jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Some Effects of the Vitamin B Complex on Appetite and on Utilization of Food.

The relation of the vitamin B complex to the rate of growth, to the consumption of food and water and to the utilization of food in rats has been studied. The Evans and Burr diet (purified casein—25, sucrose—75, salt mixture—4) was used and was supplemented daily with 9 drops of cod liver oil. The B complex was supplied by daily additions of one or more of the following: whole dried hog liver (high B2-low B1), autoclaved liver (high B2), whole dried yeast (high B1-moderately high B2), tikitiki (high B1). Male rats were placed on the experimental diet when 50 gm. in weight and were kept in individual raised cages. Some of the data are shown in Table I. Groups 1 to 4 were restricted in food consumption to approximately the same number of calories. The remaining groups were fed the basal diet ad libitum. The weight increments for the first 4 groups were surprisingly uniform in spite of the fact that only one of the 4 supplements (Group 2) was adequate for optimum growth when the basal diet was fed ad libitum (Group 10). The results with Group 4 were particularly interesting because of the relatively low concentration of vitamin B2 required for satisfactory utilization. In these experiments the utilization of food was apparently unaffected by considerable variation in the amounts of B1 and B2 furnished in the supplements. On the other hand, the appetite of the rats was markedly affected by the nature of the supplement. If either tikitiki (B1) or autoclaved liver (B2) was used as the source of the B complex appetite failed and growth did not occur. However, the combination of tikitiki and autoclaved liver resulted in optimum growth (Group 12); i. e., growth as good or better than that of the stock control rats (Group 5) . The difference between Groups 6 and 7 and between Groups I I and 12 was largely due to the appetite-stimulating effect of the autoclaved liver.

Topic: Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Conclusion

Can finite humans grasp universal truth? Is it possible to think beyond the limits of reason? Are we doomed to failure because of our finitude? In this clear and accessible book, Barnabas Aspray presents Ricœur’s response to these perennial philosophical questions through an analysis of human finitude at the intersection of philosophy and theology. Using unpublished and previously untranslated archival sources, he shows how Ricœur’s groundbreaking concept of symbols leads to a view of creation, not as a theological doctrine, but as a mystery beyond the limits of thought that gives rise to philosophical insight. If finitude is created, then it can be distinguished from both the Creator and evil, leading to a view of human existence that, instead of the ‘anguish of no’, proclaims the ‘joy of yes’.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Polio eradication still on target for 2000.

In 1995, 6587 cases of poliomyelitis were reported to the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), 85% fewer cases than the 49,487 reported in 1974 when the EPI began, and 81% less than the 35,251 cases in 1988 when the polio eradication drive began. In WHO's American region, no confirmed case of paralytic polio due to wild poliovirus has been reported since 1991, 1716 cases were reported in the Africa region in 1995, 738 cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 205 in Europe, 3496 in Southeast Asia, and 432 in the Western Pacific region. 150 of 214 countries reporting to the EPI reported no polio cases in 1995. Despite the occurrence of polio outbreaks in 1995 in Zaire, Pakistan, and Russia, WHO officials believe that the drive to eradicate the disease by 2000 is on track given the strong and ongoing downward trend in the numbers of reported cases, high routine immunization coverage, and the strengthening of disease surveillance worldwide.

Topic: Viral Infections and Immunology Research
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The prevalence of frailty among acute stroke patients, and evaluation of method of assessment

Objective:We aimed to determine prevalence of pre-stroke frailty in acute stroke and describe validity of a Frailty Index–based assessment.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:Single UK urban teaching hospital.Subjects:Consecutive acute stroke unit admissions, recruited in four waves (May 2016–August 2018). We performed the assessments within first week and attempted to include all admissions.Main measures:Our primary measure was a Frailty Index, based on cumulative disorders. A proportion of participants were also assessed with the ‘Frail non-disabled’ questionnaire. We evaluated concurrent validity of Frailty Index against variables associated with frailty in non-stroke populations. We described predictive validity of Frailty Index for stroke severity and delirium. We described convergent validity, quantifying agreement between frailty assessments and a measure of pre-stroke disability (modified Rankin Scale) using kappa statistics and correlations.Results:We included 546 patients. A Frailty Index–defined frailty syndrome was observed in 427 of 545 patients (78%), of whom, 151 (28%) had frank frailty and 276 (51%) were pre-frail. Phenotypic frailty was observed in 72 of 258 patients (28%). We demonstrated concurrent validity via significant associations with all variables (all <i>p</i> p Conclusion:Frailty is present in around one in four patients with acute stroke; if pre-frailty is included, then a frailty syndrome is seen in three out of four patients. The Frailty Index is a valid measure of frailty in stroke; however, there is little agreement between this scale and other measurements of frailty.

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The pharmacotherapy-psychotherapy triangle: psychiatrist, nonmedical psychotherapist, and patient.

Members of the Washington State Psychiatric Association (N = 387) were sent a questionnaire asking about their experience with providing adjunctive medicinal treatment to patients in psychotherapy with someone else. Of the 202 respondents, 63% acknowledged such "therapeutic triangles." Younger psychiatrists, psychiatrists working in clinic and/or public settings, and non-psychoanalytic psychiatrists were more likely to participate in such arrangements. It is estimated that between 7200 and 21,000 U.S. psychiatrists participate in such arrangements, with 72,000-210,000 patients seen each month. More extensive study of all aspects of this phenomenon is urged.

Topic: Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Mouse Model of Cerebral Aneurysm

Background and Purpose — Rupture of cerebral aneurysm (CA) is the major cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Molecular mechanisms of this disease, however, remain unknown. To make possible genetic analysis of CA formation with genetically altered mice, we have successfully established a mouse model of saccular CA that recapitulates the essential features of human saccular CA. Methods — In C57black/6 male mice, various stages of CAs were experimentally induced at the right anterior cerebral artery–olfactory artery bifurcations by ligations of left common carotid arteries and posterior branches of bilateral renal arteries with high salt diet. Both light and electron microscopic studies were performed with the longitudinal sections of anterior cerebral artery–olfactory artery bifurcations. Results — In the treated group, various aneurysmal changes were detected in 14 of 18 mice. On the other hand, in the control group, no aneurysmal changes were found in 15 mice. In microscopic studies, aneurysmal changes were shown to include mainly fragmentation of internal elastic lamina, thinning of the smooth muscle cell layer, and degeneration of adventitial tissue, which were very similar to critical changes in human saccular CA. Conclusions — This mouse model of CA will be useful for studying the effects of complex determinants on CA formation and makes it possible to understand the pathogenesis of CA at the molecular level.

Topic: Aortic aneurysm repair treatments
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Single-electron capture in low-energy Ar<sup>6+</sup>-He collisions

Double differential cross sections for state-selective single-electron capture processes in Ar6+-He collisions have been measured at laboratory energies between 75 and 900 eV and scattering angles between 0 and 8°. At the lowest energy, the zero-angle spectrum shows capture into Ar5+(4p) to be the most important channel. However, as the scattering angle is increased, a second peak appears at angles ⩾2° and becomes more pronounced relative to the 4p capture channel. The energy spectra are interpreted qualitatively in terms of the reaction windows, which are calculated using the single-crossing Landau-Zener model. Total and differential cross sections are also measured and compared with available measurements and calculations.

Topic: Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
'Prospects' and 'promenades' : using 3D-GIS to recreate contemporary visual experiences within English designed landscapes, c.1550-1660

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the elite amongst contemporary society had the wealth and status to create English designed landscapes and artificially-organise them around a variety of visual experiences. These experiences included 'prospects', or landscape views, which contemporaries admired either from static vantage points or along 'promenades' involving movement. In 1624, Henry Wotton theorised how creating visual experiences within these landscapes satisfied the "usurping" sense of sight through the "Lordship of the Feete [and] likewise of the Eye". These visual experiences not only influenced the composition of separate estates but also reflected the landowners' attitudes towards the landscape. However, previous research rarely determined the characteristics of 'prospects' and 'promenades' at specific sites. One significant hindrance is the destruction and modernisation of designed landscapes and the subsequent bias towards renowned or grander sites in current research. The degradation of sites affects their appearance, our understanding of their development and our comprehension of how contemporaries experienced them. Therefore, this thesis utilised a multidisciplinary approach and a digital methodology to provide an innovative yet non-invasive solution. By combining the capabilities of CAD and GIS, 3D-GIS was used to recreate certain designed landscapes within their intended geographical and historical context. The experiences within these designed landscapes were then recreated using viewshed analysis, which estimates the visibility of specific 'prospects', and animation technology, for capturing what contemporaries along particular 'promenades' observed. These results were thus interpreted using an adaptation of phenomenology and reception theory. This research has provided fresh insight into contemporary perceptions within individual designed landscapes and the perspectives of the landowners who created them. 3D-GIS has been proven to contribute towards the study of designed landscapes but also has the potential to inspire research about other historic landscapes.

Topic: Historical Geography and Cartography
Subfield: Geography, Planning and Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
PO73 OUTPATIENT CATUMAXOMAB THERAPY IN METASTATIC BREAST CANCER PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM MALIGNANT EFFUSIONS DUE TO PERITONEAL OR PLEURAL CARCINOMATOSIS: A SINGLE INSTITUTION EXPERIENCE

s / The Breast 24 S3 (2015) S21–S75 S47 cells. Loss, increase, or no change in ER staining in primary tumour and pleural effusion specimens was observed in 7, 0 and 21 cases (19 cases were positive, 2 cases were negative), respectively. In two of these 19 cases with ER positive, endocrine therapy was performed. In one of two patients, endocrine therapy achieved long stable disease. However, endocrine therapies were ineffective in all cases of ER loss in pleural effusion specimens. No discrepancy of HER2 expression from primary tumours and pleural effusion specimens were confirmed. Positive staining cell for VEGF-A was found to be present in 75% of pleural effusion specimens (15 of 20 specimens). Eight pleural effusion specimens were not available to VEGF-A staining because of a few carcinoma cells. In 2 of these 15 cases with VEGF-A positive, bevacizumab antiangiogenic agents were administered. Therapeutic effects were confirmed in both patients. However, these agents were administered in 2 of 5 cases with VEGF-A negative and therapeutic effects were confirmed in one patient. Conclusions: The results of this study emphasize the reliability of immunohistochemistry in pleural effusion specimens. Therapeutic effect prediction based on biomarkers in the pleural effusion specimens of breast cancer patients may be promising in loss cases of ER staining.

Topic: Cancer Treatment and Pharmacology
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Optimum Nitrogen and Density Allocation for Trade−Off Between Yield and Lodging Resistance of Winter Wheat

Increasing nitrogen and planting density can enhance crop yield, but it can reduce lodging resistance due to decreased lignin content. There is an urgent need to find feasible measures to balance these conflicting factors. We conducted a two-year field experiment in Tai’an, Shandong Province, China, evaluated SN23 (lodging resistant) and SN16 (lodging sensitive), under three nitrogen applications (120 kg/ha, N1; 240 kg/ha, N2; 360 kg/ha, N3) and four planting densities (75 plants/m2, D1; 225 plants/m2, D2; 375 plants/m2, D3; 525 plants/m2, D4), with N2D2 as the control, and measured lodging resistance related indexes and yield. N2D3 (SN23) increased internode length by 0.40 cm, reduced fresh weight by 0.09 g, resulting in a bending moment reduction of 0.39 g/cm. Lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose decreased by 18.27, 16.48, and 16.22 mg/g DW, while S and G lignin subunits decreased by 118.09 and 127.34 μg/g DW, and H subunit increased by 23.59 μg/g DW. Eventually, the breaking strength was reduced by 1.74 g/cm resulting in a reduction of 0.09 in the lodging resistance index. The yield reached 10.17 t/ha due to an increase in spike number by 100.33 plants/m2, achieving an optimal balance between yield and lodging resistance in this experiment. This study provides a viable solution for balancing lodging resistance and yield in winter wheat.

Topic: Crop Yield and Soil Fertility
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
<i>Announcement</i>: U.S. Antibiotic Awareness Week — November 13–19, 2017

U.S. Antibiotic Awareness Week is an annual observance to raise awareness about antibiotic resistance and the importance of appropriate antibiotic prescribing and use.This year's observance coincides with the release of CDC's updated educational initiative "Be Antibiotics Aware: Smart Use, Best Care," and aims to engage health care professionals, advocacy groups, for-profit companies, state and local health departments, professional societies, the general public, the media, and others in efforts to improve antibiotic prescribing and use across all health care settings.This observance coincides with the World Health Organization's World Antibiotic Awareness Week and European Antibiotic Awareness Day on November 18.Antibiotics save lives.When a patient needs antibiotics, the benefits outweigh the risks for side effects or antibiotic resistance.However, antibiotic resistance is one of the most urgent threats to the public's health.Each year in the United States, approximately 2 million persons are infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and approximately 23,000 die as a result.*Helping health care professionals improve the way they prescribe antibiotics and improving the way patients take antibiotics helps keep everyone healthy now, helps fight antibiotic resistance, and ensures that lifesaving antibiotics will be available for future generations.Preventing antibiotic-resistant infections and protecting the nation's health by improving antibiotic prescribing and use is a CDC priority.Additional information about "Be Antibiotics Aware" during U.

Topic: Antibiotic Use and Resistance
Subfield: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
VGI in the Geoweb

The advent of user-generated content, crowdsourcing and other forms of lay data generation have led to opposing arguments about the quality and reliability of data in the geoweb. The main focus of this chapter is an ‘experiment' to test the quality, validity and lay monitoring of volunteered geographic information (VGI) data. Given the growing importance of VGI, in particular its very different sources and potential uses, it is important that we also consider how this movement affects the ways in which we re-envision the pedagogy of geographic education. Accordingly, a sub-theme of this paper focuses on the manner in which the VGI experiment is undertaken: the experiment is run with students as a means of complementing their otherwise technical GIS training with primary research that exposes them to the wider social issues and debates relating to geographic data. We discuss the implications of this research project both for observers of the development of VGI and the pedagogy of GIS teaching and learning.

Topic: Geographic Information Systems Studies
Subfield: Geography, Planning and Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Circulating molecular forms of parathyroid hormone in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism.

To study the circulating forms of parathyroid hormone (PTH), sera from 5 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) and 12 patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to chronic renal failure (SHP) were submitted to gel filtration chromatography. The eluent samples were analyzed using two sequence-specific radioimmunoassays (RIA), one amino-terminal (NH2), the other carboxyl-terminal (COOH). The results obtained with the NH2 RIA showed a single molecular form in both groups co-eluting with the intact hormone. The COOH assay identified several molecular forms with a broader distribution in the SHP patients. These results confirm the diagnostic superiority of the NH2 assay under both conditions.

Topic: Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On Causal Relevance: A Reply to Sullivan

I want to thank Arthur Sullivan for his response (this issue) to my article, “Are Mental Properties Causally Relevant? ” (Raymont 2001). In that article, I argued that much of the recent debate about epiphenomenalism invokes a confused notion of causal relevance. While Sullivan also finds fault with this debate, he does so for different reasons, and is not convinced by my critique to abandon the notion of causal relevance. My response is complicated by the fact that I now believe that there is a notion of causal relevance that is not threatened by the argument that I offered in the final section of my (2001). I there argued that a prevalent notion of causal relevance is confused because it encapsulates mutually incompatible causal and explanatory requirements. Sullivan finds this critique convincing (Sullivan 2004, p. 5), but believes that the notion of causal relevance can be recuperated by purging it of any explanatory requirement. 1 I have recently moved in a different direction (Raymont 2003), aiming to salvage a notion of causal relevance by weakening the explanatory requirement to which it is subject (and arguing that on this weaker reading there is no reason to doubt the causal relevance of mental properties). Nevertheless, even though I no longer impose the stronger

Topic: Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Hybrid CPM and CAM Physiotherapy Device by Using Intelligent Feedback Control

Continuous passive motion (CPM) and continuous active motion (CAM) physiotherapy devices are commonly used to promote rehabilitation of damaged synovial joints. CPM devices use an electric motor to move the joint through a range of motion (ROM) without muscle activity of the patient. CAM devices use some form of mechanical resistance to patient muscle activity. This paper presents a combined CAM/CPM device which functions conventionally in the CPM mode, but in the CAM mode uses the motor to exert a constant force against patient activity, simulating the effect of a spring load. In the CAM mode, the motor is embedded in a feedback loop with two sensors, one a force sensor, the other an angular position sensor. The simulated-spring-load system operation is smooth and natural. Recording is detailed. Enhancement of the operating program would allow detailed recording and analysis of patient tremor, micro-tremor, moments of weakness, etc, for advanced diagnosis of patients. The presented design will be of use for diagnosis, therapy and research.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Reducing permeability of indium tin oxide contacts to improve thermal stability in perovskite solar cells (Conference Presentation)

Hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells have made rapid advancements in efficiency, approaching and overtaking those of other thin-film technologies. Before commercialization can be achieved, however, the stability of perovskite solar cells must be improved. While moisture exposure can be mitigated through careful encapsulation, the thermal stability of the cell, with respect to both intrinsic degradation of the absorber material and extrinsic reactions with other layers, is critical. We evaluate thermal stability of semitransparent FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 and MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells at 85C in a nitrogen environment for up to 1000 hours and show that the primary factor in cell degradation is reaction with a metal contact. Using depth profiling in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we show that silver contacts not only create a driving force for iodine migration from the perovskite, but also surprisingly have the potential to diffuse through a sputtered tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) window layer, an atomic layer deposited (ALD) tin oxide layer, and an evaporated fullerene electron transport layer into the perovskite, harming the performance of the perovskite solar cell. The poor barrier quality of the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) is due largely to diffusion channels in domain boundaries created by a proliferation of the existing rough perovskite morphology, shown with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We investigate several solutions, including spin-coating the fullerene layer and using amorphous indium zinc oxide (IZO) as an alternative TCO. We discuss the performance and viability of each solution as well as implications for perovskite solar cell design.

Topic: Perovskite Materials and Applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences