jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Characterization of cell type specific gene expression in Nicotiana tabacum leaf tissue.

Protoplasts isolated from Nicotiana tabacum leaf tissue were characterized through flow cytometric analysis based on chlorophyll autofluorescence and cell size. For mesophyll protoplasts, a high correlation coefficient (r² = 0.973) was observed between chlorophyll content and flow cytometric measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence. Chlorophyll fluorescence was found to correlate with chloroplast number (r² = 0.992) in protoplasts isolated from a single leaf, however comparison of these same parameters between experiments utilizing different leaves yielded a poor correlation. Cell size measured using pulse-width time-of-flight generated from the chlorophyll autofluorescence signal was highly correlated with cell diameter (r² > 0.99). Comparison of red fluorescence generated pulse-width time-of-flight size measurements with chloroplast number was also highly correlated with r² = 0.986. Fluorescein diacetate fluorochromasia generated pulse-width time-of-flight can be used to separate protoplasts which contain chloroplasts from protoplasts devoid of chloroplasts when analyzed with chlorophyll autofluorescence in a two-parameter histogram. Separation of the population devoid of chloroplasts on the basis of pulse-width time-of-flight provides an accurate means of measuring cell diameter. The purification of homogeneous populations of protooplasts derived from photosynthetic (containing chloroplasts) and nonphotosynthetic (devoid of chloroplasts) tissues was used as a basis to study cell specific gene expression of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV), the chlorophyll a,b/binding protein promoter (cab) and small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase promoter (rbcS), each fused to the gene encoding the enzyme beta-glucuronidase. Protoplasts from transgenic plants, each containing one of the three specific constructs, were subjected to flow analysis and sorting to separate cells from photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic tissue types. Expression of the CaMV gene fusion was found in both cell types, while the expression of the photosynthetic (rbcS and cab) gene fusions occurred predominantly in protoplasts isolated from photosynthetic tissue. A similar pattern of expression was observed in wild-type protoplasts transfected with the same gene fusions. Photooxidation induced by the herbicide Norflurazon had no effect on the expression of the CaMV gene fusion, but reduced the level of expression of both the cab and rbcS gene fusions in both the transgenic and the transfected protoplasts.

Topic: Transgenic Plants and Applications
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Research on UWB Distributed Node Aided Indoor Positioning Method in Dynamic NLOS Environment

In order to solve the problems of low positioning accuracy and poor anti-interference ability in a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environment, a distributed auxiliary node positioning method based on ultra-wideband (UWB) is proposed. First, the UWB positioning measurement model is used for error correction to optimize the measurement data. Second, the node network of UWB is established by selecting suitable auxiliary nodes, performing noise reduction on the measured distance, setting incremental queues, and solving the initial value of auxiliary nodes. The distributed auxiliary positioning fusion algorithm solves the error optimization of auxiliary nodes and selects the positioning value that meets the accuracy requirements after initialization, extended Kalman filtering, importance sampling and resampling. The experimental results show that the positioning accuracy error under NLOS is within [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]cm, the median distribution of positioning error is concentrated around 1.6[Formula: see text]cm, and the fusion positioning algorithm improves the positioning accuracy by at least 20.4%.

Topic: Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
EFFECTS OF NARCOTIC AND NON-NARCOTIC ANALGESICS ON THE ABDOMINAL OR TAIL STIMULATION-INDUCED STRUGGLING IN RATS

As a model, we used struggling induced by a repetitive stimulation of the tail or abdomen and two types of pseudoaffective responses were evoked in rats. The effects of narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics on these responses were alternately assessed. Narcotics were markedly effective in inhibiting struggling elicited by tail stimulation and slightly less effective in suppressing the abdominal stimulation-induced struggling. These effects on two types of struggling differed quantitatively but not qualitatively. On the other hand, non-narcotics such as aspirin (200 mg/ kg, i.p.), aminopyrine (160 mg/kg, i.p.) and indomethacin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) had an inhibitory action on the struggling elicited by the tail stimulation but showed equivocal and far less inhibition on the abdominal stimulation-induced response. These two effects were quantitatively and qualitatively different because the slope of the dose-response curves were not in parallel. The action of baclofen appears to be ambiguous since it had distinctive inhibitory actions on both types of struggling. However, baclofen can be classified into the latter group in that it exerted an inhibitory action on two types of struggling, in a quantitatively different manner. These results suggest that two types of struggling in rats provide a convenient means to assess the potency of analgesics.

Topic: Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Is there a relation between clinical scores and serum ion levels after MoM-THA? One year results in 383 implants.

Surveillance algorithms have been introduced by health authorities. Nevertheless, the indication to revision surgery is not simple especially in those cases in which a discrepancy between clinic and investigations is present. In this study clinical scores seem to be less important than ion levels in the evaluation of outcomes and in order to plan the correct management in the majority of cases. Larger studies are needed to highlight the real importance of clinical scores in the decision making after these type of implants.

Topic: Orthopaedic implants and arthroplasty
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The effect of soil physical conditions produced by various cultivation systems on the root development of winter wheat

Summary The results of a field experiment on winter wheat are presented in which the effects of the soil physical properties produced by different cultivation systems were studied in relation to root development. The extension rate of the seminal root axes was slower in undisturbed or shallow (5 cm) cultivated soil than in ploughed or deep (20 cm) cultivated soil leading to earlier lateral branching and the production of an effectively shallower seminal root system which persisted throughout the season. During the first four weeks after drilling the soil in the ploughed and the deeper cultivated plots was of lower bulk density and there were more pores of a diameter suitable for unimpeded root extension. It is suggested that seminal root development in uncultivated soils, which are less readily deformed than cultivated ones, is related to the probability of the extending seminal axes contacting pores of suitable dimensions. The implications of shallower rooting are discussed and related to field experience with cereal crops drilled directly into uncultivated soils where success has consistently been achieved on free-draining, open-textured soils.

Topic: Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
[The ways of prophylaxis of the gastro-intestinal hemorrhage recurrence].

Through three-years period 57 patients, suffering gastro-intestinal hemorrhage (GIH) of the ulcer genesis, were treated in the clinic. Among them were 37 (64.9%) men and 20 (35.1%) women. The patients have had (56.3 +/- 4.7) yrs old at average. The treatment programm for the patients have included a local arrest of GIH, medicinal therapy, directed on restoration of the circulating blood volume, gastric secretion inhibition, rising of the blood coagulation property. In cases of a middle and severe blood loss the blood preparations were transfused--the erythrocytic mass and freshly frozen plasm. Three patients were operated in the high period of GIH. The GIH recurrence was absent. In 7 - 8 days, if a persistent hemostasis was achieved, the patients were transferred to therapeutic department for the conservative therapy prolongation.

Topic: Digestive system and related health
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Pyridazines. IV. Intramolecular cycloaddition of 3-chloro-6-(2-allyloxyphenoxy)pyridazines.

Intramolecular cycloaddition of 3-chloro-6-(2-allyloxyphenoxy) pyridazines yielded various hydroxyxanthenes, which were also prepared by similar cycloaddition of 3-substituted-6-(2-allylphenoxy) pyridazines containing methoxy groups on their benzene rings, followed by demethylation of the resulting methoxyxanthenes. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed.

Topic: Synthesis and Reactivity of Heterocycles
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
CCDC 965115: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Farming practice, capital and landcare: subsumption and control

There are a number of features of agriculture in contemporary Australia that few farmers, social scientists, environmentalists, or even economists, would dispute. Farm numbers are dropping, tightening terms of trade necessitate constant productivity gains, and there is an increasing awareness of widespread and massive land degradation. Despite periodic forecasts of improving commodity prices, most farms remain unprofitable (Beare, 1995), and many face severe financial difficulty. Declining rural populations lead further to rationalisation of services in both the public and private sectors, and reduced accessibility to these services for those who remain on the land or in small country towns, often when they are needed the most (Lawrence and Williams, 1990; Stone, 1992).

Topic: Rural development and sustainability
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND SALT TOLERANCE OF TWO RECIPROCALLY INVASIVE GRASS SPECIES FOUND IN COASTAL SALT MARSHES

An invasive variety of the common reed Phragmites australis, the M haplotpye, has been implicated in the spread of this species into North American salt marshes normally dominated by the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass). Phragmites australis is spreading into North American coastal marshes that are experiencing reduced salinities, while Spartina spp. are spreading into northern European brackish marshes that are experiencing increased salinities. We compared the salt tolerance and other growth characteristics of the invasive, M haplotype with two native haplotypes (F and AC) in greenhouse experiments. The M haplotype retained 50% of its growth potential up to 0.4 M NaCl, whereas the F and AC haplotypes did not grow above 0.1 M NaCl. The M haplotype produced more shoots per gram of rhizome tissue and had higher relative growth rates than the native haplotypes on both freshwater and saline water treatments. The M haplotype also differed from the native haplotypes in shoot water content and the biometrics of shoots and rhizomes. The results offer an explanation for how the M haplotype is able to spread in coastal salt marshes and support the conclusion of DNA analyses that the M haplotype is a distinct ecotype of P. australis.We then compared the growth, competitive ability, salt tolerance and osmotic adjustment of M haplotype P. australis and S. alterniflora along a salinity gradient in greenhouse experiments. Spartina alterniflora produced new biomass up to 0.60 M NaCl, whereas P. australis did not grow well above 0.2 M NaCl. When the two species were grown in mixed cultures, P. australis was less affected by competition than S. alterniflora at lower salinities but the competitive advantage reversed above 0.2 M NaCl. The greater salt tolerance of S. alterniflora compared to P. australis was due to its ability to use Na+ for osmotic adjustment in the shoots. On the other hand, at low salinities P. australis was more competitive because it produced more shoots per gram of rhizome tissue than S. alterniflora. These studies illustrate how ecophysiological differences shift the competitive advantage from one species to another along a salinity gradient.

Topic: Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
FROM DESCRIPTIVISM TO CONSTRUCTIVISM ‐ A CHALLENGE TO SYMBOLIC MODELING. II

Classical modeling is not isomorphic, on the contrary the “objects of reality” or the like is the source of a homomorphic mapping performed to produce the model – just the way a piece of landscape is portrayed by its map with some bewildering details left out. We are thus taught that this process of modeling (or abstraction) is a plain mapping procedure –we call this descriptivism or representationalism. The prevailing object‐oriented modeling approach – or realistic approach – has some serious shortcomings due to the negligence of some aspects of the observer function, which for instance has resulted in a “world definition” made from “outside” the living consciousness (realism or materialism). By reversing this picture instead taking off from the impressions arisen within the subject's (the observer/knower's) conscious experience – the subject‐oriented approach –and ask how a living consciousness organizes itself to handle the task of living, we gain new insights in the process of conceptualization and learning. We learn that the dualistic world view is superfluous and should better be replaced by a neutral monistic approach, where the hypothetical existence of an independent outside reality (realism) can be substituted by the idea of a reality constructed from inside a living consciousness –nothing else but a model whose main purpose is to guide human anticipation and facilitate communication. Taking that stances the main tasks of human consciousness just become modeling – creating the outside model reality and the inside domain of feelings. In such a framework also the classical truth – in the sense of a God‐given modeling truth become meaningless – and must be substituted by the Pierce‐ain pragmatical or consensual truth. In the subject‐oriented approach states, properties etc. are not given any observer independent existence. On the contrary they emerge at the moment of their measurement as advocated by the Copenhagen interpretation. Bell's theorem also states: Given the quantum mechanics, either the idea of Einstein locality or the idea of an observer independent reality must be abandoned. The subject‐oriented approach clearly abandons the idea of a pre‐given observer independent reality – in favor of a cognitive agent created private reality, which then become the base for defining an “objective reality” in the form of a consensual scientific agreement.

Topic: Quantum Mechanics and Applications
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Virtual bronchoscopy: the correlation between endoscopic simulation and bronchoscopic findings].

Our preliminary data are encouraging. Segmental bronchi were depicted in nearly all cases, except for the branches involved by disease. Obstructing lesions could be bypassed in some cases, making an indication for endoscopic laser therapy. Future didactic perspectives and applications to minimally invasive or virtual reality-assisted therapy seem promising, even though actual clinical applications require further studies.

Topic: Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
SAFE PERFORMANCE OF WORKS IN CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING AND COMMUNAL SERVICES USING THE ORIGINAL SCAFFOLDING DESIGN

Our development relates to construction, namely scaffolding and scaffolding used when working at height. It is intended for fencing the work area when carrying out various types of work, for example, when performing brickwork from scaffolding. In construction, where safety and efficiency play a crucial role, the correct selection and use of scaffolding are integral to every successful project. We have proposed a patent-protected solution. It is a scaffolding railing consisting of vertical support posts hinged with horizontal crossbars, characterised by the fact that each support post is made in the form of a telescopic connection of pipes of different diameters with the possibility of extending them from each other and is fixed with the help of an existing locking device. The hinge connection of horizontal crossbars with them, except the upper row of such bars that are railing, is made in random order, for example, by attaching a hinge to the upper end of the upper tube of the smallest diameter, and is carried out using additional ring elements mounted on the corresponding telescopic connecting tubes. The inner diameter of each of these annular elements, exceeding the outer diameter of the tube on which it is mounted, is less than the outer diameter of the next subordinate telescopic tube. Thus, it can move only vertically in a telescopic connection within this and above pipes. It makes it possible to support each of the ring elements with horizontal crossbars attached to them under their weight at a certain level of height of the vertical support post, determined by the height of the underlying tube of the telescopic connection. At the same time, the lower horizontal crossbar is hinged to the ring element of the largest diameter, put on the lower tube of the telescopic connection, and rested directly on the working flooring made in the form of a sideboard. The proposed device is not technically complex to implement. Its use increases the workers’ productivity, improves the working conditions, and ensures the safety of various construction works. Keywords: safety, construction, ease of use, prototype, fencing, scaffolding.

Topic: Construction Engineering and Safety
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Possibilities of Implementation of the Ecological and Legal Mechanism of Environmental Protection for the Regulation of Economic Activity in the Coastal Territories of Lake Baikal

In the environmental legislation of the Russian Federation, designed to regulate public relations about nature, the concept of nature protection is a priority. Lake Baikal is a territory with special conditions of use, with unique natural characteristics and a powerful system of ecological and legal regulation of public relations in the field of environmental protection. For effective planning and regulation of economic activity in the coastal territories of Lake Baikal, it is advisable to involve an ecological and legal mechanism for environmental protection, which allows unambiguously determining the priority right to use the territory, relying on environmental legislation and protecting the rights of nature in resolving conflict situations. The use of the legal environmental zoning tool, which significantly enhances the ecological and legal mechanism by means of cartographic visualization, implemented with the involvement of geoinformation systems, allows us to simultaneously display the effect of all regulatory and legal restrictions on a specific area of the territory. This makes it easy to navigate the legislative space manifested on the ground, taking into account the characteristics of the territory, determine the priority right to use the territory and find the optimal permitted option for conducting permitted activities. So, on the example of the Slyudyansky district of the Irkutsk region, a comparison of the categories of legal zoning with maps of real use of resources was carried out, which clearly showed contradictions in real and permitted use. The visual implementation of the ecological and legal mechanism and the possibility of improving environmental management is shown, through the introduction of a mechanism that allows to identify violations in the regulated use of the territory in an operational mode, ensuring safe rational use of natural resources through the search for the optimal use of different areas of the territory.

Topic: Arctic and Russian Policy Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Genome and evolution of the shade‐requiring medicinal herb <i>Panax ginseng</i>

Summary Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, reputed as the king of medicinal herbs, has slow growth, long generation time, low seed production and complicated genome structure that hamper its study. Here, we unveil the genomic architecture of tetraploid P. ginseng by de novo genome assembly, representing 2.98 Gbp with 59 352 annotated genes. Resequencing data indicated that diploid Panax species diverged in association with global warming in Southern Asia, and two North American species evolved via two intercontinental migrations. Two whole genome duplications ( WGD ) occurred in the family Araliaceae (including Panax ) after divergence with the Apiaceae, the more recent one contributing to the ability of P. ginseng to overwinter, enabling it to spread broadly through the Northern Hemisphere. Functional and evolutionary analyses suggest that production of pharmacologically important dammarane‐type ginsenosides originated in Panax and are produced largely in shoot tissues and transported to roots; that newly evolved P. ginseng fatty acid desaturases increase freezing tolerance; and that unprecedented retention of chlorophyll a/b binding protein genes enables efficient photosynthesis under low light. A genome‐scale metabolic network provides a holistic view of Panax ginsenoside biosynthesis. This study provides valuable resources for improving medicinal values of ginseng either through genomics‐assisted breeding or metabolic engineering.

Topic: Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Cow's Milk Allergy

<i>Sir</i>.—I was disappointed that chronic bronchitis induced by cow's milk allergy was not mentioned in the article by Smith et al.<sup>1</sup>I noted that 12 of the 20 children reported in the article developed onset of symptoms in the first year of life. In a study of asthma and cow's milk allergy, Brasher<sup>2</sup>noted a very high incidence of cow's milk allergy in infantile asthma. In that study, improvement was noted in all children 6 months of age or younger after cow's milk was eliminated from their diet. It has been my impression that this diagnosis is frequently missed, even by allergists. Cow's milk allergy is frequently not associated with a positive skin test or a positive radioallergosorbent test to cow's milk. This diagnosis is best established by infant feeding history, family history, and evaluation by challenge, elimination, and rechallenge with cow's milk.<sup>3-5</sup>The most comprehensive

Topic: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Research
Subfield: Immunology and Allergy
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences