jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of therapeutic agents in the treatment of age-related cataract: A systematic review

Context: The effectiveness of therapeutic agents in the treatment of age-related cataract has been studied by many authorities and nothing concrete has been documented to encourage further discourse on followups and pharmaceutical trials. Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of therapeutic agents in the treatment of age-related cataract. Data Sources: The search engines employed include PUBMED and EBSCO research Databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, E-journals and Open Dissertations). Study Selection: The key words used were “age-related cataract”, “drug treatment”, “cataract” and “pharmacotherapy”. There was no language restriction. Studies were random controlled trials and quasi experiments that reported relative risks, odds ratios or hazard ratios with 95%CI for their reported results. Data Extraction: Independent mining of articles by one author applying already defined data fields, including study value pointers. Data Synthesis: Data was put on a spread sheet and analyzed according to the study parameters of interest. Results: 90 percent of the studies reported a measure of effects on age-related cataracts in humans and enucleated cataractous human lens nuclei, horses, dogs, and goats, and induced cataracts in rats and rabbits. Conclusions: Many substances have been researched and shown to inhibit development and progression of age-related cataract in human eyes and in selenite and diabetic cataracts in animal models. It is possible to ameliorate cataract with pharmacotherapy once the right combination of agents is discovered.

Topic: Connexins and lens biology
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Learn From the Best. Thomas Aquinas and Theological Dialogue

The article presents the dialogic aspect of Aquinas’s theology in their dual dimension: on the one hand, revealing Thomas as creatively uses a variety of theological sources, as the receptor of wide spectrum of his contemporary thinkers, both Christian and Jewish as Muslim; on the other hand, his theology is marked by disputatio and a model of “thinking in opposition” characteristic of his vision of sacra doctrina conscious that “all truth, by whom ever it is spoken, comes from the Holy Spirit”, as he wrote in Summa Theologica. Aquinas effectively extract the most important message from the works of Aristotle, Augustine, Pseudo-Dionysius, Seneca and use all this auctoritasvn the special «apostolate of the intellect». Thomas teaches the “how” to think. Based theology on aristotelian concept of theoria is not “to beton” the truth, but it clearly shows that theology as a “rational reflection of the faith” leads to a kind of dialogue with reality. Among the works written by him, we meet not only those who want to “consolidate” the faith, but also have a significant apologetic’s dimension. Thomas wants to demostrate the credibility of Christianity as a rational option, which corresponds to the dignity of man and fully develop his capabilities. Theology becomes in this way “thinking faith” which is a participation in God’s knowledge about himself. Therefore, in the article special emphasis put on De rationibusfldei, one of the intriguing works of Aquinas which presents Christianity as a attractive and reasonable proposal for a man, distinguished by the trinitarian horizon of his thinking.

Topic: Catholicism, Bioethics, Media, Education
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Functional Connectivity Decreases with Metabolic Stress in Sickle Cell Disease

Objective Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience cognitive deficits even when unaffected by stroke. Using functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a potential biomarker of cognitive function, we tested our hypothesis that children with SCD would have decreased functional connectivity, and that children experiencing the greatest metabolic stress, indicated by elevated oxygen extraction fraction, would have the lowest connectivity. Methods We prospectively obtained brain MRIs and cognitive testing in healthy controls and children with SCD. Results We analyzed data from 60 participants (20 controls and 40 with sickle cell disease). There was no difference in global cognition or cognitive subdomains between cohorts. However, we found decreased functional connectivity within the sensory‐motor, lateral sensory‐motor, auditory, salience, and subcortical networks in participants with SCD compared with controls. Further, as white matter oxygen extraction fraction increased, connectivity within the visual ( p = 0.008, parameter estimate = −0.760 [95% CI = −1.297, −0.224]), default mode ( p = 0.012, parameter estimate = −0.417 [95% CI = −0.731, −0.104]), and cingulo‐opercular ( p = 0.009, parameter estimate = −0.883 [95% CI = −1.517, −0.250]) networks decreased. Interpretation We conclude that there is diminished functional connectivity within these anatomically contiguous networks in children with SCD compared with controls, even when differences are not seen with cognitive testing. Increased white matter oxygen extraction fraction was associated with decreased connectivity in select networks. These data suggest that elevated oxygen extraction fraction and disrupted functional connectivity are potentially presymptomatic neuroimaging biomarkers for cognitive decline in SCD. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:995–1008

Topic: Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Results of surgical treatment of patients with ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms

Anterior communicating artery aneurysms (AComA) are the most common type of intracranial aneurysms, accounting for approximately 35 % of all ruptured intracranial aneurysms.&#x0D; The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of surgical treatment of patients with ruptured AComA aneurysms.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study included 98 patients who underwent surgical treatment for ruptured AComA aneurysms between 2008 and 2019 at the Uzhhorod Regional Center of Neurosurgery and Neurology and CNE “Сity Hospital of Emergency and Urgent Medical Care” of Zaporizhzhia City Council. The mean age of the patients was 47.8 ± 11.0 years, and 51.0 % were female.&#x0D; Results. Upon admission to the hospital, 69.3 % of patients with ruptured AComA aneurysms were conscious. The level of consciousness was influenced by the presence and size of an intracerebral hematoma, the severity of intraventricular blood circulation due to its presence, and the prevalence of angiospasm. Aneurysms of average size (6–15 mm according to the classification of G. Yasargil, 1984) were found in 44.9 % of cases.&#x0D; Postoperative mortality was 11.2 %. Postoperative vasospasm was the most common complication, occurring in 51.0 % of the patients. A good outcome in accordance with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was achieved in 66.3 % of the patients.&#x0D; Conclusions. Surgical treatment remains an effective treatment for ruptured AComA aneurysms, with favorable outcomes, which depend on age, serious condition of the patient, level of consciousness, re-rupture of the aneurysm, timing of the surgical operation, presence and size of intracerebral hematoma, presence and intensity of intraventricular hemorrhage, presence and intensity of angiospasm.

Topic: Intracranial Aneurysms: Treatment and Complications
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Out Doors Inc – Outdoors for Better Mental Health

Summary Out Doors Inc (ODI) is a Melbourne-based not-for-profit mental health organization that provides outdoor adventure and recreational programs for individuals with mental health conditions. ODI’s aim is to help participants build positive social connections and enhance their mental health by engaging in nature-based activities. This case study explores ODI’s program design philosophies and guiding principles, their risk management strategies and operations, and how outdoor practitioners adapt their practice to this work. Additionally, the writer shares her own insights and experiences from working for ODI and provides snapshot profiles and vignettes to illustrate the experience of the participants she has encountered in this work. ODI has agreed to be featured in this case study. The staff members showcased in this study have provided their consent for the usage of their names and comments. Additionally, all featured participants have been granted permission for their stories to be included. However, pseudonyms have been assigned to ensure their privacy. Information © The Author 2023

Topic: Outdoor and Experiential Education
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Symmetry Detection In Human Vision

A basic assumption underlying this paper is that the construction of a high-speed, high-accuracy, and general-purpose artificial recognition system might profit from theories and data about the principles of the human visual system. More specifically, it is argued that perceptual organization in general and symmetry detection in particular are interesting processes required between the initial stage of edge detection and the final stage of object recognition. Therefore, theories and data about detection of regularities such as symmetry in human vision are summarized. Furthermore, a general scheme is proposed that might enable the detection of image regularities in a way that is in good agreement with these experimental data and theoretical models. In addition, some of our own experiments about human detection of bilateral and skewed symmetry in dot-patterns are presented to show the plausibility of the scheme. Although the results are promising, a lot of work remains to be done, both with respect to the empirical foundation of the model and with respect to its mathematical and computational specification.

Topic: Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Scenario 3 (double censoring dependent on vaccination status).

&lt;p&gt;(A) RMSE by the proportion of missing follow-up time, (B) RD by the proportion of missing follow-up-time and (C) RD by ‘age in weeks’ (&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;PP&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; out of boundaries) &lt;i&gt;(KM = Kaplan-Meier&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;PP = Period Prevalence&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;PP&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;i&gt;fu = PP&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;i&gt;follow-up&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;CDF = Cumulative Distribution Function&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;IPW = Inverse Probability Weighting&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;CC = Complete Case&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;RD = relative difference&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;FU = follow-up&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;RMSE = Root Mean Squared Error)&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Peanut Plant Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
HIV Education for Teens and Preteens in a High-Seroprevalence Inner-City Neighborhood

In several New York City neighborhoods more than 1 in 10 adults and adolescents are infected with HIV. Children in these neighborhoods are exposed both directly and indirectly to the effects of the HIV epidemic. Exploratory group interviews were conducted to discover the HIV-related concerns of adolescent and pread-olescent girls and boys living in a high-sero-prevalence neighborhood and to specify the context within which children experienced those concerns. Results indicated that explanations about HIV focusing only on transmission and transmission prevention, whether in educational or family settings, may ignore compelling concerns of youth. Both risk of HIV and loss of neighbors and relatives to HIV permeate daily life but in a way that prevents open discussion. Children are eager to talk about social and personal issues regarding HIV.

Topic: Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Virulence Markers of Dengue Viruses

Abstract : Illnesses in humans caused by the four serotypes of dengue virus include pyrexia of unknown origin (POU), classical dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The expression of these disease outcomes follows a discernable pattern in regions of the world where dengue viruses are endemic. Variations with virulence of dengue viruses, as defined by their ability to cause severe illness, is proposed to be one of the factors that contribute severe illness, is proposed to be one of the factors that contribute to the DHF and DSS disease outcomes. the manifestation of these severe outcomes is also related to host factors. For effective prevention and control of dengue diseases, it is important to identify virulent strains of dengue viruses and to elucidate mechanisms which result in strains of dengue viruses and to elucidate mechanisms which result in multiple disease forms and patterns. The overall object of this research project is to establish whether monocyte-infectivity of the virus can be used as a marker for dengue virulence. Subsequently, other biological markers which are unique to virulent viral strains and that can be mapped on viral glycoprotein by monoclonal antibodies, will be determined in order to establish the role, if any, of the viral glycoprotein in conferring virulence to the virus. Knowledge of how the viral glycoprotein is involved in the expression of virulence may contribute toward the development of an effective recombinant vaccine.

Topic: Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The psychiatric assessment of a Vietnamese refugee through art

liver and urine from fatal poisoning. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 9. Greenblatt DJ, Allen MD, Noel BJ, Ct al: Acute overdosage 34:16-26, 1974 with benzodiazepine derivatives. Clin Pharmacol Ther 21:4978. Nasilowski W, Sybirska H, Gajdzinska H: Legal-medical and 514, 1977 toxicological evaluation of 18 lethal cases of poisoning by phe10. Reynolds PC, Som CW, Herrmann PW: Loxapine fatalities. nothiazine derivatives. Z Rechtsmed 74:293-299, 1974 Clin Toxicol 14:181-185, 1979

Topic: Poisoning and overdose treatments
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Examinee-Examiner Network: Weakly Supervised Accurate Coronary Lumen Segmentation Using Centerline Constraint

Accurate coronary lumen segmentation on coronary-computed tomography angiography (CCTA) images is crucial for quantification of coronary stenosis and the subsequent computation of fractional flow reserve. Many factors including difficulty in labeling coronary lumens, various morphologies in stenotic lesions, thin structures and small volume ratio with respect to the imaging field complicate the task. In this work, we fused the continuity topological information of centerlines which are easily accessible, and proposed a novel weakly supervised model, Examinee-Examiner Network (EE-Net), to overcome the challenges in automatic coronary lumen segmentation. First, the EE-Net was proposed to address the fracture in segmentation caused by stenoses by combining the semantic features of lumens and the geometric constraints of continuous topology obtained from the centerlines. Then, a Centerline Gaussian Mask Module was proposed to deal with the insensitiveness of the network to the centerlines. Subsequently, a weakly supervised learning strategy, Examinee-Examiner Learning, was proposed to handle the weakly supervised situation with few lumen labels by using our EE-Net to guide and constrain the segmentation with customized prior conditions. Finally, a general network layer, Drop Output Layer, was proposed to adapt to the class imbalance by dropping well-segmented regions and weights the classes dynamically. Extensive experiments on two different data sets demonstrated that our EE-Net has good continuity and generalization ability on coronary lumen segmentation task compared with several widely used CNNs such as 3D-UNet. The results revealed our EE-Net with great potential for achieving accurate coronary lumen segmentation in patients with coronary artery disease. Code at http://github.com/qiyaolei/Examinee-Examiner-Network.

Topic: Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Precipitins against microbes in mouldy hay in the sera of farmers with farmer's lung or chronic bronchitis and of healthy farmers.

The aim of this study was to determine which precipitins against four antigens in 2,440 farmers are associated with the occurrence of farmer's lung (FL). The antigen panel consisted of mycelial antigens of Micropolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus umbrosus. As reference groups we used healthy farmers and those with chronic bronchitis. For the occurrence of precipitins against the four antigens there was a statistically significant difference between farmers with FL and healthy farmers but not between farmers with chronic bronchitis and healthy farmers. In a stepwise logistic linear regression analysis, farmers with FL and chronic bronchitis were compared to healthy farmers with respect to precipitins to the four antigens. Precipitins against Thermoactinomyces vulgaris differentiated farmers with FL (p less than 0.05) but not farmers with chronic bronchitis from healthy farmers. In Finland the occurrence of FL seems to be associated mainly with precipitins against Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, not with precipitins against Micropolyspora faeni as in Great Britain, and not with precipitins of Aspergillus umbrosus, which occurred most frequently in the sera of Finnish farmers. This association is in accordance with the exposure to spores of airborne moulds in farmers' work environment, where spore concentrations of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris have been measured to be about six times higher than those of Micropolyspora faeni.

Topic: Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Data from Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Mutant p53 Expand an Esophageal Cellular Subpopulation Capable of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition through ZEB Transcription Factors

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent inducer of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, it remains elusive about which molecular mechanisms determine the cellular capacity to undergo EMT in response to TGF-β. We have found that both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression and mutant &lt;i&gt;p53&lt;/i&gt; tumor suppressor genes contribute to the enrichment of an EMT-competent cellular subpopulation among telomerase-immortalized human esophageal epithelial cells during malignant transformation. EGFR overexpression triggers oncogene-induced senescence, accompanied by the induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p15&lt;sup&gt;INK4B&lt;/sup&gt;, p16&lt;sup&gt;INK4A&lt;/sup&gt;, and p21. Interestingly, a subpopulation of cells emerges by negating senescence without loss of EGFR overexpression. Such cell populations express increased levels of zinc finger E-box binding (ZEB) transcription factors ZEB1 and ZEB2, and undergo EMT on TGF-β stimulation. Enrichment of EMT-competent cells was more evident in the presence of &lt;i&gt;p53&lt;/i&gt; mutation, which diminished EGFR-induced senescence. RNA interference directed against ZEB resulted in the induction of p15&lt;sup&gt;INK4B&lt;/sup&gt; and p16&lt;sup&gt;INK4A&lt;/sup&gt;, reactivating the EGFR-dependent senescence program. Importantly, TGF-β–mediated EMT did not take place when cellular senescence programs were activated by either ZEB knockdown or the activation of wild-type p53 function. Thus, senescence checkpoint functions activated by EGFR and p53 may be evaded through the induction of ZEB, thereby allowing the expansion of an EMT-competent unique cellular subpopulation, providing novel mechanistic insights into the role of ZEB in esophageal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res; 70(10); 4174–84. ©2010 AACR.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Intellectual Capital: The Missing Asset

In the Information Age, merely accounting for hard assets such as machinery no longer seems appropriate. Intellectual capital or soft assets, such as knowledge and skills, are playing an increasingly important role in the current global economy. However, this paper argues that the recording of these soft assets on balance sheets will only be possible if a universally accepted method of measuring them can be created. Some suggestions for such measurement are explored and arguments both for and against accounting for intellectual capital are investigated. The paper concludes by arguing in favour of more research.

Topic: Intellectual Capital and Performance Analysis
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Electrode architectures for enhanced lithium ion battery performance

Increasing prevalence of portable electronic devices and growing concern over the consumption of fossil fuels have led to a growing demand for more efficient energy storage options. Lithium ion chemistry has grown to dominate the battery market, but still requires improvement to meet the increasing need for smaller, cheaper, better performing batteries. The use of nanomaterials has garnered much attention in recent years as a potential way of improving battery performance while decreasing the size. However, new problems are introduced with these materials such as low packing density and high reactivity with the electrolyte. This research focuses on the development of an electrode architecture using nanomaterials which will decrease lithium ion transport distance while enhancing electrical conductivity within the cell. The proposed architecture consists of a stacked, 2D structure composed of layers of carbon nanotubes and active material particles, and can be applied to both the anode and the cathode. The process also has the advantage of low cost because it can be performed under normal laboratory conditions (e.g. temperature and pressure) and easily adapted to a commercial scale.

Topic: Advancements in Battery Materials
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences