jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Capital, power and business associations in the African political economy: a tale of two countries, Ghana and Nigeria

In this era of neo-liberal capitalist economics in Africa, has organised private capital in the form of business associations (BAs) become more active in public life or developed influence in public policy formation or implementation? This analysis examines the impact of five key factors to explain varying activity levels and influence of BAs in Ghana and Nigeria since independence: levels of capitalist development and hence size of the capitalist class; strength and autonomy of the capitalist class; strength of capitalist ideology; democratic vs . authoritarian rule; and impact of external hegemonic powers and ideologies. The paper finds that Nigeria's BAs are more highly developed, have had higher activity levels, and had more influence, however limited, than Ghana's. Externally generated economic liberalisation has stimulated higher levels of BA activity, but not necessarily the political space for BA autonomy. Political democratisation appears to increase political space, BA access to the state, and policy influence.

Topic: Corporate Finance and Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Fibromyalgia: an explanation for the aches and pains of the nineties.

Fibromyalgia is a common rheumatologic disorder. Societal costs, based on medical expenses, lost wages, lost tax revenue and compensation expenditures, are significant. Diagnosis, dependent primary on subjective patient reports, can be confirmed by mapping alterations in electrical resistance or temperature. The most effective available medication regimens are only moderately effective in the treatment of fibromyalgia and have undesirable side effects. Hypnotic, injection and electroprobe therapy appear reasonable alternatives.

Topic: Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Results of E1496: A phase III trial of CVP with or without maintenance rituximab in advanced indolent lymphoma (NHL)

6502 Background: Despite high overall response rates, indolent NHL is characterized by continuous relapse. E1496 evaluated the ability of two years (yr) of maintenance rituximab to prolong progression-free survival (PFS, progression or death) after chemotherapy. Methods: Eligible patients (pt) included stage III-IV follicular grade 1 and 2 (small cleaved, mixed) and small lymphocytic NHL. 516 pt were randomized to CVP (cyclophosphamide 1 g/m2 d 1, vincristine 1.4 mg/m2 d 1, prednisone 100 mg/m2 d 1–5) or CF (CYC 1 g/m2 d 1, fludara 20 mg/m2 d 1–5) stratified by age, histology, B symptoms, and tumor burden (low v high). CF (115 pt) was discontinued 9/01 for toxicity (ASCO 2002). 401 CVP pt were treated to maximum response (6–8 cycles); 9% progressed. Of stable/responding pt, 322 were randomized to rituximab (375 mg/m2 weekly x 4) q 6 months x 4 cycles or observation, stratified by residual disease (minimal v greater) and histology. Results: The study was terminated early as the O'Brien-Fleming boundary for PFS was crossed with 303 of 322 randomized pt assessable (one-sided p=0.00008). The rituximab (n=154) and observation (n=149) pt were respectively balanced for age (59, 56 yr), residual disease (58%, 55% minimal), histology (77%, 77% follicular) & tumor burden (62%, 67% high) as well as gender, stage, marrow involvement and International Prognostic Index. 31 rituximab and 56 observation pt have progressed or died. For randomized pt, PFS estimates at 2 & 4 yr from maintenance randomization (∼2.5 & 4.5 yr post study entry) were 74% v 42% and 58% v 34% for rituximab and observation pt, respectively. PFS was significantly longer after rituximab regardless of histology (p<0.02) or residual disease (p<0.008); pt with high tumor burden (p=0.00005) also had significantly longer PFS after rituximab. With 17 (6%) deaths and median follow-up of 1.2 year among survivors, estimated 2 yr survival from maintenance randomization was 95% for rituximab v 91% for observation pt. Conclusion: Maintenance rituximab significantly prolongs PFS after CVP chemo in pt with advanced indolent NHL. Extended follow-up will determine whether longer PFS translates into improved survival. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Genentech; Genetech Biooncology Genentech

Topic: Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Reflections on transdisciplinary approaches to multilingualism, pre- and post- COVID19

We offer some reflections on our research in applied linguistics and the arts. As authors we approach from different disciplinary histories, from backgrounds in modern languages, translation studies, applied linguistics and migrant language education. We consider some of our transdisciplinary projects which intersect, overlap and build on each other and ask what’s next for research of this kind, after Covid-19.

Topic: Second Language Learning and Teaching
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Transformative Learning

Mezirow's (1978) transformative learning was influenced by Kuhn's (1962) paradigm and Freire's (1970) emancipatory learning. In this paper, the author provides readers a clear guide about the main components of transformative learning: Experience, critical reflection, and rational discourse. The author emphasizes that experience in transformative learning is not the ordinary, daily mundane experience, or the new experience added on top of our old experiences, but that experience which fundamentally conflicts with what our assumptions can explain. Transformative learning is to challenge or disturb the fixed assumptions. Through critical reflection, learners examine the origins of beliefs in their historical and biological context and take actions to change their pre-existing assumptions to better understand the current disoriented experience. Finally, the author provides recommendations about how to apply transformative learning in practice.

Topic: Adult and Continuing Education Topics
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
“only the broken music”? the critical writings of Maria Jane Jewsbury

Abstract This article focuses on the anonymous publications of Maria Jane Jewsbury (1800-33), especially her contributions to the Athenaeum from 1830 to 1832. Her writings published under her own name bear witness to her anxiety as a woman over venturing into the public sphere of authorship, an anxiety fostered both by her religious convictions and by contemporary strictures against female self-display. But her anonymous articles enabled her to demonstrate her intelligence and wit, without subjecting her to criticism (including self-criticism) for seeking literary fame. The article concentrates on Jewsbury's grappling with women's writing in three articles on very different authors (Jane Austen, Felicia Hemans and Joanna Baillie) – the one on Austen (1831) being the first literary criticism published on the novelist which is attributable to a woman. It ends by examining how Jewsbury strives to make a controversial male author, P. B. Shelley, acceptable to contemporary readers.

Topic: Folklore, Mythology, and Literature Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
[Human pharmacokinetics of theophylline and etofylline from different formulations of a cardiotonic (author's transl)].

Serum concentrations of theophylline and etofylline were analysed by a specific HPLC-method in 6 volunteers after i.v. and p.o. administration of the cardiotonic Cordalin ampoules, drops and dragees. Maximum serum concentrations were reached by theophylline an etofylline at about the same time: 1.0-1.2 h after Cordalin drops; 2.3-2.6 h after Cordalin dragees. The half-life of serum elimination was 5.0-7.2 h for theophylline and 5.5-6.9 h for etofylline. The absolute bioavailability of the two oral formulations was calculated from the areas under the serum curves. For theophylline it is complete from the dragees and 78% from drops. Etofylline, too, is highly bioavailable: 94% from the dragees, 84% from drops. From the kinetic data the conclusion can be drawn that accumulation of theophylline and etofylline will be negligible after Cordalin if administered according to prescribed directions.

Topic: Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
[Use of protein-free potato juice concentrates in the production of tetracycline].

The study on the use of potato juice concentrate in tetracycline production showed that the tetracycline-producing strain 3-NK of Actinomyces aureofaciens grown on seed and fermentation media containing 2--2.5 and 0.35--0.45 per cent (by dry substance) of the concentrate produced the same antibiotic yield as that on the media with corn steep liquor.

Topic: Microbial Metabolism and Applications
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Multi-level ray tracing algorithm

We propose new approaches to ray tracing that greatly reduce the required number of operations while strictly preserving the geometrical correctness of the solution. A hierarchical "beam" structure serves as a proxy for a collection of rays. It is tested against a kd-tree representing the overall scene in order to discard from consideration the sub-set of the kd-tree (and hence the scene) that is guaranteed not to intersect with any possible ray inside the beam. This allows for all the rays inside the beam to start traversing the tree from some node deep inside thus eliminating unnecessary operations. The original beam can be further sub-divided, and we can either continue looking for new optimal entry points for the sub-beams, or we can decompose the beam into individual rays. This is a hierarchical process that can be adapted to the geometrical complexity of a particular view direction allowing for efficient geometric anti-aliasing. By amortizing the cost of partially traversing the tree for all the rays in a beam, up to an order of magnitude performance improvement can be achieved enabling interactivity for complex scenes on ordinary desktop machines.

Topic: Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques
Subfield: Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
THE FATE OF PROGESTERONE IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD FOLLOWING SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION IN COWS AND AN EWE

ウシとヒツジに Progesterone (以下Pと略す.)を皮下注射し, 末梢血中の P とそのおもな代謝物とを検討した. 卵巣を摘出したウシ2頭(No. 496と602)に, 2gの P と50μCi(286μg相当)の4-14C-progesterone を混合して油に懸濁して皮下注射を行なった. 1時間目から24～36時間にわたって静脈血をとり, 血漿50ml中の放射能量を測定して, 注射した P の動向を検討した(実験I; Fig.1, Table 1). その結果, 2頭のウシの血中放射能量は第4時間目にピークを示し, 8～12時間目まではかなりの高濃度を保った. その後No. 496では, 低い濃度をそれ以後に持続する様相を示したが, No. 602では, 24時間目の値は, なおNo. 496のピーク時の値に近いほどの高さを示した. この差は吸収の度, 肝が関与する排泄能の差, 脂肪内へのとり込み度の差などに基づくものと推測される. この2頭の実験から, P の比較的大量を皮下注射したさいには, 半日から一日はかなりの高濃度が末梢血中に持続されるものと見てよいようである. ただ測定せられた放射能量は P の量を示すのみでなく, 他の代謝物との総和を示すので, 第II, 第IIIの実験を併せ行った. 実験IIでは, 前記2頭のウシの4時間目の血漿500mlを抽出・精製し, 薄層クロマトグラフィーで分離したのち, ガスクロマトグラフィーで検出を行った. P のほか20β-OH-P (20β-o1と略す), および他のニ, 三の代謝物らしいものが検出せられた. しかし P と20β-o1以外は量が少ないので, 十分な追及は困難であった. ただこれらは17-OH-Pと androstenedione のいずれでもないことが立証された. 血漿100ml当たりの P の量は1.77μg (No. 602)と1.15μg (No. 496)であった. 20β-o1に関しては, 2頭を合わせて, 0.38μg (100ml血漿中)がやっと検出できた. 他の1頭の卵巣摘出のウシ(No. 202)に, 75μCi (500μg強に相当)を皮下注射し, 第4時間目に得た血漿600mlを処理し, 最後に薄層クロマトグラフィーで分離を行ない, 各 Band の放射能量を測定した. P と20β-o1に該当する Band には, 多量の放射能が検出された. そのほかは若干量の放射能が androstenedione と20α-o1に近いRFをもつ物質として存在することが推定せられた. 注射した P についての回収率では2g余を注射したNo. 496と602の2頭では, 100ml血漿当たり約100方分の1から200万分の1の P が回収された. これに比べて, 500μg余の皮下注射を行なったNo. 202では20万分の1 (100ml血漿中)程度であった. この差(5～10倍)は, おそらく注射量の差に基づくものであろう. P と20β-o1 100:13 (P:20β-o1)となった. しかし500μg余の量的比率は, 2gを注射した例では大約, 平均を注射したNo. 202の例では100:10以下(計算比率100:8.76)の結果を得た. この代謝比の差も, おそらく注射量に関係するものではなかろうか. 多量の注射時には, 代謝が比較的急速に行なわれることになるものと推測される. 卵巣を摘出した1頭のヒツジに20μCiの P (114μg相当)を皮下注射した. 第3時間目の血中には, 大約100:5の P と20α-o1が存在することがほぼ確められた. 他の代謝物に関しては, この時点では, ほとんど認められないという結果を得た.

Topic: Veterinary medicine and infectious diseases
Subfield: Small Animals
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
Do Calculated Conflicts in Microsimulation Model Predict Number of Crashes?

A microsimulation model and its calculations are described, and the results that are subsequently used to determine indicators for traffic safety are presented. The method demonstrates which changes occur at the level of traffic flow (number of vehicles per section of road) and at the vehicle level (vehicles choosing different routes). The best-known safety indicator in this type of model is the conflict situation, in which two vehicles approach each other and, if no action is taken, a crash will occur. These conflict situations are detected in the simulation model. This method does not necessarily relate directly to any actual observed conflicts or recorded crashes. The quantitative relationship is examined between detected conflicts at junctions in the model and recorded crashes at the same locations in the real world. The methods chosen for detecting conflicts and for selecting crashes are explained. A microsimulation model was constructed for a regional road network. The conflicts in this network were detected, and the recorded crashes were selected. The results show a quantitative relationship between the number of conflicts at priority junctions and the number of passing motor vehicles on one hand and the number of observed crashes on the other hand. When crashes and conflicts are divided into crash categories, junctions with signals clearly show substantial differences between the relative numbers of frontal crashes and frontal conflicts.

Topic: Traffic control and management
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplementary Figure 3 from A Recombinant Immunotoxin against the Tumor-Associated Antigen Mesothelin Reengineered for High Activity, Low Off-Target Toxicity, and Reduced Antigenicity

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 204K, Pharmacokinetics of SS1-LR/GGS/8M in mice&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Airflow obstruction and metabolic syndrome: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study

ABSTRACT: There is some evidence that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and metabolic syndrome may be related, perhaps through systemic inflammation, which is common to both. However, the association between the two conditions has not yet been clearly shown. The present study involved 7,358 adults aged o50 yrs from a population-based survey who underwent spirometry, a structured interview and measurement of fasting metabolic marker levels. Airflow obstruction (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio of less than the lower limit of normal) was present in 6.7%, and the International Diabetes Federation metabolic syndrome criteria were met by 20.0%. The risk of metabolic syndrome was higher in those with airflow obstruction than in those without (odds ratio (OR) 1.47; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.12– 1.92), after controlling for potential confounders. Of the five components of metabolic syndrome, only central obesity was significantly associated with airflow obstruction (OR 1.43; 95 % CI 1.09– 1.88) after adjusting for body mass index. A similar association was observed in both never and current smokers. In this Chinese sample, airflow obstruction was associated with metabolic syndrome, and, in particular, its central obesity component. This may help explain the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in COPD, and so could guide future clinical practice.

Topic: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction of Optically Pure Chloroselenurane with Active Methylene Compounds. Formation of Optically Pure Selenonium Ylides.

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Topic: Organoselenium and organotellurium chemistry
Subfield: Toxicology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
A hierarchical ensemble model for automated assessment of stroke impairment

Assessment of sensory, motor and cognitive function of stroke subjects provide important information to guide patient rehabilitation. As many of the currently used measures are inherently subjective and use course rating scales, here we propose a hierarchical ensemble network that can automatically identify stroke patients and assess their upper limb functionality objectively, based on experimental task data. We compare our neural network ensemble model with ten combinations of different classifiers and ensemble schemes, showing that it significantly outperforms competitors. We also demonstrate that our measure scale is congruent with clinical information, responsive with changes of patients motor function, and reliable in terms of test-retest configuration.

Topic: Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
Subfield: Rehabilitation
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Automatic SIMD vectorization for Haskell

Expressing algorithms using immutable arrays greatly simplifies the challenges of automatic SIMD vectorization, since several important classes of dependency violations cannot occur. The Haskell programming language provides libraries for programming with immutable arrays, and compiler support for optimizing them to eliminate the overhead of intermediate temporary arrays. We describe an implementation of automatic SIMD vectorization in a Haskell compiler which gives substantial vector speedups for arange of programs written in a natural programming style. We compare performance with that of programs compiled by the Glasgow Haskell Compiler

Topic: Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques
Subfield: Hardware and Architecture
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Metal–Organic Framework–Based CoS<sub>2</sub> Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon for High‐Performance Lithium Storage

Due to their large theoretical capacity, transition metal sulfides are regarded as ideal anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, a number of technical challenges and scientific issues, such as low utilization of active materials and large volumetric expansion, must be addressed before it can be used in practice. Herein, CoS 2 ‐embedded N‐doped carbon polyhedrons are constructed successfully and employed as an efficient anode of LIB. After 200 cycles at a current density of 0.2 Ag −1 , the optimal CoS 2 @NC‐400 demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 866.2 mAhg −1 , and after 500 cycles at a current density of 0.5 Ag −1 , there is no discernible capacity fading. The excellent electrochemical performance of CoS 2 @NC‐400 can be attributed to that graphitic N‐doped porous carbon provides a highly conductive framework, which facilitates electron transports and lessens the volume expansion of electrode during charging and discharging. Furthermore, the pyrrolic N‐doped carbon in the CoS 2 @NC‐400 composite allows for a lower diffusion barrier for Li‐ions in the electrode.

Topic: Advancements in Battery Materials
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Mortality Among Industrial Workers Exposed to Formaldehyde

A historical cohort study evaluated the mortality experience of 26,561 workers employed in 10 formaldehyde-producing or -using facilities. Approximately 600,000 person-years of follow-up accrued as workers were followed to January 1, 1980. Estimates of historical exposure to formaldehyde by job were developed by project industrial hygienists using monitoring data available from participating plants, comments from long-term workers, and comprehensive monitoring data specifically collected for this study. Mortality from all causes combined was about as expected [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 96] based on mortality rates of the general U.S. population. Significantly fewer deaths occurred from infective and parasitic diseases (SMR = 51) and from accidents (SMR = 72) than expected. Cancer overall was not related to formaldehyde exposure. Workers exposed to formaldehyde had slight excesses for Hodgkin's disease and cancers of the lung and prostate gland, but these excesses were not consistently related to duration of or average, cumulative, or peak formaldehyde exposure levels. Recent animal studies found nasal cancer among rats exposed to formaldehyde, but no excess of this tumor occurred in this study. Mortality from brain cancer and leukemia among these industrial workers was not excessive in contrast to reported excesses among professional groups (e.g., anatomists, embalmers, and pathologists) with exposure to formaldehyde. Although there was a deficit for cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx, mortality from certain subsites, i.e., the nasopharynx and oropharynx, was elevated. These subsites did not, however, show a consistently rising risk with level of exposure. These data provide little evidence that mortality from cancer is associated with formaldehyde exposure at levels experienced by workers in this study.

Topic: Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Case of Bullous Morphea Resistant to Methotrexate and Phototherapy Successfully Treated With Mycophenolate Mofetil.

Bullous morphea is rare clinical variant of localized scleroderma characterized by the formation of bullae on sclerotic morphea plaques. Severe disease may be highly disabling and greatly impair quality of life. Current treatment strategies are based on anecdotal reports of clinical experience and include topical corticosteroids, methotrexate and phototherapy. Herein, we describe the case of a 56-year-old woman with progressive bullous sclerotic lesions who was successfully treated with mycophenolate mofetil after treatment failure with psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy, ultraviolet A1 phototherapy, and methotrexate. Treatment with mycophenolate mofetil halted disease progression after 8 weeks. No major adverse effects were recorded in a 3-year follow-up with continuous treatment. This case suggests mycophenolate mofetil may be considered as an alternative for the treatment of resistant bullous morphea lesions. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018;17(10):1123-1125.

Topic: Systemic Sclerosis and Related Diseases
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences