jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of LISS Nozzle Proximity to CANDU<sup>®</sup> Fuel Channels Using the Eddy Current Gap Probe

Fuel channels in CANDU <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> (CANadian Deuterium Uranium) nuclear reactors consist of two non-concentric tubes; an inner pressure tube (PT) and a larger diameter calandria tube (CT). The gas annulus space between the 6 m long tubes, known as the gap, is monitored from within the PT using a transmit-receive eddy current probe that can detect changes in the environment using electromagnetic induction according to Faraday's Law. Accurate measurements are required to ensure that contact between PT and CT is not imminent. Fuel channels may also pass over perpendicularly oriented tubes (nozzles) that are part of the liquid injection shutdown system (LISS). The proximity of LISS nozzles not only compromises gap measurement, but flow-induced vibrations from within the moderator could lead to CT deformation and/or fretting at LISS-CT contact. Investigation of the eddy current based gap probe as a tool to measure proximity of LISS nozzles was carried out experimentally. Eddy current response as a function of LISS-PT proximity, the distance between the PT outer diameter and LISS nozzle outer diameter, was determined. When PT wall thickness, PT resistivity, probe lift-off, and PT-CT gap variations spanned typical values found in-reactor this dependence could be used to determine the LISS-PT proximity up to 20 mm with sub-millimeter accuracy. This method has the potential to provide LISS-CT proximity using existing gap measurement data. Obtaining LISS nozzle proximity at multiple inspection intervals could be used to provide an estimate of the time to LISS-CT contact, and thereby, provide a means of optimizing maintenance schedules.

Topic: Non-Destructive Testing Techniques
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Amplitude modulation detection and modulation masking in school-age children and adults

Two experiments were performed to better understand on- and off-frequency modulation masking in normal-hearing school-age children and adults. Experiment 1 estimated thresholds for detecting 16-, 64- or 256-Hz sinusoidal amplitude modulation (AM) imposed on a 4300-Hz pure tone. Thresholds tended to improve with age, with larger developmental effects for 64- and 256-Hz AM than 16-Hz AM. Detection of 16-Hz AM was also measured with a 1000-Hz off-frequency masker tone carrying 16-Hz AM. Off-frequency modulation masking was larger for younger than older children and adults when the masker was gated with the target, but not when the masker was continuous. Experiment 2 measured detection of 16- or 64-Hz sinusoidal AM carried on a bandpass noise with and without additional on-frequency masker AM. Children and adults demonstrated modulation masking with similar tuning to modulation rate. Rate-dependent age effects for AM detection on a pure-tone carrier are consistent with maturation of temporal resolution, an effect that may be obscured by modulation masking for noise carriers. Children were more susceptible than adults to off-frequency modulation masking for gated stimuli, consistent with maturation in the ability to listen selectively in frequency, but the children were not more susceptible to on-frequency modulation masking than adults.

Topic: Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Evolution by Natural Selection: Confidence, Evidence and the Gap

A persistent argument among evolutionary biologists and philosophers revolves around the nature of natural selection. Evolution by Natural Selection: Confidence, Evidence and the Gap explores this argument by using a theory of persistence as an intentional foil to examine ways in which similar theories can be misunderstood. It discusses Charles Dar

Topic: Philosophy and History of Science
Subfield: History and Philosophy of Science
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
ATTAINABLE VALUES OF ON-TARGET FUNCTIONALS FOR A FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEM WITH IMPULSES

For a linear functional differential system with aftereffect and impulses, a description of the attainability set is given. The attainability is considered in the term of a given system of on-target functionals in the case of polyhedral constraints with respect to control and impulses.

Topic: Advanced Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Coalbed Methane Resource Evaluation From Wireline Logs in the Northeastern San Juan Basin: A Case Study

Abstract Methane produced from coalbeds is a developing reservoir in the San Juan basin of Colorado and New Mexico. Most of the evaluation of this resource is being done by coring and testing. A cost-effective method to evaluate untested coalbeds would include using wireline logs already run through the coalbeds to assist in the evaluation process. Core analysis and production tests are essential information to use with log analysis to make meaningful evaluations from wireline logs. This study examines 17 wells drilled in the northeastern part of the San Juan basin. These wells were drilled to produce gas from the Pictured Cliff sandstone, with the Fruitland Coal as a secondary pay zone. The objective of this study was to determine the resource potential of the Fruitland coalbeds using the available log, core and production data. The proximate analysis data from a well in which a coal core was cut was used to calibrate the log analysis in the study area. Measured gas content data was used to calibrate the algorithm which calculated gas content from wireline data. Net coal thickness, igneous intrusive thickness, productivity potential, coal tonage per acre, average gas content and gas content per acre are the results of this study. They are contoured to highlight the most probable area in the township to pursue coalbed methane development.

Topic: Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Efficiency of barley foliar feeding under conditions of leached chernozem fertility heterogeneity

Abstract The article presents the results of studies conducted on the effectiveness of barley foliar feeding under field experiment conditions. The studies were carried out in a field stationary experiment in a grain-vapor-tilled crop rotation system with the following rotation: green-manured fallow - spring wheat - barley - maize - spring wheat. The object of the research was leached chernozem. Rotation cropping was sown on two degrees of ground fertilization – without fertilizer and with fertilizer. Urea (carbamide) was added as barley foliar feeding. Spring wheat that was sown on rape plant green-manured fallow served as the forecrop to the barley. Soil fertility heterogeneity was determined by examining barley crops during the tillering period (biomass scanning). Unmanned aerial vehicles manufactured by Krasaeroskan were used for this purpose. The results of NDVI index determination in the field experiment formed the basis for determining the mineral nitrogen fertilizer doses. Such doses were refined by tissue diagnostics. It was established that foliar feeding with mineral nitrogen fertilizers (urea) contributed to an increase in barley productivity.

Topic: Agricultural Productivity and Crop Improvement
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Photoreflectance studies of electronic transitions in quantum well structures under high pressure

The unique feature of quantum confinement of carriers has made possible unusual devices. By combining various semiconductors and alloys of III-V, II-IV and group IV materials, unusual band lineups between neighboring layers have been obtained. Both lattice matched and strained layer structures have been grown. In this article we will focus on the electronic structure of the quantum well heterostructures under the external perturbation of hydrostatic pressure. Pressure has been used extensively to investigate materials in regions of phase space not otherwise accessible. In the study of quantum well structures, it has also been used to move band edges in a controlled fashion, and alter band lineups, allowing the determination of band offsets with an accuracy that was not possible without the use of pressure. As in bulk semiconductors, optical techniques provide powerful tools in studying the electronic states in quantum well heterostructures. Photoluminescence spectroscopy is only sensitive to spectral features associated with energy states close to the bottom of the well due to rapid thermalization of carriers. Photoluminescence excitation is often limited by the availability of tunable lasers. Photoreflectance, on the other hand, can provide a rich structure due to both symmetry allowed and forbidden transitions encompassing the entire quantum well. This sensitivity is due to the derivative nature of the spectroscopy.

Topic: Laser Design and Applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Establishing a shared cattle breeding database: Recent experiences in Ireland

Over the last six years a shared cattle breeding database has been established in Ireland. This database is now being used to meet the information needs of herd books, milk recording, artificial insemination and genetic evaluation for beef and dairy cattle. Development of this database required the establishment of a new information technology infrastructure and migration of historical data from some 40 legacy systems. Recording effort required of farmers has been both reduced and simplified. Complexity and turnaround times of genetic evaluation systems were substantially reduced. Establishing an integrated database required a large effort and the negotiation of data and information sharing protocols involving many organisations but the benefits to Irish cattle farmers through more useful breeding and management information more than justified the cost.

Topic: Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Taxation Liability Determination Framework Predicated on Adherence to Taxpayer Obligations

Purpose of the study: This study aims to develop a tax payment decision model based on taxpayer compliance, specifically examining how tax awareness and understanding of tax regulations influence taxpayers' decisions to pay regional taxes in Batang Hari Regency. Materials and methods: This research employs a quantitative explanatory approach using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on Partial Least Squares (PLS). Data were collected through structured questionnaires from 135 active regional taxpayers across eight tax sectors (PBB-P2, PBJT, Advertisement, etc.) using total sampling technique. The study examined the relationships between tax regulation (X1), taxpayer awareness (X2), taxpayer compliance (Z as mediating variable), and tax payment decisions (Y). Results: All research hypotheses were statistically significant. Tax regulation and taxpayer awareness positively influence taxpayer compliance (path coefficients: 0.403 and 0.568 respectively). However, tax regulation shows a negative direct effect on tax payment decisions (-0.223), while taxpayer awareness demonstrates a positive direct effect (0.207). Taxpayer compliance significantly mediates the relationship between both independent variables and tax payment decisions (0.469). The model explains 59% of taxpayer compliance variance and 39.2% of tax payment decision variance. Conclusions: Taxpayer awareness and tax regulations significantly influence taxpayer compliance, which subsequently affects actual tax payment decisions. High levels of awareness, supported by clear, fair, and easily understood regulations, effectively increase compliance rates and encourage voluntary tax payments. Taxpayer compliance plays an essential mediating role in strengthening the relationship between regulations and awareness toward tax payment decisions.

Topic: Taxation and Compliance Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Dioscin induces ferroptosis to suppress the metastasis of gastric cancer through the SLC7A11/GPX4 axis

The prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) remains poor due to metastases and resistance to chemotherapy. Ferroptosis is a novel cell death regulation mode characterized by iron dependence and lipid peroxidation. Dioscin, a compound extracted from the Paris polyphylla rhizomes roots, has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on cancers. However, whether it induces ferroptosis to participate in anti-cancer metastasis remains unclear. The ability of gastric cancer cells to invade and migrate was evaluated by wound healing and transwell assays. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) assay kit, and dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent probes were used to detect ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells. The expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot methods. The rescue assay was performed by adding Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) co-treatment to verify that Dioscin inhibited gastric cancer metastasis by participating in ferroptosis. Dioscin inhibited gastric cancer cells’ wound healing, migration, and invasion process. In addition, Dioscin increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA while decreasing GSH level, and induced ferroptosis of gastric cancer cells. Fer-1, an inhibitor of ferroptosis, could reverse the effect of Dioscin. In terms of mechanism, Dioscin induced ferroptosis through SLC7A11/GPX4 axis and was involved in the regulation of inhibiting metastasis of gastric cancer. These results suggested that Dioscin was involved in anti-cancer metastasis by inducing ferroptosis. The metastasis of gastric cancer cells is related to the regulation of ferroptosis;Dioscin induced ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells;Dioscin regulated the ferroptosis pathway to inhibit metastasis of gastric cancer cells. The metastasis of gastric cancer cells is related to the regulation of ferroptosis; Dioscin induced ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells; Dioscin regulated the ferroptosis pathway to inhibit metastasis of gastric cancer cells.

Topic: Ferroptosis and cancer prognosis
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Exploiting CMOS short-channel effects for yield enhancement in analogue/RF design

The use of CMOS short-channel effects for yield enhancement in analogue design is presented. Analytical and simulation results show the effectiveness of this technique applied on a 2.4 GHz CMOS LNA designed in a 65nm CMOS technology. The trade-off between yield and power consumption is discussed and a low power current-reuse alternative is presented.

Topic: Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Preliminary Analysis of Transcriptomic Variations in Esrp1/Sox2 Double Transgenic Mouse Embryo Facial Prominences in Search of Esrp1 Targets Responsible for Cleft Lip and/or Palate Pathogenesis

Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is a highly prevalent craniofacial deformation worldwide, that is challenging to treat. Despite the series of reconstructive surgeries, orthodontic treatments, and functional rehabilitation therapies, patients can not fully recover from the esthetic and functional defect they were born with. A paradigm-shift in treatment approach is needed to lift the medical, psychosocial, and financial burdens from the patients and their families, one that would intercept the malformation in utero and recapitulate normal development of the lip and the palate before birth. A necessary first step towards this goal is to decipher the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying CL/P pathogenesis. We used a novel double transgenic mouse model Esrp1-/-;Sox2+/- and RNA-sequencing technology to search for target genes responsible for CL/P. The ablation of Esrp1 results in orofacial clefting in mouse embryos, but Sox2 haploinsufficiency in Esrp1-/- mouse rescues the CL/P phenotype by restoring normal development of the face. The analysis of the transcriptomic variations between Wild Type, Esrp1-/- and Esrp1-/-;Sox2+/- mice revealed that numerous genes were differentially expressed in the ectoderm and mesenchyme of the facial prominences at a critical stage for fusion. Among the genes that were either normalized or compensated by Sox2 haploinsufficiency in the Rescue model, we identified genes from known signaling pathways like Bmp4 and key epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes such as Snai1, Twist1, and Zeb1. This preliminary study lays the groundwork for promising treatment opportunities for orofacial clefting.

Topic: Cleft Lip and Palate Research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Genomics era and complex disorders

The Human Genome Project (HGP) has identified millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their association with several diseases, apart from successfully characterizing the Mendelian/monogenic diseases. However, the dissection of precise etiology of complex genetic disorders still poses a challenge for human geneticists. This review outlines the landmark results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with respect to major complex diseases - Coronary artery disease (CAD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and predominant cancers. A brief account on the current Indian scenario is also given. All the relevant publications till mid-2015 were accessed through web databases such as PubMed and Google. Several databases providing genetic information related to these diseases were tabulated and in particular, the list of the most significant SNPs identified through GWAS was made, which may be useful for designing studies in functional validation. Post-GWAS implications and emerging concepts such as epigenomics and pharmacogenomics were also discussed.

Topic: Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
On the so-called ‘Olfactory Pores’ in the Honey-bee

ABSTRACT The structure of the campaniform sensillae occurring on the wing-bases of the adult worker bee is described. The essential features in their later developmental phases in the pupa have been followed. The observations described lend no support to those of Maclndoo, that the actual termination of the nerve-fibre is exposed to the outside air. The wing-base organs, as described by other workers in different insects, are discussed, with special reference to the identity of the cellular elements composing these structures. The paper concludes with a short discussion of the position of the sensory neuron and a brief review of the supposed function of the campaniform sensillae.

Topic: Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Comparative legal analysis as a learning tool in teaching legal translation

The aim of this paper is to show the benefits flowing from the use of a comparative legal analysis in the translation classes. The comparative microanalysis helps students to develop their domain competence and translation strategies in a given situational context and to raise awareness of issues related to the national legal concepts and terminology. To illuminate this subject we present first some fundamental theoretical assumptions in the field of legal translation and provide a short description of methodology using by the legal comparison. According to the Constantinescos Model of a comparative legal analysis we show then an example how this method can be applied to the Teaching Legal Translation.

Topic: Comparative and International Law Studies
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Calculating properties with the polymorphous coherent-potential approximation

The formulas for calculating properties of an alloy such as the density of states, the charge density, and the Bloch spectral density function are derived from multiple-scattering theory for the polymorphous coherent-potential approximation (PCPA). The chemical shifts obtained for three alloy systems using the PCPA, the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker CPA, and the locally self-consistent multiple-scattering method are compared with experiment. A significant improvement in the treatment of Coulomb effects is achieved using the PCPA with only a little more computational effort than for the older isomorphous CPA's.

Topic: Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
TRPV1 Antagonist Attenuates Postoperative Hypersensitivity by Central and Peripheral Mechanisms

Background: Acute postoperative pain is one of the frequent reasons for pain treatment. However, the exact mechanisms of its development are still not completely clear. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors are involved in nociceptive signaling in various hypersensitive states. Here we have investigated the contribution of TRPV1 receptors expressed on cutaneous peripheral nociceptive fibers and in the spinal cord on the development and maintenance of hypersensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli following surgical incision. A rat plantar incision model was used to test paw withdrawal responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli. The effect of the TRPV1 receptor antagonist SB366791 was investigated 1) by intrathecal injection 15 min before incision and 2) intradermal injection before (30 min) and immediately after the surgery. Vehicle-injected rats and naïve animals treated identically were used as controls. Results: Plantar incision induced mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia. A single intrathecal administration of SB366791 significantly reduced postincisional thermal hyperalgesia and also attenuated mechanical allodynia, while mechanical hyperalgesia remained unaffected. Local intradermal SB366791 treatment reduced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia without affecting mechanical hyperalgesia. Conclusions: Our experiments suggest that both peripheral and spinal cord TRPV1 receptors are involved in increased cutaneous sensitivity following surgical incision. The analgesic effect of the TRPV1 receptor antagonist was especially evident in the reduction of thermal hyperalgesia. The activation of TRPV1 receptors represents an important mechanism in the development of postoperative hypersensitivity.

Topic: Ion Channels and Receptors
Subfield: Sensory Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Worshipping God the spirit “in spirit and truth” in Africa

In this chapter the author discusses John 4:19–24, which carries the encounter between Jesus and the Woman of Samaria, to unveil the notion of differences in the text which is demonstrated by nationality, gender, and class. The author argues that the encounter between Jesus and the Woman of Samaria, which took place in a context of liturgy, offers a framework for rebuilding social relations that is useful for contemporary Pentecostal liturgical experiences within the South African context.

Topic: Religion, Society, and Development
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences