jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Stochastic capture of short-period comets

The problem of the capture of short-period comets from nearly parabolic orbits is investigated for initial orbits with a wide range of perihelia and inclinations. For comets with perihelia less than about 9 AU, the conventional picture of capture by a 'diffusive' process, involving many relatively small perturbations by Jupiter and to a lesser extent Saturn, is confirmed and found approximately to describe the results. However, long-period comets with initial perihelia beyond this distance typically suffer much weaker encounters and hence require many more revolutions before eventual capture. Paradoxically, this process is better thought of in terms of the classical 'stochastic' capture mechanism decribed by Newton and Russell at the turn of this century. This is because the total energy change is now dominated by the few most extreme events which occur during close encounters with the major planets. These results have important implications for understanding (i) the mean capture probability as a function of perihelion distance and inclination, and the rate of capture of a given comet (e.g. the number of orbits required before capture), (ii) the predicted number of short-period comets arising from a comet shower or from the quasi-steady near-parabolic cometary flux and (iii) the short-period comet constraint on the inner core of the conventional Oort cloud.

Topic: Astro and Planetary Science
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Study of Different Biomaterials for Artificial Lumbar Disc Prosthesis Using FEM

The purpose of this study was to analyze the behavior of a lumbar spine disc prosthesis with different materials. The study was performed at L4-L5 lumbar motion segment using the finite element method (FEM). A healthy Finite Element (FE) model was used as a reference with which to compare the results of the FE simulations of the artificial discs. The healthy and the artificial FE models were subjected to a combination of 0.5 MPa Compression pre-load and 10Nm of Flexion moment. The artificial FE models were based on Maverick artificial disc, and the three materials proposed for study the artificial disk were Titanium, Ceramic and CrCoMo alloy. The most suitable material for developed the artificial disc was the CoCrMo alloy due to: The von Mises stresses on the bone with which this artificial disc was in contact were reduced as much as possible and also, were very similar to the von Mises stresses obtained in the bones from the healthy disc.

Topic: Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
High prevalence of Borna disease virus infection in healthy sheep in Japan

Previous seroepidemiological and molecular epidemiological studies of Borna disease virus (BDV) showed considerably high rates of infection in horses, cattle, cats, and humans in Hokkaido, Japan. Here, we further demonstrate high rates of specific antibodies to BDV and BDV RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy sheep bred on the same island. The BDV prevalences by immunoblotting and/or reverse transcriptase PCR were 0% (0 of 19) in newborns (&lt;1 month old), 51.7% (15 of 29) in lambs (1 to 6 months old), and 36.7% (11 of 30) in adults (&gt;2 years old). Among animals positive for BDV, 60% of lambs and 45.5% of adults contained BDV RNA in PBMCs while 46.7% of lambs and 90.9% of adults contained specific antibodies to BDV. Thus, it is suggested that virus replication in the blood, as observed in lambs, is usually reduced in adulthood by raising immune responses to BDV.

Topic: Virology and Viral Diseases
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Transition from a heterozygous to a homozygous state of a pair of loci in the inverted repeat sequences of the L component of the herpes simplex virus type 1 genome

The behavior of herpes simplex virus type 1 heterozygous isolates, in which the two inverted repeats of the L component (RL) were differentiated by a polymorphism marker (the presence [type B] or absence [type A] of a SalI site), was investigated. The progeny viruses derived from the heterozygote (A/B) consisted of heterozygotes (A/B), type A homozygotes (A/A), and type B homozygotes (B/B). The heterology between RL, albeit tolerated, was unstable, as is the case with heterology between the repeats of the S component. The two repeats TRL (terminal) and IRL (internal) were equipotent in generating homozygotes from a heterozygote. Data obtained from an analysis of 426 progeny viruses derived from heterozygous clones supported the hypothesis that the two loci in RL of a herpes simplex virus type 1 genome are determined as a random combination of the corresponding two loci in RL of the parent virus and that the ratio of heterozygotes/type A homozygotes/type B homozygotes in the progeny viruses from a heterozygote is expected to be 2:1:1. An ephemeral dominance of one type of homozygote over the other was observed in subclones from several heterozygous clones.

Topic: Herpesvirus Infections and Treatments
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Shared buffer ATM switch with doubly linked lists

Abstract The Shared buffer memory switch (SBMS) architecture was originally proposed as an effective approach to implement ATM switch fabrics. However, in this paper we find that if an error occurs in the address chain memory of one linked list which stores the address of the next cell in the shared buffer memory, the erroneous situation will spread over all linked lists in the SBMS in a short time. In order to prevent the fault spread phenomenon, we propose two doubly linked list based architectures to combat address chain failure; these are referred to as the Flush and In‐Seq schemes. The first scheme flushes the remaining cells in the faulty queue but collect their addresses for later usage. The second scheme outputs the remaining cells in their correct sequence. From our simulation, if the error injection rate is low, the performance of the In‐Seq scheme experiences slight degradation compared with the errorfree situation.

Topic: Interconnection Networks and Systems
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Bilateral contemporaneous pallidal stimulation is a very effective treatment in dopa-responsive Parkinsonians with untreatable motor fluctuations

OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy ofbilateral pallidal stimulation in parkinsonians with untreatable motor fluctuations. BACKGROUND: Bilateral pallidal stimulation is one of the surgical alternatives in parkinsonians with severe untreatable fluctuations. The major advantages of this procedure over pallidotomy reside in its reversibility and in the possibility to modulate the electrical parameters of the stimulation in order to balance benefits with side effects. DESIGN/METHODS: 7 non-demented dopa-responsive parkinsonians with untreatable motor fluctuations underwent bilateral contemporaneous pallidal stimulation and were followed-up over a mean of 6 months (3-9) with the CAPIT protocol of assessment without PET scan. There were 4 women and 3 men, with a mean age of 58 y (43-57), a mean duration of disease of 19.6 y (16-24y), a mean Hoehn and Yahr (HY) on/off stage of 3/4.3 (3/5), and a mean daily dopa dose of 837.5 mg (600-1000) divided in 8 doses (6-10). Their mean on/offUPDRS motor score (UMS) was 37.3/76.1 (26-60/48-91), the mean UPDRS ADL on/off score was 25.3/32.3 (11-28/23-42), the mean complication of treatment score (CTTS) was 15 (5-21), the mean dyskinesia score (DS) was 3.5 (2-4) and the mean off time/day (MOT) was 43.4% (20-50%). RESULTS: After the operation, only two patients still presented fluctuations, one with mild gait ignition failure during a few minutes/day, and one with relapse in on-off periods after 9 months, probably due to technical problems with electrodes, which are planned to be relocated. Five of them are entirely free of any fluctuation (MOT=O%). All patients had a minimum follow-up of 3 months (3-10). At 3 months, the DS went dramatically down to 1.1, the UMS on score was only mildly improved (23.3; 23-31), but the UMS off score was divided by 2 (35;28-41) and the mean MOT by 4, off score being only observed when performing the L-dopa-test, which do not reflect the status of otherwise non-fluctuating patients. The mean daily dopa dose was not significantly modified (840; 600-1000 mg divided in 7 doses (6-8)) but CTTS was divided by 4 and HY off state lost 1 point. One of the patients could be delivered from a 3-year continuous s.c apomorphine administration by pump, and was kept with an unchanged dose of 800 mg in 7 doses. Two patients showed mild improvements in dysexecutive fonctions, whereas no change in cognitive fonctions was observed in all others. Side effects (orolingual dyskinesia in one patient, confusion in another) or efficacy could be improved by modifying stimulation parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral pallidal stimulation is a safe, reversible, efficient method to treat dopa-sensitive parkinsonians with untreatable motor fluctuations. Fine tuning of the electrical parameters of stimulation allows to control side effects and efficacy, but the evaluation of the duration ofbenefits needs further long-term follow-up.

Topic: Neurological disorders and treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Performance Analysis of NB-IoT Technology for Indoor IoT Applications

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is an emerging 3GPP radio interface technology specifically designed for Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs). It can provide high coverage (20dB improvement compared to GPRS), low device power consumption (a battery life of up to more than 10 years), low delay sensitivity, massive capacity and ultralow device cost. NB-IoT is believed to have great potential for realizing a large number of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as smart meter, intelligent parking, precision farming, manufacturing automation, pallet tracking for logistics and intelligent building. The research on different aspects of NB-IoT technology was studied, but most of them were based on the theoretical or simulated analysis, rarely related to the real NB-IoT network. Since 2016, China Telecom, China Unicom, and China Mobile have launched pre-standard NB-IoT technology pilot work, which has been operated in some areas. This paper presents an in-depth performance evaluation of NB-IoT in a real-world indoor environment. This study examined that the current NB-IoT network can support the connected devices and is fit IoT applications' requirements in indoor environment. Meanwhile, it also explored the limits of network based on current NB-IoT, especially in terms of delay and packet delivery sizes.

Topic: IoT Networks and Protocols
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Introduction

The Funding Atlas is published by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), the self-governing organisation of the research community in Germany. The analysis in the Funding Atlas focuses on German higher education institutions, especially universities. A large majority of the data presented on third-party funding and (international) funding for individuals originates from the funding institutions named in the Funding Atlas. The success of the Excellence Initiative, implemented between 2007 and 2017, provided good reason to follow it up with the funding instrument known as the Excellence Strategy. As well as the subject and thematic profiles of individual universities, the context of their cooperation is an important topic of the Funding Atlas. Beginning in 2019, the federal and state governments will make an additional €533 million available for the funding of basic research on a long-term basis.

Topic: Innovation, Technology, and Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prevalence of genetic differences in

Background: Although non-typeable (NT) Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus haemolyticus are closely related human commensals, H. haemolyticus is non-pathogenic while NT H. influenzae is an important cause of respiratory tract infections. Phase-variable phosphorylcholine (ChoP) modification of lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is a NT H. influenzae virulence factor that, paradoxically, may also promote complement activation by binding C-reactive protein (CRP). CRP is known to bind more to ChoP positioned distally than proximally in LOS, and the position of ChoP within LOS is dictated by specific licD alleles (designated here as licDI, licDIII, and licDIV) that are present in a lic1 locus. The lic1 locus contains the licA-licD genes, and ChoP-host interactions may also be influenced by a second lic1 locus that allows for dual ChoP substitutions in the same strain, or by the number of licA gene tetranucleotide repeats (5’-CAAT-3’) that reflect phase-variation mutation rates. Results: Using dot-blot hybridization, 92 % of 88 NT H. influenzae and 42.6 % of 109 H. haemolyticus strains possessed a lic1 locus. Eight percent of NT H. influenzae and none of the H. haemolyticus strains possessed dual copies of lic1. The licDIII and licDIV gene alleles were distributed similarly (18-22%) among the NT H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus strains while licDI alleles were present in 45.5 % of NT H. influenzae but in less than 1 % of H. haemolyticus strains (P &amp;lt;.0001). NT H. influenzae had an average of 26.8 tetranucleotide repeats in licA compared

Topic: Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
The empirical research on the dimensional structure of employee's self-management

In the era of knowledge-driven economy, self-management is becoming the main way of management. The precondition of carrying on self-management scientifically and effectively is to know the theory of self-management well and precisely. Many scholars are paying attention to the study of self-management. However, the research on dimensional structure of employee's self-management is limited. And the definition of self-management is vague. Through literature review and qualitative analysis, the thesis concludes the dimensional structure of employee's self-management, and then the conclusion will be examined through confirmatory factor analysis. It proves that employee's self-management consists of five dimensions, including self-knowledge, self-planning, self-control, self-learning and self-interpersonal management. It also verifies the practicability of the proposed framework.

Topic: Management Theory and Practice
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
On certain type of difference polynomials of meromorphic functions

In this paper, we investigate zeros of difference polynomials of the form $f(z)^nH(z, f)-s(z)$, where $f(z)$ is a meromorphic function, $H(z, f)$ is a difference polynomial of $f(z)$ and $s(z)$ is a small function. We first obtain some inequalities for the relationship of the zero counting function of $f(z)^nH(z, f)-s(z)$ and the characteristic function and pole counting function of $f(z)$. Based on these inequalities, we establish some difference analogues of a classical result of Hayman for meromorphic functions. Some special cases are also investigated. These results improve previous findings.

Topic: Meromorphic and Entire Functions
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Marlene A. Arieno. Victorian Lunatics: A Social Epidemiology of Mental Illness in Mid-Nineteenth-Century England. Selinsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna University Press and the Associated University Presses. 1989. Pp. 140. $27.50 cloth.

Marlene A. Arieno. Victorian Lunatics: A Social Epidemiology of Mental Illness in Mid-Nineteenth-Century England. Selinsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna University Press and the Associated University Presses. 1989. Pp. 140. $27.50 cloth. - Volume 23 Issue 2

Topic: Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The Effects of Process-Genre Approach on Academic Writing

This study intends to find out the effectiveness of Process-genre Approach (PGA) on academic writing in English as a second language Students' essay writing. The purpose of this paper is to determine how far this current global approach can be of benefit for the development of academic writing skills of the university students who are learning English as a second or foreign language. The participants were subjected to pre-test and post-test before and after intervention respectively. The experimental group was taught with the Process-genre approach while the control group was taught with the product (traditional) approach. The two groups went through 6 weeks of training with the differ- ent approach. The participants are university undergraduate students. The groups had 40 students for each. The data was analyzed by using analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to compare the scores of the experimental group with that of the control group. The findings of the study show that, the experimental group outperformed the control group proving that PGA is effective in teaching academic writing in tertiary institutions. The participants are homogeneous at the beginning of the intervention with no significant difference in the pre-test scores of the two groups while there is significant difference in the post test of the two groups. The PGA group scored higher than the PA group proving that there is an impressive performance of the students in academic essay writing of the PGA group of students. Therefore, PGA is an effective approach to teaching academic writing if properly applied.

Topic: Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
High-Resolution Solid-State <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>N NMR Study on Crystalline Leu- and Met-enkephalins:  Distinction of Polymorphs, Backbone Dynamics, and Local Conformational Rearrangements Induced by Dehydration or Freezing of Motions of Bound Solvent Molecules

We have recorded 13C and 15N high-resolution solid-state NMR spectra of Leu-enkephalin trihydrate (1, crystallized from aqueous solution), dihydrate (2, crystallized from aqueous methanol), −2H2O, 2DMF, X(unspecified solvent) (3, crystallized from aqueous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)), and Met-enkephalin·5.3H2O (4, crystallized from aqueous ethanol), at temperatures between 20 and −120 °C, to gain insight into the distinction of these crystalline polymorphs, backbone dynamics, and local conformational rearrangements induced by dehydration or freezing of motions of bound solvent molecules in the crystalline state. Four kinds of crystal forms revealed by X-ray diffraction studies were readily distinguished by 13C NMR spectral patterns, and the number of nonequivalent chains in a unit cell was counted by either 15N or 13C split peaks. NMR signals of two types of independent chains for 1 were resolved at 0 °C but were not distinguishable at ambient temperature owing to either two-site exchange or phase transition. Up to four chains, however, were distinguished for 2−4 from the 13C and 15N NMR splittings of the backbone Cα, CO, N−H, COO-, and/or side-chain Tyr Cζ signals. Noticeable spectral changes were induced at the 13C NMR signals of the carboxyl group of the terminal Leu residue and Gly Cα by dehydration. It turned out that a distinct conformational change was accompanied with dehydration as manifested from the shortened interatomic distance between the 13CO and 15N−H group, which is four bonds apart. In addition, pronounced spectral changes were noted when motions of bound solvent molecules in the crystals were frozen at lower temperatures. They were interpreted in terms of induced local conformational rearrangement, especially at the N- or C-terminus to which these solvent molecules were coordinated. We further examined the manner of the backbone and side-chain motions by means of the 13C and proton spin−lattice relaxation times in the laboratory (T1C) and rotating frames (T1ρH), respectively. In particular, the β-bend structure of crystalline Leu-enkephalin trihydrate turned out to be very flexible in view of T1C and T1ρH values as compared with the other crystalline forms taking the β-sheet form. In contrast, there appears no such flexibility in Leu-enkephalin dihydrate despite a claimed similar β-bend structure as determined by X-ray diffraction. It was also demonstrated that the presence or absence of side-chain motions was conveniently monitored by relative peak intensities of individual residues which were strongly influenced by the manner of local motions interfered with proton decoupling frequency. It was further shown that these molecular motions were also strongly affected by the bound solvent molecules.

Topic: Advanced NMR Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Age determination among different age groups using enamel-etching patterns: Scanning electron microscopy analysis

Background: The determination of age and sex is among the important aspects of forensic anthropology and vital in medicolegal investigations. Enamel is the hardest known substance in the human body. As tooth matures, the surface layer of the enamel presents hypermineralization features, which could influence the features of the etching pattern. Aim: The purpose of the present study is to assess if the enamel surface can be used as a parameter to determine the age. Materials and Methods : Sixty freshly extracted teeth from individuals with known age group were collected and etching procedure was done, and then subjected to scanning electron microscope analysis. Statistical Analysis: Chi-square test was done using SPSS software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), USA).Results and Conclusion: The predominant etching pattern seen in 20-30 year age group after acid etching for 15 s is Type I pattern (66%), while in 50-60 year age group, it is Type II pattern (61.6%). A significant difference was observed in the respective age groups among the type of etching pattern. This technique can be a very useful adjunct for age determination in the field of forensic odontology.

Topic: Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Determinants of Consumers' E-Loyalty: A Cross-Channel Perspective

Web sites are acknowledged as essential to the marketing of brick-and-mortar companies in the maturing e-commerce marketplace. Knowledge of how to position these companies' Websites effectively is thus regarded as essential by scholars and practitioners. By investigating consumer cross-channel behavior, the current study was designed to reveal determinants of consumers' e-loyalty. Two hundred and eighty randomly selected consumers from a top international brick-and-mortar company's customer database participated in an online survey, findings from which indicated that a high level of consumers' brand loyalty in the retail channel not only directly enhances consumers' trust of the same brand's Website, but also directly increases consumers' online brand familiarity and perceived brand reputation, which reinforce consumers' trust in the same brand's Website. Consequently, consumers' e-loyalty toward the same brand's Website is also enhanced. The implications should enable managers to develop Website positioning strategies that leverage their existing brand power in the retail channel.

Topic: Customer Service Quality and Loyalty
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences