jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary to War: The 1st Aero Squadron and the Mexican Punitive Expedition of 1916

On March 15, 1916, the 1st Aero Squadron arrived at Columbus, New Mexico. Led by Captain Benjamin D. Foulois, the squadron included 11 officers, 82 enlisted men, and 1 civilian technician. The men unloaded an automobile, 6 motorcycles, and 12 motor trucks, vehicles rare in an army still wedded to the horse and mule. These were followed by wooden crates containing 8 wood, wire, and fabric Curtiss JN-3 biplanes, every airplane owned by the U.S. Army, save those assigned to its aviation school at San Diego, California. The squadron was in Columbus to join an expedition commanded by Brig. Gen. John J. "Black Jack" Pershing. President Woodrow Wilson had ordered Pershing's force into Mexico in response to a March 9 attack on the tiny border town by the Mexican desperado, Francisco "Pancho" Villa. For the first time, the U.S. Army's entire air force -- the 1st Aero Squadron -- had deployed for an active campaign. The 1st Aero Squadron played a significant role in the Punitive Expedition, but, in dramatic contrast to how an air force functions today, it served as a means of communication and observation, not as a combatant arm. Some experiments with bombs and machine guns had been conducted, and the war in Europe was quickly turning the airplane into a serious weapon of war. Nevertheless, U.S. Army leaders envisioned aviation's primary mission to be the receipt and transmission of information for tactical commanders and long-distance scouting as an adjunct to the cavalry. Accordingly, during the mobile phase of the Punitive Expedition, the 1st Aero Squadron enabled Pershing to locate and communicate with his widely dispersed, fast-moving columns and carried dispatches between Pershing's main and advanced bases. The squadron also scouted for hostile forces and kept a watch for threats to Pershing's line of communications. These efforts were made in some of the worst weather and poorest conditions imaginable, and by the end of April, all eight airplanes had been destroyed7

Topic: American History and Culture
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Stress fractures of the feet as symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism: treatment by parathyroidectomy followed by teriparatide injections

Objectives: Primary hyperparathyroidism may present with unusual symptoms. The present case demonstrates bone fragility without reduced bone density and without obvious hypercalcemia.

Topic: Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
What Are The Long-Term Neurological And Cognitive Outcomes Of Various Pharmacological Interventions For Patients With Chronic Epilepsy? : A Systematic Review

Introduction: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. The management of epilepsy primarily involves pharmacological interventions aimed at reducing seizure frequency and improving neurological function. Recent advancements in antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have provided new options, particularly for patients with refractory epilepsy. Methods: This systematic review evaluated the long-term neurological and cognitive outcomes of various pharmacological interventions for adults with chronic epilepsy. Studies were included if they involved adult participants, examined AEDs, measured cognitive or neurological outcomes, and had a follow-up period of at least 12 months. A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, yielding 40 relevant studies. Results: The findings indicate that newer AEDs, such as brivaracetam and cenobamate, demonstrate significant efficacy in reducing seizure frequency, with median reductions ranging from 48.8% to 78%. However, cognitive effects varied; while some medications like topiramate had low incidences of cognitive adverse events, others such as carbamazepine were associated with declines in cognitive function. Discussion: The interplay between seizure control and cognitive outcomes is complex. Improved seizure management may lead to positive neurological adaptations, although certain AEDs can adversely affect cognitive function. The variability in outcomes underscores the need for individualized treatment approaches based on patient-specific factors. Conclusion: Long-term pharmacotherapy for epilepsy reveals a dual narrative of efficacy and cognitive impact. While advancements have improved seizure control, careful consideration of cognitive side effects is essential for optimizing patient outcomes.

Topic: Epilepsy research and treatment
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF INHALATION CARCINOGENESIS OF N-PHENYL-2-NAPHTHYLAMINE AEROSOL ON C57/BL MICE

In a chronic experiment, young male C 57/BL mice were exposed to the inhalation of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine aerosol in a specially devised cabinet; atmospheric concentrations therein were 180—230 mg/m~3. Each mouse was exposed to the inhalation of aerosol 2 hours a day, 5 days a week for 1 year. All surviving experimental and control mice were sacrificed at the end of 22 months and subjected to detailed anatomical and histological examination. 50% (23/46) of 46 experimental mice developed various malignant tumors with predominance of carcinoma of lungs (14/46). 47 untreated mice had 14.89% (7/47) malignant tumors without carcinoma of lung. Among the 14 lung cancers, 12 were adenocarcinomas.N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine is the main ingredient of a once widely used rubber antioxidant. The chemical tested in our experiment was 2-naphthylamine free as was shown by HPLC analysis. Therefore, the results demonstrated that very probably N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine itself is a carcinogen.

Topic: Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers Sheathed with Designer Side Chains

Abstract Conjugated polymers (CPs) are often referred to as molecular wires because of their quasi one‐dimensional electronic wavefunctions delocalized along the polymer chains. However, in the solid state, CPs tend to self‐assemble through π‐stacking, which greatly attenuates the one‐dimensional nature. By molecular design, CPs can be molecularly insulated just like electric power cords, resulting in so‐called “insulated” molecular wires (IMWs). In this Focus Review, we will discuss their unique photophysical, electronic, and mechanical properties which originate from the absence of π‐stacking.

Topic: Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Metabolomic Profiling of Serum Reveals Energy Metabolism Differences in Nellore Bulls with Divergent Growth Rates during Feedlot Finishing

This study aimed to identify and quantify serum metabolites in beef cattle exhibiting different growth rates during the finishing phase. A total of 120 Nellore (<i>Bos indicus</i>) bulls, averaging 387 ± 14 kg in body weight and 24 ± 2 months of age, were evaluated. The animals were housed for 115 days, and on day 21 (end of the first adaptation step), blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein for metabolomic analysis. Based on average daily gain (ADG), two contrasting groups were selected: high performance (HP; <i>n</i> = 12) and low performance (LP; <i>n</i> = 12). Serum samples collected on day 21 were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H NMR) to extract and quantify metabolites. Longissimus muscle area (LMA), backfat thickness (BFT), and hot carcass weight (HCW) were measured via ultrasound at the end of the finishing period. Animal performance was affected by growth rate, with HP animals showing significantly greater final body weight, HCW, and BFT (<i>p</i> < 0.05). A total of 47 serum metabolites were identified, including essential and nonessential amino acids, sugars, peptides, vitamins, amino acid derivatives, and organic acids. HP cattle exhibited higher concentrations of threonine, glycolate, ornithine, histidine, and creatinine (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while LP animals showed greater levels of phenylalanine, succinate, acetate, asparagine, and 2-hydroxyisobutyrate (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Key enriched pathways included the mitochondrial electron transport chain (<i>p</i> = 0.06), ethanol degradation (<i>p</i> = 0.08), and threonine and 2-oxobutanoate degradation (<i>p</i> = 0.09). These findings suggest enhanced energy metabolism in HP animals, driven by greater substrate diversity, while LP animals may exhibit impaired mitochondrial function, negatively impacting performance.

Topic: Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
High performance 1 × 2 wavelength-selectiveswitchcomprising string of 2 × 2 optical switches sandwichingchannel-rejection devices

The authors propose a 1 × 2 wavelength-selective switch in which each selected channel signal bypasses its associated channel selection device. Experiments using an 8-channel 10 Gbit/s wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) signal show that this configuration results in high filter performance with a crosstalk value of > 38 dB, a flat passband as wide as the channel spacing, and satisfactory among-channel insertion loss uniformity with a ripple of no more than 0.1 dB.

Topic: Optical Network Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effects of Electrolyte on Stability of Concentrated Toluene in Water Miniemulsions

The electrokinetic sonic amplitude (ESA) is measured for toluene in water miniemulsions stabilized by cetyl alcohol (CA) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). The general trend with increasing CA concentration is a sharp drop in the potential up to 20 mM CA, which remains relatively constant as the CA concentration is further increased. The general trends in the electrokinetic sonic amplitude (ESA) and ζ-potential calculated from the ESA agree with the ζ-potential determined with microelectrophoresis for o/w miniemulsions prepared at several CA concentrations. However, the magnitude of the microelectrophoretic ζ-potentials are approximately four times higher than the electroacoustic ζ-potentials. It is shown that the effects of electrolyte on the electrical properties of the miniemulsions can be followed through the effect on the ESA to the point of coagulation. The data clearly show maxima in the ESA as the electrolyte concentration is increased and is likely due to the displacement of CA adsorbed at the o/w interface by SLS.

Topic: Electrostatics and Colloid Interactions
Subfield: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
An advanced management architecture for IN

To provide various advanced telecommunications services and to enhance their operations, it is necessary to introduce a flexible and adaptable architecture on the Intelligent Network (IN). IN may be seen as one of the most innovative concepts of that last decade, if this flexibility and adaptability may be achieved. One way to reach such a goal is to introduce some intelligence. In that way, we propose a new management architecture for IN introducing concepts from the field of Distributed Artificial Intelligence. First, this paper describes a proposed generic architecture to support the IN management aspects. Then, to provide an intelligent architecture, we investigate the field of Distributed Artificial Intelligence, and a model adapted to these new concepts is proposed. Finally, we propose the integration of the generic IN management architecture and the intelligent model to provide an intelligent architecture for IN management.

Topic: Technology and Education Systems
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Statin treatment reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma but not colon cancer-results from a nationwide case-control study in Sweden

Statin use was associated with a modest decreased risk of HCC but did not influence the risk of colon cancer. Future randomized placebo-controlled trials in HCC high-risk patients are warranted to further investigate the possible prophylactic effect of statins in HCC.

Topic: Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Bandwidth Parameterized by Cluster Vertex Deletion Number

Given a graph G and an integer b, Bandwidth asks whether there exists a bijection π from V(G) to {1, …, |V(G)|} such that max_{{u, v} ∈ E(G)} | π(u) - π(v) | ≤ b. This is a classical NP-complete problem, known to remain NP-complete even on very restricted classes of graphs, such as trees of maximum degree 3 and caterpillars of hair length 3. In the realm of parameterized complexity, these results imply that the problem remains NP-hard on graphs of bounded pathwidth, while it is additionally known to be W[1]-hard when parameterized by the treedepth of the input graph. In contrast, the problem does become FPT when parameterized by the vertex cover number of the input graph. In this paper, we make progress towards the parameterized (in)tractability of Bandwidth. We first show that it is FPT when parameterized by the cluster vertex deletion number cvd plus the clique number ω of the input graph, thus generalizing the previously mentioned result for vertex cover. On the other hand, we show that Bandwidth is W[1]-hard when parameterized only by cvd. Our results generalize some of the previous results and narrow some of the complexity gaps.

Topic: Advanced Graph Theory Research
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Soil toposequence relationship and classification in lower outlier of Chhotanagpur plateau

Pedological investigation carried out on a soil toposequence of Chhotanagpur plateau indicated that the area was occupied by four typical Alfisols with well expressed illuvial horizons (Bt) developed in old alluvium underlain by granite-gneiss. The soils in the upper slope of the toposequence are very deep, excessive to well drained, sandy loam to sandy clay loam in texture and yellowish red to dark red in colour whereas the soils in the lower slopes arc very deep, imperfect to poorly drained, silt loam to clay in texture and light brownish grey to grey in colour with characteristic rcdoximorphic features. The soils are moderately acidic to near neutral, low to medium In organic carbon, low to medium in CEC with medium to high base saturation. The soils are classified along the toposequence as Ultic Paleustalfs, Rhodic Paleustalfs. Aquic Haplustalfs and Aerie Endoaqualfs. All the soils were well developed however, the protile development was least at the toe end of the toposequence.

Topic: Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Visual Agnosia After Treatment of a Posterior Fossa Ependymoma in a 16-Month-Old Girl

We present the clinical observation of a 16-month-old girl treated for a posterior fossa ependymoma who experienced severe and delayed visual dysfunction. She was initially treated by surgery and conventional chemotherapy. When she relapsed at age 3 years, the salvage treatment combined high-dose chemotherapy, second surgery, and local irradiation. At age 4 years, disturbed gait and dysarthric speech appeared rapidly, and she became unable to recognize objects and people. Computed tomography revealed bilateral calcifications in the cerebellum and temporal and occipital lobes but no relapse. The neuropsychologic evaluations revealed signs of visual agnosia and marked intellectual impairment. The role of the different treatment modalities in the pathogenesis of this unusual syndrome is discussed. ( J Child Neurol 2001;16:698-704).

Topic: Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Design and Implementation of 3D Cloud Print Service Platform Based on Internet

在线进行3D打印是一个新的领域，本文从业务流程、系统功能、平台的体系架构以及运用现有技术构成实现方面进行了研究。为使用户基于公网在线进行3D模型的打印，本文设计实现了基于Internet的3D云打印服务平台，其具有查询模型等基本功能，还支持用户上传模型、在线编辑模型、在线打印模型并对打印的最迟完成时间以及耗材类型的个性化定制。经实际运行，平台取得了较好的效果。 Online 3D printing is a new field. This paper studies it from the business process, system functions, system architecture and the use of existing technology platforms. To enable users to print 3D models based on public online, the paper designs and implements cloud print service platform based on the 3D Internet, which has the basic functions, such as query model; the model also allows users to upload, edit, and print model online and supplies customization for the latest finish time and material type. The platform has achieved good results in practical operation.

Topic: Medical Research and Treatments
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Characterising Bird-Window Collisions from an Avian Visual Perspective

Collisions with architectural glazing on buildings are a major anthropogenic source of bird mortality. Bird collisions can be prevented by applying bird safe design principles in building construction and renovations. Modifications to the appearance of glazing, such as using applications of visual markers on glass, can provide signals to alert birds to presence of an obstacle. To optimize visual markers for mitigating collisions with buildings, bird safe design must consider visual perception and behaviour of birds in the moments leading up to detection and avoidance. However, avian visual perception of glass, a unique and highly dynamic category of materials, remains poorly described in the literature. Defining relationships between avian and human visual perception, glazing and environmental variables such as lighting can support more effective real-world architectural applications of emerging technologies tested under controlled experimental conditions. This thesis examined environmental variables associated with the risk of bird collisions with glass on institutional campus buildings in London, Ontario, Canada as well as the efficacy of mitigation techniques using visual markers. To develop the methods, I reviewed assumptions and constraints associated with existing glass testing, such as experiments in the field and using flight arenas. I discussed approaches to improving the interpretation and generalisability of behavioural data. I then applied a combination of novel experimental and passive observational methods using building surveys, video recording and flight arenas to examine understudied aspects of collisions, yielding insights into effects of lighting conditions, flight kinematics, and glazing characteristics on outcomes of collisions. I found that collision risk increases with reflectivity of glass and decreases when surfaces use high contrast markings. When accounting for other factors, building façades with the most reflective glazing were associated with the greatest number of collisions. I found birds tested in flight experiments avoided markers applied on glass and transparent film. I gathered evidence that avoidance was affected by environmental factors such as lighting and the background. Translating knowledge from other academic disciplines and sectors, I provided recommendations for prioritizing further research, policy and program development to address social dimensions of this rapidly evolving challenge for the conservation of migratory birds.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Variable Structures and Continuous Scattering of X-Rays from Layer Silicate Lattices

Crystals of some micas and related compounds having "layer" lattices show pronounced continuous scattering of x-rays together with normal interference maxima. Continuous scattering is explained as arising from destruction of the lattice periodicity normal to the perfect cleavage of these types of substances. This is a result of translation of some layers along the $b$ axis and parallel to the cleavage by $\frac{n{b}_{0}}{3}$, where ${b}_{0}$ is the unique lattice periodicity and $n$ is an integer. Various crystals differ in their degree of randomness and four general types are recognized; (1) no irregularity, (2) most elements of the crystal mosaic have a few irregular layers, (3) some elements have a regular sequence of layers while others have many irregular layers, (4) all elements have many irregular layers which leads to a small pseudo unit of structure. The phenomenon is illustrated by reproductions of photographs.

Topic: X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Dress, Ideology, and Control: The Regulation of Clothing in Early Modern English Utopian Texts, 1516–1656

ABSTRACT This article analyzes English utopian texts written by the educated elite in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in order to identify attitudes toward, or social dreaming about, clothing, fashion, and society in early modern England. From Thomas More's Utopia to Sir Balthazar Gerbier's “Loix,” clothes are repeatedly deployed in governance to enforce legal, political, religious, gender, and social hierarchies and to impose social controls. These texts reveal their authors' largely unexamined attitudes toward dress and the great importance placed by them on the codification of clothing as a primary tool for societal control and the maintenance of social hierarchies.

Topic: Fashion and Cultural Textiles
Subfield: Museology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Phase I/II trial of capecitabine and gefitinib in patients with advanced colorectal cancer after failure of first-line therapy

3176 Background: Capecitabine is active in advanced colorectal cancer (ACC) and appears to have synergistic activity with gefitinib (IRESSA) in vitro (Magne et al, Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:4735–42). The study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of gefitinib in combination with capecitabine in patients (pts) with ACC. Methods: A multicenter Phase I/II trial recruited pts aged ≥18 years with WHO performance status (PS) ≤2, adequate organ function, and measurable disease. The Phase I study combines gefitinib 250 mg/day with 2 escalating capecitabine doses (1000 and 1250 mg/m2 twice daily on Days 1–14 of a 21-day cycle). The recommended dose of capecitabine (based on the safety and tolerability results from the Phase I study) will then be evaluated in combination with gefitinib in a Phase II trial. Tumor status is assessed every 9 weeks using RECIST. Tumor biomarkers (epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], HER2, and thymidylate phosphorylase expression, and the serum levels of EGFR-extracellular domain [ECD], HER2-ECD, and vascular endothelial growth factor) are assessed before and after treatment. Results: To date, 10 pts have been enrolled at doses of 250/1000 (n=6) and 250/1250 (n=4): median age, 62 years (range 47–71); male/female, 9/1; PS 0/≥1, 7/3. The most common adverse drug reactions (NCI-CTC) during the first 2 treatment cycles were: diarrhea (Grade [G] 1, n=5; G2, n=1 for 3 weeks [dose-limiting toxicity]), asthenia (G1, n=2; G2, n=3), rash (G1, n=4; G2, n=1), elevated transaminases (G1, n=1; G3, n=1), anemia (G1, n=3) and leukopenia (G1, n=1). Two treatment interruptions were required, without associated dose reduction. Response assessment (10 pts): stable disease (5), disease progression (1), too early for evaluation (4). Nine pts remain on therapy after 2–7 cycles. Tumor biomarker data will be presented. Conclusions: The combination of gefitinib and capecitabine in ACC appears to have a manageable tolerability profile. IRESSA is a trademark of the AstraZeneca group of companies Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration AstraZeneca

Topic: Colorectal Cancer Treatments and Studies
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences