jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Profit margins, exchange rates and structural change: empirical evidences for the period 1996-2017

ABSTRACT This research seeks to understand the relationship between the rate of profit and the exchange rate and how this relationship can impact the productive structure. We construct a theoretical model in which the exchange rate influences the rate of profit, and we argue that although an overvalued exchange rate could benefit sectors with high imported input coefficients in the short term because it reduces costs, it negatively impacts the demand for their products and also reduces the aggregatedemand; hence, an overvalued exchange rate could shrink the profit rate of these sectors in the medium term. In the Brazilian case, these sectors are the high technological-content manufacturing sectors.

Topic: Economic Theory and Policy
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
How Government Spending on Public Sector Affect The Economic Growth?

Fiscal decentralization is an effort to reform governance so that it has a more effective and efficient structure so that it can improve services to the community. Efforts to achieve these goals are largely determined by the availability of human resources, natural resources, and other economic potential. The formation of New Autonomous Regions (NAR) grew rapidly, but on the other hand local governments were unable to fund development activities independently but were dependent on balance funds. The objective to be achieved is to analyze the effect of regional government spending on education, health, and infrastructure, as well as other variables namely labor on the economic growth of new autonomous regions in Indonesia. The analysis model used is panel data regression. The results of the study prove that local government spending in real per capita education, real health (lag-1) per capita, and real per capita infrastructure, and the number of workers have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Economic growth that occurs in the district is not different from the city, so also in the base sector is mostly no different except the mining and quarrying sector.

Topic: Economic Growth and Fiscal Policies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Collaborative Evolution: Multi-Round Learning Between Large and Small Language Models for Emergent Fake News Detection

The proliferation of fake news on social media platforms has exerted a substantial influence on society, leading to discernible impacts and deleterious consequences. Conventional deep learning methodologies employing small language models (SLMs) suffer from the necessity for extensive supervised training and the challenge of adapting to rapidly evolving circumstances. Large language models (LLMs), despite their robust zero-shot capabilities, have fallen short in effectively identifying fake news due to a lack of pertinent demonstrations and the dynamic nature of knowledge. In this paper, a novel framework Multi-Round Collaboration Detection (MRCD) is proposed to address these aforementioned limitations. The MRCD framework is capable of enjoying the merits from both LLMs and SLMs by integrating their generalization abilities and specialized functionalities, respectively. Our approach features a two-stage retrieval module that selects relevant and up-to-date demonstrations and knowledge, enhancing in-context learning for better detection of emerging news events. We further design a multi-round learning framework to ensure more reliable detection results. Our framework MRCD achieves SOTA results on two real-world datasets Pheme and Twitter16, with accuracy improvements of 7.4\% and 12.8\% compared to using only SLMs, which effectively addresses the limitations of current models and improves the detection of emergent fake news.

Topic: Misinformation and Its Impacts
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Storage of single photons in a highly nonlinear medium based on Rydberg atoms

We demonstrate a medium with single-photon non-linearity based on cold Rydberg atoms, suitable for the mapping of a paired single photon. This opens the door to quantum interactions between single photons.

Topic: Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
An Affordable Test Approach for Lunar Fission Surface Power Systems

The objective of the Fission Surface Power System (FSPS) development and qualification program is to assure that the components, subsystems and complete power system satisfy all of their mission requirements with a sufficiently high level of confidence. To accomplish this objective, the FSPS program will conduct nuclear and non‐nuclear development and testing in compliance with standard NASA practice for all of the reactor, power conversion, and system integration hardware and software items. The anticipated program includes extensive performance and environmental testing of components throughout their predicted operational conditions and possible fault conditions.

Topic: Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A comparison of Canadian Holstein × British Friesian and British Friesian steers for beef production. 2. Carcass characteristics

ABSTRACT A comparison was undertaken of 85 Holstein × Friesian (HF) and 84 Friesian (F) steer carcasses that had been produced on three production systems. These were: intensive barley beef (BB); grass/cereal 18 month; and 24 month forage system. On each system, HF steers were heavier at slaughter (over all systems, 476·5 v . 453·3 kg ***) and had a lower killing-out proportion (512 v . 521 g/kg ***), which resulted in higher carcass weights (243·5 v . 235·9 kg **). Steers were slaughtered on reaching a standard degree of finish (equivalent to European Economic Community fat-class 3), provided that they had attained a minimum live weight. There were no significant differences in carcass fat class (3·23 v . 3·35) but HF had poorer carcass conformation classification (2·62 v . 3·21 ***). Of the HF carcasses, 60·4% were rejected on conformation for Beef Premium Scheme payments and only 29·0% of the F carcasses were rejected ( P &lt; 0·001): a considerable and unmerited financial penalty. Objective carcass measurements showed HF to have longer sides (1257 v . 1233 mm ***), longer legs (812 v . 790 mm ***) and deeper forequarters (420 v . 402 mm ***). These differences remained when dressed carcass weight and sample-joint fat proportion were taken as covariates. Comparison of the weight-adjusted carcasses showed the HF to have reduced rump ( P &lt; 0·001) and loin thickness ( P &lt; 0·05). No other consistent effects were seen for carcass measurements, subjective scores or colour attributes. Dissection of the 7th t o 9th rib joint, as a predictor of carcass composition, revealed no significant overall differences in proportions (g/kg) of muscle (571 v . 567), bone (219 v . 219) or fat (206 v . 212). The implications of carcass value of the above findings are discussed.

Topic: Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Cases of Biliary Cancer. Statistical Study and Followup.

秋田県厚生道9病院の1984年から1989年まで6年間の胆道癌症例を集計する機会を得たのでその結果を報告する。総数は307例 (5生率14.0%) で男性155例, 女性152例, 原発部位別では胆嚢癌105例, 胆管癌154例, 乳頭部癌22例, 原発不明胆道癌26例であった。年齢別では70歳代が最多であった。初発症状は黄疸 (特に胆管癌) と腹痛が最も多く, 診断の手段としてはUSとCTが多用され, 初発症状から受診までの病悩期間は1か月以内が大部分であった。胆嚢癌, 乳頭部癌の5生率は各々18.7%, 43.1%であった。胆管癌では未だ5生例は得られず, 3生率は18.9%であった。治癒切除例では胆嚢癌, 乳頭部癌の5生率は各々62。9%, 48.2%であったが, 胆管癌治癒切除例の5生例は未だなく3生率は47.5%と不良で, 今後の検討が必要と思われる。

Topic: Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Studies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Motivational Workshops for Low Achieving High School Students in Order to Help Them Improve Their Career Maturity.

of a Major Applied Research Project Presented to Nova University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education MOTIVATIONAL WORKSHOPS FOR LOW ACHIEVING HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ORDER TO HELP THEM IMPROVE THEIR CAREER MATURITY By Thomas R. Coleman May, 1975 Many of the students that come.to Essex County College fail. Many reasons for this failure are given. Some say that the student is not intelligent enough to meet the academic requirements of .a two year college. Others say the failure is due to the lack of preparation provided by primary and secondary schools. Still others say that the student fails because he lacks motivation. And even others say that the student does not have clear goals toward which to strive and therefore fails from lack of direction. While one can not be absolutely certain as to the reason for an individual's lack of success there is little doubt that the many community college teachers blame the primary and secondary schools for much of the student's failure in higher education. It was decided that instead of criticising the secondary schools for the lack of student success in college,that it would be better if some way could 4

Topic: Education Systems and Policy
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Therapeutic Support for Pressure Injuries

&#x0D; Reactive air surfaces, alternating-pressure (active) air surfaces, and reactive gel surfaces may be more effective at preventing pressure injuries compared to foam surfaces. The clinical effectiveness of therapeutic support surfaces to prevent pressure injuries may be influenced by the care setting (e.g., long-term care, acute care, intensive care units) as well as follow-up time.&#x0D; An overview of reviews with a network meta-analysis did not find any significant differences between different types of support surfaces on time to pressure injury. However, limited evidence suggests there may be a difference between foam surfaces, compared to other types of foam surfaces.&#x0D; Specialized skin protection cushions may also help to prevent pressure injuries compared to standard foam cushions, though there may be no difference between different types of air cushions.&#x0D; It was unclear if there are significant differences between support surfaces for the treatment of pressure injuries. Authors of an overview of reviews stated that reactive air surfaces may be more effective than foam surfaces, but this was not statistically significant.&#x0D; Limited evidence was identified regarding adverse events and health-related quality of life, as well as for pediatric patients.&#x0D; Limited evidence was identified for support surfaces other than mattresses, beds, and overlays (e.g., cushions), as well as therapeutic small devices for prevention of pressure injuries. No studies were identified for therapeutic small devices for treatment.&#x0D;

Topic: Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management
Subfield: Occupational Therapy
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
CLINICAL FEATURES OF DEGENERATIVE RETINOSCHISIS

To elucidate clinical characteristics, typical and reticular degenerative retinoschisis are characterized histopathologically in series of 2319 autopsy eyes, and clinically in a series of 77 eyes in 43 patients. In the autopsy series, typical degenerative retinoschisis was seen in 1.02% of the cases and 0.69% of the eyes; and reticular degenerative retinoschisis was seen in 1.62% of the cases and 0.95% of the eyes. Histopathology was correlated with clinical observations in adult patients with typical and reticular degenerative retinoschisis. On the basis of these observations, consideration was given to the clinical manifestations and management of typical and reticular degenerative retinoschisis.

Topic: Traumatic Ocular and Foreign Body Injuries
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Mild intellectual disability in children - some key considerations].

Diagnosing mild intellectual disability (ID) in children is very often challenging and may require multiple assessments over time to confirm the diagnosis with confidence. In Sweden, this diagnosis is typically made within the school health services, where close collaboration between psychologists, school doctors, and educators is essential. Children diagnosed with mild ID are entitled to attend specially adapted schools. It is important to recognise that many children with mild ID also experience other developmental, neurological, or neuropsychiatric conditions (ESSENCE). Beyond the initial evaluation in school health services, it is crucial that children be referred to specialised paediatric clinics for further investigation of potential underlying causes. In some cases, a child psychiatry consultation may also be necessary. Given the frequent presence of comorbidities, children with mild ID require ongoing clinical follow-up to support their development over time.

Topic: Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Rapid and selective death of leukemia stem and progenitor cells induced by the compound 4-benzyl, 2-methyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine, 3,5 dione (TDZD-8)

Leukemia is thought to arise from malignant stem cells, which have been described for acute and chronic myeloid leukemia (AML and CML) and for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are relatively resistant to current chemotherapy and likely contribute to disease relapse and progression. Consequently, the identification of drugs that can efficiently eradicate LSCs is an important priority. In the present study, we investigated the antileukemia activity of the compound TDZD-8. Analysis of primary AML, blast crisis CML (bcCML), ALL, and chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) specimens showed rapid induction of cell death upon treatment with TDZD-8. In addition, for myeloid leukemias, cytotoxicity was observed for phenotypically primitive cells, in vitro colony-forming progenitors, and LSCs as defined by xenotransplantation assays. In contrast, no significant toxicity was observed for normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Notably, cell death was frequently evident within 2 hours or less of TDZD-8 exposure. Cellular and molecular studies indicate that the mechanism by which TDZD-8 induces cell death involves rapid loss of membrane integrity, depletion of free thiols, and inhibition of both the PKC and FLT3 signaling pathways. We conclude that TDZD-8 uses a unique and previously unknown mechanism to rapidly target leukemia cells, including malignant stem and progenitor populations.

Topic: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Formation of Chinese Maritime Networks to Southern Asia, 1200-1450

Abstract The period between the thirteenth and mid-fifteenth centuries marked a distinct and important phase in the history of India-China relations. This new phase was triggered by the formation of Chinese maritime networks to southern Asia. While the Song period witnessed the formation of private trade and shipping networks, the aggressive foreign policy of the Yuan court led to the establishment of a government maritime network. The maritime networking to southern Asia culminated in the increased numbers of Ming emissaries, including the fleets of the admiral Zheng He, who visited Indian ports in the fifteenth century and intervened in the diplomatic affairs of several strategic Indian commercial zones. La période qui s'étend du treizième jusqu'au milieu du quinzième siècles présente une phase distincte et importante des relations indo-chinoises. Cette nouvelle phase résulta de la création des réseaux maritimes chinois vers l' Asie du Sud. La période Song est marquée par la formation d'un commerce privatiséet des réseaux maritimes; or, l'agressive politique extérieure de la dynastie Yuan eut comme conséquence la création d'un réseau maritime officiel. Les voies maritimes qui s'ouvraient vers le sud d'Asie ont fait augmenter le nombre d'émissaires, dont la flotte de Zheng He;celui-ci visita les côtes indiennes au XVe siècle et intervint dans les affaires diplomatiques de plusieurs stratégiques zones commerciales des Indes.

Topic: Global Maritime and Colonial Histories
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A weakly-convex formulation for phaseless imaging

We consider the problem of reconstructing an object given magnitudes of linear measurements. We follow the `lifting' approach, but unlike previous work which use convex relaxations of the unit rank constraint, we use a weakly-convex matrix penalty. We derive a convergent algorithm and show that it is computationally more feasible than those obtained under convex relaxations. We demonstrate numerically that when the signal to noise ratio is high, the proposed algorithm can achieve almost error-free reconstruction with fewer measurements than when convex relaxation is employed.

Topic: Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques
Subfield: Radiation
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Battle of Cathedrals: or how Zagreb almost Became an Archbishopric in the 13th century

A discussion of the beginnings of the Gothic in Croatia within the framework of the patronage of Herceg Koloman and Bishop Stjepan II of Zagreb, and within the context of the latter's attempt to transfer the seat of the Archbishopric from Split to Zagreb. Key monuments: Cazma, Medvedgrad, the tower of Split Cathedral

Topic: Byzantine Studies and History
Subfield: Classics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Effective Tariff Protection and Resource Allocation: A Non-Parametric Approach

An effort is made to provide a more satisfactory test of the usefulness of effective tariff rates in determining resource movements by comparing effective rates of protection calculated for South Africa for two points of time with resource shifts over the same time. Also tested are whether the ''high'' and ''low'' effective rates and percentage changes in effective rates predict resource shifts better tha the complete scale of rates. The authors then test the conclusion that resources have been attracted to only those sectors that have very high effective rates or large percentage changes in effective rate and examine the association between nominal tariff rates and resource allocation. Cohen in 1969 and Guisenger and Schydlowsky in 1970 showed that there is a high correlation between nominal and effective rates, which raises the question of whether it is worth calculating effective tariff rates if nominal rates are close substitutes. 14 references.

Topic: Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Remittances and Quality of Life of Emigrant Families in Kerala

International migration has an important role in the economic development of every economy.In Kerala, most of the people prefer to emigrate for skilled and unskilled labour to the developed countries to improve the living standards oftheir families.According to Kerala Migration Survey Report, forevery 100 households in the state, there were 29.3 emigrants in 2014and the number of emigrants has increased graduallyover the years, from13.6 lakhs in 1998 to 24.0 lakhs in 2014.Kerala is receiving an increasing amount of money from abroad as workersâ€™ remittances and total remittancesto Kerala in 2014 was estimated to be Rs71,142 crores.Remittances per household were Rs 86,843 in 2014 compared to Rs. 63,315 in 2011 and Rs. 57,227 in2008.The present study is to find out trend and growthof household remittance in Kerala and to analyze the impact of these remittance to the living standards of emigrant families.

Topic: Social and Economic Development in India
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Supplementary Data from IFNα Augments Clinical Efficacy of Regulatory T-cell Depletion with Denileukin Diftitox in Ovarian Cancer

&lt;p&gt;Fig. S5 Tregs are increased in the tumor microenvironment.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Immune Cell Function and Interaction
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Free Competition and Fiscal Policy in European Union

Fiscal policy and the harmonization of tax laws are extremely important in order to prevent distortions of free competition in UE. The process of European Union construction is based on integration and liberalization of markets in order a loyal and free competition. This issue is really important in order to crisis superaction. In this context the fiscal policy has a very significant impact on countries economics in EU and on company’s management, especially for those most exposed to globalization. The impact of taxes on free competition, economic growth and employment is quite evident since the EU foundation. So, it would be expected a more significant progress towards fiscal harmonization among EU countries. However, until now the question of tax harmonization had no results. It remains a sensitive question in EU. Almost two decades after the entry of the Euro, after a deep economic crisis that endangered the European project, face to BREXIT, we raised some questions as base to this work: what are the political and institutional limitations to tax harmonization in EU? Why there are no further progress was made in the field of tax harmonization, at least, in company’s income? How does this affect social cohesion? What are the effects on economic and social cohesion? This study intends to reflect on the political and institutional constraints of the tax harmonization, quite necessary to the effective process of economic and social integration within the EU. As methodology, we will use a comparative study about income taxes in several EU countries and the relation to GDP, as well the deductive method to analyze the results we find and some reference studies on the subject. In conclusion, we will present the analyze the results and try to answer to these questions. With this study we pretend give a contribution in order to find an answer to the investigation questions.

Topic: Fiscal Policies and Political Economy
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
A Comprehensive Approach to Addressing Gender Equity in STEM Subjects at Four-Year Universities in England

England is among the many nations aspiring to increase highly qualified and diversified human resources in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Gender disparities in enrollment and persistence in STEM undergraduate education in England are replicated internationally. Despite the expansion of higher education in England, women remain underrepresented in STEM subjects. Politicians have voiced their worries over the economy's overall health and security due to the inadequate number of women in STEM fields in England. While numerous studies have documented gender disparities in STEM subjects in England, there is still a need for better understanding about how to promote gender equity in STEM from early childhood to higher education. In this chapter, we examine the difference in early educational achievement in mathematics and science subjects and students' plan to study STEM subjects by gender. We also examine women's odds of studying STEM subjects in England after controlling for academic performance and social class characteristics. We particularly test gendered differences in studying STEM at prestigious Russell Group universities. We analyze data from the British Department of Education's Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (also known as Next Steps). Finally, we highlight factors that policy makers, researchers, instructors, and STEM workforce members should consider to close gender gaps in STEM undergraduate education.

Topic: Career Development and Diversity
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences