jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Regulating Private Military Companies

This work examines the ability of existing and evolving PMC regulation to adequately control private force, and it challenges the capacity of international law to deliver accountability in the event of private military company (PMC) misconduct. From medieval to early modern history, private soldiers dominated the military realm and were fundamental to the waging of wars until the rise of a national citizen army. Today, PMCs are again a significant force, performing various security, logistics, and strategy functions across the world. Unlike mercenaries or any other form of irregular force, PMCs acquired a corporate legal personality, a legitimising status that alters the governance model of today. Drawing on historical examples of different forms of governance, the relationship between neoliberal states and private military companies is conceptualised here as a form of a 'shared governance'. It reflects states' reliance on PMCs relinquishing a degree of their power and transferring certain functions to the private sector. As non-state actors grow in authority, wielding power, and making claims to legitimacy through self-regulation, other sources of law also become imaginable and relevant to enact regulation and invoke responsibility.

Topic: Military and Defense Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Deuterated trityl spin probe for in vivo pO2 imaging with improved precision using Time-Domain EPR

Due to the narrow linewidth and slower signal decay, it was expected that Ox071 is suitable for wide range pO2 estimation. In this work, we present our first 3D in vivo EPR oximetry using Ox071 in comparison with Ox063. EPR imaging of MIA Paca-2 tumor and healthy kidneys were performed on successive days by using either Ox071 or Ox063, resulting in similar spin density, pO2 maps, and pO2 histograms in the tumor regions and more homogeneous pO2 profile with Ox071 in kidney compared with Ox063. The result suggested that Ox071 is applicable for oximetry in tissue at higher pO2.

Topic: Electron Spin Resonance Studies
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Impact of PowerPoint Presentations on Student Achievement and Student Attitudes

Seventh grade students were tested on their knowledge of sentences and nouns in a language arts classroom. This study was conducted over a two-year time frame. In the first year, classes consisted of twenty-eight (28) males and thirty-one (31) females. All students are Caucasians with the exception of two African American males. In year two, the classes consisted of thirty-two (32) females and thirtytwo (32) males. All students are Caucasians with the exception of one African American female and one Nicaraguan-American female. Students are predominantly from middle class families. All three classes are grouped heterogeneously. During instruction for two units, classes were taught with the following approaches: 1) using traditional methods of book work and handouts for one unit, and 2) using technological aids such as Microsoft PowerPoint for a second unit. Test results from three classes during both units were compared. The data indicates that when using technological aids as teaching tools, student test grades increased in year one, especially for low-achieving students or for those with learning disabilities. In year two, those same results were not achieved. A technology survey was also used to establish each student’s comfort level with technology and their attitudes towards the use of technological aids in the classroom Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.

Topic: Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Return Levels of Dry Extreme Events in Terrestrial Water Storage From Satellite Gravimetry and CMIP6 Global Coupled Climate Models

Abstract Satellite gravimetry as realized with GRACE and GRACE‐FO provides a novel opportunity to study extreme deviations from annually varying terrestrial water storage (TWS) in all continental areas of our planet. By utilizing the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution, we estimate return levels for events that are expected to happen once every 10 (i.e., 1‐in‐10) years. With two GRACE‐like reconstructions spanning over 40 and 114 years, respectively, we show that the currently available data record of 20 years is already sufficiently long to derive robust estimates of those return levels. When contrasting the GRACE/‐FO results to model experiments from the CMIP6 archive extending until the year 2100 by concatenating historical runs and climate projections under the SSP5‐8.5 socioeconomic pathway, we find that (a) the multi‐model median from CMIP6 has the overall best agreement with the satellite data, thereby nicely confirming the validity of a central assumption of many climate‐related studies that heavily rely on ensemble statistics. We also find that (b) CMIP6 model runs contain only modest deviations of 1‐in‐10 years return levels from the beginning of the 20th century when compared to present‐day, but predict stronger changes toward more extreme return levels by the end of the 21st century. On the other hand, we also find substantial differences between satellite data and individual model experiments, which opens new opportunities to inform, validate and/or calibrate numerical climate models with satellite gravimetry data from GRACE, GRACE‐FO, and in future also GRACE‐C.

Topic: Geophysics and Gravity Measurements
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Seismic vulnerability assessment of timber roof structures: criteria and procedures

Timber roof structures have a strong influence on the behaviour of masonry buildings during earthquakes. In a seismic event, they may link walls and favour the development of a positive global response or they may suffer damage that can extend to masonry elements. From the perspective of risk mitigation, basic criteria and procedures for assessing the seismic vulnerability of timber roof structures are needed. After extended research, the main factors determining seismic vulnerability in such structures were identified. The steps of an assessment procedure developed within the research programme are discussed in this paper. The procedure comprises initial visual inspection for collecting data and information on the main parameters that are significant in seismic conditions, and their subsequent classification according to a grading system. Structural criticalities are thus identified, which may possibly be reduced. In the applications and case studies performed so far, the procedure has proven useful for focusing attention on the seismic qualification of timber structures that were originally conceived with regard to vertical loads.

Topic: Wood Treatment and Properties
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Efficient Algorithms for Drawing Large Genealogy Trees

Efficient Algorithms for Drawing Large Genealogy Trees tackles the visualization of extensive family networks marked by multiple roots, undirected cycle, and missing family information. Conventional tree drawings assume a single root, strict acyclicity, and uniform branching—constraints routinely violated in genealogies. This work first adapts and evaluates foundational graph‐drawing techniques— force‐directed layouts and the Sugiyama layered framework—to assess their fit for genealogical data. Two distinct strategies then address scale and clarity: a clustering approach that aggregates closely related individuals into higher‐level units to reduce displayed complexity, and a novel fractal drawing method that represents each person as a rectangle recursively subdividing its area among descendants. In the fractal method, subdivisions alternate between horizontal and vertical at each generation, and a space‐allocation function ensures larger or important subfamilies receive more room. A complete C++ implementation applies these approaches to synthetic benchmarks and a Habsburg dataset of over 30,000 individuals. The combination of domain-aware adaptations, information-reducing clustering, and recursive subdivision results in efficient, visually coherent algorithms for static visualization of large genealogy trees.

Topic: Data Visualization and Analytics
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Tokyo Tech's CubeSat CUTE-1: Operation reports and analyses of pico-satellite dynamics

At Laboratory for Space Systems, Tokyo Institute of Technology, students had designed and fabricated a pico-satellite (1 kg, 10 cm cube), named CUTE-1. CUTE-1 was successfully launched at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia aboard ROCKOT on Jun 30, 2003, and is properly working. CUTE-1 has three missions. First one is communication, second one is attitude and temperature sensing, and third one is deployment of antennas and solar paddle. The objectives of these missions are to establish bus component design for pico-satellites like the CubeSat. At first, this paper mentions the system overview of CUTE-1 and the procedure from launch to injection into the orbit. Second, results of temperature and angular velocity measurement are described as the operation reports. Third, analyses of nano satellite dynamics is explained using CUTE-1's telemetry data. Especially, the effect of deployment of antenna and solar paddle is examined using the angular velocity calculated gyro data on CUTE-1. Furthermore, the angular velocity during steady rotation is compared with the motion of a vector toward Sun, which is estimated using current data of each solar cell array.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
A microplate indicator-based method for determining the susceptibility of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis to antimicrobial agents.

M-MTT could be used as a simple, rapid, low-cost technology to test the susceptibility of MDR-TB strains to several second-line and alternative drugs, with the objective of orienting future treatment regimens.

Topic: Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Hepatic and Renal Mechanisms of Drug Interactions with Cimetidine

Cimetidine is one of the most frequently prescribed drugs with a known potential to interfere with the metabolic disposition of numerous other medications. Some of these drug interactions may be hazardous to patients. The hepatic and renal mechanisms of drug interactions with cimetidine are discussed in this article. The interactive processes include inhibition of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity, reduction of liver blood flow, and competition for renal tubular secretory sites. The clinical significance and proposed mechanisms of interaction for individual drugs are also presented.

Topic: Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Question of chert exploiting on the Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic) by the Bell Beaker People

Stránská skála is a limestone hill in the eastern part of Brno, Czech Republic. Local Upper Jurassic cherts, referred as the Stránská skála type were used as raw materials in various prehistoric periods, especially at the turn of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic and in the Old Eneolithic. Among archaeological remains discovered on the hill there is a dug-in settlement structure linked with a younger stage of the Moravian Bell Beaker culture (abbr. MBBC), excavated in 2016. The paper raises the question of exploitation of Stránská skála cherts by MBBC people.

Topic: Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Figure S2 from ERBB4-Mediated Signaling Is a Mediator of Resistance to PI3K and BTK Inhibitors in B-cell Lymphoid Neoplasms

&lt;p&gt;(A) Cell viability for the combination of idelalisib and the CD20 blocking antibody rituximab in parental and resistant by MTT assay (72h). Bars correspond to the mean of two independent experiments. Error bars represent standard deviation of the mean. Table contains p-values from a moderated t-test comparing each combination to idelalisib as single agent. The benefit of the combination was assessed both as synergism according to the Chou-Talalay combination index (CI, synergistic: CI&lt;0.9, additive: CI~1, antagonistic: CI&gt;1) (B) (2) and as potency (x-axis, synergistic: potency&gt;0.5, additive: 01, additive: 0&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders research
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Solar Chimney and Power Tower Techniques for Power Production in Nasiriya City

The solar chimney and power tower are two of modern promised energy which can develop bylow losses, simplicity and high power.In this paper, the solar chimney and fossil fuel power tower parameters are studied by usingtheoretical equations in computational fluid dynamics CFD that substituted in some computerprograms such as MATLAP and FLUENT codes with additional related expressions. Fivedifferent models are used in this paper (Chimney height is: 12, 15, 20, 25, and 35 meter),(Diameter of collector base is: 5, 8, 10, 15, and 20 meter). The effect of inlet collector height,collector absorbability, solar radiation, ambient temperature, solar collector thickness and solarcollector tilt angle are studied to find the other parameters and properties such as velocitydistribution, power and efficiency of system. The erecting of power turbine is predicted byfindings the velocity distribution between the base and chimney assembly. The numericalanalysis was presented by using GAMBIT and FLUENT 6.3 to predict that high velocity at theexpansion of chimney near the center of base – chimney bond position because of low density ofair as a result to solar radiation flux (and burned gases cover collector in case of using thechimney for combustion of gases in oil refineries).. This position is very suitable for promotingand building the power turbine. The maximum power accumulated from these techniques is morethan (6.7×105 Watt) where the velocity is (17.5 m/s). The study concluded that it is easy work toerect these chimney and power tower techniques closed to drilling and oil facilities in remoteareas. So, all factors were studied to coincide with previous papers in this field.

Topic: Solar Energy Systems and Technologies
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Michele Koven: Selves in Two Languages: Bilinguals' Verbal Enactments of Identity in French and Portuguese.

Bilinguals often report feeling like they were different persons when using their first (L1) and second (L2) language. Selves in Two Languages addresses this question by looking at how 23 Portuguese–French bilinguals self-report on the experience of speaking in L1 (Portuguese) and L2 (French), and how they explain why they feel different in each language. Findings from the self-reports are then related to their patterns of language use, and the way listeners perceive the bilinguals when they are speaking the respective languages. Koven’s approach, outlined in Chapters 1 and 2, is influenced by Bakhtin’s ideas of voicing and indexicality. According to this view, the self cannot be understood as existing separately from language; it emerges within a sociolinguistic context and manifests itself in different ways of speaking (e.g. in the use of different languages, dialects, and registers). Consequently, the use of two languages may result in the emergence of different selves, and lead to different kinds of experiences of personhood in the speaker. These enactments of selves can further produce an impression of change in the speakers’ personalities, as observed by their listeners.

Topic: Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Generating multiple-choice questions for medical question answering with distractors and cue-masking

Medical multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) is particularly difficult. Questions may describe patient symptoms and ask for the correct diagnosis, which requires domain knowledge and complex reasoning. Standard language modeling pretraining alone is not sufficient to achieve the best results. \citet{jin2020disease} showed that focusing masked language modeling on disease name prediction when using medical encyclopedic paragraphs as input leads to considerable MCQA accuracy improvement. In this work, we show that (1) fine-tuning on generated MCQA dataset outperforms the masked language modeling based objective and (2) correctly masking the cues to the answers is critical for good performance. We release new pretraining datasets and achieve state-of-the-art results on 4 MCQA datasets, notably +5.7\% with base-size model on MedQA-USMLE.

Topic: Topic Modeling
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
An investigation of the stability of copper germanide thin films in the presence of Si and SiO<sub>2</sub>

Copper germanide (Cu3Ge) has received interest in recent years as a potential metallization for VLSI applications due to its exceptionally low room temperature resistivity. We have investigated the thermal stability of Cu3Ge thin films on both silicon and thermally oxidized silicon wafers. Films were deposited by electron beam evaporation of sequential layers of Ge and Cu and exposed to an annealing schedule ranging from 100°C to 450°C. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis has revealed an interaction of the film with the silicon substrate. At temperatures as low as 200°C, diffusion of silicon into the copper germanide film was observed with the concentration and depth of penetration scaling with increased annealing temperature. Results on controlling this interaction will also be presented and correlation is made with resistivity measurements.

Topic: Semiconductor materials and devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Neutral amino acid transport in hepatocytes isolated from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

In the present study, transport by Systems A, ASC, and N was shown to be elevated in hepatocytes isolated from diabetic rats. After the cells were placed in primary culture, the System ASC activity declined rapidly, while the decay of Systems A and N was slower and dependent on protein synthesis. The elevated 2-aminoisobutyric acid uptake was the result of an increase in the Vmax of a single, high affinity system, presumably System A. The stimulation of System A could not be accounted for by an increase in the affinity for Na+; in fact, the apparent Km for the ion was actually greater in the experimental cells. Release from trans-inhibition was also eliminated as a possible explanation. The data suggest that during the development of the diabetic state the liver is triggered to induce the activity of System A by synthesizing the necessary protein components. Treatment of the cultured hepatocytes with insulin could partially reverse the stimulation due to diabetes, indicating that the induction of System A may be the result of the hyperglucagonemia associated with the disease. In support of this hypothesis, the cells from the diabetic rats were resistant to further stimulation of System A by glucagon, yet they did respond to high levels of insulin or to amino acid starvation. Glucagon does not appear to be involved in the induction of System N in the diabetic animal because this system is not responsive to either glucagon or insulin when tested in vitro.

Topic: Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The inferior vena cava: mass effects

Gray scale ultrasound evaluation of the inferior vena cava is essential for adequate workup of abdominal tumors. Demonstration of perivascular nodal masses and/or invasion of the inferior vena cava is of prognostic significance and of value in planning the surgical approach. In addition, accurate delineation of the extent of such tumor invasion by ultrasonography may preclude additional study by more invasive diagnostic procedures, such as angiography. Results of ultrasonic examination of six patients are reported; all were shown to have significant mass effects on the inferior vena cava.

Topic: Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Oryza sativa Linnaeus PRRI006444

Plant Genetic Resource.<br>Taxonomy: Oryza sativa Linnaeus<br>Common name(s): Rice<br>Other names: DINORADO<br>Conserved by: Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), Philippines<br>Local sample unique identifier: PRRI006444<br>Method of creation: Acquisition<br>Date: 2006-12-03<br>Historical: No<br>Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace<br>MLS status: Annex 1 crop

Topic: Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Stateful Approach to Spyware Detection and Removal

Spyware, a type of potentially unwanted programs (PUPs), has become a significant threat to most Internet users as it introduces serious privacy disclosure and potential security breach to the systems. Current anti-spyware tools use signatures to detect spyware programs. Over time, spyware programs have grown more resilient to this technique; they utilize critical areas of the system to survive reboots and set up mini-installers that re-install a spyware program after it's been detected and removed. Since existing anti-spyware tools are stateless in the sense that they do not remember and monitor the spyware programs that were removed, they fail to permanently remove these self-healing spyware programs. This paper proposes STARS (stateful threat-aware removal system): a tool that at run time intercepts critical system accesses and assures removed spyware does not re-install itself after a successful removal of spyware program in the system. If a re-installation (self-healing) is detected, STARS infers the source of such activities and discovers additional "suspicious" programs. Experimental results show that STARS is effective in removing self-healing spyware programs that existing anti-spyware tools fail to do

Topic: Advanced Malware Detection Techniques
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Towards a flexible data stream analytics platform based on the GCM autonomous software component technology

Big data stream analytics platforms not only need to support performance-dictated elasticity benefiting for instance from Cloud environments. They should also support analytics that can evolve dynamically from the application viewpoint, given data nature can change so the necessary treatments on them. The benefit is that this can avoid to undeploy the current analytics, modify it off-line, redeploy the new version, and resume the analysis, missing data that arrived in the meantime. We also believe that such evolution should better be driven by autonomic behaviors whenever possible. We argue that a software component based technology, as the one we have developed so far, GCM/ProActive, can be a good fit to these needs. Using it, we present our solution, still under development, named GCM-streaming, which to our knowledge seems to be quite original.

Topic: Advanced Database Systems and Queries
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences