jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Can Our Group Survive? An Investigation of the Evolution of Mixed-Mode Groups

Applying an ecological and evolutionary perspective, this study examines the evolution and the sustainability of "mixed-mode groups," a type of voluntary association created and organized online to interact physically in geographically defined ways. Meetup.com is a website that facilitates the creation and coordination of mixed-mode groups. Analysis of interviews with 34 Meetup group organizers and a longitudinal analysis of 100 randomly selected Meetup groups revealed the evolutionary processes at the group and population level, respectively. Specifically, the ecological factor of population density, the demographic factor of group age, the group's profit orientation, experience of leadership change and shared leadership, and external ties played decisive roles in predicting group survival. Implications of the findings for theoretical and practical contributions are discussed.

Topic: Team Dynamics and Performance
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Community-acquired legionellosis in Singapore.

Patients admitted to hospital with chest infections were examined serologically to see if these were due to Legionella pneumophila. Each of the 219 samples of serum collected from 177 patients was examined by two standard tests. The tests, which generally agreed, identified three individuals (1.7% of the group) who had sufficient antibody to suggest that they were suffering from current legionellosis. Serological evidence of previous infection was discovered (with differing degrees of certainty) in 26 (14.7%) of the others. The study showed that legionellosis is endemic in Singapore, and so must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of cases of pneumonia.

Topic: Legionella and Acanthamoeba research
Subfield: Endocrinology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Antiviral Effect of Melatonin on Caco-2 Cell Organoid Culture: Trick or Treat?

Melatonin is a hormone naturally produced by the body that has recently been found to have antiviral properties. However, its antiviral mechanisms are not entirely understood. Using Caco-2 cells, we developed a gastrointestinal organoid model to investigate the impact of melatonin on cellular organoid culture response to Poly I:C-induced viral inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Melatonin was found to have different effect when applied as a pretreatment before the induction of viral inflammation or as a treatment after it. Melatonin pretreatment after Poly I:C stimulation did not protect organoids from size reduction but enhanced cell proliferation, especially when lower (1 and 10 µM) melatonin concentrations were used. On the other hand, treatment with melatonin after the induction of viral inflammation helped to maintain the size of the organoids while reducing cell proliferation. In pretreated cells, reduced IFNLR1 expression was found, while melatonin treatment increased IFNLR1 expression and reduced the production of viral cytokines, such as IFNλ1 and STAT1-3, but did not prevent from apoptosis. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of type III IFNs in antiviral defense in epithelial gastrointestinal cells and shed more light on the antiviral properties of melatonin as a potential therapeutic substance.

Topic: Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Subfield: Endocrine and Autonomic Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
TiC–30 wt % Fe composite by pressure-assisted electrothermal explosion

Explored was the possibility for fabrication of net-shape refractory TiC-based cermet items by using the technique of forced electrothermal explosion (ETE). The items of high-melting ceramics are difficult to prepare by conventional powder metallurgy. Since in the ETE process we can attain temperatures as high as 3500 K, this technique seems rather promising for the purpose. In our conditions, the Ti melting point (3054 K) could be reached when the ETE process was carried out under pressure (up to 50 MPa). In this case, the synthesis of ceramic item and its densification (hot pressing) can be carried out in a one-stage process. Pressure-assisted electrothermal explosion in Ti–C–Fe blends (T ≈ 3500 K) was used to fabricate TiC–30 wt % Fe composite (ρ = 5.15 g/cm3, HV 19.4 GPa). At the heating rate w = 150 deg/s (j = 14 МА/m2), the reaction time was 7-10 s. In our mold, SHS reactions can be carried out under the following condition: Т ≈ 3500 K, P = 50 MPa, and w = 150 deg/s. According to XRD and SEM data, the combustion product represented a TiC–30 wt Fe composite, with Fe acting as a binder. Our method can be recommended for production of ceramic items with desired configuration in a one-stage technological process.

Topic: Advanced materials and composites
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
On the Mechanical Properties of Popgraphene-based Nanotubes: a Reactive\n Molecular Dynamics Study

Carbon-based tubular materials have sparked a great interest for future\nelectronics and optoelectronics device applications. In this work, we\ncomputationally studied the mechanical properties of nanotubes generated from\npopgraphene (PopNTs). Popgraphene is a 2D carbon allotrope composed of $5-8-5$\nrings. We carried out fully atomistic reactive (ReaxFF) molecular dynamics for\nPopNTs of different chiralities ($(n,0)$ and $(0,n)$) and/or diameters and at\ndifferent temperatures (from 300 up to 1200K). Results showed that the tubes\nare thermally stable (at least up to 1200K). All tubes presented stress/strain\ncurves with a quasi-linear behavior followed by an abrupt drop of stress\nvalues. Interestingly, armchair-like PopNTs ($(0,n)$) can stand a higher strain\nload before fracturing when contrasted to the zigzag-like ones ($(n,0)$).\nMoreover, it was obtained that the Young's modulus ($Y_{Mod}$) (750-900 GPa)\nand ultimate strength ($\\sigma_{US}$) (120-150 GPa) values are similar to the\nones reported for conventional armchair and zigzag carbon nanotubes. $Y_{Mod}$\nvalues obtained for PopNTs are not significantly temperature dependent. While\nthe $\\sigma_{US}$ values for the $(0,n)$ showed a quasi-linear dependence with\nthe temperature, the $(n,0)$ exhibited no clear trends.\n

Topic: Boron and Carbon Nanomaterials Research
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Indexing and simulation of electron diffraction patterns using the microcomputer

Microscopists in the material science field must work with electron diffraction patterns. The ability to quickly index unknown patterns and simulate patterns of known phases would make this task much easier. Computers present the perfect solution for doing the tedious calculations involved in indexing and simulation. The following paper describes the program SIMDEX, developed by the author for these applications. SIMDEX is a set of computer programs and data base files. All of the programs are self-contained, executable files designed to run on IBM or compatible computer systems. All data files, while by no means comprehensive, are easily updated using any word processor.The files in simdex and their function are: 1. Main program - index and simulate diffraction patterns. 2. Plot program - produce screen image of simulated patterns. 3. Menu program - change control between two working programs. 4. Material data - hold lattice parameters of materials. 5. Position data - hold atom positions for each space group. 6. Pattern data - hold data for experimental patterns.

Topic: X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Hypertension in Diabetes: An Update of Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Disease

Epidemiological studies have documented that insulin resistance and diabetes not only constitute metabolic abnormalities but also predispose to hypertension, vascular stiffness, and associated cardiovascular disease. Meanwhile, excessive arterial stiffness and impaired vasorelaxation, in turn, contribute to worsening insulin resistance and the development of diabetes. Molecular mechanisms promoting hypertension in diabetes include inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system, mitochondria dysfunction, excessive oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation. This review highlights recent studies which have uncovered new underlying mechanisms for the increased propensity for the development of hypertension in association with diabetes. These include enhanced activation of epithelial sodium channels, alterations in extracellular vesicles and their microRNAs, abnormal gut microbiota, and increased renal sodium-glucose cotransporter activity, which collectively predispose to hypertension in association with diabetes. This review also covers socioeconomic factors and currently recommended blood pressure targets and related treatment strategies in diabetic patients with hypertension.

Topic: Diet and metabolism studies
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The effect of ions and adenosine nucleotides on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase from the epaxial muscle of fish

Lactate dehydrogenase was partially purified from the epaxial muscle of Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu) and its hybrid Piaractus mesopotamicus x Colossoma macropomus (tambacu). This preparation was used for kinetic studies carried out at pH 6.0 and 7.5. It was also used for the study of the inhibition properties of adenosine nucleotides = ATP, ADP, AMP =, divalent ions Ni2+, Cu2+, Co2+ and the anions oxamate and oxalate.

Topic: Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Taxonomic Revision of the Neotropical Genus<i>Aegimia</i>Stål, 1874 (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae)

Aegimia Stål, 1874, a Neotropical katydid genus of the Phaneropterinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), is revised based on the examination of 106 specimens from Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia and Brazil. The genus is recognized by a long sword-shaped fastigium, mid- and hindtibiae strongly flattened, and leaf-shaped tegmina. The following species are redescribed: A. catharinensis Piza, 1950, A. cultrifera Stål, 1874 and A. elongata Rehn, 1903. Two new species are described: Aegimia maculifolia sp. nov. (from Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia) and Aegimia venarecta sp. nov. (from Costa Rica). Geographic distribution of A. cultrifera is expanded to Costa Rica. The female of A. catharinensis remains unknown. A pictorial key to all species is presented and details of the male genitalic characters described and illustrated.

Topic: Orthoptera Research and Taxonomy
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Surgical technique of femtosecond dovetail rotational autograft

Corneal scarring is a common indication for penetrating keratoplasy. In a situation where the central cornea has a non-progressive scar and clear periphery, a rotational autograft can be attempted.1 Despite the advantages of rotational autograft, there may be difficulties in wound healing due to wound edge irregularity.2 Femtosecond laser has advanced as an alternative method of corneal wound construction for donor and recipient corneas in keratoplasty procedures.3 4 Dovetail keratoplasty is especially advantageous for performing ipsilateral corneal autografts because of its rotationally symmetric multiplanar wound construction3. In this letter, we describe the femtosecond dovetail rotational autograft for corneal scarring.

A 43-year-old Hispanic male presented for evaluation of aphakia and central corneal scar in his left eye (OS). His past ocular history was significant for an intraocular foreign body and corneal laceration repair …

Topic: Traumatic Ocular and Foreign Body Injuries
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Extreme environments—flying, altitude, diving

Flying presents potential physiological challenges: modest hypoxia, gas expansion/ contraction with ascent/ descent, recirculation of air with increased risk of air-borne infection. Hypoxia of high altitude may lead to high altitude illness, comprising acute mountain sickness, which is generally minor and self-limiting, and high altitude pulmonary or cerebral oedema, which are serious and even life threatening. Increased recreational diving has raised the awareness of respiratory problems at depth. These can essentially be divided into five: barotrauma, e.g. ruptured bullae and pneumothorax, worsening of pre-existing disorder whilst at depth, e.g. asthma, nitrogen gas evolved from solution in body fluids (the ‘bends’), breath-hold diving and ascent hypoxia, pulmonary oedema.

Topic: High Altitude and Hypoxia
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
BACK PAIN IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES: THE VALUE OF VERTEBROPLASTY

Osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures represent a growing medical and socioeconomic problem and the spine is the most common site for this kind of fracture. Back pain is the leading symptom with progressive loss of stature and restricted physical activity as a consequence. Vertebroplasty – percutaneous cement reinforcement of osteoporotic vertebrae - represents a new treatment alternative. During a three year period, 512 vertebrae in 180 patients were reinforced for osteoporotic fractures with low viscosity PMMA. One to eight levels were treated per time, and 8ml (2–18ml) of PMMA per vertebra were injected. The patients’ pain (VAS) was prospectively monitored before surgery, one day, 3 months and one and two years postoperatively. Furthermore, X-rays were analysed 3, 12 and 24 months postoperatively. One out of 180 patients suffered from an L2 root irritation due to cement leakage that subsided after steroid infiltration. 52 patients with 144 levels treated and a minimal follow up of two years showed a significant (p Vertebroplasty is efficient for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. The injection technique used is safe, easy and fast. An unsolved problem remains the question about the importance of prophylactic reinforcement of non-fractured vertebrae.

Topic: Spinal Fractures and Fixation Techniques
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Remarks on copolymer sequence distributions

Abstract Distribution functions for the unit X in copolymers of the type equation image are given. These functions have been used to calculate the expected degree of crystallinity using the Flory theory of copolymer crystallinity. The calculations indicate that differences can be expected between polymers prepared from XA and XX on the one hand and A and X on the other when the kinetics constants of the polymer‐forming reactions are identical. In addition, it has been shown that the Flory results carry over to the terpolymer case with the propagation probability given in its terpolymerization form. The addition of more than one comonomer can lead to increased or decreased crystallinity with a given constant melting point, depending on whether the noncrystallizable monomers tend to alternate or “block” with one another.

Topic: Polymer crystallization and properties
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Aroma Composition of Floral Honey obtained from Kayseri Province (Turkish with English Abstract)

In this study, aroma composition of floral honey obtained from Kayseri province was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Liquidâ&amp;amp;amp;quot;liquid extraction with dichloromethane was used for extraction of volatile components. According to sensory analysis (representivaness test), the aromatic extract obtained by liquidâ&amp;amp;amp;quot;liquid extraction was representative of honey odour. The results of GC-MS analysis showed that totally 41 aroma compounds including 11 acids, 5 alcohols, 5 aldehydes, 4 ketones, 3 terpenes, 3 lactones, 3 phenols, 3 esters, 3 pyrans and 1 norisoprenoid were identified and quantified.

Topic: Bee Products Chemical Analysis
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Selective Nitridation Crafted a High‐Density, Carbon‐Free Heterostructure Host with Built‐In Electric Field for Enhanced Energy Density Li–S Batteries

Abstract To achieve both high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, it is essential yet challenging to develop low‐porosity dense electrodes along with diminishment of the electrolyte and other lightweight inactive components. Herein, a compact TiO 2 @VN heterostructure with high true density (5.01 g cm –3 ) is proposed crafted by ingenious selective nitridation, serving as carbon‐free dual‐capable hosts for both sulfur and lithium. As a heavy S host, the interface‐engineered heterostructure integrates adsorptive TiO 2 with high conductive VN and concurrently yields a built‐in electric field for charge‐redistribution at the TiO 2 /VN interfaces with enlarged active locations for trapping‐migration‐conversion of polysulfides. Thus‐fabricated TiO 2 @VN–S composite harnessing high tap‐density favors constructing dense cathodes (≈1.7 g cm –3 ) with low porosity (&lt;30 vol%), exhibiting dual‐boosted cathode‐level peak volumetric‐/gravimetric‐energy‐densities nearly 1700 Wh L −1 cathode /1000 Wh kg −1 cathode at sulfur loading of 4.2 mg cm −2 and prominent areal capacity (6.7 mAh cm −2 ) at 7.6 mg cm −2 with reduced electrolyte (&lt;10 µL mg −1 sulfur ). Particular lithiophilicity of the TiO 2 @VN is demonstrated as Li host to uniformly tune Li nucleation with restrained dendrite growth, consequently bestowing the assembled full‐cell with high electrode‐level volumetric/gravimetric‐energy‐density beyond 950 Wh L −1 cathode+anode /560 Wh kg −1 cathode+anode at 3.6 mg cm −2 sulfur loading alongside limited lithium excess (≈50%).

Topic: Advancements in Battery Materials
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Libertarian Spectrum (Part II) Event-Causal Views, Centered and Non-centered

Abstract The author’s view is usually depicted in the current literature as an event-causal libertarian view. But for reasons explained in Chapter 5, it was never strictly an event-causal view, but rather an agent-causal/event-causal or AC/EC view of the kind described there. And for reasons spelled out in Chapter 6, the view was also not strictly speaking a “centered” view. Undetermined self-forming free actions need not occur only in terminating deliberations, but in many other places in the practical lives of agents. This chapter discusses a variety of influential event-causal libertarian views in the current literature by different authors, comparing them to and contrasting them from the AC/EC view of this book. It explains which aspects of these event-causal views can be retained in this AC/EC view and which cannot. Doing so, the chapter argues, throws additional light on this view and free will issues generally.

Topic: Free Will and Agency
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Gaussian kernel GARCH models

This paper aims to investigate a Bayesian sampling approach to parameter estimation in the GARCH model with an unknown conditional error density, which we approximate by a mixture of Gaussian densities centered at individual errors and scaled by a common standard deviation. This mixture density has the form of a kernel density estimator of the errors with its bandwidth being the standard deviation. This study is motivated by the lack of robustness in GARCH models with a parametric assumption for the error density when used for error-density based inference such as value-at-risk (VaR) estimation. A contribution of the paper is to construct the likelihood and posterior of the model and bandwidth parameters under the kernel-form error density, and to derive the one-step-ahead posterior predictive density of asset returns. We also investigate the use and benefit of localized bandwidths in the kernel-form error density. A Monte Carlo simulation study reveals that the robustness of the kernel-form error density compensates for the loss of accuracy when using this density. Applying this GARCH model to daily return series of 42 assets in stock, commodity and currency markets, we find that this GARCH model is favored against the GARCH model with a skewed Student t error density for all stock indices, two out of 11 currencies and nearly half of the commodities. This provides an empirical justification for the value of the proposed GARCH model.

Topic: Financial Risk and Volatility Modeling
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Antifertility effect of betel nut (Areca catechu L) in male rat

Background: Betel nut (Areca catechu L) are traditional beverages in Jambi. Betel nut high dose has a cytotoxic effect on testis and other organs—limited data about the effect of betel nut as male antifertility.Purposes: This study aimed to determine the effect of infertility on betel nut use at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) in male rats. Methods: Ten male Sprague Dawney rats that had passed the fertility test, aged 2-3 months and weighing 150-200 grams ware used in this study. The rat was grouped into two groups randomly. Group 1, as the negative control, were received aqua dest, and group 2 was treated by betel nut with dose 50 mg/kg BW for 35 days. When terminated, testis weight weighed using micro scales. Blood collected for measuring testosterone levels. Histopathology assessment of testis used Hematoxylin Eosin Staining and sperm counting from cauda epididymis.Results: The weight of testis in the group received betel nut was lower than the control group. The histopathology of testis showed shrunk, reduced the diameter of seminiferous tubules, and like cytolytic lesions in the germinal layer—the total sperm number and progressive sperms also lower than the control group (p&lt;0.05). There was no abnormality in Leydig cell and interstitium tissue. Male rats after treatment could not impregnate the female rats.Conclusion: Betel nut at dose 50 mg/kg BW have antifertility activity in male rats.

Topic: Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences