jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Socio-technological Co-evolution Approach: An Endeavor by the by the JST-RISTEX Environment-Energy R&amp;D Program

Bearing in mind the co-evolution nature of transition to a sustainable low carbon system, in this paper, we define a new “co-evolution approach” and implemented it as an R&amp;D funding program of JST-RISTEX. Through the examination of R&amp;D project results, we found that our socio-technological co-evolution approach is effective for involving both academia and local stakeholders at the early stage of scenario building (co-design) and motivating them to commit sustainable local actions together (co-production). This approach initiated by our R&amp;D program is a valuable endeavor implemented even ahead of the “Future Earth” international research initiative for sustainability under the International Council for Science (ICSU).

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Students' interactions with teachers, peers, and texts in a second-grade inclusion classroom: A critical ethnography

Several models of inclusion are being implemented in schools across the United States. One such configuration in New York City public schools is termed Collaborative Team Teaching (CTT) classrooms, in which classified and unclassified students are taught in the same setting by two teachers. As the number of CTT classrooms being established increases, the need to study these settings is imperative. This study documented the interactions of three focal students with their teachers, peers, and texts in a second-grade CTT classroom in order to examine and to investigate the literacy experiences of individual students. This study used qualitative design methods and critical ethnographic procedures in order to determine findings and generate hypotheses. Multiple data sources, including systematic observations, detailed field notes, transcriptions of audiotapes, artifact collection, and a focused teacher interview, were analyzed using discourse analysis, construction of case studies, and theme identification. From the data analysis, four hypotheses were generated: (a) although an ideological intent of inclusion is to integrate and equalize certain academic and social aspects in educational settings, in practice, classified students are marginalized in subtle and powerful ways by teachers and students; (b) teachers who prioritize a whole group, teacher-directed focus on explicit rules, directions, and behaviors influence students to attend to superficial details of texts without truce engagement, critical thinking, and conceptual understanding; (c) in educational settings, such as inclusion settings, the quality and quantity of teacher and peer language may significantly affect and limit students' learning experiences, especially in cases of students who are most in need of support; and (d) teacher support for academic inquiry, self-determination, and critical thinking may lead to more in-depth and supportive learning environments. By critically examining the differential experiences of students within the same classroom context, this study illustrates the complexity embedded in the participants' experiences. Multiple recommendations for ways to reform and enrich inclusion settings are proposed, such as incorporate a variety of classroom discourse frameworks, support the acquisition of self-determination strategies, provide extensive learning models and scaffolds for students, and systematically and critically evaluate instructional practices. Strategies, models, and theories for implementing these recommendations are provided.

Topic: Teacher Education and Leadership Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Sequences and Series

We now have sufficient knowledge of a programming language to allow us to begin to explore the application of the computer to some simple mathematical ideas. An important aspect of computing is the ability to perform repeated operations and the Pascal language allows us the facility to do this either a predetermined number of times or until a condition is satisfied. An area of mathematics in which one can apply this is to problems concerning sequences and series. Sequences consist of sets of numbers, each of which is generated from previous values in the sequence according to some rule. Hence, by repeated application of the rule we can generate the sequence of numbers from any starting value. In the case of series, we are usually interested in their sum which can be achieved by the repeated operation of adding the next term in the series to the current value of the sum. Thus, in computation terms, both concepts can be handled using the looping structures discussed in the previous chapter. Here we will describe and illustrate some of the problems in handling sequences and series on a computer. For example, from a mathematical viewpoint we are often interested in the convergence of the sequence or the sum to a finite limit. We therefore need to consider the problem of deciding when we have gone sufficiently far in our calculations to have achieved a suitable approximation to the limit.

Topic: Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
GEOGRAPHIC CATEGORIES OF SETTLEMENT AND THE 2000 CENSUS: A CHALLENGE FOR GEOGRAPHERS

The author notes that the U.S. Office of Management and Budget...is currently reviewing the statistical standards used to delineate metropolitan areas and the data categorizations for occupation and for race and ethnicity. Changes if any will be implemented for the 2000 census. He stresses the importance of redefining the geographic units of settlements for the United States and mentions four independent investigations already completed on the subject. Finally he encourages geographers to provide their input directly to federal decision-makers. (EXCERPT)

Topic: Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Influence of Relative Hamstring Flexibility and Lumbar Extensor Strength on Lumbar and Pelvic Kinematics During a Stoop Lift

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of relative hamstring flexibility and lumbar extensor strength on lumbar flexion during a stoop lift. Lumbar flexion during stoop lifting has been associated with increased bending stress and load on the lumbar spine. The potential impairments that contribute to a flexed lumbar lifting posture during stoop lifting are unclear. Forty-nine healthy individuals (27 females and 22 males) between the ages of 18 and 40 participated. Strength of the lumbar extensors was measured with a motor-driven dynamometer, and relative hamstring flexibility was estimated with the passive knee extension test. Peak lumbar flexion and pelvis anterior rotation were quantified with 3D motion capture during a stoop lift. There was a positive correlation between relative hamstring flexibility and peak pelvis anterior rotation angle during the stoop lift ( r = .544, P &lt; .001). Meanwhile, there was a negative correlation between middle lumbar spine peak flexion and relative hamstring flexibility ( r = −.538, P &lt; .001) and a negative correlation between lumbar extensor strength and lower lumbar peak flexion ( r = −.288, P = .045). Individuals with decreased strength and limited relative hamstring flexibility tended to exhibit increased lumbar flexion during stoop lifting.

Topic: Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
LHD LHDGAUSS_RAY_MWRM2 #192757.1 (analyzed)

Ray trajectories for microwave reflectometry (mwrm) at set2 point obtained using ray-tracing code LHDGauss.

Topic: Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
One analytic form for four branches of the<i>ABCD</i>matrix

It is not always possible to diagonalize the optical $ABCD$ matrix, but it\ncan be brought into one of the four Wigner matrices by a similarity\ntransformation. It is shown that the four Wigner matrices can be combined into\none matrix with four branches. This result is illustrated in terms of optical\nactivities, laser cavities, and multilayer optics.\n

Topic: Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Abstract TP92: When Less is More: Do We Need Advanced Perfusion Neuroimaging Prior to Mechanical Thrombectomy?

Objective: To assess whether the choice of pretreatment neuroimaging has an impact on clinical outcomes following mechanical thrombectomy (MT). Background: Most MT trials required advanced neuroimaging including either CT or MR based perfusion studies for patient selection prior to randomization. However, in practice, centers may offer MT based on favorable findings (ASPECT score &gt; 6) on non-contrast head CT (HCT) ± CT angiogram (CTA). We compared outcomes between patients who underwent MT based on HCT ± CTA (HCT- group) versus additional including CT or MR perfusion scan (HCT+ group). Design/Methods: Case records of all patients who underwent MT at our center between Jun 2012 - Jun 2017 were reviewed. Patient demographics, risk factors, presentation, pretreatment scan findings, treatment times and clinical outcomes were compared. Favorable outcome is defined as mRS of 2 or less at 90-days. Results: A total of 528 patients were identified, of which 46.4% were male. There were 385 (72.9%) patients who underwent MT based on findings on HCT or CTA (HCT-); while the remaining 143 (27.1%) also underwent additional CTP (121/528; 22.9%) or MRI perfusion (22/528; 4.2%) prior to MT (HCT+). Median age (73 vs 72, p=0.1) and baseline ASPECT scores (8.4 vs. 8.3, p=0.5) were comparable. The HCT- patients had higher NIHSS (17.8 vs. 15.3, p&lt;0.01) and presented earlier with faster onset-to-onsite arrival time (241 vs. 476 minutes, p&lt;0.01). Also, rate of TICI 2b/3 recanalization was higher in the HCT- group (82.8 vs 71.5, p&lt;0.01); however favorable outcome rates were comparable (44.6 vs 47.4, p=0.6). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that HCT ± CTA based MT selection may achieve similar outcomes as compared to more advanced perfusion based neuroimaging protocols. Further prospective studies are warranted.

Topic: Cerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Aeschines (2) Socraticus

(4th cent. bce), of the *deme of Sphettus in Attica, a devoted follower of *Socrates, was present at his trial and death. He wrote speeches for the lawcourts and taught oratory, but fell into poverty and took refuge at the court in *Syracuse, returning to Athens after the expulsion of *Dionysius (2) II in 356. Best known as the author of Socratic dialogues which resemble *Xenophon (1)'s more than *Plato (1)'s, Aeschines was apparently not an original thinker, and his Socrates expounds common ethical views. Although only fragments survive today, seven dialogues were considered genuine in antiquity: Alcibiades, Axiochus, Aspasia, Callias, Miltiades, Rhinon, Telauges. The first of these was partly intended to defend Socrates against charges of corrupting the young *Alcibiades. The dialogues of Aeschines were highly esteemed for their style and their faithfulness to Socrates' character and conversational manner.

Topic: Classical Philosophy and Thought
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Occurrence of the Vir Plasmid Among Animal and Human Strains of Invasive Escherichia coli

SUMMARY Forty-six isolates of Escherichia coli recovered from systemic diseases in animals and persons were studied to determine which isolates possessed properties attributed to the Vir plasmid. These properties were production (i) of a chick lethal toxin and (ii) of a specific surface antigen. Neither toxic activity nor surface antigen production could be detected in nine E coli strains from septicemia in chickens and 11 from human cerebrospinal fluid. Two of 8 strains from human septicemic disease and 3 of 18 isolates from calf septicemia produced the toxin, but lacked the characteristic surface antigen. Two of the 18 bovine strains had both characteristics. Several methods of screening for Vir + transconjugants were investigated in an attempt to facilitate their recognition after mating a Vir + donor with a suitable recipient. These methods, which included precipitation in agar plates containing antiserum, immunodiffusion tests, and fluorescent antibody tests, were unsuccessful. It was observed, however, that the pattern of growth in tryptic soy broth of the Vir + transconjugants was usually different from that of the Vir − clones. Vir + transconjugants grew as a heavy sediment with a clear supernatant, whereas their Vir − counterparts showed a uniform turbidity. When the Vir plasmid was transferred to an E coli strain which lacked appendages, fimbriae were observed to be associated with the presence of the plasmid. Two types of fimbriae were evident. One type appeared to be sex fimbriae and the other was probably the surface antigen associated with the Vir phenotype.

Topic: Escherichia coli research studies
Subfield: Endocrinology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Federal Reserve’s Quantitative Easing - Promises and Outcomes in the Wake of the Great Recession

This study focuses on the Federal Reserve’s policy of quantitative easing which was implemented in response to the financial crisis of 2007-8 and the subsequent Great Recession. The policy was intended to stimulate investment, fight deflation and boost household and business net worth to achieve the mandated aims of low unemploy-ment and low, stable inflation. The policy involves trillions of dollars of liquidity gen-erated and distributed by the Federal Reserve via purchases of Treasury securities, mortgage-backed securities and agency debt.
This analysis of QE presents a critical review of existing theoretical and empirical literature and an exploratory data analysis in an attempt to answer the question of whether the Fed achieved its aims with the policy and what other impacts it may have had on the U.S. economy. The findings show that QE, despite being useful to calm initial market panic, did not have a strong impact on the real economy and is not a sus-tainable solution to bring the U.S. economy to stability and growth.

Topic: Banking stability, regulation, efficiency
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Supplementary Fig 5 from KRT17&lt;sup&gt;high&lt;/sup&gt;/CXCL8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Tumor Cells Display Both Classical and Basal Features and Regulate Myeloid Infiltration in the Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment

&lt;p&gt;CXCL8 and KRT17 tumor epithelial expression trends with worse survival.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Immune cells in cancer
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Omaveloxolone Increases Nrf2 Activity, Reduces Inflammation, And Improves Mitochondrial Function In Cultured Cell Models Of Friedreich’s Ataxia. (P1.058)

We asked whether omaveloxolone (OMAV) activates Nrf2 and improves mitochondrial function in cultured cell models of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and Frataxin (FXN) deficiency. We also asked whether OMAV reduces the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in BV-2 microglial cells.

Topic: Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Dynamic epistemic logic with justification

Justification Logic is the study of a family of logics used to reason about justified true belief. Dynamic Epistemic Logic is the study of logics used to reason about communication and true belief. This dissertation is a first step in merging these two areas, in that it defines theories for a joint language in which we may reason about communication alongside justified true belief. 
After some preliminary matters, we go through a comprehensive survey of Dynamic Epistemic Logic, which primes us for the work at the end of the text. We then move into the core work of the dissertation, where we introduce a number of extensions of existing languages and theories of Justification Logic. Our extensions are all based on the work of Sergei Artemov, who extended the language of propositional logic by the addition of formula-labeling terms. This extension allows us to take a term t and a formula p and form the new formula t:p. The terms have a derivation-compatible structure that allows us to view terms as evidence verifying the truth of the formulas they label, which provides us with a means for reasoning about justified true belief.
We look at extensions of these theories that allow us to reason about evidence admissibility: the new formula t G p lets us express that t is admissible as evidence for p, by which we mean that t may be taken into account when considering the truth of p, though t need not conclusively validate p. A further extension adds a unary modal operator s that we use to reason about alternative evidence possibilities. 
Nominated extensions of the latter languages allow us to express a notion of dynamic evidence introduction, whereby we may introduce a term t as admissible as evidence for p. These extensions lead us to the final chapter of the text, where we combine our various systems of Justification Logic with the framework of Dynamic Epistemic Logic. Such joint theories contribute to the ongoing work aiming to provide a better foundational account of the reasoning of computational social agents.

Topic: Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A miniaturized electromechanical impedance-based node for the wireless interrogation of structural health

This paper presents the development and applications of a miniaturized impedance sensor node for structural health monitoring. The principle behind the impedance-based structural health monitoring technique is to apply high frequency structural excitations (typically higher than 30 kHz) through the surface-bonded piezoelectric transducers, and measure the impedance of structures by monitoring the current and voltage applied to the piezoelectric transducers. Changes in impedance indicate changes in the structure, which in turn can indicate that damage has occurred. Although many proof-of-concept experiments have been performed using the impedance methods, the impedance-measuring device is bulky and impractical for field-use. Therefore, a recently developed, miniaturized, low-cost impedance measurement chip was used to measure and record the electric impedance of a piezoelectric transducer. The performance of this miniaturized and portable device has been compared to our previous results and its effectiveness has been demonstrated in detecting bolt preload changes in a bolted frame structure. Furthermore, the possibility of wireless communication and local signal processing at the sensor node has been investigated by integrating the device with a microprocessor and telemetry.

Topic: Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Impact of patent ownership transfer on patent holdup risk and innovation of firms

The growth of the market for patents has drawn the attention of policymakers to the implications for innovation. A primary question is whether patent ownership transfers aggravate ex-post patent hold- up issues and consequently increases the cost of innovation. In this study, I examine how a firm's patent purchases affect the R\&D outcome of its rival if the firm has strategic stakes in the use of the purchased patents. First, I investigate whether the benefit of the opportunistic exploitation of patent exclusion rights against a rival incentivizes a firm's patent purchase. I then derive a hypothesis stating that a firm's patent purchases can impose a greater level of ex- post patent hold-up on a rival and negatively affect the rival's R\&D outcome. I test this hypothesis empirically, using the Nortel's patents auction case of 2011. The findings confirm that if a firm's external patents acquisition imposes such a risk to its rival, then the rival becomes less productive in R\&D on related technology to the patents purchased by the firm. However, this effect disappears over time. Finally, I discuss the implications for innovation and the importance for policymakers to understand the differential nature of the patents market from the technology market.

Topic: Innovation Policy and R&D
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Aetiology and dynamics of dyspepsia in Shimla: a study of 500 patients.

Dyspepsia is a frequent presenting symptom amongst patients attending medical clinics worldwide. However their aetiologies differ geographically. The present study was conducted to identify the aetiologies of dyspepsia of our centre and to determine their clinical characteristics. Five hundred consecutive patients presenting with dyspepsia were studied at our Institute. All patients underwent detailed structured questionnaire, stool examination, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, ultrasound scan of upper abdomen and sigmoidoscopy when necessary. Among 500 patients, 34% suffered from essential dyspepsia, 28% had peptic ulcer, 19.2% had cholelithiasis, 10.8% had irritable bowel syndrome and 6% had gastro-oesophageal reflux. Significantly more patients with peptic ulcer experienced night paints, pain relief with food, milk, antacids or H2 receptor antagonists and periodic pain. In patients with essential dyspepsia, pain was continuous, mild to moderate in intensity, aggravated by food or alcohol, without relief with milk, antacids or H2 receptor antagonists and night pains were absent in them.

Topic: Helicobacter pylori-related gastroenterology studies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Visibility of black hole shadows in low-luminosity AGN

ABSTRACT Accreting black holes tend to display a characteristic dark central region called the black hole shadow, which depends only on space–time/observer geometry and which conveys information about the black hole’s mass and spin. Conversely, the observed central brightness depression, or image shadow, additionally depends on the morphology of the emission region. In this paper, we investigate the astrophysical requirements for observing a meaningful black hole shadow in GRMHD-based models of accreting black holes. In particular, we identify two processes by which the image shadow can differ from the black hole shadow: evacuation of the innermost region of the accretion flow, which can render the image shadow larger than the black hole shadow, and obscuration of the black hole shadow by optically thick regions of the accretion flow, which can render the image shadow smaller than the black hole shadow, or eliminate it altogether. We investigate in which models the image shadows of our models match their corresponding black hole shadows, and in which models the two deviate from each other. We find that, given a compact and optically thin emission region, our models allow for measurement of the black hole shadow size to an accuracy of 5 per cent. We show that these conditions are generally met for all MAD simulations we considered, as well as some of the SANE simulations.

Topic: Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences