jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Life-form of plants influences response of plant communities to exploitation stress

Abstract The paper presents the results of the experiment, which was designed to study the process of recovery of medicinal plants species ( Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Hypericum perforatum L., and Origanum vulgare L.) after cutting. We showed that restoration rates depend on a type of exploitation (periods of “rest” between removal of the phytomass) and species’ life-form. The results showed that restoration perios for the studied species varies from 4 to 10 years.

Topic: Agricultural Productivity and Crop Improvement
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
IN A DISC AND SMOOTH ON ITS BOUNDARY

1. In this note we investigate the class H 2 (n ~ 0) of functions f(z) which are regular in the disc IzI 1) will imply thatf(z) E H 2 and that the boundary valuesf(ei 0) have (n-l) absolutely continuous derivatives, with [/(e~0)](n) ~ ~2 (_~, n). As is known, any functionf(z) E H 2 admits a canonical faetorization of the form

Topic: Holomorphic and Operator Theory
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Intra- and Inter-rater Reliability and the Learning Curve for a Simple Neurological Score for Rats

Results: The intra- and inter-rater agreement was determined using Cohen's weighted kappa coefficient. The intra-rater reliability was initially poor for the novice (κ [95% confidence interval], 0.31[−0.02, 0.64]), but it improved significantly after 3-week self education using the standardized video (0.81 [0.69, 0.93], showing almost perfect agreement. The reliability of the experienced researcher was good at all times ( κ=0.64, 0.76, 0.71, for week 1, 2, 3, respectively), indicating substantial agreement. The inter-rater reliability showed clear improvement after self-education (κ= 0.44, 0.69, 0.69, for week 1, 2, 3, respectively). Although the total sum score was highly reliable, some of the individual items showed lower intra-and inter-rater agreement. However, each rater showed greater within-rater variability for different subtests. Conclusion: The simple sensorimotor performance test showed high degree of intra- and inter-rater agreement when performed by experienced or properly educated raters. The inaccuracy of the novice was rectified by 3-week self-education using a video. (Brain & NeuroRehabilitation 2016; 9: 31-36)

Topic: Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Characterization of a Slow‐Migrating Component of the Rabies Virus Matrix Protein Strongly Associated with the Viral Glycoprotein

Abstract We investigated multiple forms of rabies virus matrix (M) protein. Under non‐reducing electrophoretic conditions, we detected, in addition to major bands of monomer forms (23‐ and 24‐kDa) of M protein, an M antigen‐positive slow‐migrating minor band (about 54 kDa) in both the virion and infected cells. Relative contents of the 54‐kDa and monomer components in the virion were about 20–30% and 70–80% of the whole M protein, respectively, while the content of the 54‐kDa component was smaller (about 10–20% of the total M protein) in the cell than in the virion. The 54‐kDa components could be extracted from the infected cells with sodium deoxycholate, but they were quite resistant to extraction with 1% non‐ionic detergents by which most monomer components were solubilized. The 54‐kDa component was precipitated more efficiently than the monomer by a monoclonal antibody (mAb; #3‐9‐16), which recognized a linear epitope located at the N‐terminal of the M protein. The mAb #3‐9‐16 coprecipitated the viral glycoprotein (G), which was demonstrated to be due to strong association between the G and 54‐kDa component of the M protein. Monomers and the 54‐kDa polypeptide migrated to the same isoelectric point (pI) in two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis, implicating that the 54‐kDa component was composed of component(s) of the same pI as that of the M protein monomers. From these results, we conclude that the M antigen‐positive 54‐kDa polypeptide is a homodimer of M protein, taking an N‐terminal‐exposed conformation, and is strongly associated with the viral glycoprotein. Possible association with a membrane microdomain of the cell will be discussed.

Topic: Rabies epidemiology and control
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
THE DUAL NATURE OF THE EFFERENT NERVOUS SYSTEM

CONTENTS I. The Cerebrospinal Nervous System: 1. Static and Kinetic Components. 2. Anatomic Considerations: (1) Static System. (2) Kinetic System. (3) Myostatic and Myokinetic Components of Voluntary Muscle. 3. Relation to Symptomatology. II. The Vegetative Nervous System: 1. The Static and Kinetic Components. 2. Anatomic Considerations: (1) Sympathetic (Static) System. (2) Parasympathetic (Kinetic) System. (3) Myostatic and Myokinetic Components of Involuntary Muscles. 3. Physiologic Considerations. 4. Pharmacologic Considerations. 5. Relation to Symptomatology. III. The Afferent Nervous System: 1. The Static and Kinetic Components. 2. Anatomic Considerations: (1) Kinesthetic System. (2) Statesthetic System. 3. Relation to Symptomatology. IV. Comments and Conclusions. In my presidential address to the American Neurological Association, in June 1920,1I considered the efferent nervous system from a new point of view. In this conception, two distinct systems of motility were recognized throughout the whole of the efferent nervous system, subserving respectively the functions of motion and

Topic: Neurology and Historical Studies
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Spatial Pattern of Living Woody and Coarse Woody Debris in Warm-Temperate Broad-Leaved Secondary Forest in North China

The investigation into the spatial distribution of living woody (LWD) and coarse woody debris (CWD) within forests represents a fundamental methodology for probing the inherent mechanisms governing coexistence and mortality within forest ecosystems. Here, a complete spatial randomness (CSR) null model was employed to scrutinize the spatial pattern, while canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and the Torus-translation test (TTT) were utilized to elucidate the distribution patterns of LWD and CWD within warm-temperate deciduous broadleaf secondary forests in Dongling Mountains plot, northern China. The results reveal that both LWD and CWD exhibit an aggregated distribution as the predominant pattern in the Dongling Mountains plot, with the proportion and intensity of aggregation diminishing as spatial scale increases. Specifically, the aggregation intensity g0–10 demonstrates a significant negative correlation with abundance and maximum diameter at breast height (DBH). Notably, the g0–10 of LWD manifests a stronger correlation with the maximum DBH, whereas the g0–10 of CWD exhibits a greater association with the mortality rate. CCA outcomes suggest that elevation, convexity, and aspect significantly impact LWD distribution, whereas CWD distribution shows substantial negative correlations with elevation, convexity, slope, and aspect. TTT findings indicate that ecosystems characterized by a substantial presence of LWD also display a notable prevalence of CWD. Additionally, the majority of species exhibit no habitat preference, displaying neutral habitat connections and low ecological niche differentiation within the sampled plot.

Topic: Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Ventriloquism in Geneva: The League of Nations as International Organisation

For international lawyers, the League of Nations is an institution of great symbolic and doctrinal importance. With its quasi-universal membership (‘universal’ of course heavily qualified), open-ended mandate, and inauguration of an ‘international civil service’, the League broke from the more limited institutional forms of nineteenth-century interstate cooperation, and helped shift ‘international organisation’ from a general aspiration of ordered interaction to a more specific legal category of inter-governmental entities.1 However, the League was an irritant in the international legal order as well as an agent of law’s expansion. It posed new legal questions concerning its own status and personality; the nature of relations with states and others; and the regulation of officials working within it. The emergence of the League thus offers a revealing vantage point on the workings of early-twentieth-century international legal thought, and the modes of analysis we can bring to bear upon it.

Topic: Historical and Contemporary Political Dynamics
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Regulation of ACTH secretory pathways in cultured pituitary cells

Although chloroquine, an agent that disrupts regulated protein secretion, has previously been shown to decrease the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretory response to adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate or corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in AtT-20 and rat anterior pituitary cells, respectively, it has no effect on the response to vasopressin. The present study extended experiments with chloroquine to cultured sheep anterior pituitary cells, which have a greater maximum response to vasopressin. Chloroquine (200 microM) had no effect on basal ACTH secretion or on stimulation by vasopressin. In contrast to the rat, the net response to CRF was tripled by chloroquine in ovine cells. The effect of chloroquine on the response to CRF was more effective by coexposure of cells to CRF and chloroquine than by pretreatment with chloroquine. Monensin or vinblastine did not increase the ACTH response to CRF. The results indicate ACTH release in response to vasopressin is chloroquine insensitive in this way, can be dissociated from the mechanism that responds to CRF, and would be consistent with the CRF response mechanism involving pathways that can alter the secretory pool of ACTH. When chloroquine acts to increase the response to CRF, it is likely not to act by stabilizing the CRF-receptor complex.

Topic: Stress Responses and Cortisol
Subfield: Behavioral Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The International Political Economy of the Middle-income Trap

Developing countries face uncertain trajectories for growth in the twenty-first century, with many finding themselves a ‘middle-income trap’. Extant theories in the politics of development that focus on domestic institutional strength and weakness represent necessary but not fully sufficient explanations for the trajectories of middle-income countries. In order to explain uncertain and uneven development outcomes in an era of heightened globalisation, this article seeks to explore the impact of international institutions, specifically the post-Cold War structures of trade and investment and global value chains, on the possibilities for growth for middle-income countries. The particular character of rules and norms defining trade and investment and the power dynamics behind their design suggest that international institutions as well as domestic factors explain disappointing and increasingly unequal development outcomes among middle-income countries.

Topic: International Development and Aid
Subfield: Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Analysis of preheating temperature field characteristics in selective laser sintering

Selective laser sintering technology has broad application prospects in the manufacture of small batch parts with complex structure. In the sintering process, the preheating efficiency and temperature of powder layer determine the processing quality. A method of preheating powder by lamp radiation and tropical heat conduction is proposed in this paper. The thermal radiation model is established, and the angle coefficient is introduced to describe the proportion of radiation energy on the surface of powder layer. Based on the geometric characteristics of the powder cylinder, the heat conduction process is simplified to one-dimensional heat conduction along the radial direction, and the heat conduction model is established. The coupled temperature field under two actions is obtained by combining the heat radiation model with the heat conduction model. The uniformity coefficient [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] of the temperature field is defined to represent the uniformity of the preheating temperature field of the powder layer. By comparing the uniformity coefficient [Formula: see text], a more uniform temperature field can be obtained when the height coefficient is 1.8 under combined action. The validity of the model is verified by a comparative experiment with processed water atomized iron powder. Constructing uniform temperature field can effectively reduce the deformation of parts and improve the forming quality.

Topic: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Revealing Secrets: Talismans, Healthcare and the Market of the Occult in Early Twentieth-century China

Abstract This article analyses the place and value of occult arts in the healthcare market of Republican China (1912–1949). Medical historiography has long neglected the resilience of such occult arts as talismans, astrology and divination in the context of China’s search for modernity. Focusing on the production, trade, and consumption of goods and services related to talismanic healing, I give voice to Chinese occultists by investigating the formation of a ‘market of the occult’ in the Republican era. I adopt a global perspective to clarify the changes that occult healing underwent following the popularisation of new printing technologies, mass media and transnational spiritualism in early twentieth-century China. Erstwhile embraced in secrecy, the occult was now being made public. Cheap manuals, wide-circulation newspapers and book catalogues reveal that in contrast to past studies that herald the disenchantment of the world as the hallmark of Chinese modernity, occult healing did not simply survive but thrived in the face of modern science and technology.

Topic: Chinese history and philosophy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Beyond the Standard GWAS—A Guide for Plant Biologists

Abstract Classic genome-wide association studies (GWAS) look for associations between individual single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and phenotypes of interest. With the rapid progress of high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping technologies, GWAS have become increasingly powerful for detecting genetic determinants and their molecular mechanisms underpinning natural phenotypic variation. However, GWAS frequently yield results with neither expected nor promising loci, nor any significant associations. This is often because associations between SNPs and a single phenotype are confounded, for example with the environment, other traits or complex genetic structures. Such confounding can mask true genotype–phenotype associations, or inflate spurious associations. To address these problems, numerous methods have been developed that go beyond the standard model. Such advanced GWAS models are flexible and can offer improved statistical power for understanding the genetics underlying complex traits. Despite this advantage, these models have not been widely adopted and implemented compared to the standard GWAS approach, partly because this literature is diverse and often technical. In this review, our aim is to provide an overview of the application and the benefits of various advanced GWAS models for handling complex traits and genetic structures, targeting plant biologists who wish to carry out GWAS more effectively.

Topic: Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Effects of Group Work on Middle School Students' Attitudes Toward Math: An Observational Study

Math is important to the future of all students, but it can also be their worst subject. Cooperative learning is one solution to improving the learning experience for students in math because it allows students to work together, instead of individually listening to a teacher lecture. Cooperative learning is effective and often a pleasant learning experience for the students that are involved. Many things can contribute to a successful group-work experience, but the focus of my project is the interaction among group members. I believe that every student can learn math, but when the student is not motivated to learn, the student needs a positive learning experience to get going. Group work could be that positive experience. The purpose of this project is to observe students working in groups to discover patterns of group interaction and the effect of their group work on their attitude towards learning math and their participation in class. For my research, I have observed students in an eighth-grade Algebra I class at the University Lab School, surveyed these students, and interviewed their teacher. Learning is based on the student and how much he or she understands, therefore, the observational approach will give me solid student experiences that will help me to understand the responses in their survey. There are three types of group work that I have observed: Presentation Preparation, Poster Sessions, and Labs. Many students conveyed a positive attitude toward their math class in their surveys and through their participation in class

Topic: Diverse Educational Innovations Studies
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Gender Equality and Sport - a Norwegian Perspective

Aslaug M. Haga, Minister of Cultural AffairsGender Equality and Sport - a Norwegian PerspectiveSeminar on women and handball, Hamar, 3. December 1999Ladies and gentlemen,When we want to understand the involvement of
women and men in sports, we must s...

Topic: Sports, Gender, and Society
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Moving the business logic tier to the client. Cost‐effective distributed computing for the WWW

Abstract The Internet and the WWW have encouraged the adoption of a three‐tiered architectural style as the general framework for distributed computing. The thin client concept associated with this model is the most suitable for the WWW, because it can be easily mapped to the browser concept. Additionally, the separation of business logic (middle tier) and back‐end services enable further flexibility for the design of this kind of service. Nevertheless, the advent of platform‐independent software models like Java and the availability of common off‐the‐shelf services, like FTP or HTTP, offer new opportunities to more classical distributed computing models. In this paper we revisit the two‐tiered model for Internet environments, and show that the fat client (user interface plus business logic) may still be valid, at least in some environments. We propose two solutions to provide full FTP access from a Java applet. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Topic: Cloud Computing and Remote Desktop Technologies
Subfield: Hardware and Architecture
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Synthesis of an Aminocyclitol Antibiotic SF–733

Journal Article The Synthesis of an Aminocyclitol Antibiotic SF–733 Get access Teiichiro Ito, Teiichiro Ito Research Laboratories of Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd. Yokohama, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Eiichi Akita, Eiichi Akita Research Laboratories of Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd. Yokohama, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Takashi Tsuruoka, Takashi Tsuruoka Research Laboratories of Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd. Yokohama, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Taro Niida Taro Niida Research Laboratories of Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd. Yokohama, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 34, Issue 6, 1 June 1970, Pages 980–981, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1970.10859719 Published: 01 June 1970 Article history Received: 22 April 1970 Published: 01 June 1970

Topic: Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Community Structure of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Soils of Switchgrass Harvested for Bioenergy

We assessed the different species of beneficial fungi living in agricultural fields of switchgrass, a large grass grown for biofuels, using high-resolution DNA sequencing. Contrary to our expectations, the fungi were not greatly affected by fertilization. However, we found a positive relationship between plant productivity and the number of families of beneficial fungi at one site. Furthermore, we sequenced many species that could not be identified with existing reference databases. One group of fungi was highlighted in an earlier study for being widely distributed but of unknown taxonomy. We discovered that this group belonged to a family called Pervetustaceae , which may benefit switchgrass in stressful environments. To produce higher-yielding switchgrass in a more sustainable manner, it could help to study these undescribed fungi and the ways in which they may contribute to greater switchgrass yield in the absence of fertilization.

Topic: Bioenergy crop production and management
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of barbiturates on ‘quantal’ synaptic transmission in spinal motoneurones

1. Monosynaptic excitatory post‐synaptic potentials (EPSPs) produced in triceps surae motoneurones of the cat by stimulation of single afferent fibres in the muscle nerve were recorded with intracellular electrodes before and after the administration of thiopentone or pentobarbitone. 2. The average amplitude of the ‘unit’ EPSP was 0·11–0·21 mV and remained unchanged after the administration of the barbiturates (10 mg/kg, I.V. ). 3. Mean quantum content ( m ) ranged from 1·9 to more than 5 before drug administration. The m was reduced by thiopentone (10 mg/kg, I.V. ) and pentobarbitone (10 mg/kg, I.V. ) by 23·1 and 24·7% respectively. 4. The barbiturates, in the doses employed, produced no alterations in the input resistance of the motoneurone membrane or in the strength—duration relation obtained by passing depolarizing current pulses through the micro‐electrode. 5. It is concluded that the action of thiopentone and pentobarbitone, in the doses used, is confined to the presynaptic nerve terminals and results in a reduction in the amount of transmitter released by afferent impulses.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences