jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the wild-type and mutant genes encoding the enzyme kynurenine monooxygenase of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti

Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) catalyses the hydroxylation of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine. KMO has a key role in tryptophan catabolism and synthesis of ommochrome pigments in mosquitoes. The gene encoding this enzyme in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is called kynurenine hydroxylase (kh) and a mutant allele that produces white eyes has been designated kh(w). A number of cDNA clones representative of wild-type and mutant genes were isolated. Sequence analyses of the wild-type and mutant cDNAs revealed a deletion of 162 nucleotides in the mutant gene near the 3′-end of the deduced coding region. RT-PCR analyses confirm the transcription of a truncated mRNA in the mutant strain. The in-frame deletion results in a loss of 54 amino acids, which disrupts a major α-helix and which probably accounts for the loss of activity of the enzyme. Recombinant Ae. aegypti KMO showed high substrate specificity for kynurenine with optimum activity at 40 °C and pH = 7.5. Kinetic parameters and inhibition of KMO activity by Cl(−) and pyridoxal-5-phosphate were determined.

Topic: Tryptophan and brain disorders
Subfield: Biological Psychiatry
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Control of Auxin Transport in Parasitic and Symbiotic Root–Microbe Interactions

Most field-grown plants are surrounded by microbes, especially from the soil. Some of these, including bacteria, fungi and nematodes, specifically manipulate the growth and development of their plant hosts, primarily for the formation of structures housing the microbes in roots. These developmental processes require the correct localization of the phytohormone auxin, which is involved in the control of cell division, cell enlargement, organ development and defense, and is thus a likely target for microbes that infect and invade plants. Some microbes have the ability to directly synthesize auxin. Others produce specific signals that indirectly alter the accumulation of auxin in the plant by altering auxin transport. This review highlights root–microbe interactions in which auxin transport is known to be targeted by symbionts and parasites to manipulate the development of their host root system. We include case studies for parasitic root–nematode interactions, mycorrhizal symbioses as well as nitrogen fixing symbioses in actinorhizal and legume hosts. The mechanisms to achieve auxin transport control that have been studied in model organisms include the induction of plant flavonoids that indirectly alter auxin transport and the direct targeting of auxin transporters by nematode effectors. In most cases, detailed mechanisms of auxin transport control remain unknown.

Topic: Legume Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Color Image Segmentation Based on Log Normal Distribution

In this article, we present a novel approach for effective segmentation of color images, by integrating the advantages of the YIQ and the Log Normal Distribution features. Log Normal Distribution is considered in this paper, for effective segmentation, by considering the pattern of the pixels. The proposed method entails less complexity and is thus can be used reasonably very well for realistic image segmentation purposes. The relationship between Hue and Saturation plays a leading role while segmenting the color images which can be observed through the experimental results. The performance evaluation of the developed model is carried out by using metrics like Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Image Fidelity (IF)

Topic: Remote Sensing and Land Use
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Intermembrane contact affects calk phospholipid vesicles (phosphatidylserine/liposomes/aggregation/fusion)

Binding of Ca2+ to liposomes composed of phos- phatidylserine (PtdSer) was analyzed by potentiometric titrations. Ca2+ binding to large unilamellar PtdSer vesicles was saturable at a stoichiometry of 1:2 (Ca2+/PtdSer). At approximately 6 x 10-4 M (Ca2+)free, the binding curve exhibited a discontinuity that can be attributed to the formation of a Ca2+/PtdSer complex with a higher affinity. When both Ca2+ and Mg2+ are present, de- pending on the relative concentrations, Mg2+ can either compete or can enhance Ca2+ binding. Concomitant'to the enhanced bind- ing, the vesicle suspension was found to aggregate, suggesting that close contact of membranes is a prerequisite for the abrupt change in affinity. This concept was tested by binding studies with lipo- somes of mixed composition. It was found that the incorporation of 50 mol% phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) into PtdSer lipo- somes produced a similar binding pattern to that of pure PtdSer with a saturable stoichiometry of 1:2 (Ca2+/PtdSer). However, incorporation of 50 mol% phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) com- pletely abolished the discontinuous shift in affinity and apparent saturation was reached at a stoichiometry of 1:4 (Ca2+/PtdSer). In addition, Ca2+ binding to PtdSer liposomes with 10 mol% ga- lactosylcerebroside was not altered when compared to pure PtdSer, whereas 10 mol% of the glycolipid GL-4 abolished the in- creased binding. The results are closely correlated with recent findings on the role of the membrane composition in Ca2+-induced fusion of liposomes and argue in favor of a specific Ca2+/PtdSer complex (with 1:2 stoichiometry) forming only at points of close contact between membranes and serving as the trigger for mem- brane fusion.

Topic: Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION SECURITY SPECIALISTS' ANTICIPATORY ABILITIES AS A FACTOR IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

Ensuring information security is a complex multi-level task involving technical, software, external and human factors. Due to the huge flows of incoming information and the high rate of changes in the information security system, it is necessary that future specialists in the field of information security have the ability to selectively analyze incoming information, use it effectively and make accurate forecasts based on it, which is formed due to the development of reflexive and predictive competencies. The article considers the ability to anticipation as an element of the structure of reflexive and predictive competencies and the methodology of its development among information security specialists.

Topic: Banking, Crisis Management, COVID-19 Impact
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Direct alkylation of 2'-deoxynucleosides and DNA following in vitro reaction with acrylamide.

Reaction of the rodent carcinogen acrylamide (AM) at pH 7.0 and 37 degrees C for 10 and 40 days with 2'-deoxyadenosine (dAdo), 2'-deoxycytidine (dCyd), 2'-deoxyguanosine (dGuo), and thymidine (dThd) resulted in the formation of 2-formamidoethyl and 2-carboxyethyl adducts via Michael addition. The alkylated 2'-deoxynucleoside adducts isolated (% yield after 40 days) were 1-(2-carboxyethyl)-dAdo (1-CE-dAdo) (8%), N6-CE-dAdo (21%) (via Dimroth rearrangement of 1-CE-dAdo), 1-CE-dGuo (4%), 7-(2-formamidoethyl)-Gua (7-FAE-Gua) (6%), 7, 9-bis-FAE-Gua (1%) (formed by reaction of AM with depurinated 7-FAE-Gua during the course of the reaction), and 3-FAE-dThd (4%). The products isolated following in vitro reaction of AM with calf thymus DNA at pH 7.0 and 37 degrees C for 40 days were (nmol/mg DNA) 1-CE-dAdo (5.5), N6-CE-dAdo (1.4), 3-CE-dCyd (2.8), 1-CE-dGuo (0.3), and 7-FAe-Gua (1.6). Compound 3-FAE-dThd was not detected. Structures were assigned on the basis of chemical properties, UV spectra, and electron impact, chemical ionization, desorption chemical ionization, Californium-252 fission fragment ionization, and fast atom bombardment mass spectra. A facile hydrolysis of the amide group to a carboxylic acid was observed when AM alkylated a ring nitrogen adjacent to an exocyclic nitrogen atom. In previous studies, we had observed an analogous phenomenon when studying the in vitro reactions of acrylonitrile with DNA, i.e., a facile hydrolysis of nitrile to carboxylic acid when acrylonitrile alkylated (via Michael addition) a ring nitrogen adjacent to an exocyclic nitrogen. Since the nitrile group hydrolyzes to a carboxylic acid via an amide intermediate, we had hypothesized in the present study that the same facile hydrolysis of amide to carboxylic acid would occur under identical stereochemical conditions as had occurred with the nitrile group. Thus, in vitro alkylation of calf thymus DNA by both acrylonitrile and, in the present study, AM, resulted in mixed adduct formation.

Topic: Potato Plant Research
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Star-Based Node Aggregation for Hierarchical QoS Routing

본 논문에서는 계층적 QoS 라우팅을 위해 소스 라우팅 방식을 채택하고 있는 전달망에서 적정 경로를 배정하기 위해 필요로 하는 망의 상태 정보를 효율적으로 집단화하는 방법을 제안한다. 이것은 비대칭망에서 집단화 할 링크의 QoS 파라미터가 두 개 이상일 때 기존 스타 집단화 방법이 갖는 집단화된 정보의 부정확성을 줄이기 위한 방법으로, 서비스경계라인을 논리 링크로 갖는 풀 메쉬 토폴로지를 스타 토폴로지로 변형한다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 서비스경계라인의 3가지 속성인 분할, 조인 그리고 통합을 정의하며 이 속성들을 이용한 스타 토폴로지로의 변형과 풀 메쉬로의 복원 방법을 제시한다. 제안 방법은 기존 방법과 유사한 공간 복잡도와 시간 복잡도를 갖지만 집단화된 정보의 정확도와 질의 응답 정확도는 기존 방법보다 높다는 것을 실험을 통해 알 수 있었다. In this study, we present a method for efficiently aggregating networks state information required to determine feasible paths in transport networks that uses the source routing algorithm for hierarchical QoS routing. It is proposed to transform the full mesh topology whose Service Boundary Line serves as its logical link into the star topology. This is an aggregation method that can be used when there are two or more QoS parameters for the link to be aggregated in an asymmetric network, and it improves the information accuracy of the star topology. For this purpose, the Service Boundary Line's 3 attributes, splitting, joining and integrating, are defined in this study, and they are used to present a topology transformation method. The proposed method is similar to space complexity and time complexity of other known techniques. But simulation results showed that aggregated information accuracy and query response accuracy is more highly than that of other known method.

Topic: Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
OTHER INCITANTS ASSOCIATED WITH PYTHIUM ROOT DIEBACK OF MUCK-GROWN CARROTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

Pythium sulcatum was recovered with a much higher frequency from necrotic compared to symptomless carrot rootlets and was isolated only from carrots grown in Pythium root dieback (PRD) problem soils. Fast-growing Pythium species were recovered with equal frequency both from necrotic and symptomless carrot rootlets grown in both PRD problem and non-problem soils. These facts implicate P. sulcatum as the primary incitant. Both necrotic and symptomless carrot rootlets from problem and non-problem soils contained Olpidium brassicae. Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) was also recovered from both rootlet types, but only from carrots grown in problem soils. This association suggests that the TNV-O. brassicae complex may be involved in the PRD syndrome. Fast-growing Pythium species, O. brassicae, and TNV, but not P. sulcatum, were recovered from the rootlets of several common weeds. P. sulcatum was also recovered from lettuce, a common rotation crop.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Resistance
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Marine Organisms as a Rich Source of Biologically Active Peptides

Oceanic environments are one of the largest sources of bioactive molecules, due to the high degree of biodiversity and the innumerable ecological relationships established between macro and microorganisms found in the different ecosystems of these complex environments. Marine organisms are being studied increasingly because they are considered important producers of biologically active peptides. Peptides extracted from marine sources have different functions and structures, when compared to peptides isolated from terrestrial sources, considering the different adaptive pressures undergone by these organisms throughout the evolutionary process. Most bioactive compounds isolated from marine environments are obtained from symbiont microorganisms. Of these microorganisms, bacteria are an important source of bioactive peptides, isolated by metagenomic studies from complex gene networks expressed under marine conditions. Several peptides have been shown to have biotechnological properties such as antimicrobial, antitumor, antihypertensive, anticoagulant, anti-fouling, and antioxidant activity and can be used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. This review article aims to provide an overview of peptides of biotechnological importance, isolated from different phyla of marine organisms, examining the relationship between structure and function of some of these peptides, as well as the ways of extracting, purifying and prospecting new peptides by traditional methods of isolation or sequence analysis in databases. It also intends to list the peptides that are already being produced and used by the industry, in its various branches, and their current state in the market and in clinical tests.

Topic: Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
On the Use of Hedonic Price Indices to Understand Ecosystem Service Provision from Urban Green Space in Five Latin American Megacities

Latin American (LA) megacities are facing enormous challenges to provide welfare to millions of people who live in them. High rates of urbanization and limited administrative capacity of LA cities to plan and control urban growth have led to a critical deficit of urban green space, and therefore, to sub-optimal outcomes in terms of urban sustainability. This study seeks to assess the possibility of using real estate prices to provide an estimate of the monetary value of the ecosystem services provided by urban green space across five Latin American megacities: Bogota, Buenos Aires, Lima, Mexico City and Santiago de Chile. Using Google Earth images to quantify urban green space and multiple regression analysis, we evaluated the impact of urban green space, crime rates, business density and population density on real estate prices across the five mentioned megacities. In addition, for a subset of the data (Lima and Buenos Aires) we analyzed the effects of landscape ecology variables (green space patch size, connectivity, etc.) on real estate prices to provide a first insight into how the ecological attributes of urban green space can determine the level of ecosystem service provision in different urban contexts in Latin America. The results show a strong positive relationship between the presence of urban green space and real estate prices. Green space explains 52% of the variability in real estate prices across the five studied megacities. Population density, business density and crime had only minor impacts on real estate prices. Our analysis of the landscape ecology variables in Lima and Buenos Aires also show that the relationship between green space and price is context-specific, which indicates that further research is needed to better understand when and where ecological attributes of green space affect real estate prices so that managers of urban green space in LA cities can optimize ecological configuration to maximize ecosystem service provision from often limited green spaces.

Topic: Land Use and Ecosystem Services
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Historical Land Cover Along the Deep Fork River: An Analysis of Vegetation Composition and Distribution of the Deep Fork National Wildlife Refuge, Okmulgee County, Oklahoma, Circa 1897

North American vegetation has been extensively modified by human activity.Restoring the landscape to past conditions is a strategy for species conservation, but this requires access to reliable data that describes those conditions.Here we use plat and bearing tree data collected during the Public Land Survey of 1897 (PLS) to describe the vegetation at the Deep Fork National Wildlife Refuge.We digitized five township plats and recorded data for all bearing trees.Of the six land cover types, forest (67%) and grassland (29%) were the most extensive.Surveyors recorded 708 individual bearing trees.Post oak (Quercus stellata Wangenh.)(199 stems), red oak (Q.rubra L.) (140), and blackjack oak (Q.marilandica Münchh) (92) were the most common trees.Some proportion of the trees identified as red oak were most likely black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) and/or Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii Buckley var.shumardii).Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) was not recorded as a bearing tree but was recorded in the line notes.At the time of the PLS survey, the study area exhibited modification.Although the PLS began in Oklahoma in 1870, the Creek Nation was surveyed beginning in 1896.

Topic: Archaeology and Natural History
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Electronic structure of C + 3 , C3, and C ? 3

Calculations for C+3, C3 and C–3 show that MO (molecular orbital) and NPSO (non-paired spatial orbital) functions provide the best simple description of the electronic structure of these species. The problem of the best a priori method of generating simple, unique NPSO spin eigenfunctions has been considered. Two methods were investigated; the first emphasizes the most favourable spin distribution by means of a spin projection operator, while the second excludes completely the least favourable spin distribution. In applying these methods, the double-quartet scheme permits the necessary qualitative ordering of the spin distributions. A summary of all relevant NPSO calculations done shows the exclusion method to be generally more successful.

Topic: Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
CUSTOMER ATTITUDE TOWARD MARKETING MIX ELEMENTS PERTAINING TO FOREIGN PRODUCTS IN AN EMERGING INTERNATIONAL MARKET

This study examines consumer attitude toward thirteen different marketing mix elements related to the products of the USA, Japan, Germany, Italy, the UK, and France in Qatar, an oil rich emerging international market. These six countries are the top six exporters to Qatar. A cross section of 98 Qatari consumers participated in the study. The common theme across the seven hypotheses that have been developed and tested is that Qatari consumers prefer most the marketing mix elements related to the products of Japan and the USA, followed by those of Germany and the least preferred ones are those of Italy, the UK, and France. The hypotheses have been partially supported. The marketing mix elements pertaining to Japanese products take the lead. The products of the USA, Germany, and the UK occupy the second position, while the products of Italy and France trail behind all others.

Topic: Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
A proposal for antiparallel acceleration of positrons using CEBAF

Here, we present a scheme for positron beam acceleration in CEBAF antiparallel to the normal electron path, requiring no change in polarity of the magnet systems. This feature is essential to the principal benefit: enabling extremely simple configuration changes between conventional (clockwise) e&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; acceleration and counter clockwise e&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; acceleration. Additionally, it appears possible to configure the accelerating cavity phases to support concurrent acceleration of the electron and positron beams. The last mode also may enable use of the higher peak current electron beam for system diagnostics. The inherent penalty of the concurrent mode in acceleration efficiency and increased energy spread may render this a commissioning-only diagnostic option, but the possibility appears worthy of consideration.

Topic: Muon and positron interactions and applications
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Consensus statement on the use of intramuscular aripiprazole for the rapid control of agitation in bipolar mania and schizophrenia

As much as the ideal treatment goal for severe mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia is to prevent or delay the recurrence or relapse of acute episodes, when the patient presents with an acute episode, the goal should be to manage behavioural symptoms, and return to prior levels of symptomatic control. In a serious mental illness, the management of the acutely agitated state may require rapid tranquillisation (RT) to control violent and/or disturbed behaviour when all other methods of de-escalation have failed. Current clinical practice guidelines for emergency interventions in the case of acutely disturbed behaviours favour calming the patient by reducing agitation with mild sedation, but not sleep, to allow continued interaction with the patient, to ensure an accurate diagnosis, and to enable patients to be actively engaged in treatment decisions. Pharmacotherapy is an essential element in RT and the available agents used may be unique and separate from the patient's regular course of treatment, primarily because agents used in RT may not be suitable for long-term treatment due to an unfavourable efficacy and safety profile. Therefore, the choice of pharmacotherapy is essential to achieve an effective RT and a smooth transition to standard care and routine daily life for the patient. Of the available agents for RT, aripiprazole demonstrated a favourable efficacy and safety profile both over the short-term - including in its intramuscular form (IM) - and in the long-term treatment of bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia. The objective of this article is to assess the available clinical data on IM aripiprazole as a treatment option for the rapid control of agitation and disturbed behaviours in these conditions and to provide a consensus statement based on the expertise of UK healthcare practitioners in acute treatment units.

Topic: Healthcare Decision-Making and Restraints
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences