jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Eastern Orthodox Influence and Its Demonization in Finland

Under the terms of the 1617 Treaty of Stolbovo, the provinces of Ingria and Kexholm were ceded by Russia and annexed to Sweden. Thereafter, the eastern part of Finland accommodated two different cultures: the Lutheran one in Savonia and Vyborg Karelia, and the mixed Lutheran and Russian Orthodox one in the annexed areas. These cultures came to influence each other much beyond the border regions (see Map 4.1).

Topic: Historical and Archaeological Studies
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Carbon isotope discrimination of arctic and boreal biomes inferred from remote atmospheric measurements and a biosphere‐atmosphere model

Estimating discrimination against 13 C during photosynthesis at landscape, regional, and biome scales is difficult because of large‐scale variability in plant stress, vegetation composition, and photosynthetic pathway. Here we present estimates of 13 C discrimination for northern biomes based on a biosphere‐atmosphere model and on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research remote flask measurements. With our inversion approach, we solved for three ecophysiological parameters of the northern biosphere ( 13 C discrimination, a net primary production light use efficiency, and a temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration (a Q10 factor)) that provided a best fit between modeled and observed δ 13 C and CO 2 . In our analysis we attempted to explicitly correct for fossil fuel emissions, remote C4 ecosystem fluxes, ocean exchange, and isotopic disequilibria of terrestrial heterotrophic respiration caused by the Suess effect. We obtained a photosynthetic discrimination for arctic and boreal biomes between 19.0 and 19.6‰. Our inversion analysis suggests that Q10 and light use efficiency values that minimize the cost function covary. The optimal light use efficiency was 0.47 gC MJ −1 photosynthetically active radiation, and the optimal Q10 value was 1.52. Fossil fuel and ocean exchange contributed proportionally more to month‐to‐month changes in the atmospheric growth rate of δ 13 C and CO 2 during winter months, suggesting that remote atmospheric observations during the summer may yield more precise estimates of the isotopic composition of the biosphere.

Topic: Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Designing a sub-wavelength array to change the direction of the radiation wave to a desired angle using variable Huygens surfaces

Since Huygens structures with phase shift lead to beam rotation, this manuscript discusses a phase shifter structure for the Huygens surface based on Tapered Slot Transition in the frequency range of 9.95-10.2 GHz using varactor diodes. By inducing an electric field along the tracks and placing diodes, the phase can be changed up to 200 degrees. With unit cells of 0.2 -that this size is the smallest possible size for beam rotation structures - and a mega cell of 4 unit cells, incident angles of 0-15 degrees can be converted to transmitted angles of 10-45 degrees. The unit cell has been fabricated and it is shown that the measurement results are in good agreement with the simulation one.

Topic: Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Growth, yield and plant water relationships in sweet potatoes in response to carbon dioxide enrichment: Progress report

In the summer of 1985, under the joint program of US Department of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Division, and Tuskegee University, experiments were conducted to study growth, yield, photosynthesis and plant water relationships in sweet potato plants grown in an enriched CO/sub 2/ environment. The main experiment utilized open top chambers to study the effects of CO/sub 2/ and soil moisture on growth, yield and photosynthesis of field-grown plants. In addition, potted plants in open top chambers were utilized in a study of the effects of different CO/sub 2/ concentrations on growth pattern, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and biomass increment at different stages of development. The interaction effects of enriched CO/sub 2/ and water stress on biomass production, yield, xylem potential, and stomatal conductance were also investigated. 29 refs., 18 figs., 41 tabs.

Topic: Plant responses to elevated CO2
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A new endemic Ramalina species from the Canary Islands (Ascomycota, Lecanorales)

Ramalina alisiosae (Ramalinaceae), found on trees in the laurel forests of the Canary Islands is described as new to science. A description of the species is given together with notes on its chemistry, distribution, ecology, and taxonomy. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses of ITS sequences showed a close relation of the new species with R. implectens and R. farinacea. Morphological and anatomical differences with these related lichen taxa are discussed.

Topic: Lichen and fungal ecology
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
High Temperature High Bandwidth Fiber Optic Pressure Sensors

Pressure measurements are required in various industrial applications, including extremely harsh environments such as turbine engines, power plants and material-processing systems. Conventional sensors are often difficult to apply due to the high temperatures, highly corrosive agents or electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise that may be present in those environments. Fiber optic pressure sensors have been developed for years and proved themselves successfully in such harsh environments. Especially, diaphragm based fiber optic pressure sensors have been shown to possess advantages of high sensitivity, wide bandwidth, high operation temperature, immunity to EMI, lightweight and long life. Static and dynamic pressure measurements at various locations of a gas turbine engine are highly desirable to improve its operation and reliability. However, the operating environment, in which temperatures may exceed 600 °C and pressures may reach 100 psi (690 kPa) with about 1 psi (6.9kPa) variation, is a great challenge to currently available sensors. To meet these requirements, a novel type of fiber optic engine pressure sensor has been developed. This pressure sensor functions as a diaphragm based extrinsic Fabry-Pérot interferometric sensor. One of the unique features of this sensor is the all silica structure, allowing a much higher operating temperature to be achieved with an extremely low temperature dependence. In addition, the flexible nature of the sensor design such as wide sensitivity selection, and passive or adaptive temperature compensation, makes the sensor suitable for a variety of applications An automatically controlled CO₂ laser-based sensor fabrication system was developed and implemented. Several novel bonding methods were proposed and investigated to improve the sensor mechanical ruggedness and reduce its temperature dependence. An engine sensor testing system was designed and instrumented. The system generates known static and dynamic pressures in a temperature-controlled environment, which was used to calibrate the sensor. Several sensor signal demodulation schemes were used for different testing purposes including a white-light interferometry system, a tunable laser based component test system (CTS), and a self-calibrated interferometric-intensity based (SCIIB) system. All of these sensor systems are immune to light source power fluctuations, which offer high reliability and stability. The fiber optic pressure sensor was tested in a F-109 turbofan engine. The testing results prove the sensor performance and the packaging ruggedization. Preliminary laboratory and field test results have shown great potential to meet not only the needs for reliable and precise pressure measurement of turbine engines but also for any other pressure measurements especially requiring high bandwidth and high temperature capability.

Topic: Advanced Sensor Technologies Research
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Prognostic Significance of Isolated Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly. Results of a Ten Year Longitudinal Survey

A ten year longitudinal survey of 191 female elderly subjects (mean age 80--Range 61 to 100 years) was set up to demonstrate that even a moderate isolated systolic hypertension is a powerful contributor to the incidence of cardiovascular complications in the elderly. The incidence of all cardiovascular events was carefully recorded and was correlated with a number of parameters registered at entry into the study. The results show that isolated systolic hypertension as well as diastolic hypertension is significantly correlated to the incidence of strokes and myocardial infarction independently of other parameters (Blood Cholesterol, Blood Sugar) which do not appear in this population as risk factors of cardiovascular morbidity. This underlines the high interest of controlled therapeutic studies run in this field in elderly patients.

Topic: Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Normal HAB after chronic temperature shifts.

&lt;p&gt;Wild-type flies were raised under a constant temperature of either 24°C (non-heat shock) or 18°C during embryonic and larval development, transferred to 30°C for 5 days after adult eclosion, and then shifted back to 24°C for 12 h before the HAB assay was conducted (heat shock). There were no significant differences in HAB between non-heat shock and heat shock groups in both feeding states (Satiety: &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;-values: 0.9241, 0.8008, 0.7063, and 0.5931 from left to right; Hunger: &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;-values: 0.3508, 0.7399, 0.2583, and 0.6540 from left to right). Each &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt; represents a group of 15 flies analyzed together in the behavioral assay. Data are represented as mean ± SEM with dots representing individual values. The data underlying this figure can be found in &lt;a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002332#pbio.3002332.s015" target="_blank"&gt;S1 Data&lt;/a&gt;. Data were analyzed by unpaired two-tailed &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt; test.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;(TIF)&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Peanut Plant Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Comparative study of topical 0.1% tazarotene cream versus calcipotriol 0.005% ointment in the treatment of palmoplantar psoriasis

Palmoplantar psoriasis is classified into two types based on morphology- hyperkeratotic palmoplantar psoriasis and pustular palmoplantar psoriasis. Hyperkeratotic palmoplantar psoriasis presents with well deﬁned erythematous scaly plaques with overlying hyperkeratosis without the presence of sterile pustules, predominantly at the palms and/or soles. There is greater physical and functional disability in patients of palmoplantar psoriasis. Patients with palmoplantar disease are more likely to suffer from a significant impact on skin-related QoL, have problems with activities of daily living, and rely on topical prescription medications than patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. These differences are important while creating therapeutic strategies and in understanding patients’ expectations of the treatment. Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy and study the adverse effects of topical 0.1% tazarotene cream and 0.005% calcipotriol ointment in the treatment of palmoplantar psoriasis. A total of 82 palmoplantar psoriasis cases who attended the OPD of a tertiary care hospital in Northern India for a period of two years formed the study group. The study group was randomized into Group A and Group B. Group A participants were instructed to apply a liquid paraffin-based emollient in night, followed by 0.1 % tazarotene cream under occlusion for 12 weeks. Group B patients were instructed to apply calcipotriol ointment 0.005% twice daily on lesions and a liquid-paraffin based emollient in night daily for 12 weeks. The response to treatment was evaluated by improvement in PPPASI at 2-week interval up to 12 weeks. At 12 weeks of follow-up 42.9% patients showed an excellent response, 31.4% showed a clear response in group A. In group B 25% patients had an excellent response and 10% patients showed complete clearance. Adverse effects were seen more in group A. Topical treatment modalities for palmoplantar psoriasis are effective and have a low risk for adverse effects. Both topical calcipotriol 0.005% and tazarotene 0.1% cream are effective in the treatment of palmoplantar psoriasis. While topical tazarotene 0.1% cream showed an excellent clinical response among patients, it was associated commonly with adverse effects such as local irritation and itching in initial weeks of the treatment. Usage of topical 0.005% calcipotriol ointment showed a good clinical response among the patients, with mild side effects of local irritation and itching which resolved on subsequent treatment.

Topic: Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Identification of Molecular Markers of Clozapine Action in Ketamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment: A GPCR Signaling PathwayFinder Study

Background: Cognitive disorders associated with schizophrenia are closely linked to prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction. Administration of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine (KET) induces cognitive impairment in animals, producing effects similar to those observed in schizophrenic patients. In a previous study, we showed that KET (20 mg/kg) induces cognitive deficits in mice and that administration of clozapine (CLZ) reverses this effect. To identify biochemical mechanisms related to CLZ actions in the context of KET-induced impairment, we performed a biochemical analysis using the same experimental paradigm—acute and sub-chronic administration of these drugs (0.3 and 1 mg/kg). Methods: Since the effect of CLZ mainly depends on G-protein-related receptors, we used the Signaling PathwayFinder Kit to identify 84 genes involved in GPCR-related signal transduction and then verified the genes that were statistically significantly different on a larger group of mice using RT-PCR and Western blot analyses after the administration of acute and sub-chronic drugs. Results: Of the 84 genes involved in GPCR-related signal transduction, the expression of six, βarrestin1, βarrestin2, galanin receptor 2 (GalR2), dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2), metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1), and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), was significantly altered. Since these genes affect the levels of other signaling proteins, e.g., extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (Grk2), and G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium 3 (Girk3), we determined their levels in PFC using Western blot. Most of the observed changes occurred after acute treatment with 0.3 mg/kg CLZ. We showed that acute treatment with CLZ at a lower dose significantly increased βarrestin1 and ERK1/2. KET treatment induced the upregulation of βarrestin1. Joint administration of these drugs had no effect on the βarrestin1 level. Conclusion: The screening kit we used to study the expression of GPCR-related signal transduction allowed us to select several important genes affected by CLZ. However, the obtained data do not explain the mechanism of action of CLZ that is responsible for reversing KET-induced cognitive impairment.

Topic: Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Improvement of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of total proteins from rice anthers].

This paper reported an improvement in 2-D gel electrophoresis of the proteome in Honglian cytoplasmic male sterile rice. An IPGphor unit with immobile pH gradient strips was used as the first dimension and SDS-PAGE as the second. The total anther proteins were extracted using TCA/acetone and then were washed 5-6 times with acetone till the proteins were white and clean, and then tributylphosphine and DTT were added into the rehydration buffer to improve the solubility of the proteins. The 2-D gel was stained by both methods of coomassie blue G-250 and silver. Extraction of proteins, pH of the strips and rehydration of the strips were optimized and compared. Higher repeatability and better separating protein pattern could be gained by this technique.

Topic: Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Biomedical Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Age‐ and gender‐adjusted estimated glomerular filtration rate definition reveals hyperfiltration as a risk factor for renal function deterioration in type 2 diabetes

Abstract Aim To assess the role of hyperfiltration for diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression. Materials and Methods A retrospective observational cohort study enrolled type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with an initial estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 60 mL/min/1.73m 2 or higher. Patients were categorized into two groups: hyperfiltration (eGFR exceeding the age‐ and gender‐specific 95th percentile values from a prior national cohort study) and normofiltration. Rapid DKD progression was defined as an eGFR decline of more than 5 mL/min/1.73m 2 /year. We used a linear mixed effect model and Cox regression with time‐varying covariate model to compare eGFR changes and identify factors associated with rapid DKD progression. Results Of the enrolled 7563 T2D patients, 7.2% had hyperfiltration. The hyperfiltration group exhibited a higher rate of eGFR decline compared with the normofiltration group (−2.0 ± 0.9 vs. −1.1 ± 0.9 mL/min/1.73m 2 /year; P &lt; .001). During an average follow‐up period of 4.65 ± 3.86 years, 24.7% of patients with hyperfiltration experienced rapid DKD progression, compared with 15.7% of patients with normofiltration ( P &lt; .001). Cox regression analyses identified that initial hyperfiltration was a significant determinant of rapid DKD progression, with a hazard ratio of 1.66 (95% confidence interval: 1.41‐1.95; P &lt; .001). When combined with albuminuria, the risk of progression was further compounded (hazard ratio 1.76‐3.11, all P &lt; .001). Conclusions In addition to using the current Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes CGA classification system, considering glomerular hyperfiltration status can improve the accuracy of predicting DKD progression.

Topic: Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Methodology for Laser Speckle Simulation in Controlled Dynamic Processes

The use of coherent light in imaging is the basis of several technologies that extends from nanotechnology, biomedicine, structural biology to metrology. Regarding laser speckle imaging in health-related conditions, in recent years several applications have been developed, emphasizing the potential of laser speckle as a functional imaging methodology, either used as individual methodology or in a multimodal imaging scheme. To assess distinct acquisition methodologies, several experimental protocols have been tested, but also new activity descriptors have been developed. These image processing derived descriptors are core to the speckle characterization in dynamic physiological conditions. Accordingly, the use of computer simulation algorithms to obtain the phenomena, avoiding acquisition noise is a research topic with great interest among the community, as a way to test the descriptors performance in a controlled way. In this work, a methodology for laser speckle simulation of dynamic processes is presented. The proposed algorithm allows controlling the way the process varies by setting a linear, quadratic, sinusoidal or mixt behaviors, during the simulation period.

Topic: Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
High power RF klystrons for linear accelerators

Recent klystron developments at SLAC are described. The standard 40 MW klyston, which typically operates at 35 MW on the SLAC linac, is the starting point for the push to higher peak and average power. The standard tube is capable of a 2.5 ..mu..s rf pulse width at 360 pps. For the SLC a 50 MW klystron capable of 5 ..mu..s pulse width at 180 pps is under development. Another tube currently being worked on is a 150 MW klystron capable of 1 ..mu..s rf and 180 pps. Design criteria and actual operating experience for both developmental tubes are described. 10 references, 11 figures, 3 tables.

Topic: Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
213. The structure of products derived from tazettine with acetic anhydride and sulphuric acid

Y. Tsuda and S. Uyeo, J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 1055 DOI: 10.1039/JR9610001055

Topic: Pharmacological Effects of Natural Compounds
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Evaluation of the Effect of the 47 kDa Protein Isolated from Aged Garlic Extract on Dendritic Cells.

Upon treatment with DCs with 47 kDa protein, DCs down regulated the expression of costimulatory and MHC-II surface molecules, which is similar to tolerogenic DC phenotype. According to the results of the present study, we found that 47 kDa protein purified from AGE can be considered as a potential candidate to generate tolerogenic DCs in vitro.

Topic: Garlic and Onion Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Performance implications of the PowerPC architecture's hashed page table utilization in Windows NT

Windows NT/sup TM/ is a portable operating system, and as such has an abstracted view of the underlying processor architecture. One of the most processor-specific portions of an operating system is the management of virtual memory, and NT is no different in this respect. NT abstracts the processor-specific address translation mechanism and manages it as a translation lookaside buffer (TLB). This paper examines the performance ramifications of this abstraction when using the hashed page table (HTAB) on the PowerPC/sup TM1/ architecture.

Topic: Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques
Subfield: Hardware and Architecture
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences