jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Treatment of infection: a cross-sectional survey of antibiotic drug utilisation in the Ramallah district of Palestine

Abstract Objective To characterise the use of antibiotics in outpatients treated for infection in the Ramallah district of Palestine. Setting A purposive sample of general and specialist outpatient clinics in the public and private sector in Ramallah. Method A prospective, cross-sectional survey over 3 months (February-May 2000) of patients diagnosed with infection, conducted through questionnaires to treating physicians (n = 25) and patients (n = 575). Key findings Infection associated with the respiratory tract was the most common type of infection diagnosed, accounting for over 80% of all infections, followed by urinary tract infection and otitis media (14% and 10%, respectively). Amoxicillin was the antibiotic prescribed most often, prescribed for 44% of all patients and for infection of all types and across all age groups. A wide variety of other antibiotics was prescribed, and in the private sector there was more use of newer, more expensive antibiotics. Antibiotic use was rated as appropriate in only 35% of patients, with inappropriate prescribing largely resulting from inappropriate indication (73%) and to a lesser extent choice of drug (17%) or cost (9%). Duration of therapy was seldom specified by the prescriber and depended on pack size dispensed. Seventy-six per cent of patients followed up at 1 week had recovered partially or completely, but lack of compliance was noted in 30%. Conclusions There was considerable evidence of inappropriate use of antibiotics, including prescribing for likely self-limiting or non-bacterial infection and failure to specify duration of therapy. A number of patients failed to complete the course. Strategies to promote optimal antibiotic use should be targeted initially to respiratory tract infection, and both physicians and patients require educational input. The community pharmacist can play a lead role on account of both drug expertise and ability to advise health professionals and patients.

Topic: Antibiotic Use and Resistance
Subfield: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
SIKAP, KEPUASAN DAN LOYALITAS KONSUMEN SUSU SEGAR YU-ONE MILK DI KOTA BANDAR LAMPUNG

This research aims to determine the attitudes, purchasing patterns, satisfaction, and loyalty of fresh milk consumers of Yu-One Milk at Jalan Sultan Agung, Way Halim, Kedaton District of Bandar Lampung City. The research method is a survey. The number of respondents in this research are 60 people, selected by non-probability sampling technique, namely accidental sampling. The research data are analyzed by quantitative descriptively using the Fishbein multi-attribute model, Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) and the loyalty pyramid. Data collection was carried out in October-November 2022. The results showed that the consumers’ attitude toward multi-attribute of Yu-One Milk fresh milk was in the good category, in which score was 181.72 and the most favored attribute by consumers was friendliness services. Most of Yu-One Milk consumers (25%) bought fresh milk with chocolate flavor variants. The average frequency of purchasing Yu-One Milk fresh milk was twice per month with a purchase expenditure of IDR 51,883.00/month. The average purchases amount of Yu-One Milk fresh milk was 1,377 ml/month with the purpose of purchasing to eliminate hunger/thirst (46.67%). Yu-One Milk fresh milk consumer satisfaction was in the very satisfied category with a CSI value of 83.61. Yu-One Milk consumer loyalty was quite good in the form of an inverted pyramid. The switcher buyer value was 46.67%, the habitual buyer value was 48.83%, the satisfied buyer value was 90.00%, the liking the brand value was 86.67% and the committed buyer value was 83.33%. Keywords: attitude, consumer loyalty, fresh milk, purchase pattern, satisfaction.

Topic: Food and Agricultural Sciences
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
THE RICH AND THE POOR IN A SIMPLE MODEL OF GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION

We consider a model of economic growth with altruistic agents who care about their consumption and the disposable income of their offspring. The agents' consumption and the offspring's disposable income are subject to positional concerns. We show that, if the measure of consumption-related positional concerns is sufficiently low and/or the measure of offspring-related positional concerns is sufficiently high, then there is a unique steady-state equilibrium, which is characterized by perfect income and wealth equality, and all intertemporal equilibira converge to it. Otherwise, in steady-state equilibria, the population splits into two classes, the rich and the poor; under this scenario, in any intertemporal equilibrium, all capital is eventually owned by the households that were the wealthiest from the outset and all other households become poor.

Topic: Economic theories and models
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Electric System Security Programming Based on Fuzzy Set

To aim at the problem of security programming of electric systems, a method of electric system security programming based on fuzzy set is presented. Firstly, the evaluation system of electric system security is constructed. We analyzed and proposed the applications of fuzzy system in electric systems. Through the experiment, this method can make a objective evaluation to electric system security programming with expert's experience.

Topic: Power Systems and Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Humour as a symptom of research trends in translation studies

This article is an overview of translation studies applied to the case of humour, divided into four parts, plus an extensive bibliography. The first part goes over humour translation as a relevant object of research and why it is worthy of more academic attention. Humour translation should not be dealt with or looked upon as a strange body within translation studies. Part two is an overview of key contributions to the field, from Spain and elsewhere, covering a considerable number of authors and theories. Part three focuses on promising areas of interest for researchers and illustrates how audiovisual translation is a good instance of dynamism within the field, connecting all this to the rich variety of formats and the importance of technology. Part four sketches the landscape of research methods and theoretical frameworks to signpost possible pitfalls involved when methodologies and theoretical frameworks are not clearly and coherently organised given the complexities of studying humour translation.

Topic: Translation Studies and Practices
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
10.1063/5.0078644.16

In many fluid experiments, we can only obtain low-spatial high-temporal resolution flow images and high-spatial low-temporal resolution flow images due to the limitation of high-speed imaging systems. To solve this problem, we proposed a degradation and super-resolution attention model (D-SRA) using unsupervised machine learning to super-resolution reconstruct high resolution (HR) time-resolved fluid images from coarse data. Unlike the prior research to increase the resolution of coarse data artificially generated by simple bilinear down-sampling, our model that consists of a degradation neural network and a super-resolution neural network aims to learn the mappings between experimental low-resolution data and corresponding HR data. What is more, channel and spatial attention modules are also adopted in D-SRA to facilitate the restoration of abundant and critical details of flow fields. The proposed model is validated by two high-speed schlieren experiments of under-expanded impinging supersonic jets. The comprehensive capability of D-SRA is statistically analyzed based on the synthetic unpaired schlieren images. The spatial-resolution of coarse images can be successfully augmented by 42 times and 82 times with most physical details recovered perfectly, which outperforms the existing method. The D-SRA also exhibits considerable generalization and robustness against unknown-degenerated schlieren images. Moreover, the practicability of the proposed method is also further explored on real unpaired jets schlieren images. It is convincingly demonstrated that the present study successfully surpasses the performance limitations of high-speed cameras and has significant applications in various fluid experiments to obtain flow images with high spatial and temporal resolution.

Topic: Advanced Image Processing Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Rorschach Assessment of Psychotic Phenomena

Rorschach Assessment of Psychotic Phenomena takes the reader beyond where James H. Kleiger's original work, Disordered Thinking and the Rorschach, left off. This new book offers readers a number of conceptual bridges between Rorschach characteristics commonly associated with psychotic phenomena and a range of psychological, neurocognitive, and psychoanalytic constructs that help psychologists move beyond static, test-bound interpretations of scores and indices. Beginning with a broad-based understanding of disordered thinking and reality testing, Kleiger provides an updated review of the contributions of past Rorschach luminaries and contemporary figures who have helped make the Rorschach a robust tool for assessing aspects of psychotic-level experience. The contributions of major figures are highlighted and assessed in terms of their empirical, conceptual, and practical implications. In addition to providing a balanced, respectful review of each of these leading figures and the systems they developed, Kleiger offers a new way of organizing and conceptualizing what is currently understood about Rorschach scoring variables pertaining to psychotic phenomena. Kleiger's aim is to help Rorschach practitioners not only consolidate their grasp of key scoring variables and what each means about an individual's thought processes and internal experiences, but also expand their clinical understanding of the psychotic phenomena being assessed. He includes a wide range of psychotic phenomena, like negative symptoms, cognitive impairment, magical thinking, and impairment of insight, all of which are subjects of diagnostic interest when using the Rorschach with psychotically prone individuals. The final section on psychopathology looks at how the Rorschach is useful in differential diagnosis of primary psychoses and those conditions that may include secondary psychotic phenomena. In step with contemporary DSM-5 standards, Kleiger organizes his discussion of severe psychopathology in a manner consistent with how psychotic phenomena are currently understood in the clinical and scientific literature. In addition to reviewing key clinical characteristics of these conditions, along with Rorschach contributions to the diagnosis of these disorders, he also focuses his lens on the Rorschach assessment of malingered psychosis and psychotic phenomena in children and adolescents. Written with the same well-researched attention to detail and integrative style as Kleiger's earlier work, Rorschach Assessment of Psychotic Phenomena will prove invaluable to clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and psychoanalysts interested in understanding and assessing psychosis.

Topic: Psychological Testing and Assessment
Subfield: Applied Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Is it Institutional or System Trust: Mediating the Effect of Generational Cohort Membership on Online Banking Intentions

A cross sectional survey of Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) users (N = 559) was conducted to investigate the mediation effect of institutional and system trust on generational differences in online banking intentions. Results of serial mediation models showed that the effect of age on online banking intentions was best mediated through the serial combination of institutional and system trust, respectively. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Topic: Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
Subfield: Information Systems and Management
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of (R)-(-)-Carvone: Potential Roles of JNK1, Nrf2 and NF-κB

To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of (R)-(-)-carvone, we evaluated its ability to inhibit the signaling pathways involving the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). (R)-(-)-carvone significantly decreased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1phosphorylation, but not that of the other MAPKs, induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Although (R)-(-)-carvone significantly inhibited resynthesis of the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB)-α induced by LPS, it did not interfere with the canonical NF-κB activation pathway, suggesting that it may interfere with its transcriptional activity. (R)-(-)-carvone also showed a tendency to decrease the levels of acetylated NF-κB/p65 in the nucleus, without affecting the activity and protein levels of Sirtuin-1, the major NF-κB/p65 deacetylating enzyme. Interestingly, the nuclear protein levels of the transcription factor, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and the expression of its target,, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an antioxidant enzyme, also showed a tendency to increase in the presence of (R)-(-)-carvone. Taken together, these results suggest that the ability of (R)-(-)-carvone to inhibit JNK1 and to activate Nrf2 can underlie its capacity to inhibit the transcriptional activity of NF-κB and the expression of its target genes. This study highlights the diversity of molecular mechanisms that can be involved in the anti-inflammatory activity of monoterpenes.

Topic: Natural product bioactivities and synthesis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
<b>Fixation of radiocaesium in an acid brown forest soil</b>

Summary The OAh and Ah horizons of acid brown and podzolic forest soils are reported to fix more radiocaesium than the mineral B horizons beneath them. We determined the respective influence of organic matter and clay minerals on the magnitude of Cs + retention in a strongly acid brown forest soil in Belgium. The soil contained mica throughout the profile. Vermiculite was identified in the OAh and Ah horizons, and hydroxy interlayered vermiculite (HIV) in the Bw horizon. The OAh and Ah clay fraction retained much more Cs + than the Bw horizon. The extraction of Al interlayers by Na‐citrate resulted in a marked increase in Cs + fixation in the Bw clays as well as the collapse of the vermiculitic layers after K + saturation. Organic matter had a strong but indirect effect on Cs + fixation. In the Bw horizon, acid weathering of layer silicates releases free Al and produces HIV minerals in which Al polymers block the access of radiocaesium onto Cs + ‐specific sites. In OAh and Ah horizons, free Al is complexed by organic acids. Consequently, the interlayer specific sites remain accessible for Cs + fixation.

Topic: Radioactive contamination and transfer
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of Foliar Application of Carbofuran and a Related Compound on Plant-parasitic Nematodes under Greenhouse and Growth Chamber Conditions.

Greenhouse and growth chamber studies were made to investigate the downward systemic nematicidal activity of carbofuran and its analog 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl [(di-n-butyl)-4-aminosulfenyl] carbamate against Meloidogyne incognita, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, and Pratylenchus penetrans. Oxamyl was used as standard in tests with T. claytoni. Both carbofuran and its analog reduced all three plant-parasitic species when plant foliage was sprayed with chemical suspension of 1,200, 2,400 or 4,800 ppm. The studies show that fewer chemical applications were required to reduce populations of P. penetrans than to reduce populations of T. claytoni. Oxamyl was somewhat less active than either carbofuran or its analog.

Topic: Nematode management and characterization studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
High Speed Photography In The United Kingdom

At the 13th Congress in Tokyo, I presented a paper with this title in which some early history was mentioned followed by a more detailed study of the activities of the main research groups in Britain from the period between 1950 and 1978. On this occasion, some early topics will be mentioned. The period since 1978 has seen quite a few changes in that research is now more in the hands of commercial groups as opposed to the previous governmental laboratories. It is true that the pricipal camera systems have reached towards their physical limits. However other new techniques are still expanding, for example, Lasers, Holography and Videography. The new systems are principally in the hands of major or specialist companies with the offical and industrial research groups using their products. The Association for High Speed Photography continues to encourage both researchers and users by providing oportunities for users, suppliers and manufacturers to meet and discuss.

Topic: 3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage
Subfield: Geology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Magnetic structure and covalence in tetrachlorobis(N-phenylacetamidinato)rhenium(IV) by neutron diffraction

Powder neutron diffraction measurements have been made at 2 and 20 K for the complex cis-[ReCl4(NHCMeNHPh)2]. The changes in diffracted intensities on magnetic ordering at 9.7(1) K were fitted in the Shubnikov group Pc′c′n to an antiferromagnetically ordered magnetic structure in which the spins are aligned along c in this orthorhombic crystal. A moment of 2.58(6) µB resides on the rhenium site in each molecule, while each chlorine site has a spin population of 1.03(8) µB due to covalent spin delocalisation. The N–C–N region of the other two ligands each has a spin population of –1.86(10) µB, indicating a substantial spin polarisation resulting from electron correlation effects. The antiferromagnetic structure is consistent with a reinterpretation of earlier single crystal magnetisation data. The very large amounts of spin transfer observed within the molecule are not unexpected in this heavy metal complex, and qualitatively reasonable given a synergistic interaction between the two ligand types. The previous observation of a metamagnetic transition in this crystal is explained as being driven by a change in canting angles within the molecule, from alignment closely along c to an arrangement in which opposite halves of the molecule are differently canted, with small but significant +b and –b components. The direction of magnetisation within the molecule is thus not all parallel.

Topic: Magnetism in coordination complexes
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Dynamic frequency hopping vs. non-hopping in IEEE 802.22 systems

IEEE 802.22 is the first worldwide wireless standard based on Cognitive Radio (CR) for Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN). Usually, Secondary Users (SUs) have to be interrupted periodically for spectrum sensing so as to avoid interference to Primary Users (PUs) operating in the licensed bands. Such interruptions of data transmission, however, impair the Quality of Service (QoS) of SUs. Dynamic Frequency Hopping (DFH) has been proposed for IEEE 802.22 system. In DFH, data transmission is performed in parallel with spectrum sensing without interruptions. In this paper, we compare this hopping mode with non-hopping one by computer simulation, the results show that although hopping mode requires a little more channels, it can reduce the collision with PUs and achieve higher ratio of valid delivery and higher throughput, thus provide enhanced QoS for SUs.

Topic: Wireless Communication Networks Research
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Restructurations de la protection sociale et mutations du cycle de vie en Europe

ABSTRACT The move towards early retirement as witnessed over the last few years in Europe comes from social assistance mechanisms, other than old age security and is not due to a simple earlier retirement age. Two systems have been used primarily to help older workers. These are disability and employment insurance. “Early retirement” mechanisms have also helped these active or unemployed workers retire, by means of allocating resources. The social security structure in European countries has remained essentially unchanged with the risks and logistics of management inextricably intertwined. Moreover, these new forms of transition between activity and retirement reveal the reorganization underway in all matters related to the aging workers. One of the implications of the massive movement towards early retirement has been that the tripartite life course in which important social stages within the life course are marked by milestones (e.g., school age, retirement age …) is disappearing. It is gradually being replaced with new flexibility for managing the end of the life course. This type of evolution requires us to rethink the social assistance system in the sense of reducing the distinct ternary division in the life course. From this perspective, the very concepts of retirement and social transfers for definitive inactivity are no longer relevant.

Topic: Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences