jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Whole-cell and single-channel recordings of GABA-gated currents in cultured chick cerebral neurons

1. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) (10-500 microM) was applied to cultured chick cerebral neurons by pressure ejection, and the resulting currents (IGABA) were recorded using standard whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques. Plots of the peak IGABA as a function of membrane potential were nonlinear with an outwardly rectifying appearance. 2. IGABA decayed during a prolonged application of GABA. This decay was associated with a decline in the conductance of the cell, suggesting that the decline in IGABA was principally due to receptor desensitization. 3. After 5-7 days in culture, whole-cell recordings revealed the presence of spontaneous synaptic currents. These currents were presumed to be GABA-gated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) because they reversed at the Cl- equilibrium potential (ECl-), were blocked by picrotoxin (25 microM), and were prolonged by pentobarbital (50 microM). 4. Synaptic currents were analyzed by fitting exponential functions to their decay. In normal recording saline, 68% of the decays analyzed could be adequately described by a single exponential function. Two exponentials were necessary to describe the decay of the other 32%. The time constant of the decay (for those adequately fitted by a single exponential) increased with depolarization, from an average value of 15 ms at -80 mV to 60 ms at +40 mV. 5. A relationship was noted between IPSC amplitude and decay time constant; IPSCs with larger peak amplitudes had a slower decay. One possible explanation considered for this finding was that transmitter persists in the synaptic cleft and rebinds to the receptors, thus prolonging the decay of the IPSC. 6. Consistent with the above hypothesis was the observation that the decays of miniature IPCSs (examined under conditions of reduced transmitter release) were faster, showed less variability, and were all adequately described by a single exponential function. Furthermore, the decay times were independent of the membrane potential, suggesting that the kinetic parameters of the GABA channel which shape the decay of these miniature IPSCs are independent of voltage. 7. Single-channel activity underlying whole-cell GABA responses could be recorded in isolated outside-out and inside-out patches of membrane. In isotonic choline chloride, single-channel amplitudes were linearly related to voltage and reversed at -1.8 +/- 11.0 mV (n = 12). Under these conditions, the channel had a main conductance state of 20.8 +/- 3.4 pS (n = 12). Transitions were observed from this main conductance state to other conductance states, e.g., two subconductance states of 6 and 12 pS and one supraconductance state of 30 pS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Role of Animals in Travels Creation and Their Logistic

The complex analysis of travel creation by the willingness to observe or interact with animals was conducted in the paper and also animals&rsquo; role in travel logistic was discussed. As the theoretical background the problem of experience &ndash; in reference to the experience economy - was pointed, as the main tourists&rsquo; motivation to meet animals. The concept of experiencescape by Mossberg and Actor-Network Theory by Callon i Latour was presented. The paper has an overview character. The aims of the paper were the analysis of following problems: &ndash;&nbsp; Animals as the motive of the trip; &ndash;&nbsp; Animals as the touristic attraction; &ndash;&nbsp; Animals as the threat of travel; &ndash; Animals as a protection in travels; &ndash; Animals in transport.&nbsp; The analysis and assessment of above problems was done on the basis of literature and authors&rsquo; observations. The future research was suggested, necessary for tourism management.

Topic: Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Changes of main constituents in milk from cows with subclinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae after intramammary infused with Nisin.

Thirty-six cows with subclinical mastitis naturally infected by Streptococcus agalactiae were randomly divided into two groups,18 cows each.The treated group were intramammary infused with Nisin-based formulation,once daily for 3 days,control group did not receive any treatment.Milk samples were taken before treatment and 1,3 and 5 weeks after termination of the intramammary infusions for bacteriological examination,somatic cell counting(SCC) and milk constituent analysis.Results revealed that Nisin treatments significantly reduced the quarters infected with S.agalactiae and the mammary glands with high milk SCC(500 000 cell/mL).In addition,the concentrations of fat,protein,lactose,total solid,and especiall protein as well as lactose in milk significantly increased in Nisin-treated quarters.Therefore,intramammary infusion with Nisin is effective in the treatment of subclinical mastitis infected by S.agalactiae in lactating cows.

Topic: Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
miR-15a nanometric compound restrains the activity and adhesion of Hela cells through survivin signal pathway

We herein studied the mechanism of miR-15a nanometer compound (NMC) by assessing its activity and adhesion in Hela cells through survivin signal pathway. The miR-15a nanometer compound was prepared and Hela-S3 cells were divided into miR-15a group, miR-NC group and NC group for in vitro studies. Proliferative activity was detected with MTT method while invasive ability was detected with Transwell closet method. Adhesive capacity was compared and Survivin and Caspase-3 protein expressions were detected with Western blot assay. Results showed that, grain size of miR-15a NMC was reduced along with increased N/P value, and Zeta potential was negative, and was converted into positive charge along with increased N/P value. The particle size distribution was uniform and potential was moderated when the N/P value was twenty. The proliferation ability and invasive capacity in miR-15a group was reduced significantly along with lower A540 value and higher adhesive ability as well as reduced survivin and increased Caspase-3 level. The proliferative, invasive and adhesive capacity of Hela cells were all restrained by the miR-15a NMC, and apoptosis was prompted through restraining of the survivin signaling pathway, so as to affect the occurrence and development of cervical carcinoma.

Topic: RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Measuring Trends and Efficacy: An Analysis of the British Museum's Facebook

There is a distinct lack of current and specific guidance on the creation of content for social media in cultural heritage institutions. This study aims to remedy that lack of specificity by examining user responses to social media strategies employed by cultural heritage institutions and in so doing, identify and evaluate emerging trends in social media content generation. In order to accomplish this task, the researcher conducted an analysis of the British Museum's Facebook page. This consisted of evaluating posts according to a coding schema and recording the level of user response to each post. This method allowed the researcher to identify past, present, and emerging trends as well as the efficacy of each trend in terms of user interaction.

Topic: Digital Marketing and Social Media
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Supplementary Movie Legends 1-6 from E-Cadherin/p120-Catenin and Tetraspanin Co-029 Cooperate for Cell Motility Control in Human Colon Carcinoma

Supplementary Movie Legends 1-6 from E-Cadherin/p120-Catenin and Tetraspanin Co-029 Cooperate for Cell Motility Control in Human Colon Carcinoma

Topic: Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Thermodynamic interpretation on solubility of neptunium, technetium, selenium and palladium in nitrate and ammonium solutions

We conducted thermodynamic interpretation of solubility data on neptunium, technetium and selenium, which are redox-sensitive elements, in nitrate solutions. Experimentally measured solubility values were compared with thermodynamic calculations using the thermodynamic database (JAEA-TDB) developed by Japan Atomic Energy Agency. Most of experimental data were in a good agreement with calculated values. It was found that nitrate might have a potential to oxidize neptunium and technetium, which might lead significant increase of their solubility. Detail of migration behavior of nitrate and ammonium should be investigated for performance assessment of radioactive waste containing a significant amount of nitrate. (author)

Topic: Radioactive element chemistry and processing
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
&lt;title&gt;Localization of the disturbance place in distributed fiber optic sensors&lt;/title&gt;

The paper presents the method of localization the disturbance place in fiber optic distributed sensor. Furthermore the present writers propose the system composed of Sagnac interferometer coupled with balanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The experimental system was constructed and precision of the localization estimated.

Topic: Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Specific Identification of Glycoproteins Bearing the Tn Antigen in Human Cells

Abstract Glycoproteins contain a wealth of valuable information regarding the development and disease status of cells. In cancer cells, some glycans (such as the Tn antigen) are highly up‐regulated, but this remains largely unknown for glycoproteins with a particular glycan. Herein, an innovative method combining enzymatic and chemical reactions was first designed to enrich glycoproteins with the Tn antigen. Using synthetic glycopeptides with O‐GalNAc (the Tn antigen) or O‐GlcNAc, we demonstrated that the method is selective for glycopeptides with O‐GalNAc and can distinguish between these two modifications. The diagnostic ions from the tagged O‐GalNAc further confirmed the effectiveness of the method and confidence in the identification of glycopeptides with the Tn antigen by mass spectrometry. Using this method, we identified 96 glycoproteins with the Tn antigen in Jurkat cells. The method can be extensively applied in biological and biomedical research.

Topic: Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Impact of Digital Technology and the Need for Periodical Review of Educational Curriculum in Nigeria Tertiary Institutions

Effective curriculum is a key determining factor to the growth of the education system in any meaningful societies or nations. It is worthy of note that technology keeps evolving which prompts the need for concurrent review of the curriculum. Presently, there are still outdated topics that ought to have been phased out from the curriculum, it is alarming that some tertiary institutions are still using the old curriculum while those that have adopted the new curriculum have not fully implemented the full content due to the lack of adequate equipment or unavailability of trained personnel. This paper assessed the present state of the Nigerian curriculum, and for better output performance, there should be a recurrent review of the curriculum at most every three years to keep abreast of modern technology. Hence, it was recommended that there should be a recurrent review of the curriculum to meet the trend of economic needs of the nation, training and retraining of lecturers, establishing and equipping all laboratories with modern equipment. Most importantly, those from industries should be part of the team for the formulation of the curriculum to produce competent and qualified graduates.

Topic: Online and Blended Learning
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Influence of Fat Source and Xylanase Supplementation on Performance, Utilisation of Energy and Fat, and Caecal Microbiota Counts in Broiler Starters Fed Wheat-Based Diets

An experiment was conducted to determine the interaction between fat source and xylanase supplementation on the performance, utilisation of energy and fat, and caecal microbiota counts in broiler starters fed wheat-based diets. The experimental design was 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments, which included two fat sources (60 g/kg soybean oil or tallow) and two levels of enzyme supplementation (without or with exogenous xylanase). Irrespective of the fat source, xylanase supplementation increased (P&lt;0.01) the weight gain and lowered (P&lt;0.01) the feed per gain. Birds fed diets with soybean oil diets had higher (P&lt;0.001) weight gain, fat retention and fat digestibility, and lower feed per gain compared to those fed tallow supplemented diets. Feed intake was not affected (P&gt;0.05) by dietary treatments. Xylanase addition improved (P&lt;0.01) the apparent metabolisable energy in diets containing either fat source, but the effect was more pronounced in birds fed the diet containing tallow. The number of Lactobacillus spp. was lowered (P&lt;0.05) by enzyme supplementation in birds fed tallow diets, but unaffected (P&gt;0.05) in those fed soybeans oil diets. The number of Clostridium spp. was found to be higher (P&lt;0.01) in birds fed enzyme-supplemented diets. Overall, under the conditions of the present study, the addition of xylanase improved the growth and feed efficiency of broiler starters and the responses were not influenced by the fat source.

Topic: Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
An Attempt at the Assessment of Myocardial Contractility from Phonocardiographically Measured Time Components of Ventricular Contraction in Patients with Prosthetic Aortic Valves

The phonocardiographically recorded time interval between the first heart sound and the mid-ejection point is a rough guide to the time interval between the onset and the peak ventricular pressure in patients with the University of Cape Town aortic valve prosthesis. This time interval is insensitive to changes in stroke volume and aortic pressure produced by variations in ventricular filling and may be used to show changes in contractility in any one patient. In a group of 42 patients with 64 postoperative phonocardiograms, mid-ejection time varied between 140 and 250 msec. A strong negative correlation with heart rate, and a strong positive correlation with the width of the QRS complex were present without any significant correlation with heart size or with other estimates of left ventricular function. It is suggested that in the abnormal myocardium, ventricular asynchrony may seriously interfere with the velocity of the ventricular contraction invalidating the assessment of contractile element velocity from the velocity components of the ventricular pressure pulse.

Topic: Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Data from: Functional dissimilarity, not phylogenetic relatedness, determines interspecific interactions among plants in the Tibetan alpine meadows

The hypotheses suggesting that the nature and strength of species interactions should be determined by phylogenetic relatedness have important implications for the understanding of community structure. However, to date, there is limited empirical evidence to support them. At least two basic conditions need to be met in order to expect species interactions to be determined by evolutionary relatedness: a phylogenetic signal in the traits involved in the interactions and changes in the interactions as species are more ecologically similar. Here, we report results of a removal experiment in the Chinese Tibetan plateau in which we directly assessed if the nature and/or strength of interactions among twelve alpine meadow plant species were influenced by their phylogenetic relatedness and/or their functional dissimilarity. For each plant species, we compared its biomass production when grown alone to its biomass in presence of another species and used it as a measure of species interactions. Competition between pairs of species was more frequent than facilitation, with 60% of interactions resulting in plants producing less biomass when a second species was present. We found no effect of phylogenetic relatedness on the prevalence or intensity of competition or facilitation, presumably as none of the studied traits showed phylogenetic signal. Functional dissimilarity based on maximum plant height alone was the best predictor of both the prevalence and strength of competition and facilitation, followed by functional dissimilarity using all five functional traits. Our results pinpoint the limited capacity of phylogenetic relatedness as predictor of species interactions; underlining the limitations of using phylogenetic dispersion patterns to infer mechanisms of community assembly. On the contrary, when the right functional traits are used, functional dissimilarity among species can predict both the nature and strength of their interactions; accentuating the relevance of trait-based approaches in community ecology research.

Topic: Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of uniaxial stress on gallium, beryllium, and copper-doped germanium hole population inversion lasers

The effects of stress on germanium lasers doped with single, double, and triple acceptors have been investigated. The results can be explained quantitatively with theoretical calculations and can be attributed to specific changes in the energy levels of acceptors in germanium under stress. In contrast to previous measurements, gallium-doped Ge crystals show a decrease in lasing upon uniaxial stress. The decrease seen here is attributed to the decrease in heavy hole effective mass upon application of uniaxial stress, which results in a decreased population inversion. The discrepancy between this work and previous studies can be explained with the low compensation level of the material used here. Because the amount of ionized impurity scattering in low-compensated germanium lasers is small to begin with, the reduction in scattering with uniaxial stress does not play a significant role in changing the laser operation. Beryllium-doped germanium lasers operate based on a different mechanism of population inversion. In this material it is proposed that holes can transfer between bands by giving their energy to a neutral beryllium atom, raising the hole from the ground to a bound excited state. The free hole will then return to zero energy with some probability of entering the other band. The minimum and maximum E/B ratios for lasing change with uniaxial stress because of the change in effective mass and bound excited state energy. These limits have been calculated for the case of 300 bar [100] stress, and match very well with the observed data. This adds further credence to the proposed mechanism for population inversion in this material. In contrast to Be and Ga-doped lasers, copper-doped lasers under uniaxial stress show an increase in the range of E and B where lasing is seen. To understand this change the theoretical limits for population inversion based on both the optical phonon mechanism and the neutral acceptor mechanism have been calculated. The data are described by population inversion via optical phonons at zero pressure. However, both mechanisms most likely occur when the slightly higher, non-uniform pressures of 300 bar are applied, leading to an increase in population inversion and lasing. Upon further increasing the pressure to 600 bar, the limits for population inversion decrease and a decrease in the lasing is seen.

Topic: Spectroscopy and Laser Applications
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cross-reaction between the mycelial galactomannas of three Hormodendrum strains and the mannans of two Candida albicans strains of different serotypes, A and B

Cross-reactivity between galactomannans of three representative Hormodendrum strains, H. pedrosoi IFO 6071, H. compactum IFO 6726, and H. dermatitidis IFO 6421, and the mannans of two Candida strains, C. albicans NIH A-207 (serotype A) and C. albicans NIH B-792 (serotype B), were investigated by means of agar-gel double diffusion, quantitative preciptin reaction, and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The following results were obtained. (i) Antisera to whole cells of three Hormodendrum strains were completely inactive in all in vitro antigen-antibody reactions to mannans of C. albicans NIH A-207 and C. albicans NIH B-792, whereas antisera to both C. albicans strains were found to be cross-reactive against the three Hormodendrum galactomannans. (ii) The results of cross-passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests using guinea pigs sensitized with antiserum of three Hormodendrum and two Candida seemed to be consistent with those of the vitro assay. (iii) The reactivities of the corresponding acid-resistant core moieties of the three Hormodendrum galactomannas against two anti-C. albicans sera were nearly identical to those of the parent galactomannans in both in vitro and in vivo tests.

Topic: Nail Diseases and Treatments
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Multilayered Center-of-Pressure Sensors for Robot Fingertips and Adaptive Feedback Control

This letter proposes a sheet-shaped force sensor for covering a robot fingertip. The sensor consists of flexible materials and can be adaptively designed to the shape of the fingertip. When a load acts on the sensor, the contact position and both normal and tangential forces can be detected. Experimental results show the sensor characteristics as follows: The contact position can be estimated in high accuracy if it is enough separated from the boundary of the sensing area, the normal force up to 4 N can be estimated independent with the contact position, and the tangential force can be estimated by calibration while the sensitivity remains to be improved. This letter also presents two feedback control laws of a robot finger mounted with the proposed sensor. One is to keep both a contact position and normal force at constant to a target object, and the other is to keep rolling contact even if the object moves while touching. The availability of the control laws are confirmed through motion experiments.

Topic: Robot Manipulation and Learning
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences