jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Genetic algorithm-based optimization of fuzzy logic controller using characteristic parameters

A novel optimization algorithm of fuzzy logic controller (FLC) using genetic algorithms (GAs) is proposed. To characterize the major design parameters of an FLC, characteristic parameters are defined which can greatly simplify the design procedure of the FLC. The characteristic parameters are encoded into a chromosome presented as an integer string. The chromosomes are then optimized by maximizing the evaluated fitness through genetic operations, and as a result, the optimized FLC can be obtained. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been verified through a series of simulations for a water level control system.

Topic: Fuzzy Logic and Control Systems
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Appropriate therapy for fistulizing and fibrostenotic Crohn's disease: results of a multidisciplinary international expert panel (EPACT II)

Introduction Many therapeutic decisions in the management of fistulizing and fibrostenotic Crohn's disease (CD) have to be taken without the benefit of strong scientific evidence. For this reason, explicit appropriateness criteria for CD fistula and stenosis treatment were developed by a multidisciplinary European expert panel in 2004 with the aim of making them easily available on the Internet and thus allowing individual case scenario evaluation; these criteria were updated in 2007. Methods Twelve international experts convened in Geneva, Switzerland in December 2007. Explicit clinical scenarios, corresponding to real daily practice, were rated on a 9-point scale based on evidence from the published literature and panelists' own expertise. Median ratings were stratified into three categories: appropriate (7-9), uncertain (4-6) and inappropriate (1-3). Results Overall, panelists rated 60 indications pertaining to fistulas. Antibiotics, azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine and conservative surgery are the mainstay of therapy for simple and complex fistulas. In the event of previous failure of azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine therapy, methotrexate and infliximab were considered appropriate for complex fistulas. The panel also rated 72 indications related to the management of fibrostenotic CD. The experts considered balloon dilation, if the stricture was endoscopically accessible, stricturoplasty and bowel resection to be appropriate for small bowel fibrostenotic Crohn's disease, and balloon dilation and bowel resection appropriate for fibrostenotic colonic disease. In the presence of an ileocolonic or ileorectal anastomotic stricture of &lt;7 cm, endoscopic balloon dilation, and bowel resection were considered appropriate. Conclusion Antibiotics, azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine, and conservative surgery are the mainstay of therapy for fistulizing Crohn's disease. Infliximab is a therapeutic option in patients without prior response to immunosuppressant therapy. In fibrostenotic Crohn's disease, endoscopic balloon dilation, if feasible, or surgical therapy should be considered. These expert recommendations are available online (www.epact.ch). Prospective evaluation is now needed to test the validity of these appropriateness criteria in clinical practice.

Topic: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Feminism and the Victorian Novel in the 1970s

This chapter contains section titled: Extract from Elaine Showalter, A Literature of their Own: British Women Novelists from Brontë to Lessing (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977), 19–32. Extract from Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-century Literary Imagination (New Haven, Conn, and London: Yale University Press, 1979), 356–62.

Topic: Feminism, Gender, and Social Issues
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Measuring Total Filtration Efficiency of Surgical and Community Face Masks: Impact of Mask Design Features

Surgical and community face masks are used worldwide to reduce the transmission of respiratory infections in indoor environments. Performance parameters for these loose-fitting devices are mainly focused on material filtering efficiency, while, differently from face respirators, there are no standard methods for measuring the fraction of air leaking at the face seal. This study quantifies the total filtration efficiency (TFE), a parameter based both on filter efficiency and air leakage, of 50 face mask models with the aim of understanding the role of several mask design features on TFE performance. An instrumented head form equipped with sensors for measuring volumetric airflow and differential pressure was used to simulate the air exhalation from the mouth of a person wearing a face mask. A response surface method (RSM) was used to model the TFE experimental data. Results showed that TFE values ranged over a wide interval (from 5% to 73%), with better values at higher flow rates. A significant positive correlation was found between TFE and filter breathability. The presence of a nosepiece (NP) showed to increase the TFE on average from 4% to 6%, according to the flow rate. Significant improvements were associated only to nosepieces incorporating a metallic wire. The RSM model evidenced that the increase in the number of the filter layers and the use of a meltblown layer result in higher TFE only when a nosepiece is in place. Differently, the benefit of the nosepiece is less marked for masks made of highly breathable filters. To improve overall mask performance, the design of loose-fitting face masks should carefully compromise between breathability and filtration efficiency of the filter materials. The addition of a metallic nosepiece helps improving the TFE by limiting the air leaking at the face seal.

Topic: Infection Control and Ventilation
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ACCURATE ESTIMATION OF ORIENTATION PARAMETERS OF UAV IMAGES THROUGH IMAGE REGISTRATION WITH AERIAL OBLIQUE IMAGERY

Abstract. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have gained popularity in acquiring geotagged, low cost and high resolution images. However, the images acquired by UAV-borne cameras often have poor georeferencing information, because of the low quality on-board Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver. In addition, lightweight UAVs have a limited payload capacity to host a high quality on-board Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Thus, orientation parameters of images acquired by UAV-borne cameras may not be very accurate. Poorly georeferenced UAV images can be correctly oriented using accurately oriented airborne images capturing a similar scene by finding correspondences between the images. This is not a trivial task considering the image pairs have huge variations in scale, perspective and illumination conditions. This paper presents a procedure to successfully register UAV and aerial oblique imagery. The proposed procedure implements the use of the AKAZE interest operator for feature extraction in both images. Brute force is implemented to find putative correspondences and later on Lowe’s ratio test (Lowe, 2004) is used to discard a significant number of wrong matches. In order to filter out the remaining mismatches, the putative correspondences are used in the computation of multiple homographies, which aid in the reduction of outliers significantly. In order to increase the number and improve the quality of correspondences, the impact of pre-processing the images using the Wallis filter (Wallis, 1974) is investigated. This paper presents the test results of different scenarios and the respective accuracies compared to a manual registration of the finally computed fundamental and essential matrices that encode the orientation parameters of the UAV images with respect to the aerial images.

Topic: Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Market Abuse Regulation in South Africa, the United States of America and the United Kingdom

This book provides a concise comparison of the regulation and enforcement of the anti-market abuse laws (insider trading and market manipulation) in South Africa, the United States of America (USA) and United Kingdom (UK). Bringing together a number of previously published articles, the book provides a novel discussion of the challenges associated with the enforcement of market abuse laws in both developing countries such as South Africa and developed ones such as the USA and the UK. This is primarily done to examine and expose the current strengths and weaknesses of market abuse laws in relation to certain aspects of the corporate, securities and financial markets environments in South Africa, the USA and the UK. Accordingly, chapters two to five of the book unpack the regulation and enforcement of market abuse laws in South Africa and the USA in a comparative perspective. Thereafter, chapters six to eight of the book discuss the regulation and enforcement of market abuse laws (Financial Markets Act 19 of 2012) and other related statutes in South Africa and the UK. The book proposes some measures that could be utilised to enhance the enforcement of anti-market laws in South Africa, USA and the UK. New market abuse-related challenges that occurred during the global financial crisis are also briefly discussed. The book further provides a relatively adequate overview of the comparative analysis of the regulation of market abuse in South Africa versus two key developed and respected jurisdictions, namely, the USA and the UK. Accordingly, it is hoped that the book can aid regulatory authorities, financial market participants, academics, students and other interested readers to understand market abuse offences and possible measures that could be employed to combat such offences.

Topic: Securities Regulation and Market Practices
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
mGlu<sub>5</sub>negative allosteric modulators: a patent review (2013 - 2016)

The pursuit of small molecule mGlu<sub>5</sub> NAMs as treatments for a variety of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders has developed into a mature field. In addition to extensive preclinical studies, multiple compounds have advanced into clinical trials with the most advanced studies occurring in patients with FXS, PD-LID, and MDD. Areas covered: This review begins with an update of the clinical activity with mGlu<sub>5</sub> NAMs, and then moves into a summary of patent applications filed since 2013. The summaries are organized into three separate sections: (1) inventions centered on improvements to existing clinical compounds; (2) new small molecules that maintain the prototypical disubstituted alkyne chemotype found in many mGlu<sub>5</sub> NAM compounds; and (3) new small molecules that are not from a disubstituted alkyne chemotype. Expert opinion: It is a critical moment for mGlu<sub>5</sub> NAM research as recent reports from clinical trials have included some significant disappointments that have blunted prior optimism. Still, research in this area remains active, and recent years have added several more attractive small molecules to this field. There is now an arsenal of diverse chemotypes available to continue to probe this target in the hopes that a drug may yet emerge.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Microbial Synthesis of Sliver Nanoparticles by Penicillium digitatum FCMR-728 and their Bionanocatalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol and Antibacterial Activity

The development of a protocol for biosynthesizing nanomaterial in an eco-friendly manner is a major concern in the field of microbial nanotechnology. In this study, microbial synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with a high level of bionanocatalytic activity was accomplished utilizing cell extracts of Penicillium digitatum FCMR-728 as the agents for reducing, capping and stabilizing. The presence of AgNPs was confirmed by an indication of a surface plasm on resonance band via UV–vis spectrum at 550 nm. Evidence of fairly uniformly spherical AgNPs being synthesized was shown by transmission electron microscopy images. The sizes of the nanoparticles increased with reaction time by an average of 5 nm to 30 nm. The formation of nanocrystalline silver particles was verified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The presence of functional groups on the surface of biosynthesized AgNPs, such as C=O, O―H, N―H, C―O―C C―H and C―OH, which play role in the AgNPs stability, was shown by Fourier transform infrared spectra. Biogenic AgNPs were utilized as bionanocatalysts for nanoreduction of 4-nitrophenol compound, where the linear correlation with AgNPs concentration of the reaction rate constant led to the rate increasing from 0.61 /min to 1.63 /min, via the AgNPs amounts increasing from 1.53×10–6 to 17.58×10–6 mM. The synthesized AgNPs also showed a very high degree (4.04×105/min/M) of normalized bionanocatalytic activity. This was significantly higher than the same activity for AgNPs that were synthesized by other traditional of chemical and biological methods. Moreover, the high toxicity of biosynthesized AgNPs against human pathogenic bacteria raises the potential for efficiently applying AgNPs as antibacterial agents.

Topic: Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
2007 APSA Teaching and Learning Conference Track Summaries (Track Ten: Civic Engagement II).

Citation only. Full-text article is available only through licensed access provided by the publisher. Published in PS: Political Science &amp; Politics, 40 , 584-586. doi:10.1017/S1049096507070990

Topic: Diverse Educational Innovations Studies
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The significance of the living customary law for an understanding of law : does custom allow for a woman to be Hosi?

This may seem a strange title for a note on the Shilubana case. Why? Because ultimately, the argument of the National Movement of Rural Women - an invited amicus for the case - that the living customary law does not develop in the sense that Anglo-American lawyers are used to understanding the word was not determinative of the outcome of the case. However, as we will see, I defend the Rural Women's notion of the customary law and the significance it has for the understanding of both the role of custom in law and the place of the past in living customary law.

Topic: Law in Society and Culture
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Review of Motors for Electrical Vehicles

The need for clean energy and removal of toxic emission from internal combustion engines have led researchers and engineers into exploring and developing new drive systems. The development of hybrid cars has greatly reduced the emission level of vehicles. However, this is not enough. The purely electrical vehicles are 100% clean in service and as such their deployment is of great importance. Therefore, these vehicles replace the internal combustion engine in conventional cars and automobiles with electric motors. Hence, the need for the motor drive in an electric vehicle that is highly efficient with low weight, high power density and cheaply available in the market. In this paper, a review of different electric motors with respect to their design simplicity, cost, ruggedness and efficiency is presented. Finally, the brushless DC motor is proven to be an efficient and most suitable candidate for propulsion drive in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. However, its control is insufficient. A conceptual method to improve its control is also presented.

Topic: Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Simulation Studies of Internal Waves in SAR Images Under Different SAR and Wind Field Conditions

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a major sensor to study internal waves (IWs). In this paper, we numerically simulate IWs in SAR images to investigate the optimal observation conditions of the IWs. In the simulation process, two SAR parameters are considered simultaneously, and different wind fields are also taken into account. Several SAR images from previous experiments (e.g., Surveillance Satellite Project, Synthetic Aperture Radar Internal Wave Signature Experiment, etc.) are referred to validate some of our simulation results. The optimal observation conditions are explored to provide useful guidance to observation and inversion of IWs in SAR images.

Topic: Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Nonuremic Calciphylaxis Secondary to Decompensated Alcoholic Liver Disease with Subsequent Renal Failure

Calciphylaxis is rare condition associated with chronic end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, it has known non-uremic etiologies including hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, and alcoholic liver disease, though these are only documented in less than 15 cases. A 39-year-old male with alcoholic liver cirrhosis was transferred to our institution with bilateral groin and thigh skin ulcerations that persisted despite antibiotics for cellulitis. The concern was for a rapidly progressive, toxic dermatologic syndrome requiring tertiary level care. Upon arrival he was disoriented, tachypneic, and unable to compensate for worsening metabolic acidosis. He was emergently intubated and further tests revealed a creatinine of 5.5mg/dL (from 0.6mg/dL 2 months prior), an elevated bilirubin to 3.9mg/dL, AST/ALT of 50/19 IU/L, and INR of 2.29. CT head was unremarkable. Lactulose was started for hepatic encephalopathy. Dermatology was consulted for a skin biopsy and indicated a high suspicion for calciphylaxis. Empirically a chelating agent, sodium thiosulfate, was started. Midodrine, octreotide and albumin were also began for possible hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). He subsequently became anuric and received continuous renal replacement therapy. His MELD score was 34-40. The hospital course also featured disseminated intravascular coagulation and an acute portal vein thrombosis. He was eventually stabilized and transferred to a liver transplant center.Figure 1Calciphylaxis is typically associated with ESRD. Early diagnosis is paramount in this usually fatal disease. Only 20% of patients who suffer from non-uremic calciphylaxis are believed to have alcoholic liver disease as a cause. Proposed risk factors are decreased protein C and S levels and repeated albumin infusions. Interestingly, our patient developed the further complication of kidney injury from some combination of the calciphylaxis and HRS. While originally believed that calciphylaxis triggered vessel calcifications created endothelial dysfunction related pathology, hypercoagulability is becoming more widely recognized as problematic in non-uremic calciphylaxis. Our patient also developed disseminated intravascular coagulation and portal vein thrombosis, neither of which has been documented in the literature in the setting of calciphylaxis. As our patient demonstrates, in patients with underlying liver disease, coupled with the calcification depositions inherent in calciphylaxis, thrombotic complications must be anticipated.

Topic: Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Estimating pediatric general anesthesia exposure: Quantifying duration and risk

Summary Introduction Understanding the duration of pediatric general anesthesia exposure in contemporary practice is important for identifying groups at risk for long general anesthesia exposures and designing trials examining associations between general anesthesia exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort analysis to estimate pediatric general anesthesia exposure duration during 2010‐2015 using the National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry. Results A total of 1 548 021 pediatric general anesthetics were included. Median general anesthesia duration was 57 minutes (IQR: 28‐86) with 90th percentile 145 minutes. Children aged &lt;1 year had the longest median exposure duration (79 minutes, IQR: 39‐119) with 90th percentile 210 minutes, and 13.7% of this very young cohort was exposed for &gt;3 hours. High ASA physical status and care at a university hospital were associated with longer exposure times. Conclusion While the vast majority (94%) of children undergoing general anesthesia are exposed for &lt;3 hours, certain groups may be at increased risk for longer exposures. These findings may help guide the design of future trials aimed at understanding neurodevelopmental impact of prolonged exposure in these high‐risk groups.

Topic: Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research
Subfield: Developmental Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Review of social–cognitive problem-solving interventions with children.

This article critically reviews training studies of interpersonal problem solving, family problem solving, verbally mediated self-control applied to social behavior, and social perspective taking with children. Treatment procedures are described, and the outcome data are examined. Although some encouraging results have been reported, the need for assessments of behavioral adjustment, for better control group procedures, and for more long-term follow-up reports are particularly noted. The discussion also considers the need to examine specific deficits in social-cognit ive abilities, the similarities across different training programs, and the need for analysis of the active treatment ingredients in multifaceted training programs. Although it seems reasonable to assert that a child's positive mental health is related to the way he or she resolves the social/interpersonal problems that arise in day-to-day living, there has been surprisingly little systematic research into the processes concerning how children think when confronted with personal and interpersonal problems. Until recently, research into human problem-solv

Topic: Problem Solving Skills Development
Subfield: Speech and Hearing
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences