jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Role of Cytokines in Lymphocyte Homeostasis

The size of lymphocyte populations is regulated by replication and death. Cytokines produced by non-lymphoid cells provide key survival and replication signals for several lymphocyte subpopulations. The availability of these cytokines thus serves as a homeostatic regulatory mechanism by determining the upper limit of the population size. IL-7 is required for survival of naive CD4+ and CD8+ cells and memory CD8+ cells. IL-15 is required for survival of memory CD8+ cells. IL-12 and IL-4 also promote memory CD8+ survivaL BAFF is required for survival of mature B cells. Antigen receptor signals, together with these cytokine signals, are required for survival of mature B cells and naive T cells. The list of extracellular survival signals for lymphocytes remains incomplete, and the intracellular pathways leading to survival are poorly understood.

Topic: T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of genotype and environment on grain quality of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) lines evaluated in Kenya

Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) has a great potential for use as food and beverage in developing countries. However, information regarding the effect of the agro-ecological environments on the grain quality attributes of selected sorghum lines desirable for malting and brewing and for baking in Kenya, is lacking. The experiments of this study were conducted at different environmental locations in Kisumu, Siaya and Busia Counties of Kenya. Nine sorghum lines were sown in plots in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Panicles from two central rows of each plot were harvested at physiological maturity to provide grains that were used for proximate analysis. The percentage crude protein, tannin and starch content were determined. The amount of starch varied with sorghum lines and growing environments, ranging between 29.7 and 80.2%. SDSAI &times; ICSR43 line recorded tannin content in the range of 8.00 to 24.33 mg/100 ml tannic acid equivalents. Crude protein content and starch ranged 8.9 to 15.4% and 29.7 to 80.2%, respectively across environments. The combined analysis showed that the growing environment variously affected the nutritional and anti-nutritional content of sorghum lines. This implies that breeders should consider stability of the quality parameters that define commercial utilization of these sorghum lines. &nbsp; Key words: Sorghum lines, lower midland zone (LM), starch, crude protein, tannins.

Topic: Food composition and properties
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Self‐Radiation Damage in Curium‐244 Oxide and Aluminate

Self‐radiation from α‐decay of 244 Cm causes lattice swelling, phase transformations, and loss of structure in several Cm compounds. In Cm oxides, the percentage swelling at saturation decreases with decreasing symmetry: Swelling in fluorite (fee) CmO 2 (∼0.3%) is approximately twice that in bee C ‐type Cm 2 O 3 ; monoclinic Cm 2 O 3 does not swell. CmO 2 swells with time according to Δa/α=3.0×10 −3 (1–e −1.7×104λt ), essentially the same relation as for PuO 2 and AmO 2 . The rate of structure loss of Cm oxides decreases with increasing temperature of prior heatings. In CmAlO 3 the metamict state is produced before swelling reaches saturation. Radiation‐induced transformation at room temperature produces metastable phases that normally exist at higher temperatures, e.g. bcc C ‐type Cm 2 O 3 transforms to hexagonal A‐type Cm 2 O 3 , and rhombohedral CmAlO 3 becomes cubic.

Topic: Nuclear materials and radiation effects
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Diversity of non-acarine arachnids of the Ophathe Game Reserve, South Africa: Testing a rapid sampling protocol

As part of the second phase of the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA), field surveys were conducted in many degree-square grids throughout the country using a standardised rapid sampling protocol. This study reports on the arachnid diversity of the Ophathe Game Reserve (OGR) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, as found during a preliminary survey in June 2007 (mid winter) and a SANSA field survey in October 2008 (mid spring) in four representative habitats. The SANSA survey included seven sampling methods: pitfalls, beating, sweep-netting, litter sifting, hand collecting, night collecting and Winkler traps. A total of 282 species in six arachnid orders were collected during the two surveys, of which spiders were the most species-rich order (268 species in 47 families). The SANSA survey yielded 966 adult arachnids, representing six orders and 197 species, with a further 67 species represented only by immatures. Although adult arachnid abundance (n) differed considerably between the four habitats (range: 156–321), adult species richness (Sobs) was less variable (range: 65–85). These survey results are comparable with several longer-term surveys in the Savanna biome, and indicate that the SANSA sampling protocol can yield an impressive diversity of arachnids during a relatively short period of sampling, with a high level of coverage (&gt; 0.8 for sites and most sampling methods) and moderate levels of sample completion for adults (&gt; 0.55 for all sites), despite logistical and temporal challenges. Additional repetitions of the SANSA sampling protocol in other seasons will likely increase biodiversity knowledge of arachnids in OGR considerably.Conservation implications: The implementation of rapid sampling protocols in an atlas project is essential to generate a large volume of species-level data. The SANSA protocol is an efficient means for rapidly generating arachnid data, and in future will allow for an assessment of diversity patterns in degree-square grids across South Africa.

Topic: Spider Taxonomy and Behavior Studies
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Impact on the intestinal microbiota of early antibiotic treatment in preterm neonates].

<b>Objective:</b> To investigate the impact of early antibiotics treatment on intestinal microbiota in preterm infants. <b>Methods:</b> The cohort study was performed from January 2015 to June 2015 in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Peking University Third Hospital. A total of 33 preterm infants were enrolled, among whom 25 were antibiotics-exposure group, and 8 were non-exposure group. Serial stool samples were collected on the first day, 14th and 30th days of life and analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. In exposure group, intestinal microbiota was also analyzed at 8 months to 1 year of age. Categorical variables were analyzed with χ(2) test, and continuous variables were analyzed with <i>t</i> test or non-parametric test. <b>Results:</b><i>Proteobacteria</i> was the most prominent flora after birth in all cases (exposure group 69.6%, non-exposure group 83.7%) . In exposure group, at the phylum level, <i>Proteobacteria</i> was the dominant bacteria within the first 30 days, followed by <i>Firmicutes</i> after 30 days of life. At the genus level, <i>Escherichia</i> was the most abundant genera within 30 days after birth, while <i>Veillonella</i> became dominant after 8 months to 1 year of life. In non-exposure group, at the phylum level, <i>Proteobacteria</i> was the dominant phylum within the first 30 days. At the genus level, <i>Actinobacteria</i> (37.5%) was the dominant genus after birth, followed by <i>Escherichia</i> within the first month. Intestinal bacterial abundance and diversity were lower in exposure group, which was most significant on 30th day of life (shannon index 2.6 <i>vs.</i>3.4, ACE index 563.9 <i>vs.</i>591.6) . The influence of single antibiotics was less significant than combined treatment (shannon index 2.7 <i>vs.</i>2.5, ACE index 727.3 <i>vs.</i>492.9) . At the genus level, compared to non-exposure group, there were significant decrease of <i>Escherichia</i> (9.3% <i>vs.</i> 54.3%, <i>Z=</i>-2.830, <i>P=</i>0.005), <i>Klebsiella</i> (0.03% <i>vs.</i>12.4%,<i>Z=</i>-2.240, <i>P=</i>0.025), and <i>Clostridium</i> (0.2% <i>vs.</i> 4.8%, <i>Z=</i>-2.979, <i>P=</i>0.003) in exposure group on 14 days of life. <i>Bifidobacterium</i> (0.1% <i>vs.</i>2.0%, <i>Z=</i>-2.349, <i>P=</i>0.019) in cases treated with combined antibiotics was lower than that treated with antibiotic monotherapy on 30 days of life. <b>Conclusions:</b> Early application of combined antibiotics impacts on the intestinal microbiome of preterm infants significantly. The infants who have received antibiotic after birth have lower quantity and diversity of <i>Clostridium</i>, <i>Lactobacillus</i>, <i>Bacteroides</i> and <i>Bifidobacterium</i>.

Topic: Infant Nutrition and Health
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Difficult texts: ‘A dog at the table’ in Matthew 15.21–28

This article addresses the story of the Canaanite woman in Matthew 15.21–28 and Jesus’ likening of the woman to a ‘dog’ in verse 26. It provides an overview of the passage as a whole and deals in more detail with this imagery.

Topic: Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Stimulated emission of superradiant atoms in waveguide QED

We investigate the stimulated emission of superradiant atoms coupled to a waveguide induced by a coherent-state photon pulse. We provide an analytical result when a short $π$ pulse is incident, which shows that the atoms emit photons coherently into the output pulse, which remains a coherent state in the short pulse limit. An incident pulse is amplified in phase-preserving manner, where noise is added almost entirely in the phase direction in phase space. This property improves the ratio of intensity signal to noise after the amplification for sufficiently short pulses. This is a unique feature different from general phase-preserving linear amplifiers, where the signal-to-noise ratio deteriorates in the amplification process. We also discuss the dependence of the photon-emission probability on pulse parameters, such as the pulse area and the duration.

Topic: Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Development of A Novel Disaster Medical Simulation System for Validating the Flow of Medical Support Activities Following A Major Tokyo Inland Earthquake

In the event of a major earthquake in the Tokyo metropolitan area, the number of people injured is predicted to be nearly 150,000 in Tokyo alone. Therefore, the Japanese government must be prepared to respond promptly by deploying medical teams and implementing appropriate medical systems in disaster-stricken areas with the support of base hospitals. Large-scale training of medical professionals is also required annually. Furthermore, all of these measures need to be validated. However, to date, no method has been established to validate measures for medical support activities after a disaster. In this study, we constructed a disaster medical simulation system using discrete-event simulation, reproduced the flow of medical support activities after a disaster, and quantified expected outcomes. The medical activity simulation was conducted in response to a hypothetical major earthquake in Tokyo. Results were assessed according to location by dividing Tokyo into the 12 districts specified as secondary medical districts by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. The simulation time frame started from when an injury was first sustained due to the earthquake and concluded when all victims reached one of the following endpoints: admission to hospital, transport out of a staging care unit, or death. In this scenario, more than 3,000 yellow or red tag patients would be admitted to hospitals located in the Central Northeast and Central East districts of Tokyo, which is a very serious medical situation. In terms of load per hospital, affiliated hospitals in the Central East district can accept the largest number of yellow and red tag patients (more than 250) at one time, followed by affiliated hospitals in the Central South district, and disaster base hospitals and affiliated hospitals in the Central Northeast district. Under current assumptions for medical assistance, the disaster medical simulation system found that due to a lack of medical staff only 67.1% of yellow or red tag patients would survive a disaster through treatment, hospitalization, and wide-area medical transportation. In the future, it is hoped that this simulation system will be used to investigate and resolve bottlenecks for disaster medical care and to implement appropriate response measures.

Topic: Disaster Response and Management
Subfield: Emergency Medical Services
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Physics of collisionless reconnection in a stressed X-point collapse

Recently, magnetic reconnection during collisionless, stressed, X-point collapse was studied using kinetic, 2.5-dimensional, fully electromagnetic, relativistic particle-in-cell numerical code [D. Tsiklauri and T. Haruki, Phys. Plasmas 14, 112905 (2007)]. Here we finalize the investigation of this topic by addressing key outstanding physical questions: (i) Which term in the generalized Ohm’s law is responsible for the generation of the reconnection electric field? (ii) How does the time evolution of the reconnected flux vary with the ion-electron mass ratio? (iii) What is the exact energy budget of the reconnection process; i.e., in which proportion initial (mostly magnetic) energy is converted into other forms of energy? (iv) Are there any anisotropies in the velocity distribution of the accelerated particles? The following points have been established. (i) A reconnection electric field is generated by the electron pressure tensor off-diagonal terms, resembling to the case of tearing unstable Harris current sheet studied by the GEM reconnection challenge. (ii) For mi∕me⪢1, the time evolution of the reconnected flux is independent of ion-electron mass ratio. In addition, in the case of mi∕me=1, we show that reconnection proceeds slowly as the Hall term is zero; when mi∕me⪢1 (i.e., the Hall term is nonzero) reconnection is fast and we conjecture that this is due to magnetic field being frozen into electron fluid, which moves significantly faster than ion fluid. (iii) Within one Alfvén time, somewhat less than half (∼40%) of the initial total (roughly magnetic) energy is converted into the kinetic energy of electrons, and somewhat more than half (∼60%) into kinetic energy of ions (similar to solar flare observations). (iv) In the strongly stressed X-point case, in about one Alfvén time, a full isotropy in all three spatial directions of the velocity distribution is seen for superthermal electrons (also commensurate with solar flare observations).

Topic: Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 1: <i>Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 <scp>b.c.</scp>–<scp>a.d.</scp> 220</i>. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986. xlii, 981 pp. $110.00.

The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 1: Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 b.c.–a.d. 220. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986. xlii, 981 pp. $110.00. - Volume 47 Issue 1

Topic: Chinese history and philosophy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A study of influences of the workers’ compensation and injury management regulations on aviation safety at a workplace

As the aviation industries developed, so too did the recognition that there must be an effective regulatory framework to address issues related to the workers' compensation and rehabilitation. All employees would like to work and return home safely from their workplace. Therefore, the efficient management of workplace injury and disease reduces the cost of aviation operations and improves flight safety. Workers' compensation and injury management laws regulate a majority of rehabilitation and compensation issues, but achieving an injury-free workplace remains a major challenge for the regulators. This paper examines the clauses of the workers' compensation and injury management laws of Western Australia related to workplace safety, compensation, and rehabilitations of the injured workers. It also discusses various provisions of common law under the relevant workers' health injury management legislations.

Topic: Occupational Health and Safety Research
Subfield: Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Chapter VIII. Okinotorishima: A Rock Or An Island? Recent Maritime Boundary Controversy Between Japan And Taiwan/China

In 1987, it was reported that Japan had begun construction of defensive facilities surrounding Okinotorishima in order to protect it from submersion caused by wind and water erosion. This chapter discusses an international law viewpoint, the legal status of Okinotorishima, which is currently uninhabitable and unable to sustain economic activity. It gives a background on the history and geography of Okinotorishma and explains the importance of Okinotorishima. The chapter outlines the principal reasons why official disputes have arisen in the arena of East Asian international politics and foreign affairs. It explains Japan's claim for special laws for Okinotorishima, detailing how Japan has adopted various methods for maintaining the reefs above the waterline and strengthening the status of the island, in order to support the claims that Okinotorishima can enjoy an EEZ and a continental shelf. The chapter looks at international law and international legal scholars' analysis of Japan's position. Keywords: continental shelf; East Asian international politics; exclusive economic zone (EEZ); international law; Japan; Okinotorishima

Topic: International Maritime Law Issues
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Sacrificial Zone or Living on Borrowed Time: Oil Exploitation in Northern Alberta and its Impact on the Athabasaca Chipewyan First Nation Community

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Justice Studies, University of Regina. ix, 125 p.

Topic: Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
Subfield: Health
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Arab Women and the Future of the Middle East

EDITOR'S NOTE The central theme of the 2005 closed-door and off-the-record roundtable conference on “Arab Women and the Future of the Middle East” was how to improve U.S. security in the face of threats from militant Islamic fundamentalists. As in previous roundtable gatherings on the broader Middle East, the thesis was that no genuine peace between Arab Islam and the West is possible for as long as the Arab Muslim mind-set remains anchored in the Middle Ages. Hence, there is a need to reform that mind-set—that is, the need to introduce it and bring it into the 20th century's Western tradition, grounded in the Enlightenment. Critical in that context is the liberation of Arab women from discrimination that is justified by an extremist interpretation of the Koran. One conclusion of the conference was that the “empowerment of women can defuse the problems of the region as well as diminish the effects of militant Islamic fundamentalism that are at the heart of mounting terrorist activities perpetrated by organizations such as Al Qaeda and its ilk.” Details of how to obtain that goal are outlined below. This is a republication of the roundtable proceedings held on April 14, 2005.

Topic: Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
On the Life-History of Vanilla planifolia

1. In the orchid Vanilla planifolia the microspores do not remain united to form compound grains, massulae, or pollinia, but lie free inside the anther. The pollen grains are shed at the two-celled stage. 2. The nucellus shows a greater development than in most other orchids, and the nucellar cells at the chalazal end persist even in the mature seed. 3. The outer integument consists of four to six layers of cells which persist in the seed. In other orchids only the outermost layer is recognizable in the seed. 4. The inner integument is also two-to three-layered and, although flattened and crushed, remains distinguishable for a long time. 5. The embryo sac arises from the chalazal cell of a row of three cells, consisting of a micropylar undivided dyad cell and two megaspores. After the four-nucleate stage, the two chalazal nuclei do not divide further, resulting in a six-nucleate embryo sac. 6. Double fertilization takes place normally, but, since there is no lower polar nucleus, the primary endosperm nucleus is diploid and not triploid. 7. As many as eight to twelve endosperm nuclei were counted in certain ovules, which is noteworthy in view of the fact that ordinarily endosperm formation is completely suppressed in the orchids. 8. One case of twin embryos was noted. One of them was gametic in origin and the other probably arose from a synergid. The embryo of the mature seed shows a terminal depression. 9. Both integuments take part in the formation of the seed coat. The outer-most layer of the outer integument becomes highly sclerotic with black deposits and is opaque and smooth. This is in marked contrast to the condition in most other orchids, where there is a transparent seed coat with a reticulate surface formed only by the outermost layer of the outer integument.

Topic: Biochemical and biochemical processes
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences