collected. Type:— Chian, Tibet, Lingzhi, Selila Mts., on dead branch of Prunus, elev. 3700 m, 23 October 2021, Dai 23334 (Holotype, BJFC 037905). Description:— Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adnate, tough and coriaceous, without odor or taste when fresh, corky upon drying, up to 4 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, 5 mm thick at center. Pore surface buff yellow to buff when fresh, pinkish buff to yellowish brown upon drying; pores angular, round to irregular, mature pores distinctly larger than the juvenile ones, mature pores mostly 0.5–1.5 per mm; dissepiments thin to thick, entire to lacerate. Sterile margin distinct, white when fresh, up to 0.5 mm, almost lacking with age. Subiculum buff, very thin or almost lacking, ca. 0.2–0.3 mm thick. Tubes concolorous with pore surface, corky, up to 4.8 mm long. Hyphal system dimitic; composed of generative hyphae with clamp connections, and skeletal hyphae, hyaline, IKI–, CB+; tissues unchanged in KOH. Subiculum composed of hyaline generative hyphae, thin- to slightly thickwalled, occasionally branched, 2–3 μm diam, and hyaline skeletal hyphae, thick-walled to subsolid, rarely branched, usually encrusted with fine crystals, slightly interwoven, 2.5–4 μm diam. Tubes composed of hyaline generative hyphae, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 2–2.5 μm diam and hyaline skeletal hyphae, thick-walled to subsolid, unbranched, interwoven, 2–3.5 μm diam. Hyphal pegs absent. Gloeocystidia commonly present, with oily substance, refractive and yellowish in IKI, variable in shape, fusoid, clavate or pyriform, 32–45 × 8–12 μm. Cystidioles fusoid, 17–24 × 3–4 μm. Basidia clavate, bearing four sterigmata and a clamp connection at the base, 17–19 × 4–5.5 μm. Basidioles similar to basidia in shape, but slightly smaller. Basidiospores mostly oblongellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, some with one or two small guttules, IKI–, CB–, (3.1–)3.2–4 × (1.5–)1.6–2 μm, L= 3.59 μm, W = 1.81 μm, Q=1.95–2 (n=60/2). Additional material studied (paratype):— China, Tibet, Milin County, Nanyigou Forest Park, on living tree of Hippophae, elev. 3000 m, 16 September 2014, Cui 12097 (BJFC 017011).

Topic: Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Chrysin and Naringenin in a Drug-Induced Bone Loss Model in Rats

Oxidative stress (OS) mediators, together with the inflammatory processes, are considered as threatening factors for bone health. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of flavonoids naringenin and chrysin on OS, inflammation, and bone degradation in retinoic acid (13cRA)-induced secondary osteoporosis (OP) in rats. We analysed changes in body and uterine weight, biochemical bone parameters (bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), markers of bone turnover), bone geometry parameters, bone histology, OS parameters, biochemical and haematological parameters, and levels of inflammatory cytokines. Osteoporotic rats had reduced bone Ca and P levels, BMD, BMC, and expression of markers of bone turnover, and increased values of serum enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Malondialdehyde (MDA) production in liver, kidney, and ovary was increased, while the glutathione (GSH) content and activities of antioxidant enzymes were reduced and accompanied with the enhanced release of inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES chemokine (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) in serum. Treatment with chrysin or naringenin improved bone quality, reduced bone resorption, and bone mineral deposition, although with a lower efficacy compared with alendronate. However, flavonoids exhibited more pronounced antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and phytoestrogenic activities, indicating their great potential in attenuating bone loss and prevention of OP.

Topic: Bone Metabolism and Diseases
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Synthesis of Decahydroacridines under Microwaves Using Ammonium Acetate Supported on Alumina

Acridine derivatives have been synthesized under microwave irradiation under solvent-free conditions using ammonium acetate supported on neutral or basic alumina and catalytic N,N-dimethylformamide.The obtained results show high yields.The specific "non thermal" effect produced by microwave irradiation has been demonstrated.

Topic: Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
<i>tailup</i>, a LIM-HD gene, and Iro-C cooperate in<i>Drosophila</i>dorsal mesothorax specification

The LIM-HD gene tailup (tup; also known as islet) has been categorised as a prepattern gene that antagonises the formation of sensory bristles on the notum of Drosophila by downregulating the expression of the proneural achaete-scutegenes. Here we show that tup has an earlier function in the development of the imaginal wing disc; namely, the specification of the notum territory. Absence of tup function causes cells of this anlage to upregulate different wing-hinge genes and to lose expression of some notum genes. Consistently, these cells differentiate hinge structures or modified notum cuticle. The LIM-HD co-factors Chip and Ssdp are also necessary for notum specification. This suggests that Tup acts in this process in a complex with Chip and Ssdp. Overexpression of tup, together with araucan, a `pronotum' gene of the iroquois complex (Iro-C),synergistically reinforces the weak capacity of either gene, when overexpressed singly, to induce ectopic notum-like development. Whereas the Iro-C genes are activated in the notum anlage by EGFR signalling, tupis positively regulated by Dpp signalling. Our data support a model in which the EGFR and Dpp signalling pathways, with their respective downstream Iro-C and tup genes, converge and cooperate to commit cells to the notum developmental fate.

Topic: Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Shc adaptor protein forms interdependent phosphotyrosine-mediated protein complexes in mast cells stimulated with interleukin 3

Abstract The Shc adaptor protein possesses 2 distinct phosphotyrosine (pTyr) recognition modules—the pTyr binding (PTB) domain and the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain—and multiple potential sites for tyrosine (Tyr) phosphorylation (Tyr residues 239, 240, and 317). On stimulation of hematopoietic cells with interleukin 3 (IL-3), Shc becomes phosphorylated and may therefore contribute to IL-3 signaling. We investigated the interactions mediated by the Shc modular domains and pTyr sites in IL-3–dependent IC2 premast cells. The Shc PTB domain, rather than the SH2 domain, associated both in vitro and in vivo with the Tyr-phosphorylated β subunit of the IL-3 receptor and with the SH2-containing 5′ inositol phosphatase (SHIP), and it recognized specific NXXpY phosphopeptides from these binding partners. In IL-3–stimulated mast cells, Shc phosphorylation occurred primarily on Tyr239 and 317 and was dependent on a functional PTB domain. Phosphorylated Tyr317, and to a lesser extent, Tyr239, bound the Grb2 adaptor and SHIP. Furthermore, a pTyr317 Shc phosphopeptide selectively recognized Grb2, Sos1, SHIP, and the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase from mast cells, as characterized by mass spectrometry. These results indicate that Shc undergoes an interdependent series of pTyr-mediated interactions in IL-3–stimulated mast cells, resulting in the recruitment of proteins that regulate the Ras pathway and phospholipid metabolism.

Topic: Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Factors that Influence on the Noise Propagation in the Environment

The Green Paper estimates that, in terms of the number of world people affected by noise, 20% of the population (i.e., 120 million people) suffer from unacceptable noise levels that cause sleep disturbance, annoyance and adverse health effects. An additional 170 million citizens in Europe live in areas where noise levels cause serious annoyance during the daytime.&#13;\n In financial terms, environmental noise costs society an estimated 0.2% to 2% of the Gross Domestic Product. Even the lower of these figures represents an immense cost.&#13;\nThis paper describes the factors that influence оn the noise propagation in the environment.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Quinoxalines with Hypervalent Iodine as a Catalyst.

Abstract The synthesis of the title compounds is realized from several internal alkynes and 1,2‐diaminobenzenes, ‐cyclohexane, and ‐pyridine in a simple one‐pot reaction without the use of transition metal catalysts.

Topic: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Identifying Regional Disparities in Romania: A Convergence Process Perspective in Relation to European Union's Territorial Structures

This article aims to use the appropriate models based on dispersion method, variance, to identify the dynamics and amplitude differences in the level of regional development in European Union and Romania, expressed by the GDP, per capita and total. In the present paper, we limit the approach area to two important aspects: identifying the main convergence trends at regional level within EU-27 with the help of GDP/capita, and the analysis of the trends registered at the level of regional disparities in Romania.

Topic: Regional Development and Policy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Spanish Learning Grammar

A Spanish Learning Grammar, Third Edition , is an innovative reference grammar and workbook suitable for you, whether you are studying Spanish at intermediate or advanced level.Its straightforward explanations of grammar are supported by examples with contemporary vocabulary, humorous cartoon drawings, and plentiful, varied exercises, helping you to grasp often complex points of grammar in an enjoyable way. Its carefully devised two-part structure mirrors the learning process, allowing you to focus on core knowledge first and enabling you to progress confidently to more advanced knowledge at your own pace.Key features for this third edition include: New drawings which illustrate grammar through real-life scenarios New vocabulary bringing you up-to-date with Spanish in the digital agRe-ordering of the section on verbs, making the tenses easier for you to findOnline interactive exercises with audio answers, providing you with invaluable listening and pronunciation practice. To aid your understanding, this third edition also contains a glossary of grammatical terms, useful verb tables and a key to the exercises.Written in the belief that grammar is the key to real communication, this is an essential textbook for any student of Spanish.

Topic: Spanish Linguistics and Language Studies
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Oxygen transport, tissue glycogen stores, and tissue pyruvate kinase activity in muskrats

Oxygen stores, respiratory properties of blood, tissue glycogen concentrations, and the rate-limiting enzyme for glycolysis, pyruvate kinase, were examined in muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus). Of the potential oxygen stores, lung volume (19.6 ± 0.68 mL/kg), and blood hemoglobin concentration (13.0 ± 0.34 g Hb/100 mL blood) were typical of terrestrial mammals, while concentrations of myoglobin in heart (7.4 ± 0.1 mg Mb/g tissue) and gastrocnemius muscle (13.3 ± 0.5 mg Mb/g tissue) were significantly higher than values from the same tissues in the laboratory rat. Blood P 50 (oxygen half-saturation pressure) at pH 7.4, 24.4 ± 1.36 Torr (1 Torr = 133.322 Pa), and Bohr effect, −0.64 ± 0.04, also were significantly different, while the Hill coefficient and buffering capacity were comparable for both species. Of our measures of anaerobic capacity, glycogen concentrations and pyruvate kinase activities in heart, brain, and gastrocnemius muscle of O. zibethicus were all comparable to values obtained for terrestrial mammals. We conclude that muskrats tolerate submersion by adaptations associated with aerobic metabolism, although a review of the literature shows that these adaptations are fully developed only in animals freshly captured during winter.

Topic: Physiological and biochemical adaptations
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Some Empirical Estimates of the Risk Structure of Interest Rates

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the risk structure of interest rates using pure discount bonds. The most striking feature of our estimates of default‐risk premia is the resemblance of their time profile to the theoretical time profile obtained by Merton (1974) .

Topic: Credit Risk and Financial Regulations
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Do the employees and the employers equally benefit?A Meta-analysis of the outcomes of job crafting and idiosyncratic deals.

Researchers have provided evidence then when workers are given a say in shaping their work experiences or when workers proactively initiate the changes they make to their jobs, the resulting outcomes are beneficial to both the employees and the organization. In recent years, employees have come to question the meaningfulness of their work. The aim of this meta-analysis is to determine if the employees and the organization equally benefit from job crafting and idiosyncratic deals. In order to do so, a meta-analysis of the outcomes of job crafting and those of i-deals was conducted from 11 job crafting empirical studies and 14 i-deal studies. The results show that employees and employers equally benefit from granted i-deals. However when it comes to job crafting, the employee benefits as a result of task crafting is stronger that the organizational benefits. There is equal benefits for relational crafting and of job crafting in general.

Topic: Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
The Court of the Eurasian Economic Union: Challenges of Functioning

The Court of Eurasian Economic Union is envisaged by the Treaty on EAEC (Eurasian Economic Community) as one of the bodies of the Union. Its principal aim is to ensure uniform application of the Treaty and compliance of the agreements adopted by the Union member states as well as acts of the Union bodies with the Treaty.All member states, bodies of the Union and, in certain cases, economic entities has the right of appeal to the Court. The Court is empowered to adjudicate cases of disputes arisen within the framework of the Union as well as to issue advisory opinions. Court decisions are binding while advisory opinions are of suggestive nature. When hearing cases, the Court applies the Treaty on EAEC, international treaties of the states concluded within the framework of the Union and norms of international law.Established in 2015, the Court of EAEC appeared to be in demand among the states, economic entities and bodies of EAEC. The analysis of the activities of the Court and its legal framework enabled to identify a number of outstanding issues related to the status and organization of the activities of the Court. Thus, the competence of the Court as stipulated by the Statute does not reflect the power (as stipulated by the Treaty) of the Highest Eurasian Economic Union to appeal to the Court with a request. The limits of competence of the Court are not clearly and sufficiently denoted, the fact that might serve grounds for the unwarranted expansion thereof. The procedure for initiation of issuance of advisory opinions and termination of proceedings in such cases is not sufficiently regulated. There is no clarity as to the legitimacy of the collective dissenting opinions of judges.The analysis of the Court practice shows that in broad terms it fulfills its mandate. The decisions adopted by it enabled to elaborate critical legal positions and clarify many practical issues in such areas as functioning of the Customs Union and internal market of the Union, general principles and rules of competition, protective measures for internal market and transportation policy.

Topic: Global Political and Economic Relations
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences