jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
“ERCP” in the Esophagus to Treat Complicated Perforation

Esophageal perforations are rare but are associated with high morbidity and mortality. More than 50 percent of these are iatrogenic, largely due to instrumentation. Less frequent causes include Boerhaave's syndrome, foreign body ingestion, trauma, and malignancy. The highest incidences of perforation are at or near sites of narrowing, such as the cricopharyngeus muscle, the broncho-aortic constriction, and the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ). Primary surgical repair is recommended except in certain technically difficult scenarios or in the context of hemodynamic instability. Endoscopic repair via covered stents has shown success in case studies and retrospective reviews if there is control and drainage of extraluminal fluid collections. We present a case where endoscopic repair is utilized to treat a complicated perforation. The patient is a 67-year-old female who presented for Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication for a type IV hiatal hernia. An upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series on postoperative day 1 was normal but she had a fall on postoperative day 3. She was discharged home asymptomatic but returned a few days later for intractable vomiting, and was found to have a large intrathoracic fluid collection. Exploratory laparoscopy of the abdomen allowed for drainage of the collection and revealed a 3-4 mm esophageal perforation at the posterior aspect of the GEJ. An 8x123 mm fully-covered esophageal stent was placed over the site of perforation. This was upgraded to a 23x155 mm stent eight weeks later due to continued leak. Nevertheless, she continued to have esophageal leak. An endoscopy with a duodenoscope was performed. Using a ball-tip cannula, a fistula was cannulated over a 0.035-inch guidewire. A long fistula tract leading to multiple small fluid collections within a larger, loculated collection—measuring about 5 cm in total diameter—was found. A biliary double pigtail stent was placed into the main fistula tract to drain the fluid collections. On follow-up endoscopy, the pigtail stent was removed and there was resolution of these collections. An endoscopic clip was subsequently placed over the opening of the primary fistula. A new covered esophageal stent was placed over the clip to promote wound healing and closure. This stent was removed on follow-up endoscopy and no esophageal leak was seen. This case illustrates the ability of advanced endoscopic techniques to successfully treat esophageal leak with complex fistula formation.Figure: Placement of a guidewire within the main fistula, with smaller fistulae noted to be branching from it.Figure: Positioning a double pigtail biliary stent into the fluid collections of the smaller fistulae.Figure: Deployment of a covered esophageal stent atop the clip sealing the primary site of perforation.

Topic: Esophageal and GI Pathology
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Arginine catabolism by Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans

The arginine catabolism of Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans was investigated. T. acidaminovorans was able to produce approximately 0.4–0.5 mol citrulline and 0.5–0.6 mol ornithine from 1 mol of arginine. However, in a methanogenic coculture with Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Z245 1 mol arginine was converted to approximately 1 mol of propionate, 0.5 mol acetate, 4 mol ammonia and 4 mol hydrogen; citrulline and ornithine were not formed. Enzyme measurements indicated the presence of the arginine deiminase pathway (ADI) in cells of T. acidaminovorans growing on arginine.

Topic: Venomous Animal Envenomation and Studies
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Regional Binding of Tau and Amyloid Pet Tracers in Down Syndrome Autopsy Brain Tissue

Abstract INTRODUCTION : Tau pathology is a major age-related event in Down syndrome with Alzheimer’s disease (DS-AD). Although recently, several different Tau PET tracers have been developed as biomarkers for AD, these tracers showed different binding properties in Alzheimer disease and other non-AD tauopathies. They have not been yet investigated in tissue obtained postmortem for DS-AD cases. Here, we evaluated the binding characteristics of two Tau PET tracers ( 3 H-MK6240 and 3 H-THK5117) and one amyloid ( 3 H-PiB) ligand in the medial frontal gyrus (MFG) and hippocampus (HIPP) in tissue from adults with DS-AD and DS cases with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) compared to sporadic AD. METHODS : Tau and amyloid autoradiography were performed on paraffin-embedded sections. To confirm respective ligand targets, adjacent sections were immunoreacted for phospho-Tau (AT8) and stained for amyloid staining using Amylo-Glo. RESULTS : The two Tau tracers showed a significant correlation with each other and with AT8, suggesting that both tracers were binding to Tau deposits. 3 H-MK6240 Tau binding correlated with AT8 immunostaining but to a lesser degree than the 3 H-THK5117 tracer, suggesting differences in binding sites between the two Tau tracers. 3 H-THK5117, 3 H-MK6240 and 3 H-PIB displayed dense laminar binding in the HIPP and MFG in adult DS brains. A regional difference in Tau binding between adult DS and AD was observed suggesting differential regional Tau deposition in adult DS compared to AD, with higher THK binding density in the MFG in adult with DS compared to AD. No significant correlation was found between 3 H-PiB and Amylo-Glo staining in adult DS brains suggesting that the amyloid PIB tracer binds to additional sites. CONCLUSIONS : This study provides new insights into the regional binding distribution of a first-generation and a second-generation Tau tracer in limbic and neocortical regions in adults with DS, as well as regional differences in Tau binding in adult with DS vs. those with AD. These findings provide new information about the binding properties of two Tau radiotracers for the detection of Tau pathology in adults with DS in vivo and provide valuable data regarding Tau vs. amyloid binding in adult DS compared to AD.

Topic: Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Review of Experimental and Computational Investigations into Laser Impact Welding

Abstract Laser Impact Welding (LIW) is a specialized, solid-state method for joining small metallic sheets or foils at the scale of a few millimeters using high-powered laser pulses. Unlike traditional welding methods, LIW avoids bulk melting, thereby minimizing the occurrence of associated defects and distortions. Its working mechanism involves laser-induced vaporization of a thin film to create a high-pressure plasma that propels a flyer material at high speed into a target material, creating a strong mechanical bond upon impact. The process is ideal for joining two metals having vastly different thermal properties, such as aluminum, steel, and copper, stemming from the ability to create durable mechanical bonds whose strength is reinforced by unique, wave-like, interfacial material penetrations. Accordingly, LIW is particularly attractive for electronics, aerospace, and automotive industries, wherein lightweight and strong joints or connections involving dissimilar materials are needed at a small (millimeter) scale. This review article explores the state of both experimental and computational research into LIW, with an emphasis on recent efforts to further understand the process mechanisms and to simulate the process in order to aid its practical implementation. Discussed are new insights into how the material properties, laser parameters, physical set-ups, and resulting shockwave dynamics influence the bond quality. Also discussed is continuing research on LIW, to render it more practical for widespread industrial use, and to adapt it into a novel solid-state additive manufacturing method.

Topic: Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Mars High Resolution Advanced Radar for 2005 Space Mission

Introduction: In January 2001 the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Science Definition Team (SDT) recommended that a subsurface profiling radar be flown sometime as part of the Mars Exploration Program (MEP) and that, for the 2005 launch opportunity, be considered for flight as a Group II Science objective. Further to this recommendation, NASA and ASI (the Italian Space Agency) are considering the possibility of a shallow subsurface sounding radar (SHARAD) to be flown on the MRO. Given the nominal characteristics of the 2005 mission, ASI envisaged an instrument whose scientific objectives must be complementary to the MARSIS experiment [1], defined in the context of the objectives of the Mars Express mission, and in the more general frame of the current open issues in the study of Mars. The primary objective of SHARAD is to map the distribution of water, both liquid and solid, in the upper portions of the crust of Mars (the penetration depth shall be 300÷1000m), at range resolution scales of tens of meters and spatial resolution of the order of some hundred of meters. Crust Composition Models and Characterization of the Martian Surface: Although a multitude of different chemical compositions is present at the surface of Mars, it is necessary to select a few representative materials as most meaningful for electromagnetic studies. Among them we have considered various forms of basalt, carbonate, eolian, fluvial and indurated sediments, crater ejecta and volcanic ash. As a matter of fact, given the values of their dielectric constant, these materials can be considered end members of the range in which the first layer of the Martian surface materials may vary. For the sake of simplicity all the considered materials have been grouped in six categories according to their dielectric properties that are listed in Tab. 1.

Topic: Planetary Science and Exploration
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Implication of Fluorine Atom on Electronic Properties, Ordering Structures, and Photovoltaic Performance in Naphthobisthiadiazole-Based Semiconducting Polymers

The development of semiconducting polymers is imperative to improve the performance of polymer-based solar cells (PSCs). In this study, new semiconducting polymers based on naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c']bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole (NTz), PNTz4TF2 and PNTz4TF4, having 3,3'-difluoro-2,2'-bithiophene and 3,3',4,4'-tetrafluoro-2,2'-bithiophene, respectively, are designed and synthesized. These polymers possess a deeper HOMO energy level than their counterpart, PNTz4T, which results in higher open-circuit voltages in solar cells. This concequently reduces the photon energy loss that is one of the most important issues surrounding PSCs. The PNTz4TF4 cell exhibits up to 6.5% power conversion efficiency (PCE), whereas the PNTz4TF2 cell demonstrates outstanding device performance with as high as 10.5% PCE, which is quite high for PSCs. We further discuss the performances of the PSCs based on these polymers by correlating the charge generation and recombination dynamics with the polymer structure and ordering structure. We believe that the results provide new insights into the design of semiconducting polymers and that there is still much room for improvement of PSC efficiency.

Topic: Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack in Accordance with the Tissue-Based Definition

Background Transient ischemic attack (TIA) management requires a cardiac evaluation with a Holter electrocardiogram (ECG), preferably a long-term (24 h) electrocardiogram (LT-ECG), to detect atrial fibrillation (AF), which places patients at higher risk of cerebrovascular events. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of AF using ECG and LT-ECG in patients with tissue-based TIA. Methods During a three-year period (starting in 2011), all consecutive patients with tissue-based TIA (no evidence of infarction by brain imaging) were included and prospectively evaluated. Results Of 861 patients (mean age, 70 ± 13 years; 49.7% women), 854 patients (99.2%) had an ECG at admission, and 338 patients (39.3%) underwent 24-h LT-ECG monitoring during hospitalization. Patients who underwent LT-ECG monitoring were significantly younger (68 vs. 71 years; P=0.001) and experienced longer symptom duration (143 vs. 79 minutes; P=0.024) compared with those who did not. Furthermore, they had lower rates of unilateral weakness (32% vs. 39%; P=0.034) and previous strokes (18% vs. 26%; P=0.007). The LT-ECG investigation was also associated with longer hospitalization (7.9 vs. 5.7 days; P<0.001). A total of 77 patients (8.9%) exhibited AF on the ECG at admission. The LT-ECG revealed AF among seven patients (2.1%); five of these received a new treatment with oral anticoagulation based on the LT-ECG findings. Using the logistic regression, the presence of AF was associated with the following: age over 65 years (odds ratio [OR], 20.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8–152; P=0.003), hypertension (OR, 3.1; 95% CI: 1–8.9; P=0.041) and increased glucose level >6.05 mmol/L) on admission (OR, 1.9; 95% CI: 1–3.5; P=0.036). Conclusion Cardiac evaluation with LT-ECG appears to increase the rate of detected AF and may lead to a change in secondary prophylaxis in patients with tissue-based TIA.

Topic: Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
IL-17 stimulates inflammatory responses via NF-κB and MAP kinase pathways in human colonic myofibroblasts

Colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts (SEMFs) may play a role in the modulation of mucosal inflammatory responses. We investigated the effects of interleukin (IL)-17 on IL-6 and chemokine [IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1] secretion in colonic SEMFs. Cytokine expression was determined by ELISA and Northern blotting. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) DNA-binding activity was evaluated by electrophortetic gel mobility shift assay (EMSA). The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was assessed by immunoblotting. IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretions were rapidly induced by IL-17. IL-17 induced NF-κB activation within 45 min after stimulation. A blockade of NF-κB activation markedly reduced these responses. MAPK inhibitors (SB-203580, PD-98059, and U-0126) significantly reduced the IL-17-induced IL-6 and chemokine secretion. The combination of either IL-17 + IL-1β or IL-17 + tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α enhanced cytokine secretion; in particular, the effects of IL-17 + TNF-α on IL-6 secretion were much stronger than the other responses. This was dependent on the enhancement of IL-6 mRNA stability. In conclusion, human SEMFs secreted IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 in response to IL-17. These responses might play an important role in the pathogenesis of gut inflammation.

Topic: Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Powerful Properties of Ozonated Extra Virgin Olive Oil

Extra virgin olive oil has been mainly produced and consumed in Mediterranean countries since ancient times; olive oil is one of the principal ingredients in the Mediterranean diet, and it constitutes the main source of nutritional fat. Aside from the high nutritional content of olive oil, it is also known for its cosmetic and therapeutic properties. In 1956, Thiers obtained satisfactory results in the treatment of scleroderma, stating that olive oil and its derivatives could be considered ‚Äúa new group of therapeutic agents.‚Äù Hincky reported the beneficial properties of olive oil in the treatment of dry, senescent and sensitive skins. This has opened a new perspective for the use of the olive fruit, thus contributing to the increase in research about new applications. One such application is ozonized olive oil, which combines the properties of ozone with those of olive oil, to obtain a peerless compound. The composition of olive oil makes it a suitable vehicle for cutaneous absorption, as it is able to stabilize ozone, which is a highly reactive molecule. The oxidant power of ozone has interesting effects on microorganism and on wound healing.

Topic: Medical and Biological Ozone Research
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Sub-sampling graph neural networks for genomic prediction of quantitative phenotypes

Abstract In genomics, use of deep learning (DL) is rapidly growing and DL has successfully demonstrated its ability to uncover complex relationships in large biological and biomedical data sets. With the development of high-throughput sequencing techniques, genomic markers can now be allocated to large sections of a genome. By analyzing allele sharing between individuals, one may calculate realized genomic relationships from single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) data rather than relying on known pedigree relationships under polygenic model. The traditional approaches in genome-wide prediction (GWP) of quantitative phenotypes utilize genomic relationships in fixed global covariance modeling, possibly with some nonlinear kernel mapping (for example Gaussian processes). On the other hand, the DL approaches proposed so far for GWP fail to take into account the non-Euclidean graph structure of relationships between individuals over several generations. In this paper, we propose one global convolutional neural network (GCN) and one local sub-sampling architecture (GCN-RS) that are specifically designed to perform regression analysis based on genomic relationship information. A GCN is tailored to non-Euclidean spaces and consists of several layers of graph convolutions. The GCN-RS architecture is designed to further improve the GCN’s performance by sub-sampling the graph to reduce the dimensionality of the input data. Through these graph convolutional layers, the GCN maps input genomic markers to their quantitative phenotype values. The graphs are constructed using an iterative nearest neighbor approach. Comparisons show that the GCN-RS outperforms the popular Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Predictor method on one simulated and three real datasets from wheat, mice and pig with a predictive improvement of 4.4% to 49.4% in terms of test mean squared error. This indicates that GCN-RS is a promising tool for genomic predictions in plants and animals. Furthermore, GCN-RS is computationally efficient, making it a viable option for large-scale applications.

Topic: Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Senecio paarlensis (158706)

<b>Kingdom: </b>Plantae<br><b>Division: </b>Magnoliophyta<br><b>Class: </b>Eudicots<br><b>Order: </b>Asterales<br><b>Family: </b>Asteraceae<br><b>Scientific name: </b>Senecio paarlensis DC.<br><b>Specimen barcode: </b>158706

Topic: Microbial infections and disease research
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Calculation of Flux Leakage Coefficient of PMSM with Interior V-Type Magnets and FSCW

This paper deals with the flux leakage coefficient calculation of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with interior V-type magnets and fractional slot concentrated windings (FSCW). The leakage flux coefficient reflects the effective utilization of total flux provided by the permanent magnet to the external magnetic circuit. It is an important parameter to improve the performance of PMSM with V-type magnets and FSCW. It is essential to compute the motor characteristics by the analytical method (AM).

Topic: Electric Motor Design and Analysis
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
School and university in the mirror of Soviet and Russian cinema

The relevance of the book topic is highlighted by the following reasons: audiovisual media (cinematography, television, and the internet) are effective means of affecting the audience, especially school children and youth (due to their age peculiarities and a high degree of their media contacts); in recent decades Russian schools and universities have significantly been altered and reformed and are still the focal point of vigorous debates; consequently, the analysis of school and university topic transformation in the mirror of Soviet & Russian audiovisual media texts is highly topical nowadays both for culture studies, film studies and media education. 
The research material of this book is audiovisual media texts about school and university; the authors use a comparative hermeneutic analysis of audiovisual media texts relating to the topic (including stereotypes analysis, ideological analysis, identification analysis, iconographic analysis, narrative analysis of media texts, media text’s character analysis, etc.), anthropological and gender analyses. 
For researchers in the field of cinematography, pedagogy, cultural studies, media culture, sociology, political science, for teachers, post-graduate students and university students of humanitarian specialties.

Topic: Scientific Research and Philosophical Inquiry
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The problem of choosing the optimal performance in the multiprocessor computer system design

Abstract The article presents the formulation of the problem of optimizing the structure of multiprocessor computing systems designed to solve control problems in real time. The features of this problem, which influence the choice of optimization methods, have been studied. It is concluded that this problem can be effectively solved using evolutionary methods of optimization. The considered models for finding performance can be used to optimize the architecture of multiprocessor computing systems. Besides, it should be taken into account that the resources allocated for the development and operation of computing systems are always limited. Therefore, it is advisable to consider the problem of optimizing the structure of a computing system as multi-criterial one: one criterion is the performance, and the other one is the cost of development and operation of the system. Acquired results can be used in development of multiprocessor computing systems for real-time systems, which is going to reduce the cost of development and operation of these control systems.

Topic: Technology and Human Factors in Education and Health
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences