jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Book Review: Darkest Before Dawn: Sedition and Free Speech in the American West

During World War I a crowd in Lewistown, Montana, removed all German language textbooks from the high school and burned them while forcing the principal to kiss the American flag. Elsewhere in Montana, residents were convicted of sedition for uttering casual remarks about the inefficiencies of wartime food rationing or refusing to buy Liberty Bonds. German-speaking residents of Montana were fined and imprisoned for voicing their pacifism, socialism, or even their skepticism, whether in a beer hall or from the pulpit. With newspapers declaring that there were "but two classes of citizens: patriots and traitors," the state and the nation descended into a nationalistic fervor whose excesses violated the nation's most important ideals of personal liberty. This timely book tells this important story in a way that puts the Montana experience squarely at the center of this national tragedy.

Topic: Law, Rights, and Freedoms
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Institutional Evolution through Development Cooperation: An Overview

Despite a significant injection of foreign aid since gaining political independence, most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa entered the new millennium as heavily dependent on official aid for sustaining socio-economic development. This record should be assessed against the backdrop, whereby throughout the protracted debt crisis of the 1980s and 1990s, the traditional donor community dominated the economic policy debates of a large number of heavily indebted countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, and it tried to exercise a firm grip on the process of economic and governance reforms in Africa, leveraging reforms for more aid in one form or another at large. As shown in Figure 1.1, where official development assistance (ODA) received is shown as a percentage of Gross National Income (GNI) by regional groups, this situation was quite a sharp contrast to the experiences in the East Asia and Pacific region (EAP) in the post-war years, where most countries managed to reduce their reliance on foreign aid over time, with many graduating successfully from the aid-recipient status altogether.

Topic: International Development and Aid
Subfield: Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Double‐balloon enteroscopy in the diagnosis of suspected isolated <scp>C</scp>rohn's disease of the small bowel

Background and Aim Diagnosis of C rohn's disease ( CD ) with isolated involvement of the small bowel remains a major challenge. Diagnostic procedures allowing direct insight into the midgut have become available with the introduction of double‐balloon enteroscopy ( DBE ) and video‐capsule endoscopy ( VCE ). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of DBE in the diagnosis of isolated CD of the small bowel. Methods Sixteen patients (seven males) with suspected CD of the small bowel after exclusion of abnormal changes in the upper gastrointestinal tract and colon by esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy including histology underwent DBE and high‐resolution transabdominal ultrasound. Results In seven of 16 (44%) patients, abnormal macroscopic findings were detected by DBE (e.g. ileitis terminalis, inflammatory stenosis, aphthous lesions or jejunal ulcers). In one of thecases, histology confirmed pathognomonic findings consistent with CD . However, the diagnosis of CD was confirmed in 11/16 (69%) patients taking into account the clinical presentation and course of the disease as well as the endoscopic and imaging results. Conclusions In cases of CD with clinical expression limited to the small bowel, DBE is a helpful tool. Nevertheless, in these patients, the combination of clinical findings and additional imaging modalities is required for confirmation of the diagnosis. A suggestive medical history, high‐resolution ultrasound, EGD and colonoscopy lead the algorithm before the assessment with DBE .

Topic: Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Gastroenterology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Noncombatant Immunity and War-Profiteering

Abstract The principle of noncombatant immunity prohibits warring parties from intentionally targeting noncombatants. I explicate the moral version of this view and its criticisms by reductive individualists; they argue that certain civilians on the unjust side are morally liable to be lethally targeted to forestall substantial contributions to that war. I then argue that reductivists are mistaken in thinking that causally contributing to an unjust war is a necessary condition for moral liability. Certain noncontributing civilians—notably, war-profiteers—can be morally liable to be lethally targeted. Thus, the principle of noncombatant immunity is mistaken as a moral (though not necessarily as a legal) doctrine, not just because some civilians contribute substantially, but because some unjustly enriched civilians culpably fail to discharge their restitutionary duties to those whose victimization made the unjust enrichment possible. Consequently, the moral criterion for lethal liability in war is even broader than reductive individualists have argued.

Topic: War, Ethics, and Justification
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Typifying the nervous system of small breed puppies and building a behavioral model for them

Abstract. The temperament of a total of 30 small puppies of 4 breeds in the period of their primary socialization was typified. The number of sanguines, cholerics, phlegmatics and melancholics was determined separately according to the breed of the animals along with the possibility of building a successful behavioral model for representatives of different breeds according to their temperament. The fastest socialization was reported in Shih Tzu puppies, followed by Bichon Frise, Pekingese, Dachshund, and lastly Poodle. There was a relationship between temperament and breed in dogs.

Topic: Human-Animal Interaction Studies
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
AN ENHANCED FEATURE SELECTION AND CLASSIFICATION MODEL FOR NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM USING DATA MINING TECHNIQUES

Security of information in this Information Technology (IT) era has been one of the challenges facing individuals and organisations.Among the measures developed by security experts to counter security threats is the Intrusion Detection System (IDS).Despite earlier research efforts to develop formidable IDSs, the existing systems still suffer from a high false alarm and inability to detect new (novel) attacks because of the high volume of features in network traffic.Therefore, this study aimed at developing IDS with an enhanced feature selection and classification method using two stages of attack identification.The feature selection phase employed Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to optimally select relevant features from Principal Component Analysis (PCA)'s projected principal space.The reduced dataset was passed into the misuse detector using C4.5 to classify network traffic into normal and attack.The "assumed" normal traffic further passed to the anomaly detector, the second-level classifier using Support Vector Machine (SVM) for detecting new attacks that the misuse detector has not previously detected.The proposed model was demonstrated on the KDD Cup'99 and NSL-KDD intrusion datasets, with the system achieving a false alarm rate of 0.53% and detection rate of 99.43% for NSL KDD dataset.The results show that enhancing the feature selection phase and classification method reduces the false alarm and improves the system's ability to detect zero-day attacks.

Topic: Network Security and Intrusion Detection
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Personality and problem-solving performance explain competitive ability in the wild

Competitive ability is a major determinant of fitness, but why individuals vary so much in their competitiveness remains only partially understood. One increasingly prevalent view is that realized competitive ability varies because it represents alternative strategies that arise because of the costs associated with competitiveness. Here we use a population of great tits ( Parus major ) to explore whether individual differences in competitive ability when foraging can be explained by two traits that have previously been linked to alternative behavioural strategies: the personality trait ‘exploration behaviour’ and a simple cognitive trait, ‘innovative problem-solving performance’. We assayed these traits under standardized conditions in captivity and then measured competitive ability at feeders with restricted access in the wild. Competitive ability was repeatable within individual males across days and correlated positively with exploration behaviour, representing the first such demonstration of a link between a personality trait and both competitive ability and food intake in the wild. Competitive ability was also simultaneously negatively correlated with problem-solving performance; individuals who were poor competitors were good at problem-solving. Rather than being the result of variation in ‘individual quality’, our results support the hypothesis that individual variation in competitive ability can be explained by alternative behavioural strategies.

Topic: Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Performing Encounters: Lope's El Nuevo Mundo Descubierto Por Cristóbal Colon

This essay analyzes the performance of certain key historical events as the site where colonial difference is enacted, and where diverse local narratives struggle for supremacy. Lope de Vega, in his play El Nuevo Mundo descubierto por Cristóbal Colón , stages the encounter between Columbus and the indigenous peoples of the New World in order to explore themes such as linguistic and cultural incommensurability, the conflict between indigenous belief systems and imperial Catholicism, the role of communicative technologies such as writing in the Conquest of America, and the struggle between alternative visions of what the Conquest was ultimately supposed to achieve.

Topic: Early Modern Spanish Literature
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Effects of Auxiliary Chemicals on the Ozonation of Industrial Dyes

The effect of commonly used auxiliary chemicals (primasol, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrosulphite) and the initial dye concentration on the oxidation of three industrial dyes (Vat Blue, Disperse Blue 79 and Disperse Red 72) has been studied. In the batch studies, the oxidation of dye molecules by ozone was examined with single-solute dye solution. Our results showed that the efficiencies of dye removal were in the range 68-74% and 80-85% at an oxidation time of 10 minutes and 2 hours respectively. The effect of each of the three auxiliaries on the single- and multi-solute dye solutions were assessed in terms of colour, COD and TOC variation. The addition of primasol showed exertion on ozone demand as reflected by the COD and TOC results while sodium hydroxide enhanced the oxidation of Disperse Blue 79. The presence of sodium hydroxide also reduced the colour removal and the reduction of COD in the oxidation of Vat Blue dye as well as the mixture of three dyes studied. Sodium hydrosulphite being a strong reducing agent exerted a significant demand on ozone, reducing amount of ozone available to oxidize the dye molecules.

Topic: Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Comprehensive Outcomes Affected by Antimicrobial Metaphylaxis of Feedlot Calves at Medium-Risk for Bovine Respiratory Disease from a Randomized Controlled Trial

The objectives were to evaluate the effects of metaphylaxis (META) and pull-and-treat (PT) programs on health, antimicrobial use, beef production, economics, and greenhouse gas emissions in cattle at medium risk for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). A randomized complete block design was used at two US commercial feedlots. Steers and heifers [2366 total; 261 (±11.0) kg initial weight] were blocked by sex and feedlot arrival, and allocated to one of two pens within a block (16 pens total, eight blocks). Pens were randomly assigned to treatment: META, tulathromycin injection at initial processing; or PT, tulathromycin injection only for first clinical BRD treatment. Data were analyzed with linear and generalized linear mixed models. There was greater BRD morbidity in PT than META cattle (17.2% vs. 7.3% respectively; p &lt; 0.01), and greater total mortality (2.5% vs. 1.1% respectively; p = 0.03). Per animal enrolled, 1.1 antimicrobial doses were used for META compared to 0.2 for PT (p &lt; 0.01). Per animal enrolled, final live (p = 0.04) and carcass (p = 0.08) weights were greater for META than PT; however, net returns ($/animal) were not significantly different (p = 0.71). Compared to PT, total lifetime estimated CO2 equivalent emissions from production were reduced by 2% per unit of live weight for META (p = 0.09). While antimicrobial use was reduced with PT, there may be substantial negative impacts on other outcomes if META was not used in this type of cattle population.

Topic: Microbial infections and disease research
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Job satisfaction and associated factors among psychiatric nurses in tertiary psychiatric hospitals: Results from a nationwide cross‐sectional study

Abstract Aims To investigate the job satisfaction among psychiatric nurses in China and to explore its associated factors. Design A cross‐sectional survey among a nationwide sample from 32 tertiary psychiatric hospitals in 29 provincial capitals in China. Methods Nurses ( N = 9.907) were targeted for this survey in December 2017. In all, 8,493 responded (response rate = 85.7%) and 7,881 (79.5%) were included in the analysis. An online questionnaire was used to collect demographics and factors related to the work environment. The short version of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire was used to assess job satisfaction. Multilevel regression was used to examine the association between job satisfaction and these factors. Results The mean job satisfaction score was 73.7. The multiple regression analysis indicated that self‐rated health, monthly income, medical liability insurance coverage, perceived respect from patients, social recognition, nurse–physician collaboration, and trust were significantly associated with higher job satisfaction scores, while age, work hours, and directly experiencing patient‐initiated violence were negatively associated with job satisfaction ( p &lt; .05). Conclusion Overall, Chinese psychiatric nurses are closer to satisfied than neutral and some demographics and factors related to stressful work environments were associated with nurses’ job satisfaction scores. Impact This study examined factors associated with the job satisfaction of Chinese psychiatric nurses in a nationwide sample and indicated that to improve nurses’ job satisfaction, the government and hospital administrators could consider ways to promote nurses’ personal health and to modify the stressful work environments, such as improving income, reducing work hours, promoting the psychiatric nursing specialty in ways that increase the public's respect for it, increasing awareness of medical liability insurance coverage, and protecting nurses from patients’ violence.

Topic: Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Bride Price and Masculinity in China

This article explores the bride price system in China and its impact on masculinity. Bride price is an important part of the Chinese marriage tradition, resonating with the patriarchal system where men dominate in family, society, and politics(Sangwha 1999). Using web crawler techniques and thematic analysis, the paper analyzes discussions related to bride price on HUPU forums and answers two questions: how Chinese men view bride price and how they display and construct masculinity in the practice of bride price. The study found that bride price is seen as a financial burden, and many men feel unfair. Men should show their economic ability, and maintain their dominance over their wives while conforming to the image of filial sons. Despite the significant economic pressure that bride price puts on men, they still adhere to it in order to maintain patriarchy and the traditional gender order. The bride price controversy reveals the inherent contradictions between the traditional and modern gender order, and how Chinese men construct multidimensional male identities within this contradiction.

Topic: Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Re-Optimization of Time-Phased Force Deployment Plans in Response to Emergent Changes during Deployment.

Although Operation Desert Storm has been heralded as a marvel in logistics, it was plagued with inefficiencies. Because of decreases in lift capacity since the Gulf War, and in anticipation of future operations that will likely evolve more rapidly, the U.S. needs better tools to develop efficient logistics plans. The Warfighting and Logistics Technology Assessment Environment (WLTAE) developed by Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory simulates the effects of logistical decisions on operational outcomes. WLTAE tracks the flow of units and materiel into ports in theater via a Time Phased Force Deployment Data List (TPFDDL) that remains fixed throughout the simulation, regardless of concurrent port damage. Responding to degradations of ports is an essential feature of robust planning, and requires continuous updates of the TPFDDL. We show how to modify a TPFDDL and its planned flow of supplies into a theater to account for changes in port capabilities. First, the, flows of materiel in the TPFDDL are aggregated into notional ships by a ship-loading heuristic. Second, these notional ships are rescheduled as' necessary to alternate ports and/or arrival dates by a ship reassignment heuristic. The solution quality of each heuristic is objectively assessed by comparison with a respective optimal solution to an equivalent mathematical programming model.

Topic: Military Strategy and Technology
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Development and validation of diagnostic markers for the reduced height gene <i>Rht8</i> in wheat

Abstract Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production is necessary for global food and nutrition security. Reducing plant height is an effective strategy to increase lodging resistance, harvest index, and eventually wheat yield. Rht8 is a gibberellic acid–sensitive reduced height ( Rht ) gene and has been cloned. Rht8 encodes a ribonuclease H‐like (RNHL) superfamily protein that reduces plant height without reduction in coleoptile length. High‐throughput diagnostic markers are not available for precise selection of RNHL in wheat breeding. In this study, we found that different cultivars may carry 1–3 copies of RNHLs on chromosome 2D, and only 2D carries the semi‐dwarf allele of RNHL although the wild‐type RNHL allele is detected in several other chromosomes. We developed two kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers, Rht8‐KASP‐V2 and Rht8‐KASP‐V3 , based on the causal variation in RNHL . The two markers co‐segregated with plant height in a recombinant inbred population and were validated in a panel of hard winter wheat breeding lines from the 2022 Regional Germplasm Observation Nursery and Regional Performance Nursery. Rht8 has not been extensively deployed in US hard winter wheat and development of the diagnostic KASP markers will facilitate Rht8 transfer to US wheat cultivars.

Topic: Wheat and Barley Genetics and Pathology
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
QXRD, XRF and optical microscopy applied to characterization and provenance of ancient ceramics from Haft Teppeh (1500 – 1150 BC), southwest Iran

Classifications of Archaeological discoveries are an essential feature for better interpretation of the extractive data from a case excavation. The question that will be focused on in this paper is; which of the parameters – raw materials or manufacturing processes – have changed during the time in an ancient archaeological place. The materials used in this research are ceramic pieces from archaeological excavations carried out in Haft-Tappeh, south-western Iran that chronologically belonging to the middle Elamite period (1500 B.C.). Samples classified firstly by their exterior characters. According to obtained results from quantitative X-ray diffraction and phase refining by Rietveld, it has become possible to characterize the data for clustering the samples in different groups. Observation by polarized light microscopy produced additional information about the manufacturing as well as the processing of the different admixtures used by ancient potters. Mineralogical- chemical interpretation of ceramics based on x-ray methods proved a dissimilar thermal behaviour due to different fabrication conditions during the same period. The results provided principally information on the existence of a common raw material reservoir but different manufacturing technique in pottering during middle Elamite period in Haft-Tappeh.

Topic: Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
TWO RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS AND NEW HORIZONS IN MODERN TIBETAN HISTORY

While the literature on modern Tibetan history is far from comprehensive, contributions to this field of studies have been formative over the last twenty years. With an ever-increasing availability of Tibetan-language source material along with new theoretical insights, the horizons for understanding modern Tibetan history are still expanding.

Topic: China's Ethnic Minorities and Relations
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Serological studies on British leptospiral isolates of the Sejroe serogroup: I. The identification of British isolates of the Sejroe serogroup by the cross agglutinin absorption test

SUMMARY Using the cross agglutinin absorption test 12 British leptospiral isolates of the Sejroe serogroup were identified to serovar level. Six strains isolated from cattle, two from pigs and one from a human were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo . Two isolates from wildlife were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar saxkoebing . One further strain isolated from wildlife closely resembled serovar saxkoebing , but specific identification was not possible. These are the first reported isolations of serovar saxkoebing in the United Kingdom. The problems associated with the cross agglutinin absorption test, and possible alternative typing procedures are discussed.

Topic: Leptospirosis research and findings
Subfield: Parasitology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Cartels and collusive behaviour : restrictive agreements and practices between competitors

In the European Union there is an important reason to fight cartels, related to the political objective of market integration pursued by the Community institutions. International cartels can seriously undermine the efforts to create a truly integrated European market. This Second Edition provides a unique insight of Europe's leading experts on how to deal with cartel cases in practice before both the European Commission and the European Courts. With over 1200 pages of text, analysis and annexes it is essential reading and reference for all practitioners, advisors and academics working in this area.

Topic: Merger and Competition Analysis
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences