jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Active Defense: China's Military Strategy since 1949

What changes in China's modern military policy reveal about military organizations and strategy Since the 1949 Communist Revolution, China has devised nine different military strategies, which the People's Liberation Army (PLA) calls guidelines. What accounts for these numerous changes? Active Defense offers the first systematic look at China's military strategy from the mid-twentieth century to today. Exploring the range and intensity of threats that China has faced, M. Taylor Fravel illuminates the nation's past and present military goals and how China sought to achieve them, and offers a rich set of cases for deepening the study of change in military organizations. Drawing from diverse Chinese-language sources, including memoirs of leading generals, military histories, and document collections that have become available only in the last two decades, Fravel shows why transformations in military strategy were pursued at certain times and not others. He focuses on the military strategies adopted in 1956, 1980, and 1993-when the PLA was attempting to wage war in a new kind of way-to show that China has pursued major change in its strategic guidelines when there has been a significant shift in the conduct of warfare in the international system and when China's Communist Party has been united. Delving into the security threats China has faced over the last seven decades, Active Defense offers a detailed investigation into how and why states alter their defense policies.

Topic: Military History and Strategy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Efficiency of cinnamon extract (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) in the treatment of seeds of braúna (Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl.)

ABTRACT: For decades, chemical products have shown efficiency in inhibiting pathogens associated with forest seeds, but due to the high cost and environmental impact caused by it, research to find more viable and sustainable alternatives has been Held. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume extract in the treatment of seeds of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. And to indicate the use of plant extracts as an alternative for the control of pathogens associated with Forest seeds. For the sanity test, 500 seeds collected in 2010 and 500 seeds collected in the year 2014 submitted to treatments with cinnamon extract were used in the following concentrations: T1: solution containing 100% sterile water (control); T2: Solution containing 25% of cinnamon extract and 75% of sterile water; T3: Solution containing 50% cinnamon extract and 50% of sterile water; T4: Solution containing 75% of cinnamon extract and 25% of sterile water; T5: Solution containing 100% of cinnamon extract. The health test lasted 10 days and after this period, the pathogen was evaluated, associated with the seeds of S. Brasiliensis, through the observations of the fungal structures through a stereoscopic and optic microscope, and the help of the literature Specialized. The means were analyzed by the Tukey test at the level of 5% probability and the percentage values for the purposes of statistical analysis were transformed into arcsen√x/100.The treatment with solution containing 100% of cinnamon extract presented as the most efficient being the most suitable for the inhibition of pathogens associated with the forest seeds. Considering the results, we recommend the advancement of researches around the use of plant extracts as a solution for the treatment of forest seeds so that it becomes a viable alternative in the forestry sector. KEYWORDS: seeds, pathogens.

Topic: Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Prevention of Left Ventricular Remodelling after Acute Myocardial Infarction: An Update

Left ventricular remodelling is a progressive process, which starts immediately after acute myocardial infarction and evolves in the chronic phase of heart failure. It is characterized by left ventricular chamber dilatation and increased wall stress, which results in alteration of the contractile properties of the non-infarct zone and impairment of the systolic and diastolic performances of the left ventricle. Neurohormonal activation and increased sympathetic stimulation are among the factors that have been linked to the development and progression of left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction. The present review will address recent insights from new patents and experimental studies of drugs, which ought to prevent left ventricular remodelling. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and Beta-Blockers have been proven effective in modulating the process of remodelling and in reducing the occurrence of adverse events. However, in most of the trials high risk patients have been excluded, and uncertainty still exists regarding a number of clinically relevant questions. Data from experimental studies have identified new targets for interventions to prevent reverse left ventricular remodelling, i.e. stem cell transfer, activation of cardiac and leukocyte-dependent oxidant stress pathways, inflammatory pathway activation, matrix-metalloproteinase activation. © 2010 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

Topic: Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Are New Zealand universities underperforming? An analysis of international enrolments in Australian and New Zealand universities

International education is widely recognised as providing a range of positive outcomes for students, universities, and both the source and destination countries. New Zealand politicians, however, see international education as a means of generating significant export earnings able to subsidise the local provision of university education. New Zealand universities have been criticised as underperforming in comparison to their Australian counterparts in attracting revenue from international students. This article explores the evidence of that observation by examining the patterns of enrolment by international students in New Zealand and Australian universities. The analysis identifies significant drivers of the international student enrolments in Australia and discusses potential strategic and policy implications for international education in New Zealand that respond to these drivers.

Topic: Higher Education Governance and Development
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Vaccinations in Sjögren’s

Abstract One of the most important aspects of preventive care is receiving the appropriate vaccinations. This is particularly important for patients with autoimmune disease and compromised immune function, especially those who take immunosuppressive medications. Updating vaccinations is particularly important before receiving some immunosuppressive medications, because these can seriously blunt a person’s response to appropriate vaccination. For Sjögren’s patients, many common vaccinations, including the annual flu vaccine and pneumonia vaccine, are recommended. Other vaccinations, such as those utilizing a live virus, may be dangerous, and individual circumstances should be discussed with a patient’s physician. Sjögren’s patients are encouraged to get a COVID-19 vaccination.

Topic: SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
GANGRENOUS MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM PERFORATED BY A TOMATO PEEL

This case is not presented as propaganda against the eating of tomatoes but merely to emphasize a possible surprise that one may encounter in a case diagnosed as acute appendicitis. History. —J. L., a white man, aged 41, employed as the supervisor of a warehouse, seen by Dr. Bernhard, Aug. 18, 1932, complained of pain in the abdomen to the right of the umbilicus. The pain had started and remained localized in that spot. The patient's appetite was good and his bowel movements were regular. There had been no nausea or vomiting. Tomatoes had been eaten that morning, and pain had begun toward evening. He had never been in any accidents and had never under-gone an operation. He had had mumps and measles in childhood, and a left inguinal hernia had been present for about twenty years. The patient's mother had died at the age of 50 of pleurisy. His

Topic: Intestinal and Peritoneal Adhesions
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
variation in feeding and ranging behavior in primates. In: Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behavior

favor patience, persistence, or impulse control and may be signatures of primates and other social mammals given conditions in which local competition occurs for limited resources (e.g., queuing for mates, taking turns at water holes). A possible extension of these studies is that selection for persistence, patience, or impulse control may have facilitated selection for large body size since small animals may not be energetically capable of waiting for critical food or water resources to become available. Where persistence, patience, or impulse control increases the likelihood of morbidity (e.g., desiccation) or mortality, these studies can be linked to life history evolution and adaptations to minimize associated costs. Further analyses of the fine-grained relationships between primates and their plant prey are warranted. Acknowledgments: I thank K. S. Bawa and J. R. Stevens for their input. This paper will be presented as a poster (Jones,

Topic: Primate Behavior and Ecology
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Study of stress-strain state of thin-sheet billet during its deformation by composite shell rolls

The stress-strain state of a thin- sheet billet when it is deformed by composite shell rolls for a new continuous line of local bending-forming is studied. The results of solving problem of deformation of a thin-sheet billet, according to the scheme of continuous local bending-forming between two rotating rolls, with a composite and simple elastic working tool based on SKU-7L polyurethane are presentеd.

Topic: Engineering Technology and Methodologies
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Design and technology of fine-grained sleep transistor circuits in ultra-deep sub-micron CMOS technologies

The reduction of leakage currents in deep sub-micron CMOS is a challenging design criterion. The block level sleep transistor scheme is an established strategy to suppress static power consumption in unused circuit blocks. Suspending small logic blocks for even very short time intervals is the next step to cope with continuously increasing leakage currents. A design methodology for the power switch is demonstrated for a 16 bit multiply accumulate unit. A straightforward strategy to determine the minimum power-down time is demonstrated. A charge recycling scheme reduces the minimum power-down time by reducing the switching overhead. A double switch scheme reduces the on-current during block activation significantly and enables a faster block activation.

Topic: Low-power high-performance VLSI design
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Singular perturbations on the infinite time interval

We consider the slow and fast systems that belong to a small neighborhood of an unperturbed problem. We study the general case where the slow equation has a compact positively invariant subset which is asymptotically stable, and meanwhile the fast equation has asymptotically stable equilibria (Tykhonov’s theory) or asymptotically stable periodic orbits (Pontryagin–Rodygin’s theory). The description of the solutions is by this way given on infinite time interval. We investigate the stability problems derived from this results by introducing the notion of practical asymptotic stability. We show that some particular subsets of the phase space of the singularly perturbed systems behave like asymptotically stable sets. Our results are formulated in classical mathematics. They are proved within Internal Set Theory which is an axiomatic approach to Nonstandard Analysis. On considère les systèmes lents-rapides appartenant à un petit voisinage d’un problème non perturbé. On étudie le cas général où l’équation lente admet un sous-ensemble compact positivement invariant qui soit asymptotiquement stable tandis que l’équation rapide a des équilibres asymptotiquement stables (théorie de Tykhonov) ou des cycles limites stables (théorie de Pontryagin). La description des solutions est de ce fait donnée sur des intervalles de temps infinis. On examine les problèmes de stabilité découlant de ces résultats en introduisant la notion de stabilité pratique. On montre que certains sous-ensembles de l’espace de phases des systèmes singulièrement perturbés se comportent comme des ensembles asymptotiquement stables. Les résultats sont formulés classiquement mais sont démontrés dans le cadre de la théorie IST, une approche axiomatique de l’Analyse Non Standard.

Topic: Mathematical and Theoretical Analysis
Subfield: Mathematical Physics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Honey: A Facilitating Medicine for Dermatological Wound Care

Honey is a nutritional food with health-promoting properties. Antiseptics are topical agents that act to prevent growth of microorganisms. A range of Apis florea bee honey from Karnataka was used to investigate the prevention of infection and promote healing of wounds in rat models as honey is a tissue-regenerative agent. It contributes to all stages of wound healing, and thus has been used in direct topical application and also in dressings. Most honey samples with various dilutions have proved to possess, significant antibacterial potency against selected bacterial isolates by disc diffusion assay. The Coorg honey of Apis florea species showed highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) with 19.26±0.23 mm and the least susceptibility was recorded for bacterial strain Erwinia nigrifluens (ATCC 21922) with 8.97±0.48 mm. The Kolar honey of Apis florea species showed highest antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus (ATCC 31443) with 8.79±0.16 mm and least susceptibility was recorded for Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) with 7.01±0.55 mm. The Bengaluru honey of Apis florea species showed highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) with 9.95±0.23 mm and least susceptibility was recorded for E. coli (ATCC 25891) with 6.27±0.22 mm. The present study also checked the wound healing ability of honey when applied topically in several rat models. The control rats were healed by 20 ± 1.07 days. The Kanamycin treated rats were healed on 10±1.45 days. 13 ±1.07days were recorded to heal the wounds by Apis florea honey samples of Abbe Falls, Coorg regions. 18 ±1.54 days and 17 ±1.03 days were recorded against Champion Reef regions of Kolar district and Varthur regions of Bengaluru district.

Topic: Bee Products Chemical Analysis
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Resolution of Intestinal Failure with Prolonged Parenteral Nutrition, Bowel Rest, and Intravenous Antibiotics in an HIV Patient With Chronic Cystoisospora belli

Introduction:Cystoisospora belli, formerly Isospora belli, is a protozoal parasite causing chronic diarrhea and weight loss after ingestion of food or water contaminated with oocytes. It is endemic in India, Africa, and South America. In the United States, it mainly affects immunocompromised patients, such as those with HIV. Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim®) is first-line treatment. The few published studies report a high rate of relapse and death, despite immune reconstitution. Our patient is a unique case of chronic cystoisosporiasis leading to intestinal failure, which resolved after parenteral nutrition (PN), bowel rest, and IV antibiotics. Case Report: A 48-year-old Indian male with HIV (CD4 count of 166, viral load undetectable on highly active anti-retroviral therapy [HAART]), and chronic hepatitis B was admitted with severe diarrhea, malnutrition, and profound weight loss [35 kg, BMI 13]). Stool studies detected Cystoisopora belli, and duodenal biopsy showed villous attenuation, severe duodenitis with eosinophilia, and Cystoisospora. He was admitted to the hospital almost monthly for a year, and treated with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, and nitazoxanide, but the intestinal failure persisted despite a CD4 count >200 and no detectable HIV virus. Home PN, bowel rest, and IV ciprofloxacin were ultimately initiated, resulting in dramatic symptom improvement. Persistent Cystoisospora was found on duodenal and jejunal biopsies 7 months into PN therapy, despite symptom improvement. Therapy continued, and he was able to wean from PN 3 months later. He has not been admitted since initiating PN. Discussion: Our case is unusual in that it shows a positive outcome in severe cystoisosporiasis via PN, IV antibiotics, and bowel rest, despite persistent intestinal colonization. Two case series reported HIVinfected patients failed to eradicate Cystoisospora belli even after immune reconstitution, as was seen in our patient. The patients remained symptomatic leading to hospitalization and even death in 5 of 6 patients. These studies suggest there may be incomplete restoration of gastrointestinal CD4+ T cells leading to only partial intestinal immunity in those with chronic cystoisosporiasis. Conclusion: PN is an effective method to treat intestinal failure from Cystoisospora belli infection when HAART and antibiotics have failed. Patients may have chronic colonization of Cystoisospora belli despite symptom resolution.

Topic: Parasitic Infections and Diagnostics
Subfield: Parasitology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
DS_10.1177_0363546520916473 – Supplemental material for Patients With Borderline Hip Dysplasia Achieve Clinically Significant Improvement After Arthroscopic Femoroacetabular Impingement Surgery: A Case-Control Study With a Minimum 5-Year Follow-up

Supplemental material, DS_10.1177_0363546520916473 for Patients With Borderline Hip Dysplasia Achieve Clinically Significant Improvement After Arthroscopic Femoroacetabular Impingement Surgery: A Case-Control Study With a Minimum 5-Year Follow-up by Edward C. Beck, Justin Drager, Benedict U. Nwachukwu, Jonathan Rasio, Kyleen Jan, Jorge Chahla and Shane J. Nho in The American Journal of Sports Medicine

Topic: Hip disorders and treatments
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
POTENTIATION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE INDUCED INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY DESICCATION

SUMMARY In vivo protein synthesis in the gametophyte apices of Tortula ruralis (Hedw.) Gaertn, Meyer and Scherb was studied in relation to desiccation and sulphur dioxide stress. The latter was applied in aqueous form, at three levels (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mol m −3 ), while two drying regimes (slow and rapid) were employed. Desiccation by itself caused only a slight inhibition of protein synthesis following 30 min rehydration. SO 2 at 0.1 mol m −3 was stimulatory to protein synthesis when applied alone (20%) or in combination with slow desiccation (14%). Combining 0.1 mol m −3 SO 2 with rapid desiccation not only abolished this stimulation but further reduced protein synthesis to 70% of control. SO 2 at both 0.5 and 1.0 mol m −3 was inhibitory to protein synthesis in the absence of desiccation. Desiccation applied after pretreatment in 0.5 mol m −3 and 1.0 mol m −3 SO 2 caused a potentiation of SO 2 inhibition, rapid desiccation having a stronger effect in this regard than slow desiccation.

Topic: Magnetic and Electromagnetic Effects
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Pengadaan Koleksi Muatan Lokal “Local Content ”sebagai Upaya Pelestarian Budaya Daerah di Dinas Kearsipan dan Perpustakaan Provinsi Sumatera Barat

AbstractThe writing of this paper aims to describe: (1) local content collection services, (2) constraints in procuring local content collections; and (3) efforts in procuring local content collections in the Archives Service and West Sumatra Province Library. The method of writing this paper is to use a qualitative descriptive method which is done by observation, interviews and data collection directly to the source, the Office of Archives and the Library of West Sumatra Province. Based on the results of interviews and observations conducted at the Archives Service and West Sumatra Province Library are as follows: First, the service collection of "local content" content at the Archives Service and West Sumatra Province Library through the procurement of local content collection, local content collection service system and the use of collections local content by users in the Archives Service and Library of West Sumatra Province. Second, the obstacles faced are: (1) limited number of local content collections, (2) limited access to local content collections, (3) lack of government and other related parties' attention to cultural functions, (4) lack of human resources as skilled librarians. Third, the efforts that have been made by the Office of Archives and Library of West Sumatra Province, namely conducting education, outreach, law enforcement and infrastructure facilities for local content collection works in an effort to preserve regional culture.Keyword: local content collection; cultural preservation; public library

Topic: Edcuational Technology Systems
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Left ventricle geometry, echoreflectivity and CYP11B2 polymorphism C-344T in hypertensive males

Objectives: Hypertensive heart remodeling requires the assumption of different factors, including an increase of left ventricular mass (LVM) and myocardial fibrosis. It was shown that aldosterone stimulates cardiac collagen synthesis and fibroblast proliferation. CYP11B2 is one of the genes responsible for the effects of aldosterone. Therefore, hypertensive remodeling could be partially related to the polymorphism of this gene. The purpose of this study was to assess the association of CYP11B2 polymorphism with structural remodeling by changes in geometry and myocardial density to define their role and interaction in hypertensive heart disease. Methods: The study recruited 150 men aged 45-60 with and without essential hypertension (EH), who possessed no irreversible target organ damages. Fifty of them had normal BP, 58 had EH without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and 42 had EH and LVH. Each participant underwent office blood pressure measurement, echocardiography with echo-reflectivity analysis, and determination of the C-344T polymorphism of the aldosterone synthase gene CYP11B2. Results: Patients with EH and LVH differed not only by LV mass but also by larger body mass, relative wall thickness, and wider echo-reflectivity spectrum. The associations of larger end diastolic diameter with C allele, and the larger thickness of the posterior wall and interventricular septum with T allele, were revealed only in patients with EH and LVH. Conclusions: Hypertensive patients with LVH are likely to be a distinct cluster with their own genetic predisposition to hypertensive heart disease.

Topic: Hormonal Regulation and Hypertension
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences