jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
3D imaging in volumetric scattering media using phase-space measurements

We demonstrate the use of phase-space imaging for 3D localization of multiple point sources inside scattering material. The effect of scattering is to spread angular (spatial frequency) information, which can be measured by phase space imaging. We derive a multi-slice forward model for homogenous volumetric scattering, then develop a reconstruction algorithm that exploits sparsity in order to further constrain the problem. By using 4D measurements for 3D reconstruction, the dimensionality mismatch provides significant robustness to multiple scattering, with either static or dynamic diffusers. Experimentally, our high-resolution 4D phase-space data is collected by a spectrogram setup, with results successfully recovering the 3D positions of multiple LEDs embedded in turbid scattering media.

Topic: Random lasers and scattering media
Subfield: Acoustics and Ultrasonics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
A new species of freshwater crab, &lt;i&gt;Teretamon kapota&lt;/i&gt; sp. nov. (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) and a new record from Arunachal Pradesh, North-Eastern India

A new species of the potamid freshwater crab, Teretamon kapota sp. nov., is described from the East Siang and Lower Dibang Valley districts of the Arunachal Pradesh state, north-eastern India. Teretamon kapota sp. nov. can be distinguished from the congeners mainly by the relatively small eye as compared to the orbital space, the gently concave lateral margins of the male telson, and the very high, strongly convex, semicircular dorsal flap on the terminal segment of the male first gonopod that somewhat resembles a pigeonâ€™s head. The potamid genus, Teretamon Yeo and Ng, 2007, is now known by five species, including the present new species. An identification key is provided for the genus. Another potamine crab, Acanthopotamon fungosum (Alcock, 1909), constitutes a new record to Arunachal Pradesh also reported. Arunachal Pradesh is now known to have 17 species of freshwater crabs (13 potamid and 4 gecarcinucid species), including the present new species and the new record.

Topic: Fish Biology and Ecology Studies
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
U.S. European foreign policy vector (50-60s of the XX century)

The article argues that the United States entered the post-war world in a completely new role for the state, surpassed all other countries in the main indicators of strength – military, economic, technological and cultural. World wars turned them into the center of Western civilization, which opposed Soviet power, which secured significant spheres of influence in Eastern Europe and the Far East as a result of World War II. It is argued that the main areas of geopolitical rivalry between the two centers of power are the regions that are on the periphery of Eurasia: the clash line in Europe, the Middle and the Far East. Throughout the entire period of rivalry, the United States has transformed from an episodic into a constant factor in European politics, institutionalizing its presence in the Old World and building relations with Western European allies on the basis of “Atlantism”, “interdependence” and “burden sharing”. It was proved that the main task of the US administrations in the post-war period was the creation of a “power perimeter” around the zone of Soviet control, maintaining its functioning and further strengthening. First, its line ran in Europe, then in East Asia, and later was expanded to the Middle East, having adequate support with American military bases and military-political blocs. It is noted that the confrontation between the two superpowers took place including the alternation of conflict and cooperation, reflected the desire of the victors to consolidate the subordinate position of the defeated – mainly Germany and Japan – in the new system of international relations. Carrying out “containment” of the USSR, the USA actually implemented a policy of “double containment”, directed both against the potential strengthening of Germany and in order to maintain control over Western Europe as a whole. In this regard, the consolidation of “spheres of influence” of each of the parties preserved the results of the war, providing “silent cooperation” on issues of principle.

Topic: Global Political and Economic Relations
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Bronchopulmonary hyperreactivity and lung eosinophil sequestration but not their migration to the alveolar compartment are independent of interleukin-5 in allergic mice.

IL-5 is present in the lung and in the circulation following allergenic challenges in humans and in animals, but its role in bronchopulmonary hyperreactivity (BHR) and lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophilia remains unclear. Because compartmentalization of IL-5 is recognized, the anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody TRFK-5 or its isotype control GL113 were delivered selectively intranasally (i.n.) and/or intravenously (i.v.) before the prior i.n. challenge with 10 mug OVA in BALB/c and BP2 "Biozzi" mice immunized according to optimized protocols with read-outs taken 24 h later. IL-5 in the BALF was suppressed by i.n. TRFK-5, whereas its production persisted in the serum. Conversely, i.v. TRFK-5 suppressed IL-5 in the serum but not in the BALF. IL-5 was suppressed in conditioned medium from lung explants from mice treated with i.n. TRFK-5, which did not affect the other Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13. IL-5 is thus present in the alveolar, pulmonary and circulatory compartments following an i.n. allergenic challenge. When specific anti-IL-5 antibodies were delivered by the same i.n. route, BALF eosinophilia was markedly reduced, whereas BHR and lung eosinophil sequestration persisted totally or mostly, in both strains. The passage of eosinophils from lungs to alveoli depends on IL-5 released into the BALF, but not into circulation, whereas their lung sequestration and BHR are mostly IL-5-independent. IL-5 alone does not account for the complexities of BHR or of eosinophil tissue trapping, and lung-targeted immunobiologicals should be delivered into the appropriate compartment in order to assess the role of specific mediators in experimental airways/lung allergy.

Topic: Asthma and respiratory diseases
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A One‐Pot Strategy to Synthesize Block Copolyesters from Monomer Mixtures Using a Hydroxy‐Functionized Ionic Liquid

Abstract One‐pot transformation of monomer mixtures into block copolymers remains a key challenge. Herein, a metal‐free route to prepare block copolymers from monomer mixtures by a hydroxyl functionalized ionic liquid of 3‐(2‐hydroxyl‐ethyl)‐1‐methylimidazolium bromide (HEMIMB) is described. HEMIMB can bridge two catalytic cycles including ring‐opening alternating copolymerization (ROAC) of phthalic anhydride (PA) with epoxides and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of L‐lactide (LA), and enable a selective copolymerization from PA, LA, and epoxides. The selective copolymerization depends on the presence of PA in mixed feedstocks, exhibits the first ROAC of PA with epoxides and then ROP of LA to the formation of block polyesters in one‐pot strategy. This work is beneficial to the development of metal‐free catalysts for sequence‐controlled polymerization that enable block architectures from mixtures of monomers.

Topic: biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
Subfield: Biomaterials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of dalargin on the content of goblet cells and mucins in the colonic mucosa in experimental ulcerative colitis

Aim . To investigate the protective effect of dalargin on the content of goblet cells and mucins in the colonic mucosa in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis. Materials and methods. Ulcerative colitis was simulated in Balb/C mice by replacing drinking water with 5% sodium dextran sulfate in boiled water for 5 days. Dalargin was administered subcutaneously in a volume of 0.1 ml at a dose of 100 μg / kg of body weight once a day for 7 days from the beginning of ulcerative colitis simulation. Sulfasalazine as a reference-listed drug was administered intragastrically at a dose of 200 mg / kg once a day for 7 days. The mice were sacrificed on day 5, 7, and 28. The sections of the distal colon were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, alcian blue (pH = 1.0) according to Mowry or by PAS reaction. In the sections, the number of goblet cells and acid and neutral mucins was determined. Results. In the mouse model of ulcerative colitis, the number of goblet cells (mainly at the bottom of the crypts), acid and neutral mucins decreased. Dalargin administration increased the number of goblet cells and the content of acid and neutral mucins in the colonic mucosa more effectively than sulfasalazine. Conclusion. Dalargin has a protective effect in ulcerative colitis.

Topic: Natural product bioactivities and synthesis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Basin Modeling Approach to Understand the Heavy Oil Occurrence in Burgan Sand of Cretaceous Age, Burgan Field Kuwait

At the base of the Burgan oil column (near OOWC) a zone of significantly heavier oil column has been&lt;br&gt;observed in some of the wells. A study was undertaken with respect to the heavy oil occurrence to&lt;br&gt;assess the possible processes that could lead to the formation of heavy oil in the Cretaceous reservoirs&lt;br&gt;of the Burgan and Wara formations. The occurrence of heavy oil in the Greater Burgan Field can be&lt;br&gt;explained by a combination of multiple processes.&lt;br&gt;The study demonstrated hydrocarbon charging by two possible source rocks. Besides the well known&lt;br&gt;Makhul source, role of Kazhdumi source in charging the reservoir was brought to the fore. The&lt;br&gt;Kazhdumi Formation, a time equivalent of Burgan Formation was deposited in a more distal area of the&lt;br&gt;Dezful Embayment of the Zargos Fold Belt northeast of Kuwait and is a proven, good to excellent&lt;br&gt;source rock in the Iranian Zargos Fold Belt.&lt;br&gt;The initial charge history causes a special distribution of heavy components in the Greater Burgan&lt;br&gt;Field, which might be the reason for the occurrence of heavy oil mainly in the high permeable layers.&lt;br&gt;As these components are transported in a liquid phase, additional processes are needed to explain the&lt;br&gt;heavy oil distribution. There are strong hints, that water washing, supported by the strong edge water&lt;br&gt;drive, can explain the occurrence of heavy oil in several wells that are positioned in areas of a paleo oil&lt;br&gt;-water contact. Long preservation times of the main accumulations in the Burgan, Magawa and Ahmadi&lt;br&gt;fields are likely to cause gravity segregation within the oil columns of these older accumulations.&lt;br&gt;Biodegradation is believed to have only a limited influence on the heavy oil occurrence.&lt;br&gt;This study will provide an in depth insight into the heavy oil distribution in the Greater Burgan field , a&lt;br&gt;key element in the future development plan.

Topic: Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Managerial overconfidence and M&amp;A performance: evidence from China

We examine the extent to which managerial overconfidence creates value to acquirers in successful M&As undertaken by Chinese listed firms in the period of 2006-2012. The empirical results show that Chinese acquirers gain value in both the short-run and the long-run after the M&A announcement. Our study provides new evidence that the market responds favourably to M&A deals undertaken by acquirers with more managerial overconfidence in both the short-run and the long-run. Our multivariate analyses, however, show that managerial overconfidence has a minimal role in explaining the stock price movement. In addition, we find that firm size is an important determinant for the relationship between overconfidence and market reaction to merger deals. Taken together, we conclude that managerial overconfidence has little effect in driving merger and acquisition deals in China.

Topic: Corporate Finance and Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Evaluation of Volatile Organic Compound Emission from the Preparation and Application of BoeGel-EP-II

Efforts to reduce ground-level ozone production resulting from Department of Defense (DoD) operations often involve the substitution of materials with lower volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations. VOCs are known to react in the atmosphere and lead to the production of ozone, a regulated pollutant. However, the amount of ozone produced varies with each individual VOC and with the concentration of nitric oxides (NOx) present in the airshed. To better assess the air quality impact of a VOC, it is necessary to know its atmospheric chemistry mechanisms. That is to say, what are its kinetic rate constants with reactive species in the atmosphere and what are its transformation pathways? Transformation pathways are important since products of reaction may also contribute to ozone production. A thorough characterization of a formulation's emission profile coupled with VOC ozone-forming potential (incremental reactivity) provides a means of assessing the product's air-quality impact. This report characterizes the VOC emissions from the preparation (mixing) and application of a sol-gel surface preparation formulation obtained from The Boeing Co. and designated as BoeGel-EP II.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
CeCu{sub 4}A{ell} and CeCu{sub 2}Zn{sub 2}A{ell}: Very heavy fermion systems in high magnetic fields

CeCu{sub 4}A{ell} and CeCu{sub 2}Zn{sub 2}A{ell} are heavy fermion systems with extremely enhanced C/T (specific heat divided by temperature) values of 2.3 and 1.8 J/K{sup 2} respectively as T {yields} 0 K. The field dependence of the low temperature specific heat is also extreme; 11 T reduces C of CeCu{sub 4}A{ell} by more than a factor of five, 12.5 T suppresses C of CeCu{sub 2}Zn{sub 2}A{ell} about seven times. Magnetic field caused changes of the specific heat of CeCu{sub 4}A{ell} are consistent with a single ion Kondo model. Magnetic correlations are at least partially responsible for the enhanced low temperature specific heat of CeCu{sub 2}Zn{sub 2}A{ell}.

Topic: Rare-earth and actinide compounds
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
High-Toughness and Intrinsically Self-Healing Cross-Linked Polyurea Elastomers with Dynamic Sextuple H-Bonds

High-performance elastomers that possess a combination of high mechanical toughness and fast healability have garnered extensive interest because of their diverse application potential. Inspired by the unique multiple hydrogen bond (H-bond) structure of spider silk and the rapid dynamic exchange of hindered urea bonds (HUBs), a self-healing polyurea elastomer with ultrahigh toughness was designed by incorporating dynamic sextuple H-bonds and HUBs into the polymer chain. Such a design affords high stretchability (1586%), excellent toughness (45.53 MJ m–3), good self-healing efficiency (91.6%), fracture energy (39.68 kJ m–2), and recyclability. The high mechanical performance and good healability are attributed to the presence of reversibly cross-linked noncovalent sextuple H-bonds and dynamically covalent HUBs, which have been validated by stress relaxation tests. Meanwhile, by substituting the chain extender adipic dihydrazide with hexamethylenediamine, which possesses a comparable structure but fewer amide bonds, the effect of sextuple H-bonds on elastomers was confirmed. More importantly, when a conductive layer of graphene oxide was applied to the surface of the resulting elastomer, the elastomers exhibited potential applications in strain sensors.

Topic: Polymer composites and self-healing
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Measurements of Carrier Mobility and Quantum Yield of Carrier Generation in Discotic Liquid Crystal Hexahexyl-Oxytriphenylene by Time-of-Flight Method

Carrier transport and generation processes in 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahexyloxy-triphenylene (HHOTP) have been studied by a time-of-flight method in various phases. The carrier mobility is estimated by the curve fitting method in which the spatial distribution of the generated charge carrier density is taken into consideration. From the experimentally determined slope-to-intercept value in a field dependence of generated charge, the zero field quantum efficiency of carrier generation is estimated to be approximately 0.05% taking the Onsager model into consideration.

Topic: Liquid Crystal Research Advancements
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
HEALTH STATE OF MEDICAL STUDENTS AND ITS DETERMINANTS

The preservation and promotion of health in youth is one of the most urgent and important health and social problems at the present stage. In the Russian Federation, sanitary supervision of institutions of higher professional education is carried out both for public facilities and for universities, where there are no specially developed sanitary rules and regulations. From the positions of modern preventive medicine, it is impossible to carry out reasonable health-improving measures in educational institutions of a medical profile without hygienic assessment of microclimate conditions, chemical composition of indoor air, levels of illumination, noise and electromagnetic fields. The article is devoted to the assessment of the health state of medical students in the conditions of various social and hygienic, ecological and biological factors. The hygienic characteristic of the levels of illumination and microclimate of the classrooms is given. The protection of students' health from the negative impact of electromagnetic fields from computers is also an important medical, technical and social task. Significant emphasis in the article is given to a problem of spreading bad habits, including smoking and drinking alcohol. Hygienic features of education in medical schools and prevention issues were also presented. There is a need to promote knowledge of hygiene and healthy lifestyle among students in the form of lectures, conversations and visual propaganda. Students in the form of lectures and conversations, visual propaganda.

Topic: Human Health and Disease
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
BodyExplorerAR

BodyExplorerAR is a system designed to enhance a learner's ability to explore anatomy, physiology and clinical interventions though naturalistic interaction with an augmented reality enhanced full-body mannequin simulator. We are developing a platform that integrates projective AR and multi-modal sensor inputs. A user can use an IR pen to open, resize and move viewports providing windows into the body that can display dynamic anatomy. The user can point to an organ and display additional information such as graphs of physiological parameters or heart sounds. Custom sensing systems provide natural interactions with common medical devices such as syringes, breathing tubes and catheters. A user can open a window displaying the beating heart in situ, display an electrocardiogram (ECG), then inject drugs and see and hear changes in heart rate. Our goal is an engaging experience that empowers a learner to create customized, media-rich explorations revealing the internal consequences of external actions.

Topic: Augmented Reality Applications
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Bioethical and deontological content of pedagogical activity of future masters of medicine

У статті зроблена спроба розглянути педагогічну діяльність майбутніх магістрів медицини з позиції біоетики і деонтології, визначити біоетичний і деонтологічний зміст педагогічної (просвітницької) діяльності майбутніх магістрів медицини і його специфіку. Педагогічна діяльність майбутніх магістрів медицини – це один із значущих напрямів медичної практики, яка повинна здійснюватися лікарем на регулярній основі. Проблематика дослідження зумовлена недостатньою вивченістю біоетичного та деонтологічного аспектів педагогічно-просвітницького напряму діяльності майбутніх лікарів на тлі активного біоетичного аналізу клінічних питань. У статті розглянуті вимоги до особистості майбутніх магістрів медицини, що дають змогу реалізовувати просвітницьку діяльність з урахуванням принципів біоетики і деонтології. У структурі особистості майбутніх лікарів визнано значущим наявність здатності до біоетичного мислення і поведінки, яку розглянуто як складну багатокомпонентну якість, що пронизує всю діяльність лікаря і всі його професійні функції, зокрема педагогічну. Розглянуто основні тенденції сучасної медицини, що впливають на біоетичний і деонтологічний зміст педагогічної діяльності майбутніх лікарів. До них належать: орієнтація на біопсихосоціальну модель здоров’я, цілісний і пацієнт-центристський підхід до пацієнта, визнання значущої ролі педагогічної, просвітницької та профілактичної діяльності в підтримці життя і здоров’я людини та опора на концепт «людська гідність» у реалізації педагогічної діяльності в системі охорони здоров’я. Однією з найважливіших визначена проблема доступності для людини, яка звернулася до лікаря, інформації щодо здоров’явідповідального способу життя. Окреслена проблема пов’язана не лише з відкритістю власне інформації, а й зі способами її донесення. У цьому ключі важливим є пошук принципів, які б лягли в основу розробки педагогічних способів і засобів, що дозволяють особам, які звернулися за допомогою до лікаря, формувати необхідні для здоров’явідповідальної та здоров’язбережувальної поведінки уявлення і відповідним чином змінювати власну поведінку. Якісне забезпечення педагогічно-просвітницького процесу співвідноситься з біоетичними вимогами і дає змогу особистості пацієнта реалізувати право на доступ до інформації щодо здоров’явідповідального та здоров’язбережувального способу життя.

Topic: Medical and Biological Sciences
Subfield: Anatomy
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
LIFETIME OF CHARGED AND NEUTRAL B-HADRONS USING EVENT TOPOLOGY

The lifetimes of charged and neutral B hadrons have been measured using data collected by the DELPHI experiment at LEP between 1991 and 1993. B hadrons are tagged as jets with a secondary vertex and the charge of the B candidate is taken to be the sum of the charges of the particles in the secondary vertex. Approximately 1,434,000 multihadronic Z0 decays yielded 1817 B hadron candidates. The B purity was estimated to be around 99.1±0.3%, and 83% (70%) of the events measured as neutral (charged) came from neutral (charged) B's. The mean lifetimes of charged and neutral B hadrons were found to be 1.72±0.08 (stat.) ±0.06 (syst.) ps and 1.58±0.11 (stat.)±0.09 (syst.) ps respectively. The ratio of their lifertimes, τcharged/τneutral, was 1.09-0.10+0.11 (stat.)±0.08 (syst.). By making assumptions about the Bs0 and Λb0 states, the B+ and B0 meson lifetimes were determined to be τB+ = 1.72 ± 0.08 (stat.) ±0.06 (syst.) ps and τB+ = 1.63 ± 0.14 (stat.)±0.13 (syst.) ps and the ratio of their lifetimes was: τB+/τB0 = 1.06-0.11+0.13 ±0.10. The mean B lifetime was also deduced to be &amp;lt; τ &amp;gt; = 1.64 ±0.06 (stat.)±0.04 (syst.) ps. © 1995 Springer-Verlag.

Topic: Civil and Structural Engineering Research
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences