jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
SOVEREIGNS VERSUS BANKS: CREDIT, CRISES, AND CONSEQUENCES

Two separate narratives have emerged in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis. One interpretation speaks of private financial excess and the key role of the banking system in leveraging and deleveraging the economy. The other emphasizes the public sector balance sheet and worries about the risks of lax fiscal policy. However, the two may interact in important and understudied ways. This paper examines the co-evolution of public and private sector debt in advanced countries from 1870 to 2012. We find that in advanced economies financial crises are not preceded by public debt build-ups nor are they more likely when public debt is high. However, history shows that high levels of public debt tend to exacerbate the effects of private sector deleveraging after financial crises. The economic costs of financial crises rise substantially if large private sector credit booms are unwound at times when the public sector has little capacity to pursue macroeconomic and financial stabilization.

Topic: Banking stability, regulation, efficiency
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
The Effect of Compensation and Employee Empowerment on Employee Loyalty through Job Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable (Study at Perpustakaan Nasional RI)

This study aims to determine the influence of compensation and employee empowerment on employee loyalty through job satisfaction as an intervening variable. The research sample consisted of 113 employees of the National Library of Indonesia who worked in the Planning and Finance Bureau, the Legal, Organization, Cooperation, and Public Relations Bureau, the Human Resources and General Affairs Bureau, and the Central Education and Training Unit. The method used is a survey method with a quantitative approach. The sampling technique in this study uses Probability Sampling with the Taro Yamane formula and a 5% error rate. In hypothesis testing, the data analysis technique used is Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) using SmartPLS Version 4.0 software. The results of the calculations in this study indicate that compensation has a positive and significant direct effect on employee loyalty, employee empowerment does not have a significant and negative direct effect on employee loyalty, job satisfaction has a positive and significant direct effect on employee loyalty, compensation has a positive and significant direct effect on job satisfaction, employee empowerment has a positive and significant direct effect on job satisfaction, compensation has a positive and significant indirect effect on employee loyalty through job satisfaction, and employee empowerment has a positive and significant indirect effect on employee loyalty through job satisfaction.

Topic: Employee Performance and Management
Subfield: Human Factors and Ergonomics
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Functional Brain Imaging Based on the Neurovascular Unit for Evaluating Neural Networks after Strok

The exploration of human brain function has always been a research hotspot in the field of neuroscience. The concept of a neurovascular unit suggests that cerebral microcirculation can be used as a reliable signal to reflect neural function. Accordingly, functional imaging techniques based on the neurovascular unit are very promising because of their ability to reveal neurovascular coupling and evaluate the functional rehabilitation of cerebrovascular diseases represented by stroke. In the present review, we first describe the role of the neurovascular unit in the injury and repair processes after stroke. We then briefly introduce the relative characteristics and advantages of representative neurovascular unit-based functional imaging. Finally, we summarized the value of these techniques in the evaluation of neural networks after stroke.

Topic: Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The genealogy of the museum

The title of the symposion was "The Genealogy of the Museum ". Why did we use a word from ancient Greek? Why not just call it "The History of the Museum" or "The pedigree of the Museum"? Why did we give priority to the museum's temporality?In the course of the last ten years, the museum world has been subjected to a great deal of change. We only know that there has certainly been a musem's boom and that, quoting Walter Grasskamp, "the museum has become the metaphor for our time". Just a few years ago, the question was whether or not there would still be a museum in the future. But this is no longer the case. No, the question now is whether or not there will be a future for the museum. Today, the anxiety about the future itself is greater and more real than any anxiety about the future of the museum.

Topic: Museums and Cultural Heritage
Subfield: Museology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Assessing financial capacity impairment in older adults

Healthcare providers will be caring for more patients with financial incapacity as our population ages and as the prevalence of cognitive impairment increases. Providing education about advance financial planning, assessing financial capacity, and offering practical guidance to patients and families who are dealing with financial incapacity are key tasks in the care of older adults with impaired cognition. Providers should also be familiar with experts who can help assess patients' cognition in all domains, including financial capacity. Finally, clinicians must be alert for signs of financial abuse and be prepared to report suspected abuse to the appropriate authorities. Copyright © 2012 American Society on Aging.

Topic: Elder Abuse and Neglect
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
ROMAN VIEWS OF THE PAST - (A.) Damtoft Poulsen, (A.) Jönsson (edd.) Usages of the Past in Roman Historiography. (Historiography of Rome and Its Empire 9.) Pp. xvi + 343, b/w &amp; colour ills, colour map. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2021. Cased, €119, US$143. ISBN: 978-90-04-44502-4.

ROMAN VIEWS OF THE PAST - (A.) Damtoft Poulsen, (A.) Jönsson (edd.) Usages of the Past in Roman Historiography. (Historiography of Rome and Its Empire 9.) Pp. xvi + 343, b/w &amp; colour ills, colour map. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2021. Cased, €119, US$143. ISBN: 978-90-04-44502-4. - Volume 72 Issue 1

Topic: Historical and Religious Studies of Rome
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Action recognition using interest points capturing differential motion information

Human action recognition has been a challenging task in computer vision because of intra-class variability. State-of-the-art methods have shown good performance for constrained videos but have failed to achieve good results for complex scenes. Reasons for their failing include treating spatial and temporal dimensions without distinction as well as not capturing temporal information in video representation. To address these problems we propose principled changes to an action recognition framework that is based on video interest points (IP) detection with capturing differential motion as the central theme. First, we propose to detect points with high curl of optical flow, which captures relative motion boundaries in a frame. We track these points to form dense trajectories. Second, we discard points on the trajectories that do not represent change in motion of the same object, yielding temporally localized IPs. Third, we propose a video representation based on spatio-temporal arrangement of IPs with respect to their neighboring IPs. The proposed approach yields a compact and information-dense representation without using any local descriptor around the detected IPs. It significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods on UCF youtube dataset, which has complex action classes, as well as on KTH dataset, which has simple action classes.

Topic: Human Pose and Action Recognition
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ibn Al-Rifa On the Churches and Synagogues of Cairo'

Abstract Mamlūk Egypt witnessed a great degree of pressure on non-Muslims, and saw the conversion of many to Islam. In 1301, riots led to the closure of numerous houses of worship of non-Muslims, an act supported by a fatwā written by Najm al-Dīn ibn al-Rifā. Ibn al-Rifā offered five arguments against maintaining dhimmī houses of worship: (1) non-Muslims seeking to preserve their houses of worship must always be considered plaintiffs, that is, that the burden of proof falls upon them; (2) The contradiction between arguments that there were no synagogues or churches prior to the building of the city and those arguing for preservation based on maintaining existing buildings must be resolved by placing the burden of proof on the dhimmīs; (3) There was no peace agreement in Cairo, a necessary precondition for allowing non-Muslims to retain their houses of worship; (4) Even were there a peace agreement, it would have lapsed; and (5) Dhimmīs must prove they have not contravened individual terms of the treaty, even unrelated to houses of worship. Ibn al-Rifā's fatwā generated much support, but eventually the churches and synagogues were returned to their communities. Nevertheless, it reflects the attitudes of the times and was part of the pressures which led to greater conversion to Islam.

Topic: Islamic Studies and History
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Unveiling the potential: Extracellular vesicles from plant cell suspension cultures as a promising source

Abstract Extracellular vesicles are secreted by all eukaryotic cells and they have an important role in intercellular signaling. Plant extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are a novel area of research that has gained attention due to their potential implications in biomolecule transport and therapeutic applications. PEVs are lipid bilayer‐enclosed structures that contain a diverse cargo of biomolecules such as proteins and lipids. Moreover, it is known that PEVs have a noticeable therapeutic potential for various conditions such as inflammation and oxidative stress. However, there are critical problems such as removing the endosomes and plant‐derived biomolecules that decrease the standardization and therapeutic efficacy of PEVs. In our study, the aim was to characterize plant cell suspension‐derived extracellular vesicles (PCSEVs) obtained from two different plant cell suspension cultures: Stevia rebaudiana and Vaccaria hispanica . These vesicles were isolated using ultrafiltration and characterized with nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The molecular composition of PCSEVs was profiled and the cellular uptake assay was performed. Our results demonstrated that PCSEVs have a spherical shape, less than 200 nm. In the fatty acid analysis, the primary components in PCSEVs were palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and cis‐vaccenic acid. The protein content of Stevia rebaudiana ‐derived EVs (SDEVs) was largely associated with proteins involved in extracellular structures and functions. Conversely, Vaccaria hispanica ‐derived EVs (HDEVs) displayed a higher presence of cytosolic proteins. These findings contribute to the understanding of PCSEVs and open up potential avenues in extracellular vesicle research, pointing to promising prospects for future innovations in various fields.

Topic: Extracellular vesicles in disease
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
High-resolution x-ray-scattering study of the structure of niobium thin films on sapphire

The structure of two thin films of Nb grown epitaxially on sapphire has been studied using high-resolution x-ray-scattering techniques. The films, of nominal thickness 400 and 150 \AA{}, were grown using molecular-beam epitaxy on a (112\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0) sapphire substrate. They were of exceptionally high quality, with rocking curves of \ensuremath{\approxeq}0.004\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for the (110${)}_{\mathrm{Nb}}$ Bragg peak. The x-ray scattering observed in transverse scans of the wave-vector transfer through the (110${)}_{\mathrm{Nb}}$ Bragg peak exhibits two other unusual features. First, weak satellite Bragg peaks are observed. These are shown to arise from a regular sinusoidal distortion of the Nb thin film. Using a frozen phonon model for this distortion, we relate the position of the satellites to the length of a terrace on the vicinal sapphire surface, and the intensity of the satellites to the lattice mismatch between the two materials in the surface normal direction. Second, in addition to the sharp Bragg peaks, there is a broader, diffuse component. This is isotropic in the plane of the film and has a Lorentzian-squared line shape. The diffuse component is shown to arise from a random network of two-dimensional Nb domains, with the size of domain related to the in-plane lattice mismatch. By combining these results with x-ray-reflectivity measurements from the thin films, and x-ray-reflectivity and crystal-truncation-rod measurements from the bare substrates, we develop a detailed model of the structure of Nb films on sapphire.

Topic: Physics of Superconductivity and Magnetism
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Criteria for expert evaluation of mechanism of lower jaw fractures].

A short analysis of 565 cases of fractures of the lower jaws is presented in the article with due regard for a mechanism of their formation. Criteria of the expert evaluation of an impact point and direction of action of a traumatic force are depicted with due respect for a type, specific features and fracture location.

Topic: Medical and Biological Sciences
Subfield: Anatomy
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Resolution Enhancement for Forwarding Looking Multi-Channel SAR Imagery With Exploiting Space–Time Sparsity

Forward-looking multi-channel synthetic aperture radar (FLMC-SAR) is of the capability to achieve unambiguous 2-D images in the forward-looking slight direction. FLMC-SAR imagery usually suffers from relatively low spatial resolution as only limited Doppler diversity can be generated from the synthetic aperture. In this article, a sparsity-driven resolution enhancement algorithm is proposed to improve the resolution FLMC-SAR image of the forward-looking area. Different from conventional beamforming processing to resolve the FLMC-SAR left–right ambiguity, a Bayesian sparsity reconstruction optimization is developed for jointly ambiguity resolving and resolution enhancement in the azimuth angle image domain. The spatial structure of the target in the preliminary image domain is used as the signal sparsity with prior information to solve the constrained optimization problem for FLMC-SAR image resolution enhancement. A local least square estimator of the prior noise and signal statistics in the FLMC-SAR nonisotropic image is established in terms of determining the sparsity weight parameter. Extensive simulation and real FLMC-SAR data experiments confirm that the proposed algorithm is capable of achieving the unambiguous and resolution-enhanced FLMC-SAR image.

Topic: Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Geologic setting of the Apollo 15 samples.

The samples and photographs returned from the Apollo 15 site show that Hadley Delta is largely underlain by breccias whose clasts are mainly fragments of coarse-grained feldspathic rocks and nonmare-type basalt. Conspicuous sets of lineaments, visible in surface and orbital photographs of Mount Hadley and Hadley Delta, may represent systematic layering or fracture sets. The mare surface, with regolith about 5 meters thick, is underlain by two major basalt types, at least one of which has extensive lateral continuity and is exposed in the upper wall of Hadley Rille. Gradual erosional recession of the edges and filing of the interior of the rille by talus have contributed to the present cross sectional profile.

Topic: Planetary Science and Exploration
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Joint Use Libraries as Services for Remote Areas

In the current restricted economic climate all options must be considered in the provision of library services to remote areas. Joint use libraries have been tried and failed in many places, but the success of the combined library at Queenstown shows that the concept can work if critical factors are right. The position of the facility and the positioning of the library within the campus are vital considerations along with detailed planning and a written agreement to cover all eventualities. Strong community support is also necessary, but most importantly the staff must be flexible in their approach, be prepared to cooperate and compromise, and above all be committed to the success of the service. Only then will a joint use library become a true community asset.

Topic: Library Science and Administration
Subfield: Library and Information Sciences
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Fertility-Related State Laws Enacted in 1981

Reports on the 63 fertility related state laws enacted in 1981, concentrating on 5 issues: parental consent or notification for minors seeking abortion; public funding for abortions for poor women; minors' rights regarding medical care on their own consent; sterilization of the mentally retarded; and insurance coverage for pregnancy related medical care. Only 1 state called for parental consent for contraception: a Utah statute prohibits the use of public funds to provide contraceptive or abortion information or services to minors without parental consent. Although the law conflicts with the federal statute establishing the Title X family planning program, proposed new federal regulations would require notification of both parents of all minors receiving prescription contraceptives and in states with statutes like Utah's would forbid contraceptive services to minors without parental consent. 1/3 of the laws under discussion involved abortion, with 5 of 7 states which passed legislation relating to Medicaid funding of abortions making such funding considerably more restrictive. 1/5 of the laws related to services to minors, most involving parental consent, with the right of at least some minors to consent to medical care clarified or reinforced in several cases. Regarding family planning programs in general, Arizona has restricted family planning services from its health services for the indigent, while Hawaii and Maryland passed new laws making family planning services or devices more accessible. 7 new insurance laws were aimed at ensuring equal treatment of pregnancy related medical care or extending existing coverage. 4 sterilization laws addressed the difficult issue of sterilization of the mentally retarded by providing safeguards against the potential for abuse that has been increasingly noted in recent years.

Topic: Reproductive Health and Technologies
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Revascularization or medical therapy for stable coronary artery disease patients with different degrees of ischemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of myocardial perfusion

Objective: This study explored the best treatment strategies for stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) patients with differing levels of ischemic severity. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases – searching for relevant articles through 4 February 2021. We selected studies comparing different treatments for patients with SCAD who had received ischemia assessments. The primary outcome was death. The secondary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and myocardial infarction (MI). Results: A total of 11 studies, including 35,607 subjects, were selected for this meta-analysis. Results showed that, compared with medical therapy, revascularization could reduce MACE incidence (odds ratio (OR) 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57–0.94, p &lt; 0.05) in SCAD patients with myocardial ischemia, but that it was not effective for patients without ischemia. For mild ischemia, the incidence of death (OR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.59–1.01, p = 0.063), MACE (OR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.48–1.70, p = 0.762), or MI (OR 1.44, 95% CI: 0.94–2.19, p = 0.093) was the same whether they were treated with revascularization or medical therapy. For moderate to severe ischemia, revascularization reduced the incidence of MACE (OR 0.59, 95% CI: 0.42–0.83, p &lt; 0.05) and MI (OR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.71–0.98, p &lt; 0.05), but the incidence of death (OR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.47–1.12, p = .145) was similar. For SCAD patients with severe ischemia, revascularization may confer survival benefits (OR 0.46, 95% CI: 0.21–1.00, p = 0.05). Conclusion: For SCAD patients with moderate to severe ischemia, revascularization reduces the MACE and MI incidences, but does not change the incidence of death. Evaluation for myocardial ischemia is vital when selecting a therapeutic strategy.

Topic: Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Effect of Sorbic Acid and Esters of p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid on the Protonmotive Force in Escherichia coli Membrane Vesicles

The effect of three food preservatives, sorbic acid and methyl and butyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, on the protonmotive force in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles was investigated. Radioactive chemical probes were used to determine the two components of the protonmotive force: delta pH (pH difference) and delta psi (membrane potential). Both types of compound selectively eliminated delta pH across the membrane, while leaving delta psi much less disturbed indicating that transport inhibition by neutralization of the protonmotive force cannot be the only mechanism of action for the food preservatives tested.

Topic: Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Clinical and Laboratory Approaches for Evaluation of Nephrolithiasis

The initial part of this presentation deals with the sensitivity of tests commonly used in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. Total serum calcium levels often are normal in patients with small parathyroid adenomas but levels of serum ultrafilterable and/or ionized calcium usually are elevated in these patients. The recent introduction of improved radioimmunoassays for measurement of circulating parathyroid hormone has led to greatly improved sensitivity of this test for the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. However, measurement of total urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate, even when expressed as a function of glomerular filtration rate, is an extremely insensitive test in patients who have parathyroid adenomas weighing less than 1 gm. Consequently, this test no longer is used for diagnostic purposes in our laboratory. Data relating to the prevalence and causes of hyperoxaluria in patients with idiopathic calcium oxalate stones also are presented. Hyperoxaluria (more than 450 mumol. per 24 hours) was found in 21 of 99 consecutive untreated male patients. Approximately a third of the patients with high normal or increased urinary oxalate excretion also have increased urinary glycolate excretion, which is indicative of increased endogenous oxalate production. This metabolic abnormality was unresponsive to pyridoxine administration but preliminary findings suggest that it may be corrected by restricting dietary protein.

Topic: Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences