jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Nutrient Management for Organic Farming: A Case Study

ABSTRACT There is increasing interest from farmers and consumers in food grown without the use of synthetic pesticides and inorganic fertilizers. This case highlights the history of one farmer in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina who has grown vegetables for 12 yr using only composted turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) litter for a nutrient source. Since he began production, the concentration of several plant nutrients has increased as much as fivefold in the soil. Although there were no apparent problems with the soil, the certification board that oversees his production practices questioned this rapid change in nutrient status and the implications for the future. In presenting this case, students were shown a video recording of the farmer discussing his operations and his concerns for the future. The students were then asked to make practical management recommendations to deal with the current trends of nutrient accumulation, to determine the conditions where excessively high nutrient concentrations may become a problem, and to construct a whole‐farm nutrient budget that considers the initial sources of nutrients entering the farm and their ultimate fate. A follow‐up session allowed the students to discuss their ideas and critique each other using the available information.

Topic: Diverse Educational Innovations Studies
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Obstacles for Security Cooperation in North America

The literature on International Relations has largely considered North America as a region formed by Canada and the United States, in spite of the fact that from the geographical perspective Mexico is also part of the region. The acknowledgement of Mexico as part of North America is derived from the implementation of NAFTA and the attempt of scholars and decision makers to create a more efficient region. The expectation of a North American Community was based on the assumption that increasing economic interdependence would stimulate the conception of regional institutions and eventually the spillover onto other areas of the trilateral agenda. While the ideas of deeper regional cooperation floated in the air of the three countries, the analysis of regionalism in North America indicates that economic integration remains at the lower level of the Balasian integration (free trade) and the spillover effects have not taken place. In the area of security, threats to stability such as terrorism and organized crime have produced the reinforcement of the bi-lateralization rather than the trilateralization. In this regard, this chapter explores the reasons why the North American partners are facing obstacles to develop deeper cooperation in the area of security from a regional perspective. By adopting a Wendtian approach, this chapter argues that in the area of security, a cooperative system has emerged in the US-Canadian relationship while the USMexican relationship remains anchored in the logic of an individualistic system. The chapter starts with the overview of the theoretical approach to study security in North America, followed by the analysis of ideas, perceptions, principles and policies in the security of North America.

Topic: Canadian Policy and Governance
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Hierarchical Prediction Based on Network-Representation-Learning-Enhanced Clustering for Bike-Sharing System in Smart City

The sharing bike system is emerging as a new type of transportation with the advance of the smart city in recent years. More and more people will choose to ride a sharing bicycle for short-distance travel. While sharing bikes provide convenient services to customers, there are also many unfavorable factors in the sharing bike system, which have a certain impact on the riding experience of customers. One of the obvious disadvantages is the imbalance of usage because of the abnormal distribution of sharing bike stations in different areas. Despite some prediction work have been done, most of them merely consider the geographical factors between station whereas the user preferences and global network information are not fully considered. In this work, we propose a hierarchical model for sharing bike prediction, which can predict the number of rents/returns of each sharing bike station in the future to achieve resource redistribution. The proposed model is composed of two steps, including the sharing bike station clustering via network representation learning by considering the migration trends and geographic location information of bike-sharing between station. In the hierarchical prediction step, the total number of all bike-sharing station is predicted with an inference model based on multiple similarities. Finally, the number of rents/returns at each station can be derived. Our method is evaluated based on two publicly available sharing data sets by comparison with several baseline methods. Extensive experimental results on two open sharing bike data sets demonstrate that our proposed hierarchical can achieve the best prediction results. Our proposed method has a 17.34% improvement in root-mean-squared logarithmic error and a 10.4% improvement in return prediction.

Topic: Urban Transport and Accessibility
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Effect of Iranian Athletes’ Endorsement on Attitude and Purchase Intention of Customers and Developing a Model

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Iranian famous athletes’ endorsement on attitude and purchase intention of customers and to develop a model of endorsement. The research method was correlation carried out as a field using a questionnaire. The population consisted of the students of physical education and sport sciences of state universities in Iran. The sampling method was cluster-random and finally 823 questionnaires were analyzed. Data were collected using questionnaires of sport and athlete identification, perceived value, Star power (SASP), product-endorser match-up, and purchase intention.  To analyze data, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation modeling (SEM), Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression in SPSS19 and Liserel8.8 were used. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that all coefficients were significant and main indexes of model’s fit showed that the model was good and suitable to extract the relationships among variables. There was a significant correlation between all components of star power of athletes and attitude and purchase intention. Multiple regression showed that 22% of variations in dependent variable (attitude towards product) was related to attractiveness and dependence, and also 16% of variations in dependent variable (purchase intention) was related to attractiveness, dependence, likeable personality and expertise. Also, the model proposed for endorsement was fitted using SEM. Finally, it is necessary to consider the dimensions of star power in the process of selecting athlete endorsers. It is also recommended that there should be a congruence between the athlete endorser and endorsed product. Those mentioned factors finally provoke interest in customers and their purchase intention.

Topic: Customer Service Quality and Loyalty
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Physical conditions of protosolar matter

I review a few astronomical constraints concerning physical conditions in and evolutionary time–scales of protoplanetary discs. Some revisions are suggested to the scenario by which short–lived radioactive species would enter the protosolar cloud. The increasing evidence for substantial grain growth in discs at ages of 1 Myr is also outlined. Protoplanetary discs are accretion discs; when (inner) dust emission decreases strongly, accretion stops, demonstrating a relationship between the disappearance of infrared excess emission and accretable gas. The time–scale for disc ‘clearing’ is ca. 3–10 Myr, with a large range for individual systems. If disc masses estimated from dust emission are at all accurate, then the amount of material accreted onto the central star during the T Tauri phase is a substantial fraction of the total disc mass available at 1 Myr; and this in turn implies substantial radial motion of the accreting material during disc evolution. It may be that the formation of planets is the primary mechanism resulting in the cessation of accretion; certainly it is difficult to see how gas can be removed from T Tauri discs on 10 Myr time–scales.

Topic: Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ionization of<i>W</i>atoms and<i>W</i><sup>+</sup>ions by electrons

Ionization cross sections and rate coefficients of the atom W and the ion W+ by electron impact are calculated for the electron energies from thresholds to 300 eV. The Coulomb–Born method with exchange and normalization (by the reduced K-matrix method) is used. The contribution from excitation of autoionizing levels to the single ionization as well as of inner shell ionization to the double ionization is also calculated. Results for W+ are compared with experimental data and were found to be in agreement within 20%. A similar accuracy is expected for the W atoms.

Topic: Atomic and Molecular Physics
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Final models from Adverse weather during <i>in utero</i> development is linked to higher rates of later-life herpesvirus reactivation in adult European badgers, <i>Meles meles</i>

Maternal immune and/or metabolic conditions relating to stress or nutritional status can affect <i>in utero</i> development of their offspring with subsequent implications for later-life responses to infections. We used free-ranging European badgers as a host-pathogen model to investigate how prenatal weather conditions affect later-life herpesvirus genital tract reactivation. In 2018, we applied a sliding window analysis to 164 samples collected from 95 individuals born between 2005–2016 to test if the monthly mean and variation in rainfall and temperature experienced by their mother prior to parturition during the 12 months of delayed implantation and gestation subsequently affected individual herpes reactivation rates among these offspring. We identified four influential prenatal seasonal weather windows that corresponded with previously identified critical climatic conditions affecting badger survival, fecundity and body condition. These all occurred during the pre-implantation rather than the post-implantation period. We conclude that environmental cues during the <i>in utero</i> period of delayed implantation may result in changes that affect an individual's developmental programming against infection or viral reactivation later in life. This illustrates how prenatal adversity caused by environmental factors, such as climate change, can impact wildlife health and population dynamics—an interaction largely overlooked in wildlife management and conservation programmes.

Topic: Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
An Extended Membrane System with Active Membranes to Solve Automatic Fuzzy Clustering Problems

This paper focuses on automatic fuzzy clustering problem and proposes a novel automatic fuzzy clustering method that employs an extended membrane system with active membranes that has been designed as its computing framework. The extended membrane system has a dynamic membrane structure; since membranes can evolve, it is particularly suitable for processing the automatic fuzzy clustering problem. A modification of a differential evolution (DE) mechanism was developed as evolution rules for objects according to membrane structure and object communication mechanisms. Under the control of both the object’s evolution-communication mechanism and the membrane evolution mechanism, the extended membrane system can effectively determine the most appropriate number of clusters as well as the corresponding optimal cluster centers. The proposed method was evaluated over 13 benchmark problems and was compared with four state-of-the-art automatic clustering methods, two recently developed clustering methods and six classification techniques. The comparison results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in terms of effectiveness and robustness.

Topic: DNA and Biological Computing
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Judicial Expert in a Two-Tier Hierarchy

We study how the presence of biased expertise influences judicial decision-making. When an appeals-court judges decision depends only on the information he gets about the expertise proceedings, a perfectly separating equilibrium may arise in which the losing litigant appeals only if the trial-court judges decision is incorrect. Surprisingly enough, an increase in the probability that the expertise is biased and a decrease in the level of scrutiny of the appeals court may be beneficial. When the appeals-court judge uses a Bayesian mechanism to make his decision, a perfectly separating equilibrium never exists.

Topic: Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Differentiation of type 1 T regulatory cells (Tr1) by tolerogenic DC-10 requires the IL-10–dependent ILT4/HLA-G pathway

Abstract Type 1 T regulatory (Tr1) cells suppress immune responses in vivo and in vitro and play a key role in maintaining tolerance to self- and non–self-antigens. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is the crucial driving factor for Tr1 cell differentiation, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this induction remain unknown. We identified and characterized a subset of IL-10–producing human dendritic cells (DCs), termed DC-10, which are present in vivo and can be induced in vitro in the presence of IL-10. DC-10 are CD14+, CD16+, CD11c+, CD11b+, HLA-DR+, CD83+, CD1a−, CD1c−, express the Ig-like transcripts (ILTs) ILT2, ILT3, ILT4, and HLA-G antigen, display high levels of CD40 and CD86, and up-regulate CD80 after differentiation in vitro. DC-10 isolated from peripheral blood or generated in vitro are potent inducers of antigen-specific IL-10–producing Tr1 cells. Induction of Tr1 cells by DC-10 is IL-10–dependent and requires the ILT4/HLA-G signaling pathway. Our data indicate that DC-10 represents a novel subset of tolerogenic DCs, which secrete high levels of IL-10, express ILT4 and HLA-G, and have the specific function to induce Tr1 cells.

Topic: T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Experimental channel response to tectonic uplift

We have performed a series of experiments to investigate the relationship between channel geometry and tectonic forcing in steady state landscapes at various uplift rates. The experimental setup consists of uniformly uplifted silica paste eroded by artificial rainfall. In this setup, erosional landscapes evolve by growth and amalgamation of incisions, which organize into a drainage network whose dynamics are a function of the interaction between vertical channel cutting, hillslope erosion, and sediment transport. High‐precision (0.5 mm pixel size) digital elevation models were constructed using a stereogrammetric camera system. From this data, channel bed slope was found to be independent of discharge and position on the experimental surface and to increase linearly with uplift rate. Geometric parameters of the flow, such as channel width or depth, could not be observed directly during the experiments. Using laminar flow equations for the mean flow velocity, these parameters were back calculated, and relationships to the imposed substrate uplift rate were derived. Channel width, cross‐sectional area, and wetted perimeter decrease with increasing uplift rate to a limit value, hydraulic radius and flow depth increase slightly, and flow velocity increases approximately linearly with increasing uplift rate. These results are qualitatively consistent with recent field surveys and highlight the importance of channel width and slope variations in accommodating channel response to variable rock uplift rates.

Topic: Landslides and related hazards
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Interacting with domestic workers in Kuwait: grammatical features of foreigner talk. A case study

From the beginning of modern sociolinguistics, a major goal has been the study of speech communities characterized by language contact. Languages don't actually come into contact with each other. It is always the speakers of the languages who are in contact. This article is a sociolinguistic investigation of a simplified Kuwaiti Arabic form that Kuwaitis use when interacting with their domestic workers and which may be categorized under “foreigner talk”. The argument is basically based on foreigner talk theories, and simplified and broken forms of language. Ferguson (1975) defines foreigner talk, hereafter (FT) as a simplified register used by native English speakers when interacting with linguistically incompetent non-native speakers. Mainly, the article sheds some light on some of the simplified grammatical constructions Kuwaitis use through verbal interaction with their domestic workers. Five Kuwaiti families were chosen as subjects of the study. Each family has three domestic servants working for them. Tape-recording was done in different social contexts. A total of 72 hours were obtained and then transcribed and qualitatively analyzed. Eleven simplified grammatical constructions through twenty eight social contexts were fully analyzed.

Topic: Multilingual Education and Policy
Subfield: Linguistics and Language
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Physical and mechanical, and relaxation properties of the system PCTFE – nanodispersed graphite

The effect of nanosized carbon filler on the physical and mechanical, and relaxation properties of a polymer composites based on polychlortrifluoroethylene was investigated by an ultrasonic method. Nanoscale filler was obtained by ultrasonic dispersion of thermally expanded graphite. The dispersion of thermally expanded graphite, taking into account the peculiarities of the crystal lattice, leads to the formation of a specific bridging system, when the dimensions of the bridges along it are about 1 5 μm and across 2 5 μm. This is due to the peculiarity of the influence of this type of filler on the polymer matrix and the corresponding change in the physical and mechanical properties. The method of preliminary determination of the percolation threshold is developed and described. The inversion of the mechanical properties of composites during the transition through the percolation threshold was investigated.As a result of ultrasound studies of the physical and mechanical properties of composites of the PCTFE - nanodispersed graphite system, it was found that during the through "sounding" in the mode of impulse tests, the condition of unlimited medium for determining the speed and absorption of ultrasound is , where d is the diameter of the sample, λ is the length of the ultrasonic wave. This gives grounds for calculating the longitudinal oscillation modulus for PCTFE and PCM based on it to neglect the correction for non-elastic resistance and to use the relation E = ρC2, which greatly simplifies the calculations of the physical and mechanical, and relaxation characteristics complex.The results of the studies show that the polychlorotrifluoroethylene - nanodispersed graphite system is characterized by a relatively low percolation threshold (0.95 wt. %). Depending on the nanocarbon concentration, the structure of the polymer matrix and the system as a whole is characterized by changes in the size of the inhomogeneities, which is related to the transition from inhomogeneities in the form of crystallites, the growth of which is caused by the influence of the nanofiller at low concentrations, through the percolation threshold, to the inhomogeneities related to the coagulation of nanoparticles at concentrations in excess of the percolation threshold. In addition, ultrasonic studies of the physical and mechanical, and relaxation properties of the composites of the PCTFE - nanodispersed graphite system showed that it is impractical to use concentrations much higher than the percolation threshold when creating nanocomposites, since this leads to the coagulation of the filler particles and the disintegration of the matrix, which negatively affects their complex of physical and mechanical, and performance properties.

Topic: Material Properties and Applications
Subfield: General Materials Science
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
What does the general public expect from a night-sky observation?

The Night-Sky Observation Program (POC, acronym in Portuguese for Programa de Observação do Céu) is the most traditional education activity run by the Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences (MAST). It takes place twice a week and has an annual participation of 2,400 people. It starts with a brief talk and is followed by the observation with MAST's telescopes (one of them being over a century old and other modern amateur models). The present work is the first research conducted aimed at POC's evaluation according to the participants’ perspectives in its 33 years of existence. The data were collected using two instruments: a questionnaire, distributed to the participants prior to the activity, and an interview, conducted after the observations. We analysed the data using the Discourse of Collective Subject methodology, which allowed us to understand thoughts and values of the participants on a given topic. We find that the participants have the habit of gazing at the sky, even if for contemplation purposes only, and that the talk makes the public feel more prepared to observe the sky. It was frequently mentioned, though, that the language of the talk should be more oriented to children. We also find that the public expects to observe planets, stars, and constellations, and very few of them are disappointed with the whole experience. The participants also perceive the historical value of the old refractor and declare that the activity brought them feelings of wonderment. We concluded that our instruments and methodology are suitable to evaluate similar sky-observation activities. As a next step, we will conduct a survey to identify worldwide institutions that also use historically valuable telescopes in their public observations with the goal of exchanging experiences and discussing the use of such instruments with education purposes.

Topic: Impact of Light on Environment and Health
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences