jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Wastes using a Heated Grid Reactor: Nitrogen Chemistry and Reactor Modeling

Increasing needs for lowering carbon emissions and diversifying energy supply make biomass residues an important resource for the production of power and heat. In this paper two residues of liquid biofuels production were tested: dry distiller’s grains &amp; solubles (DDGS) and palm kernel cake (PKC). Both these materials present high nitrogen and inorganic content, which could cause issues such as high NOx emissions, slagging and fouling. The fuels were tested in a heated grid reactor in fast pyrolysis conditions: the setup allowed the study of the fuels under different heating rates (600-1000°C/s) and final temperatures (500°C ÷ 1300°C). Weight loss and yields of main N volatile compounds were measured. The speed of the phenomena involved does not allow for detailed measurement of process conditions in the reactor, therefore, a numerical model was implemented and validated against a non­contact temperature measurement. The model allowed detection of possible zones of high temperature in the reactor volume, the presence of gradients on the grid surface and in the biomass pill. Finally, additional temperature measurements carried out with an infrared pyrometer on the grid indicated a significant difference between the actual temperature and the thermocouple reading.

Topic: Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Common Framework for Exploring Document-at-a-Time and Score-at-a-Time Retrieval Methods

Document-at-a-time (DaaT) and score-at-a-time (SaaT) query evaluation techniques are different approaches to top-k retrieval with inverted indexes. While modern systems are dominated by DaaT, the academic literature has seen decades of debate about the merits of each. Recently, there has been renewed interest in SaaT methods for learned sparse lexical models, where studies have shown that transformers generate "wacky weights" that appear to reduce opportunities for optimizations in DaaT methods. However, researchers currently lack an easy-to-use SaaT system to support further exploration. This is the gap that our work fills. Starting with a modern SaaT system (JASS), we built Python bindings in order to integrate into the DaaT Pyserini IR toolkit (Lucene). The result is a common frontend to both a DaaT and a SaaT system. We demonstrate how recent experiments with a wide range of learned sparse lexical models can be easily reproduced. Our contribution is a framework that enables future research comparing DaaT and SaaT methods in the context of modern neural retrieval models.

Topic: Topic Modeling
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Large Scale LBM Simulation of Condensed Water Transport in Gas Diffusion Layer and Separator of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell

In a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC), the high current density operation is desirable to reduce the cost. Under the high current density operation, the water produced in the catalyst layer is retained in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and the output characteristic is deteriorated. Therefore, to achieve the high current density operation, the cell structure which promotes the water transport from the GDL to the channel is necessary. In this paper, the new simulation method to calculate the water behavior from the GDL to the channel with the gas flow is proposed. In the simulation method, the two kinds of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) are coupled to reduce the computational cost and to cover the domain including the channel and GDL. The water behavior in the GDL where the capillary force not related to density is very large is calculated by the LBM for the two-phase fluids with the same density. For the calculation in the channel, the LBM with the actual density (water and air) is applied because the inertial force related to density is large. The region applied with the LBM with the actual density is limited to reduce the computational cost because the computational cost of this LBM is very large. The proposed simulation method showed the result similar with the LBM with the actual density. The computational cost reduced by 30% compared with the LBM with the actual density.

Topic: Fuel Cells and Related Materials
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Atomic-Signal-Based Zero-Field Finding Technique for Unshielded Atomic Vector Magnetometer

We describe a novel technique that can find the zero field in Earth's magnetic field for unshielded laser-pumped atomic magnetometer using atomic signal itself. By comparing light intensity of the pumping beam through atomic vapor cell under different magnetic fields, it decides which direction to move the compensation magnetic field and whether to increase or decrease the magnitude of increments in the compensating field. A convergence criterion is proposed, which not only keeps the field around zero, but also gives the precision of the compensation. The zero field is found in less than 23 s and the field increment after converging is smaller than 0.01, 0.01, and 0.04 μT for the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> , <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</i> , and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">z</i> axes, respectively, limited by 50-Hz noise in the laboratory environment. This method uses only one laser beam, which facilitates its application in chip-scale devices.

Topic: Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Introducing novel protein foods in the EU: economic and environmental impacts.

This paper utilizes an applied general equilibrium model to investigate the impacts of increased consumption of novel protein foods (NPFs: plant protein-based GM food products) in the EU. The simulation indicates that the introduction of NPFs will substantially decrease the production and consumption of pigmeat in the EU. The model also suggests that this will result in improved quality of the environment. Interestingly, NPFs are an example of GM food products that are actually preferred for environmental quality reasons.

Topic: Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
NASA-universities relationships in aero/space engineering: A review of NASA's program

NASA is concerned about the health of aerospace engineering departments at U.S. universities. The number of advanced degrees in aerospace engineering has declined. There is concern that universities' facilities, research equipment, and instrumentation may be aging or outmoded and therefore affect the quality of research and education. NASA requested that the National Research Council's Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (ASEB) review NASA's support of universities and make recommendations to improve the program's effectiveness.

Topic: Space exploration and regulation
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Disaster or Catastrophe: Human Adaptation to High- and Low-Frequency Landscape Processes—A Reply to Ensor, Ensor, and Devries

A regional episode of erosion between A.D. 1020 and 1160 coincides with social, political, economic, and demographic changes in the Hohokam culture. This regional erosional event was of such magnitude that it accelerated cultural changes that were already underway. The Ensor et al. (2003) commentary and attempt to layer a number of hypotheses on our original interpretations are fraught with problems.

Topic: Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effects of the time and power of microwave-reheating on the quality of preprocessing fried beef kebabs

The effects of the time and power of microwave treatment on the properties of preprocessing fried beef kebabs,including product yield,shear force,color and sensory quality,were studied in this paper. The samples were treated at 350,490 and 700W from 30 to 120s,respectively. The results showed that product yield,shear force and color of beef kebabs revealed a significant change during different microwave-reheated condition. With the extending of microwave time,L* value and product yield decreased,but the shear force (exception of 30s) and a* value increased in the same microwave power. The product yield and color were promoted significantly,and the shear force was decreased after being treated at 700W for 40s,and at 490W for 40s and 60s,respectively.

Topic: Meat and Animal Product Quality
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Education on the rails: a textual ethnography of university advertising in mobile contexts

As universities have succumbed to market discourses, they have adopted advertising strategies. It is not uncommon to see advertisements for them displayed in such mobile spaces as railway stations and alongside highways. Whilst it is true that such environments have always sought to take advantage of populations in transit, the fact that higher education institutions have turned to them as promotional sites, reflects the fact that the ‘transit’ demographic now includes large numbers of young people and high school students. In this paper, a sample of higher education advertisements found in Sydney’s transit spaces is analysed along with the ‘rationale’ provided by advertising companies responsible for their design. It is argued their existence reflects the fact that universities compete against one another for students and need to develop a persuasive ‘brand’. Thus in line with neo-liberalist constructions of subjectivity, they individualise the educational experience, and translate that experience into an economic asset, as a value-adding process. It is of note then that much of the imagery and copy of the advertising ‘visualises’ education as a journey and underpins the fact that mobility is an inescapable predicate of quotidian life.

Topic: Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Efficient doping modulation of monolayer WS <sub>2</sub> for optoelectronic applications

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) belong to a subgroup of two-dimensional (2D) materials which usually possess thickness-dependent band structures and semiconducting properties. Therefore, for TMDCs to be widely used in electronic and optoelectronic applications, two critical issues need to be addressed, which are thickness-controllable fabrication and doping modulation of TMDCs. In this work, we successfully obtained monolayer WS2 and achieved its efficient doping by chemical vapor deposition and chemical doping, respectively. The n- and p-type dopings of the monolayer WS2 were achieved by drop coating electron donor and acceptor solutions of triphenylphosphine (PPh3) and gold chloride (AuCl3), respectively, on the surface, which donates and captures electrons to/from the WS2 surface through charge transfer, respectively. Both doping effects were investigated in terms of the electrical properties of the fabricated field effect transistors. After chemical doping, the calculated mobility and density of electrons/holes are around 74.6/39.5 cm2·V−1·s−1 and 1.0 × 1012/4.2 × 1011 cm−2, respectively. Moreover, we fabricated a lateral WS2 p–n homojunction consisting of non-doped n-type and p-doped p-type regions, which showed great potential for photodetection with a response time of 1.5 s and responsivity of 5.8 A/W at VG = 0 V and VD = 1 V under 532 nm light illumination.

Topic: 2D Materials and Applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРОЕКТІВ: ФУНКЦІЇ, ЕТАПИ, СКЛАДОВІ

The article addresses the topic of project formation, under modern conditions of project management. The authors, using the study of popular thoughts on this topic, tried to construct an integration model of the project components. The article provides the systematization and analysis of functions, stages and components of project formation in modern conditions of project management. The functions of project formation that were considered include functions such as initiation and planning, which from the author’s point of view should be attributed to the statutory documented component of the project, and functions of implementation, analysis, management, completion and corresponding to them stages and components. Innovative and marketing components were identified to make the project adapt to modern market conditions. As well as subcomponents of the organizational component, such as change management and change control, risk management, resource and schedule management and documentation management. Highlighted the importance of project objectives to correspond with the principles of SMART: to be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time bound. The paper notes that the process, financial and organizational components must be placed at the same level to remain relevant in today’s market. Definitions of project stages are given. Were pointed out the difference between the mission and the goal of the project and the importance of distinguishing the components of the project so that they interact organically with each other. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that for the success of a modern project it is necessary to have an integration model of the project components, so its components must integrate with each other. It is also stated that it is necessary to spend more time on structuring the risks of the project, on the importance of sufficient detailing of the project components, not to split up them too much and enlarge the components for the successful formation and implementation of the project.

Topic: Enterprise Management and Information Systems
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Variation in Yarn Tension on Braiding

目的 普通組み機で回転数を増加させると, 製品の抗張力が減少し次第に製品の外観が悪くなる.これは組成時の糸張力の変動に原因しているが, 糸張力について実験して, どのような要素が抗張力の減少に原因しているかを調べ, この結果から抗張力と生産性をともに大になるようにするのが目的である. 成果 (1) 実験範囲では最大平均張力と組み機の回転数とは直線関係となり, 最大張力は理論値よりはるかに大きい.大きい張力になるところは重錘の上がるときである. (2) 円板装置を付けるか, 桃形を偏平にすると最大平均張力は減少する. (3) 偏平な桃形のものは普通の桃形に比し最大平均張力は小で, 製品の抗張力は大きく, この点で生産性は大になる. ここで最大平均張力とは各サイクルの最大値の平均値の張力をいう.

Topic: Textile materials and evaluations
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A risk of frailty assessment tool to encourage prevention pathways in Macvia France EIP-AHA reference site

The International Journal of Integrated Care (IJIC) is an online, open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes original articles in the field of integrated care on a continuous basis.IJIC has an Impact Factor of 5.120 (2020 JCR, received in June 2021)

Topic: Healthcare Systems and Practices
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Design of Image Acquisition System Based on CMOS Image Sensor

CMOS sensor has many advantages than traditional CCD sensor,the image system based on CMOS has became a hotspot in research and development.A image acquisition system based on USB and ADCS1121 CMOS homochromatic image sensor is designed here.The hardware of system is analyzed in detail,the program of USB interface controller and CMOS sensor driver and application software are described.Realization of USB firmware program,equipment driving program and application program are given.

Topic: CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Stability Constrained Reinforcement Learning for Real-Time Voltage Control

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has been recognized as a promising tool to address the challenges in real-time control of power systems. However, its deployment in real-world power systems has been hindered by a lack of formal stability and safety guarantees. In this paper, we propose a stability constrained reinforcement learning method for real-time voltage control in distribution grids and we prove that the proposed approach provides a formal voltage stability guarantee. The key idea underlying our approach is an explicitly constructed Lyapunov function that certifies stability. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach in case studies, where the proposed method can reduce the transient control cost by more than 30% and shorten the response time by a third compared to a widely used linear policy, while always achieving voltage stability. In contrast, standard RL methods often fail to achieve voltage stability. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup>

Topic: Optimal Power Flow Distribution
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum NGB 23888

Plant Genetic Resource.<br>Taxonomy: Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum<br>Common name(s): Pea<br>Other names: Sugar Bon<br>Conserved by: Nordgen (NORDGEN), Sweden<br>Local sample unique identifier: NGB 23888<br>Method of creation: Acquisition<br>Date: 2012-04-02<br>Historical: Yes<br>Biological status: Advanced or improved cultivar<br>MLS status: Included

Topic: Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Supplementary Methods from Identification of Novel Gene Amplifications in Breast Cancer and Coexistence of Gene Amplification with an Activating Mutation of &lt;i&gt;PIK3CA&lt;/i&gt;

Supplementary Methods from Identification of Novel Gene Amplifications in Breast Cancer and Coexistence of Gene Amplification with an Activating Mutation of &lt;i&gt;PIK3CA&lt;/i&gt;

Topic: Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Global viral hepatitis elimination by the year 2030

According to a report by Stanaway et al.(1) in 2016, the absolute burden and relative rank of viral hepatitis increased between 1990 and 2013. For example, the number of global deaths due to viral hepatitis increased from 0.89 million to 1.45 million, indicating a need for its reduction. In this connection, on 28 May 2016 the 69th World Health Assembly adopted the global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis for the period 2016–2021,(2) as outlined in the report A69/32 of the Secretariat,(3) with the goal of eliminating viral hepatitis B and C by the year 2030. The global health sector strategy (GHSS) on viral hepatitis has constructed a roadmap toward the elimination of viral hepatitis B and C, targeting five priority prevention and treatment interventions. Prevention involves universal hepatitis B immunization of infants, prevention of mother-to-child transmission, increased injection safety and blood safety, and increased harm reduction, the implementation of which will contribute toward universal health coverage, which is the target for Goal 3 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In combination with treatment of chronic hepatitis, the goal is to achieve by the year 2030 a reduction in the incidence of viral hepatitis by 90% and mortality by 65%.(3,4)

Topic: Hepatitis B Virus Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of L-dopa Medication on Postural Control in Parkinson's Disease: A Posturographic Study

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate abnormalities of postural control in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients during unperturbed stances and externally perturb ed stances, and also to assess the effects of L-dopa medication on posture control. Methods: Thirty PD patients were compared with 30 normal controls. Subjects' spontaneous sway during an unperturbed stance and the postural responses to anterior-poste rior tilts of the support surface and of the visual scene were measured by posturography. Results: During the unperturbed stance, displacement, velocity and freq uency of the center of foot pressure (COP) were abnormally large in patients OFF treatment. Under L-dopa treatment, the velocity a nd frequency of COP and axial stiffness of PD patients were reduced, whereas sway amplitude increased. A frequency peak in the COP excursions at 0.7-1.1 Hz, which indicates a resonance behavior of the postural control loop, became reduced under therapy. Abnormal postural responses to tilting of the platform showed that the righting response of the upper body on the lower body was impaired in the PD patients. The postural responses of the PD patients to visual tilt was abnormally exaggerated and not dependent on the stabil ity of the platform unlike the control subjects. These abnormal tilt reactions of the PD patients were resistant to treatment with L-dopa. Conclusions: These findings suggest that postural instability in PD is more critically related to high sway velocity and frequency than sway amplitude. The patients with PD are short of the ability to use the proprioceptive and visual information for the postural righting response when perturbed. J Korean Neurol Assoc 24(4):328-336, 2006

Topic: Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Subfield: Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
White children's alignment to the perceived racial attitudes of the parents: Closer to the mother than the father

In this study, in which 4–7‐year‐olds participated ( N =58), we analysed the relationship between White children's racial attitudes and their perceptions of parental expectations and racial attitudes. Overall, the children showed a strong in‐group preference in their choice of playmates and in the attribution of positive and negative traits to White and Black peers. In addition, children reported the belief that parents would be happier if they played with a White rather than a Black child. Finally, children anticipated that parents would also display racial biases. Most importantly, we found that children's attitudes were strongly correlated with the perceived expectations and attitudes of the mothers but not the fathers. This result further supports the idea that mothers' attitudes might be more relevant than fathers' attitudes in the formation of racial attitudes among children.

Topic: Social and Intergroup Psychology
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Picornavirus-Like Cytopathic Effects on RD-18S Cell Lines Were Induced by Human Coronavirus 229E Not Picornaviruses

We have used the HHVe6MRG plate, containing HEF, HEp-2, VeroE6, MDCK, RD-18S, and GMK cell lines, for virus isolation to clarify the epidemiology of acute viral respiratory infections in children in Yamagata, Japan, since January 2004, as part of the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, Japan (NESID), based on the Infectious Diseases Control Law (1).We also prepared HMV-II and LLC-MK2 cell lines as separate 96-well tissue culture plates (Greiner Bio-One, Frickenhausen, Germany) since 2008 and 2011, respectively, to isolate parainfluenza viruses (2-4).However, we have not yet isolated any human coronaviruses (HCoVs), which are generally considered as common pathogens, using these systems.To confirm whether HCoVs circulate in Yamagata, we performed a study to detect HCoV-229E, -HKU1, -NL63, and -OC43 using a molecular method, i.e., reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR, and sequence analysis

Topic: Viral Infections and Immunology Research
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences