jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Combined multiscale segmentation convolutional neural network for rapid damage mapping from postearthquake very high-resolution images

Classifying land use from postearthquake very high-resolution (VHR) images is challenging due to the complexity of objects in Earth surface after an earthquake. Convolutional neural network (CNN) exhibits satisfied performance in differentiating complex postearthquake objects, thanks to its automatic extraction of high-level features and accurate identification of target geo-objects. Nevertheless, in view of the scale variance of natural objects, the fact that CNN suffers from the fixed receptive field, the reduced feature resolution, and the insufficient training sample has severely contributed to its limitation in the rapid damage mapping. Multiscale segmentation technique is considered as a promising solution as it can generate the homogenous regions and provide the boundary information. Therefore, we propose a combined multiscale segmentation convolutional neural network (CMSCNN) method for postearthquake VHR image classification. First, multiscale training samples are selected based on segments derived from the multiscale segmentation. Then, CNN is directly trained to classify the original image to further produce the preliminary classification maps. To enhance the localization accuracy, the output of CNN is further refined using multiscale segmentations from fine to coarse iteratively to obtain the multiscale classification maps. As a result, the combination strategy is able to capture objects and image context simultaneously. Experimental results show that the proposed CMSCNN method can reflect the multiscale information of complex scenes and obtain satisfied classification results for mapping postearthquake damage using VHR remote sensing images.

Topic: Remote-Sensing Image Classification
Subfield: Media Technology
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
THE NOTHING THAT REALLY IS!

The denial of the existence of contradiction is at the root of all idealism in epistemology and the cause for alienations.Â This alienation has become a hindrance for the understanding of the nature and the historical evolution mathematics itself and its role as an instrument in the enquiry of the physical universe (1).Â A dialectical materialist approach incorporatingÂ the role of the contradiction of the unity of the opposites, chance and necessity etc., can provide a proper understanding of the historical evolution of mathematics andÂ may ameliorate Â the negative effect of the alienation in modern theoretical physics and cosmology. The dialectical view also offers a more plausible materialist interpretation of the bewildering wave-particle duality in quantum dynamics (2).

Topic: Quantum Mechanics and Applications
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on gliotic reactions in the hippocampal formation after unilateral entorhinal cortex lesions

Purpose: Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) has been shown to facilitate behavioral and neuro-morphological recovery from brain injury, but less is known about its effects on glia. Since gliosis may be an important component of the recovery process, we tested the hypothesis that EGb 761 alters the time course and development of microglial activation and astrocytosis after brain injury. Methods: Rats were treated with either saline or EGb 761 and killed at 2 hrs, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days following unilateral entorhinal cortex (EC) lesions. Microglia and their precursors were visualized with a silver impregnation method, and astrocytes with GFAP. Results: Blood-borne monocytes/macrophages were seen as early as 2 hrs after injury in all animals. The side contralateral to the injury showed minimal microglial activation and there were no significant effects of drug treatment. On the side ipsilateral to the lesion EGb 761 enhanced microglial activation at 3, 7, and 14 days in the molecular layer and the hilus of the dentate gyrus; the areas of most profound deaf-ferentation after EC injury. Regions of the corpus callosum also showed enhanced microglial activation over the same time course. Reactive astrocytes were stained with GFAP and were found to be more numerous than activated microglia, particularly in the ipsilateral corpus callo-sum. EGb 761 treatment enhanced astrocytosis at 3 days in the molecular layer, the hilus, and the corpus callosum on the ipsilateral side. Conclusions: Taken together our results show that EGb 761 enhances, accelerates and prolongs the activation of microglia and astrocytosis at the site of injury.

Topic: Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Role for immune checkpoint blockade in <i>BRCA2</i>-mutant prostate cancer.

59 Background: Except for rare cases with microsatellite instability, prostate cancer has low mutation burden and low response rate to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Genomic correlates of response to ICB in microsatellite stable (MSS) prostate cancer are currently unknown. Here we describe an exceptional response to ICB in BRCA2-mutant prostate cancer and explore immunologic features of BRCA-mutant tumors. Methods: A patient with BRCA2-mutant MSS prostate cancer who progressed on PARP inhibitor therapy was treated with pembrolizumab. Another 8 cases of BRCA2-mutant prostate cancer were evaluated for lymphocyte infiltration and PD-L1 expression by a pathologist. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset was used to evaluate BRCA-mutant tumors from multiple histology. Presence of putative pathogenic mutations in BRCA1/2 were tested for association with mRNA levels of CD8 + T cell marker ( CD8A), immune checkpoint genes (in PD-1, CTLA-4 pathways), and expression of endogenous retroviruses (ERV). Markers of homologous recombination (HR) defects, namely number of Signature 3 mutations and large ( &gt; 3bp) indels, were also analyzed. Results: Initial patient with BRCA2-mutant MSS prostate cancer had a rapid and ongoing response to pembrolizumab. Analysis of local cohort will be presented. In the TCGA prostate cancer dataset, BRCA2-mutant tumors showed significant overexpression of CD8A, PD-1 and CTLA-4 pathway genes, and ERV3-2. Similar results were observed in BRCA1-mutant (but not BRCA2-mutant) ER+ HER2− breast cancer, but not in BRCA-mutant triple-negative breast and ovarian cancer. Analyses of HR defect markers corroborated these observations. Conclusions: BRCA-mutation accompanied by ERV3-2 overexpression, observed in BRCA2-mutant prostate and BRCA1-mutant ER+ HER2− breast cancer, is associated with CD8 + T cell infiltration and checkpoint pathway upregulation. The effect of BRCA1/2 mutation on immunogenicity may be very tissue and/or cell-of-origin specific, with different cancer types having different levels of immune activation. The association between ERV expression and BRCA2-mutation in prostate cancer requires further investigation. BRCA2-mutant prostate cancers are a class of MSS tumors that may be sensitive to ICB.

Topic: Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Verifiable Carbon Accounting in Supply Chains

In face of the ongoing climate change, both reduction and offsetting of carbon emissions are critical. To this end, accurate, reliable emission data, and service-oriented architectures for processing the data are needed. Current carbon accounting practices, however, are often error-prone, costly, and time-consuming. Even in digital monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems, the employment of single, trusted verification bodies inhibits transparent, fine-granular, and verifiable accounting at product instance-level in high-throughput supply chains. We propose <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Verifiable Carbon Accounting</i> (VCA) as a novel accounting approach that leverages authenticity and zero-knowledge proofs in service-oriented architectures for creating non-disclosing emission reports that are peer-to-peer verifiable on blockchains. VCA builds upon and extends both conventional and digital MRV systems but ensures the confidentiality of business emission data and calculations while allowing for peer-to-peer transparency and verifiability. We introduce the concept and demonstrate VCA application for accounting product carbon footprints (PCFs) in supply chains. We present a proof-of-concept technical system design and implementation and discuss experimental findings, deriving both insights on VCA practicability and next steps. Overall, we show how VCA advances the state of the art in carbon accounting in and beyond supply chains, and how VCA can serve as the basis for next-generation, accurate carbon accounting.

Topic: Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Beyond the <scp><i>β</i></scp>‐amino alcohols framework: identification of novel <scp><i>β</i></scp>‐hydroxy pyridinium salt‐decorated pterostilbene derivatives as bacterial virulence factor inhibitors

Abstract BACKGROUND Bacterial virulence factors are involved in various biological processes and mediate persistent bacterial infections. Focusing on virulence factors of phytopathogenic bacteria is an attractive strategy and crucial direction in pesticide discovery to prevent invasive and persistent bacterial infection. Hence, discovery and development of novel agrochemicals with high activity, low‐risk, and potent anti‐virulence is urgently needed to control plant bacterial diseases. RESULTS A series of novel β ‐hydroxy pyridinium cation decorated pterostilbene derivatives were prepared and their antibacterial activities against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ( Xoo ) were systematacially assessed. Among these pterostilbene derivatives, compound 4S exhibited the best antibacterial activity against Xoo in vitro , with an half maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) value of 0.28 μg mL −1 . A series of biochemical assays including scanning electron microscopy, crystal violet staining, and analysis of biofilm formation, swimming motility, and related virulence factor gene expression levels demonstrated that compound 4S could function as a new anti‐virulence factor inhibitor by interfering with the bacterial infection process. Furthermore, the pot experiments provided convinced evidence that compound 4S had the high control efficacy (curative activity: 71.4%, protective activity: 72.6%), and could be used to effectively manage rice bacterial leaf blight in vivo . CONCLUSION Compounds 4S is an attractive virulence factor inhibitor with potential for application in treating plant bacterial diseases by suppressing production of several virulence factors. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Topic: Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Modern International Law of Outer Space. By Carl Q. Christol. (New York: Pergamon Press, 1982. Pp. xiii + 932. $85.00.)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Topic: Space exploration and regulation
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Joint Relay-and-Antenna Selection for Two-Way Decode-and-Forward MIMO Relay Networks

In this paper, two novel joint relay-and-antenna strategies are proposed and analyzed for multi- relay two-way multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) decode-forward (DF) networks, namely, joint OR-TAS(Opportunistic Relaying -Transmit Antenna Selection) and joint SC-TAS (Selection Cooperation-Transmit Antenna Selection). For each joint selection scheme, the best transmit antenna at the two sources, a best relay, and a single best antenna at the selected relay are jointly determined in an optimum sense. The performance of these strategies is quantified by deriving the overall outage probability. For OR- TAS, we derive its outage probability directly, while for SC-TAS, we obtain its outage probability by proving that it is identical to that of OR-TAS. Also, the diversity orders is derived by presenting the upper bound and the lower bound of the overall outage probability, and the results show that the proposed selection strategies achieve the full diversity order. Finally, simulations are given to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis.

Topic: Cooperative Communication and Network Coding
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Bridged Nucleic Acids Reloaded

Oligonucleotides are key compounds widely used for research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. The rapid increase in oligonucleotide-based applications, together with the progress in nucleic acids research, has led to the design of nucleotide analogs that, when part of these oligomers, enhance their efficiency, bioavailability, or stability. One of the most useful nucleotide analogs is the first-generation bridged nucleic acids (BNA), also known as locked nucleic acids (LNA), which were used in combination with ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides, or other analogs to construct oligomers with diverse applications. However, there is still room to improve their efficiency, bioavailability, stability, and, importantly, toxicity. A second-generation BNA, BNANC (2′-O,4′-aminoethylene bridged nucleic acid), has been recently made available. Oligomers containing these analogs not only showed less toxicity when compared to LNA-containing compounds but, in some cases, also exhibited higher specificity. Although there are still few applications where BNANC-containing compounds have been researched, the promising results warrant more effort in incorporating these analogs for other applications. Furthermore, newer BNA compounds will be introduced in the near future, offering great hope to oligonucleotide-based fields of research and applications.

Topic: CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
New Synthesis and Characterization of (+)-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Derivatives and the Development of a Microparticle-Based Immunoassay for the Detection of LSD and Its Metabolites

In this paper are reported the synthesis and characterization of three LSD derivatives. On the basis of several analytical characterization studies, the most stable derivative has been selected and a procedure to covalently link the derivative to polystyrene microparticles through a carrier protein has been developed. In addition, two new LSD immunogens have been synthesized and characterized, and from these immunogens antibodies that recognize not only LSD but also several major LSD metabolites have been generated. Using the selected derivative and antibody, a homogeneous microparticle-based immunoassay has been developed for the detection of LSD in human urine with the required sensitivity and specificity for an effective screening assay. The performance of this LSD OnLine assay has been evaluated using the criteria of precision, cross-reactivity, correlation to the Abuscreen LSD RIA and GC/MS/MS, assay specificity, and limit of detection.

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Relationship of two in vitro assays in protein efficiency ratio determination on selected agricultural by-products

Utilization of agricultural by-products as food and feed has been of increasing interest. Protein is a crucial nutrient obtained from those sources. However, in vivo method (a rat study) for protein efficiency ratio (PER) determination is time consuming and expensive. C-PER and DC-PER are in vitro assays, which involve mathematical calculations using amino acid information from the sample. These two methods have been proven suitable for predicting protein quality of various samples with high correlation to the in vivo assay. Rapid prediction with less cost is the advantage of these methods. Theoretically, C-PER and DC-PER of each sample should have high correlation as they are computed from the same amino acid information. However, the efficiency of the methods is probably based on a range of certain information, especially protein digestibility. This study was conducted to demonstrate one of the limitations of the in vitro assays as shown in selected agricultural by-products. Three categories of selected agricultural by-products were feed-grade egg product (FGEP; 8 samples), distillers' dried grain (DDG; 4 samples), and defatted wheat germ (DWG; 8 samples). Protein contents, amino acid profiles, in vitro protein digestibility, C-PER and DC-PER were determined. Proteins in FGEP categories were significantly higher (P<0.05) than DWG and DDG, respectively. Both C-PER and DC-PER of all samples showed high correlation except in DWG-424. The low correlation in DWG-424 may be due to its low protein digestibility. It may also indicate the limitation of C-PER assay. The assay therefore may not be suitable for samples with low protein digestibility.

Topic: Food Science and Nutritional Studies
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Exploitation of National Fitness Project in Physical Education in Middle School

This paper describes the significance, constitution and approaches of exploiting national fitness project in physical education in middle school. It states that the exploitation of national fitness project is helpful to achieve the educational goal of “people-oriented”, the traditional sports culture can be widely disseminated and effectively inherited; the cultural value of school sports can be enriched. It elaborates the national fitness project mainly consists of projects of entertainment, competition and those reflecting the festival. This paper discusses the approaches of exploiting national fitness project, such as changing the concept of education and establishing a scientific concept of sports resources, further strengthening the sorting, excavation and research of national traditional fitness project, meeting young students’ physical and mental characteristics of in the choice of content, and highlighting the national characteristics and geographical characteristics of national fitness projects. It aims to integrate the national fitness project into physical education, enrich the resources of middle school PE curriculum and promote the comprehensive development of middle school students.

Topic: Diverse Approaches in Healthcare and Education Studies
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Occurrence Download

A dataset containing 4 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "and" : [ "TaxonKey is Ravenelia hieronymi Speg.", { "not" : { "DatasetKey" : [ "is Global database of alien macrofungi" ] } }, { "or" : [ "Country is United States of America", "Country is United States", "Country is United States of America", "Country is Canada", "Continent is North America" ] } ] } The dataset includes 4 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0135849-210914110416597/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.

Topic: Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Premier Grenadier of France

Journal Article The Premier Grenadier of France Get access Henry Gerald Hope Henry Gerald Hope 1119, Elms Road, Clapham, S.W. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s10-I, Issue 20, 14 May 1904, Pages 384–385, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s10-I.20.384 Published: 14 May 1904

Topic: Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis
Subfield: History and Philosophy of Science
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
THE EARLY DETECTION OF DYSTROPHIA MYOTONICA

Journal Article THE EARLY DETECTION OF DYSTROPHIA MYOTONICA Get access J. G. POLGAR, J. G. POLGAR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar W. G. BRADLEY, W. G. BRADLEY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A. R. M. UPTON, A. R. M. UPTON Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. ANDERSON, J. ANDERSON Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. M. L. HOWAT, J. M. L. HOWAT Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar F. PETITO, F. PETITO Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. F. ROBERTS, D. F. ROBERTS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. SCOPA J. SCOPA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Brain, Volume 95, Issue 4, 1972, Pages 761–776, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/95.4.761 Published: 01 January 1972 Article history Published: 01 January 1972 Received: 24 February 1972

Topic: Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Evolution of the Cercopithecidae

Since their origin in Africa during the Miocene epoch, Old World monkeys have spread throughout that continent and several different groups of them have also dispersed across Eurasia to become the most widespread and speciose family of nonhuman primates, even reaching locations well outside of the tropical rainforest habitats typical of other primates. In spite of being relatively stereotyped in terms of their skeletal anatomy, locomotor mode, and social behavior, they have also come to occupy the widest range of environments of any primate group. Throughout their evolution, a wide array of ecologically and morphologically diverse forms have evolved and gone extinct.

Topic: Primate Behavior and Ecology
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences