jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides Species Complex: Pathogen Causing Anthracnose, Gummosis and Die-Back Diseases of Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.) In Ghana

A survey was conducted in twenty-five cashew (Anacardium occidentale) orchards in five communities in the Dormaa-Central Municipality of Bono Region of Ghana to assess the incidence and severity of anthracnose, gummosis and die-back diseases on cashew. Cashew diseased samples of leaves, stem, inflorescences, twigs, flowers, nuts and apples showing symptoms (e. g. small, water-soaked, circular or irregular yellow, dark or brown spots or lesions on leaves, fruits and flowers, sunken surface, especially on the apples, blight, gum exudates) were collected for isolation of presumptive causative organism. The pathogen was isolated after disinfecting the excised diseased pieces in 70% ethanol, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 28 oC for 3 to 7 days. The identity of the putative pathogen was morphologically and culturally confirmed as belonging to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex using standard mycological identification protocols. The pathogen had varied conidia sizes of between 9-15 up to 20 μm in length and diameter of 3-6 μm. The conidia were straight and cylindrically shaped with rounded or obtuse ends. The septate mycelium was whitish-grey, velvety and cotton-like in appearance from the top. The results confirmed the presence of the pathogen in the orchards with incidence ranging from 6.9% and 14.0% for gummosis and averaged 22.9% for anthracnose infected orchards. The result of the pathogenicity test confirmed the isolates to be pathogenic on inoculated cashew seedlings and were consistently re-isolated, thereby establishing the pathogen as the true causal agent of the said diseases in cashew trees and thus completed the Koch’s postulate.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Complications Associated with Transcatheter Device Closure of Atrial Septal Defect Cases in Pediatric Cardiology Center of Combined Military Hospital Dhaka, Bangladesh

Background: In Bangladesh, ASD device closure has been started in various centers for about a decade. Still, to date, few studies concern the complications associated with transcatheter device closure of ASD. Material &amp; Methods: From January 2016 to December 2016, patients with suspected and confirmed ASD cases reported to the Department of Paediatric Cardiology Center of Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh were evaluated. Osteum second ASD cases that were suitable for device closure were selected. Data of patients who underwent device closure were recorded in a predesigned data collection sheet. Results: During the study period, a total of 48 patients were found with second ASD and tried for transcatheter device closure, and 46 (95.83%) were successfully closed. There were 6/46 (13.04%) complications, of which 2 were major, and 4 were minor. The only major complication was device embolization occurring in 2/46 (4.37%) cases; 1 (2.1%) required surgical retrieval, while in the remaining case, the device was retrieved by catheter technique. Another important complication is the formation of a thrombus on the device. Among minor complications, arrhythmia was most common and occurred in 2/46 (4.34%) of cases. In one of these 2, atrial fibrillation required electrical cardioversion, and the other one recovered spontaneously. Post-procedural lower respiratory tract infection occurred in 1/46 (2.17%) patients, for which no apparent reason was found. Transient hypoxemia occurred in one case, 1/46 (2.17%), which also recovered spontaneously. Conclusion: In summary, it is stated that transcatheter ASD device closure is a safe and effective procedure.

Topic: Cardiovascular and Diving-Related Complications
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Meets the ‘Persistently Uninsured’

Abstract Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (commonly known as ‘Obamacare’), the national uninsured rate has fallen from 17.3 per cent in 2013 to 11.7 per cent in the first half of 2015. While this is a substantial drop, even accounting for the states that did not expand Medicaid, the remaining double‐digit national rate, as well as higher rates in some states, indicates that a significant minority of Americans are not buying insurance. Researchers have identified a segment of the population with weak or uncertain preferences for health insurance. This article explores how such individuals are unevenly distributed across states and whether cultural preferences relating to time preference and risk aversion underlie the geographic distribution of the ‘persistently uninsured’. It concludes by reviewing the policy implications presented by the presence of numerous health insurance sceptics in certain jurisdictions.

Topic: Healthcare Policy and Management
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
The hot spots conjecture can be false: Some numerical examples

The hot spots conjecture is only known to be true for special geometries. It can be shown numerically that the hot spots conjecture can fail to be true for easy to construct bounded domains with one hole. The underlying eigenvalue problem for the Laplace equation with Neumann boundary condition is solved with boundary integral equations yielding a non-linear eigenvalue problem. Its discretization via the boundary element collocation method in combination with the algorithm by Beyn yields highly accurate results both for the first non-zero eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenfunction which is due to superconvergence. Additionally, it can be shown numerically that the ratio between the maximal/minimal value inside the domain and its maximal/minimal value on the boundary can be larger than $1+10^{-3}$. Finally, numerical examples for easy to construct domains with up to five holes are provided which fail the hot spots conjecture as well.

Topic: Advanced Numerical Methods in Computational Mathematics
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Polymerization shrinkage evaluation on nanoscale‐layered silicates: Bis‐GMA/TEGMA nanocomposites, in photo‐activated polymeric matrices

ABSTRACT This study concerns to the investigation of the polymerization shrinkage in dental experimental composites filled with silanized silica Aerosil ® OX‐50 and clay nanoparticulated Montmorilonita (MMT) Cloisite ® 30B, in glycidyl methacrylate resin. The characterization of the experimental composites was established with the following analyses: Thermo‐Mechanical Analysis (TMA) at isotherm temperature, Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis (DSC) under nitrogen atmosphere, X‐Ray diffraction (DRX), and Micro Hardness analysis. Through the TMA analysis was observed that the polymerization shrinkage varies according to the filler type and concentration in the experimental composite. The polymerization shrinkage ranged from 0.98% to 0.22% in the experimental composites added with Cloisite ® 30B and ranged from 2.73% to 1.01% in the experimental composites containing silanized silica. Due to the intercalation of the clay nanoparticle in relation to the polymer matrix, the experimental nanocomposites with Cloisite ® 30B showed better performance compared to the composites with silanized silica. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014 , 131 , 40010.

Topic: Dental materials and restorations
Subfield: Orthodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
The Effects of Input Device and Latency on Ability to Effectively Pilot a Simulated Micro-UAV

The effects of input device and latency during training to manually pilot a simulated micro-unmanned aerial vehicle (MAV) were investigated. In our prior simulation research, MAV missions were completed more quickly when trainees used a game controller than when they used a mouse. This experiment investigated whether this difference would persist when participants were tested in a novel environment and when some realistic latency was imposed between input command and MAV response. Fifty-six participants were trained to operate a MAV in one simulated environment and then tested in a novel environment. Four between-group conditions were examined, formed by crossing two 2-level factors: input device (mouse vs. game controller) and latency period (no time delay vs. 500 ms delay). The effects of input device replicated our prior research and also transferred to the novel environment; no substantial effects of delay were found.

Topic: Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates telomerase in stem cells and cancer cells.

Telomerase activity controls telomere length and plays a pivotal role in stem cells, aging, and cancer. Here, we report a molecular link between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the expression of the telomerase subunit Tert. β-Catenin-deficient mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells have short telomeres; conversely, ES cell expressing an activated form of β-catenin (β-cat(ΔEx3/+)) have long telomeres. We show that β-catenin regulates Tert expression through the interaction with Klf4, a core component of the pluripotency transcriptional network. β-Catenin binds to the Tert promoter in a mouse intestinal tumor model and in human carcinoma cells. We uncover a previously unknown link between the stem cell and oncogenic potential whereby β-catenin regulates Tert expression, and thereby telomere length, which could be critical in human regenerative therapy and cancer. PMID: 22723415

Topic: Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Future European Constitution: The Polish Point of View

The author presents the Polish point of view on the controversy surrounding the decision-making process by a qualified majority in the future European Constitution.&#13;\n&#13;\nAt the European Council’s session of 25/26 March of this year real prospects of achieving a compromise on the text of the Constitutional Treaty finally became evident. The Council emphasised that ‘agreement on the Constitutional Treaty should be reached no later than the June European Council’. This statement referred to the Irish Presidency’s opinion that there was a real possibility of reaching a compromise on decision-making by a qualified majority, ‘based on the principle of double majority’, which ‘must allow for greater efficiency in the decision making process than the provisions in the current Treaties, and must have due regard to balance among all member States and to their specific concerns’. In reference to other complex issues, such as the size and composition of the Commission, the scope for qualified majority voting and minimum seat thresholds in the European Parliament, the Irish Presidency considered that an overall solution could be found ‘if there is sufficient political will and flexibility’.

Topic: European and International Law Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Horatian Satire in Jonson's &amp;quot;On the Famous Voyage&amp;quot;

The final poem in Ben Jonson's single book of Epigrammes (c. 1612), "On the Famous Voyage" has presented readers with special problems relative to its form, context, and subject-matter. On the formal level, its massive length (at 196 lines, it is over four times as long as the second-largest poem in the collection) and mock-heroic narrative render questionable its presence within a volume of epigrams. 1 On the contextual level, its placement at the end of the Epigrammes lends it a peculiar prominence which is further reinforced by its general failure to conform to the alternating encomiastic and condemnatory structure of the poems that precede it. 2 And on the level of content, many (perhaps most) readers have found it simply disgusting. The tale of two Londoners who hire an open boat to row them up the sewage-clogged Fleet Ditch for a visit to a Holborn whorehouse, "On the Famous Voyage" has been denounced as a "hideous and unsavory burlesque," 3 as "the plunge of a Parisian diver into a cesspool," 4 as a "morceau repugnant [de] grossièreté rabelaisienne," 5 and as any number of other unpleasant things.

Topic: Literary Theory and Cultural Hermeneutics
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Impact of fenestration creation on managing patients with protein losing enteropathy complicating Fontan procedure

Protein losing enteropathy (PLE) is a well known complication following Fontan procedure and one way of managing such complication is to create fenestration if it is not present or enlarging it if it is small to reduce the Fontan pressure and reduce venous congestion which end up by intestinal protein loss. To evaluate the effect of such procedure in our population. From February 2006 through October 2011, 9 patients who underwent fenestration creation due to development of PLE were assessed in regard to clinical, laboratory results and hemodynamic effect prior and post-procedure. Median age is 7 years (4–21), median weight is 23 kg (15–52), male:female ratio is 3.5:1 (male and 2 female), median saturation pre- and post-procedure was 93% and 82%, respectively, median albumin pre- and post-procedure was 18 g/dl and 31 g/dl during the first 2 weeks and 36 g/dl thereafter, median pulmonary artery pressure before and after was 25 mmHg (17–32 mmHg) and 16 mmHg (14–19 mmHg), transpulmonary pressure gradient reduced from a median of 11 mmHg to 5 mmHg, no immediate deaths, 2 patients need re-dilatation, there was 2 (22%) late deaths (one has stent thrombosis 1 month after followed up by fulminant pulmonary embolism, though all patients were on anticoagulant, other one with sudden arrest came to the emergency could not be resuscitated) 3 (33%) patients have persistent low albumin though the fenestration is present in patient. Transcatheter fenestration creation as a management of PLE following Fontan procedure is a feasible procedure, can be done in the cath. lab with little morbidity and mortality and with beneficial effect, however late complication and complete resolving of PLE is of concern especially if done late.

Topic: Central Venous Catheters and Hemodialysis
Subfield: Emergency Medical Services
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
The ultrastructural study of primary intracranial germ tumors.

We describe here ultrastructural and clinicopathological features of five primary intracranial germinomas. By electron microscopy, two major tumor components were defined as large, well differentiated tumor cells and non-neoplastic cells such as macrophages, astrocytes and lymphocytes. Nuclei of tumor cells were round to oval, often presented irregularly contoured nuclear membranes with oval indentations and, occasionally, cytoplasmic invagination. Some of them constituted unusual conformational changes of nuclear membranes rarely described as intranuclear pockets. Desmosome-like intercellular junctions were observed in several neoplastic cells. The nucleoli were composed of a loose, fragmented nucleolonema, whereas elongated, anastomosing and rope-like nucleolonemas, described previously as characteristic for germinomas were not seen. Most tumor cells had villous cytoplasmic projections sometimes intermingled with similar projections of macrophages. Cytoplasm contained a moderate number of mitochondria, a few lysosomes, annulate lamellae, centrioles and glycogen particles. The other distinct components of tumor were lymphocytes, macrophages and astrocytes. Scattered astrocytes typically contained abundant glial filaments adjacent to primary tumor cell. A filopodia-like processes of macrophages often interspersed between other cells, were very prominent features of germinomas. Small lymphocytes were found scattered between the tumor cells, single or in clusters.

Topic: Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Functional Variants in MBL2 Are Associated With Type 2 Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes Traits in Pima Indians and the Old Order Amish

OBJECTIVE—MBL2 encodes the mannose-binding lectin, which is a key player in the innate immune system and has recently been found to play a role in insulin resistance and development of type 1 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus. To assess the role of MBL2 in diabetes susceptibility, this gene was analyzed in the Pima Indian population, which has a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Nineteen tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in a popula-tion-based sample of 3,501 full-heritage Pima Indians, and se-lected SNPs were further genotyped in independent samples of Native American (n 3,723) and Old Order Amish (n 486) subjects. RESULTS—Two variants, a promoter SNP (rs11003125) at550 bp with a risk allele frequency of 0.77 and a Gly54Asp (rs1800450) with a risk allele frequency of 0.83, were associated with type 2 diabetes in the full-heritage Pima Indians (odds ratio 1.30 per copy of the G allele for rs1103125, P 0.0007, and 1.30 per copy of the glycine allele for rs1800450, P 0.002, adjusted for age, sex, birth year, and family membership). These associations replicated in an independent Native American sample (1.19, P 0.04, for rs11003125) and a Caucasian sample, the Old Order Amish (1.51, P 0.004, for rs1103125 and 2.38, P 0.003, for rs1800450). Among Pima Indians with normal glucose tolerance, the diabetes risk allele glycine of Gly54Asp was associated with a decreased acute insulin response to an intravenous glucose bolus infusion (P 0.004, adjusted for age, sex, percent body fat, glucose disposal under physiological insulin stimulation, and family membership). CONCLUSIONS—Our data suggest that the functional variants in MBL2 contribute to type 2 diabetes susceptibility in both

Topic: Complement system in diseases
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
التفسير الصوفي الإشاري في بداية السالكين:دراسة نقدية في روح البيان للبروسوي

This research aims to define Tafsir Sufi Ishari and Tafsir Ruhul Bayan by Al-Burusawi (1715). The research as well will extrapolate Tafsir Sufi Ishari for Quranic verses in the book related to the issue of the Madarij al-Salikin (scales of seekers) in Sufism. The methodology for this research in analyzing information depends on the descriptive and criticism approach. Therefore, the findings indicate that the Tafsir Sufi Ishari – which is One of the types of the Quranic exegesis based on interpretations of verses contrast the classical commentaries - by Al-Burusawi in the issue of the Madarij al-Salikin (scales of seekers) in Sufism that matching the conditions were based on two foundations. Firstly: The Tafsir Sufi Ishari has interpreted accordingly to general verses meaning and exegesis. Secondly: The relationship between Tafsir Sufi Ishari to al-Ma'thur is like the relationship between cause and effect. The study also revealed that the contradictions with conditions in Tafsir Sufi Ishari in this issue are based on three foundations. Firstly: The interpretations made were analogous compared to other normal exegeses. Secondly: to generalize some issues which are strictly individuals. In fact, if Al-Burusawi limited his interpretation to his Ishari views there are no differences between him and the doctrine of Shiites Batiniyyah!, But our trust in his scholarly Tafsir, his confirmation of classical interpretation and his condemnation of Batiniyyah understanding make his Tafsir Ishari valid and well concerned.

Topic: Islamic Studies and Radicalism
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Regulation of pluripotency genes by CX3CR1 in cancer cells

Prostate and breast cancers are among the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in the United States, leading to approximately 60,000 deaths every year. Although localized disease has a high survival rate, over 30% of the patients with either form of tumor develop metastatic recurrence over time. Metastatic disease remains incurable, accounting for most cancer-related deaths. Evidence suggests that while most cancer cells within a primary tumor lack the ability to initiate new tumors, a small group of cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) can initiate metastatic lesions and sustain their growth. CSCs are characterized by stemness features, which are mediated by the expression of pluripotency transcription factors, including OCT4a and NANOG. Recent evidence suggests that chemokine receptors may play an important role in the regulation of cell stemness. Our lab has previously demonstrated that the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 is implicated in tumor progression and metastasis in prostate and breast cancers. Furthermore, our studies suggest that prostate and breast cancer cells with high CX3CR1 expression (CX3CR1High) display stem-like features and express pluripotency genes. In contrast, cancer cells with low CX3CR1 expression (CX3CR1Low) do not display stemness features but undergo phenotypic plasticity, reacquiring the expression of CX3CR1 and pluripotency genes over a period of time. In this study, we set to determine if CX3CR1 is involved in regulating the expression of pluripotency genes during phenotypic plasticity. To this end, we used flow cytometry to sort prostate and breast cancer cells based on their CX3CR1 expression levels, and then cultured CX3CR1Low cells over a period of time to assess the timeframe for the re-expression of CX3CR1, OCT4a and NANOG. We also cultured these cells in the presence of a CX3CR1 small molecule inhibitor, FX-68, in order to assess the effect of blocking CX3CR1 in the re-expression of pluripotency genes. Our preliminary results show that both prostate and breast cancer CX3CR1Low cells increase their expression of CX3CR1, OCT4a and NANOG following in vitro culture, and this re-expression appears to be impaired when CX3CR1 is blocked. These results suggest that CX3CR1 may be involved in regulating its own expression and the expression of pluripotency genes and may thus play a role in dictating stemness features and promoting metastasis initiation. Our study provides further evidence for the involvement of CX3CR1 in cancer progression and its potential as a therapeutic target to treat metastatic disease.

Topic: Chemokine receptors and signaling
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences