jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ocean Color Reveals Increased Blooms in Various Parts of the World

The magnitude of phytoplankton blooms has increased significantly in many areas of the world during the past 11 years, as shown in data from ocean color sensors on board satellites. These areas with increased blooms are likely to be environmentally stressed and undergoing undesirable environmental changes such as a higher frequency of harmful algal blooms and oxygen depletion in bottom layers of oceans, estuaries, and lakes. These changes can disrupt traditional fisheries and recreational use in many coastal areas. An algal bloom is a rapid increase in the concentration of phytoplankton algae that occurs when conditions turn favorable for algal growth. A typical example of a bloom is the phytoplankton spring bloom. Algal blooms are natural phenomena that remove dissolved carbon and nutrients. In addition, they produce new biomass that supports higher trophic levels including fish and fisheries. However, the blooms also lead to excessive turbidity, oxygen depletion in the bottom layers, and the possible death of fish, benthic animals, and bottom vegetation.

Topic: Marine and coastal ecosystems
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Magnetic Materials: Intrinsic Van Der Waals Magnetic Materials from Bulk to the 2D Limit: New Frontiers of Spintronics (Adv. Mater. 27/2019)

2D van der Waals (vdW) magnets, which present intrinsic ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic ground states down to atomic-layer thicknesses, have recently become focused members in the large family of 2D materials. In article number 1900065, Shuangchen Ruan, Yu-Jia Zeng, and Hui Li, review recent state-of-the-art characterization and tuning of the magnetic properties of various 2D vdW magnets and discuss perspectives in the fields of spintronics.

Topic: 2D Materials and Applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Rubus oklejewiczii &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(Rosaceae), a new bramble species from Central Europe (Poland: Carpathians)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

A new species from south-eastern Poland, named Rubus oklejewiczii Wolanin &amp; M. Nobis, is here described and illustrated. It is pentaploid deciduous plant, with morphological features most typical to the species representing Rubus ser. Rubus. The species is distributed in the northern foreground of the Polish Carpathians and has been observed mostly in fir-beech forests margins.

Topic: Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
LISTENING AND SPEAKING SKILL, WHAT IS THE CORRELATION? (A CORRELATIONAL STUDY AT THE FIRST SEMESTER OF D3 HOSPITALITY STUDY PROGRAM STUDENTS OF INDONUSA SURAKARTA POLYTECHNIC, ACADEMIC YEAR 2019/2020)

This study aims to determine the correlation between listening and speaking skills ofstudents in D3 Hospitality Study Program. The sample is twenty-eight first semester studentsof the D3 hospitality study program for the 2019-2020 academic year. This type of researchis correlation with technical analysis data using Pearson Product Moment. The data weretaken from the final English examination one in the form of listening and speaking. Based onthe test of normality, the p value for each variable is more than 0.05 so that the data isnormally distributed. Based on the calculated data, it is found that the listening score andspeaking score variables have a strong correlation or correlation, indicated by the value of r= 0.644 and p value = 0.000 less than 0.005. This confirms that there is a relationshipbetween listening and speaking skills in learning English.

Topic: English Language Learning and Teaching
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Identities in conflict? Latin (African) American

Cultural identities were defined not long ago in terms of encompassing general categories based on differences and related mostly to continental markers or to the political delimitation of a given nation state. Today, however, we are more sensitive to culture, gender, beliefs, and general capabilities, and this has made a difference in our understanding of identities. In the case of culture— understood broadly—"American,” a term that refers to a continent and to a nation, was one of those encompassing categories, which became synonymous with a “melting pot.” Today, it seems that this type of qualification has become obsolete, for we always want to know more particularly what kind of American we are referring to. For example, we now use the term “Latin American” to indicate those populations to the south of the United States who were colonized by the Spanish and Portuguese, with some crossing the border toward the north. We have also made room for categories such as “Native American,” which indicate those whose forerunners belonged originally to different parts of the American continent and who have been displaced from their territories. We have also come to the conclusion that it would be more polite to use the expression “African American” to denote those who came as slaves in a diasporic process and were earlier called “niggers” or “Negroes.” In short, we have become more sensitive to cultural particularities within and beyond the traditional marker of the nation state. But one may ask: is this “cultural fine tuning” to differences enough to deal with conflicts involving cultural differences?

Topic: Latin American and Latino Studies
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Reconstructing pedigree information in the Reggiana cattle breed based on high density SNP data

Reggiana is an autochthonous cattle breed, mainly reared in the North of Italy. Milk of Reggiana cows is almost exclusively used for the production of a mono-breed branded Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese. Reggiana population size experienced a dramatic reduction in the past, which was then reverted after 1980’. As in many local breeds, Reggiana pedigree records are not always complete and partial recording may increase error rate in several applications, such as inbreeding coefficient calculation and definition of selection plans. Highthroughput genotyping data could help to identify and then correct pedigree errors. A few approaches have been proposed to identify pedigree inconsistencies using DNA markers. Opposing homozygotes (OH) define parentage inconsistencies in candidate parent-offspring pairs based on homozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for alternative alleles. In this work, available Reggiana pedigree information has been used as a starting point for reconstructing problematic records using OH evaluation. A total of 2730 Reggiana cattle, including commonly used 50 sires, have been genotyped with the GGP Bovine 150K SNP Chip. PLINK software and ad hoc scripts have been used to filter and to obtain all pairwise comparisons of the genotyped cattle based on OH. The genotyping error rate was estimated and then used to define the threshold of the number of inconsistent OH SNPs to declare an incorrect pedigree. Parentage information from pedigree records was not correct for about 10% of the animals. The routine application of this method will improve both the managing and conservation of Reggiana cattle breed and will improve accuracy of estimated breeding values.

Topic: Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Causes of Delays in Construction Projects in Many Developing Countries

Delays of construction projects in developing countriesare one of the most common problems facing both local andinternational construction sector alike. Problems that lead todelays of works completion in international constructionprojects affect negatively on various vital sectors including theeconomy of those countries. The main causes of constructiondelays are comparable across developing countries.Consequently, this study is based on a literature survey,comparison conducted among six developing countries aroundthe world and case study analysis in order to demonstrate causesand effects of delays in construction projects across manydeveloping countries. Although, there are many causes maylead to delays, the results of this study showed that there are tenmain causes including: change in design and material, lack ofsite management, lack of experienced subcontractors, financialproblems contractor-related, problems of estimation, delay ofpayments by client, weakness of project planning process bycontractor, delay of design documents, lack of contractmanagement by consultant and poor coordination among theparties in site. Furthermore, the findings also confirm that thereare six major negative effects of delay including time overrun,cost overrun, disputes, arbitration, litigation and totalabandonment. This study concludes with somerecommendations for both contractor and client in light of theproblems and causes that have been addressed which lead to thedelays in construction projects.

Topic: Construction Project Management and Performance
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A 13.7-mW 21–29-GHz CMOS LNA With 21.6-dB Gain and 2.74-dB NF for 28-GHz 5G Systems

We demonstrate a low-power ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{D}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) and high-gain 21–29-GHz low-noise amplifier (LNA) in 90-nm CMOS for 28-GHz 5G systems. Current-reused architecture is adopted for low <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{D}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . Gain-boosting and body-floating techniques are used for gain and NF enhancement. The LNA consumes 13.7 mW and achieves prominent <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S_{21}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 21.6 dB, 3-dB bandwidth of 8.1 GHz (21.2–29.3 GHz), minimum noise figure (NF <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\mathrm {min}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) of 2.74 dB, average NF (NF <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\mathrm {ave}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) of 2.99 dB for 21–29 GHz, and figure of merit (FOM) of 61.7 GHz. Moreover, the LNA achieves input third-order intercept point (IIP3) of −9 dBm at 28 GHz. The chip size is only 0.348 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . To the authors' knowledge, the NF and FOM performance are one of the best results ever reported for millimeter-wave CMOS LNAs with bandwidth greater than 7 GHz and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{D}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> lower than 15 mW.

Topic: Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
UNSTEADYWAKE OF A PASSENGER CAR MOOEL

How around an automobile is usually considered as steady phenomenon. Aerodynamic coefficients, the most imponant of which is the drag coefficient, are regarded as constants because of the steady flow around the vehicle body. Them is a thought however, the flow separations and the vortical motions around the body me unsteady and the constant drag coefficient can be obtained as a time averaged value of unsteady forces. The present study has been carried out horn this view point The unsteady wake structure up to 300 Hz of a scale vehicle model was measured using 252 total pressure probes. The measuring system is based on ESP (Electronically Scanned Pressure) sensors, which is very popular in the wind engineering field. The results show the wake of the vehicle model has unsteady structure.

Topic: Aerodynamics and Fluid Dynamics Research
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Charles Ives in the Mirror

This book, a sweeping survey of intellectual and musical history, tells the new story of how the music of American composer Charles E. Ives (1874–1954) was shaped by shifting conceptions of American identity within and outside of musical culture. The book focuses on the critics, composers, performers, and scholars whose contributions were most influential in shaping the critical discourse on Ives, many of them marquee names of American musical culture themselves, including Henry Cowell, Aaron Copland, Elliott Carter, and Leonard Bernstein. The book explores both how Ives positioned his music amid changing philosophical and aesthetic currents and how others interpreted his contributions to American music. Although Ives's initial efforts to find a public in the early 1920s attracted a few devotees, the resurgence of interest in the American literary past during the 1930s made a concert staple of his “Concord” Sonata, a work dedicated to nineteenth-century transcendentalist writers. The book shows how Ives was subsequently deployed as an icon of American freedom during the early Cold War period and how he came to be instigated at the head of a line of “American maverick” composers. It also examines why a recent cadre of scholars has beset the composer with Gilded Age social anxieties.

Topic: Musicology and Musical Analysis
Subfield: Music
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Lipid-Rich Carcinoma of the Female Breast - Clinical, Mammographic, Sonographic, and Histologic Diagnosis: Case Report and Literature Review

Lipidreiche Mammakarzinome stellen mit einer Inzidenz von 1 - 1,6 % eine sehr seltene Entität unter den Mammakarzinomen dar. In der Literatur sind lediglich 50 Fälle publiziert, davon je einer bei einem Mann und einem Kind und 48 bei der Frau. Klinische, sonographische und mammographische Zeichen für diese Sonderform des Mammakarzinoms, histologische Charakteristika und das therapeutische Management werden beschrieben und diskutiert.

Topic: Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Premature Ejaculation: A Review of 1130 Cases

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Sep 1943Premature Ejaculation: A Review of 1130 Cases Bernard Schapiro Bernard SchapiroBernard Schapiro View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)70462-4AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1943 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byWALDINGER M (2018) The Neurobiological Approach to Premature EjaculationJournal of Urology, VOL. 168, NO. 6, (2359-2367), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2002.Kuhr C, Heiman J, Cardenas D, Bradley W and Berger R (2018) Premature Emission After Spinal Cord InjuryJournal of Urology, VOL. 153, NO. 2, (429-431), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1995.Damrau F (2018) Premature Ejaculation: Use of Ethyl Aminobenzoate to Prolong CoitusJournal of Urology, VOL. 89, NO. 6, (936-939), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1963. Volume 50Issue 3September 1943Page: 374-379 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1943 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Bernard Schapiro More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Topic: Urologic and reproductive health conditions
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of frictional healing on the scaling of seismicity

A 1D Burridge‐Knopoff model, with velocity‐dependent friction, is used to study the effect of frictional healing on the scaling of seismicity. When a mass element stops motion, the frictional sliding strength in the model is considered to be linearly increased at a healing rate, h, from dynamic friction to static friction. The ratio of the frictional healing rate to the tectonic loading rate, LV, is considered to be a factor. Results show that when h/LV&gt;1, the frequency‐magnitude (FM) distributions of model events exhibit a Gutenberg‐Richter‐type scaling, and the related b‐value is relatively insensitive to h/LV. When h/LV=1, the pattern of the FM relation and the related b‐value somewhat change. However, the ratio h/LV is only a minor factor in affecting the FM scaling.

Topic: earthquake and tectonic studies
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Enhanced bioavailability of oxolinic acid by ultra-fine size reduction in yellowtail.

Effects of ultra-fine size reduction of oxolinic acid on the absorprion by yellowtail were studied by a high performance liquid chromatographic method. Under the high performance liquid chromatographic conditions using a fluorescent detector set for the determination of oxolinic acid in yellowtail tissues, oxolinic acid was well separated from the endogenous com-ponents of yellowtail and the limits of detection in the serum, liver, kidney and muscle were 0.01-0.03 μg/ml or g. After oral administration of the ultra-fine size oxolinic acid in a diet at 30mg/kg once a day for 5 days, the concentration of oxolinic acid in yellowtail tissues went below the limit of detection (0'01-0.03μg/ml or g) within 3 days in the serum, 10days in the liver, 16days in the kidney and 13days in the muscle. When pharmacokinetic parameters were compared between the ultra-fine (diameter=1.0μm) size and ordinary (diameter=6.4μm) preparation of oxolinic acid after single oral administration at 30mg/kg, these two types of oxolinic acid were almost equal in the time of peak serum concentrations, but the peak concentration and areas under the serum concentration-time curve of the ultra-fine size type was 1.7 and 1.3times higher than those of the ordinary type, respectively. Thus, the bioavailablity of oxolinic acid was enhanced by particle size reduction.

Topic: Pharmacological Effects of Natural Compounds
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Comment on mr-2022-23

Long-lived states (LLS) have lifetimes TLLS that can be much longer than longitudinal relaxation times T1. In molecules containing several geminal pairs of protons in neighbouring CH2 groups, it has been shown that delocalized long-lived states can be excited by converting magnetization into imbalances between the populations of singlet and triplet states of each pair. Since the yield of conversion of observable magnetization into LLS and back are on the order of 10 % or less if one uses spin-locked induced crossing (SLIC), it would be desirable to boost the sensitivity by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (d-DNP). To enhance the magnetization of nuclear spins by d-DNP, the analytes must be mixed with radicals such as 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPOL) prior to freezing at low temperatures in the vicinity of 1 K. After dissolution, these radicals lead to an undesirable paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) which shortens not only the longitudinal relaxation times T1 but also the lifetimes TLLS of long-lived states. It is confirmed in this work that PRE by TEMPOL is less deleterious for LLS than for longitudinal magnetization for four different molecules: 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulfonate (DSS), homotaurine, taurine, and acetylcholine. The relaxivities (i.e., the slopes of relaxation rates as a function of the radical concentration) of LLS rLLS are 3 to 5 times smaller than the relaxivities of longitudinal magnetization r1. Partial delocalization of the LLS across neighbouring CH2 groups may decrease this advantage, but in practice, this effect was observed to be minor when comparing taurine containing two CH2 groups and homotaurine with three CH2 groups. Regardless of whether the LLS are delocalized or not, it is shown that PRE should not be a major problem for experiments combining d DNP and LLS, provided the concentration of paramagnetic species after dissolution does not exceed 1 mM, a condition that is readily fulfilled in typical d-DNP experiments. In bullet d-DNP experiments, however, it may be necessary to reduce TEMPOL by adding ascorbate or using lower concentrations of TEMPOL.

Topic: Electron Spin Resonance Studies
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
THE GALACTOPOIETIC EFFECT OF IODINATED CASEIN: DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS DURING PROLONGED TREATMENT

1. In an experiment involving fifty-nine cows, the relative values were assessed of daily dosages of 15, 20 and 25 g. of iodinated casein incorporated in cattle cubes. Treatment was continued from 3 months after calving for 28 weeks, except on cows which went dry before this time. 2. The expected increase in milk yield lasted for 8 weeks, after which the response to the two lower doses quickly disappeared. The response to 25 g. of iodinated casein was maintained at a reduced level throughout the period of treatment. 3. The yield of butter fat reacted very similarly to milk yield. 4. There was no effect on the proportions of butter fat or of non-fatty solids in the milk. 5. Body weight was reduced by amounts proportional to the doses; this loss in weight gradually disappeared. After 12 weeks of treatment there were no significant differences between the groups. 6. There was no significant effect on the health of the cows or on their reproductive activity.

Topic: Reproductive Physiology in Livestock
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete

Cracking, crushing, and yielding of reinforced concrete beams is investigated by the finite element technique. Three-dimensional, 20-node isoparametric elements are used. The analysis incorporates the elasto-plastic behavior of concrete and reinforcing steel and the cracking of concrete stressed in tension beyond a limiting tensile stress. Shear retention in the cracking plane is also considered. The results obtained by this procedure compare well with those obtained experimentally and analytically.

Topic: Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Optical coupling of gold nanoparticles on vertical graphenes to maximize SERS response

Gold particle interaction with few-layer graphenes is of interest for the development of numerous optical nanodevices. The results of numerical studies of the coupling of gold nanoparticles with few-layer vertical graphene sheets are presented. The field strengths are computed and the optimum nanoparticle configurations for the formation of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) hotspots are obtained. The nanoparticles are modeled as 8 nm diameter spheres atop 1.5 nm (five layers) graphene sheet. The vertical orientation is of particular interest as it is possible to use both sides of the graphene structure and potentially double the number of particles in the system. Our results show that with the addition of an opposing particle a much stronger signal can be obtained, as well as the particle the number of atomic carbon layers can control separation. These results provide further insights and contribute to the development of next-generation plasmonic devices based on nanostructures with hybrid dimensionality.

Topic: Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences