jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Incremental Bayesian Category Learning From Natural Language

Abstract Models of category learning have been extensively studied in cognitive science and primarily tested on perceptual abstractions or artificial stimuli. In this paper, we focus on categories acquired from natural language stimuli, that is, words (e.g., chair is a member of the furniture category). We present a Bayesian model that, unlike previous work, learns both categories and their features in a single process. We model category induction as two interrelated subproblems: (a) the acquisition of features that discriminate among categories, and (b) the grouping of concepts into categories based on those features. Our model learns categories incrementally using particle filters, a sequential Monte Carlo method commonly used for approximate probabilistic inference that sequentially integrates newly observed data and can be viewed as a plausible mechanism for human learning. Experimental results show that our incremental learner obtains meaningful categories which yield a closer fit to behavioral data compared to related models while at the same time acquiring features which characterize the learned categories. (An earlier version of this work was published in Frermann and Lapata .)

Topic: Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Recent progress of graphene‐based materials for efficient charge transfer and device performance stability in perovskite solar cells

The relevance of graphene-based materials throughout the niche area of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is indeed the main focus of this review. Specific properties of two types of solar cell materials, namely hybrid perovskites and graphene-based materials are at the core of significant breakthroughs in a wide range of applications. The specific features of graphene-based materials, along with their unique properties, have been utilized mainly in the development of photovoltaic devices. PSCs are known to have promising device performance and surpass other third-generation solar cells, including organic photovoltaics, quantum dot solar cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells. However, PSCs address several limitations in the device mechanism and material stability. PSCs performance tends to deplete over time due to several factors such as the degradation of materials used in the device caused by exposure of thermal and moisture, as well as an undesired chemical reaction in the interfaces. Several experimental studies, especially on the integration of carbon materials, including the graphene, have been extensively explored. The integration of graphene-based materials is one of the potential methods for altering and modifying components in PSCs, including perovskite structure and charges transport layers. Therefore, this review gives an overview of recent progress in the development of PSCs with the integration of graphene-based materials. The emphasis will be on the influence brought by graphene-based materials on the charge transport mechanism at the interfaces and perovskite morphology toward the improvement of photovoltaic performance and stability.

Topic: Perovskite Materials and Applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Microstructural Analysis of Fiber Segments in Nonwoven Fabrics Using SEM and Image Processing

In this paper image analyzing methods are established and presented to study the microstructural changes of the nonwovens made by hydroentanglement process. Fast Fourier transform is used to obtain the orientation distribution of the fibers. The distribution of the length of the straight segments of the fibers is evaluated by application of Hough Transform. The microstructural changes are correlated with the tested mechanical properties of the nonwoven fabrics.

Topic: Textile materials and evaluations
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Clinical Observation on Effect of Chemical Therapy on Patients with Advanced Colon Cancer

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of CF/5 Fu plus hydroxy camptothecin on advanced colon cancer. Methods: Sixty eight cases advanced colon cancer were randomly divided into two groups: the treatment group offered hydroxy camptothecin plus CF/5 Fu, and the control group offered CF/5 Fu. Results: The overall effective rate of the treatment group was 52.9% and that of the control group 32.4%. There was significant difference between them (P0.05). The incidence of leucopenia of the treatment group was higher than that of the control group. The difference between them was significant (P0.05). Conclusion: CF/5 Fu plus hydroxy camptothecin can greatly improve the efficacy of chemical therapy on patients with advanced colon cancer with tolerable toxicity.

Topic: Colorectal Cancer Treatments and Studies
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of Energy and Protein Density in the Diet and Milking Frequency on Milk Production in Early Lactation Dairy Cows

A priority for the dairy industry is to optimize milk production while improving animal welfare, and more frequent milking is of interest for the dairy industries aiming to maximize milk production by technologies such as automatic milking systems to meet domestic demands for milk products. Cows in early lactation, especially when milked more than twice daily, will benefit from increased dietary energy density, thus reducing metabolic imbalances resulting in over-mobilized body tissues to sustain increased milk production. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of increasing dietary energy, protein density, and milking frequency (6x vs 3x) on performance of fresh lactating dairy cows.

Topic: Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
[Tumor regression rate and the effectiveness of the radiation therapy of cervical cancer patients].

The paper deals with a correlation between the rate of tumor regression in response to radiation and the results of radiation treatment of cancer of the uterine cervix. The period of 50% decrease in tumor size in response to radiation treatment was established in 116 patients with cervical carcinoma by means of a dynamical cytological examination. Acceleration of tumor regression was followed by an increase in 5-year survival rates. A reverse correlation was established between growth and regression rates of cervical carcinoma. Thanks to the determination of tumor regression rates, various modalities of radiation treatment could be evaluated in the course of therapy and their efficacy predicted.

Topic: Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Research on Green Innovation of the Great Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Group Based on Network

This article aims to promote the high-quality development of the Great Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Group and improve the green innovation efficiency of urban agglomeration. This article takes green innovation in networked urban agglomerations as its research subject. Furthermore, it analyzes the impact of network structure characteristics such as network scale and network structure hole on green innovation in urban agglomerations. Moreover, this study uses the unexpected output SBM model to measure green innovation efficiency of the eight prefecture-level cities in the Great Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Group from 2012 to 2018 and analyzes its influencing factors using the panel Tobit model. The results show that the overall green innovation efficiency of the Great Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Group is stable. The distribution of urban green innovation efficiency in the region is characterized by urban gradient and mid-stream drive. In the process of networked innovation, economic development, which has a positive impact on green innovation, promotes the overall effectiveness of the network structure. The low efficiency of urban educational resources, which has a negative impact on green innovation, leads to the redundancy of a network scale. The unapparent advantage of industrial structures, which have a negative impact on the development of green innovation, leads to the insufficient depth and breadth of network openness. Lastly, government support and the level of infrastructure have no impact on green innovation.

Topic: Energy, Environment, Economic Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
A Genetic Investigation of Suspected Redband Trout Populations

Samples from eight populations of native (presumably redband) trout in Idaho from tributaries of the Owyhee River and adjacent streams flowing into the Snake River were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis 1) to seek evidence of introgression from plantings of hatchery rainbow trout, 2) to determine the relationships among these populations, and 3) to identify the relationship of these populations to other redband trout from California, Nevada and Oregon. Average heterozygosities (range .048-.074) were well within the ranges reported for outbred rainbow trout populations suggesting that successions of severe bottlenecks had not occurred in these populations, in spite of the harsh environmental conditions. There was no evidence of hatchery introgression; rather, different measures indicated relationships based entirely on geographic variables with genetic similarity decreasing as linear stream distance increased. The native trout populations of Idaho were very similar to a population of native trout from Chino Creek, Nevada, in the Owyhee River drainage as well as to steelhead populations of the Snake River. Significant allelic frequency differences existed between the native Idaho populations and hatchery rainbow trout, coastal steelhead populations and redband trout native to southeastern Oregon and northeastern California. Morphological and physiological similarities to the latter group were hypothesized to be due to convergent characters or symplesiomorphically inherited characters. It was recommended that the term redband trout be retained to describe non-anadromous populations of rainbow trout adapted to harsh, arid environments, but that the term not necessarily infer taxonomic relationships among such populations.

Topic: Genetic diversity and population structure
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Structure and function changes of oxidized human serum albumin: physiological significance of the biomarker and importance of sampling conditions for accurate measurement].

Human serum albumin (HSA) exists in both reduced and oxidized forms, and the percentage of oxidized albumin increases in several diseases; however, little is known regarding the pathological and physiological significance of oxidation due to poor characterization of the precise structural and functional properties of oxidized HSA. Here, we characterize both structural and functional differences between reduced and oxidized HSA. Using LC-ESITOFMS and FTMS analysis, we determined that the major structural change in oxidized HSA in healthy human plasma is a disulfide-bonded cysteine at the thiol of Cys34 of reduced HSA. Based on this structural information, we prepared standard samples of purified HSA, e.g. nonoxidized (intact purified HSA which mainly exists in reduced form), mildly oxidized and highly oxidized HSA. Using these standards, we demonstrated several differences in functional properties of HSA, including protease susceptibility, ligand-binding affinity and antioxidant activity. From these observations, we conclude that an increased level of oxidized HSA may impair HSA function in a number of pathological conditions. In addition, we determined blood and plasma sampling conditions for accurate measurement of the oxidized albumin ratio in plasma using EST-TOFMS screening.

Topic: Hemoglobin structure and function
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Empirical exposition of the adsorption’s ionic mechanism on gaseous nitriding

The countless contradictions of practical or theoretical nature associated with the gaseous nitriding process, for a long time, have forced researchers to study in depth the theoretical aspects of the process. The analysis of the main phases of the mass transfer process occurring within the nitriding process led to the conclusion that the phases responsible for the series of noted contradictions are the ones corresponding to the reactions in the environment and at the environment-product interface. Through theoretical studies and experimental verification, it was discovered that, in the reaction space, under the specific conditions for the gaseous nitriding to occur, the ammonia most probably undergoes, in the areas close to the metallic surfaces, at the same time as the thermal catalytic dissociation, an ionization process that is followed as a consequence by the appearance of a greater number of anions and anionic complexes. In this paper are presented the results of the studies and experimental research related to the adsorption's ionic mechanism on nitriding in a gaseous medium.

Topic: Metal and Thin Film Mechanics
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Additional file 2 of Uncovering the Genomic Regions Associated with Yield Maintenance in Rice Under Drought Stress Using an Integrated Meta-Analysis Approach

Additional file 2: Fig. S2. QTL-overview index of yield and DT-associated traits on the consensus genetic map of rice. A total of 1087 initial QTLs from 76 independent studies were used for the analysis. Green and red horizontal lines show the average index (real QTLs) and high-value threshold (QTL hotspot), respectively. The position of the 49 "QTL hotspot" areas are indicated by upper labels. a; QTL-overview index for all the studied traits, b; QTL-overview index for BY, c; QTL-overview index for CP, d; QTL-overview index for DRI, e; QTL-overview index for FLZ, f; QTL-overview index for GY, g; QTL-overview index for HD, h; QTL-overview index for HI, i; QTL-overview index for PH, j; QTL-overview index for PN, k; QTL-overview index for SF.

Topic: Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Propaedeutics (basics of composition)

The textbook presents the theoretical foundations of building a harmonious composition, describes the three main laws of composition (the law of integrity, the law of balance and the law of dominance), and considers the elements and means of harmonizing the composition. A separate Chapter is devoted to the issues of color in the composition, and offers options for creating harmonious color solutions. Semiotic aspects are considered, characteristics and features of creating signs-icons, signs-indexes and signs-symbols are given. One of the chapters is devoted to visual illusions in composition. It is intended for University students studying in the direction 54.03.01 "Design", teachers, as well as for a wide range of artists, designers and Amateurs interested in creating a harmonious composition.

Topic: Education, Innovation and Language Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
TransRouter : a decision support tool for translation managers.

Translation managers often have to decide on the most appropriate way to deal with a translation project. Possible options may include human translation, translation using a specific terminology resource, translation in interaction with a translation memory system, and machine translation. The decision making involved is complex, and it is not always easy to decide by inspection whether a specific text lends itself to certain kinds of treatment. TransRouter supports the decision making by offering a suite of computer based tools which can be used to analyse the text to be translated. Some tools, such as the word counter, the repetition detector, the sentence length estimator and the sentence simplicity checker look at characteristics of the text itself. A version comparison tool compares the new text to previously translated texts. Other tools, such as the unknown terms detector and the translation memory coverage estimator, estimate overlap between the text and a set of known resources. The information gained, combined with further information provided by the user, is input to a decision kernel which calculates possible routes towards achieving the translation together with their cost and consequences on translation quality. The user may influence the kernel by, for example, specifying particular resources or refining routes under investigation. The final decision on how to treat the project rests with the translation manager.

Topic: Natural Language Processing Techniques
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
LncRNA DARS-AS1 regulates microRNA-129 to promote malignant progression of thyroid cancer.

DARS-AS1 level in tumor tissues of thyroid cancer was remarkably increased and was correlated with the pathological stage, distant metastasis, and poor prognosis of thyroid cancer. Moreover, DARS-AS1 could promote the proliferation and migration capabilities of thyroid cancer cells by modulating microRNA-129.

Topic: Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Poverty of Lecture as an Instructional Strategy in the Teaching of Science at the Secondary School Level

The issue of concern in this discourse is the poverty of lecture method of teaching in the teaching and learning of science subjects in the secondary school. Often times, science teachers cast aspersions on the prevalence of lecture in science classrooms given the popular belief that science, by its nature, dictates that activity-oriented methods should be used rather than a rather passive method like lecture method. It has however been argued in this paper that when lecture is enriched, it serves a vital role in delivering science lessons profitably. Based on this position, it was recommended that lectures should be suffused with other methods, science teachers are advised to use visual aids as they teach and emphasis should be placed on hand-on-activities and experiences so as to maximally realize the benefits of lecture as an instructional process so as to improve field practice.

Topic: Innovative Teaching Methods
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Preparation of a Sterile Solution of Mannitol

Journal Article The Preparation of a Sterile Solution of Mannitol Get access Louis P. Jeffrey, M.S., Louis P. Jeffrey, M.S. Director of Pharmacy and Central Supply Albany Medical Center Hospital, Albany, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Kenneth H. Fish, Jr., B.S. Kenneth H. Fish, Jr., B.S. Supervisor, Division of Bulk Pharmaceutical Development Department of Pharmacy, Albany Medical Center Hospital, Albany, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, Volume 20, Issue 5, 1 May 1963, Pages 255–258, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/20.5.255 Published: 01 May 1963

Topic: Safe Handling of Antineoplastic Drugs
Subfield: Occupational Therapy
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
SPCp1-10: A High-Rate Differential UWB Radio

A differential ultra-wideband (UWB) receiver can mitigate the 50% loss in rate and power inherent to conventional transmitted reference (TR) systems, under the assumption that channel induced inter-pulse interference (IPI) is absent or negligible. Consequently, restrictions on minimum frame length and maximum achievable bit rate are imposed. Using orthogonal Walsh-Hadamard sequences to remove IPI at the receiver, we show that the no-IPI condition can be relaxed without penalty in error performance and a small increase in complexity, leading to higher data rates. Assuming that timing has been acquired, error performance of the novel UWB radio is evaluated analytically and via simulations. A multi-user version of the detector is also developed and its performance is compared with multi-user TR.

Topic: Ultra-Wideband Communications Technology
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Norming of Student Evaluations of Instruction: Impact of Noninstructional Factors

ABSTRACT Student Evaluations of Instruction (SEIs) from about 6,000 sections over 4 years representing over 100,000 students at the college of business at a large public university are analyzed, to study the impact of noninstructional factors on student ratings. Administrative factors like semester, time of day, location, and instructor attributes like gender and rank are studied. The combined impact of all the noninstructional factors studied is statistically significant. Our study has practical implications for administrators who use SEIs to evaluate faculty performance. SEI scores reflect some inherent biases due to noninstructional factors. Appropriate norming procedures can compensate for such biases, ensuring fair evaluations.

Topic: Evaluation of Teaching Practices
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Synthesis of betalains

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of betalainsGeorge Buchi, Hans Fliri, and Rafael ShapiroCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 25, 4765–4769Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00419a013https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00419a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views425Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Topic: Botanical Research and Applications
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences