jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Microbial Power‐Generating Capabilities on Micro‐/Nano‐Structured Anodes in Micro‐Sized Microbial Fuel Cells

Abstract Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are an alternative electricity generating technology and efficient method for removing organic material from wastewater. Their low power densities, however, hinder practical applications. A primary limitation in these systems is the anode. The chemical makeup and surface area of the anode influences bacterial respiration rates and in turn, electricity generation. Some of the highest power densities have been reported using large surface area anodes, but due to variable chemical/physical factors (e.g., solution chemistry, architecture) among these studies, meaningful comparisons are difficult to make. In this work, we compare under identical conditions six micro/nano‐structured anodes in micro‐sized MFCs (47 μL). The six materials investigated include carbon nanotube (CNT), carbon nanofiber (CNF), gold/poly (ϵ‐caprolactone) microfiber (GPM), gold/poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) nanofiber (GPN), planar gold (PG), and conventional carbon paper (CP). The MFCs using three dimensional anode structures (CNT, CNF, GPM, and GPN) exhibited lower internal resistances than the macroscopic CP and two‐dimensional PG anodes. However, those novel anode materials suffered from major issues such as high activation loss and instability for long‐term operation, causing an enduring problem in creating widespread commercial MFC applications. The reported work provides an in‐depth understanding of the interplay between micro‐/nano‐structured anodes and active microbial biofilm, suggesting future directions of those novel anode materials for MFC technologies.

Topic: Microbial Fuel Cells and Bioremediation
Subfield: Environmental Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Long-Term Secondary Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia by Inhaled Pentamidine in AIDS

Journal Article Long-Term Secondary Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia by Inhaled Pentamidine in AIDS Get access P. Fraisse, P. Fraisse Service de Pneumologieand Centre d'Information et de Soins de l'Immunodtficience Humaine, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. Partisani, M. Partisani Service de Pneumologieand Centre d'Information et de Soins de l'Immunodtficience Humaine, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. M. Lang J. M. Lang Service de Pneumologieand Centre d'Information et de Soins de l'Immunodtficience Humaine, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France Reprints and correspondence: Prof. J. M. Lang, Centre d'Information et de Soins de l'ImmunodeficienceHumaine, Service d'Onco-Hématologie, Hôpital de Hautepierre, F67098 Strasbourg cedex, France. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 162, Issue 4, October 1990, Page 1001, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/162.4.1001 Published: 01 October 1990

Topic: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia detection and treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Image classification of art works based on multiple naive Bayes algorithm

In order to overcome the problems of unreasonable contrast and low classification accuracy in traditional art image classification, this paper proposes a new art image classification method based on multiple naive Bayes algorithm. This method uses image smoothing method to remove the noise of the artwork images and realise image preprocessing. It constructs colour histogram to quantify the hue value of the artwork images to complete image feature extraction. The method obtains image feature points through multiple naive Bayes, then obtains the generated feature descriptor of the artwork images and finally, realises the classification of the artwork images. The experimental results show that the classification accuracy of this method is as high as 99.6%, the image classification contrast is always in the best value, and the classification time is short.

Topic: Digital Media and Visual Art
Subfield: Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Transcription Regulator YgeK Affects Biofilm Formation and Environmental Stress Resistance in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is one of the most common pathogens in poultry and a potential gene source of human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), leading to serious economic losses in the poultry industry and public health concerns. Exploring the pathogenic mechanisms underpinning APEC and the identification of new targets for disease prevention and treatment are warranted. YgeK is a transcriptional regulator in APEC and is localized to the type III secretion system 2 of E. coli. In our previous work, the transcription factor ygeK significantly affected APEC flagella formation, bacterial motility, serum sensitivity, adhesion, and virulence. To further explore ygeK functions, we evaluated its influence on APEC biofilm formation and resistance to environmental stress. Our results showed that ygeK inactivation decreased biofilm formation and reduced bacterial resistance to environmental stresses, including acid and oxidative stress. In addition, the multi-level regulation of ygeK in APEC was analyzed using proteomics, and associations between differentially expressed proteins and the key targets of ygeK were investigated. Overall, we identified ygeK’s new function in APEC. These have led us to better understand the transcriptional regulatory ygeK and provide new clues about the pathogenicity of APEC.

Topic: Escherichia coli research studies
Subfield: Endocrinology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Kaempferol‐3‐ <i>O</i> ‐rutinoside exerts cardioprotective effects through NF‐ <i>κ</i> B/NLRP3/Caspase‐1 pathway in ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction

Ventricular remodeling (VR) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the main pathogenesis of chronic heart failure (CHF). Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (KR) is the flavonoid glycoside with the highest content in Lu'an GuaPian tea, which has good pharmacological activities. However, the mechanism of KR against VR after AMI remains unclear. Molecular docking was used to predict the targets of KR on the NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway. Histological changes in the myocardium were visualized using HE staining, Masson staining. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected using TUNEL. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine NLRP3, Caspase-1 p20, and GSDMD. IL-1β level in serum was detected using ELISA. Finally, the expressions of NF-κB p65, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1 p20, GSDMD, and IL-1β were measured using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Our results showed that KR had a good binding activity with NLRP3, Caspase-1, and GSDMD, significantly improved cardiac function, alleviated cardiac pathological changes, reduced the excessive deposition of myocardial interstitial collagen, and inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis in AMI rats. Furthermore, KR could decrease the IL-1β level and inhibit the expressions of NF-κB p65, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1 p20, GSDMD, and IL-1β. Our study suggests that KR can prevent and treat VR after AMI, and the protective effect is related to its regulatory NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside is present in Carthamus tinctorius L., Nymphaea candida, Afgekia mahidoliae and green tea, which has good pharmacological activities against liver injury, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, dementia, hyperglycemia, and myocardial infarction. Our previous study found that kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside had an obvious anti-inflammatory effect, and could significantly improve the cell survival rate of H9c2 myocardium inflammatory injury induced by LPS. In this study, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside significantly improved cardiac function, alleviated cardiac pathological changes, reduced the excessive deposition of myocardial interstitial collagen, and inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis in AMI rats. Furthermore, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside could decrease the IL-1β level and inhibit the expressions of NF-κB p65, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, GSDMD and IL-1β, suggesting that kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside could regulate NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway.

Topic: Inflammasome and immune disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Recognising and responding to radicalisation at the ‘frontline’: Assessing the capability of school teachers to recognise and respond to radicalisation

Governments across the west have put teachers at the forefront of efforts to tackle radicalisation of young people based on their proximity to potentially vulnerable students. This has proven controversial, as critics claim that this securitises teachers’ work and that they cannot be expected to accurately identify and respond to extremism. Despite investment in P/CVE teacher training, research to assess teachers’ competence to identify signs of radicalisation and to respond in an appropriate manner is scarce. This article presents findings from a survey experiment with 2,173 teachers in Great Britain and Denmark. It shows that British and Danish teachers largely recognise radicalisation cues and respond to student radicalisation in similar ways. However, our data shows that British teachers are more likely than Danish teachers to react formally (e.g. report to authorities), and that British teachers feel more confident in reacting to signs of radicalisation. The results enhance our understanding of the effects of radicalisation prevention in schools. Furthermore, they challenge arguments within the extant literature by suggesting that what leads to concerns of radicalisation is not entirely subjective or completely context dependent.

Topic: Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Environmentally Benign Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Tertiary Amines

Abstract The environmentally benign, regio‐ and stereoselective synthesis of functionalized tertiary amine 3 from acetates of Baylis‐Hillman adducts with the aliphatic primary amines in the absence of any solvent and catalysts was reported.

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Exercise and mineral status of athletes

Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron are important to a wide variety of body functions, such as mineralization of bones, serving as cofactors to many enzyme systems, sustaining muscle and nerve excitation, and, in the case of iron, maintaining the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Many female athletes consume less calcium than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). This is of concern because of the need to achieve peak bone mass during adolescence and the possible relationship of poor calcium intake to stress fractures. Athletes appear to have adequate magnesium and phosphorus status. However, those athletes who are on calorie-restricted diets may not be ingesting sufficient quantities of magnesium and possibly phosphorus. Limited data have suggested that magnesium status is indirectly related to strength improvement as well as the incidence of muscle cramps. Acute ingestion of phosphorus (phosphate loading) has been shown to improve aerobic capacity. Iron depletion is common in female athletes but similar to the general population. Iron supplements are of health benefit, but of questionable performance benefit, to those who are iron depleted and nonanemic. To maintain optimal status of these minerals, it is recommended that nutrient rich foods be ingested including dairy products and foods high in heme iron.

Topic: Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Disposition and metabolism of [2-14C]epichlorohydrin after oral administration to rats.

A comprehensive disposition and metabolism study of epichlorohydrin (ECH) has not been previously reported. In this study, male Fischer 344 rats were dosed (6 mg/kg) orally with [2-14C]ECH (98% radiochemically pure) as an aqueous solution and killed after 3 days. Approximately 38% of the radioactive dose was exhaled as CO2, 50% was excreted as metabolites in the urine, and 3% was present in the feces. Radioactivity in tissues accounted for the remainder of the administered dose. When expressed per gram of tissue, radioactivity was highest in liver, kidney, and forestomach. The half-life of initial elimination of radioactivity in both the urine and exhaled air was about 2 hr, indicating that ECH was rapidly absorbed and metabolized. The major metabolites in the urine were identified as N-acetyl-S-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine and alpha-chlorohydrin, about 36 and 4% of the administered dose, respectively. Finding these metabolites, which have not been previously reported, is consistent with the initial metabolic reactions being conjugation of the epoxide with glutathione and hydration of the epoxide.

Topic: Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
EFFECT OF YERSINIA PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS TOXINS ON THE BIOFILM FORMATION

Aim. To study the effect of heat-labile (HLTY) and heat-stable (HSTY) lethal toxins of the of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis on the formation of biofilms by these bacteria. Materials and methods. For the isolation of toxins and the investigation their ability to effect on the biofilm formation there were used the strain of Y. pseudotuberculosis 512 (pYV48Mjl. рУМ82МД) and strain 2517, carrying virulence plasmid pYV and lost it, correspondingly. Results. The stimulation of biofilm formation at 20°C by the strain 2517 (pYV+), carrying virulence plasmid as well as the strain 2517 (pYV-) without plasmid were observed In the presence of HLTY. At low positive temperature (6 - 8°C) HLTY reduces the amount of the formed biofilm. HSTY inhibited the biofilm formation by the both strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis tested during the incubation for 3 days at 20°C and 6 - 8°C. Moreover the extent of inhibition was decreased with temperature decreasing. Conclusion. The both of the Y. pseudotuberculosis protein toxins has been revealed to affect on the biofilm formation by Y. pseudotuberculosis bacteria, however, the impact of HLTY and HSTY in the processes of biofilm formation was shown to be different, and the mechanism of such action of toxinsis under way.

Topic: Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Data from Accumulation of MDSC and Th17 Cells in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Predicts the Efficacy of a FOLFOX–Bevacizumab Drug Treatment Regimen

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Host immunity controls the development of colorectal cancer, and chemotherapy used to treat colorectal cancer is likely to recruit the host immune system at some level. Athough preclinical studies have argued that colorectal cancer drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin, exert such effects, their combination as employed in the oncology clinic has not been evaluated. Here, we report the results of prospective immunomonitoring of 25 metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients treated with a first-line combination regimen of 5-FU, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab (FOLFOX–bevacizumab), as compared with 20 healthy volunteers. Before this therapy was initiated, T regulatory cells (Treg), Th17, and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (gMDSC) were increased significantly in mCRC, but only a high level of gMDSC was associated with a poor prognosis. Chemotherapy modulated the Treg/Th17 balance by decreasing Treg and increasing Th17 cell frequency by 15 days after the start of treatment. Increased Th17 frequency was associated with a poor prognosis. FOLFOX–bevacizumab treatment elicited a decrease in gMDSC in 15 of 25 patients and was associated with a better survival outcome. Notably, the gMDSCs that expressed high levels of PD-L1, CD39, and CD73 exerted a robust immunosuppressive activity, relative to other myeloid cells present in blood, which could be reversed by blocking the CD39/CD73 and PD-1/PD-L1 axes. Our work underscores the critical prognostic impact of early modifications in Th17 and gMDSC frequency in mCRC. Furthermore, it provides a clinical rationale to combine FOLFOX–bevacizumab chemotherapy with inhibitors of ATP ectonucleotidases and/or anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies to more effectively treat this disease. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Res; 76(18); 5241–52. ©2016 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Immune cells in cancer
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Recent insights into the role of IRF6 in craniofacial and skin development

Genetic variation in Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) causes, and contributes risk for, orofacial clefting disorders. In one of these disorders, in addition to orofacial clefts, individuals have skin webbing of the lower limbs. Thus, IRF6 is a key component of palatal and skin development in humans. In mice, Irf6 is expressed in the medial edge epithelium (MEE) that is dependent on Tgfb signaling. And, Irf6 is expressed in the spinous layer of the epidermis. Moreover, mice deficient for Irf6 have abnormal skin, limb and craniofacial development, including cleft palate. In the epidermis, in vivo and in vitro analyses demonstrate that Irf6 is necessary for keratinocyte differentiation. Furthermore, keratinocytes from Irf6–/– epidermis fail to close a scratch wound and display abnormal clonal growth, suggesting abnormal cellular proliferation and migration. In the palate, growth of the shelves is not defective, but they fail to elevate above the tongue, may be due to oral adhesions. The palatal epithelium is highly adherent, but the MEE fails to undergo its normal pattern of dissolution. Mice that are compound heterozygotes for the null and hypomorphic alleles (Irf6–/neo) display less severe abnormalities than the Irf6 deficient mice. In the oral cavity, Irf6–/neo mice have less severe oral adhesions. We are assessing the Irf6–/neo mice for defects in palatal development and epithelial differentiation.

Topic: Cleft Lip and Palate Research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Management of heifers to achieve sound reproductive performance

Most beef producers replace up to 20% of their mature cows each year with heifers. Those heifers represent the future genetics and profit potential of the operation. However, beef producers today are faced with several decisions that impact the productivity of their operations, of which selecting and managing replacement beef heifers is critical to sustaining an ever decreasing profit margin. The unique challenge that each cow/calf producer is faced with is that these decision now will affect the profitability of an operation for at least a decade. The mindset for a cow/calf producer needs to take into account how the heifers that are selected now, as replacements, will affect their operation in ten to twelve years from now. Yearling beef heifers that conceive early in their first breeding season and calve early as 2-yr-olds will have greater lifetime productivity than heifers that calve at older ages. In addition, heifers that produce their first calves early in the calving season tend to continue to calve early in subsequent calving seasons, resulting in increased production and efficiency. Therefore, management decisions regarding replacement heifers should focus on factors that promote early onset of puberty and early calving. To ensure that heifers conceive early in the breeding season, it is critical that they attain adequate weight to initiate their first estrous cycle before the onset of the breeding season. Current management practices target heifers to reach 60 to 65% of their estimated mature body weight by the start of the breeding season, but little is known about the importance of the timing of this weight gain. Reproduction was not affected adversely in beef heifers when weight gain from weaning to breeding was delayed until the last half of development. Managing heifers to attain puberty with minimal feed inputs and then taking advantage of compensatory gains when forages are available may have economic advantages. Therefore, we evaluaManagement of heifers to achieve sound reproductive

Topic: Reproductive Physiology in Livestock
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Living with obesity : an exploration of weight management

Background: &#13;\nThe rate of obesity in adolescents is rising, presenting both physical and psychological difficulties. To date, biomedical literature has dominated with few studies investigating quality of life in adolescents following surgery.&#13;\nAims: To critically evaluate the quality of life outcomes of adolescents after bariatric surgery. Specifically, changes in physical health, perceptions of self-image and mood disorders are considered.&#13;\n&#13;\nMethod: &#13;\nPsycINFO, Medline Ovid, Scopus and Web of Science were searched, along with citation and reference list searches of identified articles. Eleven articles met the inclusion criteria.&#13;\n&#13;\nResults: &#13;\nAn increase in self-image and reduction in depression is indicated up to one year following surgery. Furthermore, a reduction in BMI and obesity related comorbidities were reported.&#13;\n&#13;\nConclusion: &#13;\nDespite improvements in physical health, self-image and mood in the short term, longer term outcomes remain equivocal. This review highlights the need for longer term follow up studies to ascertain if such benefits are sustainable. Such research is particularly pertinent given the increasing prevalence of obese adolescents accessing bariatric surgery as a means to manage their weight.

Topic: Obesity and Health Practices
Subfield: Pharmacy
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Protecting Earth? Rappaport’s Vision of Rituals as Environmental Practices

In this article I discuss the characteristics of ritual practices, according to Roy Rappaport’s general theory of ritual. I start by discussing technology as a kind of ritual product of science and then briefly present Rappaport’s ritual theory as an aid in understanding how the Mi’kmaq Indians of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, employed rituals in their efforts to protect a sacred mountain from being turned into a superquarry. In Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity, Rappaport discusses the concept of the ecosystem as a product of modern Western society, emanating from scientific epistemology rather than religious dogma. Rappaport also identifies “ecological thinking” in what he calls The Book. Although not expressed in terms of modern ecology, he suggests, such pre-modern thought is an adequate medium for protecting environmental values. His vision is to bring these two separate cosmologies closer, in order to emphasize the moral responsibility of humans everywhere on this planet. It is impossible, Rappaport would say, to do something without simultaneously affecting social relations and the environment. Humanity has the power and the technology to destroy places and ecosystems, if morality is left without consideration. Rappaport’s vision was to combine the moral efficacy of ritual with the analytical validity of ecological thinking. But how can modern, de-traditionalized humans create such a synthesis, that reckons with both practical effects and moral implications of human agency?

Topic: Religion, Ecology, and Ethics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences