jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect on nitrate concentration in stream water of agricultural practices in small catchments in Brittany: I. Annual nitrogen budgets

Abstract. The hydrological and biogeochemical monitoring of catchments has become a common approach for studying the effect of the evolution of agricultural practices on water resources. In numerous studies, the catchment is used as a "mega-lysimeter" to calculate annual input-output budgets. However, the literature reflects two opposite interpretations of the trends of nitrate concentration in streamwater. For some authors, essentially in applied studies, the mean residence time of leached nitrate in shallow groundwater systems is much less than one year and river loads reflect annual land use while for others, nitrate is essentially transport limited, independent of soil nitrate supply in the short term and annual variations reflect changes in climatic conditions. This study tests the effect of agricultural land-use changes on inter-annual nitrate trends on stream water of six small adjacent catchments from 0.10 to 0.57 km2 in area, on granite bedrock, at Kerbernez, in Western Brittany (France). Nitrate concentrations and loads in streamwater have been monitored for nine years (1992 to 2000) at the outlet of the catchments. An extensive survey of agricultural practices from 1993 to 1999 allowed assessment of the nitrogen available for leaching through nitrogen budgets. For such small catchments, year-to-year variations of nitrate leaching can be very important, even when considering the 'memory effect' of soil, while nitrate concentrations in streamwater appear relatively steady. No correlation was found between the calculated mean nitrate concentration of drainage water and the mean annual concentration in streams, which can even exhibit opposite trends in inter-annual variations. The climatic conditions do not affect the mean concentration in streamwater significantly. These results suggest that groundwater plays an important role in the control of streamwater nitrate concentration. Keywords: nitrate, diffuse pollution, agricultural catchment, nitrogen budget, leaching, Kerbernez catchments

Topic: Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics
Subfield: Environmental Chemistry
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Significant Developments in Local School Systems

This volume deals with innovative developments of many different kinds in the local school systems in the years up to 1970. Information was obtained from a sampling of school boards, including the largest. The major purpose is to show what may be expected from an educational organization that gives local authorities a certain amount of leeway to depart from standard procedures. Innovations in teaching, curricular experimentation, changes in the structure and use of school buildings, and the growth of special services are fully covered

Topic: Education Systems and Policy
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
How Are New Zealand Job Advertisements Perceived by Graduate Students From Mainland China: A Case Study

The purposes of this study were (a) to explore how New Zealand job advertisements are perceived by graduate students from Mainland China, and (b) to identify if there are any potential areas for intercultural (mis)understanding. Since no studies have been published which have focused on this exact topic, this study will address a gap in the literature. The research design involved a qualitative approach, which consisted of interviews with participants, critical discourse analysis (CDA) of the job advertisements and intercultural discourse analysis. Interviews were used to collect descriptive data on how the postgraduate students ‘receive’ and ‘perceive’ the criteria the employer wants potential applicants to meet. The findings revealed that the Mandarin Chinese participants often found some of the terms used in the New Zealand advertisements quite ambiguous. They did not quite know what to make of those terms: they did not resonate with them. This increased their feelings of uncertainty as to what was expected of them and may have impacted their willingness to apply for the jobs advertised. The study also revealed that some of the lexical words and modal words obviously reflected what is required of applicants when they want to apply for the jobs. The design also included a comparative analysis of New Zealand and Mandarin Chinese job advertisements. Results indicated that people from different cultural backgrounds perceived similar or identical wording differently. Chinese applicants may misunderstand the covert meaning of New Zealand advertisements, and vice versa. Such points of difference affected the understanding of my participants who want to try a find a job in New Zealand. If they lack familiarity with intercultural and crosslinguistic differences, this may be reflected in the way they write their application and they may either not be selected for the interview, or not be able to do well in the interview. For future research, expanding the sample to a large group to look at how students ‘read’ and ‘perceive’ Chinese advertisements is suggested. It would be very useful to have some workshops specifically aimed at international students graduating from postgraduate courses and applying for jobs in New Zealand. If these students were “on the same page” as the employers and got the underlying, hidden meaning, they would definitely find it easier to succeed in an interview.

Topic: Media, Gender, and Advertising
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A comparative study of administrators ', teachers', and media specialists' perceptions of the roles of media specialists in the schools' instructional programs: implications for instructional administration

The purpose of this study was to compare the perceptions of administrators, teachers, and library media specialists regarding the current and ideal roles of media specialists in schools' instructional programs. Randomly selected schools in two of Metro-Atlanta's large urban school systems were asked to participate in this study. Administrators, teachers, and media specialists were asked to complete a two-part questionnaire/survey. The first part of the questionnaire/survey was concerned with personal characteristics and experience in education. The second part dealt with perceptions of media specialists' roles in schools' instructional programs. The instrument, designed by the researcher, was based on the 1988 and 1998 Information Power publications, addressing the media specialists' roles as instructional consultant, as teacher, as information specialist, and as program administrator. The responses were analyzed using the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine ifthere were statistically significant differences among the respondents' perceptions of media specialists' roles in schools' instructional programs. If differences were shown, the Scheffe Test was used to identify those differences. These analyses showed significant differences within and among administrators', teachers', and media specialists' perceptions of the current and ideal roles of media specialists in schools' instructional programs. There were differences shown in the current and ideal perceptions within each group, and the analysis revealed that among the groups, it was teachers' perceptions that differed significantly with administrators' and media specialists' perceptions regarding the current and ideal roles of media specialists in instructional programs. The implications point to a possible need for additional training regarding media specialists' roles in administration and teacher education programs, development of more collegial relationships through collaboration in schools, and enhanced leadership and communication skills among administrators, teachers, and media specialists to determine the instructional needs of individual schools. Future studies could include analyses of administrator and teacher education programs regarding the inclusion of media specialists' roles, additional moderators in comparative studies, school systems located in rural communities, and comparisons of mandated media specialist roles with job descriptions.

Topic: Educational Research and Pedagogy
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Lecirelin and Buserelin (Gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonists) are equally effective for fixed time insemination in buffalo

Buffalo has peculiar reproductive patterns, which make artificial insemination programs a hard and expensive task. Artificial insemination in fixed time is advantaged because females show low incidence of homosexual behaviour and strong dominance relationships, which leads to a poor accuracy in estrus detection. The aim of this experiment was to compare the efficiency of two different GnRH agonists in the GnRH/PGF2alpha/GnRH protocol (Buserelin vs Lecirelin). Two hundred and seventy buffaloes with 45 to 60 days postpartum were synchronized and fixed-time inseminated. The animals were kept on pasture in two farms at São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil). Cows in Group 1 (n = 132) received, intramuscularly, 20 µg of Buserelin at a random day of the estrous cycle and, seven days later, 15 mg of prostaglandin F2alpha. Two days after prostaglandin administration, 10 µg Buserelin were intramuscularly injected. Cows in Group 2 (n = 138) were treated with the same protocol, but with intra-muscular administrations of Lecirelin (50 µg in the first administration and 25 µg in the second). Artificial insemination was performed 16 hours after the last injection in both groups. Pregnancies were diagnosed by ultrasonography (Pie Medical 480, 5.0 and 7.5 MHz linear probe), 30 days after artificial insemination. Conception rates were not influenced by farm (P &gt; 0.05) and were similar in both groups [Group 1: 47.0% (62/132); Group 2: 50.0% (69/138); P &gt; 0.05]. Results show that Lecirelin is as efficient as Buserelin to synchronize ovulation for fixed-time artificial insemination in buffaloes.

Topic: Reproductive Physiology in Livestock
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Dilute acid pretreatment of starch-containing rice hulls for ethanol production

Abstract Rice hulls are potential low-cost feedstocks for fuel ethanol production in many countries. Most of the relevant publications are devoted to homogenous (high quality) hulls generated in industrial mills. On the other hand, small-scale mills give rise to hulls containing grain fragments and bran. In the present work, the dilute-acid pretreatment of such heterogeneous rice hulls was investigated based on a central composite rotatable experimental design. The variables were: temperature (140–210°C), biomass load (5–20%), and sulfuric acid concentration (0.5–1.5% based on reaction mixture). A total of 16 experimental runs were carried out, including a 2 3 -plan, two replicates at the central point and six star points. Low temperatures were found to be favorable for the hydrolysis of xylan and of the easily hydrolyzable glucan fraction. High glucose formation (up to 15.3% of the raw material dry weight), attributable to starch hydrolysis, was detected in the hydrolysates obtained under the least severe pretreatment conditions. Several models were developed for predicting the effect of the operational conditions on the yield of pretreated solids, xylan and glucan conversion upon pretreatment, and on enzymatic convertibility of cellulose. The pretreatment temperature exerted the most significant effect on the conversion of the polysaccharides. Optimum results were predicted for the conversion of easily-hydrolyzable glucan in the material pretreated at 140.7°C, and for the enzymatic saccharification of cellulose in the material pretreated at 169°C. These results are interpreted that a two-step acid hydrolysis may be the best pretreatment strategy for heterogeneous rice hulls produced in small mills.

Topic: Biofuel production and bioconversion
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
P689 Multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study on Epstein–Barr viral infection status and thiopurine use by age group in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Japan

Abstract Background The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly those using thiopurines, may be associated with the risk of lymphoproliferative disorder and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. This was the first multicenter survey of EBV infection in Japanese patients with IBD (UMIN000033004). Factors related to the EBV infection status were also investigated. Methods This cross-sectional observational study of the EBV infection status in pediatric and adult patients with IBD was conducted at five tertiary institutions in Japan. Serum EBV anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgG, and EBV anti-VCA IgM were measured in 495 patients with IBD□(UC:313 patients, CD:174 patients, IBD-U:8 patients). Patient characteristics (sex, age at diagnosis, age at onset, duration of illness, and disease location), treatments, and blood examination results were obtained from the medical records at each institution. Prior EBV infection was defined as anti-VCA IgM negativity and anti-VCA IgG positivity. Results mong the 495 patients, 56.2% (278/495) were male, and the median age at diagnosis of IBD was 18 years. The median age at the time of the anti-VCA IgG examination was 25 years(range: 0–92 years). Of the 495 patients, 9 were anti-VCA IgM-positive and 354 were anti-VCA IgG-positive (seroprevalence: 72.8%). The proportion of patients with prior EBV infection was 0% for those aged &amp;lt;5 years, &amp;lt;60% for those aged &amp;lt;30 years, and &amp;gt;90% for those aged &amp;gt;30 years. The patients’ current thiopurine use was 37.8% (187/486) for all anti-VCA IgM negative patients and 42.3% (85/201) for anti-VCA IgM negative patients aged &amp;lt;20 years. The proportion of EBV-uninfected patients using thiopurines was 28.4% (52/183) for all patients and 51.8% (44/85) for aged &amp;lt;20 years. Age was significantly associated with anti-VCA IgG seropositivity (p &amp;lt; 0.01, odds ratio: 0.902, 95% confidence interval: 0.880–0.925). No cases of lymphoproliferative disorder, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, or chronic active EBV infection were reported. Conclusion Approximately 30% of Japanese patients with IBD were EBV-uninfected, including those using thiopurines. Age was a significant factor for anti-VCA IgG seropositivity.

Topic: Viral-associated cancers and disorders
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Review on Theory, Application and Evaluation of Three Brain Learning Methods

近年来脑科学领域发展迅速，在教育领域的应用日益广泛。本文对三种应用最广泛、影响力最大的脑学习方法——基于脑的学习、健脑操和赫尔曼全脑学习方法的理论依据、应用方法和实证结果进行介绍和评价，并对脑学习方法在教育领域的发展进行了展望。 Brain science is developing fast in recent decades, and having broader application in education field. This article introduces and evaluates theoretical foundation, application rules and empirical researches of brain-based learning, brain gym, and Herrmann whole brain learning, which are three most widely accepted methods of brain learning. Furthermore, we propose the forecast to future research and development on brain learning in pedagogy field.

Topic: Neuroscience, Education and Cognitive Function
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Scenario planning for the development of spatial economic and social systems: Methodological approaches

Subject. This article reviews and systematizes methodological approaches to generate scenarios and develop a scenario planning algorithm in relation to spatial socio-economic systems. Objectives. The article aims to analyze and classify scenarios and algorithms of scenario planning, as well as choose and justify an approach to scenario planning of the development of spatial socio-economic systems. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison, and classification. Results. The article clarifies the definitions of Scenario and Scenario Planning and categorizes scenarios according to different criteria. It reveals the gap between the theory and practice of scenario planning in Russian regions. The article also offers certain recommendations on the use of scenarios in regional planning. Conclusions. The article concludes that the hybrid approach in scenario planning of the development of spatial socio-economic systems (countries, regions, cities, municipalities) is more preferable than the exploratory or normative ones.

Topic: Regional Socio-Economic Development Trends
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Polls: Polling for a Defense: The White House Public Opinion Apparatus and the Clinton Impeachment

Public opinion was closely watched during President Bill Clinton's impeachment scandal and trial by the president, other political officials, and the mass media. Although polls have become an integral part of presidential politics and policy making, Clinton's use of them during this episode has raised questions with regard to their proper use. This article look at the controversy surrounding Clinton's use of polls in his effort to avoid impeachment and conviction.

Topic: Rhetoric and Communication Studies
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Planning successful partnership in the process of outsourcing

Purpose This paper aims to deal with the dynamic aspect of outsourcing – in the world of business, change is the only constant, nothing is permanent, which also holds true for the relationships in outsourcing. Thus, we should think about the consequences of the termination of such a relationship, which could be effected by both sides. This research is aimed at finding an answer to the question of what outsourcing can bring in the long run. Design/methodology/approach The research for this paper is based on the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data. Findings The research results show that companies are ill‐prepared for the time when the cooperation between the outsourcing and insourcing company ends. Originality/value The initial research has proved that outsourcing can bring about increased short‐term, especially financial, gains. But at the same time, the cause of poor quality and difficulties can also be concealed, and the reputation and success of the company can be ruined. Problems may be revealed later and can exceed the short‐term benefits of outsourcing.

Topic: Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management
Subfield: Management Information Systems
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Design and implementation of a pilot orientation program for new NASA engineering employees

This paper describes the design and field testing of an orientation program for new employees of NASA Lewis Research Center's Engineering Directorate. A group of new employees designed the program using a series of TQM analysis techniques. The program objectives were: provide consistent treatment for new employees; assist management and clerical staff with their responsibility for orientation; introduce the employee to as many facets of the organization as possible; allow the employee to feel like a member of the organization as early as possible; maximize the use of existing services; and use up-to-date information. The major aspects of the program included: training of management and clerical staff; lab tours and briefings describing the organization; shepherding, using senior employees as shepherds; a handbook of information about the center and the directorate; a package of information about northeast Ohio; and social activities involving the new employees and shepherds. The program was tested on a pilot group of six new employees over a four month period and was considered to be highly successful by both the employees and management. Aspects of the program have subsequently been adopted for center-wide use.

Topic: Quality Function Deployment in Product Design
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Brazilian Academy of Neurology practice guidelines for stroke rehabilitation: part I

ABSTRACT The Guidelines for Stroke Rehabilitation are the result of a joint effort by the Scientific Department of Neurological Rehabilitation of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology aiming to guide professionals involved in the rehabilitation process to reduce functional disability and increase individual autonomy. Members of the group participated in web discussion forums with predefined themes, followed by videoconference meetings in which issues were discussed, leading to a consensus. These guidelines, divided into two parts, focus on the implications of recent clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses in stroke rehabilitation literature. The main objective was to guide physicians, physiotherapists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, nurses, nutritionists, and other professionals involved in post-stroke care. Recommendations and levels of evidence were adapted according to the currently available literature. Part I discusses topics on rehabilitation in the acute phase, as well as prevention and management of frequent conditions and comorbidities after stroke.

Topic: Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
Subfield: Rehabilitation
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Complete Specification of DDM Mechanisms

The specification of DDM (Distributed Decision-Making) algorithms is addressed. The modeling technique presented is based on well-known extensions to Petri-Nets (PNs). Transition-enabling functions with a domain corresponding to the marking of a net are used to express the semantics of decision-making. Furthermore, the algorithm structural characteristics of global state representation and topology are incorporated. Finally, the dynamic nature of evolution of system state, interaction with processes external to the computation, and the interprocess communication aspects of the mechanism are also modeled. The elements of analysis associated with this model are described, but not detailed in the scope of this paper.

Topic: Manufacturing Process and Optimization
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Reproductive Function in Young Fathers and Grandfathers

During the past decade, a number of studies have dealt with endocrine testicular function in older men, but information on seminal parameters in senescence has remained scanty. This fact prompted the present authors to initiate a study evaluating the exocrine and endocrine functions in older men. Twenty-three men participated in the study. Their ages ranged from 60 to 88 years, the mean being 67 ± 7.8 (SD) years. All had children and 22 of them had grandchildren. Twenty younger men, 24 to 37 years old (mean, 29.2 ± 3.2 years) served as a control group. Each of them had fathered at least one child. Figure 1 shows the sexual activity of both groups. Figures 2 to 6 illustrate the seminal parameters of the two groups. No differences were observed in ejaculate volume or sperm morphology between the young and the older men. Similarly, the fertilizing capacity of sperm as assessed by the HOP test did not differ between the groups, although sperm counts were higher and motility and fructose were lower in the older men. It was possible to demonstrate significant correlations between age and sperm motility in all subjects investigated (r = 0.4843; P < 0.001) and between sexual intercourse episodes per month and sperm motility (r = 0.4908; P < 0.01), as well as sperm density (r = 0.3998; P < 0.05). In the older group of men, it was not possible to determine any significant trend between age and any other parameter.

Topic: Sperm and Testicular Function
Subfield: Reproductive Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences