jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Advances in Wire Bonding Technology to Overcome Resonance Conditions

Increasing number of semiconductor packages are using low modulus die attach adhesives. Low modulus adhesives can efficiently absorb and dissipate the mechanical and thermal stresses (e.g. due to CTE mismatch) than conventional adhesives resulting in better thermal performance and package reliability. However, wire bonding on a die attached with low modulus adhesive can be very challenging. Die attached with low modulus adhesive is more prone to die movement and vibration, which may lead to resonance condition. Resonance during bonding can cause low ball shear, low IMC, skidded and smashed bonds. This paper examines the challenges of wire bonding on devices attached using low modulus epoxy. A FEA model is developed to understand the effect of key factors such as die attach adhesive modulus, bond line thickness, die size and die thickness on different resonant modes that can occur during wire bonding. It is found that for a given die size, the die thickness, die attach modulus, and bond line thickness can significantly affect resonant modes. When a low modulus epoxy is used, a smaller and thinner die is prone to oscillation and resonance, and is more difficult to wire bond than a larger die. The results show that die and die attach system behaves similar to a mass-spring system, where the die is the mass and the die attach acts like the spring. The resonant frequency of such a system does not depend on an external applied force, but only on the mass and the spring constant (stiffness). Study results of wire bonding process on a device using low modulus adhesive are presented. The process parameters that are found to be most significant are ultrasonic (energy, frequency and control mode), bond force, and bond time. It is found that controlling the bond force and ultrasonic energy is key in optimizing the wire bonding process on these devices. If the force and ultrasonic are not controlled properly, a significant portion of the ultrasonic energy is lost in exciting the die and developing the resonance situation instead of bond formation. Since different devices can vibrate and resonate under different conditions, optimizing the bonding process can be tedious and time consuming. To simplify the process development, a response based process is developed with closed loop force and ultrasonic control. This new process feature helps control resonance issues such as smashed bonds while still achieving a robust process with good ball shear and IMC performance. Experimental results of the wire bonding process using the new process approach are presented.

Topic: Electronic Packaging and Soldering Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
S110 Pulmonary Rehabilitation Outcomes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) vs Matched Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD): Abstract S110 Table 1

<h3>Introduction</h3> Pulmonary rehabilitation is an effective intervention for patients with COPD. There is now also good evidence of benefit for patients with ILD We have compared the outcome of the same PR programme in patients with COPD and ILD. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients with various forms of ILD (predominantly IPF or UIP) were matched with the same number of COPD patients for baseline MRC grade and for age. All patients had completed the same 7 week, 14 visit hospital based out patient PR program. Outcome Measures and desaturation during exercise were compared between the two groups. <h3>Results</h3> 51 ILD patients, age range 34–85, mean initial MRC grade 3.5(0.94), 30 male were compared with 51 COPD patients, age range 47–85, mean baseline MRC grade 3.5(0.94), 31 male. <h3>Discussion</h3> Our PR program produced clinically important improvements in ISWT and all domains of the CRDQ for COPD patients. ILD patients produced a smaller mean change in ISWT although this was not statistically significant between the groups. ILD patients also showed smaller changes in all domains of the CRDQ although again this was not statistically significant between the groups. The improvement in ESWT was similar in both groups. Desaturation during the baseline ISWT was more severe in the ILD group regardless of oxygen usage and despite a marginally higher pre-exercise value. This may account for the lower ISWT value seen in these patients. PR produces measurable improvements in both groups of patients. Interpretation is hampered by a lack of defined MCID values for ILD patients.

Topic: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Radiation-accelerated ions in the hot star winds and the nuclear reactions in a non-equilibrium state

Abstract The problem of the hot star stellar winds heated and accelerated by resonant-scattering ions is briefly discussed. We show that the “kinetic heating” mechanism is rather common in the winds of the hot stars and can explain the warm winds and the X-ray luminosities of the stars. Moreover, in some cases detectable X-rays fluxes are expected.

Topic: Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Synthesis and crystal structure of [ReO(ahp)<sub>2</sub>(PPh<sub>3</sub>)]Cl (Hahp=2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine): a novel cationic monooxorhenium(v) complex

The cationic complex [ReO(ahp)2(PPh3)]+ was isolated as the chloride salt from the reaction of trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] and 2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine (Hahp) in ethanol. Coordination of the chelates only occurs through the amino nitrogen and the phenolate oxygen of ahp−. The X-ray crystal structure shows a distorted octahedral geometry, in which a phenolate oxygen coordinated trans to the oxo group and the rhenium atom is displaced by 0.2520(1) Å out of the mean equatorial plane towards the oxo oxygen.

Topic: Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
EPEX ontology: Enhancing agent-based electricity market simulation

&lt;p&gt;Electricity markets worldwide are complex and dynamic environments with very particular characteristics. The markets&#39; restructuring and evolution into regional and continental scales, along with the constant changes brought by the increasing necessity for an adequate integration of renewable energy sources are the main drivers. Multi-agent based software is particularly well fitted to analyse dynamic and adaptive systems with complex interactions among its constituents, such as electricity markets. This paper proposes the use of ontologies to enable the exchange of information and knowledge, to test different market models and to allow market players from different systems to interact in common market environments. Focusing, namely, on the EPEX electricity market.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Electric Power System Optimization
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Examining the Asymmetric Impacts of Interest and Exchange Rate on Investment in Egypt for the Period 1976-2020: Applying NARDL Model

Most of the studies conducted in the past decades focused on the effect of interest rates and exchange rates on domestic investment under the assumption that the independent variables have the same effect on the dependent variable, but there were limited studies that investigated the unequal effects of changes in interest rates and exchange rates, both positive and negative, on domestic investment. This study used a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model to assess the unequal effects of the real interest rate and real exchange rate variables on domestic investment in Egypt for the period 1976 - 2020. The results revealed that positive and negative shocks for both exchange rates have unequal effects on investment in the long and short term. In addition, the stability of the nonlinear model was tested using recursive estimate tests and found to be stable.

Topic: Economic Growth and Development
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Building adaptive and flexible individual-based ecological models for a changing world via pattern-guided evolution

In a changing world, ecologists have an important role in examining the impacts of environmental changes, and formulating strategies for adapting to these changes, such as engineering sustainable ecosystems that are integrated with human society. Some ecological models supporting these processes need to model species' adaptive responses to changing conditions. Individual-based models (IBMs) can be used to simulate intergenerational adaptation by implementing model organisms parameterized with structures analogous to genetic chromosomes. IBMs may be calibrated and validated using the pattern-oriented approach, in which model outputs are compared to field data patterns, generally at the end of each simulation. In some circumstances this approach may be limited and computationally expensive when applied to IBMs with adaptive mechanisms. This research explores an approach for using field data patterns, obtained from published research, to guide the evolution of model organisms within each model simulation. An adaptive IBM of an old-field ecosystem consisting of spiders, grasshoppers and plants was constructed using Repast Simphony to demonstrate the approach. The approach produced persistent ecosystem simulations matching aspects of field data patterns, and yielded populations of virtual organisms with phenotypic diversity. The approach produces flexible IBMs and may contribute towards improving model and data sharing within the ecological modelling community.

Topic: Species Distribution and Climate Change
Subfield: Ecological Modeling
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Histopathological effects of Illudin S, a toxic substance of poisonous mushroom, in rat

1 Rats were dosed orally with illudin S, a toxic substance derived from the poisonous mushroom Lampteromyces japonicus. The digestive tract showed severe damage, whereas the liver, kidney and lung did not show any significant changes. 2 The effects observed became more pronounced with increasing illudin S dose (5, 10 or 20 mg kg -1 body weight). 3 Severe inflammation and oedema were observed in the stomach and moderate changes in the proximal part of the small intestine. 4 Histopathological examination revealed haemorrha gic erosions and marked inflammatory oedema in the gastric mucosa.

Topic: Polyamine Metabolism and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Resection and reconstruction for primary neoplasms involving the innominate bone.

Using described criteria for the selection of patients for excision or resection of tumors involving various portions of the innominate bone, as opposed to hemipelvectomy, fifty-seven out of the more than 200 patients evaluated were judged to be candidates for a curative procedure. Of these, twenty-five were selected for hemipelvectomy and thirty-two, for non-amputative procedures. Depending on the location and extent of the lesion as determined by complete preoperative work-ups, three types of procedures were performed singly or in combination:(1) wide excision or radical resection of the iliac wing; (2) periacetabular wide excision or radical resection; or (3) wide excision or radical resection of the pubis. Reconstruction was accomplished when the hip joint was excised by fusion or the creation of a pseudarthrosis either medially in relation to the pubis or laterally in relation to the ilium or wing of the sacrum. The results after follow-ups of one to seventeen years were assessed in terms of the immediate goals of surgery, control of the disease, and function. The findings were as follows: With the preoperative assessment and operative techniques described, an oncologically adequate procedure was performed in two-thirds of the cases. In the remaining cases, the adequacy of the procedure was compromised by poorly planned biopsies, occult microextensions, and surgical errors. The recurrence rate was high after the inadequate procedure (100 per cent) and low (4 per cent) after the adequately accomplished procedures. Function was nearly normal when the hip joint was preserved. If the hip joint was removed and fusion was obtained, the results were good, but fusion was obtained in only 50 percent of the cases in which it was attempted. If the hip joint was removed and pseudarthrosis resulted, the results ranged from good to poor. Sciatic-nerve involvement necessitating resection of the nerve was not a contraindication to a non-amputative procedure.

Topic: Bone Tumor Diagnosis and Treatments
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Why Do Farmers Fail? Farm Bankruptcies 1910–78

Abstract Econometric analysis of aggregate time‐series farm‐sector data suggests that prior to World War II the farm bankruptcy rate appears to be associated with financial risk variables, while postwar data show a strong association with business risk variables. There does not appear to be any evidence that agricultural support payments since World War II have induced, deferred, or reduced farm failures.

Topic: Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Prediction
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Electrical Impedance Tomography Imaging of Oxygen Therapy with High Flow Nasal Cannula in Patients with COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study is to visualize the effect of a high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in patients with the diagnosis of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (C-ARDS) followed up in intensive care unit (ICU) with the use of electrical impedance tomography (EIT). Methods Two different flow rates oxygen therapy in supine and prone positions were applied to the patients with HFNC. Patients’ EIT-based parameters (global inhomogeneity index (GI index), Center of Ventilation (CoV), Regional Ventilation Delay index (RVD index), Region of Interest Ratio (ROI ratio)), respiratory and hemodynamic parameters were recorded from the database. Results Twenty patients were included in this retrospective observational study.When the flow rate gradually increased from baseline to 50 L/min and prone position; a significant and consistent descreasing trend of GI index: 0,55±0,02 (p &lt; 0.0001), CoV: 42,98±0,93 (p &lt;0.0001), RVD index: 3,38±1,13 (p = 0.006), ROI ratio:1,39±0,16 (p &lt;0.0001), respiartory rate: 21,3±3,57 (p &lt; 0.0001), mean arterial pressure: 81,5±10,95 (p=0.004) and inreasing PaO 2 /FiO 2. ratio (partial arterial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen): 203,1±33,44 ((p &lt; 0.0001) were observed. Conclusion It was found that lung homogeneity in following C-ARDS patients in the prone position increases according to the evaluation of EIT parameters, respiratory and hemodynamic parameters.

Topic: Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Adaptation of Folklore and Tradition (Folklorismus)

Le concept de  folklorisme  designe les traditions populaires imposees ou adoptees pour diverses raisons ideologiques. Son elaboration par les folkloristes allemands. Le  folklorisme  en Europe et en Grande-Bretagne. Les differents motifs d'un retour ou d'une invention des traditions populaires. L'influence du tourisme

Topic: Folklore, Mythology, and Literature Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A correlation research on procrastination and self-efficacy in nursing students

Welcome to the WIT Press eLibrary - the home of the Transactions of the Wessex Institute collection, providing on-line access to papers presented at the Institute's prestigious international conferences and from its State-of-the-Art in Science & Engineering publications.

Topic: Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Regional determinants of Hungarian wine prices: The role of geographical indications, objective quality and individual reputation

Analysing the determinants of wine prices has always been a field of interest in the wine economics literature. By estimating hedonic price functions, however, most papers generally remain at the country level with regions generally neglected or treated as simple dummy variables. The aim of this paper is to analyse the determinants of wine prices at the regional level by using Latent Variable Path Modelling with Partial Least Squares and Principal Component Analysis on the example of Hungarian wines. This approach is able to capture the regional specialties of wine production and provides a better insight into price determination. Results suggest that intrinsic values play a major but ambiguous role in determining regional wine prices, especially in the case of sugar content. It also becomes apparent that specific Geographical Indications (GIs) play a crucial role in price determination, instead of GI use per se. Moreover, individual brands also have an important role, as Tier1 and Tier2 wineries tend to sell their wines at higher prices and in smaller batch sizes.

Topic: Wine Industry and Tourism
Subfield: Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
A novel viral RNA species in Sindbis virus-infected cells

Sindbis virus (SIN), the type alphavirus, has been studied extensively to identify the viral cis-acting sequences and proteins involved in RNA transcription and replication. However, very little is known about how these processes are coordinated. For example, synthesis of the genomic RNA and the subgenomic mRNA depends on the minus strand. Do these activities occur independently on different templates, or can replication and transcription take place simultaneously on the same template? We describe the appearance of a SIN-specific, plus-sense RNA that is intermediate in size between the genomic and subgenomic RNA species. This RNA, designated RNA II, is observed in a number of different cell lines, both early and late in infection. The number of RNA II species, their sizes, and their abundances are influenced by the subgenomic promoter. We have mapped the 3' end of RNA II to a site within the subgenomic promoter, four nucleotides before the initiation site of the subgenomic mRNA. Our results indicate that the appearance of RNA II is correlated with subgenomic mRNA transcription, such that strong or active promoters tend to increase the abundance of RNA II, relative to weak or less active promoters. RNA II is most abundantly detected with the full promoter and is at much lower abundance with the minimal promoter. The possible origins of RNA II are discussed.

Topic: Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Medium-Range Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts from Canada’s New 33-km Deterministic Global Operational System

Abstract The Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) recently implemented a 33-km version of the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model, with improved physics, for medium-range weather forecasts. Quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) from this new system were compared with those from the previous global operational system (100-km grid size) and with those from MSC’s short-range (48 h) regional system (15-km grid size). The evaluation is based on performance measures that evaluate bias, accuracy, and the value of the QPFs. Results presented in this article consistently show, for these three aspects of the evaluation, that the new global forecast system (GLBNEW) agrees more closely with observations, relative to the performance of the previous global system (GLBOLD). The biases are noticeably smaller with GLBNEW compared with GLBOLD, which severely overpredicts (underpredicts) the frequencies and total amounts associated with weak (strong) precipitation intensities. The accuracy and value scores reveal gains of at least 12 h and even up to 72 h for medium-range QPFs (i.e., day 3 to day 5 predictions). The new global system even performs slightly better than MSC’s operational regional 15-km system for short-range QPFs. In a more absolute manner, results suggest that QPFs from the new global system may still have accuracy and value even at the medium range. This seems to be true at least for the smallest precipitation threshold, related to precipitation occurrence, for which the positive area under curves of relative economic value remains important, even for day 5 QPFs.

Topic: Climate variability and models
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of the Base-band Measurement Setup Errors on DPD Performance and Elimination Procedure

In this study, the effect of base-band measurement setup errors on DPD performance was investigated and a calibration procedure is developed to eliminate the measurement errors. A base-band measurement setup is prepared at laboratory with instruments and then the data which is measured and the deteriorating effect of errors on Digital Predistortion (DPD) linearization performance are investigated. In order to eliminate deteriorating effect of this error a three steps calibration procedure is developed. Before and after calibration application DPD performance is measured. It is showed both in simulation and experimentally that the calibration procedure improved the DPD system linearization performance from 10 dB to 26dB and 13dB to 20dB, respectively.

Topic: Advanced Power Amplifier Design
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Heterocyclic polyfluoro-compounds. Part 26. Synthesis of 3,6-bis-trifluoromethyl-pyridazines and -dihydropyridazines

Bistrifluoromethyl-s-tetrazine reacts with styrene to yield 4-phenyl-3,6-bistrifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydropyridazine, with cyclohexene to give 3,8-bistrifluoromethyl-1,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydrophthalazine, with 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene to yield 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-3,6-bistrifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydropyridazine and with norbornadiene to give, it is tentatively proposed, 2,5-bistrifluoromethyl-3,4-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nona-1,4,8-triene, plus 3,6-bistrifluoromethyl-pyridazine. The last compound is formed by reaction of the tetrazine with acetylene, and 4-methyl- and 4,5-bistrimethylstannyl-3,6-bistrifluoromethyl-pyridazines are formed by reaction with propyne and with bistrimethylstannylacetylene, respectively. Reaction of the tin compound with iodine and with chlorine yields 4,5-di-iodo- and -dichloro-3,6-bistrifluoro-methylpyridazine, respectively, and the latter compound yields perfluoro-3,6-dimethylpyridazine with potassium fluoride. Perfluoro-3,6-dimethylpyridazine rearranges photochemically in the vapour phase into perfluoro-2,5-dimethylpyrazine.

Topic: Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Continuing Clear Line 1983–2013

This essay reconsiders the fundamental theorization of clear line provided decades ago by Bruno Lecigne, ranging across examples from Hergé’s contemporaries to artists working today. The chapter centers its theory of clear line on the relationship between art and the real, discarding Lecigne’s hierarchy of styles and opening up the legacy of Hergé for a wider variety of approaches.

Topic: Art History and Market Analysis
Subfield: Visual Arts and Performing Arts
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences