jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Leukotriene Modifiers in Pediatric Asthma Management

Cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LTs) are mediators released in asthma and virus-induced wheezing. Corticosteroids appear to have little or no effect on this release in vivo. Cys-LTs are both direct bronchoconstrictors and proinflammatory substances that mediate several steps in the pathophysiology of chronic asthma, including inflammatory cell recruitment, vascular leakage, and possibly airway remodeling. Blocking studies show that Cys-LTs are pivotal mediators in the pathophysiology of asthma. Cys-LTs are key components in the early and late allergic airway response and also contribute to bronchial obstruction after exercise and hyperventilation of cold, dry air in asthmatics. LT modifiers reduce airway eosinophil numbers and exhaled nitric oxide levels. Together these findings support an important role for the Cys-LTs in the asthma airway inflammation. Cys-LT receptor antagonists (Cys-LTRA) are generally well-tolerated. Phase III randomized, controlled clinical trials (RCT) show that LT modifiers are moderately effective, apparently with a particular between-patient variability in their clinical response. The clinical effects of LT modifiers are additive to those of β-agonists and corticosteroids. The onset of action of LT modifiers is within 1 to several days, and not rapid enough to make them useful as rescue treatment. Although LT modifiers possess some antiinflammatory activity, they cannot substitute for corticosteroids for inflammation control. LT modifiers are alternatives to long-acting β-agonists as complementary treatment to inhaled corticosteroids in pediatric asthma management because they provide bronchodilation and bronchoprotection without development of tolerance, and complement the antiinflammatory activity unchecked by steroids. In addition, the Cys-LTRA montelukast has been shown to ameliorate asthmatic symptoms and provide bronchoprotection in asthmatic preschool children from 2 years of age, which is of particular importance in this difficult-to-manage group of asthmatics. Given their efficacy, antiinflammatory activity, oral administration, and safety, LT modifiers will play an important role in the treatment of asthmatic children.

Topic: Asthma and respiratory diseases
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An approach to complex texts in multiple documents

Abstract This article describes an approach to the treatment of texts in complex large textual traditions. Editors are interested in the text as it appears line-by-line in each document, and in how the versions of the text differ from document to document. It is useful to define a text as the record of an act of communication, inscribed in a document: thus, the instance of the act of communication we identify as Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, as it appears in the Hengwrt manuscript. In this view, every text has a dual aspect: it is both the words as they are inscribed in a particular document, and as they constitute an act of communication and its parts. This presents challenges for scholars who wish to record both aspects. In encoding implementations, these two aspects are commonly treated as ‘overlapping hierarchies’. However, the ‘overlapping hierarchy’ model does not deal with cases where text segments are not contiguous in either aspect and cannot overlap cleanly. To meet these cases, the Textual Communities project developed an architecture in which the two aspects are represented as distinct and independent hierarchies (trees), with text segments referenced to nodes on each tree. The linking of text segments to the two trees is managed by a JSON database, accessed through transcription and collation tools presented in a Web interface. Textual Communities does not implement the whole of this architecture in terms of validation, ingestion, and processing. Full exploration and implementation of the architecture here described are challenges for future scholars.

Topic: Digital Humanities and Scholarship
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Sorghum bicolor IS3172

Plant Genetic Resource.<br>Taxonomy: Sorghum bicolor<br>Common name(s): Sorghum<br>Conserved by: Lupane State University, Zimbabwe<br>Local sample unique identifier: IS3172<br>Method of creation: Acquisition<br>Date: 2019<br>MLS status: SMTA transfer

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
FIGURE 159 in Survey of Linyphiidae (Arachnida: Araneae) spiders from Yunnan, China

FIGURE 159. Ketambea aseptifera sp. nov. female holotype. A, B Epigyne, ventral view C Vulva, dorsal view.

Topic: Memory, Trauma, and Commemoration
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
An Analysis of Desirable Attributes for Strength and Conditioning Coaches as Perceived by Male and Female Population of Collegiate Athletes

The present study aimed to suggest desirable attributes and characteristics for strength and conditioning coaches as perceived by the male and female population of collegiate athletes and statistically evaluate differences of perception between genders. Participants were 99 NCAA division I student-athletes (Male=56, Female=43) aged between 18-22 years of age, with a mean of 2.98 S&amp;C sessions per week. Participants completed an electronic questionnaire to rank the importance of 17 research-based attributes through a 5-point Likert-type-scale. Descriptive statistics revealed that overall, “knowledgeable” and “communicative” were considered the most important attributes, whereas “overall size/muscularity” and “male gender” were the least desirable. With regards to perceived importance, attributes were ranked in the following order: knowledgeable, communicative, motivator, trustworthy, give positive feedback, approachable, organised, supportive, positive, honest, confident, role model, intense, physical fitness, sense of humour, overall size/muscularity, male gender. “Male gender” as an attribute was identified as the only significant difference in perception between genders (p = .017). The observed results are consistent with previous research that highlighted how several attributes and characteristics are important for strength and conditioning coaches. Thus, these results might foster reflection and guide personal and professional development of strength and conditioning coaches.

Topic: Sport Psychology and Performance
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Olivopontocerebellar degeneration, abnormal sleep, and REM sleepwithout atonia

Polygraphic studies during sleep performed in two patients with olivopontocerebellar degeneration (OPCD) revealed an abnormal control of muscle tone. It was demonstrated by bursts of EMG activity during sleep and progressive disappearance of muscle atonia during sleep. Muscle atonia disappeared during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, permitting movements and expression of feelings probably associated with REM sleep-related oneiric activity. Patients, unaware of their nocturnal sleep disturbance, complained only of the resulting daytime tiredness and sleepiness.

Topic: Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
SH071574.07FU

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.

Topic: Cardiac Valve Diseases and Treatments
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Membrane cholesterol access into a G-protein-coupled receptor

Cholesterol is a key component of cell membranes with a proven modulatory role on the function and ligand-binding properties of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Crystal structures of prototypical GPCRs such as the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) have confirmed that cholesterol finds stable binding sites at the receptor surface suggesting an allosteric role of this lipid. Here we combine experimental and computational approaches to show that cholesterol can spontaneously enter the A2AR-binding pocket from the membrane milieu using the same portal gate previously suggested for opsin ligands. We confirm the presence of cholesterol inside the receptor by chemical modification of the A2AR interior in a biotinylation assay. Overall, we show that cholesterol’s impact on A2AR-binding affinity goes beyond pure allosteric modulation and unveils a new interaction mode between cholesterol and the A2AR that could potentially apply to other GPCRs.

Topic: Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effects of Rhizobium Inoculation on Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Communities, Physicochemical Properties, and Enzyme Activities in Caucasian Clover Under Field Conditions

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture has become a major global source of pollution, leading to issues such as soil compaction, reduced fertility, eutrophication of water bodies, and air pollution. To address these challenges, the application of biofertilizers, such as rhizobial inoculants, has gradually become an effective, low-cost, and sustainable solution. In this study, the variety Trifolium ambiguum Bieb. (Mengnong clover No. 1) was used as the test material, and two rhizobial strains (R1 and R2) were employed for field inoculation trials. In April 2022, Caucasian clover was planted in an experimental field at Inner Mongolia Agricultural University. Each plot measured 3 m × 4 m and was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. In the regreening stage of 2023, rhizobial inoculation treatments were applied, with a control group included for comparison. This research examined the effects of rhizobial inoculation on the growth indicators of Caucasian clover, soil physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activities, and soil microbial communities. The results showed that rhizobial treatment increased the plant height and yield of Caucasian clover, improved soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities, and positively affected soil microbial diversity and abundance. These changes enhanced soil fertility and optimized microbial community structure, promoting plant growth. The inoculation effect of strain R1 was superior to R2. In conclusion, rhizobial inoculants R1 and R2 can serve as effective biofertilizers for agricultural production.

Topic: Legume Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Innovative and Interactive Methods Emphasizing Geological Events through Spectral Decomposition New Zealand Case Study

Summary This paper presents how an interactive method in spectral decomposition can facilitate and improve processes in exploration. This study focuses on the Maui field, located offshore New Zealand, in the Taranaki basin. Its aim is to emphasize specific geological features by interactively performing spectral decomposition at different locations on surfaces generated from a Relative Geological Time (RGT) model. This model is obtained thanks to seismic interpretation based on horizon auto-tracking trough a grid (Pauget et al., 2009) and its refinement. It provides a new way to achieve a strata-slicing into the seismic data and allowing a quick and interactive navigation throughout the surfaces. By combining this workflow with the analysis of frequency variations along geological events, it is possible to get an enhanced spectral decomposition of geological features from their averaged spectral signature (low, medium and high frequencies). Each one of these key frequencies was mapped on surfaces and blended into a Red-Green-Blue (RGB) viewer. Such a technique allows the interpreter to better highlight turbidite channels which were then extracted as geobodies with a high rate of confidence.

Topic: Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Phosphoproteomics of PLN R14del heart tissue reveals major myocyte degenerate phenotype, and is attenuated by PLN antisense treatment in vitro

Abstract Background/Purpose: Phospholamban (PLN) p.Arg14del (R14del, R14Δ/+) is a pathogenic variant that can cause cardiomyopathy, characterized by PLN protein aggregation, ultimately leading to heart failure (HF). The exact pathophysiology is unknown, we aim to uncover R14Δ/+ disease mechanisms and study potential treatment using PLN antisense oligonucleotides (PLN-ASOs). Methods Phosphoproteomics was performed on human heart tissue from end-stage R14Δ/+ patients (N=6) versus other etiologies of HF (N=10) as a control. CRISPR-Cas9 engineered R14Δ/+ and isogenic control (WT) induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) were extensively characterized, including the phosphoproteome, calcium transients (FLUO 4-AM), mitochondrial respiration (Seahorse Mito Stress Test) and contractility in dynamic engineered heart tissues (dyn-EHTs) before and after PLN-ASO treatment, and the results were validated in R14Δ/+ iPSC-CMs derived from R14Δ/+ patients. Results Phosphoproteomics of heart tissue from R14Δ/+ vs. other etiologies of HF identified 138 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 317 differentially expressed phosphoproteins (DEPPs), therewith establishing a disease-specific signature. Phosphoproteomics of WT vs. R14Δ/+ iPSC-CMs identified 451 DEPs and 1046 DEPPs. Gene ontology analysis of end-stage R14Δ/+ heart tissue and iPSC-CMs revealed a large overlap. Here, R14Δ/+ showed to have great impact on contraction (e.g. SYNPO2L, MYH10, TTN) and calcium (e.g. AHNAK, HRC, RYR2). In line with this, functional characterization revealed that R14Δ/+ iPSC-CMs have an increased Ca2+ systolic velocity and accelerated calcium transient (decreased T50 and T90), that associated with altered calcium-related DEPPs (e.g. RYR2). In dyn-EHTs, R14Δ/+ dyn-EHTs have a decreased contraction duration, time-to-peak and ability to pace, associated with altered contractility-related DEPPs (e.g. SYNPO2L, MYH7, TTN). PLN-ASOs dose-dependently altered PLN mRNA expression and protein levels in iPSC-CMs, and 62 DEPs and 372 DEPPs were identified. PLN-ASOs increased Ca2+ diastolic velocity, which associated with altered calcium-related DEPPs (e.g. PLN, AHNAK, HRC). PLN-ASOs increased the ability of dyn-EHTs to pace and therewith improved contractility, which associated with altered contractility-related DEPPs (e.g. SYNPO2L, MYH7, TTN). PLN-ASOs dose-dependently increased basal respiration and ATP production, which associated with altered mitophagy-related DEPs (GABARAPL2 and MAP1LC3). These functional characteristics were validated in R14Δ/+ patient iPSC-CMs. Discussion: R14Δ/+ cardiomyocytes have a degenerative phenotype characterized by altered calcium transients and reduced contractility and PLN-ASOs attenuate these characteristics and improve metabolism.

Topic: Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
d-Amphetamine Disaggregates Brain Polyp (dopamine receptors/brain protein synthesis/L-dopa/cat

Brain polysomes are disaggregated in rats given moderate to large doses of d-amphetamine sulfate; this response is rapid in onset, lasts for at least 4-6 hr, and varies with the age of the animal. Pretreatment with a dopamine receptor blocking agent, haloperidol or pimo- zide, blocks the amphetamine-induced disaggregation. Rats treated with large single doses of L-dopa (a catecholamine precursor) exhibit a major disaggregation of brain polysomes (1) and a parallel decrease in the net rate of brain protein synthesis (2, 3). The L-dopa-induced disaggregation of brain polysomes is suppressed in animals pretreated with drugs

Topic: Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Some features of learning in swimming Morris test in rats selected for behavior towards human].

Some features of learning in Morris water test were studied in gray rats after a long-term selection for elimination (tame strain) and enhancement (aggressive strain) of aggressiveness towards human. The content of plasma corticosteroids was estimated at different stages of learning. It was shown that tame rats were better in performance of a special Morris task than aggressive ones. The time of search for invisible platform was increased in aggressive rats owing to the fact that they spent more time near the pool walls. Also, time of rearing at the platform was higher in tame rats compared to aggressive animals. In the retention test, rats of both strains spent significantly more time in the target quadrant than they did in other quadrants. Rats of both strains did not differ in time of search for invisible platform when it was replaced to the opposite quadrant. After the first day of learning, the corticosteroid plasma level was lower in tame rats than aggressive animals. During the following days of training, the content of the hormone increased in tame rats and did not differ from aggressive rats. It is supposed that, in tame rats, low emotionality and stress response facilitated learning in Morris water test.

Topic: Stress Responses and Cortisol
Subfield: Behavioral Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
A twisted polydiacetylene quantum wire: Influence of conformation on excitons in polymeric quasi-1D systems

Highly luminescent isolated polydiacetylene (PDA) chains in a new diacetylene crystal are studied. The diacetylene crystal structure and theoretical calculations suggest that the chains are not planar and more strongly twisted than any known PDA. Yet the chains behave as quasi perfect quantum wires, showing that this behaviour is generic among PDA, provided crystal order is high enough. The exciton energy, E0, is higher than in any other well ordered PDA providing a relationship between E0 and twist angle. On the other hand the exciton binding energy and Bohr radius are significantly affected as demonstrated in electroabsorption experiments (and developed in a companion paper).

Topic: Polydiacetylene-based materials and applications
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Judicial decision-making in the era of pretrial reform

Decisions at the pretrial stage have been shown to affect later case processing decisions, increasing the risk of incarceration to prison and resulting in longer sentences. Traditionally, pretrial decisions relied heavily on judicial discretion. Pretrial reforms have increasingly diverted and diversified the decision-making process. In light of these changes, this article synthesizes prior research on judicial decision-making and examines how judicial decision-making has been influenced by reform efforts. We examine the role of legal variables, defendant characteristics, psychological variables, and organizational influences on judicial decision-making in the absence of reforms. We then discuss how pretrial reform efforts have sought to curtail judicial discretion in pretrial decision-making through various mechanisms. Finally, this article considers the implications of this evolution in pretrial decision-making for future research, policy, and practice.

Topic: Judicial and Constitutional Studies
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Cylindrical-surface Shim Coil Design Using Target-field Method Combined With Fast L_1 Norm Minimization Algorithm

The target field(TF) method proposed by Turner in 1986 has become the mainstream method for both shim coil and gradient coil in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). A series of methods based on the original one have been proposed. In order to solve the problem of finite size during coil design, Forbes and Crozier proposed a novel approach which employs the trigonometric functions to expand surface current density. To overcome the ill-posed problem in the equation solving process, the undetermined coefficients are estimated by the combination of the standard least square(LS) with L2 norm regularization(LS-L2), and good design results are got. This paper proposed to estimate the coefficients of the current density using LS with L1 norm regularization(LS-L1). This new method was employed to design a set of shim coils for an MRI system. The length of the main magnet used in this system was 3 m; the diameter of room temperature and region of interest(ROI) was 1.6 m, 0.4 m, respectively. Simulation results via Matlab demonstrate that the proposed LS-L1 method performed better than the traditional LS-L2 TF method.

Topic: Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences