jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Estimates of Population Highly Annoyed from Transportation Noise in the United States: An Unfair Share of the Burden by Race and Ethnicity

Transportation is one of the most pervasive sources of community noise. In this study, we used a spatially-resolved model of transportation-related noise with established transportation noise exposure-response functions to estimate the population highly annoyed (HA) due to aviation, road, and railway traffic sources in the United States. Additionally, we employed the use of the Fair Share Ratio to assess race/ethnicity disparities in traffic noise exposures. Our results estimate that in 2020, 7.8 million (2.4%) individuals were highly annoyed by aviation noise, while 5.2 million (1.6%) and 7.9 million (2.4%) people were highly annoyed by rail and roadway noise, respectively, across the US. The Fair Share Ratio revealed that Non-Hispanic Asian, Black, NHPI, and Other, and Hispanic populations were disproportionally highly annoyed by transportation noise nationwide. Notably, Hispanic populations experienced the greatest share of high annoyance from aviation noise (1.69 times their population share). Non-Hispanic Black populations experienced the greatest share of high annoyance from railway noise (1.48 times their population share). Non-Hispanic Asian populations experienced the greatest share of high annoyance from roadway noise (1.51 times their population share). Analyses at the state and Urban Area levels further highlighted varying disparities in transportation noise exposure and annoyance across different race ethnicity groups, but still suggested that Non-Hispanic White populations were less annoyed by all sources of transportation noise compared to non-White populations. Our findings indicate widespread presence of transportation noise annoyance across the US and emphasize the need for targeted source-specific noise mitigation strategies and policies to minimize the disproportionate impact of transportation noise in the US.

Topic: Noise Effects and Management
Subfield: Speech and Hearing
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS ï¿½ RELAUNCHING FACTOR OF THE ROMANIAN ECONOMIC GROWTH

The modernization and the reorganization of the national economy with the investments help is a dynamic process, which assure the improvement of the fixed capital, the creation of one mobile and complex structure of production, the introduction of the most performant work methods and techniques. Investments are circulator of new, they always bring the change of the exist situation, the apparition of other elements than those who are previously known. Investments engage future, from where devolve the association characteristic of an important risk factor proper for any investitional process.

Topic: Economic Growth and Productivity
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
ViTA: A flexible CAD-tool-independent automatic grading platform for two-dimensional CAD drawings

Grading engineering drawings takes a significant amount of an instructor’s time, especially in large classrooms. In many cases, teaching assistants help with grading, adding levels of inconsistency and unfairness. To help in grading automation of CAD drawings, this paper introduces a novel tool that can completely automate the grading process after students submit their work. The introduced tool, called Virtual Teaching Assistant (ViTA), is a CAD-tool-independent platform that can work with exported drawings originating from different CAD software having different export settings. Using computer vision techniques applied to exported images of the drawings, ViTA can not only recognize whether or not a two-dimensional (2 D) drawing is correct, but also offers the detection of many important orthographic and sectional view mistakes such as mistakes in structural features, outline, hatching, orientation, scale, line thickness, colors, and views. We show ViTA’s accuracy and its relevance in the automated grading of 2 D CAD drawings by evaluating it using 500 student drawings created with three different CAD software.

Topic: Image and Object Detection Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
FACTORS AFFECTING KOREAN OLDER ADULTS’ WILLINGNESS TO RECEIVE LIFE-SUSTAINING TREATMENTS

Being one of the fastest aging countries, Korea is faced with various end-of-life (EOL) issues. However, little is known about what affects older adults’ views toward EOL options, such as use of life-sustaining treatments (LSTs). To address the gap, this study aimed to examine the relationship between attitude toward LSTs and background characteristics among older adults in South Korea. Using a national survey data of 10,267 older adults, binomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the likelihood of willingness to receive LSTs with background characteristics. The correlations (.02 ≤ r ≤ .04) and tolerance statistics (≥ .40) were checked during preliminary analysis. Though very few participants (4%) agreed to receive LSTs, some significant relationships were found: those who were female (OR=.24, p=.03) and older (OR = .02, p = .00) and had higher geriatric depression score (OR = .05, p =.02) and more close friends and neighbors to talk openly with (OR= .08, p = .00) were more likely to agree to receive LSTs. However, those having any religion (OR= -.19, p = .03) were less likely to do so. This result suggests that religion in Korean culture may play a role in older adults’ preference for LSTs and may provide a buffering effect against the pursuit of aggressive treatments. Our society should recognize the potential burden of LSTs among Korean older adults and should consider factors, such as gender, age, mental health, and social relationship, in EOL discussion about LSTs and alternative EOL care options.

Topic: Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
[Use of radiopharmaceuticals, radiation burden and radiation risks in examination procedures in nuclear medicine].

Consistent with the worldwide development of nuclear medicine, in the Czech Republic in 1987 to 1996 partly the spectrum of used radiopharmaceutical preparations and their ratio changed. In the majority of radiopharmaceutical preparations the mean administered activity increased by 20 to 80% and the range of activities administered in different departments diminished somewhat. Adherence to principles of radiation protection of patients is assisted by guidelines of administered activities of radiopharmaceutical preparations laid down in new regulations on radiation protection valid in the CR from the middle of 1997. The radiation burden associated with the majority of examinations in nuclear medicine expressed as the effective dose is comparable with the radiation burden of radiodiagnostic examinations, only after administration of preparations with 131I, 201Tl, 67Ga and 111In it is markedly higher. Based on knowledge of the effective dose it may be concluded that the lifetime extra risk of a fatal tumour due to administration of radiopharmaceutical preparations is by two to three orders lower than the lifetime risk of spontaneous development of fatal tumours. A special feature of radiation risk is its hypothetical character--it is frequently projected into the distant future of human life, contrary to immediate non-radiation risks of some medical procedures and risks in the living environment which frequently are higher. Any examination using ionising radiation can be made only if the expected health benefit for the patient is significantly greater than the radiation risk. Excessive fear of radiation risk should not lead to refusal of justified examinations with possible subsequent serious health damage for the patient.

Topic: Radiation Dose and Imaging
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Fail-safe element using thin film parametron

In addition to a memory apparatus, one of the applications of thin Permalloy wires is a fail-safe element using a thin film parametron (T.F.P.). "Parametron" has been known as the failsafe element in automatic control fields. The T.F.P. is more suitable to the fail-safe element than a ferrite one with regard to speed, stability, and size. Thin Permalloy wires used are 81 Ni-Fe alloy with a thickness of 1 μm electrodeposited onto copper wires with a diameter of 0.47 mm. The uniaxial field-induced anisotropy was in the peripheral direction, and the anisotropy field was about 200 At/m. Output voltages of the T.F.P. are more stabilized than those of a ferrite parametron. This is one of the reasons why the T.F.P. is recommended as a fail-safe element. A test set with a twin binary counter of seventeen digits using about 300 T.F.P. fail-safe elements has been operated satisfactorily with an exciting current of 0.2 A rms and 50 kHz clock.

Topic: Non-Destructive Testing Techniques
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Fatty acid consumption and the risk of osteoporotic fracture

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and the structural deterioration of bone tissue. It is estimated that 44 million Americans and 55% of those over 50 years of age are currently affected by this disease. Among other risk factors for osteoporotic fracture, dietary fat in general and essential fatty acids (EFA) in particular have recently been investigated because of their suspected impact on the bone remodeling process. This article reviews the growing body of literature concerning EFA and bone health. In particular, two recent large prospective cohort studies evaluating the association between multiple types of EFA and risk of osteoporotic fracture are highlighted. The results of these studies are placed in context with the existing literature, and recommendations for future investigation are presented.

Topic: Bone health and osteoporosis research
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
New development opportunities for the craft brewing segment: the case study of a micro-malthouse

In Italy in the past few years, the number of small breweries penetrating the craft beer sector has grown exponentially. Craft producers intend to give a strong added value and a local character to their production in different ways. One of these is the use of malt derived from small batches of local cereals and pseudo cereals. The aim of this study is the assessment of investment profitability, through a cost-benefit analysis (CBA), for a compact and a modular micro-malting plant in Sicily (Southern Italy). The CBA for a micro-malthouse was carried out considering both installation and operating costs. Net present value (NPV), discounted benefit-cost ratio (DBCR) and internal rate of return (IRR) highlight the feasibility of an investment in a compact 2-tonnes micro-malthouse. Sensitivity analysis shows positive results of the above financial indices up to a 15% increase in the raw material costs, while with a 10% reduction of malt selling price, the same indices start being negative.

Topic: Wine Industry and Tourism
Subfield: Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Defining disruptive coloration and distinguishing its functions

Disruptive coloration breaks up the shape and destroys the outline of an object, hindering detection. The principle was first suggested approximately a century ago, but, although research has significantly increased, the field remains conceptually unstructured and no unambiguous definition exists. This has resulted in variable use of the term, making it difficult to formulate testable hypotheses that are comparable between studies, slowing down advancement in this field. Related to this, a range of studies do not effectively distinguish between disruption and other forms of camouflage. Here, we give a formal definition of disruptive coloration, reorganize a range of sub-principles involved in camouflage and argue that five in particular are specifically related to disruption: differential blending; maximum disruptive contrast; disruption of surface through false edges; disruptive marginal patterns; and coincident disruptive coloration. We discuss how disruptive coloration can be optimized, how it can relate to other forms of camouflage markings and where future work is particularly needed.

Topic: Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Genetically Optimized Tcsc Controller For Transient Stability Improvement

This paper presents a procedure for modeling and tuning the parameters of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC) controller in a multi-machine power system to improve transient stability. First a simple transfer function model of TCSC controller for stability improvement is developed and the parameters of the proposed controller are optimally tuned. Genetic algorithm (GA) is employed for the optimization of the parameter-constrained nonlinear optimization problem implemented in a simulation environment. By minimizing an objective function in which the oscillatory rotor angle deviations of the generators are involved, transient stability performance of the system is improved. The proposed TCSC controller is tested on a multi-machine system and the simulation results are presented. The nonlinear simulation results validate the effectiveness of proposed approach for transient stability improvement in a multimachine power system installed with a TCSC. The simulation results also show that the proposed TCSC controller is also effective in damping low frequency oscillations.

Topic: Power System Optimization and Stability
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Understanding the structure-property relationships of amino acids-the molecular building blocks of life

Amino acids are significant molecular building blocks of proteins, whose structures only differ in their side chain 'R-' groups. This thesis revealed the significant electronic structures, properties and dynamics of the amino acids under isolated and defined environmental conditions. The state-of-the-art theoretical approaches, in collaboration with experiments, are employed. The results presented are useful for a more systematic understanding of the impacts of inter- and intra-molecular interactions on the structure-functionalities of the amino acids. Such details are fundamentally important for the design and development of novel molecular entities in different areas of science, from medicinal sciences to material sciences.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The Effects of Heavy Metals on Denitrification in Wetland Sediment

Denitrification is an important process that helps to reduce soil sediments of nitrate. In a wetland environment denitrification process is a valuable process that helps to reduce nutrients build up that may result in algae bloom and with consequential ecosystem problems. The research “The effect of heavy metals on denitrification in wetland sediment” aimed at looking at how sediments with various load of heavy metals contaminants could affect the efficiency of denitrification process. The investigation was carried in the laboratory using sediments sampled from the constructed wetland in Linkoping, which receive effluents from sewage treatment plant. Wetland has a unique relevance both as a habitat for many species of plants and animals,but also a place for numerous biochemical processes.I am delighted to present you some of the findings and discussions. The book has element of environmental chemistry and will invaluable for teaching and learning in environmental science for colleges.I am highly grateful to the staff members of Water and Environmental Studies, Linkoping University, particularly Prof Bo Svensson for the supervision and suggestion.

Topic: Peatlands and Wetlands Ecology
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Aedes mathisi

6.Aedes mathisi(Neveu-Lemaire, 1902: 13) (F;Culex). Type F: Cunani, Amapá, Brazil (NE); coll. C. Mathis; Jan. 1901. Aedes mathisi was synonymized with Ae. serratus (Theobald) by (Belkin 1968: 6), who established that the type material, originally deposited in the FMP, is non-extant. The type locality of Ae. mathisi was known as the capital of the Republic of Independent Guyana, a territory disputed by France and Brazil in the late 19th century. Although this nominal species was originally described from French Guiana, the village of Cunani (Counani, orth. var.) is currently included within the Brazilian state of Amapá.

Topic: Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Antibody Plaque-Forming Cells in Unsensitized Mice

Summary Using the standard antibody plaque technique, numbers of background anti-sheep erythrocyte plaque-forming cells (PFC’s) in spleens of unsensitized mice were determined after neonatal thymectomy, after whole body x-irradiation and after injection of phytohemagglutinin-M or typhoid parathyphoid vaccine. The results show that numbers of background PFC’s are not affected by neonatal thymectomy or by whole body x-irradiation at dose levels known to inhibit cellular proliferation, but that they are significantly increased (10 to 20 fold) by phytohemagglutinin, typhoid vaccine and other unrelated antigens. Simultaneous determinations of background anti-sheep erythrocyte and anti-horse erythrocyte PFC’s indicate that these two populations are independent of one another. From these and other studies it is concluded that background PFC’s 1) produce specific hemolysin, 2) are thymus independent, 3) are relatively long lived (average life time τ; 7 days) and 4) are not related to the antigen-sensitive precursor cells of the primary response PFC’s.

Topic: Immune Response and Inflammation
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Alterations of Riparian Ecosystems Caused by River Regulation

A n estimated two-thirds of the fresh water flowing to the oceans is obstructed by approximately 40,000 large dams (defined as more than 15 m in height) and more than 800,000 smaller ones (Petts 1984, McCully 1996).Many additional rivers are constrained by artificial levees or dikes.These hydrological alterations-to ensure water for agricultural, industrial, and domestic purposes; for hydroelectricity; or for flood protection-have changed ecosystem structures and processes in running waters and associated environments the world over.In this article, we discuss the global-scale ecological changes in riparian ecosystems resulting from dam operations.Comparative studies of free-flowing and regulated rivers have increased our understanding of the environmental effects of dams (Rosenberg et al. 1995).The first studies concentrated on large reservoirs; reaches downstream from dams were of subsequent concern.Early work also focused on aquatic systems.By the 1980s rivers were viewed in a larger perspective, as central elements in entire catchment areas (Ward 1997).In this process, the importance of riparian ecosystems successively attracted more attention (Naiman and Décamps 1997).Riparian ecosystems occupy the ecotone between upland and aquatic realms (Figure 1).More precisely, the riparian ecosystem can be defined as the stream channel between the low-and high-water marks plus the terrestrial landscape above the high-water mark (where vegetation may be influenced by elevated water tables or extreme flooding and by the ability of the soils to hold water; Naiman et al. 1993).Natural riparian ecosystems include a variety of community types, including strips of spruce forest on periodically frozen ground with dense moss carpets, floodplain landscapes with deciduous trees and shrubs on heterogeneous substrates, and deltas with distinct plant zonation and well-developed forests having diverse animal communities.Some floodplain landscapes, such as those in South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia, cover tens of thousands of km 2 of land (Welcomme 1979, Petts 1984).Riparian areas are particularly sensitive to variation in the hydrological cycle and serve as good indicators of the environmental change that is caused by dam operations.Moreover, riparian processes have a central ecological role in most landscapes.Riparian ecosystems offer habitats for many species, function as filters between land and water, and serve as pathways for dispersing and migrating organisms (Naiman and Décamps 1997).Riparian ecosystems also have many economic and recreational values.Dams are affecting riparian ecosystems all over the world.Consider the 139 regulated and free-flowing rivers in the United States, Canada, Europe, and former USSR that exceed 350 m 3 /s in mean annual discharge.Eightyfive of them, representing 77% of the total water discharge, were strongly or moderately regulated and fragmented by dams (Dynesius and Nilsson 1994).

Topic: Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Long R-P' by prolonged enhanced AV nodal conduction and reverse heart atrium.A case of latenct WPW syndrome developing tachycardia.

Long R-P'tachycardia (R-P'間隔180ms, P'-R間隔80ms) を認めた52歳男性に対し電気生理学的検査を行なった.右房早期刺激により同一レートの頻拍が誘発された.この際, 心房エコーが左房側壁 (LA') , 低位右房 (A') , 高位右房 (HRA') の順にみられ, 心房興奮はHis束を通り心室 (V) へ伝わっていることから, 左室側の潜在性Kent束を逆伝導路とする房室リエントリー性頻拍と診断した.V-LA'間隔80msに対し, V-HRA'間隔は180msと延長を示し, これはR-P'間隔に一致した.一方, A'-V間隔150msと順行性房室伝導時間は短く, enhanced AV nodal conduction (EAVNC) の基準を満たす房室伝導の亢進を認めた.以上, 房室リエントリー性頻拍例で, 従来報告された潜在性Kent束の逆伝導時問の延長によらず, EAVNCと心房内逆伝導時間の延長による局所心房興奮のおくれにより心電図上long R-P'tachycardiaパターンを呈する場合のあることを報告した.

Topic: Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatments
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ON THE PERMUTABILITY OF BNCKLUND TRANSFORMATIONS: 1 INFINITESIMAL BNCKLUND TRAN~SFORMATIONS OF THE SINE-GORDON EQUATION

Let u' = Bau be the Biicklund transformation of the sine-Gordon equation, we prove that Ba+eBalu =u+e ~ 2D -1 8Gn+la2n, n=o 6u where (Gn } is an infinite set of conserved densities of the sine-Gordon equation and 7? (n) =-D-1 ~Gn/6U are just the symmetries obtained by Olver (17). Basing upon this expansion, we prove the equivalence between the permutability of the infinitesimal B~cklund transformations and the involution of the conserved densities of the sine-Gordon equation.

Topic: Nonlinear Waves and Solitons
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Method for Estimating Task Granularity for Automating GPU Cycle Sharing

In this paper, we propose a method for estimating task granularity to reduce guest's effort in graphics processing unit (GPU) cycle sharing systems. A cycle sharing system should maximize both the frame rate for resource donators (i.e., hosts) and the acceleration effect for scientific job submitters (i.e., guests). This can be realized by selecting the appropriate granularity for guest tasks. However, a previous cooperative multitasking method requires manual interactions to find the appropriate task granularity. To avoid such interactions, the proposed method automatically estimates the appropriate granularity by measuring the length of idle periods on the host. We show how this measurement can be realized on donated resources, where the host program cannot be instrumented due to the lack of code availability. In experiments, the proposed method automatically estimated the appropriate task granularity, which not only maintained the frame rate for an image filter (i.e., host task) but also maximized the performance of matrix multiplication (i.e., guest task).

Topic: Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences