jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Conclusion

Extract This book has argued that boundaries, limits, and fault lines are not merely ancillary features that could be dispensed with when accounting for how law is structured and how it emerges; they are central features that require systematic consideration in a general theory of legal order and legal ordering. A 'general' theory, I say, because we are witness to the emergence of new legal orders that do not fit into the paradigm of state/international law, and to the renewed visibility of legal orders that have been around for a very long time, many of them far older than states (in the modern sense of the term) or international law. I will have nothing more to say here about the concepts of legal order and legal ordering advanced heretofore. Instead, the concluding question I would now like to briefly examine is how this concept might contribute to casting light on the process that, according to many, marks an epochal rupture in our understanding of law by dint of exposing borders as contingent features of law: globalization.

Topic: Migration, Refugees, and Integration
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Exposure to Interbank Investment and Financing Risk by Islamic Banks: A Dynamic Panel Analysis of Malaysia

The government of Malaysia has developed an Islamic Interbank Money Market (IIMM) since January 1994 with the objective to facilitate funding for the Islamic banking sector in the country.This platform also enables Islamic banks to obtain Shariah-compliant funds from other Islamic banks.This article examines the effects of interbank investment and financing risk on the financing decisions of Malaysia's Islamic bank between 1994-2015.The financing decisions are used as financing measures to determine the effect of investing in the interbank market and financing risk indicators on financing.Research methodology are the descriptive, correlation and dynamic panel analysis results are derived with the help of Limdep 9.0 software.The study found a negative relationship between the interbank investment variable with the financing decisions of Islamic banks.This reflects that an increase in interbank investment leads Islamic banks to reduce their level of financing.These findings prove the investment activities between Islamic banks had a "substitution effect" and decreased their capability of financing because of their tendency to maintain liquidity.Islamic banks are confident that they will generate higher profits in the coming financial year.The economic conditions of Malaysia do not influence Islamic banks' financing decisions, whereas Islamic banks in this study are more dependent on the balance sheet indicators.

Topic: Islamic Finance and Banking Studies
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
mSphere of Influence: Whole-Genome Sequencing, a Vital Tool for the Interruption of Nosocomial Transmission

Ahmed Babiker’s work focuses on the clinical and genomic epidemiology of multidrug-resistant health care-associated pathogens and other high-consequence pathogens. In this mSphere of Influence article, he reflects on how the paper “Tracking a Hospital Outbreak of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae with Whole-Genome Sequencing” by author Evan S.

Topic: Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Role of porosity and water holding capacity of soil in nmdc dantewada of Chhattisgarh

An examination was done to concentrate on the physical and substance properties of soils and their relationship with water-holding limits along the altitudinal slope for developed soils of South Bastar Dantewada. The geography Dantewada is located at 18.9000°N 81.3500°E. [1] It has an average elevation of 351 meters (1154 feet). Dantewada city is situated on the river banks of the Shankani and Dankini rivers. The soil surface went from sandy topsoil to earth with somewhat acidic (7.6) to profoundly acidic (5.2) in response. The natural carbon content fluctuated from 1.22 to 3.45 % with a mean worth of 2.31 %. The mass thickness, molecule thickness, porosity, volume extension and water in air-dry soils went from 1.08 to 1.54 gm/cc, 2.05 to 2.77 gm/cc, 42.44 to 61.73 per cent, 2.95 to 11.9 % and 0.68 to 4.32 %, individually. The water-holding limit (WHC) went from 33 to 73.86 % with a mean worth of 54.18 %. The outcomes uncovered that20% of the soil tests have medium to high WHC while just 80% are of low class.

Topic: Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Cicer hybr. AGG 1002237 CHIC

Plant Genetic Resource.<br>Taxonomy: Cicer hybr.<br>Common name(s): Chickpea<br>Other names: PBA HatTrick/Bari3_072C CR 912-1-19<br>Conserved by: Australian Grains Genebank, DEECA (AGG), Australia<br>Local sample unique identifier: AGG 1002237 CHIC<br>Method of creation: Acquisition<br>Date: 2021-03-24<br>Other identifiers: n/a,912-1-19, n/a,HAT TRICK/POT912 Bari3_072C CR<br>Historical: No<br>Biological status: Breeding/research material<br>MLS status: Not included

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Russian Historical Painting at World Expositions in the United States (Late XIX - Early XX Century)

The purpose of the study is to analyse the Russian historical painting at the World Expositions of the turn of the XIX-XX centuries held in the United States. Scientific novelty lies in the fact that the Russian historical painting presented at the World Expositions in the United States is considered as a cross-section of the main achievements of the Russian national school of painting in the second half of the XIX - early XX century. As a result, it is proved that the Russian historical painting that was shown at the World Expositions reflected development of the national school of painting in its main aspects, i.e. coexistence of two leading lines - democratic and salon-academic; prevalence of plots from national history and everyday life. The Russian historical painting introduced history and rituals of Russia in a figurative artistic form to foreign viewers.

Topic: Visual Culture and Art Theory
Subfield: Visual Arts and Performing Arts
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Sensitive and Selective Sensor for Biothiols in the Cell Based on the Recovered Fluorescence of the CdTe Quantum Dots−Hg(II) System

Herein, a sensitive and selective sensor for biothiols based on the recovered fluorescence of the CdTe quantum dots (QDs)−Hg(II) system is reported. Fluorescence of QDs could be quenched greatly by Hg(II). In the presence of biothiols, such as glutathione (GSH), homocysteine (Hcy), and cysteine (Cys), however, Hg(II) preferred to react with them to form the Hg(II)−S bond because of the strong affinity with the thiols of biothiols rather than quenching the fluorescence of the QDs. Thus, the fluorescence of CdTe QDs was recovered. The restoration ability followed the order GSH &gt; Hcy &gt; Cys due to the decreased steric hindrance effect. A good linear relationship was obtained from 0.6 to 20.0 μmol L&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; for GSH and from 2.0 to 20.0 μmol L&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; for Cys, respectively. The detection limits of GSH and Cys were 0.1 and 0.6 μmol L&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively. In addition, the method showed a high selectivity for Cys among the other 19 amino acids. Furthermore, it succeeded in detecting biothiols in the Hela cell.

Topic: Sulfur Compounds in Biology
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Estimating user-perceived Web QoS by means of passive measurement

To enforce SLA management, SLA metrics and quality assessment method for network services or application services are required. In this paper two metrics for Web application service intrinsic performance, average round-trip time and delivery speed are defined taking both implementation mechanism of Web applications and user access behavior into account. In three cases, Web traffic traces for a specific Web site were recorded at client-side to calculate above two metrics; meanwhile the user-perceived service qualities of the Web site were evaluated subjectively. Linear regress analysis of the observation data shows that user-perceived quality of Web application service can be objectively estimated by a linear regression function that uses the two metrics as independent variables.

Topic: Image and Video Quality Assessment
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The neurophysiology of the teeth.

Irritation of human teeth can evoke pain sensations of varying qualities depending on the type and intensity of the stimuli used. For example, drilling or air drying of dentin typically induces sharp, piercing pain, while intense heating of the tooth can cause dull, aching pain sensation. The dental pulp is richly innervated by both myelinated (A-fibers, mostly A delta-type) and unmyelinated (C-fibers) axons. A-fibers seem to be responsible for the sensitivity of dentin. They respond to stimuli that induce sharp pain in human teeth, for example, drilling of dentin and drying of dentin with air blasts. C-fibers are activated only when the stimuli used reach the pulp proper. They respond to intense heating. In human teeth, dull pain is induced at a temperature level corresponding to the heat thresholds of intradental C-fibers. The other functional characteristics of C-fibers indicate that they may play a role in the mediation of the dull pain connected with pulpal inflammation. Accordingly, activation of intradental nerve fibers of A- and C-type may contribute to the varying qualities of pain sensations induced by stimulation of human teeth.

Topic: Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Palladium-Catalyzed Remote <i>meta</i>-C–H Bond Deuteration of Arenes Using a Pyridine Template

Palladium-catalyzed meta-selective C-H deuteration of a series of substrates, including phenylacetic acids, hydrocinnamic acid, benzylphosphonate, benzylsulfonate, and benzyl and phenyl ethyl alcohol ester, is developed by using a pyridine-based directing template. The template is installed into the substrate through a practical ester linkage. Under mild reaction conditions, a variety of phenylacetic acids containing alkyl, methoxyl, and halo substituents are compatible in the reaction, resulting in high levels of D-incorporation at the meta position.

Topic: Chemical Reactions and Isotopes
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS IN ONLINE LANGUAGE LEARNING

With the proliferation of online courses nowadays, it is necessary to ask what defines the success of teaching and learning in these new learning environments exactly. This paper identifies and critically discusses a number of factors for successful implementation of online delivery, particularly as far as online language learning is concerned. These include student and teacher characteristics, instructional design, provision of support to instructors and students, technology, and language skills characteristics. I argue that these factors need to be carefully considered when designing online language learning simply because they could potentially impinge on students' learning and learning experience in these new learning environments.

Topic: Online and Blended Learning
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
RNA silencing in plants and its suppression by plant viruses.

Abstract RNA silencing is a sequence-specific degradation of RNA and a means of regulation of gene expression via small RNA molecules. In plants, this process is commonly referred to as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). PTGS is characterized by accumulation of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), degradation of target mRNAs and methylation of homologous gene sequences. In addition to gene regulation, PTGS also plays an important role as an immunity system in plants, which acts against diverse molecular parasites or foreign genetic elements including transposons, transgenes, viruses and viroids. Most plant viruses have evolved the capacity to counteract this defence response by encoding suppressors of PTGS. Viral suppressors are highly diverse in sequence and act at distinct steps in PTGS. Furthermore, the relative ability of viral suppressors to interfere with PTGS in plants can be associated with pathogenicity. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding RNA silencing and its suppression by plant viruses.

Topic: Plant Virus Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Subwebs for specialized search

We describe a method to define and use subwebs, user-defined neighborhoods of the Internet. Subwebs help improve search performance by inducing a topic-specific page relevance bias over a collection of documents. Subwebs may be automatically identified using a simple algorithm we describe, and used to provide highly-relevant topic-specific information retrieval. Using subwebs in a Help and Support topic, we see marked improvements in precision compared to generic search engine results.

Topic: Web Data Mining and Analysis
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
THREE-DIMENSIONAL BAND MAPPING BY COMBINED VERY-LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON DIFFRACTION AND PHOTOEMISSION

Resolving the 3D wave vector k in photoemission mapping of the band structure E( k ) requires knowledge of the unoccupied final states. Both dispersions and lifetimes of these states can be achieved by very-low-energy electron diffraction (VLEED). By incorporating the non-free-electron and excited-state effects in the final states, combining VLEED with photoemission provides accurate mapping of the valence E( k ) resolved in the 3D wave vector and under control of the intrinsic accuracy. We here concentrate on the most accurate combined method which uses angle-dependent VLEED and photoemission measurements. It provides access to many Brillouin-zone lines using one crystal surface, and benefits from an intensity gain and a better intrinsic accuracy near the Fermi level.

Topic: Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Enhancing the Efficiency and Sustainability of Producing Curcumin‐Infused Plant‐Based Milk Alternatives With a Two‐in‐One Post pH‐Driven Processing Strategy

ABSTRACT Increasing food sustainability and health benefits is essential to meet the demands of a growing global population while minimizing environmental impact. This study used a green two‐in‐one post pH‐driven processing strategy to develop a sustainable and healthy plant‐based milk alternative. It achieved both extraction and encapsulation in one step by directly incorporating the health‐promoting curcumin from turmeric into soymilk. A high processing efficiency was observed, 94.2% ± 1.6%, with a high extraction efficiency of 96.4% ± 0.5%. Using raw turmeric instead of a purified curcumin significantly enhanced the sustainability in the use of raw materials, for example, reducing the CO 2 ‐eq emissions by 22 times and energy use by 10 times, even with a very small percentage of curcumin (∼0.03 wt%) in the formulation. This strategy underscores the importance of using raw materials and minimizing processing steps to develop more sustainable foods. Additionally, the incorporation of curcumin was found to impart a yellow color to soymilk. No significant changes were observed in other physicochemical properties like particle size, zeta potential, and melting behavior, as most curcumin molecules were encapsulated within the lipid phase of soymilk. The curcumin‐infused soymilk powders also maintained excellent storage stability for 1 month under freezing temperature.

Topic: Curcumin's Biomedical Applications
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Delayed colonic motilty in functionally deficient mice of myosin phosphatase inhibitory protein, CPI-17

Background RhoA/Rho kinase and PKC/CPI17mediated signaling can inhibit myosin phosphatase to induce contraction in smooth muscles.However it is still unclear how the signaling plays an important role to regulate gastrointestinal motility in vivo.Aim Intestinal and colonic contractile and transit abilities were tested using CPI17 deficient (KO),phospho-inactive mutant CPI17knock in (TA) and wild type mice (WT).Methods Isometric force and phosphorylation of Myosin light chain (MLC) and CPI17 stimulatedwith Carbochol (Cch)were measured.Transit abilities were observed by FITC dextran and dextran beads method, respectively.Results High concentration of KCl induced contractions were no difference among WT, KO and TA of ileal and colonic circular muscles.However the sustained contraction by Cch of ileum and colon in KO and TA were decreased compared with WT.The MLC phosphorylation level was also lower in KO and TA than WT.Ileal transit ability did not change in KO and TA compared with WT.In contrast,colonic transit in KO and TA were significantly delayed compared with WT.Conclusion CPI17 is important to maintain the sustained contraction of gastrointestinal tract due to receptor stimulation in vitro.In addition, the PKC/CPI17 pathway is more important for maintenance in colon transit ability than ileal part in vivo.

Topic: Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
An immersed boundary finite difference method for LES of flow around bluff shapes

Abstract A three‐dimensional numerical model using large eddy simulation (LES) technique and incorporating the immersed boundary (IMB) concept has been developed to compute flow around bluff shapes. A fractional step finite differences method with rectilinear non‐uniform collocated grid is employed to solve the governing equations. Bluff shapes are treated in the IMB method by introducing artificial force terms into the momentum equations. Second‐order accurate interpolation schemes for all sorts of grid points adjacent to the immersed boundary have been developed to determine the velocities and pressure at these points. To enforce continuity, the methods of imposition of pressure boundary condition and addition of mass source/sink terms are tested. It has been found that imposing suitable pressure boundary condition (zero normal gradient) can effectively reproduce the correct pressure distribution and enforce mass conservation around a bluff shape. The present model has been verified and applied to simulate flow around bluff shapes: (1) a square cylinder and (2) the Tsing Ma suspension bridge deck section model. Complex flow phenomena such as flow separation and vortex shedding are reproduced and the drag coefficient, lift coefficient, and pressure coefficient are calculated and analyzed. Good agreement between the numerical results and the experimental data are obtained. The model is proven to be an efficient tool for flow simulation around bluff bodies in time varying flows. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Topic: Fluid Dynamics and Vibration Analysis
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Distribution and abundance of organic thiols

The role of glutathione (GSH) in protecting against the toxicity of oxygen and oxygen by products is well established for all eukaryotes studied except Entamoeba histolytica which lacks mitochrondria, chloroplasts, and microtubules. The GSH is not universal among prokaryotes. Entamoeba histolytica does not produce GSH or key enzymes of GSH metabolism. A general method of thiol analysis based upon fluorescent labeling with monobromobimane and HPLC separation of the resulting thiol derivatives was developed to determine the occurrence of GSH and other low molecular weight thiols in bacteria. Glutathione is the major thiol in cyanobacteria and in most bacteria closely related to the purple photosynthetic bacteria, but GSH was not found in archaebacteria, green bacteria, or GRAM positive bacteria. It suggested that glutathione metabolism was incorporated into eukaryotes at the time that mitochondria and chloroplasts were acquired by endosymbiosis. In Gram positive aerobes, coenzyme A occurs at millimolar levels and CoA disulfide reductases are identified. The CoA, rather than glutathione, may function in the oxygen detoxification processes of these organisms.

Topic: Sulfur Compounds in Biology
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Risk-Seeking versus Risk-Avoiding Investments in Noisy Periodic Environments

We study the performance of various agent strategies in an artificial investment scenario. Agents are equipped with a budget, $x(t)$, and at each time step invest a particular fraction, $q(t)$, of their budget. The return on investment (RoI), $r(t)$, is characterized by a periodic function with different types and levels of noise. Risk-avoiding agents choose their fraction $q(t)$ proportional to the expected positive RoI, while risk-seeking agents always choose a maximum value $q_{max}$ if they predict the RoI to be positive ("everything on red"). In addition to these different strategies, agents have different capabilities to predict the future $r(t)$, dependent on their internal complexity. Here, we compare 'zero-intelligent' agents using technical analysis (such as moving least squares) with agents using reinforcement learning or genetic algorithms to predict $r(t)$. The performance of agents is measured by their average budget growth after a certain number of time steps. We present results of extensive computer simulations, which show that, for our given artificial environment, (i) the risk-seeking strategy outperforms the risk-avoiding one, and (ii) the genetic algorithm was able to find this optimal strategy itself, and thus outperforms other prediction approaches considered.

Topic: Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
S.: Scientific workflows and components: Together at last

Composing scientific simulations from smaller general pieces has many beneficial properties such as modularity and reuse. Compo-nent software and scientific workflows are both technologies for decomposition of scientific simulation, although each of them per-forms this task along a separate dimension and on a different level. Scientific workflows are concerned with high-level orchestration of a time-decomposed simulation, while components are mainly used at a lower level to enable software modularity and reuse at a small performance cost. Combining these technologies in a seamless way leaverages the benefits of both decomposition paradigms, resulting in more flexibility for scientific application design. In this work, we describe a system that communicates parameters and results to and from a Common Component Architecture (CCA) framework and the Kepler scientific workflow system. 1.

Topic: Scientific Computing and Data Management
Subfield: Information Systems and Management
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences