jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ingestion of microplastics by anchovies from Talisayan harbor, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract Microplastics (MPs) is the most contamination problem on the marine environment now, therefore a small pelagic fish like anchovies, can feed accidentally the microplastic. This research focused on the amount of abundance of microplastics in the anchovies. We measured the length and dry weight of the anchovies and isolated their digestive tracts. The digestive tracts were then digested with NaOH and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) technical grade. The microplastics had observed with the using microscope and confirmed with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Here, the investigation result from anchovies digestive tract ( Stolephorus spp.) sampled ( n = 15). The total microplastics contamination from Talisayan harbor, East Kalimantan is 366 ± 3. 51 particles/individual. Kind of microplastics size range detected as categories: &lt; 20 µm, 20 -50 µm, 50 -500 µm, 500 -1000 µm, and &gt;1000 µm. Most of microplastics shapes from Talisayan harbor are microfilm (50%) and microfiber (29.59%). The type of polymers are confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as polypropylene, high-density polyethylene and foamed polystyrene nylon. Our findings reported that specific size range (50-500 µm) is the most majority of microplastics size range which are ingested by anchovies from Talisayan harbor. The microplastics are more dangerous if another contamination found together on it. On this investigation, the mercury contamination also tested and the result showed as not detected mercury contaminant. The anchovies are had the economic value and also small pelagic fish which are play as prey for the other big fish. The exposure are possible to the human by contaminated seafood diet.

Topic: Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
Subfield: Pollution
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Noradrenergic Modulation of Learned and Innate Behaviors in Dopamine Transporter Knockout Rats by Guanfacine

Investigation of the precise mechanisms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other dopamine-associated conditions is crucial for the development of new treatment approaches. In this study, we assessed the effects of repeated and acute administration of α2A-adrenoceptor agonist guanfacine on innate and learned forms of behavior of dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) rats to evaluate the possible noradrenergic modulation of behavioral deficits. DAT-KO and wild type rats were trained in the Hebb–Williams maze to perform spatial working memory tasks. Innate behavior was evaluated via pre pulse inhibition (PPI). Brain activity of the prefrontal cortex and the striatum was assessed. Repeated administration of GF improved the spatial working memory task fulfillment and PPI in DAT-KO rats, and led to specific changes in the power spectra and coherence of brain activity. Our data indicate that both repeated and acute treatment with a non-stimulant noradrenergic drug lead to improvements in the behavior of DAT-KO rats. This study further supports the role of the intricate balance of norepinephrine and dopamine in the regulation of attention. The observed compensatory effect of guanfacine on the behavior of hyperdopaminergic rats may be used in the development of combined treatments to support the dopamine–norepinephrine balance.

Topic: Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Information Systems Ethics in the USA and in the Arab World

This chapter explores similarities and differences between two cultures, the USA and the Arab World, in BIS ethics, through a survey of American and Arab students on personal use of organizational computers, use of organizational IS resources for non-organization gain, and monitoring of organizational IS resource use. While interesting statistical differences were found in the average strength of several responses, there was no disagreement as to the ethicality or non-ethicality of any survey item. The authors view this consistency as encouraging evidence of a common foundation for IS-related commerce between the two cultures. The findings of this study can be a basis for future cooperation, as legislators, educators, and employers in the Arab World and the USA develop acceptable BIS practices.Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.

Topic: Information and Cyber Security
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Homogeneous Catalysis with Transition Metal Catalysts

This chapter contains sections titled: Key Reactions in Homogeneous Catalysis Coordination and Exchange of Ligands Complex Formation Acid–Base Reactions Redox Reactions: Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination Insertion and Elimination Reactions Reactions at Coordinated Ligands Catalyst Concepts in Homogeneous Catalysis The 16/18-Electron Rule Catalytic Cycles Hard and Soft Catalysis Hard Catalysis with Transition Metal Compounds Soft Catalysis with Transition Metal Compounds Characterization of Homogeneous Catalysts

Topic: Catalysis and Oxidation Reactions
Subfield: Catalysis
Field: Chemical Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Anatomical changes with age in the heart and ductus arteriosus in the dog after birth

Abstract The heart‐weight to body‐weight ratios were calculated for 242 dogs in 11 groups ranging from one day to adult. The base‐apex diameters, internal transverse diameters, external transverse diameters, and the anterior, posterior, lateral, and interventricular septal wall thicknesses were measured in left ventricles of hearts taken from 45 animals of nine different age groups. The ductus arteriosus was examined for patency in all puppies. The heart‐weight to body‐weight ratios were found to be highly variable and failed to show significant changes with age. The average ratios increased during postnatal development from 7.17 gm/kg in the newborn to 8.87 in adults. The left ventricular diameters and wall thicknesses increased progressively with age and were four times larger in adults than in the newborn. Diameter to wall‐thickness ratios were calculated and did not change with age. Since the heart weight increased 10–16 times faster than the wall thickness, wall‐thickness to heart‐weight ratios were found to decrease with age indicating a faster lengthening than thickening of the myocardial fibers. The ductus arteriosus was functionally open in all puppies less than four days of age and did not close anatomically until 7–8 days of age.

Topic: Cardiovascular Conditions and Treatments
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Bistatic free-space measurements of magneto-dielectric materials and comparison with numericals models

A bistatic field measurement apparatus is described. It enables to acquire the field scattered by magneto-dielectric samples. Two numerical models are also proposed, in particular a linear one, in order to simulate the field propagation in such an environment. Some comparisons between simulated and measured scattered field are presented for magneto-dielectric samples. This study is a prerequisite step for inhomogeneous magneto-dielectric characterization in free-space.

Topic: Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Autoimmune encephalitis management: MS centers and beyond

Traditionally, multiple sclerosis (MS) specialists have been the go-to providers for managing certain treatable non-demyelinating inflammatory or autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The advent of increased incidence (mostly due to improved recognition) prompts the question: who should be managing autoimmune encephalitis? These patients are generally first encountered in the hospital, as well as general neurology and subspecialty clinics, such as epilepsy. Autoimmune neurology is a specialty which gives focus to evaluation and treatment of patients with autoimmune encephalitis, among other disorders, and trains neurologists accordingly. Some of those experts are dual trained in both MS and non-MS inflammatory/autoimmune CNS disorders. Many other autoimmune specialists are trained in non-MS care, such as hospital neurology, movement disorders, and epilepsy. General and other subspecialty providers increasingly find the need to be versed in management of autoimmune encephalitis.

Topic: Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
RESULT OF TREATMENT FOR SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOME OF HYPOPHARYNX

1994年1月から2004年3月の約10年間に当科で入院加療を行った下咽頭扁平上皮癌74例について検討した。各主治医により治療法を選択されていた1994年1月から2000年5月までの43例をA群，早期手術を主とした治療を行った2000年6月以降の31例をB群とした。この治療方針の変更が治療成績にどのように影響したかについて検討を行った。両群間に年齢，性別，発生亜部位，病期分類による差は認めなかった。原発巣に対する手術はA群で62.8%，B群で83.9%であった。統計学的に有意差を認めなかったがA群全体の3年生存率は43.8%，B群全体の3年生存率は70.5%とB群の生存率が高い傾向があった。Stage IIIの症例ではA群の3年生存率は41.7%，B群の3年生存率は85.7%と大きな差を認めた。今後，化学放射線治療等の機能温存療法との治療成績の比較の参考となると考える。

Topic: Head and Neck Cancer Studies
Subfield: Otorhinolaryngology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
THE GROWTH KINETICS AND TOTAL LIPID CONTENT OF Thalassiosira sp. (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) UNDER MIXOTROPHIC CONDITIONS

Conventional microalgae culture is challenged by issues of light limitation and cell self-shading. This study aims to evaluate the impact of different cultivation modes on the growth and lipid content of Thalassiosira sp. The diatom, Thalassiosira sp., was grown in autotrophic, mixotrophic-suspended, and mixotrophic-biofilm conditions until the stationary phase was reached. After four (4) days of culture, analysis of the cell densities revealed a significant difference between groups, with cell densities of 7.3×105 cells mL-1 for control, 1.1×106 cells mL-1 for mixotrophic-suspended, and 1.9×106 cells mL-1 for mixotrophic-biofilm cultures. Both treatments are significantly higher than the control. However, mixotrophic-biofilm culture achieved the highest cell density among all cultivation modes, 161.81% higher than the control. The specific growth rate (SGR) of Thalassiosira sp. in mixotrophic-biofilm culture was highest among treatments, while the doubling time was significantly highest in the control. Moreover, mixotrophic-biofilm culture attained the highest biomass at 56 mg 100 mL-1. Thalassiosira sp. cultured under mixotrophic-biofilm also recorded the highest lipid content at 9.89%. It is both significantly higher than the control (3.06%) and the mixotrophic-suspended culture (6.15%). The cell density, algal biomass, and lipid content of Thalassiosira sp. under mixotrophic-biofilm culture highlight this culture strategy’s promising potential in improving microalgae growth and lipid content, ridding of light as an indispensable growth factor.

Topic: Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
[Synchronous and metachronous tumors of the colon and rectum].

Three hundred and seventy-two patients with colorectal tumours treated by curative resection between January 1982 and January 1992 were reviewed in order to determine the role of colonoscopy and the outcome of patients with multiple tumours. Thirty (8.1%) of them with a mean age of 57 (35-79) years (20 males, 10 females) had synchronous (19 cases) or metachronous (11 cases) lesions. Rectum and sigmoid colon were the most frequent site of multiple lesions, accounting for 73% of all lesions. Accurate pre-operative diagnosis was performed in 14 of the 19 patients with synchronous lesions, and in the remaining 5 cases failure to perform an intra-operative colonoscopy was the cause of missing the lesions. Three of them had over-looked lesions on the previous barium enema. Synchronous lesions has the tendency to be less invasive as compared to metachronous ones. Five-year survival rates (Kaplan-Meier method) were 45% and 58% for patients with multiple and single lesions respectively (not significant). For patients with colorectal carcinoma a thorough examination of the whole colon by intra-operative colonoscopy should be accomplished in order to rule out the possibility of associated lesions as well as to decrease the incidence of "early" metachronous lesions.

Topic: Multiple and Secondary Primary Cancers
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Latest Pennsylvanian and earliest Permian fusulinid biostratigraphy, Robledo Mountains and adjacent ranges, south-central New Mexico

The Robledo Mountains of south-central New Mexico, and the Dona Ana and San Andres Mountains to the east, expose rocks of Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian age (290 million years old). The Robledo Mountains contain one of the most continuous marine carbonate sections through the Pennsylvanian--Permian boundary in the southwestern United States. These strata contain the fossil remains of fusulinids, tiny single-celled animals now extinct. The abundance, diversity, and visibility in these rocks of these microfossils allow a detailed understanding of the age of these strata, and allow the authors to correlate these rocks with rocks of similar age in other parts of the United States. The authors describe this unique stratigraphic section in some detail with an emphasis on fusulinid remains, including descriptions of new species not previously reported from this area. Based on their detailed work in the field and the laboratory, the authors propose the Robledo Mountains section as a new reference for the Pennsylvanian--Permian boundary in southwestern North America

Topic: Plant Diversity and Evolution
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Functional Roles of Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Abstract This chapter describes how distinct classes of cortical inhibitory interneurons (INs) mediate unique aspects of cortical computation. First, it details how INs can be classified into discrete cell types based on their morphology, cellular physiology, gene expression, and synaptic connectivity. Next, it discusses how different IN classes shape cortical dynamics through their control of excitation-inhibition balance, their role in generating neural oscillations, and their modulation by brain state and arousal. Finally, it surveys INs’ functional role in neocortical computations, with a primary focus on sensory processing. While a series of exciting discoveries in the past decade have linked specific IN classes to specific cortical computations, more recent experimental and theoretical work suggests that most cortical computations are carried out by the interactions between multiple types of INs. The chapter highlights a specific computation that has been heavily researched and yet remains unsolved: the question of how inhibition shapes excitatory principal cells’ feature selectivity. The chapter concludes with a proposal for a general approach to understanding IN contributions in light of the complexity, and highlight several key unanswered questions in cortical function that could be solved by employing a more holistic approach to understanding IN roles in cortical computations.

Topic: Neural dynamics and brain function
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Factors shaping Asian Americans’ attitudes toward homosexuality

Numerous studies explore racial differences in attitudes toward homosexuality in the United States, but relatively little research focuses on Asian Americans. Using the 2016 National Asian American Survey and the 2012 Pew Asian-American Survey, this study examines the factors shaping Asian Americans' likelihood of supporting legal protections against sex-based discrimination and socially accepting homosexuality. It finds that second-generation Asians are much more likely to socially accept homosexuality and support legal protections for sex-based discrimination than the first generation, which hints at intergenerational acculturation. Among other factors, ethnicity, religion, and education all shape Asians' attitudes, but their relative importance varied by immigrant generation and the dimension of attitudes. Taken together, the findings highlight the heterogeneity of Asian Americans and confirm the importance of accounting for the multidimensionality of attitudes toward homosexuality in research.

Topic: LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Genomics reveals traces of fungal phenylpropanoid-flavonoid metabolic pathway in the f ilamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae.

Fungal secondary metabolites constitute a wide variety of compounds which either play a vital role in agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial contexts, or have devastating effects on agriculture, animal and human affairs by virtue of their toxigenicity. Owing to their beneficial and deleterious characteristics, these complex compounds and the genes responsible for their synthesis have been the subjects of extensive investigation by microbiologists and pharmacologists. A majority of the fungal secondary metabolic genes are classified as type I polyketide synthases (PKS) which are often clustered with other secondary metabolism related genes. In this review we discuss on the significance of our recent discovery of chalcone synthase (CHS) genes belonging to the type III PKS superfamily in an industrially important fungus, Aspergillus oryzae. CHS genes are known to play a vital role in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in plants. A comparative genome analyses revealed the unique character of A. oryzae with four CHS-like genes (csyA, csyB, csyC and csyD) amongst other Aspergilli (Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus fumigatus) which contained none of the CHS-like genes. Some other fungi such as Neurospora crassa, Fusarium graminearum, Magnaporthe grisea, Podospora anserina and Phanerochaete chrysosporium also contained putative type III PKSs, with a phylogenic distinction from bacteria and plants. The enzymatically active nature of these newly discovered homologues is expected owing to the conservation in the catalytic residues across the different species of plants and fungi, and also by the fact that a majority of these genes (csyA, csyB and csyD) were expressed in A. oryzae. While this finding brings filamentous fungi closer to plants and bacteria which until recently were the only ones considered to possess the type III PKSs, the presence of putative genes encoding other principal enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis (viz., phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamic acid hydroxylase and p-coumarate CoA ligase) in the A. oryzae genome undoubtedly prove the extent of its metabolic diversity. Since many of these genes have not been identified earlier, knowledge on their corresponding products or activities remain undeciphered. In future, it is anticipated that these enzymes may be reasonable targets for metabolic engineering in fungi to produce agriculturally and nutritionally important metabolites.

Topic: Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The diversity of plant species in a mangrove forest in the Coast of Metinaro, Timor-Leste

The diversity of species in mangrove is the result of interaction between the biotic components and their abiotic environment for a long period of time. Mangrove ecosystem is located between land and sea, however, it gets many disturbances for human interest and consequently, it suffers degradation, area reduction and biodiversity decline. Therefore, it is important to study the diversity, abundance, morphology, and characteristics of various stages of the life of both plants and animals in mangrove communities. The objective of this research was to study the diversity of mangrove plant species in the coast of Metinaro, Timor-Leste. The results showed that nine plant species grew in mangrove forest, namely, Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneratia alba, Avicennia alba, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora mucronata, Lumnitzera racemosa var. racemosa, Amyema anisomeres, Ceriops tagal, and Bruguiera exaristata. Rhizophora apiculata had the highest importance value index (IVI) for trees (IVI = 88.21%) and for saplings (77.53%), while Avicennia alba for seedlings (52.81%). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') was 3.25 for trees, categorized as high, 2.04 for saplings, categorized as medium and 1.57 for seedlings, also categorized as medium

Topic: Agricultural and Environmental Management
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Experiences with the JPL telerobot testbed: Issues and insights

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL) Telerobot Testbed is an integrated robotic testbed used to develop, implement, and evaluate the performance of advanced concepts in autonomous, tele-autonomous, and tele-operated control of robotic manipulators. Using the Telerobot Testbed, researchers demonstrated several of the capabilities and technological advances in the control and integration of robotic systems which have been under development at JPL for several years. In particular, the Telerobot Testbed was recently employed to perform a near completely automated, end-to-end, satellite grapple and repair sequence. The task of integrating existing as well as new concepts in robot control into the Telerobot Testbed has been a very difficult and timely one. Now that researchers have completed the first major milestone (i.e., the end-to-end demonstration) it is important to reflect back upon experiences and to collect the knowledge that has been gained so that improvements can be made to the existing system. It is also believed that the experiences are of value to the others in the robotics community. Therefore, the primary objective here will be to use the Telerobot Testbed as a case study to identify real problems and technological gaps which exist in the areas of robotics and in particular systems integration. Such problems have surely hindered the development of what could be reasonably called an intelligent robot. In addition to identifying such problems, researchers briefly discuss what approaches have been taken to resolve them or, in several cases, to circumvent them until better approaches can be developed.

Topic: Space Satellite Systems and Control
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Detection of Silicone in Lymph Node Biopsy Specimens by Near-Infrared Raman Spectroscopy

Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy with a 782-nm cw laser was used to examine lymph node biopsy specimens from women with ruptured breast implants containing silicone gel. For reduction of fluorescence and sample radiation damage, a low-power (30 mW) Ti: sapphire laser, single-stage spectrograph, and CCD detector were employed. Silicone Raman features were clearly visible in lymph node tissue of patients with leaking implants, and the spectra were easily distinguished from those of normal lymph node tissue. The technique has promise for medical diagnostic purposes, and may be amenable to in vivo analysis with adaptation to a fiber-optic probe.

Topic: Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences