jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
12 Pushing the Limits of Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis with Continuous Flow

Abstract Since its invention by Bruce Merrifield, solid-phase peptide synthesis has conventionally been performed in batch reactors. With systems created by Atherton, Dryland, and Sheppard in the 1980s, flow-chemistry techniques began to be applied to enhance solid-phase peptide synthesis, improving mixing and enabling time-resolved monitoring of Fmoc removal. Here, we review the history of flow-chemical techniques for solid-phase peptide synthesis, advances in solid supports that make flow chemistry on the solid phase feasible, the rationale behind using flow chemistry for amino acid activation, and other techniques for synthesizing peptides in flow, including the use of solid-supported coupling reagents and soluble macromolecular supports. Advantages of flow-chemistry techniques for both solid- and liquid-phase peptide synthesis include precise control of reagent heating and chiral integrity of incorporated amino acids, improvements in amino acid coupling times, and in-process detection of problematic peptide sequences.

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The inequalities of randomly weighted sums of pairwise NQD sequences and its application to limit theory

By using some inequalities of randomly weighted sums of pairwise NQD random variables, we investigate the single-indexed randomly weighted and double-indexed randomly weighted sums of these dependence structure.Some almost sure convergence and complete convergence results are obtained, which extend the corresponding results for the nonweighted and constant weighted cases to the case of randomly weighted.Last, some simulations are also illustrated in this paper.

Topic: Probability and Risk Models
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Acute Renal Failure Is Associated With Higher Death and Disability in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose— Acute renal failure (ARF) in setting of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is associated with worse outcome. We sought to determine the prevalence of ARF and effect on outcomes of patients with AIS. Methods— Data from all patients admitted to US hospitals between 2002 and 2010 with a primary discharge diagnosis of ischemic stroke and secondary diagnosis of ARF were included. The effect of ARF on rates of intracerebral hemorrhage and discharge outcomes was analyzed after adjusting for potential confounders using logistic regression analysis. Results— Of 7 068 334 patients with AIS, 372 223 (5.3%) had ARF during hospitalization. Dialysis was required in 2364 (0.6%) of 372 223 patients. Patients with AIS with ARF had higher rates of moderate to severe disability (41.3% versus 30%; P &lt;0.0001), intracerebral hemorrhage (1.0% versus 0.5%; P &lt;0.0001), and in-hospital mortality (8.4% versus 2.9%; P &lt;0.0001) compared with those without ARF. After adjusting for confounding factors, patients with AIS with ARF had higher odds of moderate to severe disability (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–1.4; P &lt;0.0001), intracerebral hemorrhage (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–1.6; P &lt;0.0001), and death (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.0–2.2; P &lt;0.0001). Conclusions— ARF in patients with AIS is associated with significantly higher rates of moderate to severe disability at discharge and in-hospital mortality.

Topic: Acute Kidney Injury Research
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Engineering cytochrome P450 enzyme systems for biomedical and biotechnological applications

Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are broadly distributed among living organisms and play crucial roles in natural product biosynthesis, degradation of xenobiotics, steroid biosynthesis, and drug metabolism. P450s are considered as the most versatile biocatalysts in nature because of the vast variety of substrate structures and the types of reactions they catalyze. In particular, P450s can catalyze regio- and stereoselective oxidations of nonactivated C–H bonds in complex organic molecules under mild conditions, making P450s useful biocatalysts in the production of commodity pharmaceuticals, fine or bulk chemicals, bioremediation agents, flavors, and fragrances. Major efforts have been made in engineering improved P450 systems that overcome the inherent limitations of the native enzymes. In this review, we focus on recent progress of different strategies, including protein engineering, redox-partner engineering, substrate engineering, electron source engineering, and P450-mediated metabolic engineering, in efforts to more efficiently produce pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. We also discuss future opportunities for engineering and applications of the P450 systems. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are broadly distributed among living organisms and play crucial roles in natural product biosynthesis, degradation of xenobiotics, steroid biosynthesis, and drug metabolism. P450s are considered as the most versatile biocatalysts in nature because of the vast variety of substrate structures and the types of reactions they catalyze. In particular, P450s can catalyze regio- and stereoselective oxidations of nonactivated C–H bonds in complex organic molecules under mild conditions, making P450s useful biocatalysts in the production of commodity pharmaceuticals, fine or bulk chemicals, bioremediation agents, flavors, and fragrances. Major efforts have been made in engineering improved P450 systems that overcome the inherent limitations of the native enzymes. In this review, we focus on recent progress of different strategies, including protein engineering, redox-partner engineering, substrate engineering, electron source engineering, and P450-mediated metabolic engineering, in efforts to more efficiently produce pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. We also discuss future opportunities for engineering and applications of the P450 systems.

Topic: Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Optimization of Self-Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System) for Soursop Leaf (Annona muricata Linn.) Chloroform Extract

Soursop leaf chloroform extract has anticancer activity. The active ingredient of soursop leaf was acetogenin polypoid derivatives that have a lipophilic characteristic, and less effective to achieve action targets of drugs in biological systems. The Self-Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS) was an effective drug delivery technique that increases the solubility of lipophilic drugs. This study aims to determine the proportion of optimum SMEDDS formula using Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method. The Formula of SMEDDS was prepared using a combination of Tween 80-Croduret, Propylene Glycol, and Candlenut oil. Optimization formula with SLD method using Design-Expert software based on physical stability parameters there are the percent of transmittance and emulsification time. The optimum formula of SMEDDS was compared with SLD prediction formula using a statistical analysis t-test, then test of loading dose extract, stability test accelerated by centrifugation, particle size, and zeta potential. The proportion of optimum composition of Tween 80-Croduret, Propylene Glycol, and Candlenut oil of SMEDDS was 60.87%; 24.13%; 15.00% respectively. Results of transmittance 41.14±3.78% and emulsification time 119.0±2.08 seconds. The predicted SLD value for the transmittance percent was 55.0% and the emulsification time was 119.59 seconds. The result of the statistical analysis of one sample t-test showed no significant difference between observation results and SLD prediction. The SMEDDS system has F value of 0.99 and capable to load 25.0 mg chloroform extract of soursop leaf each system with an average particle size of 440 nm and zeta potential of +21.5 mV.

Topic: Traditional and Medicinal Uses of Annonaceae
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Accessing cultural expressions of 'Being' and trauma through phenomenological investigation with male African entrants to Tasmania, Australia

This chapter describes a qualitative research study which was envisaged as a partner to humanistic counselling practice. The study evolved from attempts to assist with the traumatic histories of humanitarian African entrants to Tasmania, Australia. Phenomenological methods were selected to allow for engagement with descriptions of "being" which were outside the scope of prevailing western psychological models. Data collection entailed semi-structured interviews with 16 male African entrants to Tasmania, ethnographic observation at gatherings, and two consensus groups. Major themes revealed in preliminary analysis were: an inalienable responsibility for family; assumptions of collective problem solving as an intrinsic part of community living; and an implied interdependent sense of self. This was contextualised within an immediate sense of community which was explicitly inclusive of all other human community members whether living, ancestral, or yet to be born; the physical environment, animals and plants; and spirit influences. Specific recommendations are made for working with the client groups which were part of the study, and it is concluded that a more complex and inclusive idea of human identity is required for cross cultural counselling practice.

Topic: Resilience and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Optimal dynamic regulation of the environmental impact of mining across diverse land types

Optimal dynamic regulation of mineral extraction and environmental rehabilitation across diverse land assets is studied using discrete-time, distributed optimal control. An extension of Hotelling's Rule is derived that indicates the need to manage both processes over space and time to maximise social welfare. Key empirical insights are drawn from a case study involving the Western Australian mineral sands industry. The incorporation of temporal and spatial dimensions allows for greater precision in the analysis of alternative management strategies. However, numerical analysis shows that optimal regulation may not require information-intensive tax instruments if abatement occurs in the year that land is damaged. Rather, a tax that is constant across time or space that provides a sufficient incentive for firms to rehabilitate degraded land can suffice. Bond instruments are shown unequivocally to provide too weak an incentive for timely rehabilitation by mining firms.

Topic: Economic and Environmental Valuation
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Ergonomic and Economic Office Light Level Control

Light regulation systems in industrial or office buildings play an important role in minimizing the use of fossil energy resources, while providing both economic and ergonomic optimal functionality. Although industrial buildings resolve the problem of interaction or disturbance mitigation by providing constant light levels exclusively from artificial sources, office landscapes may benefit from up to a 20% decrease in costs if mixed light sources are optimized properly. In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework based on model predictive control (MPC) to resolve a multi-system with strong dynamic interactions and multi-objective cost optimization. Centralized and distributed predictive control strategies are compared on various office landscaping structures and functionality conditions. Economic and ergonomic indexes are evaluated in a scaled laboratory setting.

Topic: Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Data and entrepreneurship

That there is potential for entrepreneurial development of innovative, economically beneficial products and services from Open Data makes logical sense, as data is increasingly available for the creation of new insights and activities. Although innovation with open data takes place across all sizes and ages of organisations, entrepreneurs and start-up businesses are important players. This paper considers the barriers to entrepreneurship with open data, as well as the sustainability, supportive policies and impact.

Topic: Big Data and Business Intelligence
Subfield: Management Information Systems
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Inferring Interaction Network from Sensor Data

Being able to observe how animals interact among themselves has always been a crucial requirement for behavioral scientists who study social species. Physically watching them to see when interactions occur is extremely time-consuming, results in many missed observations and it becomes extremely difficult to do for a very extended period of time. This is especially true for animals who live in large territories and for animals who behave differently when nearby human beings. To overcome these problems, scientists are accustomed to use several different kinds of sensors which are usually attached to the target animals to record some kind of raw data which, once collected, is used to analyze the behavior of their hosts.\nThe sensors have to be as least invasive as possible for the animal to behave as if it wasn’t wearing them. This implies that sensors have to be light with respect to the animal, they must not emit a considerable amount of heat and the wavelength they use must not be perceptible by the animals near them.\nThe most popular type of data extracted from sensors attached to animals is Global Posi- tioning System (GPS) data. GPS data is very easy to extract and it can be used to efficiently track the positions of entire groups of animals. However, when we are interested in pairwise interactions between animals and not in their positions, GPS data is not very reliable either because of its low accuracy and because it might not be in line of sight with the satellites it relies on.\nIn this study, we introduce synthesized sensor data based on a type of non-invasive short range proximity sensor in order to understand whether some animals interact among themselves at a given time. It is essential to label the data in order to be aware of the interactions as they occur during the traning phase.\nThe sensors whose data we are interested in synthesizing can be used on animals that are capable of wearing them due to weight or size constraints and as long as the sensor range contains the interaction range of the animals we are interested in. The models we analyze in this work don’t assume either that all of the animals behave uniformly amongst each other and also the independence amongst interactions.\nWe present a framework to synthesize proximity, location and speed data extracted from sensors with several different configurations and we present models to infer animal interactions. Finally, we evaluate the methodology we use by proposing a case study where we perform different analyses to understand when our models are fit for the inference task, what are the most critical parameters impacting their performances and when we should start assuming\nindependence conditions to simplify the task.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
SH0927361.10FU

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.

Topic: Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Increasing self-esteem through participation in a goal-attainment program

High and low self-esteem Ss were placed in one of three treatment conditions. Those in the goal-attainment condition were instructed to keep a daily list of the extent to which they complied with each of 10 goals. The goals concerned increasing sociability, improving interpersonal relations, and enhancing individual achievement. A self-esteem questionnaire was administered before and after 3 weeks of engaging in this activity. Low self-esteem Ss showed a significant increase in self-esteem. Ss did not show an increase in self-esteem in two other conditions, one that we labeled an “indulgence condition” and one in which people went through three counseling sessions. High self-esteem Ss enjoyed the goal-attainment condition the most of the three activities. Low self-esteem Ss enjoyed it the least–even though it was the only condition to increase self-esteem.

Topic: Counseling Practices and Supervision
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
A Development of Healthy Promotion Model by E-SAN Folk Healer's Wisdom

The purposes of research were 1) to study the knowledge used by local folk healers, thecondition of healing and services, the acceptance of the methods used by the folk healers in LoeiProvince, and 2) to develop the model for the promotion of the community health with the herbalwisdom of I-san folk healer participated by the related stakeholders.Mixed methods of quantitative and qualitative research were applied, the quantitativeresearch was used in the survey, and the quantitative research was used in an in-depth interview,the participatory observation, and focus group discussion. The target groups in this study consistedof the registered folk healers from 14 districts of Loei who still perform the healing, the localpeople who get the services or used to get the services from the folk healers, the senior people inthe areas, and Thai traditional medicine scholars. The findings were as follows.1. All folk healers treat the illness according to the systems of human body. The healingcondition in which the folk healers used was related to the belief of local culture that the folkhealers believe, including (1)the belief in the causes of illness, (2) 4 elements and 5 aggregates oflife, (3) astrological belief on fate, (4) astrological belief on the causes of illness, (5) the belief onthe 4 elements of life, (6) the belief in the rite of Thai traditional medicine, (7) the belief and therite on the herbs, and (8) the belief on the village herbs and the elimination of illness.The acceptance on the healing methods of the folk healers in Loei indicated that thepatients and the relatives are satisfied with the results of healing, because the symptoms of illnesswere disappeared. Some people were back to normal, however, everyone can go back to live lifeand to work normally as before.2. The results from the development of the healthy promotion model in communitywith the knowledge on herbs of the folk healers using participatory action of related thestakeholders in the community were in 3 models; Model 1: The community health promotionalactivities consisted of (1) the activities related to public health to promote the local students’learning, (2) herbs garden project in schools, (3) the first aids cure with the herbs in schools insteadof using medicine, Model 2: the creation of learning materials of the local wisdom of the folkhealers by making books and CDs titled Herbs in Loei and I-san Herbs Recipe, and Model 3: TheDissemination of folk healing knowledge to peopleThe evaluation of the three models was done by the observation of the activityparticipation, interview on the satisfaction, and the usefulness of the participation in

Topic: Public Health and Nutrition
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Man of Quality, Man of Letters: The Abbe Prevost between Novel and Newspaper

Best known for the short novel Manon Lescaut, Antoine-Francois Prevost was also the author of a dictionary, several important translations, an extensive corpus of historical writing, a dozen novels, and more than twenty volumes of journalism. While much of his fiction is reminiscent of the adventure stories of baroque novelists, Prevost's nonfiction expresses an encyclopedic ambition that prefigures the intellectual enterprises of the philosophies. In her exploration of the tension between his novelistic and journalistic writing, Rori Bloom argues that Prevost's novels employ established and even archaic attitudes toward authorship, while his newspaper elaborates a new understanding of the roles of author and public. By juxtaposing Prevost's novels and newspaper, Bloom analyzes the sophisticated literary strategies through which this author constructed his complex professional identity. Rori Bloom is an Assistant Professor of French in the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures at the University of Florida.

Topic: Historical and Literary Analyses
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Identifying Gifted Students: Educator Beliefs regarding Various Policies, Processes, and Procedures

Issues regarding the identification of gifted students have perplexed the field almost since its inception. How one identifies gifted students has tremendous ramifications for a gifted education program's size, curriculum, instructional methods, and administration. Little is known, however, regarding educator beliefs regarding gifted identification methods. The current national study surveyed 900 public school educators regarding which identification methods they supported. The educators believed that standardized tests, portfolios of student work, and teacher nominations were valid means of identification but did not support parent or peer nominations. Statistically significant differences existed between administrators and gifted education specialists, on the one hand, and regular classroom teachers, on the other hand, regarding the usefulness of standardized test scores and teacher nominations as methods of identifying students for gifted programs. Such results are potentially valuable to school administrators, gifted education specialists, and regular classroom teachers who work with gifted students.

Topic: Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences