jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Urea Production in the Diazotroph <scp> <i>Azotobacter vinelandii</i> </scp> as a Means of Stable Nitrogen Biofertiliser Production

ABSTRACT Diazotrophic microbes capture atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into ammonia using the enzyme nitrogenase in a process that provides much of the fixed nitrogen that is required to sustain life in the biosphere. The advent of the Haber Bosch industrial process in the 20th century ushered in an age when agricultural productivity could circumvent the constraints of biological nitrogen fixation, leading to higher productivity based on chemical fertilisers. This industrial process now provides a substantial amount of the nitrogen that we apply to crops, but comes with a large environmental and economic cost. In contrast, biological nitrogen fixation still contributes nitrogen to crops and has the potential to displace some of the industrial nitrogen if we can engineer methods to increase nitrogen levels that are provided to the plant or develop stronger associations between diazotrophs and nonlegume plants. Many of the processes scientists have employed to enhance the nitrogen production by diazotrophs to develop improved biofertilisers have focused on delivering nitrogen in the form of ammonium. In this report, we describe an alternative approach that provides the nitrogen as urea in the form of a terminal product. Using the model diazotroph Azotobacter vinelandii and a three‐step approach that deletes the native urease, incorporates a functional arginase and overcomes the feedback inhibition of the arginine biosynthesis pathway, we have increased levels of urea that could be obtained from previous approaches by approximately 43‐fold. Our results demonstrate the ability to support the growth of a green alga with these engineered strains and yield total extracellular nitrogen that is comparable to what has been achieved with ammonium.

Topic: Legume Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Temporal Change in Renoprotective Effect of Tolvaptan on Patients with Heart Failure: AURORA Study

(1) Background: It has been reported that tolvaptan (TLV) has a renoprotective effect in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patients, but whether this effect is continued for a long time is unclear. Thus, we evaluated the time course of the renoprotective effect of TLV, in addition to the prognosis, in ADHF patients. (2) Methods: We investigated 911 ADHF patients from the AURORA (Acute Heart Failure Registry in Osaka Rosai Hospital) registry. After propensity score matching, 58 patients who started to receive TLV at least two days after the hospitalization (TLV group) and 58 who did not (non-TLV group) were examined. We compared the changes in the creatinine (Cr) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between baseline and each time point (five days, discharge, and one year) as the index of the renoprotective effect, and rate of rehospitalizations and all-cause mortality for one year between the two groups. (3) Results: The change in Cr and eGFR levels was significantly higher in the TLV group than the non-TLV group five days after admission but the difference between the two groups gradually diminished. A Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the survival and rehospitalization rates in the TLV and non-TLV groups were similar up to one year. (4) TLV revealed a temporal change in the renoprotective effect, which may be correlated with no long-term beneficial effect of TLV.

Topic: Electrolyte and hormonal disorders
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Research Article Digital image analysis to quantify genetic divergence in passion fruit (&lt;i&gt;Passiflora&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;edulis&lt;/i&gt;) seeds

Passion fruit is a native fruit of tropical America, with Brazil being the world's leading producer and consumer of this fruit, with an estimated annual production of 554,598 Mg, and yield of 13,500 kg.ha -1 Phenotyping through digital images has been used to evaluate morphological characteristics of seeds.Knowledge of the degree of genetic divergence plays an important role, as it assists in the adoption of appropriate strategies for improvement in passion fruit populations. .The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic divergence among full-sibling families of passion fruit through morphophysiological characteristics of seeds using the Ward-Modified Location Model (Ward-MLM) method.Seeds of 98 full-sibling families (FSF) of passion fruit from the breeding program of the Mato Grosso State University were evaluated considering physiological descriptors of seeds, using germination and vigor tests; and morphological descriptors of seeds, using a digital imaging seed analysis device and software.We found that the Ward-MLM method was efficient in detecting genetic divergence using seed morphological and physiological descriptors, simultaneously.The descriptors that contributed the most to the genetic divergence among L.R. Fachi et al. 2 FSF were those related to seed geometry.This method formed three heterotic groups.Group II had the largest mean emergence speed index (1.106) and seedling emergence percentage (65.8%),and Group III had the largest means of seedling dry weight (4.140 g), radicle length (6.30 mm), germination speed index (2.503), and seed germination percentage (90 %).We conclude that crosses between FSF groups II and III are a good option to improve seed characteristics.

Topic: Seed and Plant Biochemistry
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Sentencing and Sanctions in Western Countries

Abstract This collection of original essays surveys the evolution of sentencing policies and practices in Western countries over the past twenty-five years. The volume consists of approximately ten essays. Six consider sentencing policy strategies and practices in major western countries, including Australia, England/Wales, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. Each is written by a recognized expert from that part of the world. The remaining essays consider developments and subjects that cross national boundaries. Just a few of the subjects touched upon include plea-bargaining, community service and electronic monitoring, standards of use of incarceration, and legal perspectives on sentencing policy developments in western countries. The goal of the book is to provide a range of scholars and students better cross-national knowledge than currently exists of how various countries’ sentencing laws and practices differ, when and why they have changed over time, and with what effects. Increasingly, countries are likely to look across nation boundaries for boundaries for solutions to pressing sentencing-policy problems. There exists, however, no scholarly literature on the subject.

Topic: Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Linking Substance Abuse Services with General Medical Care: Integrated, Brief Interventions with Hospitalized Patients

This paper presents the results of implementing on-site alcohol or drug (AOD) brief intervention services across several medical, surgical, and psychiatric services in a county hospital. These integrated brief interventions (IBI) included patient substance abuse assessment, feedback to patient, and referral/recommendations. Three hundred sixty-three patients were referred by hospital staff to these services and 95% of these patients were subsequently confirmed by chemical dependency specialists as having diagnoses of psychoactive substance abuse or dependence. Seventy-nine percent of chemically dependent patients were without current substance abuse treatment, even though 54% were partially motivated and 20% were fully motivated for getting treatment. Of patients contacted at follow-up, 35% reported involvement in some kind of substance abuse treatment or 12-step meetings. Implications for implementing integrated brief intervention services are discussed in light of recent trends in publicly funded treatment availability and brief intervention outcome studies.

Topic: Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A physical approach for considering how anchorage head size influences the punching capacity of slabs strengthened with vertical steel bolts

Abstract The introduction of new vertical steel bolts is an easy, practical and common solution for retrofitting and strengthening slabs for punching. Although a common option where punching strengthening is concerned, few studies exist regarding how the bolt's anchorage dimensions and its embedment in the concrete slab affect the strengthening efficiency. This work presents an analytical approach that is able to predict the punching capacity of slabs strengthened with post‐installed vertical steel bolts, taking into account the anchorage dimensions and positioning plus the material properties. This approach results from the combination of two physical models: one provided in the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 regarding the punching capacity estimation, and another that allows the deformation (crushing) of the concrete beneath the head of the anchorage to be taken into account. The predicted values are compared with experimental results, showing that the analytical approach is able to simulate correctly the anchorage behaviour and its influence regarding a slab's loadbearing capacity. A parametrical analysis is carried out in order to study the importance of different factors such as concrete compressive strength, longitudinal reinforcement ratio and steel bolt length, always accompanied by the effect of anchorage head size and embedment.

Topic: Structural Response to Dynamic Loads
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A label-free immunosensor for diagnosis of dengue infection with simple electrical measurements

The interdigitated electrodes and electrical measurements for the diagnosis of dengue infection using antigen-antibody conjugation method are reported. As a proof of concept, pre-inactivated dengue virus was firstly immobilized indirectly onto the immunosensor surface, pre-coated with solgel derived BST thin film and organic self-assembled monolayer (SAM) over the interdigitated electrodes. The modified sensor surface served as selective sensing probe to capture/conjugate the anti-dengue antibody molecules present in patient's serum. Our immunosensor is based on non-faradaic process, using only DI water as electrolyte during the simple electrical measurements. Both ac impedance spectroscopy and dc I-V measurements between the electrodes gave a clearly discernable and repeatable signal to positively identify the presence of dengue antibody in the serum. Direct correlation was obtained between the signal outputs with respect to antibody concentrations. The measured signal changes in impedance/current without/with the presence of dengue antibody were attributed to the surface conductivity change upon biomolecules immobilization and the dipole-induced interfacial polarization potential at the SAM film/biomolecules interface. By monitoring the impedance or current change, the antibody molecules in the patient's serum could be positively detected.

Topic: Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
High Efficient Hole Extraction and Stable All‐Bromide Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells via Derivative‐Phase Gradient Bandgap Architecture

Inorganic perovskite materials have demonstrated outstanding performance in the field of photovoltaic devices due to their superior charge carrier transport properties and excellent thermal stability. In particular, the inorganic perovskite derivative phases show special properties in terms of phase stability and optoelectronic application, especially in the phase transition investigation. However, their commercial applications still face challenges due to the large recombination at the interface, resulting in poor efficiency and metastable phases such as iodide perovskite existing in the film. Herein, an all‐bromide inorganic perovskite solar cell has been developed by introducing the derivative phases (CsPb 2 Br 5 and Cs 4 PbBr 6 ) to construct gradient bandgap architecture. This graded heterojunction device is realized with a controllable sequential vapor deposition procedure. The valance band maximum elevates gradually with the presence of derivative phases and effectively blocks electrons and boosts the hole extraction efficiency at the counter electrode, which promotes charge separation and reduces the interface recombination. Ultimately, an impressive power conversion efficiency of 10.17% is achieved through a CsPbBr 3 /CsPbBr 3 ‐CsPb 2 Br 5 /CsPbBr 3 ‐Cs 4 PbBr 6 architecture strategy with excellent stability above 3000 h (85% of initial performance) in a humid environment (@RH ≈45%) and 700 h (83% of initial efficiency) under thermal conditions (@ 100 °C).

Topic: Perovskite Materials and Applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Thermal Theory Put to Observational Test

The thermal or convective theory, we have seen, was formulated by a number of scientists during the 1860's and 1870's. These formulations differed in more or less important details, but common to all was the assertion that the formation and maintenance of large-scale cyclones depended on the thermodynamic processes associated with the ascent of warm air and the condensation of water vapor. During the 1870's the thermal theory was accepted by the majority of meteorologists as a simple and most natural explanation of the origin and maintenance of cyclones. It appeared to be superior to earlier theories in potential usefulness as a tool for practical weather forecasting because it suggested a physical relationship between the pressure field, most prominent on synoptic charts, and temperature and precipitation patterns, rather than solely statistical correlations. This was important because most meteorologists, at that time as throughout the remainder of the Nineteenth Century, were associated with governmental institutions whose primary concern was weather forecasting and storm warning.

Topic: Tree-ring climate responses
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Commercial propolis liquid products : comparison of physicochemical properties and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Food Technology at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand

Figure 2.2 is re-used under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY 3.0) license. Figure 2.3 (=Siheri et al., Fig 7.3 p.140, in Alvarez-Suarez, 2017) was removed for copyright reasons.

Topic: Bee Products Chemical Analysis
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
THE EFFECT OF X-RAYS ON THE ENZYMATIC SYSTEM OF COENZYME A OF THE PIGEON LIVER

It was shown that, 6 to 7 days after irradiation of pigeons in doses 2 to 3 thousand r, the intensity of acetylation processes in liver homogenates fell from a mean normal value of 465 plus or minus 16 mu g sulfanilamide per g fresh tissue in 20 min to a corresponding value of 119 plus or minus 8.5 mu g. Inhibition of acetylation has also been demonstrated with other acetyl acceptors: paminobenzoic acid, p-aminoazobenzene, p-aminoazobenzenesulfonate and a dye obtained by coupling cresidine with acyl-H-acid. The general effect of inhibition of the acetylation system is due to the decrease in coenzyme A concentration in the liver as well as to the decrease in activity of the protein component of the system. The degree of inhibitlon of the enzymtic component of the acetylating system has been correlated with the severity of the radiation sydrome. The results obtained indicate that the labile link in the system, affected by the radiation, is the catalytic reaction of acetyl group transfer from coenzyme A to the acceptor, that is, the enzyme transacetylase. (auth)

Topic: Biochemical effects in animals
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
From wheat to beet - challenges and potential solutions of modeling crop rotation systems in LCA.

One of the remaining methodological challenges of agricultural LCAs is the inclusion of crop rotation effects. They are caused by changes in physical, chemical and biological properties of the agricultural land over time (e.g. soil structure, presence and availability of nutrients, phytosanitary conditions) and cannot be easily measured. LCA studies, focusing on only one vegetation period, have a limited ability to include those crop rotation effects, unless explicit modeling measures have been taken to include them. A summary on existing approaches is given and remaining gaps are identified. A new approach for the modeling of crop rotation effects is suggested. It includes the alignment of system boundaries with the whole crop rotation system, a systematic description of crop rotations, the inclusion of all inputs and all outputs and as a last step, allocation to the crop specific burdens using the agriculture-specific Cereal Unit.

Topic: Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Father Figures: Paternal Politics in the Conversion Narratives of Thomas Gage and James Wadsworth

This chapter explores how two seventeenth-century converts to Protestantism, Thomas Gage and James Wadsworth, employ father figures as a powerful and multivalent anti-Catholic trope in their conversion narratives. Gage's The English-American and Wadsworth's The English Spanish Pilgrime recount how they came to reject the faith of their biological fathers but both men also spent considerable time within Catholic institutions modelled on paternal hierarchies: the Jesuit and Dominican orders. As such, they compose elaborate chains of paternal association which encompass God, the Pope, monarch, magistrate and confessor in order to identify the language of Catholic fatherhood with a perversion of familial roles. I argue that these diverse father figures operate as a way of organising and justifying their conversions to Protestantism.

Topic: American Constitutional Law and Politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Pride and Prestige: Jane Austen and the Professions

This essay focuses on Jane Austen’s portrayal of the growing prestige of the professions in her later and final novels, Mansfield Park (1814) , Emma (1816) , and Persuasion (1818). While Austen’s early novels focus on a mainly leisure class, the gentry and minor aristocracy, the later novels reflect England’s changing landscape during the early nineteenth century. The country was moving steadily then from a primarily agrarian way of life to a culture where industry and profession would assume equal if not paramount importance. Although Austen’s novels are often celebrated as portraits of a stable ordered society, each of the later works reveals, in progressive stages, the changing and increasingly significant role that the professions play. No longer simply a source of income for second sons, the professions evolve into part of the identity of professional gentlemen and, finally, in Persuasion as an entry for middle-rank professionals into gentry circles.

Topic: Literature: history, themes, analysis
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A Complement–IL-4 Regulatory Circuit Controls Liver Regeneration

Abstract The involvement of IL-4 in liver regeneration has not yet been recognized. In this article, we show that IL-4, produced by NKT cells that accumulate in regenerating livers after partial hepatectomy, contributes to this process by regulating the activation of complement after liver resection in mice. The mechanism of this regulation was associated with the maintenance of an appropriate level of IgM in mouse blood, because IgM deposited in liver parenchyma most likely initiated complement activation during liver regeneration. By controlling complement activation, IL-4 regulated the induction of IL-6, thereby influencing a key pathway involved in regenerating liver cell proliferation and survival. Furthermore, the secretion of IL-4 was controlled by complement through the recruitment of NKT cells to regenerating livers. Our study thus reveals the existence of a regulatory feedback mechanism involving complement and IL-4 that controls liver regeneration.

Topic: Immune Cell Function and Interaction
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of particle size on flotation separation of hematite and quartz

Generally, the flotation performance of mineral particles in a wide size range is usually poor, which can be attributed to the high reagent consumptions and low floatability differences between valuable and gangue minerals. Classification flotation is an effective method for improving the flotation efficiency of particles in a wide size range and is commonly used for coal slime. However, for refractory iron ores, the literature on the relative technology and basic theory of classification flotation, which are necessary and beneficial for the effective utilization of refractory iron ore resources, is scarce. In this study, flotation tests, DLVO theory calculations, and focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) particle size analysis were used to analyze the effect of particle size distribution on the flotation separation of hematite and quartz in the sodium oleate system. The flotation results of artificial mixtures show that the flotation performance of coarse or medium hematite–quartz mixture (such as CH&CQ and MH&CQ) with a narrow size range is better than that of the wide size range mixtures. The separation efficiency of CH&CQ and MH&CQ is 85.49% and 84.26%, respectively, which is higher than that of the wide size range mixtures (74.94%). However, the separation efficiency of fine hematite–quartz mixture with a narrow size range (FH&FQ) decreases to 54.98%. The flotation kinetic tests demonstrate that the flotation rate and recovery of hematite are not only related to the particle size of hematite but also influenced by the particle size of quartz. The fine quartz particles could reduce the hematite flotation rate and recovery. The DLVO theory calculations demonstrate that the interaction energies between hematite and quartz are repulsive, indicating that fine quartz particles scarcely cover the hematite surface to depress floatability, which is consistent with the FBRM results. The bubble–particle collision analysis indicates that the collision between hematite and bubbles might be influenced by the “boundary layer” effects of fine quartz particles, resulting in the decreased bubble–particle efficiency of collision and attachment, which may explain the decrease in hematite flotation rate and recovery.

Topic: Minerals Flotation and Separation Techniques
Subfield: Water Science and Technology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences