jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Metastatic mandibular tumor: Report of 7 cases.

Seven patients with metastatic mandibular tumors are described. The primary tumors in these patients included papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland, adenocarcinoma of the lung, large cell carcinoma of the lung, osteosarcoma of the tibia, adenocarcinoma of the stomach, neuroepithelioma of the lumbar dura, and adenocarcinoma of the colon. Five patients were older than 60 years of age and 2 were younger than 20 years. In 5 patients metastatic mandibular tumors were confirmed histologically, and in 2 patients metastasis to the mandible was diagnosed radiologically and clinically. Four tumors had metastasis to the mandibular gingiva and 3 had metastasis to the mandibular bone.Teeth and inflammation of the gingiva were considered to have crucial effects on the development of gingival metastasis. The most common symptoms of gingival metastasis were gingival lumps and swellings resembling an epulis and periodontitis.Mandibular bone metastasis was noted in the ramus of the mandible. The most common symptoms of mandibular bone metastasis were pain of the mandible and paresthesia of the mental nerve.Surgical removal was indicated for the metastatic gingival tumors and radiotherapy was the treatment of choice for the mandibular bone metastasis.The outcome of the patients with metastatic mandibular tumors was very poor: 6 patients died within 6 months, and 1 patient died 7 years and 2 months after treatment.As the treatment of metastatic mandibular tumors generally carries a poor prognosis, the patient's quality of life (QOL) should be considered when planning treatment.

Topic: Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Commuters' Exposure to Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide in Air-conditioned Buses in Hong Kong

The summer in Hong Kong is hot and humid with temperatures over 30°C and relative humidity over 70%. Air-conditioned buses were first introduced in the early 1990s and have become more and more popular. Everyday, millions of passenger-trips are taken in such buses and the air quality and thermal environment in them has become a public health issue. One major source of pollution is the passengers themselves but re-entry of engine emission is also a concern. People have always complained about the thermal environment of the buses especially during rush hours saying they are stuffy, smelly and have inadequate fresh air. We measured conditions in air-conditioned buses and non air-conditioned buses, running on 12 different bus routes in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), in both urban and rural areas. Two trips were made for each route. Portable gas analysers measured carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature and relative humidity. The measurements showed there was no evidence that CO and CO2 levels in the air-conditioned buses were statistically higher than in non air-conditioned buses ( p 0.05). For the rural commutes, the in-vehicle levels of CO and CO2 were not significantly higher than for urban commutes (p 0.05). The Environmental Protection Department (EPD), HKSAR had published a guidance note for airconditioned public transport facilities and most of the exposures found, including the thermal environment, were acceptable with regard to the recommendations in the note. Momentary high levels of CO2 were found, but this lasted for a short period only.

Topic: Vehicle emissions and performance
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Student preferences: using Grammarly to help EFL writers with paraphrasing, summarizing, and synthesizing

This study explores students’ perceptions about using Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE), Grammarly (a paid version), as a complementary instructional tool to teach and support writing from sources. Participants were second-year students (n=37) at a public university in Japan. After in-class tasks aimed at teaching paraphrasing, summarizing, and synthesizing, students completed a survey that measured their perceptions. Students had positive attitudes about Grammarly in general but had somewhat polarized opinions on how useful the tool is in teaching writing from sources and helping with plagiarism.

Topic: Academic integrity and plagiarism
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The development of the Revised Urinary Incontinence Scale (RUIS)

This paper reports on innovative work aimed at adapting a urinary continence measure for Australian conditions. Following recommendations made by the Continence Outcomes Measurement Suite (COMS) Project (Thomas, et al. 2006), two brief urinary incontinence measures, the Incontinence Severity Index (ISI) and the Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6) were included in a community population survey (N = 3015) to obtain current prevalence estimates for urinary incontinence in Australia.\nThis large dataset also allowed for the psychometric examination of these instruments and their item properties, e.g. examining item endorsement and discrimination, item-total correlations and Cronbach’s Alpha, as well as the use of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Item Response Theory (IRT) approaches. During the course of this analysis it became apparent that these two measures could be improved by combining their best items into a new scale, the Revised Urinary Incontinence Scale (RUIS).\nThis new instrument has good psychometric properties (including a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.91) and could be considered by clinicians, researchers and epidemiologists looking for a short, valid and reliable scale of urinary incontinence (as defined by leakage).\nHowever, further research is currently being undertaken to examine their broader applicability in clinical settings (where there would also be a greater number of people with moderate to severe incontinence symptoms). Recent psychometric evidence using a then-test procedure suggests that this new instrument is sensitive to urinary incontinence treatment outcomes.

Topic: Pelvic floor disorders treatments
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Tourism Suitability Analysis of Wediombo Beach, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia

Wediombo Beach, which is located in Gunungkidul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, has the potential for beautiful and exotic coastal natural resources on the south coast. The potential for coastal tourism in Gunungkidul Regency still has the opportunity to be developed into mainstay tourism. This study aims to analyze the suitability of Wediombo beach tourism, Gunungkidul district, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. The research was conducted at Wediombo Beach. The research was conducted descriptively, using survey methods and direct measurements in the field. The study was conducted from March – to October 2021. The results showed that the value of the Tourism Suitability Index (IKW) for Wediombo Beach was 84.52% and was included in the very suitable category (S1).

Topic: Community-based Tourism Development and Sustainability
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
SH1465512.08FU

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.

Topic: Plant Taxonomy and Phylogenetics
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Suppressor T cells regulate the nonanergic cell population that\n remains after peripheral tolerance is induced to the Mls-1 antigen in T cell receptor Vβ8.1 transgenic mice

We have found suppressor T cells that inhibit the proliferative\n response of naive CD4+ T cells in T cell receptor (TCR)\n Vβ8.1 transgenic mice rendered tolerant in vivo by\n inoculation of Mls-1a-positive cells. This suppression was\n mediated by CD4+ T cells but not by CD8+ T\n cells or double-negative (DN) cells, and splenic CD4+ T\n cells from tolerant mice displayed a greater suppression than lymph\n node CD4+ T cells. Cell contact was required for efficient\n suppression, and known inhibitory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and\n transforming growth factor β were not involved. Suppressor T cells\n inhibited IL-2 production by naive CD4+ T cells, and the\n addition of exogenous IL-2 diminished the suppressed activity while\n having little activity on tolerant T cells. Suppression was abolished\n by the elimination of CD25+ T cells in the tolerant\n CD4+ T cell subset. CD25+CD4+ T\n cells suppressed the proliferative response of the residual fraction of\n the nonanergic population, namely, 6C10+CD4+ T\n cells still present in the tolerant mice. However,\n 6C10−CD4+ T cells still had reduced reactivity\n to Mls-1a even after CD25+CD4+ T\n cells were removed and exogenous IL-2 was added. Suppressor cells\n appear to affect only residual nonanergic cells in situ,\n thereby facilitating the maintenance of the unresponsive state\n in vivo. These data provide a framework for\n understanding suppressor T cells and explain the difficulties and\n variables in defining their activity in other systems, because\n suppressor T cells apparently control only a small population of\n nonanergic cells in the periphery and may be viewed as a homeostatic\n mechanism.

Topic: T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
FEMINISM, WOMEN'S STUDIES, AND ENGINEERING: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

This article explores the relationship between women's studies, feminism, and engineering, and the opportunities and obstacles this collaboration can offer. We describe recent developments in the feminist studies of science and technology, and outline how these theories can help our efforts in recruiting and retaining girls and women in science and engineering. We extend arguments of feminist theorists of science into engineering, and contend that engineering disciplines and women in engineering programs have much to gain from the emerging field of the feminist and social studies of science and technology. Conversely, we discuss what engineering and the sciences can offer feminists and scholars in women's studies. We join feminist theorists of science and technology in the call for increased attention and collaboration between women's studies and fields in science and engineering. Finally, we consider the opportunities and challenges in bringing together the disparate disciplines of women's studies and engineering by describing examples from some recent collaborative projects.

Topic: Career Development and Diversity
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Level-specific fit index performance with diagonally weighted least squares estimation of multilevel structural equation models

Level-specific fit indices generally are advised (but rarely used in practice) for evaluating fit of multilevel structural equation models (MSEM). Level-specific fit indices assess model fit for each level separately. Aggregate fit indices combine (mis)fit across levels and are used predominantly in practice. Diagonally Weighted Least Squares (DWLS) estimation generally is recommended for MSEM with categorical variables. Previous evaluations of level-specific fit indices only used continuous, normally distributed variables, small models, and Maximum Likelihood estimation. However, MSEM applications often use large models and categorical, non-normal variables. Single-level DWLS fit indices usually become less sensitive to misfit as model size and distributional skew/asymmetry increases. This simulation study evaluated how categorical variables, distributional skew, Level-2 sample size, intraclass correlation, model size, and model misspecification affected level-specific and aggregate fit indices. Level-1 and aggregate fit indices usually performed similarly. Level-1 and aggregate fit indices usually detected large Level-1 misfit but not small Level-1 misfit. Aggregate fit indices never identified Level-2 misfit. Level-1 and aggregate fit indices never rejected correct Level-1 models. Level-2 fit indices usually had low power to reject Level-2 misfit except with very optimal data. Level-2 fit indices often rejected correct Level-2 models. Researchers likely should consider alternatives to Level-2 fit indices and MSEMs.

Topic: Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Research Progress on Combined Chinese and Western Medicine Treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children

With the continuous development of medical technology, combined treatment of Chinese and Western medicine has gradually become a research hotspot. As a common disease in pediatrics, the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) in children is also being explored and improved. This article summarizes the research progress of combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment of MPP in children in recent years, aiming to provide a useful reference for the combined treatment of MPP in children. The article firstly introduces the etiology and pathogenesis of MPP in children, thereafter briefly introduces the Western anti-infective treatment and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis and treatment of MPP in children, and lastly introduces the methods of combined treatment of TCM and Western medicine in detail. The article points out that the combination of Chinese and Western medicine can give full play to the overall regulation of Chinese medicine and the precise treatment advantages of Western medicine, improve the therapeutic effect, reduce the use of antibiotics, and lower the recurrence rate of the disease, which is worthy of further research and promotion.

Topic: Microbial infections and disease research
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Comparing the Effects of Twice-Daily Exenatide and Insulin on Renal Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

This is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) on the effects of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists exenatide and insulin aspartate 30 injection on carotid intima-media thickness. Here, we report the renal outcomes of the intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Data from the RCT study was used to evaluate the effect of exenatide or insulin given for 52 weeks on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with T2DM. The primary end point was the change in the eGFR from baseline between the exenatide and insulin groups in normal versus overweight patients and patients with obesity. The secondary end point was the correlation between change in eGFR and oxidative stress, glycemic control, and dyslipidemia. There was a significant difference in eGFR between the insulin and exenatide groups at 52 weeks (p=0.0135). Within the insulin group, the eGFR remained below baseline at 52 weeks in all patients, and there was an increase in body weight in the normal group compared with the overweight patients and patients with obesity. The opposite was observed in the exenatide group. A decrease in body weight was prominent in the exenatide group at 52 weeks (p&lt;0.05), the eGFR was below baseline in overweight patients and patients with obesity and significantly above baseline in the normal group (p&lt;0.05). The eGFR was positively correlated to 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine in the insulin group (p&lt;0.05) but not the exenatide group. It can be concluded that compared with insulin, exenatide may improve renal function in overweight patients and patients with obesity more than in normal-weight patients with T2DM, but a further RCT is needed to confirm this effect.

Topic: Diabetes Treatment and Management
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Sodium Cyanate as a Potential Treatment for Sickle-Cell Disease

Thirty-one patients with sickle-cell disease, seven to 49 years of age, were given the antisickling drug sodium cyanate (10 to 35 mg per kilogram of body weight per day by mouth) for six to 18 months. Carbamylation of the amino-terminal valine of hemoglobin was dose-related and ranged from 0.03 to 0.67 moles of carbamyl group per mole of hemoglobin tetramer. No toxic effects were observed at a dosage of 35 mg per kilogram per day or less. Occasional gastrointestinal distress and drowsiness occurred. The previously demonstrated ability of sodium cyanate to diminish the hemolytic rate was confirmed. The cyanate-induced increase in hemoglobin concentration (3 to 38 per cent) was dose related and resulted from decreased red-cell destruction. A retrospective analysis of the patients' records revealed a statistically significant decrease in the mean frequency of crises (from 3.6 to 2.1 crises per year) between two groups of patients with low (<0.3 mole of carbamyl group per mole of hemoglobin tetramer) and high (≥0.3 mole) carbamylatlon. Although these studies do not establish the long-term safety and clinical usefulness of sodium cyanate they indicate its potential value and justify large-scale trials. (N Engl J Med 290:654–660, 1974)

Topic: Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
PECULIARITIES OF THE RESEARCH OF USING THE IMAGE AS A COPYRIGHT OBJECT ON THE INTERNET

Developing extremely fast, the Internet has changed our usual socioeconomic mouths. Adapted to new changes and such a regulator of relations in society as law, since the circle of issues it regulates has changed drastically. If earlier the right dealt with material objects, now there is a need to adapt the same copyright to the emergence of new technologies: printed works are increasingly replaced by electronic copies using photo, video and other audiovisual materials. Most often transmitted through the Internet, and including by such transfer infringed copyrights, such objects of rights: literary, musical and audiovisual works, computer programs, as well as works of fine arts, photography, etc. Among the reasons for such mass illegal reproduction of copies of copyrighted works can be identified technical simplicity of the operation. With the development of technology, the Internet user needs less and less time to receive an identical copy of the work on his computer, or one that is practically inferior to the original in quality. The transfer of literary and musical works is carried out with a speed that far exceeds the speed of reading or listening to such works. Another reason for the illegal circulation of works is the elementary absence of attractive options for legally obtaining the necessary works in the presence of illegal ones. It is obvious that individual rights holders are not able to track the spread of protected objects in digital networks and their use when creating multimedia products. Rights holders are actually deprived of the opportunity to protect their rights in the digital environment in the same ways as in the usual use of copyrighted objects. However, there is a clear interest not only in almost all rights holders, but also in most users in finding legal ways to solve emerging problems. The relevance of this article is determined by the fact that with the rapid development of Internet technologies, there is a need to improve legal regulation regarding the use of images of intellectual property objects on the Internet.

Topic: Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
20 The achilles tendon total rupture score should be used with caution the first 6 months after injury

<h3>Introduction</h3> The Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS) is the most commonly used patient reported outcome in patients with an acute Achilles tendon rupture. The score contains ten items of which the last three concerns tasks that some patients cannot and some do not perform. No manual for the use of ATRS has been developed. The purpose was to investigate how ATRS responds at 4, 6 and 12 months after rupture and develop a manual for the use of ATRS. <h3>Materials and methods</h3> This study was performed as a retrospective registry study analysing prospectively gathered data from the Danish Achilles tendon Database. The data was gathered 4, 6 and 12 months after rupture. The original score based on 10 items was compared with a score based on the first 7 items adjusted to the same scale as the original score. Density- and scatterplots were made and differences between the scores were tested by t-test or Mann–Whitney U test. <h3>Results</h3> 2790 completed ATRS scores were included. The 7-item score statistically significantly overestimated the value of the 10 items score at all time points (p&lt;0.001) but only at 4 months the difference was clinical relevant (9.7points). <h3>Conclusion</h3> The ATRS cannot be recommended for use at 4 months past rupture, as the last 3 items skew the score. If the ATRS is used before 6 months the last three items could be omitted. A manual for the use of the ATRS will be developed defining how and when the score should be applied.

Topic: Tendon Structure and Treatment
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Optimization and evaluation of the physical stability of shampoo preparations containing virgin coconut oil and aloe vera extract

Background: Hair is crucial for both aesthetic appearance and protection against sun damage. Shampoo is vital in hair care, often formulated with natural ingredients to enhance its effectiveness. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) and aloe vera extract are two ingredients known for their roles as moisturizers and conditioners, as well as nutrients and emollients. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate and optimize the stability and physical characteristics of shampoo containing VCO and aloe vera. Methods: The primary surfactant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), was tested in concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. The shampoos were prepared using an emulsification method and were evaluated based on organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, specific gravity, and viscosity. The formula that met all Indonesia National Standard (SNI) requirements was selected for further testing, including a cycling test to assess stability. Results: The findings indicate that the formula 5 (F5) containing 10% sodium lauryl sulfate exhibited optimal physical characteristics. Throughout six rounds of cycling tests, no phase separation was observed in F5, underscoring its stability. Conclusion: The optimized shampoo formula containing VCO and aloe vera (F5) demonstrated compliance with the required physical characteristics and stability standards. This formula presents a viable option for effective hair care, combining the beneficial properties of its natural ingredients with chemical stability.

Topic: Phytochemistry and biological activity of medicinal plants
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences