jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Hydroxyproline concentrations in ocular tissues of Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius Linn.).

Hydroxyproline (Hyp) concentrations (total, free, peptide-bound and protein-bound) in camel eye tissues were determined. Total Hyp concentration was highest in iris, followed by ciliary body, sclera, cornea, lens and retina; the difference between total Hyp concentration of iris and sclera (P < 0.05) and cornea, lens and retina (P < 0.001) was statistically significant. Cornea had the highest concentration of free Hyp, followed by ciliary body, retina, iris, sclera and lens (P < 0.001). Peptide-bound Hyp concentration was highest in iris, followed by lens, cornea, ciliary body, retina and sclera (P < 0.001). Iris also had the highest concentration of protein-bound Hyp, followed by ciliary body, sclera, cornea, retina and lens; the difference in the protein-bound Hyp concentration between iris and sclera (P < 0.05) and cornea, retina and lens (P < 0.001) was statistically significant. Iris was also found to have the highest concentration of collagen, followed by ciliary body, sclera, cornea, lens and retina; the difference between the collagen concentration of iris and sclera (P < 0.05) and cornea, lens and retina (P < 0.001) was statistically significant. These variations may result from differences in the collagen structure and/or composition in these tissues.

Topic: Animal Diversity and Health Studies
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
ACAR Conductors-A Techno-Economic Evaluation

USE of aluminium for making electrical conductors is
now univeraslly well-established . Large quantities
of conductors will he required in India to sustain the rapid pace of electrification and industrialisation
and this demand has to be almost completely met by aluminium conductors owing to an acute shortage of cop-
per in the country . At present two principal types of conductors viz. AAC( All Aluminium Conductors) and 
ACSR ( Aluminium Conductors Steel Reinforced) are used 
for overhead transmission lines. The former make use of all strands of 99.5% purity EC grade aluminium metal, whereas in the latter a reinforcement with steel wires 
is provided to meet the strength requirements of longer spans . Both these types of conductors require EC grade aluminium strands for electrical conduction for which an acute shortage exists in the country and it is likely to persist in spite of the rapid and remarkable growth in
our aluminium manufacturing capacity .

Topic: Electrical Contact Performance and Analysis
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Simple Transfer-Function-Based Approach for Estimating Material Parameters From Terahertz Time-Domain Data

A novel parametrically efficient approach to estimating the spectra of short transient signals is proposed and evaluated, with an application to estimating material properties, including complex refractive index and absorption coefficient, in the terahertz frequency range. This technique includes uncertainty analysis of the obtained spectral estimates, allowing rigorous statistical comparison between samples. In the proposed approach, a simple few-parameter continuous-time transfer function model explains over 99.9% of the measured signal. The problem, normally solved using poorly numerically defined Fourier transform deconvolution methods, is reformulated and cast as a time-domain dynamic-system estimation problem, thus providing a true time-domain spectroscopy tool.

Topic: Terahertz technology and applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Induction of Skin Tanning by Subcutaneous Administration of a Potent Synthetic Melanotropin

-A significant parabolic curve of skin darkening activity was noted in subjects with skin type I or II (P less than .001) and with skin type III or IV (P much less than .001) who were given NDP. No darkening occurred in the subjects who were given a placebo. Peak changes were seen 1 to 3 weeks after therapy was completed. CONCLUSION--Human skin darkens as a response to a synthetic melanotropin given by subcutaneous injection. Skin tanning appears possible without potentially harmful exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Topic: Skin Protection and Aging
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Coercivity of ordered arrays of magnetic Co nanowires with controlled variable lengths

Ordered hexagonal arrays of Co nanowires were prepared using anodic aluminum oxide templates, varying the nanowire length in a controlled way. The measured coercivity values were shown to decrease with the increase in the nanowire aspect ratio, in contrast to the behavior expected from the shape anisotropy. The measurements were interpreted considering the change in the preferred crystalline structure, from fcc cubic to hcp hexagonal in small and high aspect ratio nanowires, respectively. The experimental evolution of coercivity with nanowires length is interpreted considering micromagnetic simulations taking into account the change in their crystalline structure.

Topic: Magnetic properties of thin films
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Conceptual Model of Green HRM Adoption Towards Sustainability in Hospitality Industry

This chapter seeks to provide a better understanding on the predictors of green human resource management which can result in improved environmental and financial performance across hospitality industry. The proposed model has been constructed from the perspective of external pressure (i.e., normative) and internal pressure (manager's environmental concerns) by using the Institutional Theory and Resource Based View Theory. The chapter examines the antecedents of sustainability in hospitality industry in terms of improved financial and environmental performance. It therefore expands the level of understanding on mechanisms which leads to corporation sustainability. While the chapter is written with a focus on hospitality industry, the proposed model is applicable to corporations across other sectors.

Topic: Environmental Sustainability in Business
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Health on the Net: Do Website Searches Return Reliable Health Information on Hemorrhoids and Their Treatment?

Objective: To analyze the quality of health information on the Internet on hemorrhoids across 5 Western languages and perform a comparative analysis of website sponsors. Summary of background data: Hemorrhoids are a common condition affecting the hemorrhoid cushions of the anal canal. Many treatment options are available. Information on the Internet on hemorrhoids is considered variable, but there is little data analysis to support this. The World Health Organization's Health On the Net (HON) accredits medical and health websites based on a code of conduct and publishes a toolbar that aids identification of such accredited websites. Methods: Using the Google search engine ( http://www.google.com , Google, Mountain View, California), searches were performed using 11 keywords related to hemorrhoids in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish. Health On the Net accreditation was determined to assess quality website information. The first 150 websites in each language had their adherence to the HON principles analyzed, and English websites were analyzed to determine sponsorship source. Results: Of the 8250 websites analysed, 586 (7.1%) were found to HON-accredited. The rate of HON accreditation ranged from 2.0% (piles) to 10.0% (hemorrhoids), with higher-ranking results having higher rates of HON accreditation ( P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: There is a paucity of high-quality information on the Internet; however, the Google search algorithm prioritizes high-quality information in its web search results.

Topic: Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Maximising outcomes with skin peels: products, preparation and procedures

Skin peels have been used for many years to address visible signs of ageing and treat common dermatological conditions. Nikki Zanna discusses the role of aesthetic practitioners in the delivery of these treatments, outlines tried and tested ingredients, and introduces some of the newer components being used in modern peels. She also looks at the growing popularity of blended peels

Topic: Skin Protection and Aging
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Colonial imagination on a postcolonial periphery

This chapter focuses on Azerbaijanis who have received their higher education in EU countries or the United States during the post-Soviet period or are currently studying in European and North American universities. The habit of Azerbaijani intellectuals to talk about Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis as objects in need of a degree of modernisation or Europeanisation has old roots. The idea of modernisation as Europeanisation is very much present among the Western-oriented nationalists of the post-Soviet period. The discourse analysis has focused on a significant corpus of narratives that represent the official policy of sending young Azerbaijanis abroad for studies and include biographical presentations of 'successful' Azerbaijani intellectuals who have studied abroad to the extent that they contain views on how and if the Azerbaijani state and society should be modernised. In the context Azerbaijan remained an integral part of backward East, despite its new status as an outpost of socialism in the East and a success story of Soviet anti-colonial policy.

Topic: Economic Sanctions and International Relations
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
THE GENERATION OF CODING SEQUENCES OF CELLULAR GENOME THROUGH COOPTION OF VIRAL GENES

This review attempts to summarize the available data concerning the influence of viruses on the generation of the cellular genome coding genes content. For a long time endogenous retroviruses have been considered as selfish elements of the organism genome. But now there is growing evidence that endogenous retroviruses are more than genome junk and can serve as source for new coding sequences allowing organism evolution. Many genes derived from retroviruses have been identified in eukaryote through comparative genomics and functional analyses. In particular, genes derived from gag structural protein and envelope (env) genes, as well as from the integrase-coding and protease-coding sequences, have been identified in humans and other vertebrates. It has been proved that a number of these genes fulfill essential functions for the development and survival of their host. One of the best known co-opted retroviral genes encoded syncytin plays a key role in the placenta development. It is interesting that during mammalian evolution retroviral envelope genes have been domesticated several times independently to generate syncytin. The activity-regulated cytoskeletal protein Arc is important for cognitive functions and memory formation. Arc was one of over 100 human proteins that have been ‘‘domesticated’’ from the retrotransposon remains of ancient viruses. A number of genes that code the transcription factors have emerged as a result of “taming” the viral genes by the host organism. Now growing evidence reveals that not only retroviruses but other RNA viruses are reverse-transcribed and integrated into the genome of infected cells. It has been recently demonstrated that all Homo sapiens bornavirus like nucleoproteins (EBLN) are expressed in at least one tissue and consequently may have function.The co-option of the viral sequences not only can lead to the major evolutionary innovations, but also is able to create interspecies polymorphism.What it has been described here is probably only the tip of the iceberg, and future genome analyses will certainly uncover new virus-derived genes.

Topic: Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Racial dignity framework: Advancing dignity-led thinking and practice in Australia

Abstract The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Charter recognizes that all human beings have ‘inherent dignity’; they are ‘born free and have equal and inalienable rights’ (Universal Declaration of Human Rights Charter, 1948). This article explores an important contradiction: the idea that all people possess equal, inherent dignity versus the reality that race, a social construct, creates categories that assign unequal worth to those who are racialized within colonial modernities. To grapple with this contradiction, this article introduces the concept of Racial Dignity, which demonstrates how race profoundly shapes who is afforded dignity as a given and who must struggle for it. The Racial Dignity Framework (RDF) functions as both a theoretical lens and a practical approach to analyse how racialized experiences of exclusion and (non)belonging impact a person’s sense of worth. Drawing from critical theories and, in particular, Jacobsen's conceptualization of bodily dignity, the RDF is operationalized through an examination of how dignity is fostered or undermined through micro-practices of i) humanization, ii) affirming everyday relational practices, iii) sociocultural experiences, and iv) self-determination.

Topic: Patient Dignity and Privacy
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An Overview of Cardio-Oncology, a New Frontier to Be Explored.

Advances in cancer treatments have led to an increasing number of cancer survivors, but also high rates of short- and long-term cardiovascular (CV) toxicities. The number of new cancer drugs is constantly increasing, and the uncertain CV toxicities of these drugs make long-term care and monitoring difficult. Moreover, traditional type I and type II cardiotoxicities may not be applicable to all of these agents. Multidisciplinary care with expertise in oncology, cardiology and other related specialties is required to mitigate cancer therapeutics-related cardiovascular dysfunction (CTRCD). The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the main CTRCD, risk assessment, early diagnosis, and strategies for the prevention and management of patients receiving cancer therapies. There are still unmet needs for cardio- oncology researchers with regards to early detection measures, better treatment strategies, better follow-up protocols, and better management of CTRCD. Experts in cardiology, oncology, hematology, and radio-oncology should thus work closely in an attempt to foster patient awareness and research in this field, as well as call for support from public and industrial sources to initiate pivotal clinical trials to solve these unmet needs.

Topic: Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and mitigation
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Histopathologic and Electron Microscopic Studies of the Effects of Solcoderm on Normal Epidermis and Superficial Cutaneous Tumors

Histologic and electron microscopic studies of Solcoderm-treated normal skin and human lesions were performed to help elucidate the mode of action of this new agent. Its fixative properties were readily demonstrated and generally proved to be adequate for histological diagnosis from the post-treatment scab. The degree of preservation of fine intra-cellular structures was particularly remarkable, since similar treatment with equivalent strengths of nitric acid alone destroys these substructures. Dermal lipids and collagen were found to be natural barriers against the penetration of Solcoderm applied to the skin surface. Mild mechanical disruption and the disturbed cellular continuity of pathologic tissue allows the solution to penetrate treated lesions more freely and enhances the likelihood of their complete destruction when an appropriate quantity of solution is properly delivered by an experienced therapist.

Topic: Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Osmotic dehydration technique for fruits preservation-A review

Fruits are important sources of vitamin and minerals. They are got rotten before the final consumption due to lack of preservation and storage facilities. Osmotic dehydration is an operation used for the partial removal of water from plant tissues by immersion in an osmotic solution. This is a useful technique to extend the shelf life and decrease the energy cost. It also helps to improve the sensorial, nutritional and organoleptic properties of foods. Along with freezing and deep fat frying make the better quality final product. It results in little bit loss of aroma in dried and semidried foods. Osmotic dehydration has become more popular in food processing industry.

Topic: Food Drying and Modeling
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Production of Indole Acetic Acid in Culture by a <i>Rhizobium</i> Species from the Root Nodules of a Monocotyledonous Tree, <i>Roystonea regia</i>

The study of the rhizobial root nodules of the monocotyledonous tree Roystonea regia revealed that the Rhizobium sp. isolated from the root nodules produced high amounts (45.6 μg/ml) of indole acetic acid (IAA) from L-tryptophan supplemented basal medium. The IAA production reached its optimum using 3 mg/ml of L-tryptophan. The preferred carbon and nitrogen sources were glucose and KNO 3 and the optimum concentrations 1% and 0.02%, respectively. FeSO 4 x 7 H 2 O was found to be the only metal ion that increased IAA production. An optimum IAA production was also achieved when the basal medium was supplemented with glucose (1%), FeSO 4 x 7 H 2 O (10 μg/ml), KNO 3 (0.02%) as well as EDTA (5 μg/ml) and L-tryptophan (3 mg/ml). The possible role of IAA production in the monocotyledonous tree-Rhizobium symbiosis is discussed. Hormone production is shown to be the beneficial aspect of this symbiosis as shown earlier in dicotyledonous plants.

Topic: Legume Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Trends and patterns of incidence of diffuse glioma in adults in the United States, 1973‐2014

Abstract Introduction The objective of the study was to identify trends in incidence of adult diffuse gliomas in the United States and evaluate the contribution of age, period, and cohort effects to the trends. Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 9 database, primary diffuse glioma patients (≥20 years old) diagnosed from 1973 to 2014 were identified. Incidence trends were analyzed using joinpoint regression and age‐period‐cohort modeling. Results Overall, the incidence for adult glioma decreased slowly from 1985 to 2014 (annual percent change [ APC ] = 0.5%, 95% confidence intervals [ CI ], 0.3%‐0.6%). In histology subtype‐stratified analysis, glioblastoma and nonglioblastoma exhibited opposite trends. The incidence for glioblastoma increased from 1978 to 2014 ( APC for year 1978‐1992 = 2.7%, 95% CI , 1.8%‐3.6%; APC for 1992‐2014 = 0.3%, 95% CI , 0%‐0.6%), while the incidence for nonglioblastoma decreased significantly from 1982 to 2014 ( APC = 2.2%, 95% CI , 2.0%‐2.5%). Age‐period‐cohort modeling revealed significant period and cohort effects, with the patterns for glioblastoma and nonglioblastoma distinctive from each other. Compared with adults born 1890s, those born 1920s had approximately 4‐fold the risk of glioblastoma after adjustment of age and period effects, while the risk of nonglioblastoma was reduced by half in individuals in the 1939 cohort as compared with those in the 1909 cohort. Conclusions The results support the hypothesis of etiological heterogeneity of diffuse gliomas by histology subtypes. The established risk factors cannot fully explain the distinct patterns by histology subtypes, which necessitate further epidemiological studies.

Topic: Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Volume Determinations in Computed Tomography

Modern computed tomographic (CT) scanners allow reasonably high-resolution cross-sectional visualization of most viscera and masses. To determine the accuracy of CT volume estimation, CT volumes of inanimate objects, cadaver kidneys and spleens, and in vivo balloons were performed. Regions of interest were outlined by a hand-operated cursor, and the computer program calculated the cross-sectional area in square millimeters and in pixels. A second computer program used Simpson's rule to calculate the volume from these multiple cross-sectional area. Calculated CT volumes were within +/-10% of directly measured volumes. Tumor masses being treated by chemotherapy were followed up clinically and by CT. Volume changes determined by CT are believed to be equal to and frequently more sensitive than clinical examination. From our experimental CT and clinical experiences, accuracy can be affected by (1) respiratory movement; (2) rapid changes in in vivo blood volume; (3) low CT number-gradient at the objects' periphery; (4) observer error in cursor tracing of the desired structure; and (5) mathematical errors inherent in Simpson's rule. We conclude that CT can estimate volumes of CT definable masses and can be useful in following tumor response to therapy.

Topic: MRI in cancer diagnosis
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Reproducibility and speed of landmarking process n cephalometric analysis using two input devices: mouse-driven cursor versus pen

To define if the new portable appliances, like smartphone, iPad, small laptop and tablet can be used in cephalometric tracing without dropping out the validity of any measurement. METHODS:We investigated and compared the reproducibility and the speed of landmarks identification process on lateral X-rays in two input devices: a mouse-driven cursor and a pen used as input means in mobile devices. One expert located 22 landmarks on 15 lateral X-rays in a repeated measure design two times, at time T1 and T2, after at least one month. The Intraclass Correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the reproducibility for each landmark tracing and the agreement between the value derived from both input devices. Also, the mean errors in measurements, the standard deviation and the Friedman Test significans (P < 0.05) between both input were statistically evaluated. RESULTS:All landmarks had a high agreement and the Friedman Test indicated statistically significant differences (P<0.05) for the identification of Na, Po, Pt, PNS, Ba, Pg, Gn, UIE, UIA, APOcc and PPOcc landmarks. CONCLUSIONS:Even if the mouse input give higher agreement for landmark tracing the differences are really minimal and they can be ignored in private practice. We suggest the adequacy of pen input in clinical setting.

Topic: Dental Radiography and Imaging
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
A Type-Driven Tensor-Based Semantics for CCG

This paper shows how the tensor-based semantic framework of Coecke et al. can be seamlessly integrated with Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG).The integration follows from the observation that tensors are linear maps, and hence can be manipulated using the combinators of CCG, including type-raising and composition.Given the existence of robust, wide-coverage CCG parsers, this opens up the possibility of a practical, type-driven compositional semantics based on distributional representations.

Topic: Natural Language Processing Techniques
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences