jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Genesis of high-sulfate geothermal water in the Namcha Barwa syntaxis, eastern Xizang

In the Namcha Barwa syntaxis of eastern, high-sulfate geothermal water is extensively developed, presenting significant potential for exploitation and utilization. However, the sources and formation mechanisms of these sulfates remain poorly understood. This study focused on the hot spring and borehole water in the Namcha Barwa syntaxis, aiming to identify the sources of ions in geothermal water. The study first examines the hydrochemical components, followed by comprehensive analyses of strontium, sulfate sulfur, and oxygen isotopes to determine the sources of sulfate in geothermal water In addition, this study investigated the water-rock equilibrium and temperature of deep thermal reservoirs and summarized the genesis of high-sulfate geothermal waters in the Namcha Barwa syntaxis. The geothermal water is characterized as weakly acidic to weakly alkaline-alkaline water, with total dissolved solids ranging from 130 mg/L to 3265 mg/L. The hydrochemical types include HCO3•SO4—Ca•Na, SO4—Ca, and SO4•HCO3—Ca•Na. Water chemistry and strontium isotope results indicate that the dissolution of silicate minerals in gneiss and sulfate in evaporites are key factors influencing the water chemistry components. The \begin{document}${}^{34}{\mathrm{S}}_{{\mathrm{SO}}_4} $\end{document}-\begin{document}${}^{18}{\mathrm{O}}_{{\mathrm{SO}}_4} $\end{document}isotopes suggest multiple \begin{document}${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $\end{document} sources, including atmospheric precipitation, soil sulfate, pyrite, and gypsum. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes reveal that the hot spring thermal water is recharged by atmospheric precipitation, with a recharge elevation of 2646 m to 3045 m. Calculations using the silica geothermometer and the silica enthalpy model estimate the deep reservoir temperatures to be approximately 232 °C to 275 °C, with shallow reservoir temperatures around 180 °C and a cold water mixing ratio of 74% to 82%. The study reveals that atmospheric precipitation in this area migrates into deep reservoirs along water-conducting pathways such as fault fracture zones or bedrock fissures. It leaches soil sulfate, metamorphic rocks, and localized salt layers along the way. Once heated at deep reservoirs, it flows upward and ultimately emerges as springs after mixing with infiltrating cold water near the surface. This study establishes a genesis model for high-sulfate geothermal water, providing a scientific basis for developing and utilizing geothermal resources in the Namcha Barwa syntaxis.

Topic: Island Studies and Pacific Affairs
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Advances in methodologies for quantifying protein–protein interactions in living cells

Abstract Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) occur in most cellular processes, and characterizing PPIs is essential for understanding biological function and regulation. One of the most important parameters is the dissociation constant ( K d ), which reflects the strength of PPIs. A range of in vitro methods, including isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), surface plasmon resonance, and single‐molecule fluorescence assays, have been developed to determine K d values under controlled conditions. However, the living cell environment differs markedly from dilute buffer systems due to macromolecular crowding, compartmentalization, and regulatory complexity, often leading to discrepancies between in vitro and in‐cell K d values. In mammalian cells, advances in fluorescence‐based techniques, including fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy‐FRET and fluorescence cross‐correlation spectroscopy, have enabled quantitative measurements of PPI affinity in living systems. In contrast, accurately measuring K d in bacterial cells has remained a challenge. Recently, in‐cell NMR and quantitative FRET approaches have been developed for measuring K d in bacterial cells. This review highlights the principles, capabilities, and limitations of representative in‐cell K d measurement techniques and provides guidance for selecting appropriate approaches to quantitatively characterize PPIs in physiologically relevant contexts.

Topic: Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Telescope interferometers: an alternative to classical wavefront sensors

Several types of Wavefront Sensors (WFS) are nowadays available in the field\nof Adaptive Optics (AO). Generally speaking, their basic principle consists in\nmeasuring slopes or curvatures of Wavefront Errors (WFE) transmitted by a\ntelescope, subsequently reconstructing WFEs digitally. Such process, however,\ndoes not seem to be well suited for evaluating co-phasing or piston errors of\nfuture large segmented telescopes in quasi real-time. This communication\npresents an original, recently proposed technique for direct WFE sensing. The\nprinciple of the device, which is named "Telescope-Interferometer" (TI), is\nbased on the addition of a reference optical arm into the telescope pupil\nplane. Then incident WFEs are deduced from Point Spread Function (PSF)\nmeasurements at the telescope focal plane. Herein are described two different\ntypes of TIs, and their performance are discussed in terms of intrinsic\nmeasurement accuracy and spatial resolution. Various error sources are studied\nby means of numerical simulations, among which photon noise sounds the most\ncritical. Those computations finally help to define the application range of\nthe TI method in an AO regime, including main and auxiliary telescope diameters\nand magnitude of the guide star. Some practical examples of optical\nconfigurations are also described and commented.\n

Topic: Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Issue of Nutrition in an Aging Society

Viewed from a global perspective, Japan is often considered a country where the progression towards a low birthrate and longevity has been prominent. In 2007, the ratio of the aged population reached 21.5%, propelling Japan into the classification of a super aging society. The long-term care insurance system in Japan was initiated in the year 2000, as a general long-term care service system for the whole society, covering the nutrition, medical care, and welfare fields. The goal of nutrition in an aged society is the extension of healthy life expectancy. The ratio of elderly citizens with malnutrition is high. Due to the loss of teeth, and a decrease in digestive and physical functions, there is often a decrease in appetite, and the inability to obtain enough nutrition for physical homeostasis is related to such conditions as frailty and the partial loss of physical functions due to sarcopenia, as well as a decrease in the quality of life (QOL). The elderly can easily fall into a state of protein and energy malnutrition (PEM), due to a variety of causes. Accordingly, it is important to adopt an appropriate approach that ensures a correct understanding of the causes of malnutrition and the special characteristics of malnutrition in the elderly.

Topic: Nutrition and Health in Aging
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A novel pharmacologic alternative to ganglionic blockade: cardiovascular responses to systemic terbutaline

The ganglionic blocker trimethaphan (TMP) is no longer produced; alternatives are needed to inhibit baroreflex control of the circulation during systemic hemodynamic studies. We tested the hypothesis that combination anti‐cholinergic glycopyrrolate (Gly) and α2 receptor agonist dexmedetomidine (Dex) would inhibit baroreflex buffering in response to vasodilation to a similar degree as ganglionic blockade with TMP. In 2 separate trials, 5 males received an I.V. bolus and infusion of Gly‐Dex, and 11 males received TMP infusion. To offset the fall in blood pressure with TMP, phenylephrine (PE) was used to raise pressure to pre‐TMP baseline. Terbutaline was then infused for 15 minutes at 2 doses (33 and 67 ng/kg/min). Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP, oscillometric cuff for Gly‐Dex, brachial arterial line for TMP+PE), and cardiac output (CO, acetylene breathing) were recorded. Resting HR was higher with Gly‐Dex (mean ± SEM: 93±7mmHg) than TMP+PE (74±3mmHg, p&lt;0.001) but resting BP, CO, stroke volume (SV), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were similar between Gly‐Dex and TMP+PE. The cardiovascular responses to terbutaline were similar between Gly‐Dex and TMP+PE, except for the increase in CO which was significantly greater in the TMP + PE group. We conclude that Gly‐Dex is a viable pharmacologic alternative to TMP in physiologic measures of BP and TPR during vasodilator infusions.

Topic: Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effects of hypercapnia on Breuer-Hering threshold for inspiratory termination

The effects of CO2 concentration on the timing of inspiratory duration (TI) and expiratory duration (TE) and the responses to lung inflation were studied in decerebrate paralyzed cats. With lung volume held at functional residual capacity during the breath cycle, hypercapnia (fractional concentration of inspired CO2 = 0.04) caused variable changes in TI and significant increases in TE. To obtain the Breuer-Hering threshold relationship [tidal volume (VT) vs. TI] and the timing relationship between TE and the preceding TI (TE vs. TI), ramp inflations of various sizes were used to terminate inspiration at different times in the breath cycle. Hypercapnia caused the VT vs. TI curves to shift in an upward direction so that at higher lung volumes TI was lengthened. Also, the slope of the TE vs. TI relationship was increased. The results suggest that hypercapnia diminished the sensitivity of the Breuer-Hering reflex to the lung volume, thus allowing volume to increase with little effect on TI. In addition, TE appears to become more sensitive to changes in the preceding TI. A model is presented which provides a possible neural mechanism for these responses.

Topic: Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Subfield: Endocrine and Autonomic Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Three-Dimensional Sparse SAR Imaging with Generalized Lq Regularization

Three-dimensional (3D) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging provides complete 3D spatial information, which has been used in environmental monitoring in recent years. Compared with matched filtering (MF) algorithms, the regularization technique can improve image quality. However, due to the substantial computational cost, the existing observation-matrix-based sparse imaging algorithm is difficult to apply to large-scene and 3D reconstructions. Therefore, in this paper, novel 3D sparse reconstruction algorithms with generalized Lq-regularization are proposed. First, we combine majorization–minimization (MM) and L1 regularization (MM-L1) to improve SAR image quality. Next, we combine MM and L1/2 regularization (MM-L1/2) to achieve high-quality 3D images. Then, we present the algorithm which combines MM and L0 regularization (MM-L0) to obtain 3D images. Finally, we present a generalized MM-Lq algorithm (GMM-Lq) for sparse SAR imaging problems with arbitrary q0≤q≤1 values. The proposed algorithm can improve the performance of 3D SAR images, compared with existing regularization techniques, and effectively reduce the amount of calculation needed. Additionally, the reconstructed complex image retains the phase information, which makes the reconstructed SAR image still suitable for interferometry applications. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the algorithms.

Topic: Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Use of multibeam bathymetry in the study of middle RN shelf morphology, NE Brazil

This paper presents the stages of acquisition and processing of multibeam bathymetry data of an area on the middle continental shelf adjacent to Diogo Lopes (RN), Potiguar Basin. Were acquired and processed 60 lines arranged parallel to the coast and distant 25 km from the coast, each with approximately 11 km long and spaced every 40 m, with a total area of 29 km <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The system used was a Reson echo sounder, model SeaBat 8124, operated at a frequency of 200 kHz. With the use of automatic and manual filters was possible many unwanted noise attenuation, making it thus possible the future interpretations of the shelf geomorphology.

Topic: Underwater Acoustics Research
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Separation of catalyst from Fischer-Tropsch slurry

In a catalytic process for converting synthesis gas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide to hydrocarbons and oxygenates by a slurry Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, the wax product along with dispersed catalyst is removed from the slurry and purified by removing substantially all of the catalyst prior to upgrading the wax and returning a portion to the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. Separation of the catalyst particles from the wax product is accomplished by dense gas and/or liquid extraction in which the organic compounds in the wax are dissolved and carried away from the insoluble inorganic catalyst particles that are primarily inorganic in nature. The purified catalyst free wax product can be subsequently upgraded by various methods such as hydrogenation, isomerization, hydrocracking, conversion to gasoline and other products over ZSM-5 aluminosilicate zeolite, etc. The catalyst particles are returned to the Fischer-Tropsch Reactor by slurring them with a wax fraction of appropriate molecular weight, boiling point and viscosity to avoid reactor gelation.

Topic: Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Automatic detection of Atrial Fibrillation

&lt;p&gt;Atrial Fibrillation is an abnormal arrhythmia of the heart and is a growingconcern in the health sector affecting 1% of the population. The incidenceof atrial fibrillation increases with age and has been found to be more detri-mental to long term cardiac health than previously thought. Sufferers arefive times more likely to experience a stroke than others. Often, atrial fib-rillation is asymptomatic and is frequently discovered only when a patient visits a hospital for other reasons. The detection of paroxysmal atrial fib-rillation can be difficult. Holter monitors are used to record the ECG overlong periods of time, but the resulting recording still needs to be analysed.This can be a time consuming task and one prone to errors. If a miniature,low-power, wearable device could be designed to detect and record whena heart experiences atrial fibrillation, then health professionals would havemore timely information to carry out better, more cost effective courses of treatment. This thesis presents progress towards development of such a device. Atrial fibrillation is characterised by random RR interval, missing Pwave and presence of atrial activity. The detection of the P wave and atrialactivity can be unreliable due to low signal levels and differences in wave-form morphology between subjects. The random RR interval appears tobe a more reliable method of detection. By analysing the ECG signal inboth the frequency and time domains, feature sets can be extracted for thedetection process. In this research, the Discrete Wavelet Transform is used to generate several sub-bands for analysing wave form morphology, and anumber of RR interval metrics are created for analysing the rhythm. All features are further processed and presented to a support vector machine classification stage for the ultimate detection of atrial fibrillation. Forty eight files from the MITDB database of the PhysioNet online ECG reposi-tory were downloaded and processed to form separate training and test-ing data sets. Overall classification accuracy for normal sinus rhythm was93% sensitivity and 95% specificity, and for atrial fibrillation, 95% sensitiv-ity and 93% specificity. These results were found to be sensitive to the ECG morphology of the individual subjects. This means that the system either needs to be trained on a greater number of ECG morphologies or perhaps trained on the morphology of the individual under investigation. Putting this issue aside, the research to date shows that it is reasonable to expect a small, low powered, wearable device, to be capable of automatically detecting whena heart experiences atrial fibrillation.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: ECG Monitoring and Analysis
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Research on deviation correction control of rapid tunneling robot based on vision measurement

Aiming at problems of insufficient positioning and control accuracy of tunneling robot in environment with high dust and low illumination of coal mine, a deviation correction control system of rapid tunneling robot based on vision measurement is designed. The explosion-proof camera installed on rapid tunneling robot is used to collect image of laser pointing instrument at the rear, and the collected image information is transmitted to explosion-proof computer through Ethernet. The explosion-proof computer is used to preprocess the image and then the pose of the rapid tunneling robot is calculated according to pose calculation model. The calculated pose information is compared with designed roadway axis information, and the pose deviation between the pose of the rapid tunneling robot and the roadway design axis is calculated. According to type and size of the pose deviation, different control strategies are adopted to calculate corrected control quantity and control instructions are output. The control command controls spool movement of solenoid proportional valve to control telescopic oil cylinder. According to the different expansion amount of the telescopic cylinder in each area, the pose of the rapid tunneling robot is adjusted to realize deviation correction control. The experimental results show that the average deviation of vision meosurement accuracy in X direction is 21.334 mm, that in Y direction is 34.154 mm, that of yaw angle is 0.493 ° and the error of deviation correction control in X direction is less than 30 mm, which meets requirements of actual working conditions.

Topic: Simulation and Modeling Applications
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Apolipoprotein E and human disease

The apolipoprotein (apo) E gene is located on chromosome 19 (Olaisen et al., 1982; Das et al., 1985), where it is closely linked to the genes for apoC-I, pseudo-apoC-I, apoC-II, and apoC-IV (Jackson et al., 1984; Lauer et al., 1988; Allan et al., 1995). The apoE gene is 3.7kb in length and contains four exons (Das et al., 1985; Paik et al., 1985) that code for an mRNA of 1163 nucleotides (McLeans et al., 1984; Zannis et al., 1984). The primary translation product of apoE mRNA comprises 317 amino acids, with 18 amino acids serving as a signal peptide at its amino terminus. Thus, the mature apoE is secreted as a 299-amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 34,200.

Topic: Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Trust bootstrapping services and service providers

Trust is an important factor for successful online communication. Trust has been used as a criterion for service selection. Most trust and reputation studies assume a system where trust and reputations already exist. However, it is important to initialize trust rates for new services, which have no rating history, the so-called trust bootstrapping process. Trust bootstrapping assists the requestors in their service selection decision. Trust bootstrapping is the initial step in trust building process. Trust bootstrapping is important for reliable interaction with services and service providers that are new to the system. This paper proposes an approach for trust bootstrapping services and service providers. The proposed solution follows the trust principles and addresses a number of trust challenges in the literature. Experiment study is conducted and the results are analysed.

Topic: Access Control and Trust
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Studies on the salts of planar metal dithiolate anions with the redox active 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium cation (methylene blue)

The preparation of two series of 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium (methylene blue, mb) salts with [M{S2C2(CN)2}2]2– and [M{S2C2(CN)2}2]–(M = Ni, Pd, Pt, or Cu) is described. Compressed pellets of all these compounds exhibit conductivities of less than 10–5Ω–1 cm–1 at room temperature. Single crystals of [mb][Pt{S2C2(CN)2}2] behave as semiconductors with an activation energy of 238 meV and a room-temperature conductivity of 10–5Ω–1 cm–1.

Topic: Organic and Molecular Conductors Research
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Statistical Errors, Faulty Conclusions, Misguided Policy: Reply to Weitzman

L'A. examine de facon critique les analyses formulees par L. J. Weitzmann concernant les consequences economiques du divorce aux Etats-Unis. Il reconnait avec Weitzmann que les femmes sont plus affectees, sur ce plan, que les hommes. Il estime toutefois que ses analyses statistiques sont erronees. Il affirme que la mise en place du divorce par consentement mutuel n'est en rien responsable des differences observees. Il met en garde contre l'exploitation politique des travaux de Weitzmann

Topic: Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Habitat characterization and decline of Critically Endangered Onobrychis conferta subsp. conferta

Rare endemic plant species are very susceptible to anthropogenic threats and natural changes, thereby facing a high risk of extinction. The Mediterranean Basin supports a rich flora with high percentages of endemic species. An iconic case of Mediterranean narrow endemic plant taxon is represented by Onobrychis conferta subsp. conferta (Desf.) Desv. (Fabaceae). Management of this species requires better information on its habitat requirements and population status. Field surveys and historical records were used to characterize the distribution of O. conferta in Tunisia. Habitats were characterized using topography, soils, climate, and land cover variables. Expeditions on ten previously reported sites revealed the presence of O. conferta in only one of the previous recorded localities and, for the first time, in two new localities. We recorded a sharp decreasing trend for the total number of plants per population in all locations over 6-year period. Our findings showed that the current status of O. conferta in Tunisia is Critically Endangered (CR). O. conferta faces an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Therefore, prompt comprehensive conservation actions are needed to ensure its survival. We propose a conservation and recovery recommendations including in situ and ex situ conservation actions. In situ actions are aimed at minimizing the effects of the identified threats and to create new populations of O. conferta in its characterized habitat. Ex situ actions include an environmental education campaign and seed preservation.

Topic: Mediterranean and Iberian flora and fauna
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences