jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Thermal, Hydraulic, and Electromagnetic Modeling of Superconducting Magnet Systems

Modeling techniques and tailored computational tools are becoming increasingly relevant to the design and analysis of large-scale superconducting magnet systems. Efficient and reliable tools are useful to provide an optimal forecast of the envelope of operating conditions and margins, which are difficult to test even when a prototype is available. This knowledge can be used to considerably reduce the design margins of the system, and thus the overall cost, or increase reliability during operation. An integrated analysis of a superconducting magnet system is, however, a complex matter, governed by very diverse physics. This paper reviews the wide spectrum of phenomena and provides an estimate of the time scales of thermal, hydraulic, and electromagnetic mechanisms affecting the performance of superconducting magnet systems. The analysis is useful to provide guidelines on how to divide the complex problem into building blocks that can be integrated in a design and analysis framework for a consistent multiphysics simulation.

Topic: Superconducting Materials and Applications
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
KINETICS OF NON-ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION OF POLY (ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) MODIFIED BY POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL)

The non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) modified by poly (ethlene glycol) (PEG) were determined by DSC. The dual linear regression method was used to evaluate the relationship between the reciprocal of t 1/2 ( the half life of crystallization) and the appropriate temperature variable. The parameters such as the activation energy (Ed) for transport, the equilibrium melting temperature (T_m~0),the nucleation parameter (ψ),themaximum crystallization temperature (T_(e, max)), and the kinetic crystallizability (G) for the copolyesters were obtained. The influence of the PEG content in PET chains on the parameters characterizing crystallization kinetics and crystallization thermodynamics was discussed.

Topic: biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
Subfield: Biomaterials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ligand-Controlled Stereoselective Synthesis of Heterotactic Polylactide with Titanium(IV) Complexes

Stereoselective synthesis of polylactic acid (PLA) was achieved using titanium(IV) complexes. The NO3 ligands prepared from 2,2′-dihydroxybenzophenone and salicylaldehyde derivatives were used to control the stereoselectivity of Ti(IV)-catalyzed polymerization of rac-lactide, in which a substituted ligand provided heterotactic PLA with high stereoselectivity. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the ligand structure is crucial for differentiating reaction pathways, and that the octahedral transition states are stabilized by the preorganized intermediates.

Topic: biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
Subfield: Biomaterials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Maternal Blood Manganese and Early Neurodevelopment: The Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) Study

Although no cut-off point has been established to define manganese toxicity, both high and low blood manganese levels may be associated with neurobehavioral function in infants.

Topic: Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Tumor growth modelling by cellular automata

Tumor growth is a complex process that requires mathematical modeling approaches for studying real-life cancer behavior. The use of cellular automata (CA) to represent tumor growth in its avascular stage is explained in this work, and a stochastic CA describing tumor growth is obtained, based on a differential equations system in the range of continuum mechanics. The novelty of this research is the deduction of the neighborhood structure and rules for a probabilistic CA from these differential equations that describe the evolution of the tumor growth. In addition, the influence of the stresses on tumor growth is captured by the CA.

Topic: Mathematical Biology Tumor Growth
Subfield: Modeling and Simulation
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Impact of Disorder–Order Switching on Protein Sequence Evolution

Protein structure is a major determinant of protein evolution at the residue level. It is especially challenging to elucidate the relationship between structure and evolution for proteins that adopt several different conformations due to their function. Previously, we showed that proteins that switch between different native states are on average under stronger selective pressure than proteins with a single native state. Here, we analyzed evolutionary rates at the residue level for proteins that switch between disordered and ordered states in the yeast proteome. We show that while proteins with completely disordered regions generally evolve more rapidly than structured proteins, proteins with disorder-order switching regions evolve significantly more slowly on average. Surprisingly, proteins with disorder-order switching regions on average evolve even more slowly than conformational switches, which are known to be highly conserved. The elevated selective pressure on proteins with disorder-order switching regions is exerted on the entire protein, such that even the ordered residues in these proteins are on average more conserved than the ordered residues in structured proteins. While disordered residues generally evolve more rapidly than ordered residues within a protein, disordered regions that can switch into ordered states are highly conserved compared with other disordered residues. Overall, our results suggest that the necessity to encode and maintain coupled folding and binding imposes a unique and strong selective pressure on the entire protein.

Topic: Protein Structure and Dynamics
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Lawrence, Jacob (1917–2000)

Jacob Lawrence was an artist and educator, as well as the first African American artist of the 20th century to achieve critical acclaim and sustained mainstream recognition. Lawrence’s work is typically described as a mix between synthetic cubism and social realism. It consists of narrative compositions with bold color and patterns, distorted proportions, tilted space, and abstract forms. Lawrence is best known for his series The Migration of the Negro (1940–1941). The narrative series is comprised of sixty panels accompanied by captions, depicting scenes of everyday life for working-class black communities before, during, and after migrating from the agrarian South to the large, industrial cities of the North between the Wars. The paintings were done in bright tempera on small board panels and are a blend of social realism and modernist abstraction. The series is owned jointly by the Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C. and the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Lawrence also completed multi-panel works on historical figures including John Brown, Frederick Douglass, Toussaint L’Ouverture, and Harriet Tubman. He carefully researched the lives of the historical figures he depicted, spending many hours at the New York Public Library.

Topic: Art, Politics, and Modernism
Subfield: Visual Arts and Performing Arts
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Selective Radioprotection in Extracellular Space

Most radioprotective agents are not discriminatory as they can protect both tumor and healthy tissue. The effects of radioprotective agents on radiation-induced free radicals in the extracellular ground substance were investigated by ESR spectroscopy. In a study using the quaternary nitrogen detergents cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) evidence shows that the mucopolysaccharide chondroitin sulfate was afforded radiation protection by CPC.

Topic: Radiation Effects and Dosimetry
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
High hydroxycinnamic acids contents in fennel honey produced in Southern Italy

A total of 122 honey samples (<i>Apis mellifera</i> ssp. Ligustica) collected from Southern Italy were examined for floral identification by melissopalynological examination and for polyphenols detection by an LC–ESI-Orbitrap<sup>TM</sup> -MS/MS method. The melissopalynological examination confirmed all the samples examined as fennel (<i>Foeniculum vulgare</i>) unifloral variety. The analytical method carried out for polyphenols detection showed satisfactory linearity and recovery values, achieved during the validation of the method. Very high amounts of flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin) and hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid), were found in all the samples examined. Among the hydroxycinnamic acids group, caffeic acid showed the highest mean contents (865.90 ± 67.07 µg/kg). The results of this work confirmed the high presence of phenolic acids with strong free radical–scavenging activity in fennel products such as honey, suggesting their use to reduce oxidative stress.

Topic: Bee Products Chemical Analysis
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Table from Antizyme Inhibitor 1 Regulates Matrikine Expression and Enhances the Metastatic Potential of Aggressive Primary Prostate Cancer

Supplementary Table from Antizyme Inhibitor 1 Regulates Matrikine Expression and Enhances the Metastatic Potential of Aggressive Primary Prostate Cancer

Topic: Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The central role of chromatin maintenance in aging

Epigenetic regulation of chromatin and the DNA damage response are now well appreciated key players in human aging. What contributions chromatin and DAN repair make to aging, whether they are causal, and how these relate to other aging pathways, however, is unclear. Novel insights into the aging-related molecular mechanisms that link chromatin and DNA damage repair have recently been gained by studying models of both premature and physiological aging. Here we discuss these findings and we propose a broad framework for the role of chromatin in aging to reconcile apparently contradicting evidence obtained in various experimental systems.

Topic: DNA Repair Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Operational Experience by Applying Direct Electrical Heating for Hydrate Prevention

Summary The novel technique of applying electrical heat to prevent hydrate formation in multiphase pipelines has been applied successfully on the Norwegian continental shelf. The first pipelines in which direct electrical heating (DEH) was applied have recently been put into operation. DEH is based on applying electrical current through the steel wall of the pipeline, generating heat through wall resistance. By applying DEH, the fluid temperature can be maintained at greater than the hydrate equilibrium temperature (HET). Operational experience has proven that the concept is successful with regard to temperature control. It has been shown that the DEH system is capable of heating the pipeline inventory from the seabed temperature to one greater than the HET. The DEH system installed on the Huldra-Veslefrikk condensate pipeline is described in detail here. This is an 8-in. pipeline with a length of 16 km. The application of the DEH system with respect to hydrate prevention and possible hydrate remediation is also discussed in detail.

Topic: Methane Hydrates and Related Phenomena
Subfield: Environmental Chemistry
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Machine Intelligence and Robotics Report of the NASA Study Group

The NASA Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST) has established the goal of providing a technology base so that NASA can accomplish future missions with a several-orders-of-magnitude increase in mission effectiveness at reduced cost. To realize this goal, a highly focused program must be established advancing technologies that promise substantial increases in capability and/or substantial cost savings. The Study Group on Machine Intelligence and Robotics was established to assist NASA technology program planners to determine the potential in these areas. Thus, the Study Group had the f o l l o w i n g objectives: (1) To identify opportunities for the application of machine intelligence and robotics in N A S A missions and systems. (2) To estimate the benefits of successful adoption of machine intelligence and robotics techniques and to prepare forecasts of their g r o w t h potential. (3) To recommend program options for research, advanced development and implementation of machine intelligence and robot technology for use in program planning, ( 4 ) To broaden communication among NASA Centers and universities and other research organizations currently engaged in machine intelligence and robotics research.

Topic: Big Data Technologies and Applications
Subfield: Information Systems and Management
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Time in Tight Range: A New Frontier in Glycemic Control or Just a Tighter Time in Range? A Narrative Review

Background/Objectives: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has transformed diabetes management, with time in range (TIR) emerging as a key glycemic metric. However, TIR lacks sensitivity to glycemic variability, leading to the introduction of time in tight range (TiTR), which defines a narrower range (70–140 mg/dL). This review synthesizes current evidence on TiTR’s clinical relevance and its potential to predict complications. Methods: A literature search was conducted, primarily using PubMed as the main database, to identify studies that specifically evaluate TiTR and its clinical implications, published until February 2025. Results: Preliminary data indicate that a 10% increase in TiTR is associated with a 23.8% reduction in microvascular complications. While TiTR aligns more closely with physiological glucose control, standardized targets remain undefined. Conclusions: This study provides clinicians with insights into optimizing glycemic control beyond traditional metrics. The correlation of TiTR with other glycemic markers and its association with diabetes-related complications suggest that TiTR can complement traditional measures to provide a more comprehensive assessment of glycemic status. From a clinical perspective, incorporating TiTR into routine practice may help personalize treatment strategies, improve risk stratification, and support more precise therapeutic decisions, particularly in patients using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Future research should refine TiTR thresholds and evaluate its integration into diabetes management, particularly in populations using advanced technologies.

Topic: Diabetes Management and Research
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Unique Framework in BaGa<sub>2</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>:  A New Zintl Phase with Large Tunnels

BaGa2Sb2 was obtained from a direct element combination reaction in a sealed graphite tube at 950 degrees C, and its structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (No. 62) with a = 25.454(5) A, b = 4.4421(9) A, c = 10.273(6) A, and Z = 8. The anionic [Ga2Sb6/3]2- framework is assembled by the ethane-like dimeric [Sb3Ga-GaSb3] units sharing Sb atoms, forming parallel tunnels with a 26-membered ring cross section. These tunnels are filled with Ba atoms. The three-dimensional [Ga2Sb6/3]2- framework features a new structure type. The compound satisfies the classical Zintl concept. Band structure calculations indicate that the material is a semiconductor, and this is confirmed by spectroscopic experiments which show E(g) approximately 0.35 eV. The calculations also suggest that the structure is stabilized by strong Ga-Ga covalent bonding interactions. Polycrystalline ingots of BaGa2Sb2 show room-temperature electrical conductivity of approximately 65 S/cm and a Seebeck coefficient of +65 muV/K.

Topic: Advanced Thermoelectric Materials and Devices
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Food systems and farmers’ bargaining power: The case of "Unfair Trade Practices" in the EU

EU agricultural policies have often been formulated from an “orthodox approach”, without directly tackling the issue of markets structure that tend to lower the power and economic welfare of farmers. This situation reveals a need to better comprehend the long-standing dynamics and processes determining the structural position of farmers to find suitable strategies for pushing forward more sustainable food value chain models. Classical and neo-classical economic approaches to the problem often consider Unfair Trade Practices (UTP) as only cyclical phenomenon caused by temporary disequilibrium on the market. Market forces are intended to stabilise prices and to balance power among value chain actors. Such approaches underestimate the role played for example by capital accumulation in EU food systems. Alternative and more complex analytical frameworks, for instance the Marxist or Chayanovian perspectives, need to be developed to better understand factors determining the lack of power and the weak position of farmers in food value chains, including the way the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been influencing and could be impacting these aspects in the future. New approaches for dealing with UTP should also be developed to find innovative solutions being able to develop a more sustainable food system. This paper raises the crucial need of increasing awareness and informing policy-makers on potential new policy instruments and tools that could be used to address this problem of power imbalance and of inadequate governance schemes weakening the position of farmers in food value chains and causing or aggravating agricultural crises. The paper aims to outline suggestions to bring this research topic into strategic plans for future EU farming systems.

Topic: Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis

We review the terminology used in the context of cutaneous vasculitis with discussion of cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis, its clinical approach, differential diagnosis and treatment algorithm. Cutaneous vasculitis encompasses a wide spectrum of conditions of very different severity and urgency, from limited skin disease to severe systemic life-threatening vasculitis. This review will empower the reader with tools for rapid evaluation of patients suspected of cutaneous vasculitis such as a correct interpretation of skin biopsies, an effective high yield laboratory and imaging testing approach, a simple practical evaluation procedure to ensure that severe organ involvement by a systemic vasculitis is not missed, as well as an easy diagnostic algorithm for identification of the cause of vasculitis.

Topic: Vasculitis and related conditions
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Progress of lipid oxidation and changes in antioxidative activity during processing of heshiko and narezushi, produced by aging of salted mackerel with rice bran or cooked rice

マサバを原料とするへしことなれずしの製造過程における脂質酸化の進行を検討した。20% 加塩したマサバ魚肉を 4 ヶ月間自然環境温度で貯蔵すると,脂質酸化が大きく進行したが,塩漬けマサバを 6 ヶ月間糠漬けしたへしこでは魚肉と米糠中の脂質はほとんど酸化しなかった。一方,4 ヶ月間米飯漬けしたなれずしの魚肉中の脂質酸化の進行は,5% 加塩したマサバ魚肉のそれと同程度だった。へしこ及びなれずしの製造過程における脂質酸化の進行には,魚肉,米糠及び米飯中に含まれる各種抗酸化成分が影響を及ぼすことが示唆された。

Topic: Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The value and use of interpretation in play therapy.

“My client has been coming to therapy for weeks and has yet to engage in any play even vaguely related to the presenting problem. Whenever I try to bring up anything even minimally related to the trauma, the child either freezes or gets angry. Managed care may only give me a few more sessions. The parent is worried that therapy isn’t progressing and, frankly, so am I. What now?” Does this sound familiar? If so, you are not alone. Many child therapists find it very difficult to keep sessions problem-focused without feeling that they are either violating fundamental tenets of their theoretical orientation or risking overwhelming the child. In addition, even when progress is being made in session, many children seem to have a great deal of difficulty generalizing those changes to their lives outside of the therapy. The systematic use of language in general and interpretation in particular is one way to make a significant dent in both of these problems. Although this article focuses on the use of interpretation within play therapy sessions, it is important to note that interpretation is only one part of the overall treatment process. Maximum treatment effectiveness depends on a multi- or ecosystemic approach. Within such an approach, the therapist works with the child, the family, and other systems impinging on the child’s development and well-being. These other systems might include the peer social system; the school, medical, legal, social service, community, and cultural systems; as well as any other system in which the child is embedded. Usually therapists approach assisting child clients from two directions. One is to help the child learn to function well within these various systems as they currently exist. The other is to change the systems so that it is easier for the child to function well. The knowledge gained by the child and therapist through the interpretive process usually impacts both, as better understanding helps children make necessary changes and may be used by the therapist to guide systemic changes. Whether the emphasis of the play therapy is on changing the child or the systems in which he or she operates depends on the age of the child and the capacity of all those involved to make meaningful changes. In any case, the use of language in play therapy is likely to facilitate the change process. The remainder of this article is divided into three sections. The first describes the importance of language in children’s mental health and presents a systematic strategy for formulating and delivering interpretations that brings language to the fore in play therapy sessions. The second part briefly reviews the therapeutic processes identified by Shirk and Russell (1996). The third and last section reframes much of the play therapy process under the general rubric of “problem solving” while describing how systematic interpretation and the use of various therapeutic processes can be used to support such problem solving.

Topic: Child Therapy and Development
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Nociceptive Processing

Chapter 2 describes the molecular events associated with pain signaling. The mechanisms associated with chemical, thermal, and mechanical pain signaling in the peripheral nerve endings are detailed. Molecular signaling mechanisms occurring in the spinal dorsal horn, including the primary afferent nociceptor, the inhibitory interneurons, and the descending on-cells and off-cells projecting from the nucleus raphe magnocellularis are described. Persistent increases in pain signaling resulting from inflammatory mediators are explained with reference to specific molecules. Signaling events at supraspinal levels, such as the thalamus, cortex, periaqueductal gray, and nucleus raphe magnus, including cannabinoids, opioids, and noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter events, are described as critical to pain pathways with relevance to potential pain therapies.

Topic: Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences