jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
In the Middle: Fiction, Borders, and Class

Although the idea of the border has figured decisively in the shaping of U.S. literature since its inception and has illuminated new contexts for studying the literature of the Americas, the value for exploring, setting, and crossing boundaries has been steadily erased from U.S. literary history. Primarily this erasure has been conducted in critical endeavors to nationalize literary culture, efforts that were Eurocentric at first, later New England based, and ultimately modernist, a consolidation that needed to obliterate or undo the differentiating force of the merely local. So ravaged has the idea of the border been that in postmodern literary history no connection between past conceptions and present definitions seems to obtain. Lost, however, is the power of the border to generate a complex historicizing of trans-national American literatures. And in U.S. literary history, this means that an understanding of the formative category of class is squandered. I aim to repair this state of critical affairs by reconstituting the history of U.S. border literature through a discussion of how and why border literature came to be the province of the middle class, the class that anxiously projected its fear of U.S. [End Page 89] corruption and immorality onto border realms; to do so, I will also suggest how the prevailing regionalist impulse in middle-class U.S. fiction turned elsewhere in the hemisphere.

Topic: Latin American and Latino Studies
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Is it acceptable for medical professionals to kiss paediatric patients?

It is human nature, perhaps more so for doctors and nurses, to comfort children in distress. Unfortunately, however, necessary medical procedures carried out by healthcare providers (eg, venipuncture) can often result in pain and discomfort, which may in turn cause the provider a degree of guilt and distress. Is it ever acceptable to comfort a paediatric patient with a kiss? This essay examines the literature published on this subject reflecting on a recent encounter with a patient.

Topic: Ethics and Legal Issues in Pediatric Healthcare
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Last Closed Border of the Cold War: Turkey–Armenia

In the post-Soviet Caucasus, a number of borders remain blocked as a result of ethno-territorial conflicts that emerged in the early 1990s. Yet, there is one closed border that does not fit the pattern: the Turkish–Armenian border. This border has not been the site of any conflict in that period, and belongs to an entirely different geopolitical space: the border that previously separated the Soviet Union from Turkey, as well as independent Armenia from the Republic of Turkey. To understand the nature of the conflict that keeps the Turkish–Armenian border closed, therefore, one has to look for historic references that go beyond the Soviet legacy and bring in Ottoman history, and specifically the Genocide of Ottoman Armenians in 1915–1916. This analysis sheds new light on understanding the modern conflicts of the Caucasus, which have previously been studied mostly within the context of the Soviet experience.

Topic: Turkey's Politics and Society
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Referring Expression Generation in Situated Interaction

While most current frameworks for reference handling are based on binary truth-theoretic knowledge representation, in this thesis I argue for a perspective on reference which emphasises the collaborative nature of reference. I present the Probabilistic Reference And GRounding mechanism (PRAGR) which uses flexible concept assignment based on vague property models and situational context in order to maximise the chance of communicative success. I demonstrate that PRAGR is capable of dealing with several property domains with different internal structures, such as graded adjectives, colour, shape, projective terms, and projective regions. Further, I show that PRAGR is fit to handle in an integrated fashion the most relevant challenges of Referring Expression Generation, in particular graded properties, spatial relations, and salience effects. In three empirical evaluation studies, I demonstrate the usefulness of PRAGR for situated referential communication.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Good labeling property of simple nested fractals

We show various criteria to verify if a given nested fractal has a good labeling property, inter alia we present a characterization of GLP for fractals with an odd number of essential fixed points. We show a convenient reduction of the area to be investigated in the verification of GLP and give examples that further reduction is impossible. We prove that if the number of essential fixed points is a power of two, then a fractal must have GLP and that there are no values other than primes or powers of two guaranteeing GLP. For all other numbers of essential fixed points, we are able to construct examples having and others not having GLP.

Topic: Mathematical Dynamics and Fractals
Subfield: Mathematical Physics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effect of met-enkephalin and morphine on gastric secretion and blood flow.

The effects of met-enkephalin and morphine on gastric acid and pepsin secretion and gastric mucosal and total blood flow were studied in anaesthetized dogs with an in vivo chambered secretion stomach preparation. It was found that both agents infused intraarterially caused an increase in histamine-induced acid and pepsin secretion and mucosal and total blood flow. The above responses were significantly blocked by naloxone and nalorphine. In the resting stomach both opiates did not induce secretory changes but they increased mucosal and total blood flow. Met-enkephalin and morphine were also effective after intravenous administration. Met-enkephalin but not morphine fails to stimulate acid secretion if given into the portal vein. The likely mechanism of action of opiates on gastric secretion is discussed and a hypothesis of existence of opiate receptors in the gastric wall is presented.

Topic: Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
MURILO RUBIÃO: CONCILIAÇÃO INSÓLITA DE COTIDIANO E SOBRENATURAL

Murilo Rubião proposes in his stories a game that never ceases to be played, to mix biblical images, unreal characters immersed in a routine too lived by the reader or, rather, characters that embody men immersed in normal unlikely situations. Although the characters and their world, or some other, are saying that what you read is not real as we can imagine or conceive in your logic, we have a world to come more naturally to each line. This is the most surprising in Murilo Rubião: the naturalized supernatural, the impossible made possible, as I pretend to show in this article.

Topic: Literature, Culture, and Criticism
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Sixty-one cases of angina pectoris due to coronary heart disease treated by external use of the paste of nitrum and realgar powder on zhiyang (GV 9).

In order to inquire into the therapeutic effects of Xiao Shi Xiong Huang San (the Nitrum and Realgar Powder), one of the Dunhuang Prescription, on angina pectoris due to coronary heart disease (APCHD), the authors have treated 61 cases of APCHD by externally applying paste of the powder on Zhiyang (GV 9), with another 30 cases of APCHD treated with the nitroglycerin paste on Zhiyang as the controls. The results showed that the total effective rate was 82% and markedly effective rate 31.2% in the treatment group (the Paste of Nitrum and Realgar Powder), and the total effective rate was 46.6% and markedly effective rate 23.2% in the control group (the nitroglycerin paste). The difference in therapeutic effects between the two groups was very significant (P<0.01), indicating that the therapeutic effect of the former was significantly superior to that of the latter.

Topic: Traditional Chinese Medicine Studies
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Chemical and radiative effects of methane. Final report, December 1990-September 1993

The purpose of this report is to better quantify the radiative forcing by atmospheric methane and other greenhouse gases. More specifically, the following issues will be addresed: The direct radiative impact of increasing concentrations of green house gases including CO2, CH4, N2O and the CFCs; The impact of changing concentrations of trace gases emitted at the surface level on the distribution of other trace gases in the atmosphere; The evolution of the radiative forcing from the preindustrial period up to 1990; and The evaluaton if direct and indirect Global Warming Potentials for the main greenhouse gases.

Topic: Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Variation in Linguists' Analyses of Author Identification

TN 1983 AN UNSIGNED, TYPEWRITTEN, LIBELOUS letter was sent to the board president of a corporation, accusing by name some of the corporation's managers of engaging in unlawful activities. A copy of the letter was received by local law enforcement officials. The libeled parties filed suit against someone they suspected of writing the letter. The legal action was complicated and involved cross-complaints of various sorts, so I have simplified the legal presentation here, though not in ways relevant to the point of this discussion. My focus here is solely on the matter of expert witnessing by five linguists. In the hope that it may prove helpful to linguists who are or may become involved as expert witnesses, I describe this action as it evolved, briefly considering the methodologies used by the plaintiffs' experts in their analyses and the criticism of those analyses made by the defendant's experts. From an examination of what the various linguists testified to, I also draw some practical conclusions for linguists engaged as experts in an adversarial setting. As sources of information, I have used the depositions of the five linguists, including written reports made by two of them. In my discussion I call the defendantJohn Smithy; I call the first expert Linguist 1, the second Linguist 2, and so on. I sometimes refer to the anonymous letter as Document A (for anonymous) and to 38 business letters known to be authored by the defendant as Documents B. For the sake of anonymity, I use masculine pronouns for all five linguists and for all parties to the action.

Topic: Swearing, Euphemism, Multilingualism
Subfield: Communication
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Psychiatry and the Criminal Law System

To date the interaction between psychiatry and the criminal law system has been frustrating and unproductive. This failure is explained on the basis that psychiatry has always become involved at the request of the legal system and, worse, that its tasks and roles have been delineated and defined by the legal system. Psychiatry has accepted this uncritically and unimaginatively. The author reviews the basic steps of the criminal process and suggests newer and broader approaches for psychiatric collaboration at each level.

Topic: Mental Health and Psychiatry
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Surface Structures of Human Platelets after Adhesion and Aggregation

Human platelets that have adhered, spread out, and aggregated on the artificial surface - of an epoxy resin show an intact cellular membrane. After normal fixation and staining a filamentous material is seen in the extraneous coat which forms intercellular bridges. Incubation with colloidal iron demonstrates the existence of proteoglycans and unsaturated lipid acids. A distinction of proteinous and lipoid components can be achieved by ruthenium red which binds to proteoglycans and to fibrinogen and iodoplatinate which reacts with quarternary ammonium compounds. The latter method delineates the outer lamella of the unit membrane and liberated phospholipids whose relationship to platelet factor 3 is discussed.

Topic: Platelet Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Stimulatory effects of phenylephrine and 4β-phorbol-12β 13α-dibutyrate on phospholipase D activity in hypertrophied myocardium in a rat model*

Objectives: α1-Adrenoceptors play an important role in physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy. They trigger signaling through Gq-proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) and MAPK. It is still unclear whether, in development of hypertrophy, PKC is activated by second messengers (e.g. diacylglycerol=DAG) produced by phospholipase D (PLD) or C or by both. We studied the effect of aortic banding on PLD activated by the PKC stimulator phorbol ester (PBD) and α1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (PE).

Topic: Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A New Local Anesthetic with Anticoagulant Properties

This is the first report of chloroquine (Aralen<sup>*</sup>) dihydrochloride as a local anesthetic and anticoagulant. Chloroquine is chemically unrelated to novocaine (procaine hydrochloride) or xylocaine (lidocaine) and, when injected intradermally or subcutaneously, produces prompt local anesthesia adequate for the performance of dermatological surgery. Prolonged bleeding occurs at the sites of injections and scalpel surgery. Chloroquine (Aralen) was first introduced in this country as a result of the widespread screening program for antimalarial compounds undertaken during World War II.<sup>1</sup>More recently, it has been employed therapeutically in a variety of dermatological conditions such as discoid lupus erythematosus<sup>2</sup>and lichen planus.<sup>3</sup>Thies<sup>4</sup>has reported on the treatment of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus by local infiltration. In his cases, however, novocaine was injected simultaneously. Chloroquine (7-chloro-4-[4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino] quinoline) is made available for parenteral administration as chloroquine (Aralen) dihydrochloride. The material used in this study was obtained in 3 cc. ampules,

Topic: Dental Anxiety and Anesthesia Techniques
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Postsecular Longings?

While the figure of the ‘Indian guru’ has established itself as a source of spiritual knowledge in the West, it played a unique role in the construction of the secular image of post-independence India. Historically, gurus, fakirs, or monks were considered neither a threat to the construction of secular India, nor were they given a privileged treatment on the basis of their religious denomination. Such secular ‘indifference’, however, has been challenged by competing narratives of religious modernities in popular culture, particularly in Hindi Cinema. Drawing from three recent productions – Oh My God (2012), PK (2014), and Dharam Sankat Mein (2015) – this article argues that the specific generic, cinematic, and narrative devices employed in these films gesture towards what Manav Ratti has identified as a ‘postsecular’ move in India, one that helps articulate the paradox of ‘nonsecular secularism, a non-religious religion’ wherein the figure of the guru serves as a tabula rasa of repressed secular anxieties.

Topic: South Asian Cinema and Culture
Subfield: Visual Arts and Performing Arts
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Development of Beautiful Sunset Land (CSL) Beach to Realize a Sustainable Economy of It-Based Halal Culinary Tourism Enterprises

This study investigates the development of Pantai Cantik Sunset Land (CSL) as a halal culinary destination in Sekarbela District, Mataram City, focusing on the role of information technology (IT). Using SWOT analysis, surveys, and interviews, the research identifies significant potential for the halal culinary industry at CSL Beach. However, challenges include inadequate IT utilization in marketing, insufficient awareness of halal certification, and poor waste management. The findings suggest that enhanced IT use in social media, increased halal certification awareness, and improved waste management can boost the competitiveness and sustainability of halal culinary businesses at CSL Beach.

Topic: Halal products and consumer behavior
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
High C/N ratio (not low‐energy content) of vegetation may have driven gigantism in sauropod dinosaurs and perhaps omnivory and/or endothermy in their juveniles

Summary Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest terrestrial animals ever, and the combination of selective pressures that might have lead to such extraordinary sizes has long been discussed. Here, we argue that a previous suggestion that large size may be a response to unusually high C/N ratios in available plant foods has been prematurely discarded. C/N ratios were likely to be high during much of the Mesozoic, and C/N ratio is entirely different from gross energy density as a measure of the value of a plant as food. In addition, we use recently published allometric equations for herbivore nitrogen and carbon use to make tentative calculations which suggest that if Mesozoic C/N ratios were greater than extant ones, this would have selected for one of two strategies: gigantism in ectothermic herbivores or endothermy (and selective foraging on high N material) in very small herbivores. We speculate that smaller‐bodied juvenile sauropods might have had a broader omnivorous diet and/or had higher mass‐specific metabolic rates than adults. The former is potentially testable by changes in dentition; the latter matches evidence of high growth rates of juvenile sauropods.

Topic: Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Comparison of intratympanic steroid treatment versus hemodilution and vasoactive treatment combination in sudden hearing loss

Amaç: Ani işitme kaybı ardışık 3 veya daha fazla frekansta en az 30 dB kaybın olduğu son 3 gün içinde ortaya çıkmış sensörinöral işitme kaybı olarak tanımlanabilir.Bu çalışmadaki amacımız, intratimpanik steroid tedavisi ile hemodilüsyon ve vazoaktif kombinasyon tedavisinin etkinliklerini karşılaştırmaktır

Topic: Vestibular and auditory disorders
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
<i>Re</i> Bouchet.

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of — Proof of — Claims Commission established to distribute compensation under Franco-Roumanian Agreement of 1959 — Compensation for French property, rights and interests nationalized in Roumania — Transfer of property from Roumanian to French national — Whether prior to nationalization — Whether French or Roumanian law to be applied determining legal date of contract opposable to third parties — The law of France.

Topic: Conflict of Laws and Jurisdiction
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
People with low serum folate levels have higher risk of colorectal adenoma/advanced colorectal adenoma occurrence and recurrence in China

Objective To investigate the potential association between serum folate levels and colorectal adenoma (CRA) occurrence and recurrence. Methods This prospective study measured baseline serum folate levels in outpatients who were screened for CRA using colonoscopy. Participants were then randomly selected to produce one group with CRA and one without CRA. These two subgroups underwent further follow-up observations of colonoscopy to determine the occurrence of new and recurrent CRA. Results A total of 1310 participants were screened at baseline: 888 were healthy subjects without CRA; and 422 had CRA. Two subgroups were randomly selected ( n = 200 per group) for follow-up. In the overall population, baseline serum folate levels were significantly lower in patients with CRA or advanced CRA (A-CRA) compared with healthy participants without CRA. Similar findings were shown for the follow-up study in terms of the association between CRA and A-CRA occurrence and recurrence and baseline serum folate levels. After controlling for confounders, increased serum folate was associated with a reduced risk of occurrence of CRA (odds ratio [OR] 0.993, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.924, 1.066) and recurrence of CRA (OR 0.749, 95% CI 0.322, 1.742). Conclusions Higher serum folate levels may be protective against CRA and/or A-CRA.

Topic: Folate and B Vitamins Research
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The digital control of anaesthetic gas flow

Summary The theory and construction of a prototype digital gas flow controller are described. Using eight preset needle valves, it has the ability to deliver any flow from 50 to 12750 ml/minute in steps of 50 ml/minute. Under given conditions, the accuracy of this de vice is very high and its variation in performance with pipeline supply pressures is quantified. The required flow is requested from a BBC ‘B’ microcomputer which is interfaced with the equipment via a program written in Basic and the 1MHz bus port. The possible uses and potential of a microcomputer‐controlled flow regulator in anaesthesia and intensive care are discussed.

Topic: Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Novel Dual-Bed Reactors:  Utilization of Hydrogen Spillover in Reactor Design

Hydrogen spillover over macroscopic distances was demonstrated and exploited in the design of two novel catalytic reactors for 1-butene isomerization. A dual-bed reactor containing separate zones of noble metal and bimetallic catalysts yielded activities up to 2.7 times greater than that of the noble metal alone. The noble metal catalyst contained palladium supported on graphitic carbon. The bimetallic catalyst contained a base metal, either iron or cobalt, and a lanthanide metal, either cerium or praseodymium, also supported on graphitic carbon. The bimetallic catalysts by themselves had no measurable activity at the current experimental conditions. Results from a dual-bed, dual-feed reactor using the same catalysts showed dramatic activity increases relative to controls. In this reactor, the hydrocarbon never contacted the noble metal catalyst, yet substantial hydrocarbon conversion was measured. No hydrocarbon conversion was detected when blank support replaced the bimetallic catalyst or when no material at all was placed above the noble metal catalyst. In both reactors, the activity increase was attributed to hydrogen spillover. That is, molecular hydrogen adsorbed and dissociated on the noble metal catalyst. The adsorbed atomic hydrogen was then transported via surface diffusion to the bimetallic catalyst, activating those sites. The results also demonstrated that a catalytic reaction may occur at distinctly different reactive sites and that catalysts may be selected to promote specific steps within the reaction.

Topic: Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences