jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
WOOD ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION USING ITERATIVE CHARACTER WEIGHING*

In this paper we investigate the pattern of wood anatomical variation in some groups of Rubiaceae (i.e. Cinchoneae, Rondeletieae and Condamineae) by using a numerical pattern detection method which involves character weighing (Hogeweg 1975). In this method character weights are obtained iteratively on the basis of the distribution of character values in previously generated classes; these classes being generated by agglomerative cluster analysis, initially with characters weighed equally and subsequently with characters weighed differentially as indicated above. The result of such a study consists of a sequence of dendrograms together with the character weights by which these are produced. Our biological conclusions include: The so obtained results confirm the conclusions drawn by Koek-Noorman & Hogeweg (1974) that the pattern of variation in the wood anatomical structure of these taxa is consistent with the existing classifications at the genus level but does not warrant the higher level classification in Cinchoneae, Rondeletieae and Condamineae as each of these groups show two majorly different woodtypes (differing most conspicuously with respect to libriform fibres and fibre tracheids) while these wood types constitute the major pattern of variation in the sample. However, during the iteration, the Rondeletieae and Cinchoneae tend to be distinguished as separate groups on a level below this main bipartition. The Condamineae remain scattered. The genus Cinchona becomes sharply separated from the other groups during the iteration. Its intermediate position with respect to fibre tracheids and libriform fibres was noted prior to this analysis by Koek-Noorman (Koek-Noorman & Hogeweg 1974). Rather surprisingly, ambiguities (in the sense of being differently classified by different authors) in the existing classifications based mainly on flower morphology reoccur in our iteration based on wood anatomical data in the sense that these taxa change position in the later steps of the iteration. Finally we note that character weights obtained by our method do not spoil the grouping in genera as did character weights obtained by considering the literature on evolutionary trends in wood anatomy (Koek-Noorman & Hogeweg 1974), and that the character weights obtained by our method are not counter to intuition.

Topic: Plant Diversity and Evolution
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Tonight Will Not Swing: Frank Sinatra through the Liner Notes of Stan Cornyn

Frank Sinatra was a towering figure in popular music of the twenty-first century. He designed the basic approach to album making called the “Concept Album.” Part of that album-making process was devised outside of the studio, in the form of liner notes. Few critics have approached the albums of Frank Sinatra through the lens of Stan Cornyn’s award-winning liner notes during Sinatra’s tenure with Reprise&#13;\nRecords, particularly the words of Softly, As I Leave You (1964) through My Way (1968). Cornyn’s notes’ use of poetic mechanisms and their conversational structure allow him to assess Sinatra’s work to the most minute detail. Through object association or dialogue between characters, Cornyn colorizes Sinatra’s songs as if the liner notes were a part of the music itself. In my essay, I look into several Cornyn notes to unify themes and discuss Cornyn’s analysis of Sinatra’s character in his music, ultimately bridging Sinatra’s concepts into other aspects of the album form, particularly liner notes.

Topic: Music History and Culture
Subfield: Music
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Effect of Monetary Policy on Investment in Russian Regions

This paper assesses the effect of monetary policy on investment in Russian regions. In the first stage of the research, we estimate the responses of regional investment to interbank market rate shocks using structural vector autoregressions. In the second stage, we estimate regression models using impulse responses as dependent variables and explanatory factors as independent variables. The regression calculations are performed using the Elastic Net regularisation technique. We find that regions with higher shares of manufacturing, agriculture, and construction are more responsive to monetary policy shocks. In addition, we identified the high importance of these sectors in explaining the different effects of monetary policy on investment. The results also show that the larger is the share of the mining and quarrying sector in the gross regional product (GRP) and the greater the imports to GRP ratio, the smaller is the absolute change in investment from a monetary policy shock.

Topic: Economic and Technological Developments in Russia
Subfield: Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Das klinische Verhalten der Zylindrome

Only the more recent publications are of the opinion that the &lt;i&gt;cylindroma&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;adenoid cystic carcinoma&lt;/i&gt; – inspite of lacking criteria of cellular malignancy – is a malignant tumour. It recommends radical surgical therapy and regular postoperative control-examinations. The present study demonstrates that the cylindroma is a &lt;i&gt;malignant type of tumour with a relatively high incidence of metastasis and mortality&lt;/i&gt;. After the same time we emphasize that a correlation between histological and clinical features does not exist. Pure cylindromas show a different clinical behaviour from that of so-called mixed tumours of the parotid gland, which include singular cylindromatous structures. These so-called mixed tumours may be regarded as benign. Conclusions: (1) Even harmless alterations in the oral mucosa must be considered as possible cylindromas. For that reason biopsies necessarily must be performed. (2) The operation at an early stage must be a radical one since radio-therapy is not very successful and treatment with cytostatics is till now useless: (a) the facial nerve has to be sacrificed when the cylindroma involves the parotid gland (the reason for this is the perineural invasion) and eventually a partial mandibulectomy is indicated; (b) cylindromas with localisation in the upper jaw call for total maxillary resection and if need exenteration of the orbita; (c) if metastasis has been pointed out, a radical neck dissection must be performed in addition to the radical operation of the primary tumour. (3) Regular, strict postoperative control-examinations must follow the early stage operation, as is the case with all carcinoma patients. (4) A survival rate of 5 years is not equal to final healing since recurrence of the disease may be observed even more than 20 years after an apparently successful treatment.

Topic: Ear and Head Tumors
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The physiology of follicular maturation in the pig.

Exogenous gonadotrophin (eg. PMSG) treatment results in follicular growth in most reproductive states, and suggests that lack of FSH and LH-like activity is a likely cause of arrested-follicular development in the pig. Endogenous changes in gonadotrophins between reproductive and non-reproductive states are consistent with this concept. However, changes in the pattern of LH secretion, rather than clearly defined changes in FSH release, appear to be the effective trigger for follicular recruitment. In other situations in vivo, follicular growth is initiated in the absence of demonstrable changes in LH or FSH secretion, suggesting that other hormones interact to sensitize the ovary to gonadotrophins. Such effects have been reported for insulin, cortisol, thyroxine and IGF-1 in vitro, and the steroid environment of follicles also affects gonadotrophin receptors and receptor-mediated mechanisms. Once initiated, the regulation of follicle maturation also involves interactions between gonadotrophins and steroids, as well as other intra-ovarian regulators. Co-operation exists between theca and granulosa in the synthesis of steroids and androgen precursor availability is an important regulator of the oestrogenic activity of follicles. Considerable heterogeneity exists in the morphological and biochemical maturity of preovulatory follicles and inter-follicular regulation via endocrine and paracrine mechanisms may be an essential component of the selection process.

Topic: Reproductive Physiology in Livestock
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Mind the Gap – Deciphering GPCR Pharmacology Using 3D Pharmacophores and Artificial Intelligence

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are amongst the most pharmaceutically relevant and well-studied protein targets, yet unanswered questions in the field leave significant gaps in our understanding of their nuanced structure and function. 3D pharmacophore models are powerful computational tools in silico drug discovery, presenting myriad opportunities for the integration of GPCR structural biology and cheminformatics. This review highlights success stories in the application of 3D pharmacophore modeling to de novo drug design, discovery of biased and allosteric ligands, scaffold hopping, QSAR analysis, hit-to-lead optimization, GPCR de-orphanization, mechanistic understanding of GPCR pharmacology and elucidation of ligand-receptor interactions. Furthermore, advances in the incorporation of dynamics and machine learning will be highlighted. The review will analyze challenges in the field of GPCR drug discovery, detailing how 3D pharmacophore modeling can be used to address them. Finally, we will present opportunities afforded by 3D pharmacophore modeling in the advancement of our understanding and targeting of GPCRs.

Topic: Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Assessment of mood in aphasia following stroke: validation of the Dynamic Visual Analogue Mood Scales (D-VAMS)

Objectives: To validate a non-verbal self-report measure of mood – the Dynamic Visual Analogue Mood Scales (D-VAMS) – against the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and assess its suitability as an outcome measure or screening measure for depressed mood following stroke. Design: Cross-sectional observational cohort study. Participants: Forty-six stroke survivors (24% with aphasia) recruited from online, from stroke clubs and via an NHS rehabilitation service. Methods: A set of seven bipolar scales was developed enabling users to report mood by modifying facial expression images using a slider. Participants completed a tablet/computer task, reporting their mood on these scales mixed randomly with versions which used only words. The HADS was then completed, followed by a repeat run of the two versions in a different, random sequence. Results: Exploratory factor analysis identified one factor consistent with pleasantness of mood accounting for 80% of the variance. Internal consistency of D-VAMS was high ( α = 0.95), and there was a high correlation between face-only D-VAMS scores and HADS total scores ( r = −0.80, P &lt; 0.001), as well as HADS-D/HADS-A subscale scores ( r = −0.73, P &lt; 0.001; r = −0.71, P &lt; 0.001). D-VAMS showed good sensitivity and specificity against HADS, with means of 85%/77% (sensitivity/specificity) against the HADS-D and 80%/77% against the HADS-A across nine cut-offs. Conclusion: D-VAMS is a valid and reliable measure likely suitable for assessment of depressed mood in aphasia following stroke. Though D-VAMS performed well as a screening measure in this study sample, further study is needed in the acute stage post-stroke.

Topic: Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
SIZE HEIGHT &amp;quot;240&amp;quot; WIDTH &amp;quot;170&amp;quot; VOFFSET &amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&amp;gt; of meaning components

The Berkeley Transcription System (BTS) has been designed for the transcription of sign language videotapes at the level of meaning components. The system is based on efforts to transcribe adult-child interactions in American Sign Language (ASL) and Sign Language of the Netherlands (SLN). The goal of BTS is to provide a stan-dard means of transcribing signed utterances, meeting the following objectives: – compatibility with CHAT format and CLAN programs (CHILDES) – linear representation on a continuous typed line, using only ASCII characters – representation at the level of meaning components – full representation of elements of polycomponential verbs – representation of manual and nonmanual elements – representation of gaze direction, role shift, visual attention – representation of gestures and other communicative acts – notation of characteristics of adult-child interaction (child-directed signing, errors, overlap, self-correction).

Topic: Hearing Impairment and Communication
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
New Serratene Triterpenoids from Palhinhaea cernua and Their Cytotoxic Activity

Four new serratene triterpenoids, 3β,21β,24-trihydroxyserrat-14-en-24-(4'-hydroxybenzoate) (1), 3β,21α,24-trihydroxyserrat-14-en-3-(4'-hydroxybenzoate) (2), 3β,14α,15α,21α-tetrahydroxyserrat-14-en-3-(3'-methoxyl-4'-hydroxybenzoate) (3), and 3β,14α,15α,21α-tetrahydroxyserrat-14-en-21-acetyl-3-(4'-hydroxybenzoate) (4), together with two known ones, 5 and 6, were isolated from whole plants of Palhinhaea cernua. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. All the six compounds were tested for their in vitro cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (K562, SMMC-7721, and SGC7901). Compound 5 showed cytotoxicity against the three test cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 20.3, 34.0, and 22.5 ug/mL, respectively. Compound 1 showed slight cytotoxicity against K562 cell lines with IC₅₀ value of 56.1 ug/mL, while no obvious inhibitory effects were detected for other compounds.

Topic: Natural product bioactivities and synthesis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Long-term benefits from lifestyle interventions for type 2 diabetes prevention: time to expand the efforts.

The potential to prevent type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals by lifestyle intervention was established in several clinical trials. These studies had a strong focus on increased physical activity and dietary modification as well as weight reduction among overweight participants. The key issue seems to be a comprehensive approach to correct several risk factors simultaneously. Furthermore, long-term follow-up studies of lifestyle interventions lasting for a limited time period seem to have a long-lasting carry-over effect on risk factors and diabetes incidence (Table 1).

View this table:

Table 1 
Long-term effectiveness of diabetes prevention trials



The research evidence has inspired national and local authorities and health care providers all over the world to start programs and activities to prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications. Based on the experiences from the clinical trials, as well as from the “real world” implementation programs, the IMAGE (Development and Implementation of a European Guideline and Training Standards for Diabetes Prevention) Study Group collated information in a systematic manner. The IMAGE deliverables include a European evidence-based guideline for the prevention of type 2 diabetes, a toolkit for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in Europe, and the quality indicators for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in Europe.

What is needed now is political support to develop national action plans for diabetes prevention. The prerequisites for successful prevention activities include involvement of a number of stakeholders on the governmental and nongovernmental level as well as on different levels of health care. Furthermore, structures to identify high-risk individuals and manage intervention, follow-up, and evaluation have to be established.

Observational studies have provided firm evidence that multiple lifestyle-related factors either increase or decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes. Thus, in type 2 diabetes prevention, it is important to pay attention not only to one single factor such as obesity but …

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Linked collectors and determiners for: Four species of Arctic mosquitoes (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae: Aedes).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Four species of Arctic mosquitoes (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae: Aedes)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/71d7e065-453c-4f28-af7d-a2052e1ca879 using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/71d7e065-453c-4f28-af7d-a2052e1ca879. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Topic: Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Of worms and men

Following the spectacular success of molecular genetics in deciphering the genetic code in the 1960s, several of its leading practitioners felt sufficiently emboldened to use their newly acquired skills to move on and study that most enigmatic of biological organs – the brain. Sydney Brenner's approach was to focus on Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode that is genetically tractable, has a nervous system that generates a rich repertoire of behaviours yet is small enough to allow anatomical reconstructions with ultrastructural precision. Through force of personality and some inspired pioneering studies, Brenner managed to ignite a bonfire of enthusiasm for this organism, which has resulted in its nervous system becoming the best understood of that in any organism. Initially, many were skeptical that this rather strange structure with just a few hundred neurons would yield insights that were relevant to vertebrate nervous systems. However, fifty years on we know that the basic repertoire of molecular components of worm and human nervous systems are remarkably similar. Furthermore, worms have a similar diversity of these components rather than a primitive sub-set. It appears that the fundamental difference in a vertebrate nervous system is a huge expansion of the neural units that comprise a basic brain such as that exemplified in C. elegans.

Topic: Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
Subfield: Aging
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Gladiators, Slaves, and Resistance

Gladiators were men trained to fight with a sword (gladius) and other weapons in order to kill or wound each other for the entertainment of spectators. Other armed professional entertainers known as beast fighters (bestiarii) or hunters (venatores) were trained to hunt wild animals such as leopards and bears for the enjoyment of large crowds. Gladiatorial games were a defining element of Roman culture as it developed in the third and second centuries b.c. They were first developed to their most intensive level in the region of Campania, south of Rome (see Maps 3 and 4). Any analysis of the Spartacus slave war must take into account the fact that the gladiatorial schools and training facilities in this region were centered on the wealthy city of Capua. Many of our best sources of evidence about Roman gladiators, including notices for their performances, come from the city of Pompeii, located about forty-five miles south of Capua.

Topic: American Sports and Literature
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Linea Nigra and Gynaecomastia as Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer

Background: Linea nigra and gynaecomastia are presumably markers of estrogen function and impaired androgen receptor activity in certain disease conditions. Since prostate cancer (PCa) is androgen-dependent, Linea nigra (LN) and gynaecomastia could be potentially non-invasive modalities used in the risk assessment of patients during screening and diagnosis for prostate cancer. Objectives: This study aims to determine the relationship between prostate cancer with Linea nigra and gynaecomastia. Methods: This is a comparative descriptive cross-sectional study on forty patients, twenty with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) and twenty with PCa, who presented to the urology outpatient department or were admitted to the urology ward of the hospital. A proforma data collection sheet collated demographic information, clinical presentation, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, and Linea nigra and gynecomastia presence. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS Version 25 software. Chi-square and Spearmanâs Rank analysis was used to test for association and relationship at a 95% confidence interval, with a pResults: The mean age was 71.0250 ± 11.01years, ranging from 39 to 96years. Linea nigra was seen in two (5%) and absent in thirty-eight (95%) of all the patients. The modal age range was the 70-79-year group, and none had linea nigra. Gynaecomastia was seen in four (10%) and absent in thirty-six (90%) of the patients. One patient in the age range of 50-59years, two in the 60-69years range and one in the 80-89 age range had gynaecomastia. A patient with BPE and three with PCa had gynaecomastia. There was no statistically significant association or relationship between gynaecomastia and prostate cancer. There was a significant association between gynaecomastia and PSA (p=0.008) but none between PSA and Linea nigra. Conclusion: Our study shows no statistically significant association between Linea nigra and gynaecomastia with prostate cancer. There is an association between gynaecomastia and PSA that require further evaluation. More extensive studies are needed to elucidate any relationships.

Topic: Male Breast Health Studies
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Optimization of Naringenin Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Formula with D-optimal Mixture Design Method

This study aimed to optimize and formulate the poorly water-soluble naringenin in the Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) using D-optimal mixture design. D-optimal mixture design was used to optimize SNEDDS loading naringenin by selecting SNEDDS composition as an independent factor and SNEDDS characterization as a response. SNEDDS in the optimal formula were characterized, including transmittance, particle size, emulsification time, and drug loading. Triacetin, Tween 80, and transcutol p were respectively the selected oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant phases for their greatest ability to dissolve naringenin. The optimization results showed that the optimal formula was that using 10% triacetin, 70% of Tween 80, and 20% of transcutol p. SNEDDS loading naringenin produced nanoemulsion with 88.74±2.27 % of transmittance, 14.8 nm of particle size, 51.13 ± 4.53 mg/L of drug loading, and 18.58 ± 0.62 second of emulsification time. This study concludes that the D-optimal mixture design can be used to optimize and prepare the SNEDDS loading poorly-water soluble naringenin.

Topic: Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
ANALYSIS OF LOAD CAPACITY, WEAR AND LIFE WORM TRANSMISSION WITH INVOLUTE WORM CORRECTED WITH TWO- AND TREE PAIR ENGAGEMENT

The paper presents a method for determining the effect of teeth correction in an involute worm gear on the contact strength, wear and life of teeth of the worm wheel. The cases of two- and three-pairy of engagement are considered. The regularities regarding the effect of correction on contact and tribocontact parameters are established. When a positive correction coefficient is applied, the maximum contact pressures and wheel teeth wear decrease while the gear life increases; when the correction coefficient is negative, the trend is opposite.

Topic: Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences