jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Summary of the 3rd International Workshop on a Far Detector in Korea for the J-PARC Beam

The 3rd International Workshop on a Far Detector in Korea for the J-PARC Neutrino Beam was held at the Hongo Campus of Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan on Sep. 30th and October 1, 2007. Forty seven physicists from Japan and Korea, as well as Europe and USA, participated in the workshop and discussed the physics opportunities offered by the J-PARC conventional neutrino beam detected by a new large underground neutrino detector in Korea. In this paper, we highlight some of the most relevant findings of the workshop.

Topic: Neutrino Physics Research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Is winter coming? Impact of the changing climate on plant responses to cold temperature

Abstract Climate change is causing alterations in annual temperature regimes worldwide. Important aspects of this include the reduction of winter chilling temperatures as well as the occurrence of unpredicted frosts, both significantly affecting plant growth and yields. Recent studies advanced the knowledge of the mechanisms underlying cold responses and tolerance in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana . However, how these cold‐responsive pathways will readjust to ongoing seasonal temperature variation caused by global warming remains an open question. In this review, we highlight the plant developmental programmes that depend on cold temperature. We focus on the molecular mechanisms that plants have evolved to adjust their development and stress responses upon exposure to cold. Covering both genetic and epigenetic aspects, we present the latest insights into how alternative splicing, noncoding RNAs and the formation of biomolecular condensates play key roles in the regulation of cold responses. We conclude by commenting on attractive targets to accelerate the breeding of increased cold tolerance, bringing up biotechnological tools that might assist in overcoming current limitations. Our aim is to guide the reflection on the current agricultural challenges imposed by a changing climate and to provide useful information for improving plant resilience to unpredictable cold regimes.

Topic: Plant Molecular Biology Research
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Studies on the diagnosis, epidemiology and immunity of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in sheep

The gel diffusion test for detecting antibodies to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis exotoxin was developed for the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA). Although it was not a definitive test for CLA it detected 78 per cent of sheep with CLA lesions, being more sensitive than the anti-haemolysin-inhibition test which detected C. pseudotuberculosis antitoxin in 62 per cent of sheep with CLA. Antibodies to the toxin were also commonly detected in sheep in which CLA lesions were not found but were considered to result from prior exposure to C. pseudotuberculosis with internal lesions either failing to develop or regressing. The serum agglutination and gel precipitation tests for the detection of antibodies to C. pseudotuberculosis bacterial cell were found not to be sufficiently sensitive for the diagnosis of CLA.&#13;\n&#13;\nEnrichment and selective media incorporating potassium tellurite. polysorbate 80 and/or nitrofurazone, in conjunction with anaerobic incubation, were developed for the cultural isolation of C. pseudotuberculosis from the sheep and its environment. Using these media C. pseudotuberculosis was isolated from infected shear cuts, the respiratory tracts (including buccal cavities) of sheep with lung lesions and used dipwashes. Isolation of the organism in low numbers from sheep faeces was not successful. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was found to survive up to 17 weeks in cool sheltered sites in the shearing shed environment but no longer than two weeks when exposed to sunlight. &#13;\n&#13;\nEpidemiological studies, using serological monitoring to determine the incidence of CLA, indicated that activities associated with shearing and dipping appeared to be the main cause of spread of CLA, with dipping being the means of a mechanical transfer of the causative organism. Delaying the time of dipping to several weeks post shearing and separating non-infected sheep from infected sheep and probable C. pseudotuberculosis contaminated environments during and for six weeks after shearing and dipping helped to reduce the prevalence of CLA, however, none of these practices appeared to be sufficiently effective for long term control of CLA. &#13;\n&#13;\nA stable, pathogenic streptomycin-resistant strain of C. pseudotuberculosis was produced for use in immunological studies. Resistance to reinfection by C. pseudotuberculosis appeared to be high in CLA infected sheep. Vaccination with a toxoid formed from the crude C. pseudotuberculosis toxin was effective for the protection of sheep against C. pseudotuberculosis when experimentally challenged.

Topic: Diphtheria, Corynebacterium, and Tetanus
Subfield: Endocrinology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Optimized Mode and Extended Connotation Construction for Middle and Higher Vocational Connection

Under the background of coordinated development of middle and higher vocational education in National Medium and Long-term Educational Reform and Development Plan Outline,this paper defines the optimized mode for middle and higher vocational connection is 3+3 mode,on the basis of ten-year practical exploration.It means that students in the same or related majors can study in middle vocational colleges in the first three years,and they will get a further education in higher vocational colleges in the last three years.In order to ensure the effectiveness of connection,it should make full extension and connotation construction,including policy environment,coordinated constitute construction,especially professional training plan and comprehensive design of curriculum plan.

Topic: Higher Education and Teaching Methods
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A downlink ICIC method based on priority in LTE-Advanced systems

Downlink ICIC(Inter Cell Interference Coordination) which plays a crucial role in improving cell edge spectrum efficiency in LTE-Advanced system is the process that mitigates the interference from Node(e.g. evolved Node Base(eNB), pico, femeto) to User Equipments (UE) in adjacent cells. In this paper, the limitation of traditional ICIC method is analyzed and an improved ICIC method based on priority is proposed in order to improve efficiency in LTE-A systems.

Topic: Cooperative Communication and Network Coding
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
LHD nb1pwr_PortThrough #175283.1 (analyzed)

Neutral beam injector (NBI) power-PortThrough of beam line 1 (BL1). The effective power that actually reaches the plasma after the negative ion-based neutral particle beam emitted from the NBI system passes through BL1.

Topic: Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Kinetic and Mechanistic Analysis of the <i>Escherichia coli ribD</i>-Encoded Bifunctional Deaminase-Reductase Involved in Riboflavin Biosynthesis

Riboflavin is biosynthesized by most microorganisms and plants, while mammals depend entirely on the absorption of this vitamin from the diet to meet their metabolic needs. Therefore, riboflavin biosynthesis appears to be an attractive target for drug design, since appropriate inhibitors of the pathway would selectively target the microorganism. We have cloned and solubly expressed the bifunctional ribD gene from Escherichia coli, whose three-dimensional structure was recently determined. We have demonstrated that the rate of deamination (370 min (-1)) exceeds the rate of reduction (19 min (-1)), suggesting no channeling between the two active sites. The reductive ring opening reaction occurs via a hydride transfer from the C 4- pro-R hydrogen of NADPH to C'-1 of ribose and is the rate-limiting step in the overall reaction, exhibiting a primary kinetic isotope effect ( (D) V) of 2.2. We also show that the INH-NADP adduct, one of the active forms of the anti-TB drug isoniazid, inhibits the E. coli RibD. On the basis of the observed patterns of inhibition versus the two substrates, we propose that the RibD-catalyzed reduction step follows a kinetic scheme similar to that of its structural homologue, DHFR.

Topic: Biochemical and Molecular Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Involvement of the stress protein HSP47 in procollagen processing in the endoplasmic reticulum

The 47,000-D collagen-binding glycoprotein, heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), is a stress-inducible protein localized in the ER of collagen-secreting cells. The location and collagen-binding activity of this protein led to speculation that HSP47 might participate in collagen processing. Chemical crosslinking studies were used to test this hypothesis both before and after the perturbation of procollagen processing. The association of procollagen with HSP47 was demonstrated using cleavable bifunctional crosslinking reagents. HSP47 and procollagen were shown to be coprecipitated by the treatment of intact cells with anti-HSP47 or with anticollagen antibodies. Furthermore, several proteins residing in the ER were noted to be crosslinked to and coprecipitated with HSP47, suggesting that these ER-resident proteins may form a large complex in the ER. When cells were heat shocked, or when stable triple-helix formation was inhibited by treatment with alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl, coprecipitation of procollagen with HSP47 was increased. This increase was due to the inhibition of procollagen secretion and to the accumulation of procollagen in the ER. Pulse label and chase experiments revealed that coprecipitated procollagen was detectable as long as procollagen was present in the endoplasmic reticulum of alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl-treated cells. Under normal growth conditions, coprecipitated procollagen was observed to decrease after a chase period of 10-15 min, whereas total procollagen decreased only after 20-25 min. In addition, the intracellular association between HSP47 and procollagen was shown to be disrupted by a change in physiological pH, suggesting that the dissociation of procollagen from HSP47 is pH dependent. These findings support a specific role for HSP47 in the intracellular processing of procollagen, and provide evidence of a new category of "molecular chaperones" in terms of its substrate specificity and the dissociation mechanism.

Topic: Heat shock proteins research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
INSTRUMENTATION AND INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS DESIGN FOR TENSEGRITY ROBOT IMPLEMENTATIONS

One of the major challenges faced when developing missions for the exploration of planetary bodies is the risk these terrains pose on the science platform when using a traditional lander or wheeled rover. One means of developing platforms to traverse these harsh terrains is to utilize mobility systems comprised of tensegrity structures. These structures have the capacity to distribute loads across a network of axially loaded members such that they can be constructed in a very lightweight manner and morph their geometries when required. In literature, there has been significant progress in simulated environments to utilize tensegrity structures as mobility platforms, but the leap to real hardware has been a slow transition due to constrains in actuation design and state estimation. This thesis outlines a method of aiding an Inertial Navigation System deployed on a single strut of a tensegrity structure using zero velocity updates. The methods are implemented on a static icosahedran tensegrity structure to test the viability of the ZUPT-aided INS, how it can be improved, and other instrumentation configurations that can improve the results in future works.

Topic: Structural Analysis and Optimization
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Model Disagreement: The Fall of the Slovak Government during the Eurozone Crisis in 2011

In October 2011, the four ruling coalition parties in Slovakia failed to agree upon updating the European Financial Stability Facility. It was ultimately approved with the help of the opposition in exchange for an early election. This self-destructive behaviour by the ruling coalition remains a puzzle with the only available explanations merely referring to the irrationality of the domestic political elite. Our research tackles this problem using game theory. By focusing on the preferences of the key leaders, this article shows that although the fall of government was the only rational outcome, other factors beyond the scope of rational choice theory can suggest a possible explanation.

Topic: European Union Policy and Governance
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Determination of the Effectiveness of the Ministry of Education’s Information Technology Formator Teacher Programme: the Case of Ankara

The aim of this study is to determine whether the Information technology formator teacher programme administered by  the Ministry of Education has been implemented effectively or not. The research has adopted a descriptive survey model,  a survey consisting of 9 demographic, 52 likert type and 1 open-ended question which  was sent  via chain e-mail  to 214 Information technology Formator Teachers employed  in Ankara,  the survey has been answered by 170 participants. The evaluation statements of the trained teachers, showing no variation among participants in terms of gender, school type employed, length of service and specialization, demonstrated that the participants found the training programme;  highly usefull, enabling the development of vocational knowledge and ability; insufficient in terms period of training and content; sufficient with regard to the number of  appointed personel;  sufficient due to the applications conducted;  sufficient enabling the acquisition of satisfactory amount of knowledge from  most of the training topics. The evaluation statements of teachers with 26-31 age range and a graduate level of education showed a more negative trend. As a result the evidence founded in this research has showed that there is a need to; take the opinion of the participants in terms of the timing of training; extend  the  period of training; arrange, after training, developmental training, courses and seminars that will enable participants to develop themselves and share information. Keywords: Information Technology Formator Teacher Programme,  in-service training, Developments Unique to a Country,  Instructors training, Information Technology

Topic: Education and Technology Integration
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Cis-Selectivity in the Pictet-Spengler Reaction and Studies Towards the Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids

Previous work in our group as been directed towards the synthesis of (+)-ajmaline, a biologically important indole alkaloid. Its total synthesis was completed in the 1990s. An important early step in its total synthesis from D-tryptophan is the trans-selective Pictet-Spengler reaction. However, in our hands, we are able to force cis-selectivity in the reaction which allows us to begin our work towards its synthesis from the cheaper L-tryptophan.The group?s previous progress had reached a key ring cyclisation step; however it was discovered that this step was sensitive to the type of protecting group on the Nb-nitrogen. The benzyl protecting group, which was originally in place, was found to position the electrophilic aldehyde group too far away from the nucleophile for the reaction to take place. Therefore, the previous work was re-investigated and the purposely-chosen pivaloyl Nb-protecting group was employed early in the new synthesis. The synthesis was progressed to the afore-mentioned cyclisation step whilst improving some of the individual steps.The conditions that allow for the observed cis-selectivity in the Pictet-Spengler reaction have only recently been developed. Further investigations now reveal that the temperature and the nature of the C(3) and C(5) substituents have a direct effect on the observed selectivity. Cis-specificity is generally achieved when the reaction is conducted at low temperature and both substituents contain a potential ?-stacking group. However, it is still unclear whether it is the interaction of the potential ?-stacking groups that is responsible for cis-specificity in this reaction.

Topic: Synthesis of Indole Derivatives
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Numerical concepts and error analysis for elliptic Neumann control problems with pointwise state and control constraints

Optimization in technical applications described by partial differential equations plays a more and more important role. By means of the control the solution of a partial differential equation called state is influenced. Simultaneously a cost functional has to be minimized. In many technical applications pointwise constraints to the state or the control are reasonable. It is well known that the Lagrange multipliers with respect to pure state constraints are in general only regular Borel measures. This fact implies a lower regularity of the optimal solution of the problem.

In this dissertation a linear quadratic optimal control problem governed by an elliptic partial differential equation an Neumann boundary control is investigated. Furthermore, we consider pointwise state constraints in an inner subdomain and bilateral constraints on the boundary control. Despite the above mentioned problems, we benefit from the localization of the Lagrange multiplier in the inner subdomain such that a higher regularity of the optimal control is shown. However, the so called dual variables of the optimal control problem are not unique. Hence, the application of well known and efficient optimization algorithms becomes difficult.

Presenting a regularization concept, we will avoid these problems. We introduce an additional distributed control (virtual control) which appears in the cost functional, the right hand side of the partial differential equation and in the regularized state constraints. The effect of regularization is influenced by several parameter functions. We derive an error estimate for the error between the optimal solution of the original problem and the regularized one. Moreover, under some assumptions on the parameter functions we obtain certain convergence rates of the regularization error.

In the following a finite element based approximation of the regularized optimal control problems is established. Based on appropriate feasible test functions, we derive an error estimate between the optimal solution of the unregularized original problem and the regularized and discretized one. Thereby, we consider the regularization and discretization simultaneously and we propose a suitable coupling of the parameter functions and the mesh size.

Forthcoming, we present the primal-dual active set strategy as a optimization method for solving the regularized optimal control problems. Moreover, we derive an error estimate between the current iterates of the algorithm and the optimal solution. Based on this, we construct an error estimator, which is reliable as an alternative stopping criterion for the primal-dual active set strategy.

Finally, the theoretical results of this work are illustrated by several numerical examples.

Topic: Advanced Numerical Methods in Computational Mathematics
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Zea mays L. subsp. mays L. CIMMYTMA 22688

Plant Genetic Resource.<br>Taxonomy: Zea mays L. subsp. mays L.<br>Common name(s): Maize<br>Other names: EV8343 RSF<br>Conserved by: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT), Mexico<br>Local sample unique identifier: CIMMYTMA 22688<br>Method of creation: Acquisition<br>Date: 2006-06-15<br>Other identifiers: n/a,CIMMYTMA-BANK-020270, n/a,EV8343 RSF, n/a,EV8343,RSF, n/a,GID 260108, n/a,LA POSTA<br>Historical: No<br>Biological status: Advanced or improved cultivar<br>MLS status: Included

Topic: Gastrointestinal disorders and treatments
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Molecular Targeting of the Claudins Pathway.

Claudins are a family of 27 proteins that have an important role in the formation of tight junc-tions. They also have an important function in ions exchange, cell mobility, and in in the epitheli-al-to-mesenchymal transition, the latter being very important in cancer invasion and metastasis. &#x0D; Therapeutic targeting of claudins has been investigated to improve cancer outcomes. Recent evi-dence shows improved outcomes when combining monoclonal antibodies against Claudin 18.2 with chemotherapy for patients with gastroesophageal junction cancer. Currently Chimeric anti-gen receptor T-cells targeting Claudin 18 are under investigation.

Topic: Barrier Structure and Function Studies
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War

This new book looks at the relationship between the Israeli armed forces, the government, and the origins of the 1967 War. Ami Gluska discusses the effect of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) on Israel's defense policy between 1963-1967 against the backdrop of the developments in the Middle East. In addition, he describes in detail the decision-making process leading to the Arab-Israeli Six Day War in June 1967 through the prism of the relations between the military and political echelons. He shows how the Six Day War was a watershed event in the Middle-Eastern conflict and had a profound effect on the development of the Palestinian problem and the character of the State of Israel over the past four decades. This book will be of great interest to students of Middle Eastern politics, strategic studies, Israeli politics and military history in general.

Topic: Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Distribution and Volatilization of Organic Compounds Following Uptake by Hybrid Poplar Trees

ABSTRACT Hybrid poplar trees were exposed to eleven organic compounds in hydroponic systems. The eleven contaminants were common pollutants with a wide range of physio-chemical properties such as the octanol-water partition coefficient, Henry's constant, vapor pressure, and molecular weight. Contaminants, 14C-labeled, were introduced into the root zone, and contaminant transport and fate were examined. Aqueous concentrations were monitored throughout each experiment as was vapor phase concentrations in the air stream passing over the leaves. At experiment conclusion, plant tissues were oxidized to determine 14C concentrations. The uptake, distribution, and volatilization of these contaminants varied greatly among the 11 contaminants in the study. Uptake and translocation of the contaminants ranged from < 0.3% (of the applied 14C-labeled compound) for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to 20% for benzene. Volatile compounds were volatilized from the leaves. Volatilization in the transpiration stream was related to the vapor pressure of the compound. The fate and transport mechanisms investigated in this study provide valuable insight into the potential fate of contaminants in full-scale phytoremediation. KEY WORDS: phytoremediationVOCspoplar

Topic: Bioenergy crop production and management
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences