jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Designing HIV gp120 Peptide Vaccines: Rhetoric or Reality for Neuro-AIDS

The majority of HIV subunit vaccines are based on the envelope proteins of HIV, namely, gp120 and gp 41, which form the gp160 glycoprotein complex, or on selected epitopes (immunogenic peptides) identified within these proteins. The focus of this chapter is to describe a novel strategy using comparative genomics to select a potential HIV-1 antigen (gp120). This novel approach has proven most promising for the subsequent screening of short peptides from HIV-1 gp120 antigen that are predicted to bind to a wide array of HLA alleles with a view toward the design of cocktail peptide vaccines. In the experimental model described in this chapter, the authors chopped the 510-residue segments of the gp120 envelope protein sequence into overlapping 9-residue-long peptides and then predicted the binding of all the peptides to 295 HLA-A alleles and 540 HLA-B alleles using T-Epitope Designer. The study model presented allowed the comparison of nine HIV-1 protein sequences with the protein sequences from the human genome, which showed that almost all HIV-1 proteins have some degree of sequence similarity to one or more human proteins. The viral diversity, together with host HLA variation in ethnic groups, sets the limit for peptide vaccine progress. The authors have outlined possible solutions to the issues using methods to predict appropriate T-cell epitopes and the rational design and synthesis of a highly conserved antigenic region of gp120. The experimental model described in the chapter serves as a framework for HIV-1 peptide vaccine design.

Topic: HIV Research and Treatment
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Top-quark mass determination in the optimised threshold scan

One of the important goals at the future e$^+$e$^-$ colliders is to measure the top-quark mass and width in a scan of the pair production threshold. Presented in this work is the most general approach to the top-quark mass determination from the threshold scan at CLIC, with all relevant model parameters and selected systematic uncertainties included in the fit procedure. In the baseline scan scenario the top-quark mass can be extracted with precision of the order of 30 to 40 MeV, already for 100 fb$^{-1}$ of data collected at the threshold. We present the optimisation procedure based on the genetic algorithm with which the statistical uncertainty of the mass measurement can be reduced by about 20%.

Topic: Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Oestrogen‐Mediated Suppression of Collagen‐Induced Arthritis in Rats

Administration or oestrogen to castrated female rats has previously been shown to exert a suppressive effect both on the development of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) and on the delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to collagen II (CII). The present study is concerned with the mechanisms responsible for this suppression, particularly as to the role of the thymus and the CD8 + T lymphocytes; both the thymic epithelial cells and the CD8 + T cells have earlier been implicated as responsible for oestrogen‐mediated immunomodulation on the basis of their expression of oestrogen receptors. Adult thymectomy alone did not affect either the incidence or severity of arthritis. Furthermore, adult thymectomy did not change the observed suppressive effects of oestrogen treatment on arthritis development or auto‐anti‐CII T‐cell immunity. Elimination of CD8 + T cells was subsequently achieved in groups of thymectomized rats by utilizing the fact that efficient depletion of CD8 + T cells occurs after in vivo treatment with OX8 monoclonal antibodies; depletion of peripheral CD8 + T cells failed to influence the suppressive effect of oestrogen on CIA and on the in vitro proliferate response of lymph‐node cells to‐CII. Depletion of CD8 + T cells did, however, in itself reduce the incidence of CIA in non‐oestrogen‐treated and thymectomized rats. We conclude that oestrogen may exert its suppressive effect on development of CIA and on T‐cell responsiveness via mechanisms independent of both the thymus and the CD8 + T‐cell subpopulation, but that CD8 + T cells are nevertheless involved in the regulation and/or effectuation of the immune reactions responsible for development of collagen arthritis in rats.

Topic: Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Health Behavior Selection Process of Young Adolescents

The health behavior selection process of young adolescents was explored using the grounded theory research method. Data were generated from in-depth interviews, field notes from school settings, and memos. A conceptual model was generated identifying 4 major categories: assessing/valuing, confirming, choosing, and safeguarding. The processes identified in the model offer the potential of developing new strategies for school nurses to influence health behavior outcomes among young adolescents.

Topic: School Health and Nursing Education
Subfield: Speech and Hearing
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Malaysian Sandwich Generation Issues and Challenges in Elderly Parents Care

Ageing is a growing concern all around the world. It is the biggest challenge for developing and developed countries, including Malaysia. Malaysia is a country, where ageing care centre runs under the government, NGOs and public sector, and recently few of the religious centres and entrepreneurs are working in this regard. However, still the facilities are lacking ; therefore; all across Malaysia Sandwich Generation families are still providing support to the elderly by themselves. Hence, this paper aims to highlight the concept of Sandwich Generation under the perspective of ageing issues in Malaysia. The “Sandwich Generation” is still an unknown term for Malaysian Society. It practically focuses on the new inclinations in a familial responsibility in the form of support and care for elderly parents along with children. This paper discusses the issues and challenges confronted by the sandwich generation (who are taking care of family and supporting elderly) residing in the leading states of Malaysia. This study adopts the qualitative research strategy, and the population consists of five sandwich generation families living in main states of Malaysia (Johor, Penang, Kedah, Selangor and Klang Valley area). The results highlight that issues such as financial, emotional, dim future, stress, fewer savings and time management are main issues confronting sandwich generation while they perform their role as a caregiver in Malaysia. A recommendation plan is being produced by keeping in view the problems facing by the sandwich generation.

Topic: Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Preoperative Application of Superselective External CarotidArtery Branch Embolization in Oral Cavity Tumor

Objective To evaluate preoperative embolization therapy in deep oral cavity tumor.Methods Superselective embolization of tumor-feeding artery branched from external carotid artery with gelfoam by Seldinger technique was carried in 18 cases with oral cavity tumor.Results After preoperative embolization,hemorrhage and complication rate during operation were markedly reduced.The respectable rate of the tumor was increased.Conclusion Preoperative superselective external carotid artery branch embolization is useful and simple,which makes the subsequent surgery in deep oral cavity tumor more safe and effective.

Topic: Bone Tumor Diagnosis and Treatments
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Passive Membrane Penetration of the Serotonin Precursor 5‐Hydroxytryptophan is Controlled by Its Zwitterion

Species‐specific partition coefficients in the octanol/water system were determined for the neurotransmitter serotonin (5‐ HT ) and its precursor 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐ HTP ). The pH ‐independent partition coefficients ( p ) of the individual microspecies were determined by combination of experimentally measured distribution constants and a custom‐tailored evaluation method, using highly similar auxiliary compounds. Experimental microscopic partition coefficients for triprotic molecules have only been reported before for thyroxine and its derivatives. The parabolic pH ‐distribution profile of 5‐ HT shows the dominance of the lipophilic non‐charged microspecies, with a log p of 0.66. However, the most lipophilic non‐charged form of 5‐ HTP , with a log p of 0.31, has no significant contribution to the distribution coefficient at any pH value. Instead, the less lipophilic zwitterionic protonation isomer dominates the distribution in the pH range 2.10 – 11.11. Although the non‐charged microspecies of 5‐ HTP is 151 times more lipophilic than its zwitterionic protonation isomer, the overwhelming dominance of the zwitterionic form ensures that its contribution to the overall lipophilicity exceeds 1320 times that of the non‐charged one. This fact is another counter‐example of the widespread belief that passive diffusion into lipophilic media is predominated by the non‐charged species. The lipophilicity profile of 5‐ HT and 5‐ HTP is depicted in terms of species‐specific lipophilicities.

Topic: Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Risk Factors for Cerebrospinal Leak after Endoscopic Skull Base Reconstruction with Nasoseptal Flap

Objective The use of expanded endonasal surgery (EES) in the treatment of skull base neoplasms has increased significantly in recent years. Since 2006, the nasoseptal flap (NSF) has become the workhorse for the closure of skull base defects involving the anterior and central skull base. We hypothesized that defect site impacts the rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak following EES. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting/Subjects/Methods Patients who underwent skull base defect repair using a NSF at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) minimally invasive skull base center were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, disease, and defect location and size were recorded along with the presence of a postoperative CSF leak. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. Results One hundred and twenty‐one patients met inclusion criteria. Ten patients had a NSF failure with CSF leakage, 2 in the anterior skull base (frontal sinus, ethmoid, cribriform, planum), and 8 in the central skull base (sella, clivus) ( P =. 047). Dural defect size ≥2.0 cm 2 in the central skull base strongly correlated with the risk of flap failure ( P =. 034). Conclusions This study of endoscopic closure of skull base defects using a NSF demonstrates there is an association between both surgical site and dural defect size with NSF failure. Expanded defects of the sella and clivus have an increased risk of failure and may warrant augmented techniques.

Topic: Head and Neck Surgical Oncology
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
SURVEY REPORT ON COMPARATIVE TREATMENT OF HERBAL AND SYNTHETIC FOR ACNE PORE TREATMENT

Bacterial infections, clogged pores, and excessive sebum production are the causes of acne. Around 20% of people globally and up to 80–90% of teenagers suffer with acne vulgaris, a prevalent dermatological disorder. It appears when sebaceous glands overproduce sebum, or oil, which clogs pores when combined with dead skin cells. As a result, Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes) bacteria can develop in an anaerobic environment. Inflammation brought on by the bacterial activity might result in papules, pustules, nodules, or cysts. Acne can be made worse by hormone imbalance, stress, high-glycemic diets, and bad skincare practices. The two main categories of treatments are herbal (plant-based) and synthetic (chemical-based).

Topic: Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Galactic neutral hydrogen and the magnetic ISM foreground

Abstract The interstellar medium is suffused with magnetic fields, which inform the shape of structures in the diffuse gas. Recent high-dynamic range observations of Galactic neutral hydrogen, combined with novel data analysis techniques, have revealed a deep link between the morphology of neutral gas and the ambient magnetic field. At the same time, an observational revolution is underway in low-frequency radio polarimetry, driven in part by the need to characterize foregrounds to the cosmological 21-cm signal. A new generation of experiments, capable of high angular and Faraday depth resolution, are revealing complex filamentary structures in diffuse polarization. The relationship between filamentary structures observed in radio-polarimetric data and those observed in atomic hydrogen is not yet well understood. Multiwavelength observations will enable new insights into the magnetic interstellar medium across phases.

Topic: Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Frailty Assessment Using a Floor Panel-Type Device by Measuring Center of Pressure

In Japan, the demographic shift towards an older population presents significant challenges, particularly in elderly care. Early detection of frality---a precursor to more severe dependency---is essential for maintaining health in older adults. This study introduces a novel floor panel-type device that measures both weight and center of pressure oscillations, facilitating the early identification of frailty through routine activities like standing up, sitting down, and walking. Unlike video or audio monitoring, this method minimizes privacy concerns, making it more suitable for assessing activities of daily living. We evaluated these metrics in a cohort of 28 individuals aged between 64 and 89 years and utilized the k-nearest neighbor algorithm to correlate these measurements with frailty, defined by the revised J-CHS criteria. Our analysis achieved a predictive accuracy of approximately 72.6 % for frailty detection during sitting down actions. These findings underscore the utility of continuous monitoring of weight and center of pressure in daily environments such as bathrooms and hallways for predicting health deterioration.

Topic: Frailty in Older Adults
Subfield: Geriatrics and Gerontology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Safe Sojourns to High Altitudes: The Risks of Annual Religious Pilgrimages in Jammu and Kashmir, India- Clinical Diagnostics and Treatment

This article addresses the clinical diagnosis and clinical treatment plan for several diseases that afflict high altitude climbers and the increasing prevalence for this type of illness.In The behavioral characteristics of high altitude climbers and the precautions necessary to prevent death from the high altitude sport activities are introduced; first; then.The clinical manifestations of different disease complexes are described; then, the common treatment regimens for climbermal adaptation for high altitude sickness are covered.The conclusion explored in the discussion is that no one need die from high altitude sickness if proper planning and good judgment are applied to climbing protocols; and, that these rules are strictly adhered to.The ends state for a reasonably guaranteed good outcome.Survival is simply to immediately descend to a lower altitude unless bad weather or climber injuries prevent immediate descent.

Topic: Travel-related health issues
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Incidence of adverse effects of dental materials on dentists survey based questionnaire

Aim : the aim of the article is to do a survey based questionnaire about the adverse effects of dental materials on dentists. Materials and methods: an elaborate questionnaire listing various adverse effects of dental materials directed to general dentists in south indian population. Objective: the main objective is to find the incidence of adverse effects of dental materials on dentists. Background: dental professional and their supporting staff daily handle many materials and chemicals with their uncovered hands. since all dental materials pose a potential risk to patients and members of the dental team, post market monitoring of adverse reactions caused by dental materials should be considered essential. Reason: there is a need to raise awareness among dental professionals of the potential for adverse reactions due to dental materials.

Topic: Quality and Safety in Healthcare
Subfield: Medical Laboratory Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
A description of the psychosocial factors associated with depression and anxiety in South African adolescents attending urban private practices in Johannesburg

The worldwide prevalence of major depression in adolescents is reported at 4 to 8% and dysthymia at 1.6 to 8%, and the incidence of these disorders continues to rise. There is no prevalence data for anxiety and mood disorders amongst South African teenagers, but the prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders amongst adults is 23% and 10.1% respectively. This study was motivated by these factors, coupled with the association of adolescent psychopathology with negative outcomes in adulthood, such as depression, anxiety, suicide,poor academic and employment outcomes, psychosocial maladjustment and substance abuse. The aim of this study was to determine which psychosocial factors are associated with depression and anxiety in South African adolescents, and to suggest appropriate interventions.

Topic: Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
3D morphology of pharyngeal dentition of the genus <i>Capoeta</i> (Cyprinidae): Implications for taxonomy and phylogeny

Capoeta is a herbivorous cyprinid fish genus, widely distributed in water bodies of Western Asia. Recent species show a distinct biogeographic pattern with endemic distribution in large fluvial drainage basins. As other cyprinids, the species of this genus are characterized by the presence of the pharyngeal bone with pharyngeal teeth. Despite this, the detailed morphology of the pharyngeal teeth, its interspecific and topologic variations, and the importance for taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Capoeta are still not established. For the first time, a detailed comprehensive study of the pharyngeal dentition of 10 Capoeta species has been provided. The morphologic study of the pharyngeal dentition bases on the 3D microtomography and follows the purpose to evaluate the potential taxonomic and phylogenetic signals of these elements, as well as to study interspecific and topologic variations of the pharyngeal teeth. In this study, we propose a new methodology to categorize the studied pharyngeal teeth in 18 shape classes. The results of this study show that the detailed 3D morphology of the pharyngeal teeth is a useful tool for the identification of isolated teeth at the generic and/or specific level and that in certain cases, the tooth position in the teeth rows can be identified. Additionally, the preliminary analysis shows that the morphology of the pharyngeal teeth provides a potential phylogenetic signal. Both these patterns are very important for the taxonomy of cyprinid fishes and especially can be applied to fossil records.

Topic: Fish Biology and Ecology Studies
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Religious and indigenous treatment of mental illness in South India—A descriptive study

Abstract In a follow-up to an earlier study we decided to interview a number of religious healers and ascertain their views on mental illness. A sample of ten healers—Hindu, Muslim and Christian—were interviewed at length. In addition, five sites of healing were visited and various religious rituals observed. The general emphasis in care is on a pluralistic holistic approach and individual healers have several models of mental illness in their repertoire. The shrines are virtually specific in dealing with specific psychiatric problems. Some healers were able to identify serious mental illness and were able to refer these individuals to psychiatrists, whereas others felt that they were able to deal with these themselves. We present accounts of our interviews and highlight the advantages of the holistic approach and of qualitative methods of research.

Topic: Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Subfield: Health
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Reputations on the line in Van Diemen’s Land: A dissertation on the general theme of the Rule of Law as it emerged in a young penal colony with particular emphasis on the law of defamation

This research focuses on the development of the jurisprudence of the infant colony of Van Diemen’s Land now known as Tasmania, with particular interest on the law of defamation.&#13;\nDuring the first thirty years of this British penal colony its population was subject to changes. There were the soldiery, who provided the basis of government headed by a Lieutenant Governor, the indigenous people, the convicts, and gradually an influx of settlers who came enthused by governmental promises of grants of land. In addition to these free settlers there were a selection of convicts who, under a process of something akin to manumission under Roman Law, became upon completion of their sentence, eligible for freedom and possibly a grant of land.&#13;\nThere developed a spirit of competition amongst the settlers, each wanted to become more successful than the others. The favourite means of distinguishing oneself was the uttering or publication of damaging words against a person who was perceived to be a rival. Various defamation actions between 1805 and 1835 are discussed, providing a fascinating insight into the emergence of a Rule of Law, however imperfect, in the development of the colonial society of Van Diemen’s Land.

Topic: Commonwealth, Australian Politics and Federalism
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences