jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Electrical Apparatus for Amateurs in five parts - Part I: How I Made My Telephones (Sayer, G. H.), Part II: The Domestic Electric Light (Edwinson, George), Part III: Magneto-Electric Machines, etc. (Edwinson, George), Part IV: A Cylindrical Electrical Machine (Clark, C. J.) and Part V: How I Built my First Coil (Williams, R.)

Book from 1895 instructing the amateur on how to build a set of basic electrical apparatus: Part I: How I Made My Telephones (G. H. Sayer) Part II: The Domestic Electric Light (George Edwinson) Part III: Magneto-Electric Machines, etc (George Edwinson) Part IV: A Cylindrical Electrical Machine (C. J. Clark) Part V: How I Build my First Coil (R. Williams) Includes many illustrations and some great examples of advertising from that era.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Library Advocacy Through Twitter: A Social Media Analysis of #savelibraries and #getESEAright

Advocacy groups of all types use social media to reach their constituents. However, are messages of library advocacy disseminated through social media reaching those who can become allies in the quest to save libraries? How far reaching are library advocacy messages? This study addresses the use of Twitter for library advocacy. A review of the literature outlining social network analysis and the use of Twitter for advocacy, procedures for using NodeXL (a software package for social media analysis), and a taxonomy of Twitter conversations are provided.

Topic: Web and Library Services
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Oxygen Deficiency and Brain Damage: Localization, Evolution in Time, and Mechanisms of Damage

Observations on some patients with CO intoxication have revealed a delayed type of brain injury, with symptoms appearing days after the initial insult. Possible mechanisms are discussed, with reference to recent experimental results on ischemic brain damage. These results have shown that brief periods of ischemia can cause necrosis of selectively vulnerable neurons, sometimes after a delay of 1-3 days. In at least one affected cell type (CAI pyramids in the hippocampus) delayed neuronal death was preceded by cellular hyperactivity. Recent neurochemical research offers tentative explanations. For example, several reactions triggered by increased calcium concentrations are long-lasting enough to cause sustained alteration of cell function and/or delayed neuronal death. These encompass physical interruption of the cytoskeleton by disassembly of microtubuli and degradation of neurofilaments, protein phosphorylation, and proteolytic degradation of dendritic structures. Reactions interrupting the cytoskeleton could cause cell death by impeding axonal transport, while phosphorylation-proteolysis could induce increased synaptic efficacy, with harmful overactivity.

Topic: Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Global Overview of the Impact of Peritoneal Dialysis First or Favored Policies: An Opinion

Given the ever-increasing burden of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in a global milieu of limited financial and health resources, interested parties continue to search for ways to optimize dialysis access. Government and payer initiatives to increase access to renal replacement therapies (RRTs), particularly peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD), may have meaningful impacts from clinical and health-economic perspectives; and despite similar clinical and humanistic outcomes between the two dialysis modalities, PD may be the more convenient and resource-conscious option. This review assessed country-specific PD-First/Favored policies and their associated background, implementation, and outcomes. It was found that barriers to policy-implementation are broadly associated with government policy, economics, provider or healthcare professional education, modality-related factors, and patient-related factors. Notably, the success of a given country's PD-Favored policy was inversely associated with the extent of HD infrastructure. It is hoped that this review will provide a foundation across countries to share lessons learned during the development and implementation of PD-First/Favored policies.

Topic: Dialysis and Renal Disease Management
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Differential poisoning of topoisomerases by menogaril and nogalamycin dictated by the minor groove-binding nogalose sugar

The effect of DNA binding on poisoning of human DNA TOP1 has been studied using a pair of related anthracyclines which differ only by a nogalose sugar ring. We show that the nogalose sugar ring of nogalamycin, which binds to the minor groove of DNA, plays an important role in affecting topoisomerase-specific poisoning. Using purified mammalian topoisomerases, menogaril is shown to poison topoisomerase II but not topoisomerase I. By contrast, nogalamycin poisons topoisomerase I but not topoisomerase II. Consistent with the biochemical studies, CEM/VM-1 cells which express drug-resistant TOP2alpha are cross-resistant to menogaril but not nogalamycin. The mechanism by which nogalamycin poisons topoisomerase I has been studied by analyzing a major topoisomerase I-mediated DNA cleavage site induced by nogalamycin. This site is mapped to a sequence embedded in an AT-rich region with four scattered GC base pairs (bps) (at -10, -6, +2, and +12 positions). GC bps embedded in AT-rich regions are known to be essential for nogalamycin binding. Surprisingly, DNase I footprinting analysis of nogalamycin-DNA complexes has revealed a drug-free region from -2 to +9 encompassing the major cleavage site. Our results suggest that nogalamycin, in contrast to camptothecin, may stimulate TOP1 cleavage by binding to a site(s) distal to the site of cleavage.

Topic: Cancer therapeutics and mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Credit risk assessment based on neural network

Credit risk is one of the greatest risks faced by commercial banks in china. The BP neural network has self-learning ability, adaptive ability and fault tolerance. This paper adopts BP neural network to evaluate credit risk of 20 ceramic tile enterprises. The results show that credit risk evaluation using BP neural network and expert evaluation have the very good consistency.

Topic: Industrial Technology and Control Systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Which Food Parts Are Considered Edible And Should Be Included In Food Waste Reduction Targets

SDG target 12.3 aims to reduce household avoidable food waste by half by 2030. This study introduces the "Tokyo Method," designed to quantify and categorize household food waste for reduction. The method divides avoidable food waste into three groups: A: unused ingredients, B: unused ready-to-be-eaten foods, and C: leftovers, with a goal of reducing their volume. Edible parts intentionally removed from the main food are placed in a separate category ”De”, while inedible parts like seeds and bones have their own classification ”Di”. An internet survey involving 1,254 participants in Japan assessed perceptions of 65 food items and their parts. Most respondents considered peels, cores, seeds, and stems of fruits as inedible, but there were exceptions like apple peels. Regarding vegetable parts like potato peels and cabbage leaves, a good number of respondents are aware that they could be eaten, but it is only a minority that believe they should be eaten, or they actually eat those parts. In conclusion, the study suggests excluding the "De" category from the primary food waste reduction target, as forcing the consumption of intentionally removed food parts is not a priority. This research sheds light on the complexities of food waste reduction, considering cultural and individual preferences regarding edible food parts.

Topic: Food Waste Reduction and Sustainability
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
So you want to stop time

A model of a stasis chamber, slowing the passage of time in its interior down to arbitrarily small rates relative to the outside world, is considered within classical general relativity. Since the model is adapted from the Majumdar-Papapetrou spacetime, interior spatial volumes are expanded by the same factor (cubed) as the rate of time is reduced. Real and apparent (gravitational) forces as perceived by an interior observer are altered, but in opposite ways. Comparison with special-relativistic time dilation shows the use of such a static stasis chamber to be economical only when the most drastic slowing of time relative to the outside world is desired (d(tau)/dt &lt; 10^{-20}) or when one wants to avoid spending the time needed to accelerate to relativistic speeds.

Topic: Relativity and Gravitational Theory
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Identity-Based Cryptography

Posed as an open problem in 1984, but efficiently instantiated only in 2001, identity-based encryption hasn't left the forefront of cryptographic research since. Praised by fans as the economical alternative to public-key infrastructures, booed by critics for its inherent key escrow, identity-based cryptography is also the topic of numerous debates in the cryptographic community. Identity-Based Cryptography looks beyond the controversy and intends to give an overview of the current state-of-the-art in identity-based cryptography. Since research on the topic is still actively continuing, this is necessarily a snapshot of a field in motion, rather than the final word about it. Still, the authors felt the main concepts have by now sufficiently matured to collect them in a single dedicated volume.

Topic: Cryptography and Data Security
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
IV. Die persönliche Haftung des filius familias

Abstract The Personal Liability of the filius familas. According to the predominant view, classical Roman law allowed a filius familias to enter into an obligation and to be sued by his creditors, but it allowed no execution against a filius familias while he remained in the potestas of the pater familias. This paper critically examines the arguments on which this view is based; its author pleads for taking into account the possibility of an execution on the person of the filius familias.

Topic: Classical Studies and Legal History
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Genetically Modified Organisms and Visceral Leishmaniasis

Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases. Since the eradication of small pox in 1976, many other potentially life compromising if not threatening diseases have been dealt with subsequently. This event was a major leap not only in the scientific world already burdened with many diseases but also in the mindset of the common man who became more receptive to novel treatment options. Among the many protozoan diseases, the leishmaniases have emerged as one of the largest parasite killers of the world, second only to malaria. There are three types of leishmaniasis namely cutaneous (CL), mucocutaneous (ML), and visceral (VL), caused by a group of more than 20 species of Leishmania parasites. Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar is the most severe form and almost fatal if untreated. Since the first attempts at leishmanization, we have killed parasite vaccines, subunit protein, or DNA vaccines, and now we have live recombinant carrier vaccines and live attenuated parasite vaccines under various stages of development. Although some research has shown promising results, many more potential genes need to be evaluated as live attenuated vaccine candidates. This mini-review attempts to summarize the success and failures of genetically modified organisms used in vaccination against some of major parasitic diseases for their application in leishmaniasis.

Topic: Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
`Who would have thought of that!': A Hierarchical Topic Model for Extraction of Sarcasm-prevalent Topics and Sarcasm Detection

Topic Models have been reported to be beneficial for aspect-based sentiment analysis. This paper reports a simple topic model for sarcasm detection, a first, to the best of our knowledge. Designed on the basis of the intuition that sarcastic tweets are likely to have a mixture of words of both sentiments as against tweets with literal sentiment (either positive or negative), our hierarchical topic model discovers sarcasm-prevalent topics and topic-level sentiment. Using a dataset of tweets labeled using hashtags, the model estimates topic-level, and sentiment-level distributions. Our evaluation shows that topics such as `work', `gun laws', `weather' are sarcasm-prevalent topics. Our model is also able to discover the mixture of sentiment-bearing words that exist in a text of a given sentiment-related label. Finally, we apply our model to predict sarcasm in tweets. We outperform two prior work based on statistical classifiers with specific features, by around 25\%.

Topic: Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
SERS spectra of a single nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell based on intracellularly grown and passive uptake Au nanoparticles

The intracellularly-grown-Au-nanoparticles (IGAuNs) technique was employed to analyze the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (CNE-1 cell line). There are only six obvious Raman bands (718, 1001, 1123, 1336, 1446, 1660 cm −1 ) in the normal Raman spectrum of living CNE-1 cells. However, over twenty SERS Raman bands have been detected in the SERS spectra of IGAuNs-induced cells, among which five bands are of the DNA backbone (673, 1097, 1306, 1336 and 1585 cm −1 ). There are four vibrations of the DNA backbone (1026, 1097, 1336 and 1585 cm −1 ) in the SERS spectra of living CNE-1 cells induced by the passive uptake gold nanoparticles (PUAuNS), but one more DNA backbone and many nucleus Raman peaks appeared in the IGAuNs-induced SERS spectra. Many Raman peaks in the PUAuNs-induced SERS spectra are stronger than those in the IGAuNs-induced ones. This study has shown that the PUAuNs technique can achieve stronger Raman signals, and that the IGAuNs technique can enable the gold element to access to the nucleus more easily, which could help to obtain more surface-enhanced Raman signals of the intracellular biochemical molecules. Thus, the two techniques can work together to attain the Raman spectral information of the cytoplasm and the nucleus in a better way, which might provide a sensitive method for broad biomedical applications such as intracellular SERS analysis of living cells.

Topic: Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
On Artifact-Free Projection Overlaps in Multi-Pinhole Tomographic Imaging

In multi-pinhole SPECT, overlapping the projections from different pinholes has been used to increase sensitivity. However, the prevailing view is that the overall quality of the reconstructed image is not improved by the overlaps in the projections. It is often stated in literatures that overlaps introduce ambiguous information, which can lead to nonuniqueness of solution for the inverse problem, and thus artifacts are introduced in the reconstructed image. On the other hand, contrary to the prevailing view, a recent study on slit-slat collimators shows that artifacts can be removed with the "help" of an extra complete nonoverlapped projection data set. In this paper, two types of artifact-free projection overlaps are defined in general, and the criteria for designing artifact-free multi-pinhole systems with overlaps are proposed. It is shown that once the criteria are satisfied, the solution of the inverse problem is unique, and thus no artifact is expected in the reconstructed image. Via extensive simulation study, various artifact-free overlapping multi-pinhole systems are designed and validated. It is shown that overlaps in the artifact-free systems can improve contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). With a proper design, the CNR for an artifact-free overlapping system can be significantly higher than that for the corresponding nonoverlapping system. The improved image quality is also confirmed with noisy reconstructions.

Topic: Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Evaluación de la citotoxicidad, genotoxicidad y toxicidad subcrónica de diésteres p-metoxicinámicos extraídos de Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore en modelo experimental

P-methoxycinnamic diesters from carnauba wax powder (PCO - C) – cinnamic acid derivate – have been associated with new properties such as hypolipidemic, hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycaemic effects in mice. The present study aimed to investigate the safety profile of PCO - C by evaluating the subchronic oral toxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity using in vivo experimental models. Therefore, for the present research, characterized as experimental and of a quantitative nature, 80 Swiss mice, of both genders, were used for the analysis of mutagenicity, genotoxicity, analysis of the biochemical, hematological and toxicological profiles. PCO - C did not induce changes in the mass of animals besides not interfering in blood parameters. PCO - C showed no hemolysis of mouse erythrocytes. PCO - C caused no mutagenic or genotoxic effects in male and female mice treated with 500 mg/Kg/day during 90 days. In addition, PCO - C did not change some important serum parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol and creatinine), hematological profile, structural arrangement of the kidneys, heart, stomach and spleen. The results demonstrate that PCO - C is not genotoxic, and did not present toxicity when used orally for up to 90 days. Overall, the study has demonstrated the safety of PCO - C for potential uses in biomedical areas.

Topic: Natural Products and Biological Research
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Cardiomyopathies and Congenital Heart Disease in Pregnancy

Abstract Pregnancy-associated diseases of the cardiovascular system occur in up to 10% of all pregnancies and the incidence is increasing. Besides congenital heart disease or pre-existing cardiomyopathy in the mother, the clinical focus has moved especially to peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) because of the conditionʼs dramatic clinical course and the identification of the underlying mechanisms. This review article concentrates therefore on PPCM, which occurs either in the last month of pregnancy or in the first 6 months following delivery in women with previously healthy hearts. The global incidence is estimated today at roughly 1 : 1000 pregnancies. The condition is heterogeneous, ranging from mild disease to severe acute heart failure with cardiogenic shock and sudden cardiac death of the mother. Important risk factors are pregnancy-associated hypertensive complications, multiple pregnancy and greater maternal age. The pathogenesis comprises cleavage, induced by increased oxidative stress, of the lactation hormone prolactin into a toxic hormone fragment that damages blood vessels, known as the 16-kDalton protein fragment. The lactation-blocking drug bromocriptine prevents prolactin release and promotes healing of PPCM in combination with pharmacological heart failure therapy; it appears to prevent recurrence in subsequent pregnancies. Uncomplicated pregnancy is possible in most patients with congenital heart disease. The foetal complications include an increased abortion rate, prematurity and smallness for gestational age, as well as an increased risk of cardiac malformations. The maternal risk comprises mainly arrhythmias, progressive heart failure and thrombembolic complications, with the risk of vessel dissection with a low mortality risk of &lt; 1% in the case of aortopathies. Individual risk assessment and corresponding close monitoring of the pregnancy are required.

Topic: Cardiovascular Issues in Pregnancy
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Measuring Social Anxiety in 11 Countries

This paper reports on two studies conducted to develop and validate a new self-report measure of social phobia/anxiety – the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults (SAQ-A) (Cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos, CASO-A). A diary-item recording procedure was used to generate the initial pool of items. In Study 1, data from 12,144 participants provided 6 factors with moderate intercorrelations. Estimates of internal consistency reliability were adequate (range = .86 to .92) for the 6 factors included in the final confirmatory factor analysis. In Study 2, data provided by 10,118 nonclinical participants were used to explore preliminary reliability and validity estimates for a revised version of the SAQ-A – the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults Revised (SAQ-AR). Approximately 106 researchers from 10 Latin American countries and Spain contributed to this data collection process. Specific comments are made on the structure of the new questionnaire as regards some commonly-used self-report measures of social phobia/anxiety.

Topic: Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Status of the BNL muon (g-2) experiment

The muon (g-2) experiment at Brookhaven has completed a first run. The main components of the experiment, which include the superconducting inflector, the superferric storage ring, the electrostatic quadrupoles and the lead-scintillating fiber electron calorimeters, have been commissioned satisfactorily. The analysis of data taken in June and July 1997 is in progress.

Topic: Muon and positron interactions and applications
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences