jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological mechanisms in the cardiovascular effects of DCLHb, a hemoglobin based blood substitute

The search for a clinically useful blood substitute has been stimulated by the inherent\\nlimitations of the homologous blood transfusion system, particularly its sufficiency, safety and\\ncosts. Blood has been described as the "most complicated fluid in animals" (Winslow, 1992).\\nAn attempt to forulUlate a blood substitute is misguided because blood is composed of a complex\\nmixture of fluids, cells, salts, proteins and numerous other molecules having various functions\\nand characteristics. The hemorrhage or loss of blood foremost results in a hypovolemic state and\\nultimately leads to depletion of oxygen delivering capability (Dracker, 1995).\\nBiologically significant hemorrhage may be defined as a blood loss sufficient to impair\\noxygen transport (Shoemaker et al., 1973; Bassin et al., 1971; Hauser and Shoemaker, 1982).\\nThe major physiological effect of hemorrhage is anemia and hypovolemia leading to drastic\\naIterations in blood flow to the vital organ systems (Prough et al., 1991). The persistent\\nhypoperfusion to organ systems is responsible for ultimate organ failure even after reperfusion\\n(Knaus et al., 1985). The infusion of large volume of Ringer\\'s lactate in the resuscitation of\\nhemorrhaged patients is associated with several disadvantages. In addition, problems associated\\nwith blood transfusion necessitate the development of an alternative resuscitative solution which\\ncan be administered in small volumes and is effective in combating the comprom.ised\\nhemodynamics. Haemoglobin-based blood substitutes (oxygen carriers) have been proposed to\\nbe effective in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock.\\nThe major categories of blood substitutes include the (I) perfluorocarbon solutions and (2)\\nhaemoglobin based compounds.

Topic: Hemoglobin structure and function
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Schlieren visualization of focused ultrasound beam steering for spatially specific stimulation of the vagus nerve

&lt;p&gt;In the bioelectronic medicine field, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a promising technique that is expected to treat numerous inflammatory conditions, in addition to the currently FDA approved treatment for epilepsy, depression and obesity [1]. However, current VNS techniques are still limited in the spatial resolution that they can achieve, which limits its therapeutic effect and induces side effects such as coughing, headache and throat pain. In our prior work, we presented a curved ultrasound (US) transducer array with a diameter of 2 mm and with 112 miniature US transducer elements, small enough to be wrapped around the vagus nerve for precise ultrasound nerve stimulation [2]. Due to the curved alignment of the US transducers with 48 of the elements simultaneously excited, the emitted US was naturally focused at the center of the curvature. Building on this work, we employ a beam steering technique to move the focal spot to arbitrary locations within the focal plane of the transducer array. The beam steering was controlled through an in-house built US driver system and was visualized using a pulsed laser schlieren system. The propagation of the US pulse in water was imaged and recorded. This method was found to be a rapid and effective means of visualizing the US propagation. &lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Juvenile Open Angle Glaucoma With Nonbullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma

Introduction: Glaucoma in patients with nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NBCIE) is a rare entity that has not been described in a histologically confirmed case. We present a unique case of coexisting glaucoma, ichthyosis, and dwarfism that has not been previously described. Methods: We present a case of NBCIE with glaucoma and dwarfism that presented to our outpatient department. The patient was referred for watering and photophobia that were due to an epithelial defect that was subsequently managed conservatively. Investigations revealed the existence of a constellation of findings that are presented here. Results: NBCIE, glaucoma, and dwarfism represent a spectrum of diseases that seem to have a syndromic association. More gene linkage–based analysis are, however, needed to further confirm our observations. Conclusions: NBCIE, glaucoma, and dwarfism can often occur together and need to be assessed and managed individually. Early diagnosis of this spectrum can help improve patient management and quality of life. Dermatologists must get an ocular examination conducted for icthyoses patients.

Topic: Skin and Cellular Biology Research
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Colossal Terahertz Field Enhancement in Slant Nano-Antennas

Metallic nanostructures have important roles in electromagnetic field manipulations due to the localization of electromagnetic waves, for which fabrication techniques in nanotechnology have been developed. To achieve higher field enhancement, it is required to decrease the dimensions of the nanostructures such as thickness or width of the gap. Here, we fabricated the slant nano-antennas where a portion of metals on each side is overlapped. The slant nano-antennas realize higher electromagnetic field enhancement while keeping background noise almost zero.

Topic: Plasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Significance of joint‐spike events based on trial‐shuffling by efficient combinatorial methods

Abstract The assembly hypothesis suggests that information processing in the cortex is mediated by groups of neurons expressed by their coordinated spiking activity. Thus, the unitary events analysis was designed to detect the presence of conspicuous joint‐spike events in multiple single‐unit recordings and to evaluate their statistical significance. The null hypothesis of the associated test assumes independent Poisson processes and leads to parametric significance estimation. In order to allow for arbitrary processes here we suggest to base the significance estimation on trial shuffling and resampling. In this scheme the null hypothesis is implemented by combining spike trains from nonsimultaneous trials and counting the joint‐spike events. The coincidence distribution serving for the significance estimation is generated by repetitive resampling. The number of all possible recombinations, however, grows dramatically with the number of trials and neurons and thus is not practical for a user‐interactive implementation of the analysis. We have suggested a Monte‐Carlo‐based resampling procedure and demonstrated that the procedure yields an appropriate estimate of the distribution and reliable significance estimation. In contrast, here, we present an exact solution. Rewriting the statistical problem in terms of certain macrostates, we are able to systematically sample the coincidence counts from all trial combinations. In addition we restrict the generating process to those counts forming the relevant tail of the distribution. The computationally effective implementation uses the concept of partitions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Topic: Neural dynamics and brain function
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Shequ construction and service development in urban China: an examination of the Shenzhen model

Journal Article Shequ construction and service development in urban China: an examination of the Shenzhen model Get access Ning Tang, Ning Tang **Address for correspondence: Ning Tang is a Ph.D. Candidate at the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA; email: ntang@crimson.ua.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Fei Sun Fei Sun Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Community Development Journal, Volume 52, Issue 1, January 2017, Pages 10–20, https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsw055 Published: 14 February 2017 Article history Accepted: 01 December 2016 Published: 14 February 2017

Topic: Healthcare innovation and challenges
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
On Some Properties of Solutions of Second Order Linear Functional Differential Equations

Abstract The properties of solutions of the equation u″ ( t ) = p 1 ( t ) u ( τ 1 ( t )) + p 2 ( t ) u′ ( τ 2 ( t )) are investigated where p i : [ a , +∞[→ R ( i = 1, 2) are locally summable functions, τ 1 : [ a , +∞[→ R is a measurable function and τ 2 : [ a , +∞[→ R is a nondecreasing locally absolutely continuous one. Moreover, τ i ( t ) ≥ t ( i = 1, 2), p 1 ( t ) ≥ 0, , ε = const &gt; 0 and . In particular, it is proved that solutions whose derivatives are square integrable on [ a , +∞ [ form a one-dimensional linear space and for any such solution to vanish at infinity it is necessary and sufficient that .

Topic: Nonlinear Differential Equations Analysis
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Examples of Nonnormal Seminormal Operators whose Spectra are not Spectral Sets

An example is given of a nonnormal seminormal operator on a Hilbert space whose spectrum is thin (in the sense of von Neumann) and is therefore not a spectral set. It is shown that every nonnormal subnormal operator is the limit of a sequence of hyponormal and nonsubnormal operators.

Topic: Holomorphic and Operator Theory
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
“You’re absolutely right!!”

The English degree adverb absolutely and its Spanish equivalent absolutamente may function as modifiers of words of different kinds, as Adjuncts and as (parts of) minor clauses. This article sets forth a quantitative analysis, based on naturally-occurring linguistic data, of the distribution of these functions for both adverbs. Apart from distributional differences between the two adverbs and between their occurrences in spoken and written language, the results show that when they are modifiers of words or Verbal Group-oriented Adjuncts, their main function is to qualify (part of) the propositional content of the utterance; however, when they are clausal Adjuncts or (parts of) minor clauses, they are often geared to the performance of discourse functions such as contrast, concession or agreement. These functions are shared with some adverbs of certainty such as ‘certainly’ or ‘definitely’, which suggests that the semantic difference between degree and certainty tends to be blurred when adverbs of maximal strength of both types are used for performing discourse functions that enhance assertiveness.

Topic: Spanish Linguistics and Language Studies
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
How Informative Is the CANTAB to Assess Executive Functioning in Children With ADHD? A Controlled Study

Objective: The authors examined the utility of the computerized Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to evaluate executive functioning deficits in children with ADHD. Method: Participants were unmedicated children and adolescents with ( n = 107) and without ( n = 45) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) ADHD. The authors administered the CANTAB Eclipse battery, which comprises specific tasks shown to be deficient in individuals with ADHD. Results: With the exception of the affective go/no-go total omissions, ADHD participants were significantly more impaired on all other subtests of the CANTAB in comparison with controls. Effect sizes for individual CANTAB tests were largely in the medium range with the largest effect sizes seen in spatial working memory total and between errors. Conclusion: These CANTAB results are highly congruent with those reported in studies using traditional neuropsychological testing batteries, supporting the utility of the CANTAB to assess neuropsychological deficits in children with ADHD in clinical and research settings.

Topic: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Race and left ventricle hypertrophy without hypertension and pulmonary heart disease].

In the absence of hypertension and other cardiopulmonar diseases, LHV is common in necropsies in Salvador, Brazil, with similar frequencies in blacks, whites and mullatos and seems not be a risk factor for hypertension in black people.

Topic: Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Political Transfer and “Trading Up”?: Transatlantic Trade in Genetically Modified Food and U.S. Politics

Although there is a popular perception that trade liberalization undermines domestic regulation, under certain circumstances international trade can provide a catalyst for making domestic regulations more stringent. This article makes a case extending the applicability of the so-called trading-up thesis by finding evidence of change within the United States in response to the transatlantic trade dispute over genetically modified food. In particular, it argues that political transfer—the transfer of political concern from one jurisdiction to political mobilization in another—can prompt policy change even in the absence of the adoption of foreign standards by domestic firms.

Topic: World Trade Organization Law
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Self-Assembled Ternary Complex of Cationic Dendrimer, Cucurbituril, and DNA:  Noncovalent Strategy in Developing a Gene Delivery Carrier

A ternary complex of PPI-DAB dendrimer [(1,4-diaminobutane); Gen = N; dendri-poly(propyleneimine); -[NHC(=O)CH(2)NH(2)(+)(CH(2))(4)NH(3)(+)](z)()], DNA, and cucurbituril (CB) was evaluated as an example of a totally self-assembled gene delivery carrier. The complex was formed in a noncovalent way in which DNA interacts with PPI-DAB electrostatistically and CB with PPI-DAB through multiple noncovalent interactions. Dynamic light scattering data indicated that the diameter and size distributions of the complexes were dependent upon the sequence of mixing of each component with unimodal distribution ranging from 150.8 to 210.2 nm under favorable conditions. Fluorescence studies showed the quantitative binding of CB to PPI-DAB after ternary complex formation. The complex was able to transfect mammalian cells with high efficiency and the cytotoxicity of the PPI-DAB/CB complex was relatively low.

Topic: RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The mastery of the Takhtabush as a paradigm traditional design element in the hot zone climate

The Takhtabush "A covered outdoor sitting area at ground level" was introduced in the Mamluk period in the 12th century to the traditional courtyard in Egypt (El-Shorbagy 2010). It is located between the shaded courtyard and the backyard, opening completely onto the courtyard and through a Mashrabia onto the backyard which ensures a steady flow of air by convection (Fathy 1986). Several studies investigated the thermal performance of the courtyard and few of them highlighted on the importance of the Takhtabush. No one investigated how far the Takhtabush can affect the thermal performance of the courtyard. The author of this paper doubts the efficiency of the courtyard without the Takhtabush in hot arid zone where the air velocity during the summer is very low most of the time. The current research conducts a comparative study between two scenarios of the courtyard (with and without the Takhtabush) through technical investigation. The investigation is done using monitoring techniques with observation and field measurements. Data is analysed using statistical analysis software. The results showed quantitatively and qualitatively the importance of employing the Takhtabush to enhance the thermal performance of the courtyard.

Topic: Architecture and Cultural Influences
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The Acquisition of Drugs and Biologics for Chemical and Biological Warfare Defense. Department of Defense Interactions with the Food and Drug Administration

Chemical and biological threats confront U.S. military personnel today both overseas and in the continental United States, whether in defensive, peacekeeping, or offensive situations. Defenses against such threats are both medical and nonmedical. Drugs and biologics, mainly vaccines, constitute the primary medical defenses. Consequently, efforts of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) to protect American troops require the acquisition of drugs and biologics for chemical and biological warfare (CBW) defense. The objective of this acquisition, as is the case for other acquisitions, is to obtain the desired supply of a given product at an acceptable price. This study includes both drugs and biologics, but it emphasizes the latter (mainly focusing on vaccines, a subset of biologics). Vaccines provide advanced protection against biological warfare threats via immunization of at-risk troops and prior protection is a high priority within DoD. In contrast, drugs are useful mainly in treating already-exposed troops. Vaccine development is also more complicated than drug development because it typically involves manipulating live organisms, whereas drugs consist of more-stable chemical entities. DoD has two distinct roles during the acquisition of drugs and biologics for CBW defense: purchaser and developer. As purchaser of a drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for which a commercial market exists, DoD simply buys what it needs at the market price; DoD acquisition of influenza vaccine is a good example of this.

Topic: Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Analysis of Crisis Management of a Korean Fitness Center during the COVID-19 Pandemic

: The purpose of this research was to verify the importance and performance of crisis management in Korean fitness center using Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA). For this study, 304 fitness center executives and managers in Seoul and Gyeonggi region were selected as from March 21 to May 17, 2020. Frequency analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 and exploratory factor analysis was conducted to verify the validity and reliability. Priority analysis and IPA analysis were performed to compare the mean values, and the following results were obtained. First, in the first quadrant, there were 6 attributes besides keep social distancing between employees and customers. Second, in the second quadrant, there were four attributes in addition to regular disinfection of the gymnasium. Third, in the third quadrant, there were 6 attributes besides maintain furniture clean. Third, there were 6 attributes other than maintaining furniture clean in the third quadrant. Fourth, in the fourth quadrant, there are three attributes in addition to the restriction of face-to-face meetings. The conclusion is as follows. First, equip supplies for prevention of covid19, keep social distance, and check government support policies. Second, analyze of economic support policies, and research on their application methods. Third, Prepare various non-face-to-face communication methods and Untact(non-contact) marketing strategies. Fourth, make a checklist for factors with relatively little importance.

Topic: Consumer Perception and Purchasing Behavior
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Product Innovation and Design Strategies for 5G Technology in China’s Home Appliance Companies

With the continuous evolution of mobile communication systems, 5G technology has become a key driver for a smart home appliance ecosystem. Fifth-generation technology may create opportunities and threats for the home appliance industry in the stock market, and so companies that do not actively engage in product innovation activities will eventually be eliminated from the market because their products are not on trend. This study investigates Chinese household appliance industry firms to identify their innovation strategies, applied to cope with global competition and gain a competitive advantage, and explores the correlation and operation mode between innovation strategies and design strategies. For this study, we administered a questionnaire to analyze three innovation clusters for Chinese household appliance firms. Interviews were conducted to further understand the design strategies and priorities of Chinese home appliance companies in response to 5G technology, to explore the relationship between innovation strategies and product design strategies, and to provide a reference for the product design strategies of home appliance companies in response to global competition.

Topic: Service and Product Innovation
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Hepatoprotective Effects of Taraxacum officinale Root Extract on Permethrin-induced Liver Toxicity in Adult Mice

Background: Globally, permethrin is used as an insecticide for pest control in indoor environments and in agriculture to enhance food production by eradicating undesirable insects and controlling disease vectors. Objective: The present study investigated the protective effects of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) on permethrin-induced liver injury in mice. Methods: Adult mice were divided into four groups. The first group was the negative control group, whereas the second group was the positive control group that received dandelion through the diet at 2% (corresponding to a dose of 5 g/kg bw). The third group received permethrin (96 mg/kg bw) by gavage, whereas the fourth group received permethrin and a diet enriched with dandelion (cotreatment). All mice were sacrificed after 14 days of treatment. Results: Biomarkers of liver toxicity (AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH activities and bilirubin level) increased following permethrin treatment. Permethrin induced oxidative stress, which was indicated by an increase in MDA and GSH levels as well as GPx activity and a decrease in SOD activity. Permethrin treatment caused histological alterations in the liver, whereas co-treatment with dandelion reduced liver injury. Our results revealed that alterations of biochemical parameters and liver histological profile in mice following permethrin exposure were reversed towards normalization by the treatment with dandelion roots extract. Conclusion: The protective effect of this plant might be due to its antioxidant capacity.

Topic: Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences