jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Bases and Nucleosides on the Intracellular Contents of Nucleotides and 5‐Phosphoribosyl 1‐pyrophosphate in <i>Escherichia coli</i>

It has been reported that supplying preformed purine and pyrimidine bases and nucleosides to growing cells of Escherichia coli and other organisms results in the preferential utilization of these precursors for nucleotide biosynthesis, but the factors responsible for inhibition of the de novo pathways in vivo are not known. We have surveyed the effects of addition of purine and pyrimidine bases and nucleosides on the intracellular contents of nucleotides and 5‐phosphoribosyl 1‐pyrophosphate ( P ‐Rib‐ PP ) of Escherichia coli in an attempt to determine what some of these factors might be. The results show that initially adenine is converted mainly to ATP, guanine mainly to GTP and uracil mainly to UTP, while hypoxanthine is converted to both ATP and GTP. The corresponding nucleosides have similar effects except for adenosine, whose effects are similar to those of hypoxanthine and inosine. All purine precursors, except for guanosine, deplete the intracellular content of P ‐Rib‐ PP to 10% or less of its normal value. This finding indicates that the limitation in the concentration of P ‐Rib‐ PP for the first reaction of the de novo pathway is an important factor in the inhibition of that pathway when a preformed purine is available to support a salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Our results also suggest that the decreased availability of P ‐Rib‐ PP may also cause immediate transient decreases observed in the levels of CTP and UTP, after the addition of a preformed purine precursor. Uracil as a pyrimidine precursor causes only a slight depletion of P ‐Rib‐ PP while uridine causes an initial increase in the P ‐Rib‐ PP content. It is concluded, therefore, that an increase in feedback inhibition, caused by elevated concentrations of uridine nucleotides, may be a major factor causing the inhibition of de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides when preformed pyrimidines are available, or that the inhibition may not be fully effective until repression and growth have diluted out the enzymes for the de novo biosynthesis.

Topic: Biochemical and Molecular Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Motive8! Feasibility of a Text Messaging Intervention to Promote Physical Activity in Knee Osteoarthritis

Aim: To develop and test the feasibility of using a SMS text messaging intervention to promote physical activity in patients with knee OA. 

Methods: 27 people (6 male, 21 female; aged 25-81 years) with knee osteoarthritis received 4 text messages per week, for 6 weeks. Telephone surveys were conducted at baseline and 6 weeks to measure physical activity levels and beliefs, including self-efficacy for exercise, barriers and benefits of exercise, social support and pain. Participants completed physical activity diaries. Process evaluation included participant perceptions of the intervention and 'real-time' data on intervention fidelity (automated collection of delivery and response data) and participant engagement (text response). 

Results: 648 messages were sent, 100% were accurately delivered. From baseline to 6 weeks, physical activity, self-efficacy for exercise, perceived benefits of exercise and social support significantly increased; reductions were observed in barriers to exercise and pain. Participants engaged with the intervention; 100% read the messages, 89% responded to texts requesting replies, 64% completed physical activity diaries with low attenuation (1.8% drop) by six weeks. Participants perceived messaging to be enjoyable (96%), personally relevant (85%), of appropriate frequency (100%) and duration (88%). Mobile phones, email and web were perceived to be most acceptable for health promotion compared with other forms of technology. 

Conclusions: People with knee osteoarthritis can engage meaningfully with an interactive mobile phone messaging intervention over a six-week period. Health communications promoting physical activity demonstrate potential for behaviour change and positive implications for perceptions of exercise and pain; this needs to be tested in a randomised trial. Data collected in 'real-time' can be used for process evaluation to demonstrate participant engagement and intervention fidelity.

Topic: Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Optimal Placement of Intermittent Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage System in Smart Power Distribution Networks

This paper presents an efficient strategy to optimally allocate renewable energy sources (RES), primarily wind and solar photovoltaic (PV), and energy storage system (ESS) in electrical distribution networks with a goal of minimizing costs and active power losses. The proposed planning strategy is used to determine the number of possible and optimal locations for the hybrid RES–ESS system. This paper further presents a control scheme to optimally dispatch the output of ESS, which increases the effective utilization of RES by reducing their day-ahead forecast errors in order to minimize the deviation between forecasted and actual values. In our proposed strategy, the location that produces the least overall power losses complying with the system constraints is considered as the optimal one. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, this paper considers a case study of a 16-bus test system that comprises of several loads, wind farm, PV, and ESS. The test results demonstrate that by determining the optimal bus location for the RES–ESS system, overall power losses as well as peak load can be significantly reduced.

Topic: Microgrid Control and Optimization
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluation of the Safety of Inhaled Corticosteroids for Childhood Asthma

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety of inhaled corticosteoids for childhood asthma.METHODS: The pertinent literature during 1998～2008 both at home and abroad were retrieved,and the safety of inhaled corticosteoids for childhood asthma was assessed from the three aspects: adrenocortical function,growth and development,and bone metabolism.RESULTS: Treatment of childhood asthma with short-term inhaled corticosteroids could influence the growth and development of children,yet it was safe in a long run.CONCLUSION: Safety and efficacy of inhaled corticosteoids can maintain equilibrium,and it is advisable to follow GINA plan in the treatment of childhood asthma in which the inhaled corticosteoids should be should for a long term.

Topic: Neonatal Respiratory Health Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Nutritional Pathways of the Intervertebral Disc

The pathways of material transfer to the intervertebral disc were studied in adult dogs by measuring diffusion of hydrogen molecules in the nucleus pulposus before and after disruption of the route through the annulus fibrosus and before and after disruption of the end-plate route. The interfaces was only in the central two-thirds of one side, caused significantly greater decrease in the rate of hydrogen washout than the disruption of the annulus route. Histologically, the bone-cartilage interface was frequently perforated by marrow cavity and vascular buds. These findings suggest that the end-plate route is a major pathway for material transfer to the intervertebral disc.

Topic: Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Environmental Triazole Induces Cross-Resistance to Clinical Drugs and Affects Morphophysiology and Virulence of Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans

ABSTRACT Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans are environmental fungi that cause cryptococcosis, which is usually treated with amphotericin B and fluconazole. However, therapeutic failure is increasing because of the emergence of resistant strains. Because these species are constantly isolated from vegetal materials and the usage of agrochemicals is growing, we postulate that pesticides could be responsible for the altered susceptibility of these fungi to clinical drugs. Therefore, we evaluated the influence of the pesticide tebuconazole on the susceptibility to clinical drugs, morphophysiology, and virulence of C. gattii and C. neoformans strains. The results showed that tebuconazole exposure caused in vitro cross-resistance (CR) between the agrochemical and clinical azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, and ravuconazole) but not with amphotericin B. In some strains, CR was observed even after the exposure ceased. Further, tebuconazole exposure changed the morphology, including formation of pseudohyphae in C. neoformans H99, and the surface charge of the cells. Although the virulence of both species previously exposed to tebuconazole was decreased in mice, the tebuconazole-exposed colonies recovered from the lungs were more resistant to azole drugs than the nonexposed cells. This in vivo CR was confirmed when fluconazole was not able to reduce the fungal burden in the lungs of mice. The tolerance to azoles could be due to increased expression of the ERG11 gene in both species and of efflux pump genes ( AFR1 and MDR1 ) in C. neoformans . Our study data support the idea that agrochemical usage can significantly affect human pathogens present in the environment by affecting their resistance to clinical drugs.

Topic: Fungal Infections and Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Absolute Quantitation of Intact Recombinant Antibody\nProduct Variants Using Mass\nSpectrometry

Accurate\nand precise quantitative measurement of product-related\nvariants of a therapeutic antibody is essential for product development\nand testing. Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are Abs composed of two\ndifferent half antibody arms, each of which recognizes a distinct\ntarget, and recently they have attracted substantial therapeutic interest.\nBecause of the increased complexity of its structure and its production\nprocess, as compared to a conventional monoclonal antibody, additional\nproduct-related variants, including covalent and noncovalent homodimers\nof half antibodies (hAbs), may be present in the bsAb product. Sufficient\nseparation and reliable quantitation of these bsAb homodimers using\nliquid chromatography (LC) or capillary electrophoresis-based methods\nis challenging because these homodimer species and the bsAb often\nhave similar physicochemical properties. Formation of noncovalent\nhomodimers and heterodimers can also occur. In addition, since homodimers\nshare common sequences with their corresponding halves and bsAb, it\nis not suitable to use peptides as surrogates for their quantitation.\nTo tackle these analytical challenges, we developed a mass spectrometry-based\nquantitation method. Chip-based nanoflow LC–time-of-flight\nmass spectrometry coupled with a standard addition approach provided\nunbiased absolute quantitation of these drug-product-related variants.\nTwo methods for the addition of known levels of standard (multi- or\nsingle-addition) were evaluated. Both methods demonstrated accurate\nand reproducible quantitation of homodimers at the 0.2% (w/w) level,\nwith the single-addition method having the promise of higher analytical\nthroughput.

Topic: Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Implementation and evaluation of the robust high-quality video transfer system on the broadband Internet

High-quality motion picture increases the Internet traffic because of the wide spread deployment of high-speed applications over the Internet. Nevertheless, since the Internet is a best effort network, it has no reliable end-to-end communication. FEC (forward error correction) can be used to repair the damage to communication quality due to packet loss. The growing requirement of FEC for high-quality video transmission is inevitable on broadband Internet. We have designed and implemented FEC, and integrated it to our developed video transfer system named "mpeg2ts". Our goal is to make it possible to deploy this system on the broadband Internet. However, the problem with constant redundancy of FEC is that weakness to fluctuation of network condition. To resolve this problem, in this paper, we design and evaluate an efficient FEC method for high-quality video transmission, and integrate it into a system to deploy it on the real broadband Internet. Moreover, transmission experiment demonstrates availability of developed system on the network.

Topic: Image and Video Quality Assessment
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Evaluation of biological activities of raw and cooked Brassica oleracea sprout extracts rich in bioactive compound Sulforaphane

Background and Aims: Broccoli sprout extract (Brassica oleracea) has extensive biological activities that are mainly attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds, such as sulforaphane. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of cooked and raw extracts of broccoli sprouts.\nMaterials and Methods: The amount of sulforaphane in broccoli sprout extract was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, the amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and antioxidant capacity were investigated by the DPPH free radical scavenging method. In addition, the antibacterial activity of raw and cooked sprout extracts on some bacteria was explored using disk diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by macro dilution method. Significant differences were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) through Duncanchr('39')s multiple range test.\nResults: Based on the results obtained by HPLC, the amount of sulforaphane in the raw broccoli sprout extract was determined to be 787.46 μg/mL. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of raw and cooked sprout extracts depicted a higher antioxidant activity with an increase in concentration. Furthermore, the antibacterial study showed that cooked sprout extract had higher antimicrobial activity, compared to the raw sprout extract (at a significance level of 0.05). The highest growth inhibition zone was found against Gram-positive Bacillus cereus strain with a diameter of 18±0.6 mm; moreover, the lowest amounts of MIC and MBC were obtained at 0.39 and 0.78 mg/mL, respectively.\nConclusion: In general, the results show that cooked broccoli sprout extract has significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities, compared to the raw sprout. Accordingly, it can be utilized in food, health, and medical products as a highly promising source. However, further studies are required to be conducted in this regard.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Diversity and Distribution of Macro Fungi in Some Selected Parks and Gardens of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

A survey was conducted during June to November, 2017 in five selected parks and gardens of Dhaka city, Bangladesh namely National Botanical Garden, National Zoo, Romna Park, Dhanmondi Lake and Boldha Garden. The investigation was done to analyze the morphology, diversity and distribution of macro fungi A total of 44 macro fungi samples were collected and identified to 32 species under 18 genera and 18 families. The most frequent collected genera were Ganoderma sp., Daedeleopsis sp., Ramariopsis sp., Crepidotus sp. and Daldinia sp. The maximum frequency of identified species was exhibited by Ganoderma lucidum (9.46%), followed by Ganoderma applanatum (8.1%), Volvariella volvacea (5.41%), Agaricus bisporus (5.41%) Daedaleopsis confragosa (4.05%), Trametes versicolor (4.05%) and Ganoderma boninense (4.05%). The maximum density of occurrence among collected samples was exhibited by Ramariopsis kunzei (11.3%), Ganoderma lucidum (9.9%), Crepidotus variabilis (5.3%) and Daedaleopsis confragosa (3.76%). The predominant species found in National Botanical Garden is Ganoderma applanatum, in Ramna Park is Ganoderma lucidum, in Dhanmondi Lake is Ramariopsis kunzei, in Boldha Garden is Ganoderma lucidum and in National zoo is Amanita bisporigera. The collected specimens were deposited to the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Herbarium of Macro Fungi (SHMF).

Topic: Fungal Biology and Applications
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Atypical picture of cervico-vaginal condylomatosis in a patient submitted to hepatic transplant. A case report.

A case is presented of diffused cervico-vaginal condylomata in a 32-year-old woman who had undergone hepatic transplant and successive immunosuppressive therapy, treated with DTC and beta IFN for topical use.

Topic: Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Geographic Cross-Sectional Fiscal Spending Multipliers: What Have We Learned?

A geographic cross-sectional fiscal spending multiplier measures the effect of an increase in spending in one region in a monetary union.Empirical studies of such multipliers have proliferated in recent years.In this paper, I review this research and what the evidence implies for national multipliers.Based on an updated analysis of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and a survey of empirical studies, my preferred point estimate for a cross-sectional output multiplier is 1.8.Economic theory of how to map these multipliers into a national multiplier has also advanced.Drawing on the theoretical literature, the paper discusses conditions under which the cross-sectional multiplier provides a rough lower bound for a particular national multiplier, the closed economy zero lower bound multiplier.Putting these elements together, the crosssectional evidence suggests a national zero lower bound multiplier of about 1.7 or above, at the upper end of most studies based on time series evidence.The paper concludes by offering suggestions for future research on cross-sectional multipliers.

Topic: Fiscal Policies and Political Economy
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Irving Berlin’s Theater

Abstract Berlin’s conception of musical theater grew from his experiences performing in the saloons of New York’s Lower East Side in the early twentieth century. The term Lower East Side Aesthetic encompasses a distinctively Jewish survivalist sensibility for which expert craftsmanship serves faith in the audience, expressed in Berlin’s notion that “the mob is always right.” His songwriting reflects that belief in its disciplined simplicity, calculated repetition, deployment of antithesis, use of ragtime’s musical and linguistic features, and above all, in Berlin’s uniquely omnivorous stylistic range. His notion of theater likewise embraced everything available on the American musical stage: minstrelsy, vaudeville, revue, musical comedy, operetta, and opera. Above all, Berlin’s stage work manifests a meta-theatrical impulse: a sense that theater thrives by being about itself and reminding the audience of that fact.

Topic: Cinema and Media Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Organic‐inorganic hybrid sol‐gel materials, 1. Preparation and characterization

Abstract Three organic‐inorganic hybrid materials have been prepared by incorporating poly(styrene‐co‐methyl methacrylate) (poly(St‐co‐MMA)), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and polystyrene (PS) structure units covalently into the SiO 2 glass network via the sol‐gel approach. The polymer precursors were synthesized by freeradical copolymerization of styrene and/or methyl methacrylate with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MSMA) to obtain the poly(St‐co‐MMA‐co‐MSMA) copolymer (molar ratio St/MMA/MSMA = 30/48/22), poly(MMA‐co‐MSMA) copolymer (molar ratio MMA/MSMA = 76/24), and poly(St‐co‐MSMA) copolymer (molar ratio St/MSMA = 69/31) with glass transition temperatures at about 67°C, 68°C, and 61°C, respectively. The characteristics and properties of the copolymers were characterized by 1 H NMR, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC), elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The copolymers were then hydrolysed and co‐condensated with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature to afford monolithic poly(St‐co‐MMA)SiO 2 , PMMASiO 2 , and PS‐SiO 2 hybrid sol‐gel materials having SiO 2 contents of 16–84 wt.‐%. The thermal properties of the hybrid materials were characterized by TGA and DSC.

Topic: Polyoxometalates: Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Grouping-oriented admission control strategy in LTE-A/WLAN network

As the fifth generation of mobile technology (5G) is positioned to address the demands and business contexts of 2020 and beyond, many people devote themselves to explore a novel network architecture and communication solution. With the 5G springing up, the style of how people acquire, manage and engage with information will change. To meet this growing trend, a grouping-oriented admission control is proposed. The traditional heterogeneous network improves itself to realize anti-frequency networking by small base stations deployed in L-TEA and WLAN. The small base stations in one groups working in different frequency enhance the system energy efficiency. The strategy improves the quality of service users markedly. The simulation results shed light on that the admission control strategy really has a good effect on the improvement of the system performance.

Topic: Wireless Networks and Protocols
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Missed Opportunity: Women and the 2010 UK General Election

The 2010 UK general election presented a rare opportunity to significantly enhance women's representation in the UK due to the larger numbers of vacant?held seats following the parliamentary expenses scandal of 2009. However, despite encouraging words and commitments from the main political parties, the opportunity was missed. The proportion of women's representation in the UK parliament remains at around 22 per cent, comparing unfavourably with countries as diverse as Rwanda and Sweden, and leaving the UK ranking 52nd in the global league table. Although there is no one single answer for achieving sex parity in politics, many factors can increase women's opportunities. At the 2010 general election, only the Labour party adopted the strategy of‘equality guarantees'; the other two parties preferred ‘equality rhetoric’ and‘equality promotion'; the outcome of the general election demonstrated, once again, the efficacy of the Labour party's equality guarantees.

Topic: Gender Politics and Representation
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences