Rhinolophus creaghi Thomas 1896

75. Creagh’s Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> <i>Rhinolophus creaghi</i> French: <i>Rhinolophe</i> de <i>Creagh</i> / <b>German:</b> <i>Creagh-Hufeisennase</i> / <b>Spanish:</b> Herradura <i>de</i> Creagh Taxonomy. <i>Rhinolophus creaghi</i> Thomas, 1896, “ Sandakan, British N[orth]. Borneo [= Borneo], ” Malaysia. <i>Rhinolophus creaghi</i> is included in the <i>euryotis</i> species group, along with <i>R. canuti, R. mcintyrei, R. euryotis, R. tatar, R. belligerator, R. proconsulis, R. arcuatus, R. inops, R.subrufus, R.rufus, R affinis, R.andamanensis, R. coelophyllus, R. shameli, R. microglobosus,</i> and <i>R. stheno.</i> The <i>euryotis</i> group is currendy not well defined and includes a number of taxa that have typically been placed in other species groups (particularly the <i>megaphyllus</i> group). The <i>current</i> arrangement is based mainly on genetic data, but further sampling is needed to achieve a better understanding of the relationships of the species within this group. <i>Current</i> genetic data indicate that the <i>euryotis</i> group is probably either close to the <i>pearsonii, trifoliatus, hipposideros,</i> and <i>rouxii</i> groups, or is sister to a clade including the <i>pusillus, megaphyllus, philippinensis,</i> and <i>macrotis</i> groups, but genetic data are still limited. Genetic data have placed. <i>creaghi</i> close to <i>R. affinis, R shameli, R arcuatus,</i> and <i>R subrufus.</i> Two subspecies recognized. <b>Subspecies and</b> Distribution. <i>R c. creaghi</i> Thomas, 1896 - Palawan I (Philippines) and N, W &amp; E Borneo (including Banggi I), although it probably occurs more <i>widely</i> in Borneo. . <i>c. pilosus</i> K. Andersen, 1918 — Lesser Sunda Is (Madura, Nusa Penida, <i>Flores</i>, Semau, and Roti), Descriptive <b>notes.</b> Head-body 51 mm (holotype), tail 11- 1-16 mm, ear 18- 8-25 mm, forearm 46-54- 4 mm; weight 10-5—13- 5 g. Dorsal pelage is generally dark brown to olive brown, and ventral pelage is paler. Ears are small to medium-sized. Noseleaf has a <i>relatively</i> long lancet with slightly concave sides; connecting process is virtually absent but there is a distinctive tuft of compact, dense hair at base of the lancet (hairs are long and dark brown, and in <i>pilosus</i> they are modified with their distal halves being flattened into a blade-like structure); sella has constricted base at narial cup and is more or less ellipsoid in outline above; horseshoe is moderately wide (9-8—11- 4 mm) and has poorly developed secondary leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is heavily built (zygomatic breadth is slightly greater than or subequal to mastoid breadth); anterior median swellings are high and bulbous; lateral swellings are well developed; posterior compartments are not well developed; rostral profile is distinctly concave; sagittal crest is moderately to well developed; frontal depression is deep; supraorbital crests are prominent and often have sharp ridges. C1 is moderately strong but low; <i>P</i> 2 is well developed and slightly extruded from tooth row; P3 is minute and fully extruded from tooth row or completely absent; P2 and P4 are in contact. Dental formula is the usual of 32 teeth for genus, or only 30 teeth when lower premolar is missing. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60 (Sabah, northern Borneo). Habitat. Mostly primary forest in both lowland and highland regions. On Palawan, common in primary lowland forest from near sea level up to at least 700 m; can occur up to 1500 m elsewhere in its distribution. <b>Food and</b> Feeding. No information. Breeding. <i>Eight pregnant</i> females (<i>out</i> of 135 total females captured) were reported in December on Palawan. <b>Activity</b> patterns. Creagh’s Horseshoe Bat roosts in caves. <i>A</i> call frequency of 68 kHz was recorded from a hand-held individual in Sabah. <b>Movements, Home range and Social</b> organization. Creagh’s Horseshoe Bats often roost in large numbers, with colonies of hundreds or thousands. <b>Status and Conservation.</b> Classified as <i>Least</i> Concern on 77 <i>ze IUCN ed List.</i> Creagh’s Horseshoe Bat has a widespread, although somewhat scattered, distribution and is considered locally common in parts of its range. It may be locally threatened by roost disturbance from limestone extraction and guano mining, and by general habitat destruction by deforestation. It is hunted for food on Palawan, although this is <i>not</i> viewed as a substantial threat. <b>Bibliography.</b> Csorba eta/. (2003), Esselstyn, Widmann &amp; Heaney (2004), Harada &amp; <i>Kobayashi</i> (1980), Hill (1958, 1959), Hutson, Kingston, <i>Esselstyn</i> &amp; Maryanto (2008), Ketol <i>eta</i> /. (2005), Payne <i>eta</i> /. (1985), Phillipps &amp; <i>Phillipps</i> (2016), Rahman &amp; Abdullah (2002), Sazali eta/. (2011), Struebig et al. (2012), Suyanto (1998), Yasuma (1994), Zhang Lin eta/. (2018).

Topic: Bat Biology and Ecology Studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences