jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Real-time methods for spectral functions

In this paper we develop and compare different real-time methods to calculate spectral functions. These include classical-statistical simulations, the Gaussian state approximation (GSA), and the functional renormalization group (FRG) formulated on the Keldysh closed-time path. Our test-bed system is the quartic anharmonic oscillator, a single self-interacting bosonic degree of freedom, coupled to an external heat bath providing dissipation analogous to the Caldeira-Leggett model. As our benchmark we use the spectral function from exact diagonalization with constant Ohmic damping. To extend the GSA for the open system, we solve the corresponding Heisenberg-Langevin equations in the Gaussian approximation. For the real-time FRG, we introduce a novel general prescription to construct causal regulators based on introducing scale-dependent fictitious heat baths. Our results explicitly demonstrate how the discrete transition lines of the quantum system gradually build up the broad continuous structures in the classical spectral function as temperature increases. At sufficiently high temperatures, classical, GSA, and exact-diagonalization results all coincide. The real-time FRG is able to reproduce the effective thermal mass, but it overestimates broadening and only qualitatively describes higher excitations, at the present order of our combined vertex and loop expansion. As temperature is lowered, the GSA follows the ensemble average of the exact solution better than the classical spectral function. In the low-temperature strong-coupling regime, the qualitative features of the exact result are best captured by our real-time FRG calculation, with quantitative improvements to be expected at higher truncation orders.

Topic: Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Studies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effects of magnitude, depth, and time on Cellular Seismology Forecasts

This study finds that, in most cases analyzed to date,
past seismicity tends to delineate zones where future earthquakes
are likely to occur. Network seismicity catalogs for the New Madrid
Seismic Zone (NMSZ), Australia (AUS), California (CA), and Alaska
(AK) are analyzed using modified versions of the Cellular
Seismology (CS) method of Kafka (2002, 2007). The percentage of
later occurring earthquakes located near earlier occurring
earthquakes typically exceeds the expected percentage for randomly
distributed later occurring earthquakes, and the specific
percentage is influenced by several variables, including magnitude,
depth, time, and tectonic setting. At 33% map area coverage, hit
percents are typically 85-95% in the NMSZ, 50-60% in AUS, 75-85% in
CA, and 75-85% in AK. Statistical significance testing is performed
on trials analyzing the same variables so that the overall regions
can be compared, although some tests are inconclusive due to the
small number of earthquake sample sizes. These results offer useful
insights into understanding the capabilities and limits of CS
studies, which can provide guidance for improving the
seismicity-based components of seismic hazard
assessments.

Topic: earthquake and tectonic studies
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Student Portfolios in O&amp;M: A window into the child’s learning experience

Abstract Two students with autism, vision impairment, and intellectual disability participated in an orientation and mobility (O&amp;M) intervention to travel in school settings using their folding canes. A multiple-baseline across participants design to determine the effectiveness of the intervention was used. The dependent variable was time taken to travel the specified route. The independent variable was O&amp;M training. Results indicated that both participants took less time to travel during the intervention compared to the baseline. Students with vision impairment and autism can be trained using systematic O&amp;M training. The O&amp;M specialists working with children with autism and vision impairment should collect data and make data-based decisions while providing O&amp;M instruction.

Topic: Reflective Practices in Education
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Knowledge of cross-compliance among farmers from the łódź voivodeship

The article made an appraisal of acquaintances of requirements being included in the cross-compliance rules (a cross-compliance) amongst farmers of drivers of the household in the Łódź voivodeship. Examinations were conducted in 2012 on the group of 300 farmers and demonstrated, that level of the knowledge of Łódź farming producers in the scope of cross-compliance is incomplete and requires replenishment. Examinations were carried out in the framework of the large research project, which aim is to know the level of the knowledgeabout the scope cross-compliance amongst farmers from south-west and central Poland. So far articles have been printed on the knowledge ofcross- -compliance amongst the Lower Silesia and Opole farming producers.

Topic: Agricultural economics and policies
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Cooperation and Altruism

People have always been fascinated by cooperation and altruism in animals, in part to shed light on our own propensity or reluctance to help others. Darwin’s theory added a certain urgency to the subject because the principle of “nature red in tooth and claw” superficially seems to deny the possibility of altruism and cooperation altogether. Some evolutionary biologists have accepted and even reveled in this vision of nature, giving rise to statements such as “the economy of nature is competitive from beginning to end . . . scratch an ‘altruist’ and watch a hypocrite bleed”. Others have gone so far in the opposite direction as to proclaim the entire earth a unit that cooperatively regulates its own atmosphere (Lovelock 1979). The truth is somewhere between these two extremes; cooperation and altruism can evolve but only if special conditions are met. As might be expected from the polarized views outlined above, achieving this middle ground has been a difficult process. Science is often portrayed as a heroic march to the truth, but in this case, it is more like the Three Stooges trying to move a piano. I don’t mean to underestimate the progress that been made—the piano has been moved—but we need to appreciate the twists, turns, and reversals in addition to the final location. To see why cooperation and altruism pose a problem for evolutionary theory, consider the evolution of a nonsocial adaptation, such as cryptic coloration. Imagine a population of moths that vary in the degree to which they match their background. Every generation, the most conspicuous moths are detected and eaten by predators while the most cryptic moths survive and reproduce. If offspring resemble their parents, then the average moth will become more cryptic with every generation. Anyone who has beheld a moth that looks exactly like a leaf, right down to the veins and simulated herbivore damage, cannot fail to be impressed by the power of natural selection to evolve breathtaking adaptations at the individual level. Now consider the same process for a social adaptation, such as members of a group warning each other about approaching predators.

Topic: Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Euro area inflation linked debt: An evaluation

How would the fiscal burden of Euro area (EA) countries have evolved without the issuance of inflation linked bonds (ILBs)? Could debt management through ILBs have decreased their sovereign debt-to-GDP ratio? By exploiting a new dataset on ILBs and the market value of debt in Germany, France, Italy and Spain in 2014-2022, I calculate the holding period return for investors in both nominal and real debt. Based on the government budget constraint, I conduct simulations that demonstrate the significant first-order effects of debt structure choices. Without ILBs the fiscal burden of the largest EA economies would have decreased by around 1% of GDP but in the case of Italy, it would have increased. Timing was also a relevant factor. Germany effectively controlled the cost of funds by managing its share of real debt, while Spain increased it by issuing ILBs when it was expensive Slight ILB share adjustments could have alleviated their fiscal burden: Germany by 0.9%, France by 3%, Italy by 7%, and Spain by 1.8%.

Topic: Fiscal Policies and Political Economy
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
A Systematic Review of the Pharmacokinetics of Antiepileptic Drugs in Neonates With Refractory Seizures

BACKGROUND Neonatal seizures are associated with neurological sequelae and an increased risk of epilepsy later in life. Phenobarbital and phenytoin remain the antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) most commonly used to treat neonatal seizures, despite their suboptimal effectiveness and safety. As a result, other AEDs, such as levetiracetam and topiramate, are often used in neonates with refractory seizures, despite limited data and off-label use. OBJECTIVES To systematically review published pharmacokinetic data for second-line AEDs used in neonates with seizures and to provide dosing recommendations for these agents in the neonatal population. METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed (1949-May 2012), Medline (1950-May 2012), and Embase (1980-May 2012). Each study was ranked according to the quality of evidence it provided, based on the classification system developed by the US Preventive Services Task Force. Information extracted from each study included study design, number of subjects, gestational and postnatal age, AED dosage regimen, pharmacokinetic parameters, pharmacokinetic model, AED serum concentrations, and sampling times. RESULTS Nineteen relevant pharmacokinetic studies involving a total of 8 different drugs were identified. No prospective, randomized, controlled studies (level I evidence) or nonrandomized controlled studies (level II-I evidence) were identified; 2 studies were prospective, nonrandomized, uncontrolled (cohort) studies (level II-2 evidence), 11 studies obtained evidence from multiple time series (level II-3 evidence), and 6 studies were case reports or descriptive studies (level III evidence). CONCLUSIONS There are limited pharmacokinetic data for the use of carbamazepine, levetiracetam, lidocaine, paraldehyde, topiramate, valproic acid, and vigabatrin for neonates with seizures refractory to treatment with first-line antiepileptic agents. Further research is needed to elucidate target AED serum concentrations (if any) required to optimize effectiveness and minimize dose-related adverse effects in neonates.

Topic: Epilepsy research and treatment
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Dataset related to Balazs et al. The dynamics of forearc – back-arc basin subsidence: numerical models and observations from Mediterranean subduction zones

Additional model data to publication by Balazs et al. The dynamics of forearc – back-arc basin subsidence: numerical models and observations from Mediterranean subduction zones

Topic: Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Data from Candidate Biomarkers of Response to an Experimental Cancer Drug Identified through a Large-scale RNA Interference Genetic Screen

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; A major impediment in the optimal selection of cancer patients for the most effective therapy is the lack of suitable biomarkers that foretell the response of a patient to a given drug. In the present study, we have used large-scale RNA interference–based genetic screens to find candidate biomarkers of resistance to a new acyl sulfonamide derivative, R3200. This compound inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;, but its mechanism of action is unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; We used a large-scale RNA interference genetic screen to identify modulators of the efficacy of R3200. We searched for genes whose suppression in an &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; cell system could cause resistance to the anticancer effects of R3200.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; We report here that knockdown of either &lt;i&gt;RBX1&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;DDB1&lt;/i&gt; causes resistance to the anticancer effects of R3200, raising the possibility that these two genes may have utility as biomarkers of response to this drug in a clinical setting. Interestingly, both RBX1 and DDB1 are part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; We propose that suppression of the activity of a RBX1 and DDB1-containing E3 ligase complex leads to the stabilization of certain proteins, the increased abundance of which is in turn responsible for resistance to R3200. Moreover, our data suggest that RBX1 and DDB1 could potentially be developed into biomarkers of resistance to acyl sulfonamide–based cancer drugs. This will require clinical validation in a series of patients treated with R3200. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(18):5811–9)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Protein Degradation and Inhibitors
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Portal vein thrombosis in a young patient of previously asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma with Hepatitis-B related cirrhosis

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a rare condition whose exact prevalence is unknown.In developing countries like India it is most often due to umbilical or intra-abodominal sepsis in young patients.In South-East Asia, PVT is usually seen in middle age and above commonly when due to hepatitis-B related chronic liver disease or HCC, and other malignancies, being extremely rare in those below 30 years.We report a case of abrupt onset PVT with incidentally detected hepatitis-B associated cirrhosis of liver and HCC in a previously healthy young man, presenting with acute hepatic decompensation and some unusual features in the involvement of the portal vein.

Topic: Liver Disease and Transplantation
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Authoritarian Bureaucracy

Abstract Autocrats do not rule alone. Leaders depend particularly on state bureaucracies to carry out their preferred policies, provide public goods, maintain social order, and organize repression and propaganda. Yet autocratic regimes often lack many key mechanisms, such as a strong civil society, independent media, and regular elections, that help leaders resolve principal–agent problems in bureaucracies. This chapter analyzes the structure and incentives at play in autocratic bureaucracies. Although early literature emphasized a trade-off between loyalty and competence, more recent work has shown that autocrats can at times prioritize meritocracy in bureaucratic systems, in particular for positions not seen as posing a significant threat to their hold on power. Moreover, lacking institutions that provide accountability from below means that autocratic bureaucracies may rely instead more on indoctrination, rotation, and digitalization, to monitor and ensure compliance among subordinates. The chapter concludes with a discussion of unanswered questions surrounding how these bureaucracies work as well as avenues for future research.

Topic: China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
At the Crossroads of Nowhere and Everywhere: Home, Nation, and Space in Shamim Sarif’s The World Unseen

Writers of Indian origin seldom appear in the South African literary landscape, although the participation of Indian South Africans in the anti-apartheid struggle was anything but insignificant. The collective experiences of violence and the plea for reconciliation that punctuate the rhythms of post-apartheid South Africa delineate a national script in which ethnic, class, and gender affiliations coalesce and patterns of connectedness between diverse communities are forged. Relations and Networks in South African Indian Writing brings the experience of South African Indians to the fore, demonstrating how their search for identity is an integral part of the national scene’s project of connectedness. By exploring how ‘Indianness’ is articulated in the South African national script through the works of contemporary South African Indian writers, such as Aziz Hassim, Ahmed Essop, Farida Karodia, Achmat Dangor, Shamim Sarif, Ronnie Govender, Rubendra Govender, Neelan Govender, Tholsi Mudly, Ashwin Singh, and Imraan Coovadia, along with the prison memoirists Dr Goonam and Fatima Meer, the book offers a theoretical model of South–South subjectivities that is deeply rooted in the Indian Ocean world and its cosmopolitanisms. Relations and Networks demonstrates convincingly the permeability of identity that is the marker of the Indian Ocean space, a space defined by ‘relations and networks’ established within and beyond ethnic, class, and gender categories. CONTRIBUTORS Isabel Alonso–Breto, M.J. Daymond, Felicity Hand, Salvador Faura, Farhad Khoyratty, Esther Pujolràs–Noguer, J. Coplen Rose, Modhumita Roy, Lindy Stiebel, Juan Miguel Zarandona

Topic: Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
<scp>Work‐from‐anywhere</scp> : The productivity effects of geographic flexibility

Abstract Research Summary An emerging form of remote work allows employees to work‐from‐anywhere , so that the worker can choose to live in a preferred geographic location. While traditional work‐from‐home (WFH) programs offer the worker temporal flexibility, work‐from‐anywhere (WFA) programs offer both temporal and geographic flexibility. WFA should be viewed as a nonpecuniary benefit likely to be preferred by workers who would derive greater utility by moving from their current geographic location to their preferred location. We study the effects of WFA on productivity at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and exploit a natural experiment in which the implementation of WFA was driven by negotiations between managers and the patent examiners' union, leading to exogeneity in the timing of individual examiners' transition from a work‐from‐home to a work‐from‐anywhere program. This transition resulted in a 4.4% increase in output without affecting the incidence of rework. We also report results related to a plausible mechanism: an increase in observable effort as the worker transitions from a WFH to a WFA program. We employ illustrative field interviews, micro‐data on locations, and machine learning analysis to shed further light on geographic flexibility, and summarize worker, firm, and economy‐wide implications of provisioning WFA. Managerial Summary Work‐from‐anywhere is an emerging form of remote work, in which workers are awarded geographic flexibility, that is, the flexibility to choose where to live. We study the productivity effects of workers moving from a work‐from‐home (WFH) to a work‐from‐anywhere (WFA) regime at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Exploiting a natural experiment, we find that the transition from WFH to WFA resulted in a 4.4% increase in employee output, with no increase in rework. We also report an increase in employee effort after the transition to WFA and document qualitative evidence on how geographic flexibility benefits individual workers and the USPTO (e.g., real estate savings).

Topic: Digital Economy and Work Transformation
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Impact of Saharan Dust on Atlantic Convective Systems: A Case Study

Tropical weather systems such as the African Easterly Waves (AEWs), the African Easterly Jet (AEJ), and tropical cyclones usually interact with the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) and mineral dust aerosols embedded in the SAL. Previous studies have debates about the strength and even the direction of the impact from the dust and SAL on the development of the tropical systems. In this study, the sole impact from the dust on a hurricane is quantified using carefully designed numerical experiments. &#13;\n&#13;\nHurricane Earl (2010) was originated from an AEW disturbance over Africa. It was influenced by the dusty SAL especially in its early development stage. We conduct numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to simulate Hurricane Earl (2010) starting from a weak disturbance. &#13;\n&#13;\nExperiments with 36-km resolution show that without moist convection, dust slightly weakens the low-pressure system in North Africa by cooling the atmosphere. This scenario mainly results from a reduction of the boundary layer heating during the daytime and from the enhancement of the outgoing longwave radiative cooling during the nighttime. The zonal mean of the AEJ is intensified slightly (less than 1m/s) in its southern part and weakened in its northern part when dust is included in the model. Adding dust weakens the AEWs at 850 hPa and 600 hPa levels and the tropical cyclone. &#13;\n&#13;\nHigh-resolution (4-km) cloud-resolving model experiments show that dust deepens the system slightly but does not affect the track. In the tropical low stage, dust increases the low-level cloud at 1-2 km height. It reduces rainfall in the outer edge of SAL region between 250 km to 350 km radii while it increases rainfall in the inner edge at around 200 km. The associated latent heat release shifts the updraft radially inward. The dynamical consequence is the acceleration of the tangential wind and the mid-level circulation. In the tropical depression stage, adding dust increases the number of cloud droplets in most of the regions and enhances the convection around the center, which generates more ice, snow, and rain. Overall, the impact of dust aerosols on Earl is small, the center minimum sea-level pressures only differ by less than 1 hPa at the end of the simulation. This suggests that pure meteorological model may be sufficiently accurate to forecast hurricanes if the dynamical and thermodynamical features of the SAL are properly described. &#13;\n&#13;\nIn order to predict aerosols, one can use a simple chemistry model such as GOCART which only has aerosol direct effects. Using the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) to assimilate conventional observations and MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) data, both forecasts of the track of the storm and the aerosol can be improved.

Topic: Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences