jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Modeling Pulse Transmission in the Monterey Bay Using Parabolic Equation Methods

Acoustic tomography signal transmissions in the Monterey Bay is modelled using the time-domain parabolic equation method of Collins and Westwood (1991). Comparison of the model output with the measured arrival structures obtained in Monterey Bay in 1988 shows that this Fourier synthesis can produce good agreement with data. Furthermore, identification of the measured modal arrivals is possible by decomposing the PE model output into individual normal modes. Modal identification provides for the application of tomography in shallow water.

Topic: Underwater Acoustics Research
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Debt renegotiation under reputation concerns and tolerance for failure

We propose a career concern model where a privately informed entrepreneur reports the firm financial situation. On this basis, the creditor may offer debt renegotiation. Due to reputation concerns, the entrepreneur may feel reluctant to restructure and may manipulate information. We analyze how creditor attitude towards failure and entrepreneurs reputation concerns interact and influence the restructuring decision. We show that debt renegotiation under more lenient conditions discourages manipulation because entrepreneurs are ensured that their reputation will not suffer from revealing financial difficulties. Intolerant creditors make entrepreneurs more concerned about reputation weakening their incentives to restructure, leading to inefficient continuation of investments.

Topic: Corporate Finance and Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
NASA TileWorld manual (system version 2.2)

The commands are documented of the NASA TileWorld simulator, as well as providing information about how to run it and extend it. The simulator, implemented in Common Lisp with Common Windows, encodes a particular range in a spectrum of domains, for controllable research experiments. TileWorld consists of a two dimensional grid of cells, a set of polygonal tiles, and a single agent which can grasp and move tiles. In addition to agent executable actions, there is an external event over which the agent has not control; this event correspond to a 'gust of wind'.

Topic: Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Data from Identification and Characterization of a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Wnt Signaling in Glioblastoma Cells

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and prognostically unfavorable form of brain tumor. The aggressive and highly invasive phenotype of these tumors makes them among the most anatomically damaging human cancers with a median survival of less than 1 year. Although canonical Wnt pathway activation in cancers has been historically linked to the presence of mutations involving key components of the pathway (APC, β-catenin, or Axin proteins), an increasing number of studies suggest that elevated Wnt signaling in GBM is initiated by several alternative mechanisms that are involved in different steps of the disease. Therefore, inhibition of Wnt signaling may represent a therapeutically relevant approach for GBM treatment. After the selection of a GBM cell model responsive to Wnt inhibition, we set out to develop a screening approach for the identification of compounds capable of modulating canonical Wnt signaling and associated proliferative responses in GBM cells. Here, we show that the small molecule SEN461 inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in GBM cells, with relevant effects at both molecular and phenotypic levels &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;. These include SEN461-induced Axin stabilization, increased β-catenin phosphorylation/degradation, and inhibition of anchorage-independent growth of human GBM cell lines and patient-derived primary tumor cells &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;. Moreover, &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; administration of SEN461 antagonized Wnt signaling in &lt;i&gt;Xenopus&lt;/i&gt; embryos and reduced tumor growth in a GBM xenograft model. These data represent the first demonstration that small-molecule–mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling may be a potential approach for GBM therapeutics. &lt;i&gt;Mol Cancer Ther; 12(7); 1180–9. ©2013 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Anthropogenic climate change: how to understand the weak links between scientific evidence, public perception, and low-carbon practices

Abstract: This review article presents an overview of recent literature on: the scientific consensus about the attribution of climate change to anthropogenic sources; successes and failures to create a global policy regime to lower worldwide carbon emissions; recent developments in the public perception of climate change and associated risks; and the persistence of highly carbon-intensive practices in spite of scientific evidence on the attribution of climate change to anthropogenic causes. Holistic approaches to understanding patterns of consumption, focusing on ensembles of social practices, may explain this persistence, however, such approaches are still in their infancy with regard to developing proactive ideas for policies to promote low-carbon practices more effectively. Keywords: climate science, climate policies, social practices, skepticism, low-carbon development

Topic: Climate Change Communication and Perception
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Presence of Viral dsRNA molecules in the Spanish population of Gremmeniella abietina

Gremmeniella abietina var. abietina has commonly been pointed out as a species complex, which includes different races and biotypes. Among them, the Spanish population seems to be a unique population derived from type A. Furthermore, G. abietina is known to harbour infections and co-infections of putative mycoviruses belonging to different families. In particular, G. abietinatype A harbours putative members of families Totiviridae and Partitiviridae but also Narnaviridae, with members of genus Mitovirus. In case of G. abietina type B, a novel putative virus with endornavirus affinities has also been identified. Different types of G. abietina seem to host a divergent virus community. So, ninety-one isolates of the Spanish G. abietina were analyzed to check out the presence of viral dsRNA molecules. Thus, the 89% of Spanish isolates presented at least one dsRNA molecule, which is a significant frequency. Overall, eight dsRNA banding patterns were detected, suggesting the occurrence of putative members of different virus genera as Partitivirus, Mitovirus and Totivirus. This is the first approach to the study of fungal mycoviruses in the Spanish population of G. abietina.

	 

	Key words: Gremmeniella, mycovirus, host, dsRNA, taxonomy.

Topic: Plant and Fungal Interactions Research
Subfield: Endocrinology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Back Cover: Reactivity of Atmospherically Relevant Small Radicals at the Air–Water Interface (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 22/2012)

Chemistry at the air–water interface of atmospherically relevant radicals is different from both the bulk and the gas phase. In their Communication on page 5413 ff., M. F. Ruiz-López and co-workers carried out computer simulations on HO2. and O2.− radicals. The effective ionic dissociation constant of the HO2. radical and the redox potential of the O2.− radical are lower at the interface than in the bulk.

Topic: Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
The protein product of the c-cbl oncogene rapidly complexes with the EGF receptor and is tyrosine phosphorylated following EGF stimulation.

The cbl oncogene was first identified as part of a transforming retrovirus which arose in a mouse pre-B cell lymphoma. Its protein product, p120cbl, is cytoplasmic and has several distinctive domains including a highly basic region, a RING finger motif and a large proline-rich domain. A mutation to cbl in the 70Z/3 pre-B cell lymphoma produces an oncogenic protein which exhibits a marked enhancement of tyrosine phosphorylation. Parallel studies have demonstrated that p120cbl is a substrate of protein tyrosine kinases activated by engagement of the T cell antigen receptor and that cbl is phosphorylated by oncogenic forms of the Abl tyrosine kinase. A genetic analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans cbl homologue, sli-1, demonstrates that sli-1 negatively regulates the LET-23 tyrosine kinase receptor. Here we show that p120cbl is rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues following EGF stimulation and that it forms an inducible complex with the receptor. Our results also show that the oncogenic 70Z/3 form of cbl has enhanced binding to the EGF receptor and that peptides spanning the proline-rich region bind a range SH3 domains. These findings are consistent with a conserved role for cbl/sli-1 proteins in mammals and nematodes.

Topic: Lung Cancer Treatments and Mutations
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Essays on experimental economics: studying the political economy of the Egyptian transition

This thesis uses economics-style incentivised laboratory experiments to study the effects of the political transformation in Arab Spring Countries (frequent recalling of governments, political and social polarisation, and campaign dynamics of founding elections) on economic outcomes; such as tax compliance, support for painful economic reforms, corruption, and interpersonal trust. The main focus of this thesis is on Egypt, being the largest Arab country in terms of population, historically the most influential in the region, and with a dominant cultural influence felt all over the Arab world.&#13;\n&#13;\nI find the following experimental evidence: (i) Giving citizens the right to recall government officials decreases the level of corruption in government through the increased accountability it imposes on elected politicians. Specifically, corruption is reduced by 14% in the presence of this right (p=0.04). (ii) Empowering citizens with the right to recall government officials was also found to decrease tax compliance by 20% due to the high frequency of divisive elections associated with this newly acquired right in a newly democratised country and the creation of losers who become unsatisfied with the outcome of the election process and thus the psychological costs associated with their incompliance are minimized. (iii) Ideological polarisation in elections can impede economic reform. And that (iv) negative campaigning in elections can impact negatively on the level of interpersonal trust in the society.&#13;\n

Topic: Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Analysis of rice Act1 5' region activity in transgenic rice plants.

The 5' region of the rice actin 1 gene (Act1) has been developed as an efficient regulator of foreign gene expression in transgenic rice plants. To determine the pattern and level of rice Act1 5' region activity, transgenic rice plants containing the Act1 5' region fused to a bacterial beta-glucuronidase (Gus) coding sequence were generated. Two independent clonal lines of transgenic rice plants were analyzed in detail. Quantitative analysis showed that tissue from these transgenic rice plants have a level of GUS protein that represents as much as 3% of total soluble protein. We were able to demonstrate that Act1-Gus gene expression is constitutive throughout the sporophytic and gametophytic tissues of these transgenic rice plants. Plants from one transgenic line were analyzed for the segregation of GUS activity in pollen by in situ histochemical staining, and the inheritance and stability of Act1-Gus expression were assayed in subsequently derived progeny plants.

Topic: Transgenic Plants and Applications
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Experimental study of thermal contact resistance between AlN and Kovar alloy by laser flash method

In this paper, the thermal contact resistance of solid interface between AlN and Kovar alloy and some main influencing factors of it were investigated. The thermal contact resistance of the interface between AlN ceramic and Kovar alloy decreases with increasing temperature and increasing pressure respectively, and thermal contact resistance between the unpolished samples is higher than that between polished samples. A function relation between pressure P applied on the AlN ceramic and Kovar alloy interface and the thermal contact resistance R is also presented.

Topic: Thermal properties of materials
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Developmental trends in the mouthparts during growth from juvenile to adult of the tropical freshwater crayfish, cherax quadricarinatus von martens, 1868 (Decapoda: Parastacidae)

The structure and setal armature of the mouthparts of Cherax quadricarinatus during development from juvenile to adult were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Significant general transformations include increases in the overall size of the appendages and their component segments or processes, and increases in the number and variety of setal types on the margins and surfaces. Conspicuous transformations that occurred on specific sites of the mouthparts were changes in: (a) the size and shape of third maxilliped and mandibular teeth from canine-like to incisor-shaped or a mixture of somewhat incisor-shaped and canine-like; (b) the setal types replacing other types previously borne on the same site; and (c) the degree of occurrence of the denticulated setae on the 45 mm TL juvenile and adult stages. The implications of these mouthpart transformations on the feeding ability of the early juveniles, late juveniles, and adults are discussed, with mention of the potential ability of the redclaw for suspension feeding. Types of food appropriate for each stage were inferred.

Topic: Crustacean biology and ecology
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The screw gene encodes a ubiquitously expressed member of the TGF-beta family required for specification of dorsal cell fates in the Drosophila embryo.

The decapentaplegic (dpp) gene product, a TGF-beta related ligand, acts as an extracellular morphogen to establish at least two cellular response thresholds within the dorsal half of the Drosophila embryo. Null mutations in the screw (scw) gene are phenotypically similar to moderate dpp mutants and cause dorsal cells to adopt ventral fates. We show that scw encodes a novel TGF-beta protein and is an integral part of the signal that specifies dorsal pattern. Although scw is expressed uniformly during blastoderm stages, its effect on development appears graded and is restricted to the dorsal side of the embryo. Our results indicate that DPP activity alone is insufficient to specify different dorsal cell fates. We propose that SCW and DPP act together to establish distinct response boundaries within the dorsal half of the embryo, perhaps by forming heterodimers that have higher activity than homodimers of either molecule alone.

Topic: Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Sentinel Lymph Node Identification Using Contrast Lymphosonography: A Systematic Review

The sentinel lymph node (SLN) concept hypothesizes that metastatic cancer cells will spread through the lymphatic system to the SLN being the first one in the lymphatic chain to receive the metastatic cells, indicating that if the SLN is free of cancer cells the rest of the lymphatic chain is also without metastatic disease. Diagnostic ultrasound imaging (US) has been used to evaluate lymph nodes (LN) to determine level of suspicion and to guide LN biopsies. However, conventional US cannot be used for lymphatic mapping, which requires administration of a tracer. This has been changed with the use of contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) to detect lymphatic channels and SLNs after subcutaneous injections of microbubble-based US contrast agents (UCAs). The aim of this review is to examine the clinical evidence on the role of subcutaneous injection of UCA, known as lymphosonography, to be used as preoperative identification of SLNs in patients with breast and other cancers.

Topic: Salivary Gland Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Selocalcitol: Scope of inhalational formulation for prevention and cure of COVID-19 illness

Abstract Vitamin D has generated interest in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Some authorities believe that it is beneficial; others think that without proven deficiency it should not be administered. The results of clinical trial are still awaited. Therefore nothing regarding the matter is conclusively known. In this context we believe that selocalcitol, a Vitamin D analogue if administered via inhalational route, has the potential to prevent SARS-CoV2 infection. The basis of this idea is presented here.

Topic: Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Beyond traditional trade unionism: innovative worker responses in three African cities

Insufficient attention has been given to how workers organizations are challenging precarious work through new hybrid forms of organizing in the Global South. In this article we examine three examples where workers innovate and experiment with new forms of worker organization in three African cities. These include a traditional union reaching out to precarious workers in Cape Town, hybrid forms of worker organizations in Kampala, and workers in the gig economy starting a process of self-organization in Johannesburg. We argue that there is manifold experimentation taking place on the periphery of the labour movement and that the forms of organizations often differ from traditional unionism. Our comparisons reveal that if current trade union organizations are to meet the needs of informal workers and the new workers of the digital economy they will need to transform, rediscover their power and the capabilities necessary to realize this power.

Topic: Labor Movements and Unions
Subfield: Public Administration
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Soil and Vegetation Cover in the Valleys of the Tolych and Zyryanka Rivers (Perm Region, Russia) under Conditions of Technogenic Salinization

The state of soils and vegetation in the valleys of the Tolych and Zyryanka rivers (Promkanal, Berezniki) was assessed and changes due to discharges from large industrial facilities were identified. In the Promkanal valley, the formation of secondary solonchaks was recorded, the salinity level and chemical composition of which depend on the composition of discharges and the distance from the water. In the riverine part of the floodplain, a strong salinization of the surface layers of soils with alkaline salts, which are toxic to plants, was revealed. The vegetation suppression and the absence of humus accumulation were detected. It has been established that the degree of salinity decreases with distance from the waters, and the main salt-containing ions are sulfates, sodium and calcium. Areas for improving the soil cover due to the watering of the Promkanal were marked.

Topic: Soil and Environmental Studies
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Material derivation affects the perception of sustainability in polymer products

There is an increasing demand for “natural” products by consumers, businesses, scientists and product developers. Trends suggest that the term natural may be colloquially understood to be a plant-based material or ingredient. This study investigates whether this trend could apply to polymers by declaring the derivation of the polymer as a plant or as petroleum. Because polymer materials do provide environmentally positive attributes for products in relation to other materials, such as lightweighting, durability, and lower fabrication energy requirements, it may be helpful to understand the influence of a polymer’s derivation on the perception of a polymer product’s sustainability. The goal of this study is to assess peoples’ relative perceptions of the sustainabilities of polymer drinking cups when the base materials from which the polymers were derived are exposed. A set of six injection-molded drinking cups was given to research subjects to analyze. Each cup is made of a different polymer. The polymers have derivations including petroleum, corn, sugar and trees. Participants evaluated the cups on six qualitative design strategies for sustainability, including natural-ness. This paper compares the perceived sustainable attributes of the cups, and which attributes were most strongly influenced by revealing the derivation of the polymers.

Topic: Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
TRPV4 controls circadian and pathological ocular hypertension

Abstract Ocular hypertension (OHT) caused by mechanical stress and chronic glucocorticoid exposure reduces the hydraulic permeability of the conventional outflow pathway and increases the risk for irreversible vision loss, yet healthy individuals experience nightly intraocular pressure (IOP) elevations without adverse lifetime effects. It is not known how mechanosensation regulates physiological vs . pathological OHT nor how it impacts permeability of the principal drainage pathway through the trabecular meshwork (TM). We report that OHT induced by the circadian rhythm, occlusion of the iridocorneal angle and glucocorticoids requires activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid isoform 4 (TRPV4), a stretch‐activated cation channel. Wild‐type mice responded to nocturnal topical administration of the agonist GSK1016790A with IOP lowering, whereas intracameral injection of the agonist elevated diurnal IOP. Microinjection of TRPV4 antagonists HC‐067047 and GSK2193874 lowered IOP during the nocturnal OHT phase and in hypertensive eyes treated with dexamethasone or injection of polystyrene microbeads. Conventional outflow‐specific Trpv4 knockdown induced partial IOP lowering in mice with an occluded iridocorneal angle and protected retinal neurons from pressure injury. Indicating a central role for TRPV4‐dependent mechanosensing in trabecular outflow, HC‐067047 doubled the outflow facility in TM‐populated steroid‐treated 3‐D nanoscaffolds. Tonic TRPV4 signalling thus represents a fundamental property of TM biology as a driver of increased in vitro and in vivo outflow resistance. The TRPV4 dependence of OHT under conditions that mimic primary and secondary glaucomas could be explored as a novel target for glaucoma treatments. image Key points Transient receptor potential vanilloid isoform 4 (TRPV4), a stretch‐activated channel, is required to maintain ocular hypertension (OHT) under physiological and pathological conditions. Intraocular pressure elevations induced by occlusion of the iridocorneal angle, administration of steroid eye drops and circadian rhythmicity were blocked by TRPV4 antagonists and mimicked with a TRPV4 agonist. TRPV4 inhibition suppressed steroid‐induced increases in outflow resistance in an in vitro biomimetic model of trabecular outflow. Conditional ablation of TRPV4 channels from the trabecular meshwork prevented the induction of OHT and protected the eye from glaucoma. These findings bring physiological and pathological mechanisms that mediate OHT into mechanobiological context and identify a novel target for pressure control in glaucoma.

Topic: Glaucoma and retinal disorders
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences