jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
NKT cells control tumor associated macrophages and metastatic growth in neuroblastoma

Abstract Va24-invariant NKT cells (NKTs) control tumor growth via poorly understood interactions with CD1d-positive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs comprise M1- and M2-like subsets, but only CD163high M2-like TAMs are associated with poor outcome in neuroblastoma (NB) patients. Here, we demonstrate that NKTs selectively target M2-like TAMs via contact-dependent and independent mechanisms. Upon direct contact with antigen-pulsed M1 or M2, NKTs selectively kill the latter. Additionally, we found that antigen-activated NKTs could reprogram M2 into functional M1-like macrophages via GM-CSF production. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of human NKTs resulted in M1-like polarization of TAMs in metastatic NB xenografts in humanized NSG mice. To further explore the role of NKT–TAM axis in tumor immune surveillance, we examined the effect of NKT deficiency on tumor progression and TAM accumulation in NB-Tag transgenic model of NB. Mice lacking either type I (Jα18−/−NB-Tag) or all (CD1d−/−NB-Tag) NKTs had shortened survival compared with NB-Tag mice (P &amp;lt; 0.0002). At four month of age we observed an increase of CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6C-F4/80+ TAMs in primary tumors of NKT deficient groups compared with NB-Tag mice. Despite no difference in the size of primary adrenal tumors between groups, the increase of TAM frequency coincided with metastatic spread in NKT deficient groups as detected by CT imaging and confirmed by pathological analysis. By five months, nearly all mice in NKT deficient groups had distant metastases in liver and lungs but none of the NKT replete mice had detectable distant metastases. Thus, our results reveal a novel mechanism of immune regulation, in which NKTs selectively control M2-like TAMs and suppress tumor metastasis.

Topic: Neuroblastoma Research and Treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The clinical evaluation of spasticity: a methodology for the orthopaedic examination of children with cerebral palsy.

This article presents the principles for the clinical evaluation of spasticity, applicable to the evaluation of children with the spastic from of cerebral palsy. The dynamic evaluation of the range of motion is discussed in detail, using the knee joint as an example. Both the dynamic evaluation of range of motion presented here and functional diagnostics provide the basis for making treatment decisions. These techniques are considered inseparable.

Topic: Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Chemoselective N- and O‑Difluoromethylation of 2‑Pyridones, Isoquinolinones, and Quinolinones

Key words chemoselectivity - difluoromethylation - pyridones - isoquinolinones - quinolinones

Topic: Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Supervisor Attachment as a Predictor of Developmental Ratings of Supervisees

The attachment of the supervisor was explored as a predictor of ratings of supervisee development. The sample consisted of 90 supervisor-supervisee dyads. Variance due to the psychological reactance of the supervisee and the duration of the supervisory relationship was held constant. Supervisors with a preoccupied style of attachment were more likely to give supervisees low professional development ratings than supervisors with other styles of attachment. This suggests that supervisors who have a preoccupied style of attachment may be unable to provide accurate ratings of the professional development of those whom they supervise. Recommendations are offered for supervisors, supervisees, and researchers.

Topic: Counseling Practices and Supervision
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Effect of Acute Heat Stress on the mRNA Levels of Cytokines in Broiler Chickens Subjected to Embryonic Thermal Manipulation

Heat stress significantly impacts the immunity and cytokine expression of chickens. However, the effects of embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) on cytokine expression in broiler chickens (broilers) is unclear. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of TM on the splenic mRNA expression dynamics of certain cytokines—namely, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-8, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, and IL-18—in broilers during subsequent exposure to acute heat stress (AHS). TM was performed by elevating the incubation temperature to 39 °C at 65% relative humidity (RH) for 18 h daily during embryonic days (ED) 10–18. On post-hatch day 28, AHS was carried out for 7 h at 40 °C. At 0 h and after 1, 3, 5, and 7 h of AHS, splenic tissues were collected from all study groups to evaluate mRNA expression by relative-quantitative real-time (RT)-PCR. Plasma was collected to measure IL-4, IL-8, and IFN-γ levels. At 0 h, TM significantly reduced the basal mRNA level of IFN-β and the plasma level of IFN-γ and IL-8. Moreover, AHS significantly decreased IFN-β in control chicks, decreased IL-4 in both TM and control chicks, and increased IFN-γ and IL-16 in TM chicks. IFN-α, IL-8, IL-15, IL-17, and IL-18 expression all significantly increased during AHS in both TM and control chicks, but expression dynamics were improved in TM chicks for all cytokines (except IL-17). AHS resulted in increased plasma IFN-γ levels in TM chicks only, and increased IL-8 levels at 3 and 5 h of AHS in TM chicks, but at 7 h in control chicks. Lastly, 3 h of AHS increased IL-4 plasma levels in control chicks. The results of this study may indicate that TM has a long-term effect on cytokine expression dynamics of broilers, especially during AHS. Therefore, TM may improve heat tolerance acquisition by increasing the expression of signaling proteins important to tissue stability and to repair mechanisms that are employed during and/or after heat stress recovery.

Topic: Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Resident Supervision and Patient Care: A Comparative Time Study in a Community‐Academic Versus a Community Emergency Department

Abstract Objective The objective was to compare attending emergency physician ( EP ) time spent on direct and indirect patient care activities in emergency departments ( ED s) with and without emergency medicine ( EM ) residents. Methods We performed an observational, time–motion study on 25 EP s who worked in a community‐academic ED and a nonacademic community ED . Two observations of each EP were performed at each site. Average time spent per 240‐minute observation on main‐category activities are illustrated in percentages. We report descriptive statistics (median and interquartile ranges) for the number of minutes EP s spent per subcategory activity, in total and per patient. We performed a Wilcoxon two‐sample test to assess differences between time spent across two ED s. Results The 25 observed EP s executed 34,358 tasks in the two ED s. At the community‐academic ED , EP s spent 14.2% of their time supervising EM residents. Supervision activities included data presentation, medical decision making, and treatment. The time spent on supervision was offset by a decrease in time spent by EPs on indirect patient care (specifically communication and electronic health record work) at the community academic ED compared to the nonacademic community ED. There was no statistical difference with respect to direct patient care time expenditure between the two ED s. There was a nonstatistically significant difference in attending patient load between sites. Conclusions EP s in our study spent 14.2% of their time (8.5 minutes/hour) supervising residents. The time spent supervising residents was largely offset by time savings related to indirect patient care activities rather than compromising direct patient care.

Topic: Emergency and Acute Care Studies
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Regeneration and Repair of Skin Wounds: Various Strategies for Treatment

Skin as a mechanical barrier between the inner and outer environment of our body protects us against infection and electrolyte loss. This organ consists of 3 layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Any disruption in the integrity of skin leads to the formation of wounds, which are divided into 2 main categories: acute wounds and chronic wounds. Generally, acute wounds heal relatively faster. In contrast to acute wounds, closure of chronic wounds is delayed by 3 months after the initial insult. Treatment of chronic wounds has been one of the most challenging issues in the field of regenerative medicine, promoting scientists to develop various therapeutic strategies for a fast, qualified, and most cost-effective treatment modality. Here, we reviewed more recent approaches, including the development of stem cell therapy, tissue-engineered skin substitutes, and skin equivalents, for the healing of complex wounds.

Topic: Wound Healing and Treatments
Subfield: Rehabilitation
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Intraoperative Image Update: First Experiences with the New Eraser® Software in Computer-Assisted Surgery of the Paranasal Sinuses

Purpose: Computer-assisted surgery is routinely used in the fields of ENT, neurosurgery, and maxillofacial and orthopedic surgery. Taking its limitations and possible failures into account, this technology is considered reasonable and helpful in routine paranasal sinus surgery, particularly in revision cases and in complex approaches to the frontal and lateral skull base. CT or MRI image data are obtained and used for both registration and intraoperative navigation. But once these data have been acquired, thus far conventional navigation systems do not provide the opportunity for any modification of the datasets themselves. In particular, the surgical progress in the operating field cannot be visualized unless new imaging scans are performed, for example, in terms of an open intraoperative MRI. The newly developed Eraser® software (BrainLAB, Germany) allows an intraoperative image update by virtual means without the effort of acquiring an additional dataset. We describe our first experiences in paranasal sinus surgery using this new feature.

Topic: Surgical Simulation and Training
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Converging to a player model in Monte-Carlo Tree Search

Player models allow search algorithms to account for differences in agent behavior according to player's preferences and goals. However, it is often not until the first actions are taken that an agent can begin assessing which models are relevant to its current opponent. This paper investigates the integration of belief distributions over player models in the Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithm. We describe a method of updating belief distributions through leveraging information sampled during the MCTS. We then characterize the effect of tuning parameters of the MCTS to convergence of belief distributions. Evaluation of this approach is done in comparison with value iteration for an iterated version of the prisoner's dilemma problem. We show that for a sufficient quantity of iterations, our approach converges to the correct model faster than the same model under value iteration.

Topic: Artificial Intelligence in Games
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Weiner Model Drop Test Identification of a Light Amphibious Airplane

The new approach of the Weiner model for identifying drop test dynamics of a light amphibious airplane is presented in this paper.Unlike the traditional identification method of the Hammerstein model using LS-SVM with Gaussian radial basis serving as the kernel function, the small-signal excitation input is used to estimate the linear block of the Weiner model.Then, the static nonlinearity function of the model is identified through LS-SVM.The RMSE of the proposed Weiner model is 0.48805 and 0.38246 for the strut and wheel of the landing gear.The proposed Weiner model has better identification performance than the Hammerstein model and the traditional governing equation of the landing gear.The drop experiment of the light amphibious airplane is carried out not only to prove standard airworthiness compliance but also to verify the identifiability, accuracy, and performance of system identification.

Topic: Plant Surface Properties and Treatments
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Varietal Seed Classification and Seed Germination Prediction System

Seed classification and germination prediction are crucial aspects of modern agriculture and ecosystem restoration. Seeds are vital for agriculture and biodiversity conservation, and their accurate classification and germination prediction are crucial for sustainable farming practices. This literature survey paper presents a detailed summary of various machine learning techniques employed for performing seed classification and germination prediction. The paper reviews the latest research, methodologies, and datasets employed in performing seed classification and germination prediction tasks. It also highlights the challenges and opportunities in this domain, including the integration of advanced deep learning models, multispectral imaging, and sensor technologies. The objective of our research is to investigate the impact of environmental factors on the germination potential of diverse seed types, classify seeds based on their physiological characteristics, and develop predictive models for estimating germination timing under varying conditions. By synthesizing existing knowledge, this review aims to establish a basis for future research and advancements in seed-related applications of machine learning.

Topic: Soybean genetics and cultivation
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Study on Donning and Doffing Independence of the Person with Disabilities on Upper-limbs

The purpose of this study was to investigate donning and doffing independence of the disabled individuals. The subjects of this study were who had kinetic disabilities on upper-limbs. 31 women and 38 children were participated in the survey. They were classified with six groups according to their upper-limbs' kinetic ability levels. Three upper-limbs' kinetic abilities were adopted: Lifting arms up to the chest, twisting shoulder to throw arms toward the back, and buttoning clothes by oneself. The independency of donning and doffing of 14 upper-body garment styles were evaluated by subjects. The donning and doffing independency of 14 garment styles was significantly differentiated by the level of kinetic abilities and garment styles. The person who able to button clothes by oneself could don and doff clothes by oneself. The results also revealed that the independency of donning and doffing was significantly different between cerebral palsy and apoplexy groups. The persons having a stroke of apoplexy were more likely to be able to dress independently than the persons with cerebral palsy. The persons with a paralysed arm were more likely able to wear ready-to-wear clothes of various styles. The donning and doffing independency was also significantly differentiated by the styles of garments. The tight fit style garments were more difficult to be dressed independently than the loose fit style garments. The jacket and shirts, which were buttoned from neck to bottom, were more difficult to be dressed independently than T-shirts.

Topic: Consumer Perception and Purchasing Behavior
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Sensitivity of pole arc/pole pitch ratio on switched reluctance motor performance

The sensitivity of the pole-arc/pole-pitch ratio of the stator and rotor on the performance of a switched reluctance motor is investigated. An analytical method based on magnetic flux path and a two-dimensional finite-element analysis are used. The sensitivity study is performed by comparing the average torque developed for different stator as well as rotor pole-arc/pole-pitch ratios and choosing the ratio combination that produces the greatest value of average torque.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Electric Motor Design and Analysis
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Elbow injury: a new imaging approach.

The authors describe a new technique for evaluating traumatic conditions to the elbow: the radial head-capitellum view. This projection has proved useful in demonstrating minimally displaced or nondisplaced fractures of the radial head, capitellum, and coronoid process. The radial head-capitellum view not only delineates the fracture, it also defines the extent of displacement.

Topic: Elbow and Forearm Trauma Treatment
Subfield: Rehabilitation
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Type II DNA Topoisomerases Cause Spontaneous Double-Strand Breaks in Genomic DNA

Type II DNA topoisomerase enzymes (TOP2) catalyze topological changes by strand passage reactions. They involve passing one intact double stranded DNA duplex through a transient enzyme-bridged break in another (gated helix) followed by ligation of the break by TOP2. A TOP2 poison, etoposide blocks TOP2 catalysis at the ligation step of the enzyme-bridged break, increasing the number of stable TOP2 cleavage complexes (TOP2ccs). Remarkably, such pathological TOP2ccs are formed during the normal cell cycle as well as in postmitotic cells. Thus, this ‘abortive catalysis’ can be a major source of spontaneously arising DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). TOP2-mediated DSBs are also formed upon stimulation with physiological concentrations of androgens and estrogens. The frequent occurrence of TOP2-mediated DSBs was previously not appreciated because they are efficiently repaired. This repair is performed in collaboration with BRCA1, BRCA2, MRE11 nuclease, and tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) with nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) factors. This review first discusses spontaneously arising DSBs caused by the abortive catalysis of TOP2 and then summarizes proteins involved in repairing stalled TOP2ccs and discusses the genotoxicity of the sex hormones.

Topic: Cancer therapeutics and mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
1527 Ulcerative Colitis With Concomitant Serrated Polyposis Syndrome

INTRODUCTION: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with increased risk of colon cancer. Current knowledge of UC with concomitant serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) is limited and clinical guidelines regarding management is lacking. Sessile serrated adenomas and traditional serrated adenomas are precursors of at least 20% of sporadic colorectal carcinomas. Patients with SPS have higher risk of developing dysplastic lesions. We describe an interesting case of concurrent UC with SPS and a brief review of literature surrounding this association. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 45-year old female with no significant past medical history presented to clinic for a 2-month history of change in bowel habits with bloating and occasional hematochezia. She denied a family history of colon cancer or inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Colonoscopy revealed three flat polyps measuring 2 mm, 7 mm and 8 mm in size at the cecal base, and two flat polyps each 11 mm in size in the ascending colon. All these polyps were removed and found to be of sessile serrated type on histopathology thereby meeting the WHO criteria for SPS. Patient was also found to have a 20 cm segment of inflammation in the rectum, biopsies showed diffuse chronic active proctitis with severe activity, meeting the criteria for ulcerative proctitis. Patient was started on mesalamine 1000 mg rectal suppository daily with plan for a repeat colonoscopy in 6 months to assess response. Laboratory analysis at time of colonoscopy showed C reactive protein &lt;0.40 mg/dL, WBC count 6.12 × 10(9)/L and Hgb 12.5 g/dL. DISCUSSION: Frequency of occurrence of SPS among IBD patients seems to parallel that of general population. But the risk of colon cancer in this setting is unclear since IBD itself can give rise to colonic dysplasia. It has been suggested that a serrated pathway of carcinogenesis in inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by silencing of MGMT by gene promoter methylation, KRAS mutations, and potentially molecular alterations that are yet to be characterized and suspected to eventually lead to adenocarcinoma. Further studies are needed to define optimal management of these patients. This case highlights the complexity of managing this concurrent syndrome in patients with IBD.

Topic: Genetic factors in colorectal cancer
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Determination of the age distribution of sea ice from lagrangian observations of ice motion

A procedure for monitoring the local age distribution of the Arctic sea ice cover is presented. The age distribution specifies the area covered by ice in different age classes. In our approach, a regular array of grid points is defined initially on the first image of a long time series, and an ice tracker finds the positions of those points in all subsequent images of the series. These Lagrangian points mark the corners of a set of cells that move and deform with the ice cover. The area of each cell changes with each new image or time step. A positive change indicates that ice in a new age class was formed in the cell. A negative change is assumed to have ridged the youngest ice in the cell, reducing its area. The ice in each cell ages as it progresses through the time series. The area of multiyear ice in each cell is computed using an ice classification algorithm. Any area that is not accounted for by the young ice or multiyear ice is assigned to a category of older first-year ice. We thus have a fine age resolution in the young end of the age distribution, and coarse resolution for older ice. The age distribution of the young ice can be converted to a thickness distribution using a simple empirical relation between accumulated freezing-degree days and ice thickness, or using a more complicated thermodynamic model. We describe a general scheme for implementing this procedure for the Arctic Ocean from fall freeze-up until the onset of melt in the spring. The concept is illustrated with a time series of five ERS-1 SAR images spanning a period of 12 days. Such a scheme could be implemented with RADARSAT SAR imagery to provide basin-wide ice age and thickness information.

Topic: Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Robust Disparity Map Estimation for Handling Outliers in Stereo Images

The paper focuses on estimating disparity map that can handle outliers. Outliers are the major challenging problem in stereo matching. The results obtained from depth maps are significantly affected by outliers regions that are present in the image. The stereo images are pre-processed using homomorphic filter. The Semi-global block matching method is used to estimate disparity information. Left to right consistency check method is applied to identify outliers. Outliers identified are classified as occlusion and mismatches and then they are refined. The proposed method is robust against illumination differences and recovers disparities at the object edges, occluded regions. The performance of the technique used is analyzed by percentage of bad matching pixel and root mean square error. Experimental results generated determine that the proposed algorithm gives more stable disparity maps.

Topic: Advanced Vision and Imaging
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences