jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Advancing Research on Unconscious Priming: When can Scientists Claim an Indirect Task Advantage?

Current literature holds that many cognitive functions can be performed outside consciousness. Evidence for this view comes from unconscious priming. In a typical experiment, visual stimuli are masked, such that participants are close to chance when directly asked to which of two categories the stimuli belong. This close-to-zero sensitivity is seen as evidence that participants cannot consciously report the category of the masked stimuli. Nevertheless, the category of the masked stimuli can indirectly affect responses to other stimuli (e.g., reaction times or brain activity). Priming is therefore seen as evidence that there is still some (albeit unconscious) sensitivity to the stimulus categories, thereby indicating processing outside consciousness. Although this "standard reasoning of unconscious priming" has been used in many studies, we show that it is flawed: Sensitivities are not calculated appropriately, hereby creating the wrong impression that priming indicated better sensitivity than the close-to-zero sensitivity of the direct discrimination. We describe the appropriate way to determine sensitivities, replicate the behavioral part of a landmark study, develop a method to estimate sensitivities for published studies from reported summary statistics, and use this method to reanalyze 15 highly influential studies. Results show that the interpretations of many studies need to be changed and that a community effort to reassess the vast literature on unconscious priming is needed. This process will allow scientists to learn more about the true boundary conditions of unconscious priming, thereby advancing the scientific understanding of consciousness.

Topic: Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Fort Wayne Area Interprofessional Consortium for Health Care Education: Interprofessional Education Seminar Series

Abstract This resource is a series of three team-based educational activities to foster interprofessional education. Session 1 provides an introduction to interprofessional education and health care. Session 2 discusses the BATHE (Background, Affect, Trouble, Handling, and Empathy) model of psychosocial interviewing. Session 3 covers root cause analysis. The general model for the activities was a light dinner, a networking session, and a plenary session. Teams worked together in breakout sessions (preserving the membership of the teams for longitudinal experience). The whole group reconvened for sharing between groups, debriefing, and announcement of the next session. Faculty provided the structure for the plenary sessions but involvement during team session was only to keep teams on task, watch time, and answer questions that learners could not answer. Faculty facilitated the debriefings. Each seminar lasted 1.5 hours including the dinner. This resources provide the materials for each of the three sessions.

Topic: Interprofessional Education and Collaboration
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
The Cultural Divide in Europe: Migration, Multiculturalism, and Political Trust

One of the defining features of modern states is their incorporation of notions of political and social community based on shared language, history, and myths. However, large numbers of citizens in modern states have come to believe their national communities are under threat from several modern forces, including immigration. Using the European Social Survey (2002–9), this article explores the extent to which perceived threats posed by large-scale immigration undermine national political communities by reducing trust in national politicians and political institutions. The findings indicate that even after controlling for other predictors of trust in the political system, concerns about the effect of immigration on the national community have an impact on trust in politics. Moreover, having a lengthy postwar history with mass immigration mediates this effect, while the potentially mobilizing effects of far-right parties on the relationship between concern about immigration and political distrust are somewhat limited.

Topic: Electoral Systems and Political Participation
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Failed Revolution: Reflections on the 2006 Elections in Belarus

The success of "color revolutions" in Serbia, Georgia, and Ukraine, together with the success of the opposition movement in Kyrgyszstan, fueled hopes for change in Belarus, particularly among opposition circles, European Union (EU) countries, and the Bush-Rice administration in Washington. Though prospects for the removal of President Aliaksandr Lukashenka were limited (he successfully engineered a referendum in October 2004 that gave him the right to run for additional terms as president), there is no question that the situation for the opposition during the 2006 presidential elections was considerably better than it was in 2001. In that year, with the support of several key figures and institutions, including the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Advisory and Monitoring Group in Belarus, the opposition belatedly came up with a compromise candidate from the trade union movement, Uladzimir Hancharyk. But the move came too late to have a significant impact on the campaign.2 This time, after a difficult series of meetings across the country, the opposition managed to unite its efforts under Aliaksandr Milinkevich, a nonparty man and professional academic from the Hrodna region.KeywordsEuropean UnionPresidential ElectionOpinion PollLiberal Democratic PartyElection CampaignThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Topic: Eastern European Communism and Reforms
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
New Distillation Packing

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew Distillation PackingM. R. CannonCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1949, 41, 9, 1953–1955Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1949https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50477a028RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views95Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (499 KB) Get e-Alerts

Topic: Process Optimization and Integration
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Revelation: Towards a Christian Interpretation of God’s Self-revelation in Jesus Christ

Since the late 1980s the theme of God's self-revelation has been treated only briefly in Christian theology, at times simply ignored, and often confused with biblical inspiration. Revelation: Towards a Christian Theology of God's Self-Revelation lays out its basic characteristics, and begins by distinguishing between revelation in the primary sense (a living encounter with God's self-disclosure) and in the secondary sense (statements of faith derived from that encounter, or 'propositional' revelation). It considers revelation as transforming and informing, as being 'sacramental' or mediated through words and deeds, as communicated through an endless variety of means and mediators, as related to but distinct from biblical inspiration and truth, and as reaching those of 'other' faiths or of no faith at all.

Gerald O'Collins skilfully distinguishes between past (or 'foundational') revelation, present (or 'dependent') revelation, and future (or 'eschatological') revelation. He expounds with ecumenical sensitivity the complex relationship between tradition and scripture. O'Collins moves into controversial areas by insisting that the divine self- revelation takes place only when received by human faith and that 'outside revelation there is no salvation (extra revelationem nulla salus'). This volume offers a coherent account of God's self-revelation, which can serve as a basis for all that follows in theology and for dialogue with those who follow 'other' living faiths or none at all. O'Collins extends and enriches what he has proposed in earlier books and articles about the characteristics of God's self-revelation.

Topic: Christian Theology and Mission
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Getting it right? Using aphasic naming errors to evaluate theoretical models of spoken word recognition

Abstract Different models of spoken word production make different predictions regarding the extent of effects of certain word properties on the output of that model. These predictions are examined with regard to the effect of these variables on the production of semantic and phonological errors by aphasic subjects. Thus the production of semantic errors is found to be affected by imageability and the production of phonological errors by word length, but not vice versa. It is argued that this pattern of variables affecting the production of semantic and phonological errors is better explained by models which require strictly sequential stage-by-stage processing (e.g. Levelt et al., 1991a; Morton, 1970; 1979) than by multi-layer perceptron (e.g. Plaut & Shallice, 1991; 1993) or interactive activation models (e.g. Dell, 1986; 1989).

Topic: Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Pericarditis as a Complication of Thyrotoxicosis

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Pericarditis as a complication of thyrotoxicosis has been reported only once in the literature.<sup>1</sup> <h3>Report of a Case.</h3> —A 67-year-old man had tremor, palpitations, excessive heat radiation, and chest pressure. The resting pulse rate was 130 beats per minute, and cardiovascular examination showed a hyperactive precordium, a scratching systolic Lerman's sound, and hyperactive reflexes. The ECG showed no ST-T-segment abnormalities. The thyroxine (T<sub>4</sub>) radioimmunoassay level was 23.7% (normal, 4.5% to 12.0%). Triiodothyronine (T<sub>3</sub>) uptake was 60% (normal, 31% to 45%). He was given propranolol hydrochloride, 20 mg three times daily, and propylthiouracil, 100 mg three times daily. On July 25, 1980, he noticed substernal chest pain on exertion. The ECG showed slower heart rate, but a 2-mm inferior ST-segment elevation. Propranolol hydrochloride therapy was increased to 80 mg three times daily, and isosorbide dinitrate, nitroglycerin, potassium iodide, and methylprednisolone acetate were added. By July 31, 1980,

Topic: Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Muscarine Reduces Calcium-Dependent Electrical Activity in Substantia Nigra Dopaminergic Neurons

The effect of muscarine on Ca 2+ dependent electrical activity was studied in dopamine (DA) neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in brain slices from young rats, using sharp electrodes. In most DA neurons tested, muscarine (50 μM) reduced the amplitude of spontaneous oscillatory potentials and evoked Ca 2+ -dependent potentials recorded in the presence of TTX. Muscarine also reduced the amplitude of the slow afterhyperpolarization (sAHP) following action potentials in most DA neurons. These data suggest that muscarine reduces Ca 2+ entry in SNc DA neurons. The reduction of the amplitude of the sAHP by muscarine in DA neurons may facilitate bursting initiated by glutamatergic input by increasing the frequency at which DA neurons can fire. The reduction of the sAHP via activation of muscarinic receptors in vivo may provide a mechanism whereby cholinergic inputs to DA neurons from the tegmental peduncular pontine nucleus could modulate dopamine release at dopaminergic targets in the brain.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Economically Fair Combinatorial Auctions under Execution Uncertainty

This research designs a combinatorial auction mechanism under execution uncertainty to satisfy incentive compatibility, individual rationality, and efficiency by leveraging bonus and penalty. A buyer posts a task composed of multiple sub-tasks to be outsourced. If temporal and precedence relations exist among sub-tasks, then the buyer specifies them. The buyer may also specify a time interval within which all the sub-tasks should start and finish. Suppliers submit multiple bids composed of their interested sub-tasks, prices, and schedules for those selected sub-tasks. This research formulates a winner-determination problem, which is based on bid prices and suppliers’ success probabilities in delivering the sub-tasks, and suppliers’ schedules. Under a combinatorial mechanism for tasks with dependencies and combinatorial valuations, a supplier can be penalized based on his or her failures, or the supplier can be rewarded on the basis of other suppliers’ successes. In this manner, the issue of fairness predominates. This research also designs an economically fair mechanism that specifies bonuses and penalties depending on the outcomes of sub-tasks. The research shows that total payment under the designed mechanism is bounded above by the buyer’s valuation of the task.

Topic: Auction Theory and Applications
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Give full play to the advantages of emerging media to broaden the path of university publicity work–based on the research and analysis of the operation of a youth media center at a university in Wuhan

The university is in the front position of ideological work, and its task is arduous, its mission is great. It is a strategic project to do propaganda and ideological work well in universities, which is related to the party’s leadership over colleges and universities, the full implementation of the Party’s educational policy, and the successor of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This is of great and far-reaching significance for consolidating the guiding position of Marxism in the field of ideology and consolidating the common ideological basis for the united struggle of the whole Party and the Chinese people. Colleges and universities should adapt to the trend of the Times, make good use of modern media platforms, continuously promote the innovation of publicity ideas, methods, and effects lay a solid cultural foundation, carry forward the spirit of colleges and universities, and make colleges and universities become demonstration areas of the construction of spiritual civilization in the new era.

Topic: Ideological and Political Education
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Beyond the ‘Natal Frontier’?: H F Fynn's Cape Career 1834–1852

(1996). Beyond the ‘Natal Frontier’?: H F Fynn's Cape Career 1834–1852. Journal of Natal and Zulu History: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 31-67.

Topic: South African History and Culture
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[Discovery, isolation and structural identification of alkaloid glycosides in six traditional Chinese medicine such as Coptis chinensis].

Alkaloids are important active ingredients occurring in many traditional Chinese medicines, and alkaloid glycosides are one of their existence forms. The introduction of saccharide units improves the water solubility of alkaloid glycosides thus presenting better biological activity.Because of the low content in plants, alkaloid glycosides have been not comprehensively studied. In this study, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) was employed to identify and analyze the alkaloid glycosides in Coptis chinensis, Phellodendron chinense, Menispermum dauricum, Sinomenium acutum, Tinospora sagittata and Stephania tetrandra. The results showed that except Tinospora sagittata, the other five herbal medicines contained alkaloid glycosides. Furthermore, the alkaloid glycosides in each herbal medicine were identified based on UV absorption spectra, quasimolecular ion peaks in MS, fragment ions information in the MS/MS, and previous literature reports. A total of 42 alkaloid glycosides were identified. More alkaloid glycosides were identified in C. chinensis and Menispermum dauricum, and eleven in C. chinensis were potential new compounds. Furthermore, the alkaloid glycosides in the water extract of C. chinensis were coarsely se-parated by macroporous adsorption resin, purified by column chromatography with D151 cation exchange resin, ODS and MCI, combined with semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography. Two new alkaloid glycosides were obtained, and their structures were identified by mass spectrometry and NMR data as(S)-7-hydroxy-1-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-2,2-N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and(S)-N-methyltetrahydropalmatubine-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, respectively. This study is of great significance for enriching the information about the chemical composition and the in-depth development of C. chinensis. Meanwhile, it can provide a reference for rapid identification and isolation of alkaloid glycosides from other Chinese herbal medicines.

Topic: Plant-based Medicinal Research
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Homestay and Tourism in a Philippine Municipality: A Conceptual Framework for Sustainability

The alternative definition of tourism as an act of “gathering, building, dwelling, and learning” (Phipps, 2007) was enacted in a homestay program of Sariaya, a municipality in southern Luzon in the Philippines. The hosts, the student butlers or guides, and the tourism council contributed to the visitors’ being able to “gather” sensory perceptions of Sariaya; “build,” make sense, and understand these sensory perceptions enough to “dwell” and be part of the “ visited” community from where “learning” and sweet memories of the municipality have become part of their personhood. More than photographs, these shared memories will probably be part of the discourse of tourism students. For a homestay program to be sustainable, however, the following must be done: change the paradigm among homestay participants by arriving at competitive pricing strategies, establish standardized pricing and more efficient homestay services, discover the potential of storytelling as a feature of homestay, address the issue of privacy among homeowners, and establish an acceptable return for participating in the homestay program. The last point is important because sustainability of the project is dependent not only on the fulf illment of sociocultural objectives but also on economic and f inancial objectives. Likewise, sustainability can be realized if there is a close coordination among the stakeholders, namely, the Sariaya Tourism Council, the local government, the academe, local businessmen, nongovernmental organizations, and national tourism off ices.

Topic: Culinary Culture and Tourism
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Current Treatment of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries

서론 삼각섬유연골 복합체(triangular fibrocartilage complex, TFCC)는 정상 원위 요척관절 안정성을 유지하며, 척골과 수 근골 사이에 위치해 충격 완화작용을 한다.이 두 가지 작용에 문제가 발생하면 수근부 척측의 통증을 야기할 수 있다.우선 삼각섬유연골 복합체를 포함한 원위 요척관절의 손상 은 탈구나 골절을 동반하기도 하고, 주로 손이 신전된 상태로 땅을 짚으며 발생한다.다른 원인으로는 갑작스런 손목의 비 틀림으로도 발생한다

Topic: Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ACTIVITY MODELLING AND UTILITY MAXIMISATION - ISSUES OF CONSISTENCY, COMPUTABILITY AND APPLICABILITY

Activity oriented were once introduced and regarded as promising future alternatives to what was then the conventional culture of transport demand modelling methods. Over the years, the methods developed, and the research area does now constitute an active and independent tradition with an internationally widespread network of researchers involved. The interest for modelling has mostly been concentrated to a group of scientists, who share also an interest in (and conviction of) travel decision mechanisms that within classical economic theory would be regarded as non-rational. During the same time, the role of travel forecasting models generally has developed to be strongly linked to economic appraisal, cost-benefit techniques and welfare theory. In these contexts, rationality and utility maximisation are key concepts. Thus, the gap between traditionalists and activity modellers has widened. Both groups claim the need for modelling systems, and the assumptions with which the models need to be consistent seem to drift apart. This is a discussion paper, based on analyses of available literature. Thus, it will not introduce any new research results, but rather open for a discussion of the latent and explicit conflicts between the two approaches. It will be claimed that some differences between the approaches are in fact less significant than has been indicated in literature, while some other (common) problems may be larger than what has been admitted. For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E205613. (A)

Topic: Transportation Planning and Optimization
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Shrinking Hand: Why Information Technology Leads to Smaller Firms

We explain the firm downsizing trend of the recent decades by the new abundance of information -- the ICT revolution. Production processes differ in their information requirements: while decentralized production by means of market exchanges is information intensive, less information per unit of output is needed in the hierarchically integrated production of firms, and the information/output ratio is decreasing firm size. We formulate a quantity of information theory of the firm embodying these differences and derive a Coase--Rybczinski effect for the aggregate economy, which predicts a decreasing employment share of large firms and an increasing share of small ones when the aggregate quantity of information increases Panel data regressions and other evidence provide support for this hypothesis.

Topic: Economic Growth and Productivity
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences