jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
AN EFFICIENT AND RELIABLE TWO-DIMENSIONAL PATTERNING OF POROUS SILICON

An efficient and reliable method for patterning a two-dimensional porous Si (PS) is presented in this work. The Cr/Au (50/200 nm) layer is used as a mask for electrochemical prosification of Si to form a two-dimensional pattern of porous Si. Quality of the formed 8 × 8 pads of porous Si is analyzed using statistical image analysis, an atomic force microscope, a scanning electron microscope, and also images from an optical microscope. It is shown that a combination of photoresist patterning and Cr/Au deposition can be used to generate arrays of silicon nanoporous in selected surface regions. Our results indicate that using the Cr/Au layer as a mask during prosification of Si results in sharper patterns with higher resolution in comparison to conventionally used photoresist masks such as Shipley and SU8 photoresists. The sharpness of the formed patterns is also investigated by calculating the correlation coefficient using image processing of the formed pattern with the ideal pattern. The correlation coefficient of the patterns made by the Cr/Au mask is 0.99 and the maximum deviation of the formed pattern from the original Cr/Au pattern is 3.44 μm, which shows an almost perfect correlation of the generated array with the ideal pattern.

Topic: Anodic Oxide Films and Nanostructures
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Seed Halo-Priming Improves Seedling Vigor, Grain Yield, and Water Use Efficiency of Maize under Varying Irrigation Regimes

Water-deficit stress poses tremendous constraints to sustainable agriculture, particularly under abrupt climate change. Hence, it is crucial to find eco-friendly approaches to ameliorate drought tolerance, especially for sensitive crops such as maize. This study aimed at assessing the impact of seed halo-priming on seedling vigor, grain yield, and water use efficiency of maize under various irrigation regimes. Laboratory trials evaluated the influence of seed halo-priming using two concentrations of sodium chloride solution, 4000 and 8000 ppm NaCl, versus unprimed seeds on seed germination and seedling vigor parameters. Field trials investigated the impact of halo-priming treatments on maize yield and water use efficiency (WUE) under four irrigation regimes comprising excessive (120% of estimated crop evapotranspiration, ETc), normal (100% ETc), and deficit (80 and 60% ETc) irrigation regimes. Over-irrigation by 20% did not produce significantly more grain yield but considerably reduced WUE. Deficit irrigation (80 and 60%ETc) gradually reduced grain yield and its attributes. Halo-priming treatments, particularly 4000 ppm NaCl, improved uniformity and germination speed, increased germination percentage and germination index, and produced more vigorous seedlings with heavier dry weight compared with unprimed seeds. Under field conditions, the plants originated from halo-primed seeds, especially with 4000 ppm NaCl, had higher grain yield and WUE compared with unprimed seeds under deficit irrigation regimes. The long-lasting stress memory induced by seed halo-priming, particularly with 4000 ppm NaCl, promoted maize seedling establishment, grain yield, and WUE and consequently mitigated the devastating impacts of drought stress.

Topic: Seed Germination and Physiology
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Iodine Coulometer and the Value of the Faraday

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Iodine Coulometer and the Value of the FaradayS BatesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1912, 34, 11, 1515Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1912Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1912https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja02212a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02212a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views27Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Topic: History and advancements in chemistry
Subfield: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Screening Colonoscopy Unmasking Colonic Metastasis from an Occult Breast Ductal Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Metastatic spread from breast cancer to the gastrointestinal tract is rare. Such cases are predominantly lobular carcinomas and they usually occur later on during the course of disease progression with the stomach being the most common site involved. Furthermore, occult breast primary tumor is extremely uncommon. To the best of our knowledge, we describe here the first case of incidental colonic metastasis as first presentation of an occult breast ductal carcinoma. We also provide a review of the literature on gastrointestinal—and specifically colonic—involvement from breast ductal carcinoma.

Topic: Metastasis and carcinoma case studies
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Impact of WTO Accession on Taiwan's GHG Emission: A Dynamic CGE Analysis

This paper investigates the potential impact of China's and Taiwan's accession to the WTO on Taiwan's international trade, industrial structure, energy demand and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission during 2001-2005. Two large applied general equilibrium models, GTAP and TAIGEM, are used in this paper to simulate China's and Taiwan's WTO accession. TAIGEM (TAIwan General Equilibrium Model), a dynamic, multisectoral, applied general equilibrium model of the Taiwan’s economy is developed specifically to analyze climate change response issues. In this paper we use GTAP to provide the global context for the WTO accession, and TAIGEM to assess the detailed impacts on Taiwan. It shows that the comparative advantages of China and Taiwan are in different economic sectors. In average, Taiwan's economic growth will increase yearly at 0.4% above the baseline projection for the period 2001-2005. Service sector is expected to grow. Its share of real GDP will increase from 62.97% to 64.46%. In contrast, agriculture and industry sectors are the losers. In particular, sectors related to fossil fuel, cement, and iron and steel will contract due to less international competitiveness. With reduction of coal consumption and increasing share of gas and oil consumption, CO2 emission level is expected to be at the level of 296.6 million tons that is higher by 1.6 million tons than the baseline projection level at 295.0 million tons.

Topic: Environmental Impact and Sustainability
Subfield: Environmental Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Resilience through Scene Context in Visual Referring Expression Generation

Scene context is well known to facilitate humans' perception of visible objects. In this paper, we investigate the role of context in Referring Expression Generation (REG) for objects in images, where existing research has often focused on distractor contexts that exert pressure on the generator. We take a new perspective on scene context in REG and hypothesize that contextual information can be conceived of as a resource that makes REG models more resilient and facilitates the generation of object descriptions, and object types in particular. We train and test Transformer-based REG models with target representations that have been artificially obscured with noise to varying degrees. We evaluate how properties of the models' visual context affect their processing and performance. Our results show that even simple scene contexts make models surprisingly resilient to perturbations, to the extent that they can identify referent types even when visual information about the target is completely missing.

Topic: Subtitles and Audiovisual Media
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Effects of BCG (<i>Bacillus</i> Calmette–Guérin) Vaccines on Immune Responses in Mice

ABSTRACT The effects of killed and living BCG on antibody production against hamster erythrocytes (HRBC) and the 2, 4, 6‐trinitrophenyl (TNP) group were studied in SL mice. Killed and living BCG, each in doses of 0.008 mg, 0.08 mg, 0.8 mg and 8 mg per mouse, were intravenously inoculated 7 days prior to primary immunization with HRBC. Secondary immunization was carried out 28 days later with TNP‐HRBC. Anti‐HRBC and anti‐TNP antibodies were estimated by a hemagglutination test. The results showed that pretreatment with killed or living BCG enhanced the antibody production against both HRBC and TNP. Comparing the effects of these two BCG preparations, it was noted that killed BCG augmented the anti‐HRBC antibody production more effectively than living BCG. In regard to the anti‐TNP antibody production, living BCG exhibited a greater augmenting effect than killed BCG. This difference in the modes of action of killed and living BCG was remarkable when two groups given 8 mg of killed and living BCG were compared. In addition, it was shown that living BCG at a dose as high as 8 mg was able to augment the anti‐TNP antibody production, even in the absence of preceding immunization with HRBC.

Topic: Immune responses and vaccinations
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Association between rheumatoid arthritis and lung neoplasm; a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between RA and lung neoplasm using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. The databases ProQuest, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and the search engine Google Scholar were searched up to October 8, 2024. Data analysis was performed using STATA 14 software, and P&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 24 cohort studies, comprising 792,699 participants, were evaluated. The results indicated that RA increased the risk of lung neoplasm. Specifically, the hazard ratio (HR) was 1.54 (95% CI: 1.33–1.77), the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was 1.30 (95% CI: 1.19–1.41), and the risk ratio (RR) was 1.50 (95% CI: 1.31–1.71). RA increased the risk of lung neoplasm in both women (SIR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.39) and men (SIR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.37, 2.15). No significant statistical association was found between RA and lung neoplasm in patients aged 30-39 years (SIR: 1.40; 95% CI: 0.64, 3.08) and 40-49 years (SIR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.21, 1.93). However, in patients aged 50-59 years (SIR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.18, 1.45) and 60-69 years (SIR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.51, 1.77), RA increased the risk of lung neoplasm. Conclusion: Rheumatoid arthritis was associated with an increased risk of lung neoplasm, and this risk increased with age. The risk of lung neoplasm was higher in men than in women. Therefore, advanced age and male gender were identified as risk factors for lung neoplasm in RA patients. Registration: This study has been compiled based on the PRISMA checklist, and its protocol was registered on the PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024602266) and Research Registry (UIN: reviewregistry1900) websites.

Topic: Lung Cancer Treatments and Mutations
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Physiologic and Anthropometric Factors Underlying Endurance Performance in Children

This study investigated the relationship between endurance performance and several measures of aerobic, anaerobic, and morphological fitness in 30 girls and 28 boys, 10 to 14 years of age. A multistage treadmill test was used for assessment of VO2 max (ml X kg-1 X min-1) and anaerobic threshold (AT) expressed both in absolute (AT-VO2) and relative (% VO2 max) terms. Anaerobic capacity (AC) was measured in a 30-s cycling task and expressed as kpm . kg of body weight-1 X min-1. Percent fat was estimated from skinfolds. The correlations between these measures and 2-km run time were: -0.73, -0.73, -0.50, -0.77, and 0.55 for VO2 max, AT-VO2, AT-%VO2 max, AC, and percent fat, respectively. When entered into a forward selection multiple regression with run time as the dependent variable, AC accounted for 59.5% of the variance and VO2 max accounted for an additional 6.9%, with AT and percent fat making no significant additional contribution. When the girls and boys were compared, no reliable differences were found for run time and AC. The boys exhibited reliably higher values for VO2 max and AT-VO2. No reliable difference in percent fat was found for the younger boys and girls, but the older girls were significantly fatter than the older boys. Thus, in children 10 to 14 there is a substantial relation between measures of anaerobic and aerobic function, although to some extent they provide independent information about endurance performance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topic: Sports Performance and Training
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Going to the dogs: A history of greyhound racing in Britain, 1926-2017

Greyhound racing emerged rapidly in Britain in 1926 but in its early years was subject to rabid institutional middle-class opposition largely because of the legal gambling opportunities it offered to the working class. Though condemned as a dissipate and impoverishing activity, it was, in fact, a significant leisure opportunity for the working class, which cost little for the minority of bettors involved in what was clearly little more than a 'bit of the flutter' , This book is the first national study of greyhound racing in Britain from its beginnings, to its heyday in the 1930s and 1940s, and up its long slow decline of the late twentieth century. Much of the study will be defined by the dominating issue of working-class gambling and the bitter opposition to both it and greyhound racing, although the attractions of this 'American Night Out' will also be examined.

Topic: Sport and Mega-Event Impacts
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[Intoxication syndrome concomitant with recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis and its correction].

The objective of the present work was to study selected features of intoxication in the patients presenting with recurrent tonsillitis (RT) and managed by means of the combination of basal therapy with reamberine, a preparation showing the detoxication activity. A total of 70 patients with moderately severe recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis induced by infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci were available for the examination. Characteristics of endogenous intoxication were explored. The study has demonstrated that recurrent tonsillitis is associated with the development of the pronounced symptoms of endogenous intoxication (EI) as suggested by the enhanced leukocytic index of intoxication (LII) and the elevated levels of medium molecular weight molecules (MWM) with the simultaneous impairment of detoxication properties of albumin. Collectively, these changes are indicative of incompleteness of the pathological process that may be regarded as an unfavourable prognostic factor and suggests the risk of development of tonsillogenic pathology, its relapses, and chronization of the process. Taken together, these findings indicate the necessity of developing novel approaches to the treatment of recurrent tonsillitis with special reference to the use of pharmaceutical products possessed of detoxication activity. Reamberine introduced in the combined treatment of RT was shown to decrease the severity of intoxication as confirmed by normalization of LII and MWM levels as well as the improvement of detoxication properties of albumin. It is concluded that therapeutic efficacy of reamberine opens up wide prospects for its clinical applications.

Topic: Plant-based Medicinal Research
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Private Music Archives in the National Library of Estonia

Private music collections and archives are an important part of the holdings of the National Library (NL) of Estonia. The article presents an overview of seven private music collections stored in the Library. The author analyses their composition, characterizes the most significant publications and presents biographical information about the creators. The history of the deposited collections is considered in the context of the history of the NL of Estonia and formation of the Music Department. In 1959, based on the existing collection of musical literature in the NL of Estonia, founded in 1918, the Music Department was established and the service of readers was organized. The priority in acquisition of music collections were the works by Estonian composers and recordings of Estonian musicians, as well as retrospective publications. The pride and glory of the Music Department are complete collections and private archives. The NL became the holder of 40 different private collections and archives of organizations, including 14 private collections related to music. These are the private libraries and manuscript collections of six composers, music and recording collections of two opera performers, creative archives of two conductors and one pianist. The collections have reached the NL in different ways: the Library accepted the first two in the 1960s, the next eight came only in the 1990s, and four have been added to the holdings over the last ten years. The author emphasizes the cultural significance of the collections: they enrich the Library’s collections and are important for the Estonian nation. Each collection carries valuable information about its owner, gives joy of new discoveries to researchers and to all who are interested in music. Additional value comes from knowing that a person who completely loved and knew about music has designed that private collection. Emotional influences and personal contacts often play a key role in the decision to give private collection to the library. Thus, cultural exchange and partnership are important areas of library work.

Topic: Diverse Musicological Studies
Subfield: Music
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
THE HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE TO α‐HAEMOCYANIN OF HELIX POMATIA

Abstract. The immune response to α‐haemocyanin of Helix pomatia (α‐HPH) has been studied in 12 normal subjects. Humoral immunity was assessed by haemagglutination titres, cellular immunity by intracutaneous skin tests and the number of sensitized lymphocytes in the peripheral blood by in vitro lymphocyte stimulation. Immunological responsiveness to α‐HPH (1.0 mg) was established with these parameters in all immunized subjects. The antibodies after primary immunization were nearly exclusively 2‐mercaptoethanol‐sensitive (2‐MES) antibodies. Intracutaneous skin tests with 0.1 mg α‐HPH after 28 days did not disturb the primary immune response, except in one subject who showed a rise in antibody titre although the antibodies remained 2‐MES. Low levels of specific antibodies were present before immunization, probably so‐called “natural” antibodies induced by exposure to cross‐reacting antigens. After secondary immunization a rapid rise in antibody titre occurred and the antibodies were nearly exclusively 2‐MER (IgG). For the investigation of patients with immune deficiencies it will generally be sufficient to assess haemagglutination titres, delayed hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte stimulation before and 3 weeks after immunization.

Topic: Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Exploring Phonetic Differences and Cross-Linguistic Influences: A Comparative Study of English and Mandarin Chinese Pronunciation Patterns

Exploring the differences in phonemes and cross-linguistic influences, particularly by comparing the pronunciation patterns of English and Mandarin, is crucial for language learners. Such comparative studies can help learners better understand and overcome the pronunciation difficulties encountered during second language acquisition. English and Mandarin have significant differences in their vowel and consonant systems, tones, intonation, and syllable structures. A deep understanding of these differences allows learners to engage in targeted pronunciation training, reducing accent interference. This research provides guidance for improving language teaching methods, enabling teachers to design more effective pronunciation strategies and exercises based on the students' native language backgrounds, thus enhancing learning outcomes. Additionally, cross-linguistic studies aid in improving speech recognition and conversion technologies, achieving higher accuracy and naturalness in multilingual speech processing systems. From a cultural exchange perspective, understanding and respecting the phonetic characteristics of different languages help to enhance the effectiveness and mutual understanding in cross-cultural communication. The comparative study of English and Mandarin pronunciation patterns not only provides a theoretical foundation for language education and technological applications but also promotes effective communication in multilingual environments. This thesis uses a comparative research method to elucidate the study of English and Mandarin pronunciation patterns. It begins with an analysis of the characteristics and similarities of the pronunciation patterns in both languages. The thesis then examines the differences between English and Mandarin pronunciation patterns through four aspects: the number and complexity of vowel phonemes, types and distribution of consonant phonemes, tones and stress, and intonation and phonetic phenomena. Finally, based on the comparative analysis of the differences, the thesis offers targeted policy recommendations for learning English and Mandarin.

Topic: Phonetics and Phonology Research
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
George Washington’s Recurrent Health Problems and Fatal Infection Re-examined

Abstract George Washington’s medical history has been recounted so many times and with such consistency that it seems that nothing new remains to be said about the panoply of disorders that plagued him during his life. The same can be said for the particular one that carried him off at age 67. We know that he had small pox, dysentery, recurrent attacks of malaria, and a host of other infections during his long and spectacularly productive career. His teeth were a source of unrelenting distress despite his assiduous attention to dental hygiene; and terminally, he developed a rapidly progressive upper respiratory infection, which killed him in little more than a day and a half despite the best medical care available.

Topic: Streptococcal Infections and Treatments
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Table S3 from CD47 Expression Defines Efficacy of Rituximab with CHOP in Non–Germinal Center B-cell (Non-GCB) Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Patients (DLBCL), but Not in GCB DLBCL

&lt;p&gt;Uni- and multivariate analysis of R-CHOP treated DLBCL patients&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences