jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Waivers of Constitutional Court Decisions by the Supreme Court Regarding Manpower Laws

The definition of force majeure as a situation that occurs beyond the control of the parties. However, there is a difference, namely in the first definition it is clearly stated that the failure to perform the agreement must cause a loss as a consequence of the failure to perform the agreement. The parties want to carry out the performance according to the contents of the agreement, but there are certain circumstances that make an agreement potentially unenforceable. These circumstances are commonly referred to as force majeure or force majeure. Circumstances where the parties or one of the parties cannot fulfill the performance not because of personal fault, but because of the nature that arises as a barrier to the fulfillment of achievements that result in certain sectors, especially the economy. Achievement can be interpreted as a debt that is an obligation that must be fulfilled by the debtor. Where the debtor is the one who performs an achievement in an engagement. Based on that, it can be understood that achievement is an obligation that must be carried out by a debtor arising from an engagement. Achievement can also be related to the fulfillment of obligations due to the consequences of the contract (contractual obligations). Thus, achievement can be interpreted to include contractual obligations and the fulfillment of legal obligations in general in the context of binding law. Achievement also not only includes obligations born due to contractual but also obligations born due to legislation. The interpretation of achievements like this is closely related to the legal system of ties that exist in the Civil Law legal system where ties are born and sourced from ties and legislation. The parties want to carry out the performance according to the contents of the agreement, but there are certain circumstances that make an agreement potentially unenforceable. These circumstances are commonly referred to as force majeure or force majeure. A situation where the parties or one of the parties cannot fulfill the performance not because of personal fault, but because of the nature that arises as a barrier to the fulfillment of achievements that result in certain sectors, especially the economy. So that this situation raises a situation for both parties, both the state of not being able to carry out the achievement and the state of not accepting the obligation of achievement from the other party which can make a loss for the party who will accept the obligation of the achievement, as long as these things for obstacles to carrying out achievements are true also have a legal basis and can be proven in reality, then there are no things that can make someone held accountable, but after the situation is gone, the party who is obliged to excel must carry out his performance, because in fact the achievement is a debt that must be settled with the obligations agreed upon by the parties.

Topic: Indonesian Legal and Regulatory Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Macula involving tractional retinal detachment after intravitreal ranibizumab – a case of crunch

Abstract Background: Tractional retinal detachment (TRD) is a rare complication of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agent injection in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Previous reports have described a ‘crunch’ phenomenon wherein the agents precipitate TRD due to accelerated neovascular regression, fibrosis and posterior hyaloid contraction. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 53-year-old male with bilateral metamorphopsia on a background of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus . The right eye had a large frond of high-risk disc neovascularisation with associated supertemporal fibrosis and diabetic macula oedema. The left eye had a small frond of disc neovascularisation without haemorrhage. Bilateral panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) was commenced with additional intravitreal anti-VEGF injections on the right eye. His first procedures of PRP and anti-VEGF injection were uncomplicated. However, he presented 10 days later with hand movements vision in the right eye associated with localised posterior pole TRD with a tractional macular hole. He subsequently underwent right vitrectomy, delamination/segmentation, internal limiting membrane peel, photocoagulation and silicone oil tamponade. This was proceeded 3 months later with combined vitrectomy, removal of silicone oil, internal limiting membrane autograft, phacoemulsification/IOL with C3F8 gas. The final right eye visual acuity was hand movements due to a chronic macular hole however the left eye was subsequently successfully managed with PRP. Conclusions: Since anti-VEGF treatment is widespread in PDR management, ophthalmologists should consider the clinical timing of PRP and anti-VEGF injection procedures whilst also consenting the patient for the risk of TRD development and anticipating the need for timely surgery should it eventuate.

Topic: Retinal Diseases and Treatments
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Role of Eco-adventure Tourism on Sustainable Rural Community Development in Nepal

Eco-adventure tourism is an emerging form of tourism in Himalayan countries worldwide. Nepal being a Himalayan country is growing as a destination for eco-adventure tourism. This paper examines the role of eco-adventure tourism on sustainable community development in rural settlements along the Annapurna Sanctuary Trail (AST), Nepal through the perspectives of local inhabitants with 120 on-site surveys, five key informant interviews, six focus group discussions, in-person observations, and archival studies. The study revealed significant benefits of eco-adventure tourism on income generation, infrastructure development, cultural preservation, community empowerment, social cohesion, and environmental conservation in rural communities in Nepal. Furthermore, the study disclosed that eco-adventure tourism has resulted in sustainable community development by generating livelihood assets: natural capital, financial capital, socio-cultural capital, human capital, and physical capital, along with AST. This paper suggested key policy initiatives particularly environmental protection, effective waste disposal and management, increased engagement of marginalised and economically disadvantaged groups in eco-adventure tourism activities, cultural heritage preservation, and the integration of traditional agricultural and occupational practices into tourism development strategies to strengthen sustainable community development in Nepal. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-2: 60-71

Topic: Tourism, Volunteerism, and Development
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Governing Fire Protection: The Origins of Municipal Fire Brigades, c.1800–38

During the first four decades of the nineteenth century, municipal governments began to manage the transition into an urban industrial society. They did so by organizing and administering a variety of services, ranging from street cleaning and scavenging to lighting and watching, which were increasingly recognized as public because their effective delivery affected everyone and they were seen as integral to the improvement of the urban environment. Improvement necessitated establishing order and guaranteeing prosperity within rapidly growing towns that lacked the basic infrastructural amenities or administrative structures necessary to be deemed well-governed. From adequate street lighting to regularly swept and paved streets to public fire-engines and paid firemen, nascent municipal governments, the majority of which were concentrated in the North-west of England and in the Scottish Central Lowlands, attempted to keep pace with the intensity of urbanization by strengthening their administrative structures and powers.1

Topic: Historical Studies on Reproduction, Gender, Health, and Societal Changes
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Two competing fragmentation processes in dimethoxybenzenes depending on their positional isomers: Elimination of CH<sub>3</sub> and CH<sub>n</sub>O (<i>n</i> = 1–3) and formation of methoxycyclopentadienyl and protonated phenol ions

Abstract All the metastable transitions observed above m / z 39 in the first field‐free region were compared for the three positional isomers of dimethoxybenzene. The observed isomer‐dependent fragmentation processes, in particular the formation and decomposition of the m / z 95 (C 6 H 7 O) + ion, are discussed in terms of two competing fragmentations [elimination of CH 3 and CH n O ( n = 1–3) and formation of methoxycyclopentadienyl and protonated phenol ions] and the relative energies of several isomers of the C 6 H 7 O + ion calculated with molecular orbital theory.

Topic: Chemical Thermodynamics and Molecular Structure
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluation of thyroid abnormalities in childhood vitiligo from a tertiary care centre: A case-control study

Background: Vitiligo is an usual acquired pigmentary disorder of the skin characterized by well-circumscribed depigmented macules and patches. Though the association between vitiligo and thyroid disorders has been suggested, only a few studies from India and overseas have paid attention to describe the association between vitiligo and thyroid abnormalities, particularly in children. Hence, this study was taken up for evaluating thyroid disease in childhood vitiligo compared to controls in a tertiary care centre.Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based case-control study conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital over 18 months which included 50 new patients of vitiligo and 50 age and sex-matched controls. Blood samples were garnered from cases and controls to access the levels of free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), Thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH), anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), and anti-thyroglobulin (anti –Tg).

Topic: melanin and skin pigmentation
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Theology of the Book of Amos

Can there be a theology of the finished book of Amos? Does the book, as opposed to its constituent parts, have any coherence? The underlying supposition of the Old Testament Theology series in which the present book is appearing is obviously that there can be such a theology. But this was not always self-evident to earlier generations of modern critical biblical scholars, who tended to think that coherence could be found only by removing ("deleting") the later additions that we looked at in the preceding chapter, so as to arrive at the theology of the prophet Amos himself. By now, the reader will have realized that I have some sympathy with that belief. I do think that the attempt to get back to the prophet himself is worthwhile and important. On the other hand, there is a book of Amos, and it contains the additions as well as the original words of the prophet, and in modern times it has become normal to think that it is possible to interpret the finished books of the Bible as well as their original cores. Indeed, some scholars now think that the final form of the book has a greater claim on our attention than do the hypothetical earlier stages.

Topic: Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
CSD 2443591: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, the world’s repository for inorganic crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the joint CCDC and FIZ Karlsruhe Access Structures service and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Cryptosporidium Literature Review

This report provides a review of the literature on Cryptosporidium and helps to identify the findings and formulates the key research questions. It covers these central questions: 

This title is Co-published with WaterRA 

ISBN: 9781780406213 (eBook)

ISBN: 9781780406206 (Print)

Topic: Parasitic Infections and Diagnostics
Subfield: Parasitology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Comparison of intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography, magnetic resonance angiography and duplex ultrasonography for measuring carotid artery stenosis

Abstract Background Duplex ultrasonography and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) are becoming competitive alternatives to angiography for determining the degree of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. Varying reports have been published regarding the suitability of each technique for grading ICA disease. This retrospective study compared the merits of these three modalities for measuring ICA stenosis. Methods One hundred and eleven patients being considered for carotid endarterectomy underwent intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) via arch injection. Duplex imaging was performed in all patients and MRA in 50. The degree of carotid stenosis estimated by the three modalities was compared. Results There was good correlation between subjectively graded MRA and DSA images (r = 0·87, P &amp;lt; 0·001, n = 82 carotids) but poor correlation for objective estimates. MRA tended to underestimate the degree of stenosis (bias – 4·5 per cent) compared with DSA, but showed good correlation with duplex ultrasonography estimates (r = 0·86, P &amp;lt; 0·001, n = 87 carotids). Both non-invasive modalities produced high values of sensitivity and specificity in estimating stenoses of greater than 70 per cent. MRA was less sensitive for distinguishing between severe stenosis and complete occlusion. Conclusion This study did not resolve the debate regarding the method of choice as both MRA and duplex ultrasonography were accurate for imaging carotid stenoses.

Topic: Cerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
CYSTS OF THE LARYNX

Cysts of the larynx occur less frequently than the literature of thirty or forty years ago would indicate. There is no doubt that polypi of various kinds were included when cysts were considered at that time. One can appreciate this, for even at the present time the classification of benign neoplasms of the larynx is not well understood. Cysts do, however, occur more frequently than textbooks and current literature would lead one to believe. The first laryngeal cyst on record was encountered by Verneuil<sup>1</sup>in the cadaver of an infant in 1852. Durham<sup>2</sup>was probably the first to observe a cyst in a living person. In 1863, he operated on a large cyst which sprang from the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis in a boy 11 years of age. Gibb<sup>3</sup>removed a cystic growth from the vocal cord of a patient in the same year. Of 693

Topic: Head and Neck Anomalies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Tricalcium phosphate implant in periodontal defects--initial 3 months].

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of tricalcium phosphate implant in human osseous defects. 4 intraosseous defects in 2 patients were treated with mucoperiosteal flap and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) implant and another 5 defects in the same patients were debrided only via mucoperiosteal flap. The healing response was evaluated clinically 10-12 weeks after treatment. More reduction in probing depth and more gains in probing attachment levels were observed in implanted sites than in control sites.

Topic: Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Improving ROSE: Discrepant touch preparation and histology findings in cytology of renal masses: A 10‐year retrospective review

Abstract Background The number of “renal incidentalomas” is on the rise due to increasing use of radiologic studies. Image‐guided core needle biopsies (CNB) with touch preparations are performed to guide specimen collection and triage of sample for additional studies. Results allow the clinical team to make appropriate treatment decisions. Design Our electronic database was searched for a 10‐year period to identify 180 image‐guided biopsies of renal masses with rapid on‐site evaluations (ROSE) and corresponding biopsy/resection specimens. Touch preparations were classified as non‐diagnostic, negative/benign, adequate/positive for malignancy/oncocytic predominance, or atypical. These results were compared to the final diagnosis on the biopsy or resection specimen (if available). Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were determined. Non‐diagnostic cases and cases in which ROSE and final diagnosis were discordant were reviewed by cytopathologists blinded to the original interpretation to reconcile discrepancies and highlight interpretation pitfalls. Results A ROSE diagnosis was rendered in 133 of 180 cases; 47 cases were non‐diagnostic. Of the 133 diagnostic cases, the ROSE diagnosis was concordant with the core biopsy final diagnosis in 125 cases, yielding a diagnostic accuracy of 94%. The overall sensitivity was calculated to be 80.1%; specificity 72.4%; positive predictive value 94%; and negative predictive value 41.2%. Conclusions Touch preparation slides are vital but imperfect tools in evaluating renal masses. In our study, distinction between malignant and benign samples was accomplished in most cases (94% accuracy), but there are limitations. Awareness of interpretation pitfalls allows informed decisions to be made regarding specimen collection and patient management.

Topic: Renal cell carcinoma treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Molecular mechanism on Sjögren's syndrome].

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration into lachrymal and salivary glands leading to symptomatic dye eyes and mouth. Immunohistological studies have clarified that the majority of infiltrating lymphocytes around the lachrymal glands and labial salivary glands are CD4 positive alpha beta T cells. To analyze the nature of T cells in lachrymal glands and labial salivary glands, we examined TCR V beta genes of infiltrating T cells into both glands from SS patients, using PCR-SSCP and sequencing methods. The results showed the following two findings. 1) Some of T cells infiltrating in both glands expand clonally, suggesting that these cells proliferate by antigen-driven stimulation. 2) The common T cells accumulated in lachrymal and labial salivary glands. In conclusion, autoreactive T cells in lips and eyes should recognize the same epitopes of autoantigen in individual patients with SS. Further analysis on autoantigen using T cell lines from labial salivary glands supports the notion that Ro/SS-A 52 kD is a possible autoantigen recognized by autoreactive T cells.

Topic: Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
IL-10 and TNF-α level changes in Oviduct and Endometrium at the Preimplantation Period in Sows

수정란이 착상하는 동안 모체의 생식 기관에서 면역 세포 군집의 변화가 발생하며 이는 임신 과정의 핵심이다. 착상 전·후 기간동안 T 림프구를 포함한 면역 세포는 이식 초기에 생식 기관으로 불러들여지며, T 림프구 중 보조T세포인 Th1과 Th2 사이의 균형은 착상의 성공에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 돼지 수정란 착상 전 모체의 난관(OVI), 자궁내막 (ENDO), 자궁 점막층 (UML)에서 Th1, Th2의 균형을 확인하고자 종양괴사인자-알파 (TNF-α)와 인터루킨-10 (IL-10)의 농도를 효소결합 면역흡착 분석법 (ELISA)을 이용해 분석하였다. IL-10의 경우 7일차에 OVI, ENDO, UML에 유의한 차이가 있었으나 (p 0.01), TNF-α의 경우 모두 유의한 차이가 없었다. IL-10:TNF-α 비율은 OVI에서만 7일째에 유의한 차이가 나타났다 (p 0.05). 본 연구의 결과는 착상 전 생식 기관별 염증-항염증 기전의 변화를 통해 모체의 생식계가 배아를 수용하는 과정의 일부를 뒷받침할 수 있다.

Topic: Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Subfield: Small Animals
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
Physical properties of a very diffuse HI structure at high Galactic latitude

The main goal of this analysis is to present a new method to estimate the physical properties of diffuse cloud of atomic hydrogen observed at high Galactic latitude. This method, based on a comparison of the observations with fractional Brownian motion simulations, uses the statistical properties of the integrated emission, centroid velocity and line width to constrain the physical properties of the 3D density and velocity fields, as well as the average temperature of HI. We applied this method to interpret 21 cm observations obtained with the Green Bank Telescope of a very diffuse HI cloud at high Galactic latitude located in Firback North 1. We first show that the observations cannot be reproduced solely by highly-turbulent CNM type gas and that there is a significant contribution of thermal broadening to the line width observed. To reproduce the profiles one needs to invoke two components with different average temperature and filling factor. We established that, in this very diffuse part of the ISM, 2/3 of the column density is made of WNM and 1/3 of thermally unstable gas (T ~2600 K). The WNM gas is mildly supersonic (~1) and the unstable phase is definitely sub-sonic (~0.3). The density contrast (i.e., the standard deviation relative to the mean of density distribution) of both components is close to 0.8. The filling factor of the WNM is 10 times higher that of the unstable gas, which has a density structure closer to what would be expected for CNM gas. This field contains a signature of CNM type gas at a very low level (N_H ~ 3 x 10^19) which could have been formed by a convergent flow of WNM gas.

Topic: Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Voice Quality Measurement in Modern Telecommunication Networks

Speech quality is the most visible and important aspects of quality of service (QoS) for telecommunication networks. Hence, the ability to monitor and design for this quality has become a top priority. Speech quality refers to the clearness of a speaker's voice as perceived by a listener. Its measurement offers a means of adding the human end-user's perspective to traditional ways of performing network management evaluation of voice telephony services. Traditionally, measurement of users' perception of speech quality has been performed by expensive and time-consuming subjective listening tests. Over the last three decades, numerous attempts have been made to supplement subjective tests with objective measurements based on algorithms that can be computerised and automated. This paper describes the technicalities associated with speech quality measurement, and presents a review of current subjective and objective speech quality evaluation methods and standards in telecommunications.

Topic: Speech and Audio Processing
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences