jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The effects of India and China on the sustainability of palm oil production in Indonesia: Towards a better understanding of the dynamics of regional sustainability governance

Abstract There is a growing awareness and interest among scholars of the important role China and India can play in governing globalisation of economy. Recent literature has tended to emphasise the divergent development outcomes of producer and supplier countries engaged in value chains led by China and India. The different market preferences and legitimacy of private‐driven governance of China and India from developed economies such as the European Union and the United States bring about unsustainable development of countries supplying for China and India. Taking empirical evidence from Indonesian palm oil industry, this paper argues, on the contrary, that Indonesian palm oil producers keep commitments to progress towards sustainable production despite the rising importance of India, China, and other Global South economies as buyers and consumers along with the European Union. The Government of Indonesia also takes initiatives to facilitate the palm oil producers to reach a socially optimum sustainability over time. Buyers of China and India tend to require less restrictive sustainability standards of palm oil production than the European Union, but this is a matter of a temporal dimension of their domestic public interest and government policy priority on sustainability governance. The implication for research on sustainability governance in the Global South‐driven regional value chain is that attention should be paid to the lead of producers and their nation‐state in driving the value chains towards sustainable production and supply.

Topic: Global trade, sustainability, and social impact
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Sm cluster superlattice on graphene/Ir(111)

We report on the first example of a self-assembled rare earth cluster superlattice. As a template, we use the moiré pattern formed by graphene on Ir(111); its lattice constant of 2.52 nm defines the interparticle distance. The samarium cluster superlattice forms for substrate temperatures during deposition ranging from 80 to 110 K, and it is stable upon annealing to 140 K. By varying the samarium coverage, the mean cluster size can be increased up to 50 atoms, without affecting the long-range order. The spatial order and the width of the cluster size distribution match the best examples of metal cluster superlattices grown by atomic beam epitaxy on template surfaces.

Topic: Graphene research and applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
2016�댘2018�뀈 �슦由щ굹�씪 媛먯뿼蹂� �궗嫄� 湲곕컲 媛먯떆�뿉�꽌�쓽 �뿭�븰�쟻 異붿꽭

Epidemiological Trends of Infectious Diseases on Event-Based Surveillance, Republic of Korea, 2016-2018 Backgound: Event-Based Surveillance is a relatively new surveillance system for the purpose of better coverage on acute public health events and associated risks, especially in areas not subject to conventional governmental control. Since 2016, the government of Republic of Korea (Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health and Welfare) has implemented EBS as part of the national infectious disease surveillance system, among other post-MERS outbreak response efforts. Reports on E-Newsletters, a Periodic Bulletin on Infectious Diseases for physicians, can be used as the resources in order to indirectly assess the result and indicator(s) of the national EBS. Objective: This study aims for analysis and assessment of EBS results, their general and epidemiological characteristics and also yearly trends from 2016 to 2018, using infectious disease events of E-Newsletter, Republic of Korea, as the data. Method: A descriptive study was conducted on 637 infectious disease events extracted from the publications of E-Newsletter, from 2016 to 2018. General characteristics such as patterns and sources of acute infectious disease events and epidemiological characteristics such as disease/pathogen, geography (continent and country) and scale of outbreaks of those events were described. Additionally, yearly trends of these characteristics mentioned above were described during the same three-year period. Result: In general characteristics, the percentage of new reports continued to be higher than that of update reports. The percentage of official sources continued to be higher than that of unofficial sources with steady increase by year. In epidemiological characteristics the percentage of foreign events continued to be higher than that of domestic events, and the steady trends of diversification in both disease/pathogen and geography (continent and country) were simultaneously observed. There was no significant outcome from disease/pathogen or scale of 117 outbreaks. Conclusion: The national EBS system of Republic of Korea has been implemented with emphasis on monitoring of foreign infectious disease events. The trends in general and epidemiological characteristics observed in this study were proven to be in accord both with the organization's priority and rapidly changing environment of modern society. Continuation of collection, verification and assessment of health intelligence including EBS and following risk communications should be recommended. Lastly, future studies should follow, with use of diverse study resources and associated topics. Keywords: Event-based Surveillance, Public health event, E-Newsletter, Emerging Infectious Disease, Re-emerging Infectious Disease, Outbreak

Topic: Data-Driven Disease Surveillance
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Our experience with chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of breast cancer.

We are reporting about 300 female patients with progressive breast cancer and metastases. One hundred them had been treated by single agent in 5 sub-groups consisting each of 20 patients. Their medial survival was 18.5 month in complete response (CR) patient. One hundred of the patients had 5-drugs chemotherapy with median survival in complete responders of 26 months. One hundred patients had a 5-drug combination chemotherapy including adriblastina with median survival for complete responders of 34 months. In the present work it is apparent that adriblastina prolongs the life of the patients. Our findings and the data of other investigators urge us to consider future experimental pilot protocols which will allow us to individualize treatment by defining for each patient the optimal mix of modalities and agents. We emphasize the use of tumor cell markers and ER receptors.

Topic: Advanced Breast Cancer Therapies
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Knowledge Prompting: How Knowledge Engineers Use Large Language Models

Despite many advances in knowledge engineering (KE), challenges remain in areas such as engineering knowledge graphs (KGs) at scale, keeping up with evolving domain knowledge, multilingualism, and multimodality. Recently, KE has used LLMs to support semi-automatic tasks, but the most effective use of LLMs to support knowledge engineers across the KE activites is still in its infancy. To explore the vision of LLM copilots for KE and change existing KE practices, we conducted a multimethod study during a KE hackathon. We investigated participants' views on the use of LLMs, the challenges they face, the skills they may need to integrate LLMs into their practices, and how they use LLMs responsibly. We found participants felt LLMs could contribute to improving efficiency when engineering KGs, but presented increased challenges around the already complex issues of evaluating the KE tasks. We discovered prompting to be a useful but undervalued skill for knowledge engineers working with LLMs, and note that natural language processing skills may become more relevant across more roles in KG construction. Integrating LLMs into KE tasks needs to be mindful of potential risks and harms related to responsible AI. Given the limited ethical training, most knowledge engineers receive solutions such as our suggested `KG cards' based on data cards could be a useful guide for KG construction. Our findings can support designers of KE AI copilots, KE researchers, and practitioners using advanced AI to develop trustworthy applications, propose new methodologies for KE and operate new technologies responsibly.

Topic: Topic Modeling
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
microgravity: evidence of a dual adaptation Static and dynamic postural control in long-term

You might find this additional information useful... This article cites 33 articles, 2 of which you can access free at: http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/90/1/205#BIBL on the following topics: Medline items on this article's topics can be found at http://highwire.stanford.edu/lists/artbytopic.dtl Biophysics .. Microgravity Updated information and services including high-resolution figures, can be found at: http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/90/1/205 Additional material and information about Journal of Applied Physiology can be found at: http://www.the-aps.org/publications/jappl This information is current as of September 14, 2006 . € ISSN: 8750-7587, ESSN: 1522-1601. Visit our website at http://www.the-aps.org/.

Topic: Spaceflight effects on biology
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The effects of pre-incubation period and norharman on the mutagenic potency of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and 3′-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene in <i>S. typhimurium</i>

The effects of the co-mutagen norharman on the mutagenicity of the rodent liver carcinogens 4-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene (DAB) and 3'-methyl-4-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene (3'-MeDAB) have been evaluated using the Ames Salmonella mutation assay. A period of pre-incubation was found to be necessary in order to detect DAB as a mutagen and to increase the initially weak response observed for 3'MeDAB; maximum responses were seen after 1 h pre-incubation in each case. The co-mutagenic properties of norharman were at their maximum for both azo-dyes in the direct plate-incorporation assay. Pre-incubation of either compound with norharman for increasing periods of time resulted in a decrease in potentiation, until after 1 h, an inhibition of mutagenicity was observed.

Topic: Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Gab1 adaptor protein acts as a gatekeeper to balance hepatocyte death and proliferation during acetaminophen‐induced liver injury in mice

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of drug‐induced acute liver failure. In APAP‐induced acute liver failure, hepatocyte death and subsequent liver regeneration determines the prognosis of patients, making it necessary to identify suitable therapeutic targets based on detailed molecular mechanisms. Grb2‐associated binder 1 (Gab1) adaptor protein plays a crucial role in transmitting signals from growth factor and cytokine receptors to downstream effectors. In this study, we hypothesized that Gab1 is involved in APAP‐induced acute liver failure. Hepatocyte‐specific Gab1 conditional knockout ( Gab1 CKO) and control mice were treated with 250 mg/kg of APAP. After APAP treatment, Gab1 CKO mice had significantly higher mortality and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels compared to control mice. Gab1 CKO mice had increased hepatocyte death and increased serum levels of high mobility group box 1, a marker of hepatocyte necrosis. In addition, Gab1 CKO mice had reduced hepatocyte proliferation. The enhanced hepatotoxicity in Gab1 CKO mice was associated with increased activation of stress‐related c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and reduced activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and AKT. Furthermore, Gab1 CKO mice showed enhanced mitochondrial translocation of JNK accompanied by an increase in the release of mitochondrial enzymes into the cytosol, which is indicative of increased mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent nuclear DNA fragmentation. Finally, in vitro experiments showed that Gab1‐deficient hepatocytes were more susceptible to APAP‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death, suggesting that hepatocyte Gab1 is a direct target of APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: Our current data demonstrate that hepatocyte Gab1 plays a critical role in controlling the balance between hepatocyte death and compensatory hepatocyte proliferation during APAP‐induced liver injury. (H epatology 2016;63:1340–1355)

Topic: Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Multiple functional forms of the integrin VLA-2 can be derived from a single alpha 2 cDNA clone: interconversion of forms induced by an anti- beta 1 antibody

The integrin VLA-2 was previously found to bind to either collagen alone, or collagen plus laminin, but the mechanism for this cell- specific functional difference was unknown. Here we transfected VLA-2 alpha 2 subunit cDNA into K562 cells and obtained VLA-2 (called Form-O) which bound to neither collagen nor laminin. We then used a Matrigel selection procedure to enrich for a minor subpopulation of K562 cells stably expressing a form of VLA-2 (Form-C) that bound to collagen but not laminin. In contrast, the same alpha 2 cDNA transfected into RD cells yielded VLA-2 (Form-CL) which bound to both collagen and laminin. These Form-O, -C, and -CL activities were stably expressed during extended cell culture, and could not be qualitatively altered by adding phorbol esters or by exchaning the resident divalent cations. However, addition of stimulatory anti-beta 1 antibodies (TS2/16, A-1A5) rapidly converted VLA-2 Form-O and Form-C into Form-CL. Anti-beta 1 antibody stimulation of VLA-2 activity was observed not only on whole cells, but also with solubilized receptors. These results suggest (a) that the ligand binding specificity of VLA-2 can be determined by its cellular environment, rather than by variations in the primary sequence of the alpha 2 subunit, (b) that stably inactive or partly active VLA-2 can be rapidly converted to a fully active form through conformational changes initiated at a nonligand binding site on the beta 1 subunit, and (c) that the mechanisms for VLA-2 stimulation by phorbol ester and by antibody are quite distinct, because the latter does not require an intact cell.

Topic: Cell Adhesion Molecules Research
Subfield: Immunology and Allergy
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Quantum Optics with Single Optical Cycles

In recent years technologies were developed to generate pulses shorter than 5 fs and consisting of less than two optical cycles in full-width at half maximum (few-cycle pulses). The (quite often extremely) nonlinear interaction of such pulses with matter renders important only one or a fraction of one optical cycle. In recent months it became possible to stabilize the phase of the carrier with respect to the pulse envelope ("absolute" phase) for powerful few-cycle pulses. Almost at the same time the absolute phase has been measured and controlled thus tailoring the temporal evolution of single optical cycles. First experiments investigating photoionization were performed and showed a wealth of information inaccessible so far.

Topic: Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
SRC family tyrosine kinases and cytokine‐induced arginase expression in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells

L‐arginine can be metabolized by arginase to urea and L‐ornithine, which can then form proline and polyamines in pulmonary endothelial cells. Proline and polyamines are central to the vascular remodeling seen in pulmonary hypertension. We have shown that pharmacological inhibition of the SRC family tyrosine kinases (STK) attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induced arginase expression and urea production in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. Of the STKs fyn, yes and src are widely expressed in the body. We hypothesized that specific STKs are involved in cytokine‐mediated arginase up‐regulation. To test this hypothesis, human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (hPMVEC) were treated with an siRNA against fyn, an siRNA against src, or scramble siRNA. After 48 hours the cells were treated with cytomix (LPS, TNF, interleukin‐1β, and interferon‐γ), and harvested after 24 hours to determine fyn, src, and arginase II protein levels. Treatment with the siRNA against fyn prevented the cytomix‐induced up‐regulation of arginase II expression in hPMVEC. Although treatment with an siRNA against src resulted in substantially less src expression, it did not prevent the cytomix‐induced up‐regulation of arginase II expression in hPMVEC. Treatment with a scramble siRNA had no effect on fyn or src expression, or arginase II expression following treatment with cytomix. Our results suggest that fyn is involved in cytokine‐induced arginase II expression in hPMVEC. We speculate that fyn may represent a unique pathway regulating arginase II expression in pulmonary hypertension associated with inflammatory lung diseases.

Topic: Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of subglottic laryngitis in children].

Subglottic laryngitis is one of the acute children's diseases, directly caused by a violently growing edema of the subglottic area. Its symptoms generally appear very suddenly, when children seem to be in perfect health, at night, several hours after falling asleep. Their symptoms included barking cough, clear voice, stridor, inspiratory dyspnoea with participation of auxiliary respiratory muscles, excitation and anxiety of a child, changes in skin coloration. The movement of the wings of the nostrils is intensified. In especially severe cases, agitation, cyanosis, pallor of skin, obnubilation, apnea, loss of consciousness and circulatory failure may also occur. Subglottic laryngitis is a disease, which can threaten the life of a small child. The aim of this study was to observe efficacy of the treatment of the subglottic laryngitis with glucocorticoids, especially budesonide in nebulization. The research covered 169 children: 58 girls (34.31%) and 111 boys (65.69%) aged 9. months do 5. years (mean 3 years 6 months) hospitalized in the Children's Hospital in Warsaw with the following symptoms: dry barking cough, stridor, inspiratory dyspnoea with the participation of auxiliary respiratory muscles, agitation and change of colour of skin. The examination of each patient included subjective, objective (pediatric and laryngological). Disease severity was assessed by a clinical croup score based on stridor, cough retractions, dyspnoea and cyanosis and the overall clinical assessment was scored on a visual scale. The results indicate that nebulised budesonide can be used as a safe and effective alternative treatment in children with moderate to severe subglottic laryngitis.

Topic: Respiratory and Cough-Related Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Taming False Positives in Out-of-Distribution Detection with Human Feedback

Robustness to out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is crucial for safely deploying machine learning models in the open world. Recent works have focused on designing scoring functions to quantify OOD uncertainty. Setting appropriate thresholds for these scoring functions for OOD detection is challenging as OOD samples are often unavailable up front. Typically, thresholds are set to achieve a desired true positive rate (TPR), e.g., $95\%$ TPR. However, this can lead to very high false positive rates (FPR), ranging from 60 to 96\%, as observed in the Open-OOD benchmark. In safety-critical real-life applications, e.g., medical diagnosis, controlling the FPR is essential when dealing with various OOD samples dynamically. To address these challenges, we propose a mathematically grounded OOD detection framework that leverages expert feedback to \emph{safely} update the threshold on the fly. We provide theoretical results showing that it is guaranteed to meet the FPR constraint at all times while minimizing the use of human feedback. Another key feature of our framework is that it can work with any scoring function for OOD uncertainty quantification. Empirical evaluation of our system on synthetic and benchmark OOD datasets shows that our method can maintain FPR at most $5\%$ while maximizing TPR.

Topic: Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of Schrodinger Operators: Inverse Spectral Theory; and the Zeros of Eigenfunctions

This dissertation contains two disjoint parts: Part I: In the first part (which is from [H1]) we find some explicit formulas for the semi-classical wave invariants at the bottom of the well of a Schrödinger operator. As an application of these new formulas for the wave invariants, we prove similar inverse spectral results, obtained by Guillemin and Uribe in [GU], using fewer symmetry assumptions. We also show that in dimension 1, no symmetry assumption is needed to recover the Taylor coefficients of V (x). Part II: In the second part (which is from [H2]) we study the semi-classical distri-bution of the complex zeros of the eigenfunctions of the 1D Schrödinger operators for the class of real polynomial potentials of even degree, with fixed energy level, E. We show that as hn → 0 the zeros tend to concentrate on the union of some level curves ℜ(S(zm, z)) = cm where S(zm, z) = ∫ z zm V (t)−E dt is the complex action, and zm is a turning point. We also calculate these curves for some symmetric and non-symmetric one-well and double-well potentials. The example of the non-symmetric double-well potential shows that we can obtain different pictures of complex zeros for different subsequences of hn.

Topic: Spectral Theory in Mathematical Physics
Subfield: Mathematical Physics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
The use of 360-degree videos to facilitate pre-learning and reflection on learning experiences

This study investigates the effective use of 360-degree videos recorded during student fieldwork. Typical fieldwork procedures comprise three steps: pre-learning, on-site fieldwork, and post-learning. This study aims to support mainly pre- and post-learning steps. Four fieldwork experiences were targeted in which the students recorded 360-degree videos, reflected on their experience, and presented their experiences to non-participating students by showing their 360-degree videos on a virtual reality headset. By observing these actions, the authors were able to determine some of the effects of using 360-degree videos as a learning aid, including helping students detect what they missed while on site, maintaining students' excitement and motivation after returning, and promoting pre-learning for younger students. Further practical efforts are needed to confirm such effects and pursue appropriate use of 360-degree video for fieldwork.

Topic: Geography Education and Pedagogy
Subfield: Geography, Planning and Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences