jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Thyroid dysfunction and anaemia in a large population‐based study

Summary Objective and background Anaemia and thyroid dysfunction are common and often co‐occur. Current guidelines recommend the assessment of thyroid function in the work‐up of anaemia, although evidence on this association is scarce. Patients and methods In the ‘European Prospective Investigation of Cancer’ ( EPIC )‐Norfolk population‐based cohort, we aimed to examine the prevalence and type of anaemia (defined as haemoglobin &lt;13 g/dl for men and &lt;12 g/dl for women) according to different thyroid function groups. Results The mean age of the 8791 participants was 59·4 ( SD 9·1) years and 55·2% were women. Thyroid dysfunction was present in 437 (5·0%) and anaemia in 517 (5·9%) participants. After excluding 121 participants with three most common causes of anaemia (chronic kidney disease, inflammation, iron deficiency), anaemia was found in 4·7% of euthyroid participants. Compared with the euthyroid group, the prevalence of anaemia was significantly higher in overt hyperthyroidism (14·6%, P &lt; 0·01), higher with borderline significance in overt hypothyroidism (7·7%, P = 0·05) and not increased in subclinical thyroid dysfunction (5·0% in subclinical hypothyroidism, 3·3% in subclinical hyperthyroidism). Anaemia associated with thyroid dysfunction was mainly normocytic (94·0%), and rarely macrocytic (6·0%). Conclusion The prevalence of anaemia was higher in overt hyperthyroidism, but not increased in subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Systematic measurement of thyroid‐stimulating hormone in anaemic patients is likely to be useful only after excluding common causes of anaemia.

Topic: Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Characterization of cloned human leukocyte 5-lipoxygenase expressed in mammalian cells.

5-Lipoxygenase has been expressed in a mammalian osteosarcoma cell line transfected with the cloned cDNA for human leukocyte 5-lipoxygenase. Two clonal cell lines derived from the transfected cells expressed the enzymatic activity. When incubated with arachidonic acid (100 microM), the major 5-lipoxygenase products of 10,000 X g supernatants from these cells were 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), and the nonenzymatic hydrolysis products of leukotriene (LT)A4. The ratio of 5-HETE to LT (between 6:1 and 9:1) was similar to that observed in leukocyte supernatants. Furthermore, incubation of 10,000 X g supernatants from the transfected cells with 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE) (75 microM) resulted in the synthesis of LTA4 hydrolysis products. Control osteosarcoma cell supernatants produced no 5-HETE or LT from arachidonic acid or 5-HPETE. Maximal activity of the expressed enzyme required Ca2+, ATP, and two cellular stimulatory factors prepared from human leukocytes. Immunoblot analysis of supernatants from the osteosarcoma cell clones revealed an immunoreactive 80,000-dalton band that was indistinguishable from the band observed in leukocyte supernatants. Therefore, the expressed enzyme was functional and exhibited characteristics that were identical to those of human leukocyte 5-lipoxygenase. When intact transfected osteosarcoma cells were challenged with ionophore A 23187, no 5-lipoxygenase products were formed. If arachidonic acid was added along with the ionophore, the cells synthesized 5-HETE and the nonenzymatic hydrolysis products of LTA4. These results verify that the cDNA used to transfect the osteosarcoma cells encodes for 5-lipoxygenase. Furthermore, these studies offer independent evidence that this single protein possesses both 5-lipoxygenase and LTA4 synthase activity, as has been reported previously from enzyme purification data.

Topic: Immune Cell Function and Interaction
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
ON SOME OF THE NEWER ASPECTS OF THE PATHOLOGY OF INSANITY

Journal Article ON SOME OF THE NEWER ASPECTS OF THE PATHOLOGY OF INSANITY: Comparative Neurology Get access W. LLOYD ANDRIEZEN, M.D.LOND. W. LLOYD ANDRIEZEN, M.D.LOND. Pathologist and Assistant Medical Officer, West Riding Asylum Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Brain, Volume 17, Issue 4, 1894, Pages 553–567, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/17.4.553 Published: 01 October 1894

Topic: Neurology and Historical Studies
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
supplemental figure 1 from The Ribonucleic Complex HuR-MALAT1 Represses CD133 Expression and Suppresses Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer

&lt;p&gt;Quality controls on HuR and MALAT1 silencing&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: RNA modifications and cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Differential suppression of mammary and prostate cancer metastasis by human chromosomes 17 and 11.

Metastasis suppressor activities have previously been mapped to human chromosomes 17 and 11. Decreased expression of the metastasis suppressor gene NM23, which is located on chromosome 17, has been correlated with increased metastatic potential in mammary cancers. A region on human chromosome 11, from 11p11.2-p13, has been shown to suppress metastasis in rat prostatic carcinoma cells. In both cases the metastasis suppressor activity had no effect on tumorigenicity or tumor growth rate, demonstrating that the encoded activities are distinct from effects of tumor suppression. To determine whether these human chromosomes encode general or tissue-specific metastasis suppressor activities, a truncated human chromosome 17 (i.e., pter-q23) and a full-length human chromosome 11 were separately transferred into highly metastatic rat mammary and prostate cancer cell lines and tested for their ability to suppress spontaneous metastasis in vivo. These studies demonstrated that when the pter-q23 region of human chromosome 17 is retained by the microcell hybrids, the metastatic ability of both mammary and prostatic cancer cells is suppressed. In contrast, when the pter-q14 region of human chromosome 11 is retained, only the metastatic ability of prostatic cancer cells is suppressed. Additional studies demonstrated that the metastasis suppressor activity encoded by the chromosome 17 pter-q23 region is p53-independent and not due to enhanced expression of NM23 protein.

Topic: Mechanisms of cancer metastasis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Corner cases, singularities, and dynamic factoring

In Eikonal equations, rarefaction is a common phenomenon known to degrade the rate of convergence of numerical methods. The `factoring' approach alleviates this difficulty by deriving a PDE for a new (locally smooth) variable while capturing the rarefaction-related singularity in a known (non-smooth) `factor'. Previously this technique was successfully used to address rarefaction fans arising at point sources. In this paper we show how similar ideas can be used to factor the 2D rarefactions arising due to nonsmoothness of domain boundaries or discontinuities in PDE coefficients. Locations and orientations of such rarefaction fans are not known in advance and we construct a `just-in-time factoring' method that identifies them dynamically. The resulting algorithm is a generalization of the Fast Marching Method originally introduced for the regular (unfactored) Eikonal equations. We show that our approach restores the first-order convergence and illustrate it using a range of maze navigation examples with non-permeable and `slowly permeable' obstacles.

Topic: Computational Geometry and Mesh Generation
Subfield: Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Kiran Desai’s The Inheritance of Loss and the Troubled Symbolic Production of a Man Booker Prize Winner

Kiran Desai's second novel, The Inheritance of Loss, was published by Penguin subsidiaries in India and North America in January 2006, and seven months later in the UK by Hamish Hamilton, a Penguin imprint. That same year, it won the Man Booker Prize, the UK's most prestigious literary award, as well as the National Book Critics Circle Fiction Award, one of the three most prestigious literary prizes in the USA. However, the book also became subject to protests in the Indian town in which it was partly set. These events provide an ideal opportunity for scholars to do what Sarah Brouillette argues they have too rarely done, and examine 'the specific interconnections between the content of literary work and the circuits through which texts pass as they are produced and consumed'.1 In this chapter, I shall therefore focus on selected episodes from the novel's production and reception in order to provide a rich picture of its place in the global cultural economy, and to attempt to understand the complex and conflicted position into which a literary novel positioned as 'Indian' must enter if it is to be accepted by the readers for whom such novels are, to use Pierre Bourdieu's phrase, 'objectively destined'.2 KeywordsHedge FundShadow EconomyPublisher WeeklyGlobal LiteraryIndia TodayThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Topic: Postcolonial and Cultural Literary Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Automated evaluation of environmental coupling for Advanced LIGO gravitational wave detections

Abstract The extreme sensitivity required for direct observation of gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO detectors means that environmental noise is increasingly likely to contaminate Advanced LIGO gravitational wave signals if left unaddressed. Consequently, environmental monitoring efforts have been undertaken and novel noise mitigation techniques have been developed which have reduced environmental coupling and made it possible to analyze environmental artifacts with potential to affect the 90 gravitational wave events detected from 2015–2020 by the Advanced LIGO detectors. So far, there is no evidence for environmental contamination in gravitational wave detections. However, automated, rapid ways to monitor and assess the degree of environmental coupling between gravitational wave detectors and their surroundings are needed as the rate of detections continues to increase. We introduce a computational tool, PEMcheck , for quantifying the degree of environmental coupling present in gravitational wave signals using data from the extant collection of environmental monitoring sensors at each detector. We study its performance when applied to 79 gravitational waves detected in LIGO’s third observing run and test its performance in the case of extreme environmental contamination of gravitational wave data. We find that PEMcheck ’s automated analysis identifies only a small number of gravitational waves that merit further study by environmental noise experts due to possible contamination, a substantial improvement over the manual vetting that occurred for every gravitational wave candidate in the first two observing runs. Building on a first attempt at automating environmental coupling assessments used in the third observing run, this tool represents an improvement in accuracy and interpretability of coupling assessments, reducing the time needed to validate gravitational wave candidates. With the validation provided herein; PEMcheck will play a critical role in event validation during LIGO’s fourth observing run as an integral part of the data quality report produced for each gravitational wave candidate.

Topic: Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Nitrolinoleic acid: An endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligand

Nitroalkene derivatives of linoleic acid (nitrolinoleic acid, LNO 2 ) are formed via nitric oxide-dependent oxidative inflammatory reactions and are found at concentrations of ≈500 nM in the blood of healthy individuals. We report that LNO 2 is a potent endogenous ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ; K i ≈133 nM) that acts within physiological concentration ranges. This nuclear hormone receptor (PPARγ) regulates glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. PPARγ ligand activity is specific for LNO 2 and not mediated by LNO 2 decay products, NO donors, linoleic acid (LA), or oxidized LA. LNO 2 is a significantly more robust PPARγ ligand than other reported endogenous PPARγ ligands, including lysophosphatidic acid (16:0 and 18:1), 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14 -PGJ 2 , conjugated LA and azelaoyl-phosphocholine. LNO 2 activation of PPARγ via CV-1 cell luciferase reporter gene expression analysis revealed a ligand activity that rivals or exceeds synthetic PPARγ agonists such as rosiglitazone and ciglitazone, is coactivated by 9 cis -retinoic acid and is inhibited by the PPARγ antagonist GW9662. LNO 2 induces PPARγ-dependent macrophage CD-36 expression, adipocyte differentiation, and glucose uptake also at a potency rivaling thiazolidinediones. These observations reveal that NO-mediated cell signaling reactions can be transduced by fatty acid nitration products and PPAR-dependent gene expression.

Topic: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
TBA-20140828-ESR-AB-histpess

Ahslla, born as a man, Abner, in the Aikanã village Gleba, has always considered herself a woman. Regardless of gossip and ostracism in her own community and outside of it, she over the years has become more open about her transsexuality. At the time I met Ahslla, she would spend most of the day sitting outside her family’s wooden house, observing the events in the village, conversing with her mother and aunt, her view often drifting into the distance, imagining and dreaming. The only time she would move from this safe and comfortable space, is when washing clothes in the nearby creek, or taking the school bus to the nearby town Chupinguaia in the afternoon. She likes to dress-up, wearing short pants and make-up, dye her hair and paint her finger and toe nails in bright colours. She is her mother’s best friend and helping hand managing the typical “female” household chores, like washing, cleaning and cooking and making sure that her smaller brothers are well cared for. This 2-hour-long and very personal conversation with Ahslla (Abner) Aikanã, recorded in October 2013, is about her life as an indigenous transsexual in a rural area of Rondônia, about difficulties she faces in her village and outside, about religion, attitudes, her relationship to her mother, about sexuality, her body and future plans.

Topic: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Comparison of Growth in Children Undergoing Three Different ACL Reconstructions

Three surgical procedures aim to minimize the risk of physeal damage in children undergoing ACL reconstruction. They include: transphyseal (TP), physeal sparing (PS), and a partial physeal sparing procedure with an all epiphyseal tibial tunnel and graft placement in the ‘over-the-top’ position (OT). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to address the lack of understanding concerning tunnel migration due to growth in skeletally immature patients following ACL reconstructions. Sequential, post-surgical radiographs were used to quantify changes in tunnel positioning and to assess the rate of migration between these surgical techniques. METHODS: Anterior-posterior and lateral follow-up radiographs were retrospectively obtained for 31 skeletally immature patients (average age = 13.1 yrs) placed in three groups: TP (n=17, average age=13.8 yrs), PS (n=6, average age=11.9 ys), or OT (n=8, average age=12.7 yrs). Along with measuring tunnel angle, length, and width, a two-dimensional grid system was superimposed over the films to assess changes in tunnel position and location over time. ANOVA analysis compared mean values of all measurements at six and twelve months as interpolated time points. RESULTS: The rates of migration of several variables of tunnel position were measured at up to two mm per month. Among 53 variables, only one variable, the vertical rate of change of the femoral tunnel aperture, showed significant difference in both PS and OT groups in comparison to the TP group (0.22 and 0.33 vs. 0.85mm, p<0.0497). The mean values of the measured variables demonstrated few differences to a level of statistical significance as well. Both PS and OT groups demonstrated significant reduction of tibial tunnel width (7.88 and 6.93 vs. 10.58, p=0.0001) and medial condyle radius (13.86 and 14.73 vs. 16.35mm, p<0.0499) compared to the TP group. CONCLUSION: Given only several significant differences in rates of migration, despite 53 variables being measured, this implies ACL reconstruction technique did not significantly affect the migration of tunnel positioning. Overall, this suggests uniform post-operative growth, which supports the notion that TP, PS, and OT procedures are similarly successful in allowing growth around the knee following ACL reconstruction in skeletally immature patients.

Topic: Bone fractures and treatments
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Policies and labels for negotiating rights protection for the environmentally displaced in Ghana: the Dagara farmer in perspective

This paper discusses the issue of rights within the context of contemporary policies and the extent to which they address the challenges confronting environmentally displaced people in Ghana. It also explores the role of labels in the drive toward affording appropriate rights protection for the environmentally displaced. The discussions are an offshoot from two extant studies conducted through interviews and focus group sessions. The objective of the first study was to assess the level of preparedness of government to offer appropriate rights protection to environmentally displaced persons. The second study investigated how migrants, especially those affected by changing environmental condition are able to gain access and negotiate their rights in all the different places they go to. From the studies, it was found that there are no clear policies in Ghana meant to afford rights protection to environmentally displaced people and that the rights of such migrants keep shifting with both time and location. People migrating from areas of environmental scarcity lack the capacity to negotiate for ‘better’ rights due to weak leadership and the fear of losing courtesies extended to them by the host communities. It concludes that there are ample opportunities within the policy and social environments for supporting and promoting appropriate rights protection for environmentally displaced people. It recommends a shift in the national policy drive toward a rights-based protection with clear blue prints for targeting and addressing the needs of environmentally displaced in Ghana.

Topic: Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Adverse Effects and Fatalities Associated with Allergen Skin Testing and Subcutaneous Allergen Immunotherapy

Most local and systemic reactions, which develop during subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT), occur within 20–30 minutes of injection but can occur later than 30 minutes. The incidence of adverse reactions during SCIT reported in retrospective and prospective studies has varied considerably, depending on several factors, including the type of allergen vaccine preparation, the patients selected, route of administration, and treatment schedule used, with or without pretreatment and/or preventive procedures. Other allergen molecules and techniques of allergen immunotherapy have also been explored to decrease the potential for adverse reactions and to increase efficacy. The four basic DNA-based immunotherapy modalities used include immunization with gene vaccines, allergen mixed with immunostimulating oligodeoxynucleotides (ISS-ODN), and physical allergen–ISS-ODN conjugates, as well as immunomodulation with ISS-ODN alone. No allergen vaccine can be considered completely safe for a given patient allergic to that vaccine.

Topic: Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
Subfield: Immunology and Allergy
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Miracle Braves, 1914-1916

The story of the 1914 Miracle Boston Braves is one of the most memorable in baseball history, but less well known is what the club did after that spectacular season. They didn't flash and disappear, as sports writer John Kieran put it. In 1915, they were strong contenders for the National League pennant, and almost won it again in 1916. This book is the first to look at the Miracle Braves in a larger context. Under the innovative manager George Stallings, the Braves won Boston's first National League pennant in 17 years. Their startling sweep of the mighty Philadelphia Athletics was their league's only World Series victory from 1909 to 1919. The Braves of those years - like the hot-tempered Georgian who managed them - were a roistering, pugnacious crew that battled the opposition, the umpires and sometimes each other.

Topic: American Sports and Literature
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Marine Tar Residues: a Review

Marine tar residues originate from natural and anthropogenic oil releases into the ocean environment and are formed after liquid petroleum is transformed by weathering, sedimentation, and other processes. Tar balls, tar mats, and tar patties are common examples of marine tar residues and can range in size from millimeters in diameter (tar balls) to several meters in length and width (tar mats). These residues can remain in the ocean environment indefinitely, decomposing or becoming buried in the sea floor. However, in many cases, they are transported ashore via currents and waves where they pose a concern to coastal recreation activities, the seafood industry and may have negative effects on wildlife. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on marine tar residue formation, transport, degradation, and distribution. Methods of detection and removal of marine tar residues and their possible ecological effects are discussed, in addition to topics of marine tar research that warrant further investigation. Emphasis is placed on benthic tar residues, with a focus on the remnants of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in particular, which are still affecting the northern Gulf of Mexico shores years after the leaking submarine well was capped.

Topic: Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences