jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Simple Synthesis of Eudesmin through Oxidative Coupling of Carbanions and Reductive Catalytic Hydrogenation of Diketo Diester

Abstract A simple synthesis of eudesmin (1) is described. The key fragments were diol 13, dicarbethoxyethane 4, and diketo diester 5, which were prepared via reductive catalytic hydrogenation and oxidative intermolecular coupling of carbanions. This method is useful to generate the core skeleton of an endo–endo furofuran ring. Keywords: eudesminfurofuran lignansoxidative intermolecular couplingreductive catalytic hydrogenation Acknowledgments This work was supported by Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) (Grant No. RO5‐2004‐000‐10742–0).

Topic: Plant-derived Lignans Synthesis and Bioactivity
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Leaf Disease Detection

Agriculture is a key source of livelihood. Agriculture provides employment opportunities for village people on a large scale in developing countries like India. India's agriculture consists of the many crops and consistent with survey nearly 70% population is depends on agriculture. Most of Indian farmers are adopting manual cultivation thanks to lagging of technical knowledge. Farmers are unaware of what quite crops that grows well on their land. When plants are suffering from heterogeneous diseases through their leaves which will effect on the production of agriculture and profitable loss, also reduction in both quality and quantity of agricultural production. Leaves are important for fast growing of plant and to extend production of crops. Identifying diseases in plant leaves is challenging for farmers and also for researchers. Currently farmers are spraying pesticides to the plants but it affects humans directly or indirectly by health or also economically. To detect these plant diseases many fast techniques got to be adopt. In this paper, we have done surveys on different leaf diseases and various advanced techniques to detect these diseases. As said by Mahatma Gandhi, "Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian Economy". Hence the detection of leaf diseases is an important aspect in increasing the yield of a crop. By detecting the leaf disease farmer can increase the crop yield which leads in growth of country’s economy.

Topic: Smart Agriculture and AI
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The modulation of attentional deployment on regret: an event-related potential study

Adopting a sequential risk-taking task, this study explored the modulation of attentional deployment on regret. Attentional deployment was manipulated during outcome feedback of the task by highlighting different parts to induce participants to focus on collected gains (GF context) or missed chances (MF context). The control context without attentional deployment manipulation was also set. Behaviorally, compared to the control context, participants felt less regret in the GF context but more regret in the MF context. Event-related potential results showed that the GF context elicited stronger reward positivity and late positive potential (LPP) than the control context. Furthermore, openness (NEO Five-Factor Inventory) negatively predicted the amplitude of LPP in the GF context. Source localization indicated that the superior frontal gyrus showed stronger activation in the GF context than in the control context during the time window of LPP. These results suggested that focusing on collected gains was an effective way to repress regret and that the LPP component played a key role in this process.

Topic: Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Hepatocyte-Derived Igκ Exerts a Protective Effect against ConA-Induced Acute Liver Injury

Immunoglobulin (Igκ) has been reported to be expressed in sorted liver epithelial cells of μMT mice, and the sequence characteristics of hepatocyte-derived Igκ were different from those of classical B-cell-derived Igκ. However, the physiological function of hepatocyte-derived Igκ is still unclear. The expression of Igκ was firstly identified in primary hepatocytes and normal liver cell line (NCTC1469), and hepatocyte-derived Igκ expression was elevated and displayed unique localization in hepatocytes of concanavalin A (ConA)-induced hepatitis model. Moreover, Igκ knockout mice were more sensitive to ConA-induced hepatitis and had higher serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, more severe histological injury and a greater number of terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells as compared with littermate controls. Furthermore, knockdown of Igκ in primary hepatocytes and NCTC1469 cells led to accelerated activation of the mitochondrial death pathway and caspase-3 cleavage in vitro, which might be related to inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway and activation of JNK via the cytoskeleton dynamics. Taken together, these results indicate that hepatocyte-derived Igκ mediates cellular resistance to ConA-induced liver injury by inhibiting activation of caspase-3 and the mitochondrial death pathway, suggesting that Igκ plays an important role in hepatocyte survival and exerts a protective effect against ConA-induced liver injury in mice.

Topic: Liver physiology and pathology
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Research on the Operation Mode of Energy Integrated Service Station under Multi-Station Integration

As an important way to build the ubiquitous power Internet of Things and promote the energy transition, energy integrated service station aims to organically integrate multiple types of functional sub-stations to form a high-quality, high-efficiency, and economical operation. In view of the fact that the existing literature does not have in-depth research on the energy integrated service station operation model, this article focuses on the exploration of the multi-station integration operation model based on combination scenarios and energy flow analysis. First, a variety of combined scenarios of multi-station integration are designed and the adaptation scenarios are discussed. Secondly, the energy flow of each function station is analyzed, and the energy supply cost or operating income model of each function station is established. At the same time, In order to take into account the interests of both parties in the energy transaction at the same time, the problem of contract electricity price setting is transformed into a cooperative game problem, and a negotiation game model is established to solve the contract electricity price. Finally, in the simulation, combined with three combination scenarios, the influencing factors of the operating income of functional stations are discussed. The results show that the profit or cost of the functional stations after the multi-station integration is compared with that before the integration, and the economics of the stations are indeed significantly improved. In the current context of actively promoting the energy integrated service station reform, this article has certain practical significance and reference value.

Topic: Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Perioperative intravenous Iloprost therapy in addition to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty improves patency for peripheral arterial occlusive disease

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare whether perioperative additional intravenous (IV) Iloprost therapy to percutaneous balloon angioplasty for peripheral arterial occlusive disease improves patency and reintervention. Methods: Between January 2018 and August 2020, 183 patients underwent Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with Drug-Eluting Balloons (DEB) for femoropopliteal lesions (TASC 2 A-C) due to claudication, and 161 patients (133 male, 28 female, mean age 63.65 ± 11.16 years, range 30-86 years) were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups as DEB+ Intravenous Iloprost administration and DEB alone. Primary patency, reintervention, bailout stenting, and survival rates were analyzed in this retrospective study. Results: Primary patency rate at 12 months (79 vs 57 patients, 89.7 vs 78%, p = 0.041) and assisted primary patency rate (81 vs 59 patients, 92 vs 80.8%, p = 0.035) were found to be higher and Bailout stent deployment was lower in DEB + Iloprost group (3 vs 9 patients, 3.4 vs 12.3% p = 0.031). The reinterventions rate at 12 months was also lower among the DEB + Iloprost group (9 vs 16 patients, 10.2 vs 21.9%, p = 0.041). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that primary patency at 12 months and assisted primary patency rates, freedom from reintervention was significantly higher and bailout stenting was found to be significantly lower. We believe that perioperative Intravenous Iloprost therapy is beneficial for PTA and improves outcomes.

Topic: Peripheral Artery Disease Management
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Online optimization for machine learning: parallelism, adaptivity, and model selection

We study three problems in the application, design, and analysis of online optimization algorithms for machine learning. First, we consider speeding-up the common task of k-fold cross-validation of online algorithms, and provide TreeCV, an algorithm that reduces the time penalty of k-fold cross-validation from k to log(k), and is easily adoptable to parallel and distributed computing environments. Second, we consider algorithms for online delayed-feedback distributed optimization, and provide SOLID, a meta-algorithm for deriving delay-tolerant versions of standard online optimization algorithms and their analysis. We further apply SOLID to obtain algorithms that adapt to the delay pattern observed during optimization, solving an open problem from the literature. Third, we study asynchronous online and stochastic optimization. We start by providing a unifying analysis of standard serial online optimization algorithms. Then, we build on this analysis to design and analyze two new asynchronous online optimization algorithms. The first algorithm, AsynCADA, features the ability to handle generic convex constraints, proximal updates and adaptive step-sizes. The second algorithm, HedgeHog, is the first asynchronous variant of the Hedge algorithm. Both algorithms enjoy linear speed-up if the data is sufficiently sparse, extending the scope of problem settings and algorithmic techniques adoptable to asynchronous optimization. Underlying the analysis of AsynCADA and HedgeHog is a generic framework for studying online optimization algorithms with perturbed state, which is of independent interest.

Topic: Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Swedish Environmental Quality Criteria: The Challenge of Classifying Surface Waters

Lindberg, J., 2001. Swedish Environmental Quality Criteria: The Challenge of Classifying Surface Waters. Licentiate Thesis, Uppsala. ISSN 1403-997X . Rapport 2001:11 Sweden has recently presented a new system of Environmental Quality Criteria (EQC) that are expected to support a flexible, goal-oriented approach to environmental management. The EQC of surface water may serve as the basis for implementing the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (WFD) in Sweden. Useful as EQC can be for establishing management priorities and monitoring changes over time, though, there is a long-standing concern that the simplifications inherent in assessment systems such as EQC compromise their value. One manifestation of this concern was the two decades of active debate before the official adoption by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency in 1990. Understanding the concerns which led to this delay may provide useful insights into the challenges of implementing EQC and even the WFD. The aim of this thesis is to improve the understanding of EQC and their implementation by examining the EQC from both scientific and management perspectives. This is done by first presenting a case study of how the new surface water EQC are applied in river basin, and then through a historical study of the decades leading up to the official adoption of the first surface water EQC. The historical study found that it was not so much a definitive resolution of any scientific problems, but rather developments in management strategies, together with a change in the nature of the environmental problems facing Sweden, that were of most importance for EQC finally being not only sanctioned, but touted in 1999 as a key feature of future environmental management in Sweden. The river basin case study found that EQC could make a valuable contribution to environmental assessment, particularly by bringing a broader spectrum of managers, stakeholders and politicians into contact with environmental data and a coherent overview of the situation in a region. The value of that contribution, however, is contingent upon an expert review of the results that identifies potential problems in the specific EQC application where greater expertise is required for a satisfactory assessment. Author’s address: Department of Environmental Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail: johanna.lindberg@ma.slu.se

Topic: Water Quality and Resources Studies
Subfield: Water Science and Technology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A mixed method evaluation of adult tier 2 lifestyle weight management service provision across a county in Northern England

Summary Adult obesity in the UK remains a public health priority. Current guidance recommends local areas provide multicomponent interventions to treat adults with overweight and obesity; however, there is currently a dearth of published evidence on the evaluation of these programmes. This study reports on a mixed method evaluation of seven tier 2 weight management programmes funded by a local authority in the North of England through their public health grant (a lifestyle multicomponent weight management programme for the treatment of adults with overweight and obesity, but not severe obesity, or obesity with severe co‐morbidities). Data collected from over 2000 participants demonstrated that the proportion of participants achieving 5% initial body weight loss was comparable to that reported in recent UK weight management trials. Two services exceeded national criteria of 30% of participants achieving 5% initial body weight loss at 12 weeks, although long term data was limited. Greater weight loss was also observed in participants aged 35–44 and those without co‐morbidities. This study provides important learning points for improvements in real world weight management services, these include: standardised data collection and management tools; staff training and communication requirements; the importance of programmes that are joined up to wider support services; and the importance of providing ongoing peer and provider support, continuous monitoring and feedback, and physical activities tailored to user needs.

Topic: Obesity and Health Practices
Subfield: Pharmacy
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Economic Miracles Bypassing Disabled People

During the 1960s and 1970s the social security systems of advanced nations matured. Social insurance programmes covered more social risks and more people became eligible to still better benefits. When the economic downturn and an increasing supply of labour appeared in the 1970s and 1980s, the consequences were harsh. The number of people who temporarily or permanently left the labour market soared, and so did social security expenditure. The response to and consequences of this pressure varied across nations. This chapter uses national macro indicators to give a brief overview of the development of the Dutch and Danish welfare states over the last thirty years. Did the Netherlands and Denmark manage the economic crisis better than other European nations? To what extent were passive benefit awards and active labour market instruments used to manage the crisis? And to what extent have the Dutch and Danish ‘miracle economies’ during the 1990s succeeded in reducing the size of the disability benefit rolls?

Topic: Social Policy and Reform Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[External hip protectors against hip fractures. A randomized study in a nursing home].

Most hip fractures seem to be related to trauma near the hip, so a controlled trial was conducted to investigate the effect of external hip protectors on the prevention of such fractures in residents of a nursing home. Ten of 28 wards of the nursing home were randomized to receive external hip protectors; thus 167 women and 80 men were given protectors and 277 women and 141 men no protectors. A fall register was set up for two treatment wards (45 residents) and two control wards (76 residents). There were eight hip and 15 non-hip fractures in the hip protector group and 31 hip and 27 non-hip fractures in the control group. The relative risk of hip fractures among women and men in the intervention group was 0.44 (95% CL 0.21-0.94). None of the 8 residents in the intervention group who had a hip fracture was wearing the device at the time of the fracture. 154 falls were registered and 20% of these falls produced a direct impact to the hip. In 25 falls direct impact to the hip was sustained at a time when hip protectors were not being worn, and six fractures were produced. The study indicates that external hip protectors can prevent hip fractures in nursing-home residents.

Topic: Hip and Femur Fractures
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Potential of 2-Substituted Quinolines as Antileishmanial Drug Candidates

There is a need for new, cost-effective drugs to treat leishmaniasis. A strategy based on traditional medicine practiced in Bolivia led to the discovery of the 2-substituted quinoline series as a source of molecules with antileishmanial activity and low toxicity. This review documents the development of the series from the first isolated natural compounds through several hundred synthetized molecules to an optimized compound exhibiting an in vitro IC50 value of 0.2 µM against Leishmania donovani, and a selectivity index value of 187, together with in vivo activity on the L. donovani/hamster model. Attempts to establish structure–activity relationships are described, as well as studies that have attempted to determine the mechanism of action. For the latter, it appears that molecules of this series act on multiple targets, possibly including the immune system, which could explain the observed lack of drug resistance after in vitro drug pressure. We also show how nanotechnology strategies could valorize these drugs through adapted formulations and how a mechanistic targeting approach could generate new compounds with increased activity.

Topic: Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Characterization ofaNewTypeofDryElectrodes forLong-Term Recordings ofSurface-Electromyogram

Inthepresent workweintroduce apreliminary study onanewtypeofdryelectrodes toasses their possible use forperforming long-term recordings ofsurface electromyo- graphic signals. Thesesignals wouldbeusedforthecontrol of artificial prostheses inanon-invasive manner.Inaddition, a comparison wascarried outbetweenthenewdryelectrodes anda commercial, pre-gelled electrode. Theresults showed thatbothkindsofelectrodes havesimilar impedance values andbehavior atdifferent frequencies, whicharethemain parameters to takeintoaccountwhen characterizing electrodes. Fordaily useinprosthesis control, dryelectrodes arepreferred overgelled orpre-gelled electrodes because they canbeembeddedinfabric andhencebewornseamlessly.

Topic: Tactile and Sensory Interactions
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Negativity bias and political preferences: A response to commentators

Abstract A broad, multidisciplinary empirical literature reports that individual-level differences in psychology and biology map onto variation in political orientation. In our target article we argued that negativity bias can explain a surprisingly large share of these findings. The commentators generally support the negativity bias hypothesis but suggest theoretical and empirical revisions and refinements. In this response, we organize these proposals, suggestions, and criticisms into four thematic categories and assess their potential for furthering theories and empirical investigations of the bases for individual-variation in political ideology.

Topic: Social and Intergroup Psychology
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Meloidogyne mayaguensis Isolates from Florida.

The discovery of Meloidogyne mayaguensis is confirmed in Florida; this is the first report for the continental United States. Meloidogyne mayaguensis is a virulent species that can reproduce on host cultivars bred for nematode resistance. The perineal patterns of M. mayaguensis isolates from Florida show morphological variability and often are similar to M. incognita. Useful morphological characters for the separation of M. mayaguensis from M. incognita from Florida are the male stylet length values (smaller for M. mayaguensis than M. incognita) and J2 tail length values (greater for M. mayaguensis than M. incognita). Meloidogyne mayaguensis values for these characters overlap with those of M. arenaria and M. javanica from Florida. Enzyme analyses of Florida M. mayaguensis isolates show two major bands (VS1-S1 phenotype) of esterase activity, and one strong malate dehydrogenase band (Rm 1.4) plus two additional weak bands that migrated close together. Their detection requires larger amounts of homogenates from several females. Amplification of two separate regions of mitochondrial DNA resulted in products of a unique size. PCR primers embedded in the COII and 16S genes produced a product size of 705 bp, and amplification of the 63-bp repeat region resulted in a single product of 322 bp. Nucleotide sequence comparison of these mitochondrial products together with sequence from 18S rDNA and ITS1 from the nuclear genome were nearly identical with the corresponding regions from a M. mayaguensis isolate from Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, the type locality of the species. Meloidogyne mayaguensis reproduced on cotton, pepper, tobacco, and watermelon but not on peanut. Preliminary results indicate the M. mayaguensis isolates from Florida can reproduce on tomato containing the Mi gene. Molecular techniques for the identification of M. mayaguensis will be particularly useful in cases of M. mayaguensis populations mixed with M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica, which are the most economically important root-knot nematode species in Florida, and especially when low (<25) numbers of specimens of these species are recovered from the soil.

Topic: Nematode management and characterization studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences