jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Instability and Splitting of Mesoscale Rings using a Two-Layer Quasi-Geostrophic Model on an<i>f</i>-Plane

Abstract Asymmetric instability of a circular Gaussian ring and evolution of a ring shape in a nonlinear case are studied using a two-layer quasi-geostrophic model on an f plane. Ring behavior is classified on an F-λ plane with other parameters fixed, where F is an internal rotational Froude number associated with a two-layer model, and λ is a ratio of the rotation speed in the lower layer to that in the upper layer. In the range concerned where F 0, the mode having an azimuthal wavenumber of 2 is the fastest growing, followed by the mode of the wavenumber 3. The ring is more unstable as F increases and as λ decreases, where larger F corresponds to smaller density difference or to a larger ring size. By numerical calculations, for which an initial perturbation of the wavenumber 2 is superimposed on a ring, ring behavior is classified into four groups from the most unstable to the most stable case: (i) a ring that splits into two small rings, (ii) a ring that rapidly becomes a slender ellipse a...

Topic: Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Optimized Electrolytic Carbon and Electrolyte Systems for Electrochemical Capacitors

Abstract Electrochemical reduction of a molten Li 2 CO 3 −Na 2 CO 3 −K 2 CO 3 eutectic is used to produce highly amorphous carbon with considerable oxygen functionalization in a process focusing on the conversion of CO 2 to value‐added carbon. Electrochemical characterization of materials using multiple techniques in different electrolytes allowed for the optimization of these materials as electrochemical capacitor electrodes. Variation in capacitive performance of the investigated materials has been provided based on their physical characteristics. The synthesized carbons are hybrid materials, showing both pseudocapacitive and electric double layer contributions to the total performance. Annealing under nitrogen at 800 °C is shown to widen pores in the carbon material, resulting in an increase in medium scan rate (5–10 mV.s −1 ) capacitance. A stable specific capacitance of 425 F.g −1 is obtained at 5 mV s −1 in 0.5 M Na 2 SO 4 after 1000 cycles.

Topic: Advancements in Battery Materials
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Floral neighbourhoods in the sea: how floral density, opportunity for outcrossing and population fragmentation affect seed set in Zostera marina

1 Almost nothing is known about how the floral neighbourhood affects reproductive output in plants with subaqueous pollination (hydrophily), such as seagrasses, an ecologically important group of some 60 marine angiosperms. 2 I studied how floral density, genetic diversity and population fragmentation affect seed set in Zostera marina (eelgrass), a functionally hermaphrodite seagrass with extensive clonal propagation. 3 In a field experiment in the south-western Baltic Sea, I increased or decreased the density of flowering shoots in 6 x 6 m plots. Early seed set was a positive, saturation-type function of density suggesting pollen limitation below approximately 5 flowering shoots m-2. 4 Using molecular markers, I determined local genotypic diversity and outcrossing rates as indicators of outcrossing opportunities. I found only non-significant effects of these variables on early seed set, suggesting that density of the floral neighbourhood is more important than genetic composition. 5 Early seed set was 22% lower in isolated vegetation patches compared to continuous eelgrass meadow (&gt; 50 m2). 6 Given the spatial scale of the observed pollen limitation, and low natural densities of flowering shoots in the field, pollen limitation may be widespread in Z. marina and, possibly, other plant species with subaqueous pollination.

Topic: Marine and coastal plant biology
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Association Between Change in Circulating Progenitor Cells During Exercise Stress and Risk of Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

In this study of patients with CAD, a decrease in CPC counts during exercise is associated with a worse disease prognosis compared with the presence of stress-induced myocardial ischemia. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether strategies to improve CPC responses during exercise stress will be associated with improvements in the prognosis of patients with CAD.

Topic: Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH MACHINE LEARNING FOR PREDICTION OF SMART COMPOSITE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS

This work in on the development of an ordinary differential equation (ODE) model coupled with statistical methods for the prediction of fracture toughness of a magnetostrictive, piezoelectric smart self-sensing Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite. The smart composite with sensing properties encompasses Terfenol-D alloy nanoparticles and Single Walled Carbon NanoTubes (SWCNT). To explore various configurations the of nanoparticle constituents’ effect on fracture toughness within the FRP composite, the ODE model developed within a finite element analysis (FEA) environment is considered to attain fracture observations across the solution space. The acquired FEA data is then used to feed the machine-learning (ML) algorithms to obtain composite fracture toughness predictions. A comparison and development of artificial neural networks (ANN), decision trees and support vector machines (SVM) models for FRP smart self-sensing composite fracture toughness prediction is done. Qualitative results stating if the sample has fractured or not and quantitative data giving the fracture toughness and strain energy release rate for the smart self-sensing FRP composites is attained. A comparison of all predictions from the developed models for both fracture toughness is corroborated with literature data.

Topic: Smart Materials for Construction
Subfield: Pollution
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
P‐047: Cerebral perfusion in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia using dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI

Decrease in cerebral perfusion has been observed with perfusion MRI in Alzheimer disease(AD) and frontotemporal dementia(FTD). Dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast(DSC) perfusion with intravenous gadolinium contrast injection has received only limited attention in the investigation of perfusion changes in AD and FTD. It may be clinically advantageous to develop DSC further because the technique can be performed rapidly, provides cerebral blood flow(CBF), cerebral blood volume(CBV), and mean transit time(MTT) maps, and is less sensitive to bias due to normal age-dependent reductions in blood flow. To determine the feasibility of DSC perfusion MRI for the detection of quantitative CBV and CBF changes in subjects with AD and FTD. Seven subjects with AD(mean age 76.9 years), six subjects with FTD(mean age 62.7 years), and six normal control(NC) subjects(mean age 71.5 years) were scanned on a GE Signa 1.5T MR. The imaging protocol included one relatively rapid bolus injection (65μmol/kg at 3mL/s) followed by a slow infusion (35 μmol/kg, diluted to 90mL at 1mL/s). The acquisition parameters were optimized for depicting MTT measurements while a contrast infusion technique was optimized for measuring CBV. CBF maps were calculated using the central volume theorem, CBF=CBV/MTT. These perfusion maps were normalized to standard MNI space and smoothed with a 10mm FWHM Gaussian kernel using SPM5[http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/]. ADvsNC. Decreases in perfusion were identified in subjects with AD bilaterally in the superior frontal cortex, the posterior cingulated, and in the para hippocampal gyrus(Figure 1). The CBV map shows decreased blood volume in the right posterior temporal lobe. FTDvsCN. Hypoperfusion was observed bilaterally in the inferior frontal gyrus and in the left inferior frontal gyrus. A unilateral region in the left posterior temporal lobe showed corresponding reduction in CBV in subjects with FTD(Figure 2). The DSC MRI data show correspondence with known regions of hypoperfusion measured with ASL MRI methods. DSC MRI appears to be a viable means for measuring relative perfusion changes in AD and FTD and potentially for identifying those at risk for developing more progressed disease. Interestingly, blood volume changes were not found to be significant in the subjects studied thus far.

Topic: Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
NLTE 1.5D Modeling of Red Giant Stars

Spectra for 2D stars in the 1.5D approximation are created from synthetic spectra of 1D non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) spherical model atmospheres produced by the PHOENIX code. The 1.5D stars have the spatially averaged Rayleigh-Jeans flux of a K3-4 III star, while varying the temperature difference between the two 1D component models ($ΔT_{\mathrm{1.5D}}$), and the relative surface area covered. Synthetic observable quantities from the 1.5D stars are fitted with quantities from NLTE and local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) 1D models to assess the errors in inferred $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ values from assuming horizontal homogeneity and LTE. Five different quantities are fit to determine the $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ of the 1.5D stars: UBVRI photometric colors, absolute surface flux SEDs, relative SEDs, continuum normalized spectra, and TiO band profiles. In all cases except the TiO band profiles, the inferred $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ value increases with increasing $ΔT_{\mathrm{1.5D}}$. In all cases, the inferred $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ value from fitting 1D LTE quantities is higher than from fitting 1D NLTE quantities and is approximately constant as a function of $ΔT_{\mathrm{1.5D}}$ within each case. The difference between LTE and NLTE for the TiO bands is caused indirectly by the NLTE temperature structure of the upper atmosphere, as the bands are computed in LTE. We conclude that the difference between $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ values derived from NLTE and LTE modelling is relatively insensitive to the degree of the horizontal inhomogeneity of the star being modeled, and largely depends on the observable quantity being fit.

Topic: Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Mind the Comprehension Iceberg: Avoiding Titanic Mistakes With the <scp>CCSS</scp>

Abstract As teachers and leaders move forward in implementing the Common Core State Standards within classrooms across 46 states, it is essential to consider the question of what knowledge is included in the English Language Arts Standards, and what knowledge is not present. The authors of the Common Core delineate an increasingly complex body of knowledge across K‐5 to support their vision of developing engaged and critical readers. However, missing in this document are the cognitive and comprehension strategies that expert readers use to construct meaning of text. In this article, we review the extensive body of research supporting explicit comprehension strategy instruction, and then illustrate the limited alignment between this knowledge base and the concepts articulated within the Common Core. Implications for instruction and planning are discussed in conclusion.

Topic: Reading and Literacy Development
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Guidelines for Echocardiography of Low-Risk Patients With Kawasaki Disease

To the Editor.—A recent institutional review regarding follow-up cardiac imaging for low-risk patients with Kawasaki disease demonstrated significant variability in the timing and frequency of echocardiography. There are many factors that may account for this variability in practice and compliance with published guidelines for long-term management of these patients. One of the potential factors we have identified, which may have local and national implications, is the discrepancy between the most recent clinical guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease1 and the current Red Book.2The American Heart Association guidelines, first published in 19943 and updated in 2004,1 recommend echocardiography of low-risk or "uncomplicated" patients with Kawasaki disease "at the time of diagnosis, at 2 weeks, and at 6 to 8 weeks after onset of the disease."1 Although the Red Book references the 2004 American Heart Association guidelines, the authors recommend that "an echocardiogram should be obtained early in the acute phase of illness and 6 to 8 weeks after onset." This recommendation is inconsistent with current American Heart Association guidelines and may partially account for local or national variability regarding follow-up practices for children diagnosed with Kawasaki disease.We believe that this is a significant discrepancy; thus, we would like to reiterate the 2004 recommendations of the American Heart Association's Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease that echocardiography should be performed for all uncomplicated, low-risk patients with Kawasaki disease at diagnosis and at 2 and 6 to 8 weeks after the onset of disease.

Topic: Kawasaki Disease and Coronary Complications
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Prenatal and Postnatal Diagnosis and Carrier Detection of Fanconi Anemia by a Cytogenetic Method

Fanconi anemia (FA) is characterized by pancytopenia, spontaneous chromosome instability, and a variety of congenital anomalies. Variable phenotype and age of onset of anemia make accurate diagnosis difficult in some patients. We report a cytogenetic method for rapid diagnosis of FA homozygous blood lymphocytes and amniotic fluid cells, and FA heterozygous blood lymphocytes. When treated with 0.1 µg/ml of diepoxybutane, affected lymphocytes responded with approximately a 175-fold increase in chromosome breakage compared with that exhibited by similarly treated lymphocytes from normal individuals or patients who manifest some clinical features of FA. The breakage in affected lymphocytes was characterized by multiple complex chromatid exchanges. Amniotic fluid cells from four fetuses at risk for FA were studied. Three of these were diagnosed as affected and the fourth as normal on the basis of spontaneous and diepoxybutane-induced chromosome breakage. Lymphocytes from FA heterozygotes showed a fourfold increase in chromosome breakage characterized by chromatid exchange when compared with control lymphocytes. Prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of FA and detection of carriers can therefore be performed with ease by making use of the method described here.

Topic: DNA Repair Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Radiosensitivity of human biliary tract cancer cell lines in vitro

The prognosis of biliary tract cancer is still poor. Although a number of clinical studies have suggested a role for radiation therapy in advanced biliary tract cancer, its value remains controversial. Moreover, the intrinsic radiosensitivity of bile duct cancer cell lines has not been described, and the molecular basis for the response of these tumors to ionizing radiation is poorly understood. The present study was designed to examine the intrinsic radiation sensitivity of human biliary tract cancer cells and its relationship to p53 status. Radiation response expressed by the parameters n, D-0, D-10, alpha, beta, (D) over bar (mean inactivation dose), and SF, of seven cell lines derived from gallbladder and bile duct cancers was determined. The results suggest that biliary tract cancer cell lines as a group are relatively radioresistant. The mean X-ray survival parameters for these seven cancer cell lines were D-0=2.13+/-0.29 Gy, D-10=5.73+/-0.59 Gy, (D) over bar=2.76+/-0.25 Gy, alpha=0.25+/-0.03, and SF2=0.54+/-0.05. One of the seven lines was more radiosensitive than the others (D-0=0.77+/-0.02 Gy, D-10=2.95+/-0.06 Gy, (D) over bar=1.57 Gy, alpha=0.35, SF2=0.35+/-0.03). Five of six lines examined expressed mutant p53 including the radiosensitive line; one radioresistant line expressed wild-type p53. Thus, although loss of wild-type p53 expression occurred frequently in these biliary cancer cell lines, radiosensitivity did not correlate with p53 status. In view of the intrinsic radioresistance of this type of tumor cell coupled with the poor tolerance of surrounding normal tissues, maximal surgical debulking and intraoperative radiation therapy may contribute to increased local control over resection and/or conventional fractionated radiotherapy.

Topic: Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Studies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
How the CSE-CIC-IDS2018 Dataset is Related to the MITRE Matrix

In this article we provide an overview of the main tactics for developing network attacks according to the MITRE ATT&CK (Adversarial Tactics, Techniques & Common Knowledge) matrix. MITRE ATT&CK combines four groups of matrices: PRE-ATT&CK, Enterprise, Mobile, and ATT&CK for ICS (Industrial Control Systems). The matrix is constantly updated and at the moment of analysis includes 191 techniques and 386 attack sub-techniques for Windows, Linux and Mac OS. The MITRE ATT&CK matrix is structured into 14 tactics, ranging from initial access to control taking and data theft. The work provides a brief overview of existing classes of network attacks, and their classification is presented. The characteristics and features of modern datasets used in setting up intrusion detection systems (IDS) are reviewed. Attack classes of intrusion detection system implemented based on the CSE-CIC-IDS2018 dataset and MITRE ATT&CK network attack development tactics are compared

Topic: Network Security and Intrusion Detection
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A theoretical method for the calculation of frequency- and temperature-dependent interaction constants applicable to the predictive assessment of laser materials processing

On the basis of the Ashcroft and Sturm theory on the optical properties of metals, a theoretical model is proposed for the prediction of frequency- and temperature-dependent interaction properties of pure metals subjected to laser irradiation in laser processing applications. This model is directly suitable for on-line coupling to numerical process modelling without any recursion to external experimental data fitting. The model results show a general good agreement both with other theoretical and experimental results for the case of aluminium, and are considered to represent an important step forward in view of the practical development of laser processing applications, for which a lack of reliable laser-matter interaction constants is noticeable.

Topic: Laser Material Processing Techniques
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
UNCERTAINTY ON THE BANKRUPT PROCESS AS A LEGAL MEANS FOR SHARIA ECONOMIC DISPUTE SETTLEMENT (Case Study of BMT Fisabilillah)

Law No. 1 of 2013 on Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) has provided a legal basis for the operational activities of MFIs. The development of Sharia Microfinance Institutions/Baitul Maal wat Tamwil must be followed up with dispute resolution based on sharia principles. The intersection that occurs in the settlement of sharia economic disputes in bankruptcy cases is the mixing of conventional and sharia legal principles, which will cause legal uncertainty, the Court has absolute authority to handle sharia economic law cases. The bankruptcy decision by the Semarang Commercial Court in the BMT Fisabilillah case proves that at the empirical level, sharia economic disputes are decided by the Commercial Court which is formed in the general court environment. This article will analyze the position of BMT after the issuance of the MFI Law, the fall of the bankruptcy decision on BMT Fisabilillah. The research method is normative law by reviewing legal materials related to MFIs, Cooperatives, Bankruptcy and PKPU. The legal vacuum in bankruptcy law for sharia actors should be followed up by complying with the laws and decisions of the Constitutional Court so that bankruptcy disputes for LKMS become the domain of the Religious Courts, this is the main difference between bankruptcy based on positive law in Indonesia and Islamic law. This review of the bankruptcy case of BMT Fisabilillah is to understand that there is a blending in the substance of sharia economic law in the realm of general justice. This situation weakens the absolute authority of the established Religious Courts.

Topic: Islamic Finance and Banking Studies
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Figs. 474–477. Centrina sawpit, new species. 474. Left male palp, ventral view. 475. Same, retrolateral view. 476. Epigynum, ventral view. 477 in A Relimitation And Revision Of The Australasian Ground Spider Family Lamponidae (Araneae: Gnaphosoidea)

Figs. 474–477. Centrina sawpit, new species. 474. Left male palp, ventral view. 475. Same, retrolateral view. 476. Epigynum, ventral view. 477. Same, dorsal view.

Topic: Geophysics and Gravity Measurements
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Passive Safety Small Reactor for Distributed Energy Supply: Heavy Water Mixing Core

The purpose of this paper is to study the core performance of passive safety small reactor for distributed energy supply by changing the heavy water (D2O) concentration in the mixed coolant together with the fuel pitch. The long core life with conditions of the excessive reactivity of 2 %Δk/k, the reactivity shutdown margin of 1 %Δk/k and the negative coolant temperature reactivity coefficient is attained for the case of D2O concentration of 60 % with 10 % enrichment gadolinia (Gd2O3) doped fuel rods. This D2O core has a shorter core life 4.14 years than the original light water (H2O) core 4.76 years, while it needs a larger core size. However, changing the D2O concentration on the way during the burn-up shows a possibility of extending more the core life than that of the original H2O core.

Topic: Nuclear reactor physics and engineering
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Statistical arbitrage under the efficient market hypothesis

When a financial derivative can be traded consecutively and its terminal payoffs can be adjusted into a stationary time series, there might be a statistical arbitrage opportunity even under the efficient market hypothesis. In particular, we show the examples of selling put options of the three major ETFs (Exchange Traded Funds) in the U.S. market.

Topic: Financial Markets and Investment Strategies
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences