jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Rationality of Biofuel Certification: A Critical Examination of EU Biofuel Policy

Certification for biofuels has been developed to ensure that biofuel production methods adhere to social and environmental sustainability standards. As such, requiring biofuel production to be certified has become part of EU policy through the 2009 renewable energy directive (RED), that aims to promote energy security, reduce emissions and promote rural development. According to the EU RED, in 2020 10 % of our transport energy should come from renewable sources, most of which are expected to be biofuels. In this paper I examine what biofuel certificates are, what they can achieve and what their limitations are. Methodologically, I will evaluate them using the standards of instrumental, practical and communicative rationality. With regard to instrumental rationality, I conclude that the EU RED makes an important but unjustified assumption in demanding certified biofuels for its target: that if biofuel production is sustainable, then biofuel use is too. I also argue that, where the EU assumes that biofuel certification is a sufficient means to achieve the EU RED’s goals, it is at best an insufficient means and at worst not a means at all towards achieving these goals. With regard to practical rationality, I argue that more attention needs to be paid to trade-offs between different goals in the EU RED, particularly with regard to providing investor security and not capping transport energy consumption. With regard to communicative rationality, I argue that the policy-making process of the EU RED has been seriously flawed, and that certification development processes also can improve significantly.

Topic: Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
How does the promotion of fast fashion through influencer marketing on Instagram impact Millennial’s purchase intentions, from an Irish female Millennial perspective?

The rise of influencer marketing has changed how brands target consumers, posing the topic of conversation within recent research papers seeking to identify how effective this form of advertising is. While many papers discuss the philosophy and evolution of influencer marketing within the beauty and cosmetics industry, they are limited in their analysis of consumer’s interpretations within a fast fashion context, particularly Irish female Millennial consumers. The recurring issues highlighted in the literature vary from the concepts, components, and antecedents of influencer marketing, occasionally referring to a generalised Millennial. The lacking emphasis on this cohort’s beliefs, perspectives, and opinions in relation to social media influencers (SMIs) and their purchase intentions is evident, particularly from an Irish context.&#13;\n&#13;\nThis paper bridges a gap pertaining the impacts influencer marketing has on Irish female Millennial’s (IFMs) purchase intentions within a fast fashion context on Instagram. Particular emphasis is shown toward the key drivers of this cohorts purchase intentions, their rationale for relating to SMIs and how this promotion of the fast fashion environment impacts their day-to-day lives. As consumers purchase intentions stem from building a relationship with SMIs, an exploration into their interpretation versus the factual data is emphasized.&#13;\n&#13;\nSix in-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out with active Instagram users with an interest in fashion SMIs, fitting the IFM consumer demographic. Thematic analysis was conducted through an inductive approach to identify salient themes, capturing a true insight into IFM consumers opinions and understanding surrounding the topic. The findings demonstrate the importance of trust and relatability in relation to purchasing SMIs recommendation’s, with a negative perception toward paid advertisements. Despite Millennial’s viewing SMIs publishing paid promotions through a negative lens, the factual data proved this form of advertisement is effective in achieving sales for brands, thus, warranting further research of this topic.

Topic: Digital Marketing and Social Media
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
RNA sequencing analysis reveals differential gene expression of CXCL2 in ACPA-positive and ACPA-negative rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract Background. Anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA) play important roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and are associated with RA severity. It has been suggested that ACPA-positive (ACPA+) and ACPA-negative (ACPA-) RA are different disease subsets with distinct differences in genetic variation and clinical outcomes. The aims of the present study were to compare gene expression profiles in ACPA + and ACPA- RA and identify novel candidate gene signatures that might serve as therapeutic targets. Methods. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ACPA + and ACPA- RA patients, and healthy controls was performed via RNA sequencing. Genes with significantly different expressions were analyzed by cluster analysis, Gene Ontology analysis and Ingenuity Pathway analysis. A validation cohort was used to further investigate differentially expressed genes via real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spearman's correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation of differentially expressed genes and the clinical and laboratory data of the patients. The role of differentially expressed genes in osteoclastogenesis was further investigated. Results. There were significant differences in the expression levels of both genes and gene isoforms between ACPA + and ACPA- RA samples. Expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2) was significantly increased in ACPA + RA patients than in ACPA- RA patients and healthy controls. Validation of candidate genes expression showed that CXCL2 levels in PBMCs and serum were higher in ACPA + RA patients than in ACPA- RA patients and healthy controls. CXCL2 promoted the migration of CD14 + monocytes and increased osteoclast differentiation in RA patients. RAW264.7 macrophages were used to investigate specific mechanisms, and the results suggested that CXCL2 stimulated osteoclastogenesis via ERK MAPK and NFκB pathways. Conclusion. Novel pathways associated with ACPA + RA were identified via RNA sequencing, and CXCL2 was highly expressed in ACPA + RA than in ACPA- RA. These results reveal a previously unreported role of CXCL2 during osteoclastogenesis in RA, and suggest that the blockade of CXCL2 might be a novel strategy for the treatment of RA.

Topic: Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Layanan Bimbingan Kelompok dalam Meningkatkan Kepercayaan Diri Pada Siswa MTS Negeri 1 Kota Serang

Self-confidence is an important factor that influences students' psychological, social and academic aspects. However, some students often experience difficulties in developing self-confidence which has an impact on their social interactions and academic achievements. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study design to understand the experiences of students who take part in group guidance services. The research sample consisted of 11 students who were selected purposively, and they attended three group guidance meetings. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observations and field notes, which were then analyzed using thematic analysis techniques to identify changes and impacts that occurred on students' self-confidence. The research results showed that the group guidance services carried out in three meetings had a positive impact on increasing students' self-confidence, which was reflected in changes in attitudes, communication skills, and courage to face social and academic challenges. These findings suggest that group tutoring services can be an effective strategy in helping students develop their self-confidence. It is hoped that this research will provide insight into the development of more effective guidance programs in schools, especially at MTsN 1 Serang City.

Topic: Student Stress and Coping
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Tax rate to maximize the revenue: Laffer curve for the Czech Republic

The aim of this article is to model the relationship between the rate of personal income tax and the\nrevenue it generates, and to derive a tax rate that would maximize this revenue within the Czech\nRepublic, using methodologies described in earlier works (Hsing, 1996). This tax rate represents\nan upper limit. Overstepping it has negative consequences for corporate fi nances and government\nbudgetary funding alike, because it undermines the workers motivation to work, reduces buying\npower, and shifts work activities in favor of gray economy. The period of interest is a time series\nfrom 1993 to 2010. Two models were devised. The basic research instrument was a second-degree\npolynomial regression with a logarithmic transformation of the input data. The explaining variable\nwas the tax revenue, the explanatory variable in Model 1 was the ratio of tax revenue to personal gross\nannual income. Model 2 featured the ratio of tax revenue to gross domestic product. To limit model\ninstability, all data was stated per capita, in 2010 prices. Both models are statistically signifi cant. By\ncomparison, it was determined that, in the period of 1994–2010, the historical tax rate was lower than\nthe rate designed to maximize the revenue. It approached the theoretical optimum most closely in\n2007, and deviated from it most severely in 1995.

Topic: Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Structural control systems: performance assessment

A systematic comparison of the performance of different control systems will be useful for the designer in selecting the most effective control system for a structure. The capabilities of ideal passive and active control systems are compared in this study. The passive system consists of an ideal viscous damper. The ideal active system is an ideal actuator which can instantaneously and precisely supply the commanded force. For determining the control action, an H/sub 2//LQG control algorithm was selected. To evaluate and compare the controllers, the structural responses of various 1-, 3-, 6-, 10- and 20-story buildings are examined. The ground excitation is modeled as a white noise, and RMS values of the structural responses and control forces are determined.

Topic: Vibration Control and Rheological Fluids
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Global Kinematics of the Globular Cluster M15

We present velocities for 230 stars in the outer parts of the globular cluster M15 measured with the Hydra multi-object spectrograph on the WIYN telescope. A new Bayesian technique is used for analyzing the data. The mean velocity of the cluster is -106.9+/- 0.3 km/s. Rotation with an amplitude of 1.5+/- 0.4 km/s and a position angle of 125+/-19 degrees is observed and the model including rotation is marginally favored over one without rotation. The velocity dispersion decreases from the center out to about 7' and then appears to increase slightly. This behavior is strikingly different from the continued decline of velocity dispersion with increasing radius that is expected in an isolated cluster. We interpret this as an indication of heating of the outer part of M15 by the Galactic tidal field.

Topic: Migration, Refugees, and Integration
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Injury prevention programs: do they really make a difference?

Brain and spinal cord injuries are a leading cause of death and disability for the youth of Canada (Damba et al, 1996). The costs of these injuries to the individual, the family, and society at large are immense. Most of these injuries are preventable (Tator et al, 1993). Over the last decade, a number of injury prevention programs have been developed to address the high incidence of traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injuries in young people. However, what remains unclear is how effective these programs are in terms of altering risk-taking behaviours. The following paper/presentation will highlight three injury prevention programs currently offered in the Toronto area: The Party Program. The Heroes Program, and The Think First Program. Each program will be outlined in terms of historical development and infrastructure, content, setting, format, and intended audience. In addition, each program will be evaluated based on criteria established by the author. Measurement of outcomes will also be addressed.

Topic: Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Determining the Drivers of Alaskan Inuit Migration, Arctic Alaska

Migration choice among Alaskan Inuit in the Arctic Alaskan region is complex and multifaceted. Migration patterns are characterized by high rates of out-migration and return migration however, the factors contributing to migration choice are more nuanced. To better understand the driving factors influencing migration a mixed methodological approach is used by incorporating statistical data analyses and informal interviews collected for Nome Census Area and North Slope Borough. Determining the socio-cultural, economic, and environmental factors influencing migration choice of Alaskan Inuit in Arctic Alaska provides insight into community resiliency and adaptability to regional experiences of social and climatic change. The results demonstrate external investments, employment opportunities, climate change, Inuit cultural practices, and family are important to Alaskan Inuit lifestyle. Results of regression analysis indicate that climate, subsistence, and modern wage economy have the most significant effect on in and out migration in Nome Census Area while in North Slope Borough cultural economy and wage economy balance, family, and external funds have the most significant impact on migration. The factor loadings impacting migration between 1991-2011 explain only 41% in Nome Census Area and 21% in the North Slope Borough. Low explanatory power of the quantitative variables underscores the importance of the non-quantitative indicators, such as importance of family and culture on return migration. Personal interviews further support that the resilience of Arctic Alaskan communities relies on the health of local economy to provide jobs, health care, and education but also on the ability to participate in cultural and familial activities which perpetuates adaptability among Alaskan Inuit.

Topic: Indigenous Studies and Ecology
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Service agents’ risk behavior and implications for co-creation

Purpose This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework for further understanding the risks embedded in co-creation services in high-contact service transactions. It delineates behavioral and economic perspectives focusing on agency costs, risk behavior, compensation structure and provides a context in which information is processed. Design/methodology/approach Following an extensive review of the literature, propositions are advanced that relate an agent’s risk behavior to information processing, compensation and the propensity to engage in co-creation. These propositions provide a complementary context for understanding risks in the co-creation process. Findings The propositions detail how a service agent’s information processing can be enhanced if the customer’s expected utility from transactions is maximized by managing the agent’s risk behavior and earnings potential. A compensation structure that balances fixed base and variable pay can motivate risk-taking and the agent’s propensity to engage in co-creation. Originality/value This paper extends the understanding of agency risks in the co-creation of hospitality services that integrates economic and behavioral perspectives with information processing. Theoretical implications include a broader context of the risks underlying co-creation. Practical implications relate to how earnings potential could be maximized by considering the agent’s risk behavior and the expected utility arising from such transactions.

Topic: Customer Service Quality and Loyalty
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
CCDC 920047: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Medium effect on photon production in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions

The effect of in-medium vector and axial-vector meson masses on photon\nproduction is studied. We assume that the effective mass of a vector meson in\nhot nuclear matter decreases according to a universal scaling law, while that\nof an axial-vector meson is given by Weinberg's mass formula. We find that the\nthermal production rate of photons increases with reduced masses, and is\nenhanced by an order of magnitude at T=160 MeV with $m_\\rho=300$ MeV. Assuming\na hydrodynamic evolution, we estimate the effect of the reduced masses on\nphoton production in nucleus-nucleus collisions. The result is compared to\nexperimental data from the WA80/WA98 collaboration.\n

Topic: High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Economics and Politics of Money: The Selected Essays of Alan Walters

The demand for money and the money multiplier: The revival of the quantity of money (The Malayan economic review, 1965) Professor Friedman on the demand for money, (Journal of political economy, 1965) The stability of Keynesian and monetary multipliers in the UK', C.R. Barrett, (Review of economics and statistics, 1966) The demand for money in the UK 1877-1961 - some preliminary findings, N.J. Kavanagh, (Bulletin of the Oxford Institute of economics and statistics, 1966) The demand for money - the dynamic properties of the multiplier, (Journal of political economy, 1967) Monetary multipliers in the UK 1880-1962, (Oxford economic papers, 1966) Lags and the demand for money, (Journal of economic studies, 1967) The Radcliffe report ten years after a survey of empirical evidence, in in Britain 1959-1969, D.R. Croome, H.G. Johnson (eds.), (Oxford University Press, 1970) The demand for money, expectations and short and long rates, in Value, capital and growth, J.N. Wolfe (ed.), (Edinburgh University Press, 1968). Part 2 Money and business cycle: Money in boom and slump, (IEA Hobart paper, Institute of economic affairs, 1971) Consistent expectations, distributed lags and quantity theory, (Economic journal, 1971) Real balances and output - a productivity model of a monetary economy, L. McGregor in Econometric studies of macro and monetary relations, A.A. Powell, R. Williams (eds.), (North Holland, 1971). Part 3 Political economy: Macroeconomic models and policy in Britain, in Frontiers of econometrics, M. Intrilligator (ed.), (North Holland, 1977) Economists and the British economy, (IEA occasional paper, Institute of economic affairs, 1978) The United Kingdom - political economy and macroeconomics, (Carnegie-Rochester conference on public 1984) Consumption, savings and the multiplier, in Keynes's General theory fifty years on - its relevance and irrelevance to modern times, J. Burton (ed.), (Institute for economic affairs, 1986) Monetary and fiscal policy in the UK, in Keynes and economic policy, W. Eltis, P. Sinclair (eds.), (Macmillan/NEDO, 1988) Supply side policies - the lessons from the UK in A supply side agenda for Germany), G. Fels and G.M. von Furstenberg (eds.) (Springer Verlag, 1989) Walters critique, in New Palgrave dictionary of money and finance, (Macmillan, 1992) Currency boards, in New Palgrave dictionary of economics, (Macmillan, 1991) Money, narrow or broad? (The review of policy issues, 1995).

Topic: Economic Theory and Policy
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Individual Student Planning: A Student Need Assesment Survey

The aims of this study are to describe the needs of students about individual planning services. The subjects of the study were junior high school students in Yogyakarta taken randomly amounted to 618 respondents. Instruments in the form of questionnaires developed based on aspects of individual planning services. The results show the questionnaire has three aspects, namely material advisement, placement, and career development. Overall score of 619, and on the aspects of the Career Development with a score of 615. While viewed from the highest score there are four items namely: need information about the talent and interests and opportunities of achievement of ideas, know the types of secondary schools (SMA, SMK), require information types of advanced education options in college, requires experience of successful people related to his ideas. This results as a basis for developing methods and media in individual planning services in junior secondary schools Keywords: individual student planning, need assessment, student

Topic: Counseling Practices and Supervision
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences