jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Revealing diversity among narratives of agricultural transformation: insights from smallholder farmers in the Northern Kilombero Valley, Tanzania

The discourse of transformation, as currently adopted in policy arenas, has given scarce attention to diverse knowledges, plural pathways, and politics. Narratives about change and agricultural transformation in African landscapes are diverse. However, failure to recognise diversity among narratives of the predominant food producers—smallholder farmers—in planning and policy processes limits potential to achieve just agricultural transformation. To progress understanding on diverse knowledges, plural pathways, and politics of agricultural transformation in this paper we present smallholder visions of future farms and their narratives of agricultural transformation in an African landscape subject to rapid ecological and livelihood change. We present smallholder narratives of transformation alongside those promoted by national and private-sector blueprints, and critically reflect on the social justice of transformation. From nine participatory workshops conducted with smallholder farmers in the northern Kilombero Valley of the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT), four main narratives of transformation were identified: (1) land ownership, (2) expansion of agricultural activities, (3) diversification, and (4) access to water for irrigation. The view of transformation presented by smallholders appears incompatible with national blueprint policies and plans. Despite “win-win” narratives of transformation and the outgrower scheme approach to expansion of sugarcane cultivation promoted by SAGCOT, the national government and the Kilombero Sugar Company, we found that land ownership and expansion remains challenging for smallholders in the present and represents a key aspiration for the future, along with diversification and access to adequate amounts of water for irrigation. These visions of bigger, more diverse farms with access to water, are not necessarily compatible with the expansion of sugarcane cultivation in the area and does not appear, as yet, to be sufficiently recognised in sugarcane expansion plans, creating potential to exacerbate injustice. Given this lack of recognition, smallholders advocate for a stronger role in protecting their interests as citizens in relation to the SAGCOT private-public partners. We demonstrate the need for greater effort among actors in rural African landscapes to realise and recognise the diversity and contextuality of envisaged desirable futures in plans and polices, and the importance of progressing understanding on inclusive planning and policy-making processes to achieve inclusive negotiation leading to more just transformation pathways.

Topic: Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A toolbox for ablating excitatory and inhibitory synapses

Abstract Recombinant optogenetic and chemogenetic proteins that manipulate neuronal activity are potent tools for activating and inhibiting neuronal circuit function. However, there are few analogous tools for manipulating the structure of neural circuits. Here, we introduce three rationally designed genetically encoded tools that use E3 ligase-dependent mechanisms to trigger the degradation of synaptic scaffolding proteins, leading to functional ablation of synapses. First, we developed a constitutive excitatory synapse ablator, PFE3, analogous to the inhibitory synapse ablator GFE3. PFE3 targets the RING domain of the E3 ligase Mdm2 and the proteasome-interacting region of Protocadherin 10 to the scaffolding protein PSD-95, leading to efficient ablation of excitatory synapses. In addition, we developed a light-inducible version of GFE3, paGFE3, using a novel photoactivatable complex based on the photocleavable protein PhoCl2c. paGFE3 degrades Gephyrin and ablates inhibitory synapses in response to 400 nm light. Finally, we developed a chemically inducible version of GFE3, chGFE3, which degrades inhibitory synapses when combined with the bio-orthogonal dimerizer, HaloTag ligand-trimethoprim. Each tool is specific, reversible, and capable of breaking neural circuits at precise locations.

Topic: Photoreceptor and optogenetics research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
A room temperature flip-chip mounting technique for laser diodes on silicon motherboards

In this presentation, a relatively simple mounting method is suggested for flip-chip mounting of arrays of edge-emitting laser diodes to arrays of fibers. What really makes the difference with known methods is the use of a room temperature mounting process using a transparent UV-curing, non conducting glue for the fixation of arrays of laser diodes. Apart from power budget problems, the only problem to be solved was the influence of the glue on the laser facets. This has been solved by the application of coatings.

Topic: Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Protective Effect of Baclofen on Ovarian Cystogenesis and Morphine-Induced Lipid Profile Change in Female Rats

Abstract Introduction: Morphine induces ovarian cysts that cause obesity and disrupt sex hormone secretion. Baclofen, a gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonist, can help regulate sex hormones and reduce harmful blood lipids by protecting against morphine-induced gamma-aminobutyric acid inhibition. We investigated the prophylactic effect of baclofen in rats receiving morphine by comparing with the untreated groups. Materials and Methods: Forty eight female Wistar rats were randomly divided into several groups, including control (saline 1 mL/kg, i.p.), morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.), baclofen (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg, i.p.), and baclofen (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg) before morphine (5 mg/kg). Twenty four hours after the treatment, blood and serum samples were taken to check the levels of gonadotropins (LH &amp; FSH) and lipid profile. The ovaries and uterus were also studied, and a proinflammatory nitric oxide (NO) diagnostic test was completed. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Results: In comparison with the control group, the levels of LH and not FSH decreased in the morphine group and the number of ovarian cysts was more in the morphine group. These problems were not observed in the group of baclofen alone and baclofen + morphine. However, the triglyceride level increased slightly in the baclofen 30 mg/kg + morphine group. But the LDL level somewhat decreased. The proinflammatory NO system did not show significant activation in the ovary and uterus, except for the baclofen 10 mg/kg + baclofen group. Conclusion: Morphine can cause ovarian cysts by lowering LH but baclofen prophylaxis can protect reproductive properties by adapting major metabolic changes.

Topic: Ovarian function and disorders
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Hydrate Formation on Perovskite Solar Cells

This is an image of hydrate formation on a methylammonium lead halide perovskite film, a material used for low-cost, high-efficiency photovoltaics. This kind of perovskite is very sensitive to moisture, especially when the films are unconverted, and this image shows a&#13;\nparticularly beautiful example of what happens if the film is left in too humid an environment.

Topic: Perovskite Materials and Applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Parental awareness of the need for screening of retinopathy of prematurity in Northern China

AIM: To analyze the awareness of retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)among parents of ROP patients in Northern China. METHODS:A questionnaire was given to 230 parents of ROP infants and collected in person between Jan. and Apr. 2013. Basic information on the ROP infants and the parents' awareness of ROP were collected from the parents. RESULTS:In all, 221/230(96.1%)questionnaires were returned. Based on these completed responses, 128(57.9%)premature infants received screening during hospital stays, 208(94.1%)parents were informed about screening and received a recommendation for screening by pediatricians, and 13(5.9%)parents did not receive any recommendation for screening. Only 159(71.9%)parents were aware of ROP, while 62(28.1%)were not aware of the disease. Because stages 4 and 5 of ROP had a poor prognosis, we determined whether parents were informed by pediatricians closely associated with the severity of ROP(<i>P</i><0.001). However, we found no association between the grade of hospital and whether the parents were informed(<i>P</i>=0.625). CONCLUSION:Awareness of ROP among parents and pediatricians in Northern China still needs to be improved. Better and more timely communication and education of parents regarding ROP from pediatricians and ophthalmologists will help.

Topic: Retinopathy of Prematurity Studies
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Numerical Painting Application and Control for NC Painting Robot.

Ultimate goal of this study is making up CIM of painting process for large scale steel product. For the purpose of it, the study aims at obtaining numerical conditions of painting application and applying them to the control of robot. First, we made it clear that spray distance, painting velocity and orientation of spray gun are basic conditions of painting application for robot. Then we have developed the method of simulation of numerical relationship between application condition and film thickness through experimental equation. This method is essential for generating operation data for robot in the offline programming system. We have also developed the new control method for dynamic painting application. That is the active control of film thickness change at the start and end section of painting path, which means that painting robot have obtained the skill of painting belonging to painting worker.

Topic: Advanced Surface Polishing Techniques
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluation of Energy Maneuverability Procedures in Aircraft Flight Path Optimization and Performance Estimation

Abstract : An assessment is made of the applicability of energy maneuverability techniques (EM) to flight path optimization. A series of minimum time and fuel maneuvers using the F-4C aircraft were established to progressively violate the assumptions inherent in the EM program and comparisons were made with the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory's (AFFDL) Three-Degree-of-Freedom Trajectory Optimization Program and a point mass option of the Six-Degree-of-Freedom flight path program. It was found the EM results were always optimistic in the value of the payoff functions with the optimism increasing as the percentage of the maneuver involving constant energy transitions increases. For the minimum time paths the resulting optimism was less then 2% for the maneuvers where the constant energy percentage was less than 35% followed by a rather steeply rising curve approaching in the limit 100% error for paths which are comprised entirely of constant energy transitions.

Topic: Probabilistic and Robust Engineering Design
Subfield: Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Deglycosylation ofN-glycosylated proteins using PNGase F v1

The described protocol was used to confirm that NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase from Helianthus annuus was N-glycosylated when recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii).

Topic: Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Multilevel Psychic Distance and its Impact on SME Internationalization

We expand the conceptualization of psychic distance and use a multilevel framework by studying it as a founder’s psychic distance in the pre-entry phase of entering a specific foreign market, and the SMEs (firm) psychic distance in the post-entry phase of entering that specific foreign market. Based on qualitative research involving six SMEs’ with 18 internationalization events, we found that psychic distance at country and business levels causes difficulties for SMEs in the post-entry phase because of their lack of knowledge. Bridge-makers possessing knowledge about target markets help SMEs to overcome psychic distance challenges. Trust in the relationship with the bridge-maker is an important ingredient to gain knowledge that alleviates the SMEs’ psychic distance challenges. Finally, we go beyond country-business levels of psychic distance by showing that psychic distance also matters at bridge-maker level. This relates to their lack of knowledge about the target market and SMEs’ routines.

Topic: Innovation and Knowledge Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Differentiation among Sclerotium rolfsii isolates in response to saponins treatment

Genetical and morphological variability among four Egyptian isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii, their response to saponin treatment and their ability to control root rot disease in guar plant (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) using saponin seed dressing were investigated.PDA medium amended with saponin reduced significantly mycelial growth and sclerotial formation of S. rolfsii isolates.S. rolfsii isolates from tomato and/or sesame were more sensitive to saponin than the isolates from guar and/or peanut plants.Saponin application also lowered polygalacturonase activity in cultural filtrate of S. rolfsii isolates.In greenhouse experiment, guar seeds pretreated with saponin gave 31.1% to 58.9% protection against root rot disease incidence.RAPD technique was carried out for four isolates of S. rolfsii using two random primers.Size of DNA fragments amplified by the two primers ranged from 80 bp to 1116 bp indicating polymorphism among S. rolfsii isolates.Genetic similarities ranged from 31% to 71% and from 40% to 92% using primer 5 and primer OPA-3, respectively.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Quantum fluctuations and dissipation in thin superconducting wires

Andrei D. Zaikin, Dmitrii S. Golubev, Anne van Otterlo, and Gergely T. Zimanyi 1 Institut fur Theoretische Festkorperphysik, Universitat Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, FRG 2 I.E.Tamm Department of Theoretical Physics, P.N.Lebedev Physics Institute, Leninskii pr. 53, 117924 Moscow, Russia 3 Physics Department, Chalmers University of Technology, S-41296 Goteborg, Sweden 4 Physics Department, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA

Topic: Physics of Superconductivity and Magnetism
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Dysregulation of cyclin D1 by translocation into an IgH gamma switch region in two multiple myeloma cell lines [see comments]

Translocations involving the IgH locus at chromosomal locus 14q32.3 are a common event in many B-cell malignancies. The translocations, which generally occur into JH and switch regions, are mediated by errors in the two developmentally regulated, lymphocyte-specific pathways: VDJ- and switch-mediated recombination. Dysregulation of cyclin D1 by a t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation occurs in most cases of mantle-cell lymphoma and in approximately 30% of multiple myeloma (MM) tumors in which a 14q32 translocation can be detected. We show here that in two of three myeloma lines that overexpress cyclin D1, there is an 11;14 translocation into a gamma switch region, suggesting an error in switch recombination. By contrast, 11;14 translocations in mantlecell lymphoma are invariably into or near a JH segment, suggesting an error in VDJ recombination. This is consistent with the fact that myeloma cells have undergone lgH switch recombination, whereas mantle-cell lymphoma cells generally have not.

Topic: Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Continuous Harmonic Spaces

This article generalizes Ian Quinn's recent harmonic characterization of pitch-class sets in equal tempered spaces to chords drawn from continuous pitch and pitch-class spaces. Using the Fourier transform, chords of any real-valued pitches or pitch classes are represented by their spectra and located in a harmonic space of all possible chord spectra. Euclidean and angular distance metrics defined on chord spectra correlate strongly with common interval-based similarity measures such as IcVSIM and ANGLE. Thus, we can approximate these common measures of harmonic similarity in continuous environments, applying the corresponding harmonic intuitions to all possible chords of pitches and pitch classes in all possible tuning systems. This Fourier-based approach to harmony is used to compare the properties of twelve-note chords in Witold Lutosławski and Elliot Carter, to analyze the opening section of Gérard Grisey's Partiels, and to investigate the structural properties underlying the Z-relation (part of ongoing research with Rachel Hall).

Topic: Musicology and Musical Analysis
Subfield: Music
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Fractal Gravitation

Considering the GAIA data for {$\approx 10^6$} stars around the {barycenter,} we estimate the fractal dimension for different regions in the Milky Way. Then we use those fractal dimensions to calculate the gravitational potential considering the medium as a continuous fractal. Finally, {we use the gravitational potential to infer} the circular velocity {and adjust} rotation curves in the Milky Way. {For this,} we use two numerical models, the first considering uniform density and a second more realistic of a bulge and a disk. In none of these models we consider dark matter. We study their validity comparing them with circular speed data from the Milky Way.

Topic: Scientific Research and Discoveries
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Assembly of Primary (Hetero)Arylamines via CuI/Oxalic Diamide‐Catalyzed Coupling of Aryl Chlorides and Ammonia.

Abstract The scalable and practical coupling reaction is successfully applied to aryl chlorides endowed with a broad range of functional groups as well as various heteroaryl chlorides.

Topic: Catalytic Cross-Coupling Reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplementary Table 2 from A Sequence Polymorphism in &lt;i&gt;miR-608&lt;/i&gt; Predicts Recurrence after Radiotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 79K, Sequence of primers using real time RT-PCR analysis.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Real-Time Mexican Sign Language Interpretation Using CNN and HMM

Mexican Sign Language (MSL) is the primary form of communication for the deaf community in Mexico. MSL has a different grammatical structure than Spanish; furthermore, facial expression plays a determining role in complementing context-based meaning. This turns it difficult for a hearing person without prior knowledge of the language to understand what is to be transmitted, representing an important communication barrier for deaf people. In order to face this, we present the first architecture to consider facial features as indicators of grammatical tense to develop a real-time interpreter from MSL to written Spanish. Our model uses the open source MediaPipe library to extract marks from the face, body position and hands. Three 2D convolutional neural networks are used to encode individually and extract patterns, the networks converge to a multilayer perceptron for classification. Finally, a Hidden Markov Model is used to morphosyntactically predict the most probable sequence of words based on a preloaded knowledge base. From the experiments were carried out, a precision of 94.9% was obtained with σ=0.07 for the recognition of 75 isolated words and 94.1% with σ=0.09 for the interpretation of 20 sentences in MSL in a medical context. Being an approach based on camera inputs and observing that even with a few samples an adequate generalization can be achieved, it would be feasible to scale our architecture to other sign languages and offer possibilities of efficient communication to millions of people with hearing disability.

Topic: Hand Gesture Recognition Systems
Subfield: Human-Computer Interaction
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
High-pass matched filtering for optical character recognition with character-background contrast invariance

Contrast invariant recognition for multiobject scenes by means of a high-pass filter (HPF) combined with a phase only filter (POF) or a classical matched filter (CMF) is theoretical and numerically analysed. Objects with two kinds of contrast variations connected with the background level and signal amplitude are considered.

Topic: Optical Polarization and Ellipsometry
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Toxicological assessment of a new product from coriander cake].

Characteristics of the product obtained by the authors from coriander cake, basic results of evaluation of its toxicological properties, basic stages of the experiment on white rats and its results are described. The conclusion about positive influence of the product on metabolism in white rats and perspectives of introduction of the new product from coriander cake as an additive for manufacture of food products is made.

Topic: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Asymmetrical PWM technique for AC choppers

An asymmetrical pulse-width modulated (APWM) control technique for an AC chopper which can improve the input power factor and suppress the harmonic contents of currents at both its input and its load sides is proposed. The ideal switching function for the proposed technique is derived and converted into the APWM pattern for practical implementation of an AC voltage regulator. By digital simulation several characteristics are investigated theoretically and then compared with those of the phase angle control and conventional PWM technique. The experimental results show good agreement with calculated ones, indicating the feasibility of the proposed technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Induction Heating and Inverter Technology
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
James Watt and the Law of Patents

Historians once more begin to stress the importance of the law in facilitating or obstructing economic growth.' As far as the patent law is concerned, there has been no lack of comment by historians of technology and of industrialization about its effects. Indeed, there is hardly one who has not felt it incumbent to express some opinion about the matter, and yet there has been little solid investigation of the patent law in the second half of the 18th century by anyone except members of the Patent Office staff themselves.2 Even Sir William Holdsworth's mammoth History of English Law helps us very little. The section on 18th-century patent law is very short, highly derivative from papers published early in the Law Quarterly Review, and often confusing;3 yet it manages to reach the firm conclusion

Topic: Historical Economic and Social Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences