jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Zero-One, Borel Probability which Admits of No Countably Additive Extensions

There is a subsigma-field of the Borel subsets $\mathcal {B}$ of the unit interval which supports a countably additive, two-valued, probability which cannot be extended to $\mathcal {B}$ so as to remain countably additive.

Topic: Advanced Topology and Set Theory
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
USP18 – a multifunctional component in the interferon response

Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) represent the largest family of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUB). These proteases cleave the isopeptide bond between ubiquitin and a lysine residue of a ubiquitin-modified protein. USP18 is a special member of the USP family as it only deconjugates the ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 (interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) 15) from target proteins but is not active towards ubiquitin. Independent of its protease activity, USP18 functions as a major negative regulator of the type I interferon response showing that USP18 is – at least – a bifunctional protein. In this review, we summarise our current knowledge of protease-dependent and -independent functions of USP18 and discuss the structural basis of its dual activity.

Topic: Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Segmenting the Performing Arts Markets: The Case of Czech National Theater Attenders’ Motivations

Strategic marketing instruments such as segmentation and targeting can benefit performing arts institutions and render their offer more competitive.To segment classical performing arts audiences, however, the traditionally used variable is social class.In this paper, it is argued that such often suggested traditional segmentation criteria can prove to be context-insensitive and as such cannot be applied invariably across different settings.Based on an analysis of Czech National Theater audiences and its motivations, we propose the sought benefit of the theater visit as an alternative segmentation basis that may prove to be more context-sensitive.

Topic: Cultural Industries and Urban Development
Subfield: Urban Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Evidence of Tool-using by Chimpanzees in the Ivory Coast

Indirect evidence was collected in Ivory Coast for the use of sticks and stones by chimpanzees to open the nuts of Coula edulis and Panda oleosa. 26 nut-smashing places at 15 different sites are described.

Topic: Agriculture and Rural Development Research
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Cell Cycle Arrest of Extract from Artemisia annua Linné. Via Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in HCT116 Colon Cancer Cells

In this study, extract from Artemisia annua in L. (AAE) is known as a medicinal herb that is effective against cancer. The cell cycle is regulated by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)/cyclin complex. We will focus on regulation of CDK2 by cyclin E. cyclin E is associated with CDK2 to regulate progression from G1 into S phase. Akt is known to play an important role in cell proliferation and cell survival. Activation of Akt increases mTOR activity that promotes cell proliferation and cancer growth. In this study, we investigated that AAE-induced cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase in HCT116 colon cancer. Treatment of AAE shows that reduced activation of Akt decreases mTOR/Mdm2 activity and then leads to increase the activation of p53. The active p53 promotes activation of p21. p21 induces inactivation of CDK2/cyclin E complex and occurs cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase. We treated LY294002 (Akt inhibitor) and Rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) to know the relationship between the signal transduction of proteins associated with cell cycle arrest. These results suggest that AAE induces cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase by Akt/mTOR pathway in HCT116 colon cancer cell.

Topic: PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Abstract 252: STAT3 signaling in the tumor microenvironment promotes primary gastric cancer growth and metastasis formation

Abstract Tumor cell intrinsic activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling has been shown to promote stemness, tumorigenesis and cancer therapy resistance. Therefore, Stat3 inhibitors are being developed and tested pre-clinically and in clinical trials for multiple solid cancers. Importantly, STAT3 signaling also occurs in the non-tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The effect of Stat3 signaling within the TME on primary gastric cancers (GC), metastasis formation and therapy responses is unknown. Here, we describe a novel genetically defined, tumor organoid-driven, transplantable, orthotopic gastric cancer model that represents gastric carcinomas with associated metastasis formation in immune competent recipient mice. Utilizing our murine GC organoid model in subcutaneous allograft experiments, we showed that established GC tumors respond to pharmacological Stat3 inhibition. This anti-tumor effect is primarily driven by inhibition of the Stat3 signaling in the TME as tumor growth was increased in Stat3 high TME recipients, while tumor growth was inhibited in Stat3-signaling reduced Stat3+/- mice. Furthermore, Crisp-Cas9 -mediated Stat3 knockout in the GC organoids did not alter their in vitro growth potential. Stat3KO GC allograft tumor growth was not changed compared to Stat3WT GC tumors grown in wildtype host mice. Collectively, this suggests that inhibition of Stat3 signaling within the TME but not the tumor cell intrinsic Stat3 reduction confer anti-tumor responses. Through gastric serosa transplantation of the murine GC organoids into Stat3-elevated gp130FF mutant mice, we confirmed that high Stat3 signaling within the TME promotes distal metastasis formation to the liver. Taken together, we show that Stat3 signaling represents a therapy target, that predominantly acts through the TME. Better understanding of the signaling within the TME in primary and metastatic GC lesions will allow identification of novel tumor cell and TME-centric therapy targets. Combination of therapies targeting tumor cell intrinsic vulnerabilities with novel pro-tumorigenic TME -targeting agents could help to improve responses against primary and metastatic disease and therefore improve outcome for the worst prognosis patients. Citation Format: Moritz Eissmann, Anne Huber, Amr Allam, Christine Dijkstra, Matthias Ernst. STAT3 signaling in the tumor microenvironment promotes primary gastric cancer growth and metastasis formation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 252.

Topic: Cancer Mechanisms and Therapy
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The meaning of style? Style reflexivity among Danish high school youths

Abstract In much of the cultural theory literature on youth, style has been said to have started as an expression of subcultural class and transformed into individualized identity projects in neo‐tribal sociality. This article discusses young, Danish consumers' discourses on style and style practice. The key characteristic of their style practice is the reflexivity they bring to bear on their negotiation of global style expression in local identity projects. This style reflexivity manifests itself in two themes: style switching and style code reflexivity. The article shows that consumers' reflexivity of style consumption constitutes not only a ‘folk theory’ of consumption that reflects the academic and popular vernacular of style, but also postmodern consumer research scholarship's mode of expression about style. How individual consumers handle style in a reflexive manner through folk theories of the market is unexplored in previous research on the consumption of style. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Topic: Cultural Industries and Urban Development
Subfield: Urban Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
An evaluation of three insecticides as compost treatments for the control of vine weevil larvae in hardy-annual nursery stock

SummaryThree insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis, chlorpyrifos and phorate, were tested as compost additives to control the larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus in hardy-annual nursery stock. In two experiments, one tested a range of doses (20-100 g a.i. m-3 compost) in plants exposed to egg-laying adults for 20 weeks, and the other investigated the persistence of insecticidal activity. B. thuringiensis failed to control the larvae; phorate gave control up to early July but by August had also failed; chlorpyrifos-treated compost controlled larvae until mid-August and maintained partial control through September. Possible phytotoxic damage by chlorpyrifos is discussed.

Topic: Insect Pest Control Strategies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
[Comparative histological and cytological characteristics of peripheral lung cancer].

Peripheral pulmonary carcinoma was analysed retrospectively histologically, histochemically, and cytologically. The examination material (smears taken at percutaneous thoracic aspirational biopsy, resected lung or lung lobe) had been obtained from 113 patients with PPC among whom 85 patients underwent pulmon- or lobe-ectomy. Cytological examination of specimens from percutaneous thoracic biopsy allowed the diagnosis of PPC to be established in 90.6% of cases and to determine correctly the histological type of cancer in 85.7%. No regular correlation between the levels of tissue and cellular differentiation in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma was found. Argyrophilic granules (Grimelius reaction) were detected in cells of combined oat cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma of transitional type. Because of the existence of combined tumors in the lungs consisting of cells of different types of differentiation it is suggested that complex histological types of pulmonary carcinoma can develop from a common polypotent precursor cell.

Topic: Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Construction of a Confidence Interval By Triple Sampling

Let X1,X2,... be i.i.d. real observations from a one-parameter exponential family with unknown mean θ. Using triple sampling, we construct a confidence interval which satisfies where Q(.) and γ are given. The result of this paper can be applied to the case of a location family.

Topic: Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
HIV/AIDS and higher education in Lesotho : a Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) analysis of three institutions’ responses

The purpose of this study is to interpretively analyse the fight against HIV/AIDS, referred to as ‘response’, in three of Lesotho’s institutions of higher education (IHEs). These are the Lesotho College of Education (LCE), the National Health Training College (NHTC) and the National University of Lesotho (NUL). This study uses cultural historical activity theory (CHAT) to qualitatively interpret the response in a country with the second highest HIV prevalence globally. The study applies Vygotsky’s first generation of CHAT, Leontiev’s multifaceted second generation, and Engeström’s third generation, which features a minimum of two interacting activity systems. Its multimodal methodology draws from Mukeredzi’s (2009, p.56) critique of CHAT and its problem of not getting “in” deep into dimensions of an activity. Thus, this study incorporates closely matching theories, models and concepts around CHAT; mainly the World Health Organisation’s (2004b) health standards, Zeithaml and Bitner’s (2000) services marketing mix and Checkland and Holwell’s (1998) information systems. The findings reveal that conceptual tools - human skills and policies, do not mediate material processes such as planning, financing and reporting, resulting in a poor response. Gaps in human agency across critical elements of activity in the three IHEs result in conceptual, functional and material contradictions, and poor use of mediating artefacts adversely affects all interventions, including HIV testing and services (HTS), anti-retroviral (ARV) treatment and viral load suppression (VLS) envisaged in the UNAIDS (2014a and 2015) guidelines. This study teased out ‘expanded contradictions’ and tensions in the IHEs response, which invoked expansion, transformations, opportunities and new implications. Despite the IHEs leadership awareness of need for change, an historical embeddedness in unchanging cultures and functional contradictions due to poor agency (by subjects), lack of policies (rules), finance, (tools), hamper the response. The study found opportunities for IHEs against HIV/AIDS. Thisstudy recommends two new agency models. One is ‘knit-working’, which aims to improve responses by identifying key, specific, and rapidly doable ‘nitty-gritty’ inter-college activities. The second model aims to strengthen IHEs leadership agency through 3-Cs of commitment at top management, improved resources and capacity at middle management, in order to enable operational level services to evidence the concern over AIDS. This study will alleviate a dearth of literature in the nexus of Lesotho’s IHEs, HIV/AIDS and services.

Topic: Innovative Education and Learning Practices
Subfield: Human Factors and Ergonomics
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Breaking the optical difraction barrier with nanophotonics - Ultrahigh-resolution bioimaging and biosensing in the subwavelength nanometric range with nanobiophotonic technologies

The main goal of this study is to develop novel fiber-optic-based nanobiophotonics techniques for noninvasive imaging and biosensing optical properties of cellular and tissue samples beyond the diffraction barrier in the subwavelength nanoscale range. The work covers fundamental principles, recent developments, and trends in advanced nanobiophotonics techniques exploited for either minimally invasive diagnostics and imaging in biomedicine at cellular/intracellular level or development of nanosensors and nanostructured materials. Somerecently developed advanced ultrahigh-resolution nanotechnologies such as confocal nanoscopy and fiber-optic-based nanosensors, will also be discussed. These technologies allow one to break the theoretical optical diffraction barrier and to work in the subwavelength nanoscale range

Topic: Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on nitrate reductase transcription and activity in leaves and roots of Plantago major

Vegetative plants of an inbred line, A4, of Plantage major ssp. pleiosperma (L.) Pilger were grown at 350 mu l 1(-1) or at elevated (700 mu l l(-1)) CO2 in non-limiting nutrient solution with nitrate. Both the relative growth rate (RGR) and the root to total plant weight ratio (RWR) were increased by elevated CO2. However, the stimulation of both RGR and RWR was transient and did not last longer than 8 days. To investigate the physiological mechanisms involved in this stimulation, related changes in C/N metabolism were examined. In the roots soluble sugar concentration increased during the transient period of RGR stimulation (up to 23%), as did the root respiration rate. Changes in nitrogen metabolism were also restricted to this period and consisted of an increase in (1) in vivo and in vitro root nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) activity, (2) in vitro leaf nitrate reductase activity, (3) leaf and root nitrate reductase mRNA and (4) reduced nitrogen concentration in the roots. The elevated CO2-related signal for the increase in nitrate reductase transcript levels in the roots is discussed in terms of the increased availability of soluble sugars. The results suggest that the short-term enhancement of root carbon and nitrogen metabolism may be responsible for the transient effect of elevated CO, on whole plant RGR.

Topic: Plant responses to elevated CO2
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
System Prototype for Real-Time Demonstration and Indoor Channel Measurements

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Topic: Bioactive natural compounds
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A simple method for predicting imaging-based complications following gamma knife surgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations

Object. The authors studied the relationship between dose planning parameters and complications in the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Methods. There were 41 continuous unselected patients. The mean follow-up period was 19 months; the mean age was 28 years; the male/female ratio was 2.2:1.0; the median prescription dose was 25 Gy (range 14–25 Gy); the median prescription isodose was 50%. The median lesion volume was 4.4 cm 3 . The median lesion coverage was 93%; and the mean conformity index was 1.22. The authors found no relationship between lesion volume or integral dose and the development of the clinical effects based on the adverse radiation effects (AREs); however, there was a significant relationship between both target volume and integral dose with the development of AREs as well as the severity of the AREs. Conclusions. The integral dose could be used as a guideline for the prescription dose. Arguments are made for maximizing the prescription dose for the long-term safety of the patient.

Topic: Vascular Malformations Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
SH1494193.08FU

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.

Topic: Seed and Plant Biochemistry
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Graphic method for the determination of the complex NMR shift and equilibrium constant for a hetero-association accompanying a self-association

A novel graphic method to determine the complex shift and equilibrium constant for a hetero-association, A + B ⇌ AB, accompanying a self-association A + A ⇌ A2 has been described. The method is to be used in conjunction with a graphic determination of the monomer shift, dimer shift and dimerization constant proposed previously. Our new method is advantageous over the conventional Benesi–Hildebrand (BH) plot in that the limitations, (1) that the concentration of one component must be much less than that of the other and (2) that self-association of species is not allowed, are completely removed. The related parameters of the self-association of 2-isopropylphenol (A) and the hetero-association of 2-isopropylphenol with acetone (B) in the inert solvent [2H12] cyclohexane has been used to demonstrated the use of this new graphic method. Comparison with the results from a BH plot has also been made.

Topic: Molecular spectroscopy and chirality
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Towards Energy Efficient Cognitive Radio Systems

Cognitive radio (CR) is a cutting-edge wireless communication technology that adopts several existing communication concepts in order to efficiently utilize the spectrum and meet the users demands of high throughput and real-time systems. Conventionally, high throughput demands are met through adopting broadband and multi-antenna technologies such as, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO). Whereas, real-time application demands are met by analyzing metrics which characterize the delay limited channels, such as, outage probability over block-fading channels. Being an environmental friendly technology, energy efficiency metrics should be considered in the design of a CR application. This thesis tackles the energy efficiency of CR system from different aspects, utilizing different measuring metrics and constrains. Under the single-input single-output (SISO) OFDM we minimized the energy per goodbit (EPG) metric subject to several power and Quality of Service (QoS) constraints. In this approach, the minimum EPG metric is optimized via proposing two optimal and sub-optimal resource allocation schemes. We consider several parameters as optimization variables, such as, power policy, sensing threshold, and channel quality threshold. We also captured the impact of involving the media access control (MAC) layers parameters, such as, frame length, in the minimization of a modified EPG metric. Also, a MAC protocol, i.e., hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), and the associated power consumption of the retransmission mechanism is considered in the formulation of the problem. In this context, the optimal power and frame length are derived to minimize the modified EPG while considering several spectrum-sharing scenarios, which depend on sensing information. In MIMO based CR system, we maximized capacity to power ratio (CPR) (as an energy efficiency (EE) metric) subject to several power and QoS constraints. In this context, the impact of sensing information with imperfect channel state information (CSI) of the secondary channel has been considered. To realize a CR system with real-time applications we minimized the outage probability over M block-fading channel with several long-term and short-term energy constrains. We derive the minimum outage region and the associated optimal power. Tractable expressions to lower and upper bound the outage probability are derived. We then analyze the impact of utilizing the sensing process of primary user activity.

Topic: Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Innovation of a syringe needle auto-detaching device for clinicians

The syringe needle auto-detaching device developed in this study, in that the clinician performs only one step to dispose a needle. Six syringe needle sets can be managed sequence second by second. The proposed device without all of the risk factors of the traditional syringe needle detachment device.

Topic: Intramuscular injections and effects
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences