jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The concept of gender violence within the spanish legal framework: critical evaluation and proposals of a holistic and comprehensive concept

<em>In this paper the concept of gender violence established in the Spanish Act 1/2004 on Measures of Integral Protection against Gender Violence is analysed, on the basis of the subsequent norms passed by the different autonomous regions, as well as the international conventions, such as the Convention of Istanbul. Over the years of its implementation, and due to the prominence given to its criminal provisions, a critical assessment of this normative framework is convenient to point out its insufficiencies. A fortiori, the international and regional standards of protection of victims of gender violence usually include broader definitions than the Spanish law, at the same time that these norms recognize the statute of victim to more other situations than those established by the Act 1/2004. From this analysis, a holistic and comprehensive concept of gender-based violence is proposed.</em>

Topic: Gender, Violence, Rights in Latin America
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Black Press Centering on Injustice (1938)

This is a content analysis of coverage by the Seattle Times, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, the Seattle Star (mainstream papers), and the Northwest Enterprise (NWE, a Black press weekly newspaper) of the 1938 Berry Lawson police brutality case in Seattle, Washington. This study proposed to answer three research questions: (1) How did each type of news organization, Eurocentric and Black, frame the Lawson case? (2) Are these frames the same for both types of papers? (3) If not, how do the papers frame the case differently? The NWE’s frame was Afrocentric. The mainstream papers’ frame was Eurocentric.

Topic: Race, History, and American Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Microscopic observation and mechanism discussion for the changes of mouse skin after interacted by intense pulse light

The technologies based on Differential Interference Contrast microscopy (DIC), Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM), Two Photon Emission Laser Scanning Microscopy (TPELSM) and Optical Coherent Tomography (OCT) were used to study the changes of mouse skin after irradiated by Intense Pulse Light (IPL). The experimental results were compared and analyzed by different microscopic observation tools. The relations of the epithelial or dermal interaction with IPL in different energy density were given, and the morphologic changes of mouse skin were observed before and after days irradiated respectively. The function of dermal collagen during the renovating of the tissue and the key factors were presented.

Topic: Glaucoma and retinal disorders
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Frequency response of feedback relay amplifiers

The frequency response of feedback relay amplifiers is analysed by the dual-input describing-function method. At low signal frequencies, the amplifier behaves like a saturating linear amplifier. This picture is modified at higher frequencies, owing to synchronous effects, and it is difficult to achieve satisfactory operation when the ratio of the input-signal frequency to the periodic excitation frequency is appreciable. To eliminate synchronous effects within the signal band, restrictions must be imposed on the forward linear-transfer function. The theory is compared with an experimental example.

Topic: Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Novel Drug Targets in Diastolic Heart Disease

Diastolic heart failure, also referred to as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), is a complex cardiovascular clinical syndrome that is a growing health burden worldwide. Patients present with high abnormal left ventricular filling pressures but normal ejection fraction that can progress to diastolic heart failure and death. The causes of diastolic dysfunction are varied, and pharmacotherapies are limited to managing the symptoms of the disease. At the level of the myocyte, cytoskeletal disarray and mitochondrial dysfunction are common features associated with diastolic disease. Understanding the mechanisms of abnormal diastolic filling pressures is necessary to identify novel treatments, which remains an area of significant unmet need. In this article, we discuss the mechanisms of maladaptive feedback contributing to increased extracellular stiffness, cytoskeletal disarray, and mitochondrial dysfunction in diastolic heart failure. Since the mechanisms are complex, understanding the contributing factors provides opportunities for the development of novel drug targets. These will be discussed and examined in the context of current therapy.

Topic: Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Elect Methodists: Calvinistic Methodism in England and Wales, 1735–1811. By David Ceri Jones, Boyd Stanley Schlenther, and Eryn Mant White. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2012. xvii + 307 pp. $90.00 cloth.

The Elect Methodists: Calvinistic Methodism in England and Wales, 1735–1811. By David Ceri Jones, Boyd Stanley Schlenther, and Eryn Mant White. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2012. xvii + 307 pp. $90.00 cloth. - Volume 82 Issue 4

Topic: Reformation and Early Modern Christianity
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
[Plastic surgery indications for the repair of nasal tip and nasal alae defects].

Analyze methods of reconstruction of non-transfixing and transfixing loss of substance of the nasal tip and nasal ala. We would like to share the attitude guiding our selecting of the different methods to rehabilitate this mobile and functional portion of the nose. We retrospectively studied 32 cases of defects of the tip and ala treated between 2007 and 2009. There were 26 basal cell carcinomas, 5 squamous cell carcinomas and 1 melanoma. The minimum postoperative follow-up was one year. For reconstruction we used local flaps: medial dorsal flap, bilobed flap, transverse island flap and regional flaps: fronto-glabellar flap, forehead flap, nasolabial flap. In this study we analyzed the aesthetic and functional result achieved at the nasal orifice. We also studied the histopathological reports regarding safety tissue margins, both in depth and peripherally. Most of the defects of the tip and the alae of less than 1 cm were repaired by local flaps; bilobed or transverse island flaps. For the median region, the Rintala mid-dorsal flap appears to give better results. Tissue losses greater than 1 cm often required the use of a fronto-glabellar flap that allowed delivery of more tissue with less scarring at the donor site. The nasolabial flap may have the disadvantage of removing the crease and sometimes a certain thickness at the arc of rotation, which might require further thinning at a later stage. For transfixing loss of substance, we must repair all the layers: skin, cartilage and mucosa. The forehead flap with respect to the principles of the aesthetic subunits of the nose is the flap of choice. We stress on the importance of ample resection with adequate safety margins peripherally and in depth.

Topic: Reconstructive Facial Surgery Techniques
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Critical examination of synonymy of social Vespidae of metropolitan France (Hymenoptera : Vespidae). – Part 1 (Polistinae).

The author analyzes the validity of the synonymies of the Polistinae taxa recorded in metropolitan France. The following taxa are considered as nomina dubia : Vespa bimaculata Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785 ; Vespa nimpha Christ, 1791 ; Polistes italica Herrich-Schäffer, 1841 ; Polistes pectoralis « Meg. » Herrich-Schäffer, 1841 ; Polistes gallica var. lefebvrei Guérin-Méneville, 1844 ; Polistes maculatus (Derv.) Rudow, 1889 ; Polistes gallicus var. rufescens Buysson, 1912 ; Polistes gallica pacifica Weyrauch, 1939. Polistes opinabilis Kohl, 1898 turns out to be the earliest available name for Polistes nimpha auctorum. A catalog of the synonymies of the different species of the subgenus Polistes is provided.

Topic: Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Association between biometric characteristics of tomato seeds and seedling growth and development

Background: The size and weight of tomato seeds depend on genetics and can be modified by environment and management. In some species, a strong relation has been described between physical aspects of the seeds and the quality of the corresponding seedlings, but this cannot be considered a general rule. The objective of this research was to identify any association between the biometric characteristics of tomato seeds and the growth and development of their seedlings. Results: A total of 18 lots of hybrid tomato seeds were used (from indeterminate plants with round fruits), belonging to six varieties from two reproduction seasons. Each lot was evaluated for seed size and weight, and seed quality, in terms of the germination test (5 and 14 d after sowing). The number of normal roots emerged with a length above 2 mm was also evaluated at d 3, 4 and 5 after sowing. The length of the seedlings and their total and partial dry weight were measured 5 d after sowing. The results indicate that there was no association between seed size and weight and subsequent seedling emergence, and only weak correlations were found between the dry weight of the radicle and cotyledon and seed size. Conclusion: There is little association between the physical characteristics of the seeds and the subsequent seedlings, making it impossible to propose the use of seed weight or size as a compliment to quality evaluation tests.

Topic: Seed Germination and Physiology
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
First record of nine Fusarium spp. causing root rot on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Iraq

Nine Fusarium species have been isolated from wheat roots displaying disease symptoms on seven wheat cultivars planted in 13 fields distributed on six districts at Basra province. Each Fusarium species with different isolates had been morphologically identified to genus level and molecularly to species level by using translation elongation factor 1- α (tef1- α) sequencing. Results of pathogenicity test showed that the effects of the majority of nine tested Fusarium species were significant (P ≤ 0.05 to P ≤ 0.01) for causing Fusarium root rot (FRR). F. pseudograminearum had the highest level of FRR disease severity (72.1%), while F. nygamai was the lowest (16.11%) on Research 22 (Res. 22) cultivar. Analysis of seed and seedling tests of Res. 22 cultivar showed that the interaction between Fusarium spp. and seed germination was not significant (P>0.05), except F. pseudograminearum, F. culmorum and F. cerealis that had significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect with (40, 43 and 47) % respectively. While, the interaction between Fusarium spp. and seedling survival was significant (P ≤ 0.05 to P ≤ 0.01) for most measurements taken, except F. chlamydosporum had no effect on development of surviving plants. The results of this study indicate that this is the first study identifying FRR on wheat plants in Iraq.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Modern Trends in Socio-Economic Development of Arabian Countries

The article is devoted to analysis of the present economic situation and peculiarity of Arabian countries during the second half of the 1990 and the beginning of the XIX-th century. The authors showed weary important role of inter-arab cooperation in achievement of socio-economic development in Arab countries. This research is needed for developing a practice of economic integration not only in Arab society, but in other regions too.

Topic: Islamic Finance and Banking Studies
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
WDM-Gridconnect as a transport structure

This letter describes an approach to the realization of an optically transparent transport network structure called Gridconnect. The proposal is based on the use of multifiber cables and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to achieve full connectivity simultaneously between all nodes of the network. The structure is an extension of the WDM-Crossconnect solution with star topology to an arrangement with grid topology that has a Crossconnect as a basic structure at each node.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Advanced Optical Network Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Risk Adjustment of Required Rate of Return for Supply Chain Infrastructure Investments

Abstract The purpose of this article is to apply a risk-adjusted required rate of return to evaluate supply chain capital investments. As part of the design methodology, a computer simulation provides expected cash flows resulting from alternative supply chain investments. These cash flows are discounted at a risk-adjusted required rate of return. The analysis represents a process to measure the risk inherent in supply chain investments. The logistics and supply chain literature has not addressed this problem of the risk inherent in a specific supply chain project. A corporate-wide hurdle rate applied to usually conservative supply chain investments may result in less than adequate investments in supply chain infrastructure. Prior studies have determined risk-adjusted required rate of return for the entire firm, an enterprise's entire supply chain network, but not an individual project within the supply chain. This study calculates a required rate of return for a specific supply chain investment project using a discrete simulation model rather than the more common mathematical model. Individual supply chain investment projects may have less risk or possibly more risk than reflected by a corporate hurdle rate or a supply chain hurdle rate. Using a standard required rate of return could result in too little or too much investment in supply chain facilities. In this study, when the risk-adjusted rate was employed to discount expected cash flows, only two of eleven alternatives evaluated were acceptable investments. The best investment with the highest return was a 12 percent increase in ship loading rate combined with a 33 percent increase in rail unloading capacity. It provided a benefit-cost ratio of 1.25. The limited availability of publicly traded firms that invest in supply chain projects represents a constraint, limiting the accuracy of estimating the market risk factor. Nevertheless, the practical implication is that, when making supply chain infrastructure investment decisions, it is advisable to adjust risk factors in evaluating such capital investments. This approach is preferable to using a corporate-wide hurdle rate, typically too high for such conservative investments. A firm-wide hurdle rate might result in under investment in supply chain facilities.

Topic: Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Determination of the cause of off-flavors in milk by dynamic headspace GC/MS and multivariate data analysis

Abstract Milk is susceptible to off-flavor development by a variety of mechanisms. Multivariate analysis of GC data can be used to determine the cause of off-flavor development in customer complaint milk samples. Control samples of normal, good-tasting milk were analyzed by dynamic headspace GC/MS and a GC/FID technique that measures free fatty acids. The samples were then subjected to common abuse conditions (exposure to light, copper, and sanitizer) at various levels and re-analyzed. The abused samples provided the basis for KNN and SIMCA classification modeling. Results show that multivariate analysis can accurately predict the type of sample abuse responsible for off-flavors.

Topic: Meat and Animal Product Quality
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Detection of Salmonella in Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) During Two Relocation Efforts in Florida

Abstract Two separate populations of threatened gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) in Florida were found to carry Salmonella spp. during relocation efforts from Orange and St. Johns Counties to Walton County. The potentially zoonotic bacteria were detected using cloacal swabs for culture and PCR analysis. Although there was a difference in the amount of perceived clinical stress undergone in each group, the percentage of tortoises shedding Salmonella was not statistically significant between the cohorts (9% and 11%). All isolates underwent antibiotic sensitivity testing and were susceptible to 10 antibiotic compounds.

Topic: Turtle Biology and Conservation
Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Data from EGFR Nuclear Translocation Modulates DNA Repair following Cisplatin and Ionizing Radiation Treatment

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression is associated with resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It modulates DNA repair after radiation-induced damage through association with the catalytic subunit of DNA protein kinase (DNA-PKcs). We investigated the role of EGFR nuclear import and its association with DNA-PKcs on DNA repair after exposure to cisplatin or ionizing radiation (IR). The model system was based on EGFR-null murine NIH3T3 fibroblasts in which EGFR expression was restored with isoforms that were wild-type (wt), derived from human cancers (L858R, EGFRvIII), or mutated in the nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence. In cells expressing wtEGFR or EGFRvIII, there was complete unhooking of cisplatin-induced interstrand cross-links and repair of IR-induced strand breaks. In contrast, cells expressing L858R or NLS mutations showed reduced unhooking of interstrand cross-links and repair of strand breaks. Immunoprecipitation showed wtEGFR and EGFRvIII binding to DNA-PKcs, increasing 2-fold 18 hours after cisplatin therapy. Confocal microscopy and proximity ligation assay showed that this interaction in the cytoplasm and nucleus was associated with increased DNA protein kinase complex (DNA-PK) activity. Cells expressing the EGFR L858R mutation, which has constitutive kinase activity, exhibited reduced DNA repair without nuclear localization. EGFR-NLS mutants showed impaired nuclear localization and DNA-PKcs association with reduced DNA repair and DNA-PK kinase activity. In summary, EGFR nuclear localization was required for modulation of cisplatin and IR-induced repair of DNA damage. EGFR–DNA-PKcs binding was induced by cisplatin or IR but not by EGFR nuclear translocation &lt;i&gt;per se&lt;/i&gt;. Our findings show that EGFR subcellular distribution can modulate DNA repair kinetics, with implications for design of EGFR-targeted combinational therapies. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Res; 71(3); 1103–14. ©2011 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Cancer therapeutics and mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Innovative Therapies: A Major Breakthrough in Combating Multi-Drugresistant Bacterial Infections Using Mixture Design and Multi-Objective Optimization with NSGA-II Algorithm

Introduction/Objective: The increasing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics poses a major public health challenge. This study aims to develop an innovative approach to combat this resistance by exploring synergies between standard antibiotics and marine metabolites. Methods: The methodology combines disk diffusion testing and mixture design to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the combinations. Results: The results demonstrate promising synergies between carotenoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids with standard antibiotics, offering potential targeted use in the fight against clinical multidrug-resistant bacteria. Specifically, Gram-negative bacteria (BGN) showed increased resistance to antibiotics such as amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC), ceftazidime, cefotaxime, tetracycline, and cefazolin. These antibiotics, when combined with marine compounds, exhibited substantial inhibitory effects against specific isolates, circumventing antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Similarly, substantial synergies were observed in Gram-positive bacteria. Leveraging advanced algorithms such as multi-objective optimization, notably the NSGA-II algorithm, we accurately predicted minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against clinically resistant bacterial isolates. Optimal conditions against Escherichia coli, characterized by carotenoids = 0.6335, total polyphenols = 0, indole alkaloids = 0.1723, and AMC = 0.1941, yielded a predicted MIC of 41.1126 mg/L, closely mirroring the experimental MIC of 41.66 ± 0.18 mg/L. Similarly, for Staphylococcus aureus, optimal conditions produced a predicted MIC of 30.8304 mg/L, closely aligning with the experimental MIC of 30.69 ± 1.80 mg/L. Conclusion: The consistent and reliable predictions for bacterial strains affirmed the robustness of the applied methodology. These results not only pave the way for further exploration but also offer valuable insights for optimizing pharmaceutical and medical interventions, presenting innovative avenues for combating antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.

Topic: Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Study on the Dividend Policy of Private Commercial Banks in Bangladesh

The paper attempts to study dividend policy and size of all 30 Dhaka Stock Exchange listed private commercial banks in Bangladesh during January 2006 - December 2013. Annual total assets of bank is employed as measurement of its size. Statistical analyses, applying tools as correlation and regression, indicate a negative correlation between size of commercial banks and their respective dividend policy in 2006 and 2007, but it turns positive from 2008 onwards. The paper, however, shows that dividend policy changes in banks cannot be adequately explained by variations in their respective size over the period of study. The size of a private commercial bank, therefore, may not be a prime indicator of its dividend policy in the capital market of Bangladesh.

Topic: Banking stability, regulation, efficiency
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences