jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic Prescription Patterns in Poland in the Years 2019–2024 Based on Reimbursement Data from the National Healthcare Fund

Background/Objectives: The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic included a notable shift in antibiotic prescribing patterns, with use declining and then rising again as restrictions were lifted. In Poland, point-of-care (POC) testing for infections such as influenza A/B, COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Group A Streptococcus was widely introduced in primary care in recent years. This study investigates the patterns of oral antibiotic prescription in Poland during the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. Methods: We analyzed Polish National Healthcare Fund data on reimbursed oral antibiotics—Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) J01 class—sold between 2019 and 2024. We quantified antibiotic groups by the number of packages sold and individual agents using the defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitants per day (DDD/TID). Results: Total oral antibiotic reimbursements noted a significant fall from 2019 to 2020 (20.9 million vs. 14.5 million packages reimbursed) and subsequently surged from 16.3 million packages in 2021 to 20.9 million in 2024. The most prescribed groups were penicillins (J01C), macrolides (J01F), and other beta-lactams (J01D). Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid was the most commonly used individual antibiotic, with its DDD/TID rising from an average of 2.3 to 2.6 in 2024. Although the use of phenoxymethylpenicillin initially decreased after the introduction of “strep-tests” in 2022 (DID 0.18 in 2023 vs. 0.23 in 2022), it increased again to 0.26 in 2024. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate a slight continuous increase in oral antibiotic use in Poland, despite the current widespread availability of POC testing. The persistent and growing preference for amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, an agent not typically recommended as first-line treatment for most infections, suggests that antibiotic stewardship efforts need to continue in order to curb inappropriate prescription.

Topic: Antibiotic Use and Resistance
Subfield: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Magnetization transfer in lamellar liquid crystals

Purpose This study examines the relationship between quantitative magnetization transfer (qMT) parameters and the molecular composition of a model lamellar liquid crystal (LLC) system composed of 1‐decyl alcohol (decanol), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and water. Methods Samples were made within a stable lamellar mesophase to provide different ratios of total semisolid protons (SDS + decanol) to water protons. Data were collected as a function of radiofrequency power, frequency offset, and temperature. qMT parameters were estimated by fitting a standard model to the data. Fitting results of four different semisolid line shapes were compared. Results A super‐Lorentzian line shape for the semisolid component provided the best fit. The estimated amount of semisolids was proportional to the ratio of decanol‐to‐water protons. Other qMT parameters exhibited nonlinear dependence on sample composition. Magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) was a linear function of the semisolid fraction over a limited range of decanol concentration. Conclusion In LLC samples, MT between semisolid and water originates from intramolecular nOe among decanol aliphatic chain protons followed by proton exchange between decanol hydroxyl and water. Exchange kinetics is influenced by SDS, although SDS protons do not participate in MT. These studies provide clinically relevant range of semisolid fraction proportional to detected MTR. Magn Reson Med 72:1427–1434, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Topic: Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On power basis of a class of number fields

Let $f(x)=x^n+ax^2+bx+c \in \Z[x]$ be an irreducible polynomial with $b^2=4ac$ and let $K=\Q(θ)$ be an algebraic number field defined by a complex root $θ$ of $f(x)$. Let $\Z_K$ deonote the ring of algebraic integers of $K$. The aim of this paper is to provide the necessary and sufficient conditions involving only $a,c$ and $n$ for a given prime $p$ to divide the index of the subgroup $\Z[θ]$ in $\Z_K$. As a consequence, we provide families of monogenic algebraic number fields. Further, when $\Z_K \neq \Z[θ]$, we determine explicitly the index $[\Z_K : \Z[θ]]$ in some cases.

Topic: Advanced Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Aanzienlijke variatie in chirurgische behandeling van distale radiusfractuur

The optimum treatment of patients with distal radius fracture has not been entirely clarified resulting in possible major variations between hospitals in the number of patients undergoing surgical treatment. The objective of this study was to examine the variation in surgical treatment rates of patients with distal radius fractures across Dutch hospitals. Retrospective study. Aggregated data for all patients with a distal radius fracture were obtained for 2012 and 2013 on the basis of reimbursement codes. The surgical rate across hospitals was corrected for several variables using linear regression analysis. We analysed a total of 95,754 reimbursements. The operative rate ranged from 0% to 23%, with a mean of 9.6%. Hospital type, the percentage of females, the percentage of patients over 65, the mean age, average socioeconomic status, and the total number of patients treated explained only 2.6% of the observed differences in operative rate between hospitals in 2012 and 11.6% in 2013. Our results suggest that non-scientific factors, such as surgeon's age, background, and local culture, influence therapeutic decisions in patients with distal radius fractures

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis When Reducing Insulin Dosage in Patients Taking Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor

Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor has been recently reported of diabetic ketoacidosis due to accumulation of ketone bodies in patients with severe dehydration caused from such like diarrhea even though the patient had normal glucose level. This is a case of ketoacidosis in normal glucose level as production of ketone bodies is stimulated in liver with increased secretion of glucagon by stimulation of α cells in pancreas due to increase of lipolysis caused from reducing insulin and by SGLT2 inhibitor among patients who are under concurrent insulin and SGLT2 inhibitor. Thus, insulin dosage reduction requires caution in order to control blood glucose level on combined treatment of SGLT2 inhibitor in a patient who is administering insulin because the patient may be caused ketoacidosis in normal blood glucose level.

Topic: Diabetes Treatment and Management
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Mapping functional groups can provide insight into ecosystem functioning and potential resilience of intertidal sandflats

The ability of species to maintain ecosystem functions under environmental stress depends on their vulnerability, adaptability and potential for dispersal and re-establishment. Species that share traits can perform similar functions, thus offering functional redundancy, and therefore potentially confer resilience in ecosystem function. In this regard, both species abundance and occurrence across a landscape are likely to affect the importance of redundancy. To investigate spatial patterns in functional redundancy, we assessed the degree to which specific functional traits linked to ecosystem function are shared, along with patterns of abundance and distribution, in a macrobenthic community (115 taxa; 23 682 individuals) sampled in 400 plots from a large intertidal area (300 000 m2). We defined 26 functional groups; 85% of these contained more than 1 species and 50% more than 3 species. Most functional group (22 of 26) distributions were non-random (as identified by Moran's I) and fell into 1 of 3 spatial patterns - gradients (n = 8 function groups), and large (n = 2) and small patches (n = 12) - that separate the functional attributes of the macrobenthic community. Only 2 functional groups exhibited low species richness and low abundance, but their widespread occurrence could provide resilience to small-scale disturbances. This spatial consideration of functional group distribution stresses the notion that resilience is likely to be scale-dependent rather than a commodity on offer across a whole system. Our findings emphasise the importance not only of within-functional group species richness but also of abundance and occurrence as a framework to investigate functional diversity and resilience of benthic seafloor communities.

Topic: Marine and coastal plant biology
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Action Beyond Exhibition: Amplifying Photovoice Through Social Action After a Community Health Needs Assessment in Philadelphia

Photovoice is a participatory action research method that was founded on mobilizing communities toward action. However, there is limited research detailing the action stages of photovoice that are meant to follow the initial research. In this article, we describe the action stage of a youth photovoice project conducted at the planning phase of a Community Health Needs Assessment of the Latino community in North Philadelphia. In collaboration with local leaders, we utilized photovoice to prioritize the health needs identified in the assessment. We announced a request for proposals and launched twelve, 1-year, community catalyst grants in the amount of US$50,000 each. While grants were funded and implemented, the participants continued to exhibit their findings in Philadelphia City Hall and engage with city policymakers. We developed a health policy workshop where Philadelphia youth beyond the original photovoice participants could learn advocacy skills and policy research to develop a proposal addressing a priority health need identified through photovoice. This workshop was expanded into a year-round program where participants can be matched with a career mentor, engage in professional development sessions, and continue to refine and advocate for their policy proposal. We found that successful action planning stemmed from setting goals several steps ahead of the current stage of action while enhancing the ability to center community voice in guiding action forward. Photovoice influenced decision-making throughout each of the steps taken toward action. Future research should recognize and describe action planning as a central tenet of photovoice methodologies.

Topic: Participatory Visual Research Methods
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Novel Minicircle Vector for Gene Therapy in Murine Myocardial Infarction

Background— Conventional plasmids for gene therapy produce low-level and short-term gene expression. In this study, we develop a novel nonviral vector that robustly and persistently expresses the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) therapeutic gene in the heart, leading to functional benefits after myocardial infarction. Methods and Results— We first created minicircles (MC) carrying double-fusion reporter gene consisting of firefly luciferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein (Fluc-eGFP) for noninvasive measurement of transfection efficiency. Mouse C2C12 myoblasts and normal FVB/N mice were used for in vitro and in vivo confirmation, respectively. Bioluminescence imaging showed stable MC gene expression in the heart for &gt;12 weeks and the activity level was 5.6±1.2-fold stronger than regular plasmid at day 4 ( P &lt;0.01). Next, we created MC carrying HIF-1α (MC-HIF-1α) therapeutic gene for treatment of myocardial infarction. Adult FVB/N mice underwent left anterior descending ligation and were injected intramyocardially with: (1) MC-HIF-1α; (2) regular plasmid carrying HIF-1α (PL-HIF-1α) as positive control; and (3) PBS as negative control (n=10/group). Echocardiographic study showed a significantly greater improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction in the MC group (51.3%±3.6%) compared to regular plasmid group (42.3%±4.1%) and saline group (30.5%±2.8%) at week 4 ( P &lt;0.05 for both). Histology demonstrated increased neoangiogenesis in both treatment groups. Finally, Western blot showed MC express &gt;50% higher HIF-1α level than regular plasmid. Conclusion— Taken together, this is the first study to our knowledge to demonstrate that MC can significantly improve transfection efficiency, duration of transgene expression, and cardiac contractility. Given the serious drawbacks associated with most viral vectors, we believe this novel nonviral vector can be of great value for cardiac gene therapy protocols.

Topic: Virus-based gene therapy research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Thyroid Cancer Treatment and Subsequent Infertility Diagnosis in Female Adolescents and Young Adults: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Background: Unnecessary treatment of thyroid cancer as a result of increased surveillance may be associated with substantial side effects, including infertility, often without improvements in survival rates.&#13;\n&#13;\nObjective: To examine the association between thyroid cancer treatment and subsequent infertility diagnosis.&#13;\n&#13;\nStudy Design: Population-based cohort study of female Adolescent and Young Adults (AYAs, 15-39 years) who have been treated for thyroid cancer between 1992 and 2011 in Ontario and lived at least 5 years after cancer diagnosis. Exposure data were obtained through the CIHI/DAD, which was linked to several health care data sources through ICES. Thyroid cancer treatment, from less invasive to more aggressive, was categorized as: less than total thyroidectomy-LTT, total thyroidectomy-TOT, or TOT accompanied with radioactive iodine therapy-TOT+RAI. Women were followed in the cohort until December 31, 2016. Infertility diagnosis was identified using information on physician billed claims through the OHIP database (ICD-9 628). Modified Poisson regression models were used to examine associations between type of thyroid cancer treatment and infertility diagnosis, adjusting for confounding factors.&#13;\n&#13;\nResults: From 4,926 female AYAs with thyroid cancer during the study period, 849 (17%) received LTT, 2457 (50%) TOT, 1620 (33%) TOT + RAI. Mean age at cancer diagnosis was 31.04 years (SD=5.99). The median follow-up time for cancer survivors was 10.78 years (IQR=6.96-15.77). A total of 563 (11%) had a subsequent diagnosis of infertility. The frequency of infertility diagnosis was similar among treatments (p=0.99), with a similar mean time to infertility diagnosis (p=0.69). Mean age at infertility diagnosis was 35.26 years (SD=5.48). Compared to women with LTT, women who received TOT or TOT+RAI did not have a higher risk of subsequent infertility diagnosis (RR=0.98, 95% CI: 0.78, 1.24, p=0.86; RR=0.93, 95% CI: 0.72, 1.20, p=0.55 respectively).&#13;\n&#13;\nConclusions: More aggressive types of thyroid cancer treatment are not associated with an increased risk of infertility diagnosis when compared to the least aggressive type of treatment. Findings of this study are similar to those of others that have examined treatment effects on female reproductive outcomes. Further research is needed to elucidate whether ICD-9 628 code for female infertility is a valid measure of female infertility.

Topic: BRCA gene mutations in cancer
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Role of MnS inclusions in hydrogen assisted cracking of steel exposed to H<sub>2</sub>S saturated salt solution

The role of MnS inclusions in the crack growth behaviour of quenched and tempered medium carbon steel exposed to H2S saturated salt solution has been studied. In this environment, crack extension in the short transverse orientations occurs in a discontinuous manner which is associated with the development of inclusion nucleated subsidiary cracks ahead of the main crack. The high hydrogen activity of the H2S saturated salt solution causes both matrix embrittlement and the accumulation of hydrogen at the inclusion/matrix interface in a molecular form. In the case of specimens containing pre-existing cracks, the formation of secondary cracks in the short transverse plane ahead of the main crack is caused by pressurization effects at colonies of closely spaced large inclusions. The discontinuous growth observed in these specimens is attributed to the operation of the pressurization mechanism.

Topic: Hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion behaviors in metals
Subfield: Metals and Alloys
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
CRISPRimmunity: an interactive web server for CRISPR-associated Important Molecular events and Modulators Used in geNome edIting Tool identifYing

Abstract The CRISPR-Cas system is a highly adaptive and RNA-guided immune system found in bacteria and archaea, which has applications as a genome editing tool and is a valuable system for studying the co-evolutionary dynamics of bacteriophage interactions. Here introduces CRISPRimmunity, a new web server designed for Acr prediction, identification of novel class 2 CRISPR-Cas loci, and dissection of key CRISPR-associated molecular events. CRISPRimmunity is built on a suite of CRISPR-oriented databases providing a comprehensive co-evolutionary perspective of the CRISPR-Cas and anti-CRISPR systems. The platform achieved a high prediction accuracy of 0.997 for Acr prediction when tested on a dataset of 99 experimentally validated Acrs and 676 non-Acrs, outperforming other existing prediction tools. Some of the newly identified class 2 CRISPR-Cas loci using CRISPRimmunity have been experimentally validated for cleavage activity in vitro. CRISPRimmunity offers the catalogues of pre-identified CRISPR systems to browse and query, the collected resources or databases to download, a well-designed graphical interface, a detailed tutorial, multi-faceted information, and exportable results in machine-readable formats, making it easy to use and facilitating future experimental design and further data mining. The platform is available at http://www.microbiome-bigdata.com/CRISPRimmunity. Moreover, the source code for batch analysis are published on Github (https://github.com/HIT-ImmunologyLab/CRISPRimmunity).

Topic: CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Sperm ultrastructure in the marine bivalve families Carditidae and Crassatellidae and its bearing on unification of the Crassatelloidea with the Carditoidea

An investigation of sperm ultrastructure in representatives of the marine bivalve families Carditidae (Carditoidea) and Crassatellidae (Crassatelloidea) reveals features o f taxonomic significance. Spermatozoa of Cardita muricata (Carditidae) and Eucrassatella cumingii, E. kingicola, Talabrica aurora (Crassatellidae) differ from the classic aquasperm type in having an elongate acrosomal vesicle and elongate nucleus. In addition, the midpiece region in these species is composed of a distinctive, and here considered t o be apomorphic. arrangement of 8 (rarely 7 or 9), tightly abutted mitochondria grouped around ii dense rod which is continuous with the distal centriole (basal body). A recognizable (i.e. triplet‐substructure) proximal centriole is therefore absent in mature spermatozoa of crassatellids and carditids. This situation contrasts with the presence of an unmodified proximal centriole in the spermatozoa o f all other investigated bivalves. Observations on crassatellid and carditid spermatids indicate that the dense r o d is derived through metamorphosis of the proximal centriole. The shared and highly characteristic midpiece features of spermatozoa of the Crassatellidae and Carditidae clearly indicate ii close relationship between these families and support the unification of the Crassatelloidea and Carditoidea into a single superfamily Carditoidea Fleming. 1820 (date priority over Crassatelloidea Férussac. 1822).

Topic: Marine Bivalve and Aquaculture Studies
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Effect of Background Noise on the Operation of Oscillators†

ABSTRACT A method for the analysis of the effect of noise on the output of oscillators is presented. The method is based on the balance between the equivalent linearization parameters of the oscillator and the noise. The presence of the noise moves the poles of the equivalent and noise-free linear model to the left, causing the oscillator to operate as a negative resistance noise amplifier with extremely high gain and selectivity. The variations in the envelope of the noise amplifier output are strongly suppressed by the amplitude-control action of the oscillator non-linearity, the effect of the non-linearity being equivalent to gain changes of the noise amplifier which keep the output almost constant. Expressions are derived for the autocorrelation function and spectral density of the oscillator output. The model of the oscillator analysed is composed of an L—C tank circuit, an active non-linear part which presents to the tank an equivalent negative conductance, and an amplitude control mechanism controlling the amplitude by controlling the value of the negative conductance presented to the tank. The results cover oscillators with instantaneous non-linearity as well as oscillators with separate automatic amplitude control.

Topic: Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Tropical Assemblage: The Soviet Large Panel in Cuba

Abstract Palmarola and Alonso examine the confluence of science, technology, and ideology in one of the largest social housing projects in Latin America, the large-concrete-panel housing projects in Cuba. The authors demonstrate that Cuba's imagination of revolutionary change was simultaneously local and imported, arguing that the Cuban slogan "Revolution is Building" furthered the Cuban political project and that the Cuban government's framing of prefabricated housing paralleled its framing of the Cuban New Man. Large-panel construction, they argue, is a hybrid technology that is both Soviet and Cuban and made possible through local innovation and transnational exchange.

Topic: Cuban History and Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Acupuncture for diabetic neurogenic bladder

Abstract Background: Diabetic neurogenic bladder (DNB) is one of the common complications of diabetes mellitus, which has a high prevalence rate. Some research suggested that acupuncture can improve the clinical symptoms of diabetic neurogenic bladder patients, but there is no systematic review or meta-analysis to assess this therapy. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for patients with DNB. Methods: In this study, we will search for electronic databases including the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan-Fang, and Baidu Scholar Database from inception to December 2020. We will select randomized controlled trials that have been published in English or Chinese related to acupuncture for DNB. Selection of study, extraction of data, and assessment of study quality will be performed independently by 2 researchers, and we will use Revman 5.3 software which is provided by Cochrane assistance network, to perform the data analysis. Results: This study will provide evidence of the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for DNB. Conclusion: This study will clarify whether acupuncture is an effective treatment for DNB, and will also provide a reference for clinical practice and guidelines development.

Topic: Urinary Bladder and Prostate Research
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences