jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Social Insurance for Health Service

Implementation of social insurance for financing health services has yielded different patterns depending on a country's economic level and its government's political ideology. By the late 19th century, thousands of small sickness funds operated in Europe, and in 1883 Germany's Chancellor Bismarck led the enactment of a law mandating enrollment by low-income workers. Other countries followed, with France completing Western European coverage in 1928. The Russian Revolution in 1917 led to a National Health Service covering everyone from general revenues by 1937. New Zealand legislated universal population coverage in 1939. After World War II, Scandinavian countries extended coverage to everyone and Britain introduced its National Health Service covering everyone with comprehensive care and financed by general revenues in 1948. Outside of Europe Japan adopted health insurance in 1922, covering everyone in 1946. Chile was the first developing country to enact statutory health insurance in 1924 for industrial workers, with extension to all low-income people with its “Servicio Nacional de Salud” in 1952. India covered 3.5 percent of its large population with the Employees' State Insurance Corporation in 1948, and China after its 1949 revolution developed four types of health insurance for designated groups of workers and dependents. Sub-Saharan African countries took limited health insurance actions in the late 1960s and 1970s. By 1980, some 85 countries had enacted social security programs to finance or deliver health services or both.

Topic: Healthcare Systems and Reforms
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
A review of the effectiveness of computer-based interventions in Australia for anxiety-based disorders and reconceptualization of these interventions from a neuropsychotherapy focus

The purpose of this paper was to analyse the effectiveness of computer-based interventions for anxiety-based disorders in Australia and to propose an alternative model for computer-based interventions through the focus of neuropsychotherapy. In order to illustrate the importance of this subject, the first chapter identified that not only does the number of Australians who have an anxiety-based disorder appear to be growing; only 37.8% of the Australians who have an anxiety-based disorder are actually seeking treatment. There is a large population of unmet need in the Australian community and that there is a demand for alternative treatment options that may address this unmet need. The second chapter identified that there is a significant economic impact for both the individual suffering from an anxiety-based disorder and the Australian community as a whole. As a result, this chapter suggests that there is both an ethical and financial incentive for the government to address the large population of unmet need in Australia. The third chapter suggests that the inclusion of Internet-based anxiety disorder treatment programs may potentially meet some of the unmet need in the Australian community. Consequently this chapter conducted a critical review of this literature and identified that human-supported web-based therapeutic interventions have been shown to have the capacity to be just as effective as traditional face-to-face psychotherapy with similar levels of client dropout and adherence rates. The fourth chapter identifies that the recent developments in neuropsychotherapy have improved mental healthcare and thus discusses how the principles of neuropsychotherapy are applied to the treatment of anxiety disorders in general. Chapter five specifies how Internet-based treatments and are conceptualized through neuroscience and neuropsychotherapy. Consequently, chapter six concludes this critical review by proposing an alternative web-based therapeutic intervention model based particularly on the analysis set out in Chapters four and five. This alternative model suggests that the human-supported web-based treatment include occasional traditional face-to-face interaction between the client and the therapist such that the web-based therapeutic session would not act as a stand-alone service but actually serve as a complimentary intervention combined with traditional face-to-face therapy.

Topic: Digital Mental Health Interventions
Subfield: Applied Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Abstract P678: Elevated Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Associated With Increased Risk of Recurrent Vascular Events in Older Minor Stroke or TIA Patients

Background: The risk of recurrent stroke following a minor stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) is high, when inflammation might play an important role. We aimed to evaluate the value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in predicting composite cardiovascular events in patients with minor stroke and TIA. Methods: Consecutive patients with acute minor stroke or TIA admitted within 24 hours of symptoms onset during a 5-year period in a prospective stroke registry were analyzed. We calculated the NLR dividing absolute neutrophil count by absolute lymphocyte count tested within 24 hours of admission. NLR ≥ 4th quartile was defined as high NLR. A composite outcome was defined as ischemic stroke, acute coronary syndrome or vascular death within 1 year. We investigated associations between NLR and the composite outcome in univariate and multivariate analyses, among all patients and in those aged over 60 years (i.e., older patients). Results: Overall, 841 patients (median age 68 years; 60.4% males) were recruited. No significant independent association was found between NLR and the composite outcome in multivariate analysis in the overall cohort. Among the 612 older patients (median age 73 years; 59.2% males), the median NLR was 2.76 (interquartile range 1.96-4.00) and 148 (24.2%) patients had high NLR. The composite outcome occurred in 77 (12.6%) older patients, who were more likely to have a high NLR (39.0% versus 22.1%; p=0.001) than those without a composite outcome. In multivariate logistic regression, high NLR (adjusted odds ratio 2.00; 95% confidence interval 1.07-3.75; p=0.031) was independently associated with the composite outcome in older patients. Conclusions: In older patients with acute minor stroke or TIA, a higher NLR is an independent predictor of subsequent cardiovascular events, indicating inflammation as an important factor and potential therapeutic target for secondary prevention of such patients.

Topic: Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ANALISIS PROSEDUR REKRUTMEN DALAM UPAYA PEMENUHAN TENAGA KERJA

Human Resources (HR) is an important component in the company for help in carrying out operational functions. To obtain qualified employees and have high competence, then in the initial stages, of a company should make the process of recruitment. The aim of this study is to determine the recruitment procedures by analyzing existing data in recruitment procedures and make comparisons with the theory so that it can determine the correct recruitment procedures.

Topic: Management and Optimization Techniques
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Беларускi сенатар Польшчы Вячаслаў Багдановiч

The article discusses life and work of Vyacheslav Bogdanovich (1878–1939/1940?), an outstanding figure of Belarusian national movement, a senator of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The son of a Belarusian Orthodox priest, he became one of the most recognized intellectual leaders of his nation, a talented writer, a skilled polemicist and a politician. V. Bogdanovich is the author of many different works. Special attention is paid to his articles devoted to the poetry of Yanka Kupala and Yakub Kolas as well as hagiographic studies related to the mission of the Orthodox patrons of Belarus – Anthony, John and Eustafij. The problem of autocephaly of the Orthodox Church in Poland, which became disastrous for V. Bogdanovich, affected all aspects of his multilateral activities. It also had a direct impact on his description of such topics as “Belarusian spiritual heritage”, “languages of the Orthodox Church”, “the people and the intelligentsia”, “the church and the state”. The last days of V. Bogdanovich’s life were tragic. He was released from Polish detention in September 1939, less than a month later he was arrested in Vilnus by the NKVD and went missing.

Topic: Polish Historical and Cultural Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Influence of substrate on retraction of neurites following electrical activity of leech Retzius cells in culture

1. The aim of these experiments was to determine how electrical stimulation of identified neurones in culture influences their growth on denned substrates. Single Retzius cells isolated from the central nervous system (CNS) of the leech were plated in culture dishes coated with the plant lectin Concanavalin A or with extracellular matrix extract containing leech laminin to promote neurite out-growth. Stimuli were applied by a fine tungsten microelectrode placed close to the cell surface. The efficacy of electrical stimulation was checked occasionally by recording intracellularly with a microelectrode. 2. After the period of stimulation had ended, there was a short delay before neurones plated on leech laminin retracted their neurites. Of 112 neurones, only 11 failed to respond to stimulation. Neurite retraction in each cell was non-uniform, some processes retracting while others did not. After having retracted, most neurites subsequently showed clear regrowth. The degree of retraction depended on the duration of the stimulus train: whereas a few minutes was sufficient to produce observable effects, prolonged periods of stimulation caused

Topic: Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Medicina popular: saberes etnoboânicos em comunidades sitieiras no cariri paraibano – Brazil / Folk medicine: ethnobotanical knowledge in farm communities in cariri paraibano – Brazil

Desde os seus primórdios o homem utiliza os recursos da natureza para sua sobrevivência e bem-estar, mantendo uma relação homem-natureza, que é refletida e acumulada em forma de saberes, influenciados por suas crenças, culturas e experiências. Sabendo da importância dessa relação o presente trabalho buscou investigar comunidades tradicionais siteiras do interior da Paraíba, a fim de analisar se estas comunidades têm avançado junto a medicina moderna deixando as práticas tradicionais se perderem ou se as mesmas ainda se mantem vivas, além de fazer um levantamento das etnoespécies medicinais utilizadas pelas comunidades, bem como as suas formas de preparo. Ao todo foram entrevistadas 30 famílias por meio de questionários semiestruturados, sendo dez famílias para cada comunidade. A pesquisa é de cunho qualitativo e quantitativo, sendo adotado o cálculo de valor de uso, expresso pela formula: VU=?U/n. Os resultados evidenciaram a prevalência de 52 espécies com propriedades medicinais sendo as mais populares entre as comunidades Lippia alba (Mill.) N.Br. e Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. Ainda sobre a predominância das espécies nas comunidades sobressaem-se: Foeniculon vulgare L., Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. e Mentha piperita L; nas comunidades Manguape, Soares e Cachoeirinha dos Torres, respectivamente. Entre as diversas formulações evidencia-se o chá como forma de preparo mais comum, destacando-se as folhas como as partes mais utilizadas nos preparos. Identificou-se ainda que as práticas e os saberes tradicionais se mantêm arraigados entre os mais idosos, já nos mais jovens esses são observados discretamente, pois estes têm sido influenciados pelas mudanças de vida, pela medicina moderna, e a facilidade ao acesso a medicamentos industrializados, deixando se perder os conhecimentos tradicionais que seriam repassados as futuras gerações, ameaçando a permanência da medicina popular.

Topic: Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Figure 4 from Activation of Robo1 Signaling of Breast Cancer Cells by Slit2 from Stromal Fibroblast Restrains Tumorigenesis via Blocking PI3K/Akt/β-Catenin Pathway

&lt;p&gt;PDF file, 34K, Activated Robo1 by rSlit2 interacted with p85 in BT20 cells.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Axon Guidance and Neuronal Signaling
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Ecologic Features of Sporothrix Schenkii and Dematiaceous Fungi in Jinwan District of Zhuhai City in Guangdong Province

Objective:To study the distribution and ecologic features of Sporothrix schenkii and Dematiaceous fungi from the natural environment in Jinwan district of Zhuhai. Methods:160 specimens from soil,rotten wood,tree bark,silt and marsh were collected from natural environment of Sanzao,Nanshui,Pingsha and Hongqi in April,July,October of 2006 and January of 2007 respectively. The strains were isolated on Potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing cycloheximide and subcultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). The Sporothrix schenkii and Dematiaceous fungi were identified by the shape and color of the colony,and the appearance of the hyphae and spores under the microscope. Results:24 strains (isolating rate 15%) of Sporothrix schenkii were isolated. There were 89 strains of Dematiaceous fungi(isolating rate 56%),including 33 strains(21%) of Exophiala,10 strains(6%)of Cladosporium,19 strains(12%)of Alternaria,13 strains (8%) of Fonsecaea,6 strain(4%)of Phialophora verrucosa and 8 indeterminate strains (5%). In addition,the strains of Fusarium,Candida,and Apergillus were also isolated. Conclusion:The Sporothrix schenkii and Dematiaceous fungi can be isolated from the natural environment in Jinwan district of Zhuhai city.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Double Jeopardy

In plants, the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based signal transduction processes is elusive. Despite the fact that ROS can induce MAPK activation, no direct genetic evidence has linked ROS-induced MAPK activation with the hypersensitive response, a form of programmed cell death. In tobacco, the major ROS-induced MAPK is salicylate-induced protein kinase (SIPK). We found through gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches that both overexpression and RNA interference-based suppression of SIPK render the plant sensitive to ROS stress. Transgenic lines overexpressing a nonphosphorylatable version of SIPK were not ROS sensitive. Analysis of the MAPK activation profiles in ROS-stressed transgenic and wild-type plants revealed a striking interplay between SIPK and another MAPK (wound-induced protein kinase [WIPK]) in the different kinotypes. During continuous ozone exposure, abnormally prolonged activation of SIPK was seen in the SIPK-overexpression genotype, without WIPK activation, whereas strong and stable activation of WIPK was observed in the SIPK-suppressed lines. Thus, one role of activated SIPK in tobacco cells upon ROS stimulation appears to be control of the inactivation of WIPK.

Topic: Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Population Heterogeneity Hypothesis on Radiation Induced Cancer

Analyses of dose-effect relations for radiation induced tumors and cancers in drosophila, mice, rats and man reveal that increase in incidence can often be represented by a simple power function of dose. The exponent depends on genetic factors, type of cancer, radiation quality, dose-rate, etc. An important observation is that the exponent is frequently less than 1.0 for carcinogenesis in man. The proposed explanation for this is based on the fact that “man” is a heterogeneous population with mixed predisposition to cancer due to genetic differences, and sensitivity which varies with age, sex, environmental factors, cell type, stage of cell cycle, etc. At low doses, those fractions of the population which respond according to one-target kinetics tend to dominate the dose-effect relationship. In a mixed population, the most sensitive sub-group responds at the lowest dose and causes a steep slope in this portion of the dose-effect curve. At higher doses the less sensitive sub-groups become dominant with consequent reduction in slope of the dose-effect curve. The resultant curve can be convex upward. Hence, greater effects might be observed at low doses than would be predicted by linear extrapolation from higher doses. Thus, the assumption of a linear non-threshold relationship used by standards setting groups is not necessarily conservative in estimating cancer risk at low doses.

Topic: Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Nanotechnology Applications in Ground Heat Exchanger Pipes: A Review

The use of Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) has grown exponentially around the world over recent decades. The GSHP represents an alternative device to electric heating systems and oil boilers. Additionally, it requires a lower power consumption and less maintenance than combustion-based heating systems. Moreover, the CO2 emissions produced by a GSHP are lower than other systems based on burning oil, gas, or biomass. However, the main obstacle for the widespread use of GSHPs is the high cost of Ground Heat Exchanger (GHE) installation, a technology that exhibits low thermodynamic efficiencies. Over the past decade, some studies have been conducted to improve heat transfer in GHE pipes using traditional working fluids, creating new pipe materials or designing new heat exchanger configurations. The main contribution of this paper is a summarization of the outcomes of theoretical, numerical and experimental studies to improve heat transfer in GHEs using nanotechnology. Additionally, the development of new fluids (nanofluids) and new materials (nanoparticles and nanocomposites) applied to heat exchanger pipes and the designs and configurations of GHEs are highlighted. As a result, the present review provides a perspective for future research regarding the use of nanotechnology to reduce the costs involved in GHE for GSHP improvement.

Topic: Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications
Subfield: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Journal of Environmental Psycholo T d e

res hat s kn ve p the relationship between place attachment and civic activity is mediated by local social capital (neighborhoods ties), and cultural path, consisting of cultural capital and interest in own roots. I also postulated a negative link between place attachment and cultural capital. condition will carry beneficial effects for the person and for Altman (1992, p. 10) wrote ‘‘yplace attachment may contribute to the formation, maintenance, and preservation of the identity of a person, group, or culture. And, it may place attachment. Place attachment is also assumed to be Murray, &amp;amp; Veale, 2000). As such place attachment serves both the individual and larger community. This unconditional ascription of positive functions to ARTICLE IN PRESSplace attachment continues despite counterarguments found in the literature. First there is empirical evidence that throws doubt on the direct positive link between place

Topic: Place Attachment and Urban Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[State of the coronary arteries and function of the left heart ventricle in patients with ischemic heart disease with silent episodes of myocardial ischemia].

The results of multiviewed coronary angiography with left ventriculography were compared in 36 patients with coronary heart disease concurrent with Functional Classes II-IV stable angina pectoris, who had had frequent episodes of silent myocardial ischemia (SMI), as evidenced by Holter monitoring, and in 23 patients with coronary heart disease in the presence of Functional Classes II-IV stable angina pectoris without SMI episodes. In patients with SMI, the changes in coronary arteries were found to have some features: the extension of an atherosclerotic process (common lesion of all three major arteries), its frequent site in the main trunk of the left coronary artery, high collateralization in the diseased vascular channels, and great extent of stenoses. There were no differences between the groups in the major functional parameters of the left ventricular myocardium.

Topic: Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Additional file 1 of Correction to: Aboveground live tree carbon stock and change in forests of conterminous United States: influence of stand age

Additional file 1: Table S1. Aboveground live tree carbon density by region and age class (metric tons C/hectare, tC/ha) grouped by hardwood and softwood types. SEM = standard error of the mean. Values less than 0.1 are displayed as zeroes; empty cells indicate no data for that category.

Topic: Ion Channels and Receptors
Subfield: Sensory Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Pulmonary perfusion imaging and delayed imaging to measure pulmonary capillary permeability in pulmonary contusion

Purpose Explore the application value of pulmonary perfusion imaging and delayed imaging for evaluating pulmonary capillary permeability. Materials and methods After establishing a rat model of pulmonary contusion, changes in the metabolic index of technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin (99mTC-MAA) in the lungs of model rats were evaluated for two consecutive days. 99mTC-MAA metabolic indices of rat lungs with pulmonary contusion of varying severity (mild, moderate, and severe) were correlated with lung wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) and Evans blue extravasation. Finally, the method was validated in patients with pulmonary contusion and one healthy volunteer. Results The 99mTC-MAA metabolic index was 23.56% ± 2.44% in healthy control (HC) rat lung, 8.56% ± 3.42% immediately after lung contusion (d0), 8.35% ± 3.20% after 1 day (d1), and 17.45% ± 6.44% after 2 days (d2); indices at d0 and d1 were significantly higher than those at HC ( P &lt; 0.05). The metabolic index of 99mTC-MAA in lung had significant negative correlations with W/D ( r = −0.8025; P = 0.0092) and Evans blue extravasation ( r = −0.9356; P = 0.0002). Metabolic and oxygenation indices of 99mTC-MAA exhibited a significant positive linear correlation in patients with pulmonary contusion ( r = 0.8925; P = 0.0416). Conclusion Pulmonary perfusion and delayed imaging of 99mTC-MAA have potential value for evaluating pulmonary capillary permeability.

Topic: Trauma Management and Diagnosis
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences