jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Canister Purge Flow Influence on EGO-Sensor Signal and Exhaust Gas Emissions (PURGEOPT)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In closed evaporation control systems, the purging air flow through the active carbon canister is mixed with the intake air flow. In order to avoid degradation of the &lt;i&gt;λ&lt;/i&gt; control and the pollution emission levels, the purged hydrocarbons must be evenly distributed among the cylinders and mixed as thoroughly as possible with the intake air.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Based on the purge charactisctics of standard carbon canisters and on the HC levels in a fully charged carbon canister, and using a 4-cylinder sixteen-valve engine, the operating frequency of the canister purge valve and the inlet point of the purge flow into the intake manifold were varied, using n-butane as the hydrocarbon.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The measurements taken for HC emissions and the voltages of the lambda probes in the exhaust manifold showed that the inlet point, the valve operating frequency and the microdosing behavior of the valve significantly affect mixture and engine's HC emissions.&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting
Subfield: Environmental Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Integration of food stock management applications into everyday food practices : Tackling the food waste problem in households by supporting everyday food practices

Household food waste levels pose a considerable problem in terms of sustainability. Food stock management applications for smartphones are interventions that support people in planning and keeping an overview of their food stock in order to reduce food waste. So far mainly their usability and effectiveness for reduction of food waste have been researched in HCI. This study aimed at investigating how these applications are being integrated into people’s food practices, and how their features contributed to the integration. In a three-week long field study seven participants used one of two applications in their daily lives. Through interviews and diary entries it was observed that some people integrated the applications into their food practices to replace other actions like checking one’s food stock. New connections to the food practices were created through expiration reminders and providing means to check the food stock from a distance. Reminders were seen as helpful even if not always necessary and can be seen as an opportunity to further support the integration process. The main issues for the integration were the high-effort adding processes and remembering to update the inventory after consumption.

Topic: Food Waste Reduction and Sustainability
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Experimental Investigation of a Shape-Optimized Staggered Double-Vane Slow-Wave Structure for Terahertz Traveling-Wave Tubes

Enormous concerns focus on the high-power and wide bandwidth traveling-wave tube (TWT) for its outstanding performance. In this article, a shape-optimized staggered double-vane slow-wave structure (SWS) for terahertz (THz) sheet beam TWT is proposed. The shape-optimized staggered double-vane SWS takes the advantages of higher interaction impedance, lower transmission loss, and lower phase velocity than conventional staggered double-vane SWSs. The shape-optimized staggered double-vane SWS with 85 periods is designed, fabricated, and cold tested. The measured transmission loss of the shape-optimized staggered double-vane SWS is less than 0.79 dB/cm in the frequency range of 0.211–0.26 THz, which is in good agreement with the simulation results. Furthermore, the beam–wave interaction analysis of a sheet beam TWT with this SWS is given. The output power is predicted to be >100 W with 3-dB bandwidth of >50 GHz. The results show that the shape-optimized staggered double-vane SWS is a very promising scheme to construct a high-power and wideband THz TWT for future applications such as communication and imaging.

Topic: Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Brain microstructure of subclinical apathy phenomenology in healthy individuals

Although apathy has been extensively studied in relation to neuropsychiatric disorders, it is still unclear whether, in healthy people, it should be considered as a physiological phenomenon or whether it is a risk factor for progression to clinical disturbances. Here, we investigated subclinical apathy phenomenology and its brain microstructural correlates in healthy individuals. We submitted 72 participants to a comprehensive clinical assessment, a high‐resolution structural MRI and a diffusion tensor imaging scan protocol. Data of individual microstructural (mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy) variations were processed across genders in relation to the Apathy Rating Scale score. In females, subclinical apathy phenomenology was associated with microstructural variation of the bilateral thalami, the anterior thalamic radiation, the forceps major, and the corona radiate. These are white matter areas mostly connecting the thalami to the frontal and occipital cortices, regions that are known to be implicated in the expression of apathy in clinical samples. No significant relationship with brain microstructure was found in males who showed a positive correlation between subclinical apathy and somatic phenomenology of depression. In conclusion, our results show that in healthy individuals subclinical apathy phenomenology is associated with different mechanisms across genders, and raise the issue about whether brain microstructural changes associated with subclinical apathy in healthy females could be a precocious marker useful in the prediction of progression to more severe apathetic conditions. Hum Brain Mapp 34:3193–3203, 2013 . © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Topic: Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Continous-trace $k$-graph $C^*$-algebras

A characterization is given for directed graphs that yield graph $C^*$-algebras with continuous trace. This is established for row-finite graphs with no sources first using a groupoid approach, and extended to the general case via the Drinen-Tomforde desingularization. Partial results are given to characterize higher-rank graphs that yield $C^*$-algebras with continuous trace.

Topic: Advanced Operator Algebra Research
Subfield: Mathematical Physics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Refractory Delayed Pneumocephalus after Transsphenoidal Cyst Drainage for Rathke's Cleft Cyst in a Patient with a Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt

Abstract A 75-year-old man presented with bilateral lower limb weakness to our hospital from another clinic. Radiological examinations implied the possibilities of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and a suprasellar cyst, but both were observed conservatively at that time. Due to the progressive gait disturbance, a lumboperitoneal shunt was implanted 1 year later. The clinical symptoms improved, but the cyst had grown after another year, causing visual impairment. Transsphenoidal drainage of the cyst was performed, but delayed pneumocephalus occurred. Repair surgery was performed with temporary suspension of shunt function, but pneumocephalus relapsed two and a half months after the resumption of shunt flow. In the second repair surgery, the shunt was removed because it was assumed that it would prevent closure of the fistula by lowering intracranial pressure. Two and a half months later, after confirming involution of the cyst and no pneumocephalus, a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was implanted, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage has not relapsed since then. The coexistence of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC) is rare, but it can occur. RCC can be cured by simple drainage, but delayed pneumocephalus can occur in cases whose intracranial pressure decreases due to CSF shunting. When simple drainage without sellar reconstruction for RCC is attempted after CSF shunting for coexistent iNPH, attention should be paid to changes in intracranial pressure, and it is desirable to stop the flow of the shunt for a certain period.

Topic: Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Physiological and molecular effects of interleukin-18 administration on the mouse kidney

Abstract Background The cytokine interleukin-18 was originally identified as an interferon-γ-inducing proinflammatory factor; however, there is increasing evidence to suggest that it has non-immunological effects on physiological functions. We previously investigated the potential pathophysiological relationship between interleukin-18 and dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and suggested interleukin-18 as a possible novel treatment for not only these diseases but also for cancer immunotherapy. Before clinical application, the effects of interleukin-18 on the kidney need to be determined. In the current study, we examined the kidney of interleukin-18 knockout (Il18 −/−) mice and the effects of interleukin-18 on the kidney following intravenous administration of recombinant interleukin-18. Methods Il18 −/− male mice were generated on the C57Bl/6 background and littermate C57Bl/6 Il18 +/+ male mice were used as controls. To assess kidney damage, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were measured and histopathological analysis was performed. For molecular analysis, microarray and quantitative reverse transcription PCR was performed using mice 6 and 12 weeks old. To evaluate the short- and long-term effects of interleukin-18 on the kidney, recombinant interleukin-18 was administered for 2 and 12 weeks, respectively. Results Compared with Il18 +/+ mice, Il18 −/− mice developed kidney failure in their youth-6 weeks of age, but the condition was observed to improve as the mice aged, even though dyslipidemia, arteriosclerosis, and higher insulin resistance occurred. Analyses of potential molecular mechanisms involved in the onset of early kidney failure in Il18 −/− mice identified a number of associated genes, such as Itgam, Nov, and Ppard. Intravenous administration of recombinant interleukin-18 over both the short and long term showed no effects on the kidney despite significant improvement in metabolic diseases. Conclusions Short- and long-term administration of interleukin-18 appeared to have no adverse effects on the kidney in these mice, suggesting that administration may be a safe and novel treatment for metabolic diseases and cancer.

Topic: Inflammasome and immune disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of fruit retention and seed position on the seed yield and quality in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) cv Pusa Hybrid 1

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of fruit retention and seed position in fruit on the seed yield and seed quality in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Poir.) cv. Pusa Hybrid 1 during summer 2008 and 2009, Seed Production Unit, IARI, New Delhi. Among two methods of fruit retentions, one fruit per vine (T1) showed superiority over two fruits per vine (T2) in fruit development and seed yield attributes, viz. fruit weight (4.46 kg), fruit length (22.35 cm), fruit width (20.53 cm), cavity size, filled seeds (473.50), total number of seeds per fruit (479.42), 100 seed weight (14.67 g) and seed yield per fruit (70.44 g). Similarly, T1 over T2 were highly significant for germination (94.27 %), total seedling length (32.76 cm), seedling dry weight (51.01 mg), vigour index- I (3032.24), vigour index- II (4721.10) and low moisture content. Within the fruit, middle segment showed highest number of filled seed (166.40), total number of seed (175.70), germination (90.64 %), seedling length (20.94 cm),seedling dry weight (47.53 mg), vigour indices I and II (2666.44 and 3491.82),and low moisture content (8.63%). Based on this, it is proposed to retain one fruit per vine and extract seed from middle and stylar segments of fruit for high quality seed production in pumpkin cv. Pusa Hybrid 1.

Topic: Seed Germination and Physiology
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Comparison of Three Supraglottic Airway Devices in Neutral and Cervical Neck Collar Position

본 연구는 환자의 경추보호대 착용 여부에 따른 후두마스크기도기(LMA)와 I-gel, Streamlined Liner of the Pharynx Airway(SLIPA) 등 3가지 성문위기구의 삽관 용이성을 비교하기 위해 시행되었다. 응급의료현장에서 활동 중인 119 구급대원 39명에게 3가지 성문위기구에 대한 짧은 교육을 시행한 후 삽관시간과 삽관시도횟수를 측정하였다. 삽관시간은 중립위와 경추보호대 착용 시 모두 I-gel(<TEX>$10.5{\pm}2.2$</TEX>, <TEX>$11.4{\pm}5.7$</TEX>), SLIPA(<TEX>$12.3 {\pm}5.1$</TEX>, <TEX>$12.0{\pm}6.8$</TEX>), LMA(<TEX>$17.2{\pm}3.2$</TEX>, <TEX>$18.5{\pm}5.5$</TEX>) 순으로 빨랐다 (p<0.05). 각 기도기별 중립위와 경추보호대 착용 시 삽관시간의 차이는 없었다. 결론적으로 I-gel과 SLIPA가 LMA보다 중립위와 경추보호대 착용 시 모두에서 삽관시간이 더 빠른 결과를 보였다. Purpose of this study was to compare the easiness of insertion of three Supraglottic airway devices(SADs) in a neutral and cervical neck collar position in a manikin setting. Three different SADs-Laryngeal Mask Classic (LMA), I-gel and Streamlined Liner of the Pharynx Airway(SLIPA) were applied. Thirty nine emergency medical technicians (EMTs) who are working in Korea 119 rescue services were taught briefly about the use of the LMA, I-gel and SLIPA in a manikin setting. The time to effective ventilation was shorter in I-gel (<TEX>$10.5{\pm}2.2$</TEX>, <TEX>$11.4{\pm}5.7$</TEX>) and SLIPA (<TEX>$12.3 {\pm}5.1$</TEX>, <TEX>$12.0{\pm}6.8$</TEX>) than LMA (<TEX>$17.2{\pm}3.2$</TEX>, <TEX>$18.5{\pm}5.5$</TEX>) in a neutral and cervical neck collar position, respectively(p<0.05). There was no difference between head positions in each of the airways. In conclusion, in the speed of insertion, I-gel and SLIPA were superior to LMA in the neutral and cervical collar setting of a manikin.

Topic: Airway Management and Intubation Techniques
Subfield: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Light extraction efficiency enhancement of 265nm UVC-LED with Micro-array structure

It is well known that DUV-LED with AlGaN-based has a wavelength ranging from 200 to 300 nm is major adopted with an inorganic hermetic packaging technology . Importantly, silica glass can prevent ultraviolet aging and apply to hermetic package at the same time . However , compared to the bare-chip packaging , quartz will give rise to Fresnel reflection losses because of the difference refractive index between the air and the silica glass , which reduces the luminous flux of the UVC-LED. Therefore, it is urgent to search for a method to reduce the reflection losses and to increase the UVC luminous flux. In this paper, several micro-processing methods for quartz lenses are proposed. The Monte-Carlo method is used to trace ultraviolet light rays, and numerical simulations are performed based on the rigorous coupled wave analysis method . Analyze the effects of different array micro-processing structures on UV light . The results show that single-sided micro-processing arrays has a significant increase in the intensity of 265 nm UVC-LED . As the size of micro-processing in inner quartz increases , the lens has an enhancement effect on ultraviolet light. In addition, micro-processing can enhance the concentration of light and increase the intensity of ultraviolet effectively light.

Topic: GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
CAR-T Cell Therapy: Present and Future Perspectives – A Comprehensive Review

Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy represents a breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy. By engineering T-cells to specifically target cancer cells, CAR-T therapy has demonstrated significant success in treating hematological malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. However, challenges like relapse, toxicity, and limited efficacy in solid tumors highlight the need for advancements in the field. This comprehensive review explores the current applications of CAR-T therapy, its limitations, and future directions aimed at optimizing this revolutionary treatment.

Topic: CAR-T cell therapy research
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The course and outcome of bulimia nervosa.

Although knowledge of the long-term course and outcome of bulimia nervosa is critical to the effective management of the bulimic patient, research in this area is still in its infancy. Comparisons between existing outcome studies are complicated by differences in research design and methods, a lingering confusion over the definition of terms such as recovery and relapse, and the possibility of multiple forms of bulimia nervosa with varying outcomes. Nonetheless, these studies agree that bulimia nervosa is a chronic disorder, characterized by high rates of relapse and persistent subclinical symptomatology. Future investigations into the course and outcome of bulimia nervosa should focus on the derivation of a universally acceptable terminology and the identification of clinical and psychosocial variables predicting recovery.

Topic: Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Public Perceptions of the Roles and Functions of Community Pharmacies in South Korea: Updated Cross-Sectional Self-Reported Web-Based Survey (Preprint)

<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> Community pharmacists confronted dual burdens in response to the COVID-19 pandemic by expanding the scope of pharmaceutical practices. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> This study aimed to assess the perceived roles and functions of community pharmacies during the pandemic and to explore their updated roles after the pandemic began. </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> We conducted a self-reported web-based survey in October 2022. Based on Korean census data, we recruited the study participants (n=1000) through quota sampling stratified by age, sex, and region, yielding a 7.45% (1000/13,423) response rate. The questionnaires were composed of 3 sections: demographics, the roles and functions of community pharmacies during the pandemic, and the updated roles of community pharmacies during disasters. Each question in the second and third sections was rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), and each item’s mean scores and SDs were reported. The study participants were categorized into 2 groups: individuals who had a family pharmacy and those who did not. A chi-square test and ordered logistic regression analyses were conducted. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> Out of 1000 respondents, 418 (41.8%) had a history of COVID-19, and 639 (63.9%) had a family pharmacy. Assigning specific roles and functions to community pharmacies during the pandemic contributed to positive assessments. Respondents gave higher scores to community pharmacies that had responded appropriately (a mean Likert score of 3.66, SD .077 out of 5) and provided continuous pharmaceutical services (mean 3.67, SD 0.87) during the pandemic. The pandemic served as an opportunity to positively recognize the role of community pharmacies (mean 3.59, SD 0.83). In the ordered logistic model, having a family pharmacy was consistently associated with positive perceptions. Respondents perceived that community pharmacies collaborated with general practitioners and health authorities. However, community pharmacies need to function appropriately in terms of knowledge. The mean score of the 4 domains of community pharmacy functions was the highest for collaboration (mean 3.66, SD 0.83), followed by communication (mean 3.57, SD 0.87), responsiveness (mean 3.54, SD 0.87), and knowledge (mean 3.41, SD 0.91). </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> The pandemic resulted in interprofessional collaboration between community pharmacists and general practitioners. Family pharmacies could be a valuable asset to the comprehensive case management of patients. However, community pharmacists should have the expertise to build solid interprofessional collaborations and fulfill their expanded and updated roles. </sec>

Topic: Antibiotic Use and Resistance
Subfield: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of Hypnosis on Intraocular Pressure in Normal and Glaucomatous Subjects

An attempt was made to study the effect of hypnosis on intraocular tension in normal and glaucomatous subjects. Measurements were made with a recently standardized electronic tonometer (Mueller). Seven patients with chronic primary glaucoma, ranging in age from 52 to 67, and 4 young, healthy, normal subjects were studied. Four of the glaucomatous patients were hypnotizable to the point of amnesia in one session, while 3 were not hypnotizable under these conditions. All the normal subjects were highly hypnotizable. The study provided data on the effect on intraocular tension of: (1) hypnosis per se; (2) waking and hypnotic suggestion of symptom relief; (3) posthypnotic suggestion of symptom relief; (4) a hypnotically suggested anxiety situation. The single, most impressive finding was that on direct waking suggestion of symptom relief, all glaucomatous patients showed a drop in the pressure of one or both eyes to a level as low as (1 case) or lower than (6 cases) the lowest recorded tension during the previous 12 months that they had been followed in the eye clinic. (One subject had been followed for only 3 months.) Posthypnotic suggestion of symptom relief resulted in subjective improvement only in several of the patients. These patients volunteered such improvement as having fewer headaches; less tearing, feeling generally more relaxed, and sleeping better. These findings serve to emphasize the significant role of the emotions in glaucoma, although the mechanisms involved remain obscure.

Topic: Pain Management and Placebo Effect
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Non-Invasive Luciferase Imaging of Type I Interferon Induction in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Biomaterial Associated Bacterial Infections: Microbial Specificity and Inter-Bacterial Species Interactions

The performance of biomaterials is often compromised by bacterial infections and subsequent inflammation. So far, the conventional analysis of inflammatory processes in vivo involves time-consuming histology and biochemical assays. The present study employed a mouse model where interferon beta (IFN-β) is monitored as a marker for non-invasive rapid detection of inflammation in implant-related infections. The mouse model comprises subcutaneous implantation of morphologically modified titanium, followed by experimental infections with four taxonomically diverse oral bacteria: Streptococcus oralis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola (as mono culture or selected mixed-culture). IFN-β expression increased upon infections depending on the type of pathogen and was prolonged by the presence of the implant. IFN-β expression kinetics reduced with two mixed species infections when compared with the single species. Histological and confocal microscopy confirmed pathogen-specific infiltration of inflammatory cells at the implant-tissue interface. This was observed mainly in the vicinity of infected implants and was, in contrast to interferon expression, higher in infections with dual species. In summary, this non-invasive mouse model can be used to quantify longitudinally host inflammation in real time and suggests that the polymicrobial character of infection, highly relevant to clinical situations, has complex effects on host immunity.

Topic: Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
Subfield: Periodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences