jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Proteomic analyses to identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.

At present there is no cure for advanced prostate cancer once it progresses to an androgen independent stage. Hormonal therapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy all have limited durations of efficacy for men diagnosed with androgen independent disease and patients will succumb over a period of several months to two years. The androgen receptor (AR) has been suspected to play an important role in the mechanism of progression to androgen independence. This is because the AR is a transcription factor that 'normally' mediates the effects of androgen to regulate expression of genes involved in proliferation and survival of prostate cells. Thus identifying and characterizing the proteins that interact with the AR to facilitate an activated receptor is of critical importance. Proteomic approaches such as isotope-coded affinity tags (ICAT), isotope Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ)(TM), Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC), Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP) of tagged proteins (TAP-tag) and Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) provide large scale unbiased strategies and have not been previously applied to identify proteins that interact with the AR. Here an example of the power of these proteomic approaches to identify potential therapeutic targets for prostate cancer is provided. Application of MudPIT identified 82 peptides in endogenous complexes immunoprecipitated with the AR from prostate cancer cells. Identification of these novel proteins may ultimately lead to the development of better therapies for the treatment or prevention of advanced prostate cancer.

Topic: Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Enhancing the Online Learning Environment for Medical Education

This chapter reports the events and actions taken by the authors, new faculty lecturers at the DM, to achieve the ministry's health programs and respond to the COVID-19 pandemic within Indonesia's leading university of higher learning. This chapter presents the government's health administrations to respond to COVID-19 safely and effectively. For the first time, colleges and university hastened to convert conventional in-person courses to an online learning environment in line with the ministry's health programs. In around 10 days, the university completed this task. The transformation was challenging, time-consuming, and caused faculty willingness to innovate and embrace change.

Topic: Impact of Education Environments
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Kinetic Characterization of Malonyl-CoA Reductase

The increase in environmental pollution urges us to find alternative sources and materials to decrease it in order to preserve the human societies on Earth. The molecule 3-hydroxypropionic acid is a versatile crucial industrial chemical that is a precursor to bioplastic, poly(3-hydroxypropionic acid), among other chemicals. The 3-hydroxypropionic acid biosynthesis is achieved in recombinant microorganisms via the malonyl-CoA pathway catalyzed by the cornerstone enzyme, malonyl-CoA reductase in two separate reactions using NADPH. The conversion of malonyl-CoA to malonic semialdehyde is completed in the C-terminal part of malonyl-CoA reductase. The subsequent reduction of malonic semialdehyde to 3-hydroxypropionic acid is accomplished in the N-terminal part of malonyl-CoA reductase. Malonyl-CoA reductase belongs to the short chain dehydrogenases/reductases family and both halves have a characteristic catalytic triad, Ser-Tyr-Lys in the C-terminal part, and Thr-Tyr-Lys in the N-terminal part of the malonyl-CoA reductase. In this work, the plasmid constructs for both halves of malonyl-CoA reductase were prepared, and proteins were expressed separately and characterized kinetically. The C-terminal half demonstrated a step wise mechanism in which the conformational changes from the ordered binding of the substrates, NADPH followed by malonyl-CoA, in a pH-dependent step, precede the hydride transfer in which the sidechains of both tyrosine and serine stabilize the oxyanion in the transitional state facilitating the pro-S hydride transfer by making C-O bond more polar. On the other hand, the N-terminal half revealed random binding of substrates NADP+ and 3-hydroxypropionic acid with NADP+ preferentially binding first, and a concerted mechanism where proton transfer to the catalytic tyrosine and the hydride transfer to NADP+ occur simultaneously.

Topic: Enzyme Production and Characterization
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Interplay between Infarction Volume and Location to Mediate the Occurrence of Vertigo in patients with Vertebrobasilar Stroke

<title>Abstract</title> Background Vertigo is a common presentation of cerebellar or dorsal brain stem infarctions. However, the relation between infarction volume and the development of vertigo in patients with vertebrobasilar stroke was never investigated. In this study, we aimed to examine the interaction between the infarction size and location on the development of vertigo in patients with vertebrobasilar stroke. Methods Fifty-nine consecutive patients presenting with vertebrobasilar stroke were recruited and stratified into the presence or absence of vertigo. National institute of health stroke scale (NIHSS) on admission as well as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel-index on discharge were used as clinical scales. The infarction location and volume were assessed in the diffusion-weighted images of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results The infarction volume did not correlate with NIHSS-score on admission (ρ=0.077, p=0.56) but correlated with mRS (Spearman ρ=0.37, p=0.004) and Barthel index on discharge (ρ=0.33, p=0.011), serum levels of HbA1c (ρ=0.3, p=0.02) as well as white blood cells (ρ=0.34, p=0.008). Patients with vertigo had less male predominance (53.1% versus 77.8%, p=0.049) and were less likely to have focal neurological manifestations (65.6% versus 96.3%, p=0.004) in comparison to those without vertigo. The median of the total infarction volumes were statistically significant larger among patients with vertigo (5.6 versus 0.42 cm3, p=0.008). In an age and sex adjusted multivariate binary logistic regression model, an infarction location either in the cerebellum or dorsal midbrain and a total infarction volume of &gt;0.48 cm3 were found to have an OR (95% CI) of 16.97 (3.1-92.95), p=0.001 and 4.4 (1.05-18.58), p=0.043, respectively to be associated with vertigo. Conclusion In addition to the infarction location in the cerebellum and/or dorsal brain stem, it seems that the infarction volume plays a role in the development of vertigo among patients with vertebrobasilar stroke. In patients with vertebrobasilar stroke, increased serum levels of HbA1c and leukocytosis seems to mediate the development of large infarctions.

Topic: Vestibular and auditory disorders
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The role of mitochondrial dynamics in mtDNA maintenance

ABSTRACT The dynamic nature of mitochondria, which can fuse, divide and move throughout the cell, allows these critical organelles to adapt their function in response to cellular demands, and is also important for regulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). While it is established that impairments in mitochondrial fusion and fission impact the mitochondrial genome and can lead to mtDNA depletion, abnormal nucleoid organization or accumulation of deletions, it is not entirely clear how or why remodeling mitochondrial network morphology affects mtDNA. Here, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of how mitochondrial dynamics contribute to the regulation of mtDNA and discuss links to human disease.

Topic: Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Use of optical coherence tomography for prognosis of the severity of oral mucositis].

The results of oral mucosa monitoring by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the course of radiochemotherapy of 18 cases of oropharyngeal cancer are discussed. Damage to the mucosa was mainly assessed using contrast characteristics deterioration and reduction of epithelial layer thickness. Significant variation in OCT image characteristics was identified vs. mucositis grade and prognostic criteria for individual mucosal radiosensitivity worked out intact contrast on day 1 of mucositis should be interpreted as a sign of relatively mild complication. Blurred contrast would indicate mucositis stage III-IV development. Numerical analysis of OCT image patterns confirmed the contribution of the endothelial blood vessels and connecting tissue to radiation-induced damage to the mucosa.

Topic: Head and Neck Cancer Studies
Subfield: Otorhinolaryngology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Teutonic knights in the Holy Land, 1190–1291. By Nicholas Edward Morton. Pp. xiv+228 incl. 3 plates, 1 fig., 2 tables and 1 map. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2009. £55. 978 1 84383 477 9

The Teutonic knights in the Holy Land, 1190–1291. By Nicholas Edward Morton. Pp. xiv+228 incl. 3 plates, 1 fig., 2 tables and 1 map. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2009. £55. 978 1 84383 477 9 - Volume 61 Issue 3

Topic: Medieval European History and Architecture
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Shivering Thermogenesis in Birds and Mammals

Shivering is the only universal facultative thermogenic mechanism in endothermic vertebrates. Skeletal muscle constitutes a large proportion of body mass and a high scope of metabolic rate, and thus heat production, between resting level and active contraction. Its contractile activity is under rapid and accurate neural control. Together with the inherently low metabolic efficiency of muscle, these “preadaptive” factors have led to an independent evolution of shivering as the main facultative thermogenic effector in birds and mammals as well as other modes of contraction-related muscle thermogenesis in some heterothermic animals. Shivering fulfils the requirements of a facultative mechanism, since it accurately and rapidly tracks variations in thermal conditions and obligatory thermogenesis and is adjusted accordingly to maintain thermal balance. In contrast to the other facultative thermogenic tissue, mammalian brown fat, aerobic muscle has a high inherent capacity for ATP-splitting, which drives the combustion of cellular fuels. Thus, any uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration for thermogenic purposes would incur little selective advantage.

Topic: Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Neurotoxicity due to the bite of the shield-nose snake (Aspidelaps scutatus). A case report.

The bite of the elapid snake Aspidelaps scutatus has previously been regarded as medically unimportant. We report a case in which its bite resulted in neurotoxicity.

Topic: Venomous Animal Envenomation and Studies
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Why Promoting Safety Culture?

Abstract In recent years, the challenge of reducing accident costs, the results of inquiries into large-scale disasters has highlighted the important role of a proactive approach to safety management. This has led to many organizations assigning high priority to improve an organization's safety culture. Safety Culture of any organization has an impact on organization image, productivity and profitability. This paper describes the importance of applying safety culture into the company business and provide a practical knowledge required to put safety culture characteristics in place. Many organizations have realized that this provides the perfect opportunity for them to streamline their operational process and optimize the associated management and control system. It is also true to say that people do not really know what a "safety culture" is. Busy Managers asked ‘what does an identifiable safety culture look like?’ Definition saying that it is the product of people's values and beliefs, their behavior, and their commitment to Health and Safety programs. Different levels of efforts are concerned with developing strategic plans, converting these into action plans and implementing these so that the organization can fully integrate safety into all of its systems. Then the most important indicator of a positive safety culture is the extent to which employees are actively in safety on daily basis. So many organizational endeavors, one of the most salient features that affects people's motivation is the total commitment of senior management and line management. This feature in particular has been shown to account for much of the variation in safety performance at many different levels in an organization. Since the development of a proactive safety culture is an empowering process that aims to win people's hearts and minds, it is absolutely vital that senior management actively demonstrate their commitment by providing the necessary leadership.

Topic: Occupational Health and Safety Research
Subfield: Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Can selection of mechanical ventilation mode prevent increased intra-abdominal pressure in patients admitted to the intensive care unit?

There is a significant relationship between respiratory modes and IAP; therefore, it is better to utilize those types of mechanical ventilation like CPAP and BIPAP mode in patients who are prone to Intra-abdominal hypertension.

Topic: Abdominal Surgery and Complications
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Implementation of blackhole attack under aodv routing protocol

MANET (Mobile adhoc network) is a type of wireless adhoc network. In this network mobile nodes are flexible to enter or exit the network as it is infrastructure-less network. Due to its flexible nature any intervention may happen which results in network performance abase and reliability issues. MANET is affected by many security attacks. One of the most common attacks is blackhole attack which is very hard to recognize. Blackhole attacks are also called active attacks. In this paper we will explore the performance of network with or without the blackhole attack and do comparative analysis of aodv and blackholeaodv to observe the effect of blackhole attack. Network Simulator (2.35) is used to implement the aodv and blackholeaodv simulation.

Topic: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Expression

Abstract This chapter explores how the notion of expression should be understood within an expressivist theory. It is first argued that the key attractions of expressivism can be understood without any understanding of expression, in the process illustrating an argumentative technique important for expressivism: the Basic Expressivist Maneuver. The embedding problem is introduced, and used to show that expressivists need to treat sentential connectives as operating on mental states, rather than on propositions or truth values. This conclusion, along with other problems, is then used to dismiss common accounts of the expression relation in favour of the interpretation of expressivism as a kind of assertability semantics. And this, in turn, is used to draw the conclusion that ordinary descriptive sentences must inherit their truth conditions from the mental states that they express.

Topic: Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
[A shunting method in the aortoiliac segment].

Results of various kinds of reconstructive interventions in 237 patients with atherosclerotic occlusions of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries are described. Shunting operations and prostheses in the aortoiliac segment in 76% of the patients give prolonged and considerable improvement of blood circulation in lower extremities. The most favorable results were obtained in patients who had been subjected to reconstructive operations on the aortoiliac segment with transprosthesis aortotomy not requiring an exclusion of the aorta and iliac arteries from blood circulation. There were no severe complications and lethal outcomes in this group of patients. The amount of thromboses decreased markedly, intestinal pareses were less frequent, the volume of blood transfusions became less and operations shorter.

Topic: Cardiac, Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Complex dynamics in planar two-electron quantum dots

We develop a sophisticated numerical approach in order to study effects of an anharmonic confinement potential on spectral properties of planar two-electron quantum dots. Influence of decoherence on the system is characterised by quantum fidelity. Entanglement of the harmonic model is considered in the non-interacting limit. We clarify the applicability, validity, and origin of Hund's first rule.

Topic: Quantum and electron transport phenomena
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Situation Analysis of Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Existing Alternative Care Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Orphans and vulnerable children are mostly suffering from inadequate care and support. Qualitative research method was employed to examine the situation of orphans and vulnerable children in existing alternative care systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Observation, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were employed in collecting data. The target population for the study was orphans and vulnerable children. The key informants, community leaders, care givers and social workers also participated in this study. Qualitative data were transcribed, coded and analyzed using Atlas.ti software. The findings revealed that poverty, HIV and AIDS, childhood pregnancies, family conflicts, separation, and child negligence, were some of the reasons for children placement in alternative care. The study further found out that children faced barriers to accessing alternative care such as poverty and AIDS, discrimination and stigmatization, and long processes involved in fostering and adoption. In addition the data revealed that some children were ill-treated in various alternative care systems. Development of a holistic approach to address care and protection needs for children, supporting children, poor families and communities; and promoting social welfare services to ensure adequate care for children without parental care were recommended based on the findings.

Topic: Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Vocal behavior of the Mongolian gerbil in a seminatural enclosure

This study represents the first effort to obtain a comprehensive library of adult Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) vocalizations recorded in a variety of behavioural contexts. In Phase I of the study, a gerbil colony was introduced into a seminatural enclosure and allowed to breed naturally over an observation period of 19 months. During this period, detailed observations of gerbil social and vocal behaviour were made. In Phase II, this knowledge was used to stage natural behavioural scenarios among adult gerbils in which high-quality recordings of vocalizations could be obtained, and the spectro-temporal properties of these vocalizations analysed. Calls generally occurred in interactive social situations, such as same-sex aggression, mating, food dispute, alarm, and disturbance by conspecifics. Additionally, brief ultrasonic calls were associated with investigation of a new setting and were named ‘contact calls’. Vocalizations were classified by behavioural context and analysed with respect to spectral and temporal characteristics. Calls encompassed a broad range of frequencies (approx. 3-45 kHz); most calls possessed significant energy at two or more harmonics in addition to the fundamental frequency. Calls generally lasted approx. 4-500 ms and were emitted in sequences of 3-20 variants with silent intervals. Such natural call series had significant low-frequency AM content below 8 Hz. Calls within an individual behavioural class had substantial variability in both spectral and temporal properties, but were significantly different from all other call classes in one or more of average fundamental frequency, frequency sweep range, duration, or frequency sweep direction.

Topic: Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
Subfield: Developmental Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Frontispiece: Electrochemical Reduction of N<sub>2</sub> to NH<sub>3</sub> at Low Potential by a Molecular Aluminum Complex

Electrochemical generation of ammonia from nitrogen using renewable electricity is a desirable alternative to current NH3 production methods. In this work, Berben and co-workers benchmark the overpotential for N2 reduction to NH3 for previously reported catalysts. They also present their own approach to the electrochemical reduction of N2 into NH3 using a coordination complex of aluminum(III), which operates at a low reduction potential (−1.16 V vs. SCE). The frontispiece artwork highlights how ligand-based proton and electron transfer can be used as a strategy to reduce operating potentials associated with metal-centered hydride generation at highly Lewis basic metal centers. For more information, see the Communication by L. A. Berben et al. on page 454 ff.

Topic: Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction
Subfield: Catalysis
Field: Chemical Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evolving therapies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is rising, although the disease is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed as asthma. Early diagnosis and intervention in the primary care setting may improve outcomes and reduce the overall burden of COPD and its comorbidities. Bronchodilators are the mainstay of pharmacologic treatment in international and national guidelines, with long-acting agents administered alone or as part of a combination regimen in patients who are persistently symptomatic and/or at high risk of COPD exacerbations. Here, we report results of a systematic literature search to review the evidence supporting several approved bronchodilator monotherapies, as well as dual bronchodilator treatment, combination therapy with inhaled corticosteroids plus one or two bronchodilators and other emerging COPD treatment options.

Topic: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Identification of<i>Ophiosphaerella herpotricha</i>by Cloned DNA Probes

DNA of Ophiosphaerella herpotricha, a cause of spring dead spot of bermudagrass, was digested with XbaI and was cloned. A 1.5-kb clone (pOH29) was selected from a genomic library for its specificity and strong hybridization to the total DNA of 29 0. herpotricha isolates. pOH29 did not hybridize to other fungi commonly associated with roots and stolons of bermudagrass, including Letosphaeria korrae, L. narmari, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis, and G. incrustans. The probe detected O. herpotricha DNA isolated from 200 mg (wet weight) of infected bermudagrass roots and from 1 μg of lyophylized mycelium []

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences