jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL RELATIONS IN A REGION: THEORY AND PRACTICE ISSUES

The paper deals with the issues related to establishment of intergovernmental fiscal relations in Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation. Particular consideration is given to theoretical issues referred to: finance centralization criteria; principles of authority and resource allocation according to territorial levels; efficiency of budget adjustment policy and individual approach to territories. The author has made close analysis of intergovernmental fiscal relations in municipal entities of the Perm region; as a result, principal issues related to development of the given entities have been set forth. The ways to enhance intra-regional and inter-budget relations in the Russian Federation have been suggested

Topic: Local Government Finance and Decentralization
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Molecular Mechanism of Tinnitus from the Standpoint of Autophagy

Objectives: Recent studies described that the expression of BDNF was decreasing in patients with depression and severe tinnitus. However, the relationship between the incidence of tinnitus and the role of BDNF still remain unclear in auditory cells. The aim of this study is to consider the molecular mechanism of tinnitus from the standpoint of the autophagy‐based regulation of cell death and BDNF signaling pathway in auditory cells. Methods: We used auditory cell line HEI‐OC1 in this study. Tunicamycin was used as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The viability of HEI‐OC1 was determined by cell viability assays. Immunofluorescent confocal laser microscopy was used. Western blot was performed. Results: It was confirmed that autophagy was consistently induced in HEI‐OC1 after treatment of tunicamycin. The cell viability after treatment of tunicamycin was decreased in dose‐ and time‐dependent matter. The expression of BDNF which has the potential to become a biomarker of tinnitus and calcium‐dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CAPS2), which promotes BDNF section, were decreased in tunicamycin treated HEI‐OC1 cells. The expression of Bcl‐2 which controls apoptosis and Beclin1 that regulates autophagy were decreased in tunicamycin treated HEI‐OC1 cells. Conclusions: We consider that Bcl‐2 and Beclin 1 serve as adapter proteins between BDNF signaling pathway and autophagy in auditory cells under ER stress. Our results led to the suggestion that the autophagy‐mediated regulation of cell death and BDNF signaling pathway play a major part of the incidence of tinnitus.

Topic: Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics
Subfield: Sensory Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Figure and Table Captions from Enhancement of Peptide Vaccine Immunogenicity by Increasing Lymphatic Drainage and Boosting Serum Stability

&lt;p&gt;Captions for Supplementary Figures and Supplementary Table&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Occupational risk perception of nursing students, affecting factors and their association with occupational accidents: A crosssectional, multicenter study

Aim: Occupational risks by leading to accidents and diseases can adversely affect the health of nursing students and can cause serious injuries. Therefore, students are expected to be aware of these risks in order to be aware of occupational accidents or diseases and take precautions. This study was aimed to evaluate the occupational risk perception of nursing students and the factors affecting it and their association with occupational accidents. Material and Methods: Study was carried out with 728 nursing students in six universities. The data were collected using “Data Gathering Form” prepared by researchers and “Occupational Risk Perception Scale (ORPS)”. Results: The mean age was 20.8±1.65 (min.18-max.35) years and the majority (82.0%) of the participants were females. Clinical practice areas were defined as high risk areas by the 65.1% of the students. Number of the students encountered any health threatening occupational accidents in clinical practice was 223 (30.6%). ORPS score was significantly higher in women, health vocational high school graduates, students with previos occupational health and safety training and students those who encountered occupational accidents before (p

Topic: Occupational Health and Safety Research
Subfield: Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Figure S6 from Efficacy of Affibody-Based Ultrasound Molecular Imaging of Vascular B7-H3 for Breast Cancer Detection

&lt;p&gt;B7-H3 expression on the tumor-associated vasculature of transgenic mouse model.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Melodramatic Moment: Music and Theatrical Culture, 1790–1820. Ed. by Katherine Hambridge and Jonathan Hicks

If melodrama is alive today, it is arguably most familiar as an oft pejorative descriptor of emotional excess. Such excesses might burst forth from stage or screen, the courtroom or the front page, the football pitch or a political rally. Indeed, sightings of the melodramatic can happen almost anywhere: few places are beyond the reach of melodrama’s heightened emotional tenor. Boiled down to their essence, countless creative modes roam freely from their artistic homes to provide a useful shorthand for myriad everyday experiences. The melodramatic, however, has wandered so far that it has lost sight of its natural habitat, a fate shared with other especially mobile, highly malleable expressive genres, such as the art of puppetry and various folkloric traditions. Severed from its historical roots, the melodramatic is, so the editors of this volume counsel, ‘in danger of running away with itself’ (p. 1), of shedding layers of specificity while accruing reductive cultural baggage. For the authors gathered here, it is time to rein melodrama in—for its own sake.

Topic: Theater, Performance, and Music History
Subfield: Music
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Efficacy of sorafenib adjuvant therapy in northwestern Chinese patients with non-metastatic renal-cell carcinoma after nephrectomy

Abstract Recent studies have confirmed the efficacy of sorafenib for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma; however, its efficacy and safety as an adjuvant therapy in patients with non-metastatic and loco-regional renal cell carcinoma after surgery remains controversial. Thus, the aim of the present retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant sorafenib therapy in such patients from 8 centers in northwestern China that were treated from August 2009 to December 2016. After surgery, the patients (n = 48) received oral sorafenib for 3 months. The control group (n = 48) comprised patients that underwent the same surgery from December 2009 to June 2016 but without adjuvant therapy who were matched 1:1 with the sorafenib group with respect to sex, age, pathological findings, disease stage and grade, operation time, and surgical procedure. The primary outcome compared between the groups was disease-free survival. Adverse events were also recorded to evaluate the safety of sorafenib. The influence of patients’ characteristics and laboratory tests on recurrence was analyzed using unconditional logistic regression. Overall, the demographic characteristics of the 2 groups were similar. There was no significant difference in the rate of recurrence (8.3% for sorafenib patients and 6.2% for the matched patients, P = .66) or median disease-free survival between the 2 groups (hazard ratio = 1.561, 95% confidence interval = 0.349–6.987, P = .56). In multiple logistic regression analysis, increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) emerged as an independent predictor of recurrence risk ( P = .02). These results indicate that postoperative sorafenib adjuvant therapy did not achieve the expected beneficial effect, pointing to the need for further studies to evaluate its utility in such cases.

Topic: Renal cell carcinoma treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Usefulness of 123I-IMP SPECT in patients with epilepsy].

N-isopropyl-p-[123I]iodoamphetamine(123I-IMP)SPECT and electroencephalography (EEG) were evaluated in 21 epileptic patients at interictal stage. The findings of 123I-IMP were compared with those of clinical symptoms and EEG. In 11 cases (85%) of 13 patients with the partial seizure, and 6 cases (75%) of 8 patients with the generalized seizure had focal decreased perfusion of 123I-IMP. The mean number of focal decreased perfusion areas were 3.2 locations 1 case. There were no cases that was observed focal increased perfusion. Focal decreased perfusion area of 123I-IMP SPECT findings agreed with the focuses those were inferred from clinical findings in 8 cases (62%) out of 13 patients with the partial seizure, did not agree in 3 cases (23%) and did not detected in 2 cases (15%). Overall abnormality of 123I-IMP SPECT was observed in 17 cases (81%) out of 21 patients, on the other hand abnormality of EEG was observed in 12 cases (57%). 123I-IMP SPECT may provide useful information for evaluating foci in patients with epilepsy.

Topic: Epilepsy research and treatment
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Mathematical study of the biodegradation of xenobiotic polymers with experimental data introduced into analysis

A mathematical model for a microbial depolymerization process is analyzed numerically in order to study the biodegradation of a xenobiotic polymer. The weight distribution of a polymer with respect to the molecular weight before and after cultivation of microorganisms are introduced into computational analysis. A time dependent degradation rate is determined by solving an inverse problem, and the transition of the weight distribution is simulated. The result shows that the mathematical model is practically appropriate, and the oxidation is the primary factor in the biodegradation of the polymer. The techniques that can be extended to cover the biodegradation of other polymers are illustrated.

Topic: Biopolymer Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Rape and other sexual assault

This chapter describes the prevalence of rape and the risk of associated mental health problems, including definition of key terms such as rape. The particular focus of the chapter is on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a primary mental health problem associated with rape. Major methodological approaches to the study of rape, related risk, resilience, and associated mental health problems are described, and advantages and disadvantages and implications of the major approaches are discussed. Findings from the literature related to risk and protective factors for PTSD are reviewed in general, as well as what is known specifically about risk and protective factors for PTSD given exposure to rape. The discussion is concluded by considering the implications for future research related to etiology and/or intervention in relation to the study of resilience.

Topic: Child Abuse and Trauma
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Review: Roles for astrocytes in epilepsy: insights from malformations of cortical development

Malformations of cortical development ( MCD s), such as cortical dysplasia and tuberous sclerosis complex, are common causes of intractable epilepsy, especially in paediatric patients. Recently, mounting evidence points to a common pathology of these disorders. Hyperactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) has been proposed as a central mechanism in most, if not all, MCD s. The transition from mTOR hyperactivation and cellular abnormalities to large‐scale functional changes and seizure is, however, not fully understood. In this article we set out to review currently available information regarding MCD pathology, focusing on glial cells – especially astrocytes – and their interactions with the brain vascular system. A large body of evidence points to these elements as potential targets in MCD . Here, we attempt to provide a review of this evidence and propose some hypotheses regarding the possible chain of events linking primary glial dysfunction and epilepsy. We focus on extracellular matrix remodelling, blood–brain barrier leakage and failure of astrocyte‐dependent removal of extracellular debris. We posit that the failure of these systems results in a chronically pro‐inflammatory environment, maintaining local astrocytes in a state of gliosis, with increased susceptibility to seizures as a consequence.

Topic: Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Research
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Novel Pen that Reduces the Effects of Hand Tremors to Writing

Hand tremors can impact many daily tasks that require fine motor skills, such as buttoning, feeding, typing, and writing. The challenges associated with these tasks not only cause problems with self-confidence and self-sufficiency, but they may also lead to depression. This project is focused on improving handwriting by a novel pen design. Specifically, the objective is to create a pen that can effectively reduce the effects of tremor-induced oscillations at the pen tip. The design is explored from a model-based active-control perspective, with the intention to minimize unintentional pen-tip deviations at the tremor-induced frequencies, while allowing voluntary strokes intended for writing. Here, the model includes a spring-damper-actuator element sandwiched between the pen-rod and pen-shell, actively isolating the pen-rod from the vibrations on the pen-shell that is subjected to tremor-induced periodic forcing. Using a constrained nonlinear optimization algorithm and linear quadratic optimal regulator, feedback controllers are designed for the actuator to render the pen tip insensitive against tremors. Results show that tremors on the pen-shell can be suppressed up to 56dB at the tip of the pen-rod (i.e., displacement to force ratio ~1:600), in tremor-present frequencies. These theoretical results demonstrate the feasibility of building such a pen, and its value for the target population of about 10 million Essential Tremor patients in the US.

Topic: Neurological disorders and treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
AUTOMATION IN AGRICULTURE FIELD USING ARM 7 BASED ROBOT

This paper is about the smart agriculture robot which superimposed the all types of huddles in farming issues, for which the web of several adverse system are interfaced, the most important issue of the farming are water resource management, conservation and watering on the plant in the appropriate manner with exact quantity.In which the second obstacle strikes is the exact quantity and proportion.which is going to be detected by the soil moisture sensor.The water sprinkling is done by the robot on the response of moisture reading, using water sprinkler.The sensitivity curve of moisture sensor is drafted by analysis of the soil moisture sensor is shown, simulation result of system along with the circuit diagram are presented, working algorithm is also explained which is designed such as to work simultaneously in association with the system..

Topic: Smart Agriculture and AI
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Data from HuR Small-Molecule Inhibitor Elicits Differential Effects in Adenomatosis Polyposis and Colorectal Carcinogenesis

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;HuR is an RNA-binding protein implicated in immune homeostasis and various cancers, including colorectal cancer. HuR binding to AU-rich elements within the 3′ untranslated region of mRNAs encoding oncogenes, growth factors, and various cytokines leads message stability and translation. In this study, we evaluated HuR as a small-molecule target for preventing colorectal cancer in high-risk groups such as those with familial adenomatosis polyposis (FAP) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In human specimens, levels of cytoplasmic HuR were increased in colonic epithelial cells from patients with IBD, IBD-cancer, FAP-adenoma, and colorectal cancer, but not in patients with IBD-dysplasia. Intraperitoneal injection of the HuR small-molecule inhibitor MS-444 in AOM/DSS mice, a model of IBD and inflammatory colon cancer, augmented DSS-induced weight loss and increased tumor multiplicity, size, and invasiveness. MS-444 treatment also abrogated tumor cell apoptosis and depleted tumor-associated eosinophils, accompanied by a decrease in IL18 and eotaxin-1. In contrast, HuR inhibition in APC&lt;sup&gt;Min&lt;/sup&gt; mice, a model of FAP and colon cancer, diminished the number of small intestinal tumors generated. In this setting, fecal microbiota, evaluated by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, shifted to a state of reduced bacterial diversity, with an increased representation of &lt;i&gt;Prevotella, Akkermansia&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;Lachnospiraceae&lt;/i&gt;. Taken together, our results indicate that HuR activation is an early event in FAP-adenoma but is not present in IBD-dysplasia. Furthermore, our results offer a preclinical proof of concept for HuR inhibition as an effective means of FAP chemoprevention, with caution advised in the setting of IBD. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Res; 77(9); 2424–38. ©2017 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: RNA modifications and cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Replicated radiations in the South American Marsh Pitcher genus Heliamphora (Sarraceniaceae) lead to convergent carnivorous trap morphologies

The evolution of carnivorous pitcher traps across multiple angiosperm lineages represents a classic example of morphological convergence. Nevertheless, no comparative study to-date has examined pitcher evolution from a quantitative morphometric perspective. In the present study, we used comparative morphometric approaches to quantify the shape space occupied by Heliamphora pitchers and to trace evolutionary trajectories through this space to examine patterns of divergence and convergence within the genus. We also investigated pitcher development, and in particular, how the packing of pitchers is affected by crowding, a common condition in their natural environments. Our results showed that Heliamphora pitchers have diverged along three main axes in morphospace: pitcher curvature, nectar spoon elaboration, and pitcher stoutness. Both curvature and stoutness were correlated with pitcher size, suggesting structural constraints in pitcher morphological evolution. Among these four traits (curvature, spoon elaboration, stoutness and size), all but curvature lacked phylogenetic and showed marked convergence across the phylogeny. We also observed tighter packing of pitchers in crowded conditions, and this effect was most pronounced in curved, slender pitchers. Overall, our study demonstrates that diversification and convergent evolution of carnivory-related traits extends to finer evolutionary timescales, reinforcing the notion that ecological specialization may not necessarily be an evolutionary dead end.

Topic: Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Towards endurance in sport

Cardiorespiratory endurance, which is also known as aerobic endurance, is the ability of the whole body to sustain prolonged exercise involving relatively large muscle groups. Muscle endurance is defined as the ability of a muscle group to execute repeated contractions over a period of time that is sufficient to cause muscular fatigue or as the ability to maintain a specific percentage of the maximum voluntary contraction for a prolonged period of time. Each version of muscle endurance plays a unique role in sport activities, and each has a special importance to various athletes. Cardiorespiratory endurance is thought to be the most important component of physical fitness. Low endurance capacity leads to exhaustion, even in sports and activities characterized by low dynamics. The combination of spiroergometric testing (with appropriate testing protocols) and the measurements of lactate thresholds is believed to be the gold standard in the assessment of cardiorespiratory endurance. The generated parameters are then used to define the training objectives, to prepare for a precise training plan and program, and to evaluate the effects of the subsequent training effect evaluation. Muscular endurance is specific for each group of muscle, type, and velocity of contraction. Due to the specificity of muscular endurance, a universal assessment of the muscular endurance of the whole body has not yet been developed. Isokinetic and isoinertial dynamometry and numerous field tests are used to assess muscular endurance. By understanding and monitoring endurance in athletes, the training workload during the preparation period and the pre-competition and competition seasons can be implemented and corrected. The achievement and maintenance of optimal fitness should be regarded as a dynamic concept that requires continual monitoring that is aided by the modern methods of functional diagnoses.

Topic: Sports Performance and Training
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Protection of DDAH2 Overexpression Against Homocysteine-Induced Impairments of DDAH/ADMA/NOS/NO Pathway in Endothelial Cells

Background/Aims: Homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction favors the development of cardiovascular diseases through accumulation of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 2 (DDAH2) is the major enzyme for the degradation of ADMA in endothelial cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether suppressed DDAH2 expression contributed to impairments of DDAH/ADMA/NOS/NO pathway induced by homocysteine in endothelial cells and whether DDAH2 overexpression could prevent endothelial cell dysfunction caused by homocysteine. Methods: Liposome-mediated transfection of endothelial cells was performed to establish the cell line of DDAH2 overexpression. After treatment of cells with 1 mmol/L homocysteine for 24 h, the transcription and expression of DDAH1 and DDAH2, DDAH and NOS activities as well as ADMA and NO concentrations were measured. Results: Treatment of endothelial cells with homocysteine significantly suppressed the transcription and expression of DDAH2 but not DDAH1. This suppression was associated with the declined DDAH activity, increased ADMA accumulation, inhibited NOS activity and decreased NO production in endothelial cells. DDAH2 overexpression not only resisted homocysteine-induced decline of DDAH activity, but also decreased the accumulation of endogenous ADMA, subsequently attenuated the reductions of NOS activity and NO production induced by homocysteine. Conclusions: These results indicate that suppression of DDAH2 expression is a culprit for homocysteine-induced impairments of DDAH/ADMA/NOS/NO pathway in endothelial cells, and therapeutic manipulation of DDAH2 expression may be a promising strategy for preventing endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases associated with hyperhomocysteinemia.

Topic: Folate and B Vitamins Research
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences