jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ghost Fringe Suppression by Modifying the f-Number of the Diverger Lens for the Interferometric Measurement of Catadioptric Telescopes

A high-precision catadioptric telescope such as a space-borne telescope is usually tested with interferometer to check the optical quality in assembly. The coarse and fine alignment of the telescope are mainly based on the information from the coordinate measuring machine and the fringe pattern of the interferometer, respectively. In addition, further fine-tuning can be achieved according to the variation in wavefront error and Zernike data. The issue is that the vast majority of the catadioptric telescopes contain plural lens surfaces which could produce unwanted ghost fringes, disturbing the wavefront measurement. Technically, off-axis installation to shift away ghost fringes from central interferogram could be acceptable in some cases. Nevertheless, in this paper, the source of ghost fringe in interferometric measurement for catadioptric telescopes is investigated with light path simulation, and a solution of reducing the f-number of the diverger lens is proposed to eliminate the ghost fringe disturbance. Both simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed concept.

Topic: Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
WE‐C‐BRB‐12: Comprehensive Image‐Based Dosimetric Analysis of Alpha Particle Dose in Bone Marrow

Purpose: In this study, a comprehensive analysis of alpha particle dose to bone marrow was developed. Using autopsy spongiosa samples and an in house Monte Carlo program, dosimetry data was calculated for macroscopic dosimetry (MIRD schema) to microdosimetric methods. This investigation provides a uniform comparison of these different methodologies. Methods: Autopsy samples of spongiosa from two bone sites (iliac crest and vertebrae) were sectioned and immunohistochemically stained (anti‐CD34) to identify hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). Digitized 2‐dimensional image was segmented based on pixel intensity to differentiate between bone trabeculae, red bone marrow and adipocytes. Individual HSPC were also identified. The processed image was used as input for an alpha‐particle Monte Carlo radiation transport program where dosimetric data was calculated for absorbed fractions, hit probabilities and z‐values. Results: Energies of 0.5‐10 MeV were investigated. Source distributions (bone, fat, red bone marrow and bone surface) of alpha particles were obtained. Absorbed fraction of each tissue region and HSPC were obtained. Probability of receiving hit of alpha particles of HSPC and nucleus were also calculated. Data for each source and target combination indicated significant dose differences to the HSPC depending on the methodology used to calculate the final dose estimate. Conclusions: Results of this study indicate the discrepancy between macroscopic and microscopic dose methods. While the microscopic methods provide a more detailed assessment of HSPC dosing they lack clinical utility. Additional work is required to bridge these two dosimetric spatial domains before bone marrow dose calculations may be clinically implemented.

Topic: Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
2-D Nonlinearity compensation technique for concurrent dual-band wireless transmitters

A novel two dimensional (2-D) nonlinearity compensation digital predistortion (DPD) technique for concurrent dual-band transmitters is presented and experimentally verified. The technique improves an in-band and out-of-band performances of both signals. It does not depend on frequency separation between bands and has low memory requirements and computational complexity in comparison with state-of-the-art.

Topic: Advanced Power Amplifier Design
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Disjunctive Program Synthesis: A Robust Approach to Programming by Example

Programming by example (PBE) systems allow end users to easily create programs by providing a few input-output examples to specify their intended task. The system attempts to generate a program in a domain specific language (DSL) that satisfies the given examples. However, a key challenge faced by existing PBE techniques is to ensure the robustness of the programs that are synthesized from a small number of examples, as these programs often fail when applied to new inputs. This is because there can be many possible programs satisfying a small number of examples, and the PBE system has to somehow rank between these candidates and choose the correct one without any further information from the user. In this work we present a different approach to PBE in which the system avoids making a ranking decision at the synthesis stage, by instead synthesizing a disjunctive program that includes the many top-ranked programs as possible alternatives and selects between these different choices upon execution on a new input. This delayed choice brings the important benefit of comparing the possible outputs produced by the different disjuncts on a given input at execution time. We present a generic framework for synthesizing such disjunctive programs in arbitrary DSLs, and describe two concrete implementations of disjunctive synthesis in the practical domains of data extraction from plain text and HTML documents. We present an evaluation showing the significant increase in robustness achieved with our disjunctive approach, as illustrated by an increase from 59% to 93% of tasks for which correct programs can be learnt from a single example.

Topic: Software Engineering Research
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ripple formation and its effect on the multi-scale microstructure of Directed Energy Deposition (DED)-printed 316L components

An experimental study is presented to characterize the ripple formations in the directed energy deposition (DED) process and study the influence of the ripples on the heterogenous microstructure in the scan direction of a DED-printed 316L components. While considerable studies on ripple formations exist in the welding literature, these formations in DED process have not received much attention. Also, little prior efforts exist on the microstructure along the scan direction (or the scan surface) as compared with the build direction. Experiments consisted of printing 10 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm cubical components on a Optomec LENS 500 Hybrid Machine Tool under different laser power, scan speed and dwell time combinations, chosen according to a Latin hypercube design. The surface of the scan face of the prints were finished to an Ra &lt; 30 nm, and etched with Aqua regia for 90 sec. An optical microscope was employed to observe the microstructure at 4 difference scales. The studies suggest a significant influence of ripple formations as well as the scan width on the solidification front, the dendritic patterns as well as the heterogenous microstructure.

Topic: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Fabrication of Phospholipid Vesicle-Interacted Calcium Phosphate Films with Sterilization Stability

The development of a calcium phosphate (CP) coating technique on tissue culture poly(styrene) (TCPS) is important in biomedical fields. In this study, the CP hybridized with l-α-phosphatidylcholine phospholipid vesicle (PV) was formed on TCPS as the film state for suggesting the unique CP/PV hybrid films. The film formation was conducted by the following two different processes: (i) the CP deposited on PV was prepared in a simulated body fluid (SBF) and subsequently casted on TCPS to form the films, and (ii) the CP was precipitated in SBF on the pre-prepared PV films on TCPS. These films were denoted as "CP/PV-Bef" and "CP/PV-Aft" films. The stability of the CP/PV hybrid films against the sterilization processes (ethanol, UV/ozone, and autoclave treatments) and subsequent immersion process in a phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was also demonstrated. As a result, the CP/PV hybrid films were successfully coated on TCPS through the mediation by PV with preserving the vesicle structure. The morphologies and physicochemical properties of the films depended on the film formation process as well as the mineralizing time. It is presumed that two functional groups of cationic choline and negative phosphate in the phosphatidylcholine molecule can act as the CP nucleation sites in SBF and the subsequent CP crystal growth would occur along the PV surfaces. Furthermore, it was confirmed that amorphous calcium phosphate and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate were mainly formed in the initial mineralization stage and were eventually converted to the hydroxyapatite phase. The conversion was accelerated by the autoclave treatment. Therefore, these CP/PV films have transparency, unique structures, and good stability against sterilization treatments, suggesting the application for cell culture plates.

Topic: Polymer Surface Interaction Studies
Subfield: Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Multi-function System Reliability

Reliability is defined as the probability of a system successfully maintaining its function within the specified time under the specified condition. Reliability theory has been mainly developed for single-function system with single reliability structure of the system [1-2]. Its theory has been extended to the systems with multiple component states [3-7] and some latest study and review can be seen in [8-9]. Nowadays, more and more products are designed to be multi-functional or provide multiple features to the customers. If all functions are equally important and required to function all the time, this can be treated same as a single-function system in reliability modeling and analysis. However, many multi-function systems cannot be treated this way. In those cases, the system reliability of single function or the combination of the functions may need to be modeled and analyzed individually as well as collectively. In this paper, a variety of structures of multi-function systems are defined. It shows many definitions and theorems of single-function system can be extended to multi-function system. The calculation of multi-function system reliability is discussed and component reliability importance is defined. A numerical example is given to illustrate the methodology.

Topic: Reliability and Maintenance Optimization
Subfield: Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
VICTORIANS LIVE: Images of Empire: Art and Artifacts in Cape Town, South Africa

C APE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA –eclectic, vibrant, and heterogeneous–still bears the marks of its past as a site of Victoria's empire. The city abounds in English Victorian artifacts: buildings, statues, fountains, streets and their names (even to Victoria Street and Rhodes Drive) are all reminders of the period, but one wonders what, if anything, they mean to the people who live with them. Some recognize them as a legacy–pleasant or unpleasant– of the days when the Cape was a British colony; to others they are symbols whose context has been forgotten, to yet others, they are simply objects devoid of extrinsic meaning. All are, however, artifacts of imperialism, in its broader sense of the social, political, economic, and cultural domination of one group over all others.

Topic: African history and culture studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Vesicular nucleotide transporter regulates the nucleotide content in airway epithelial mucin granules

Nucleotides within the airway surface liquid promote fluid secretion via activation of airway epithelial purinergic receptors. ATP is stored within and released from mucin granules as co-cargo with mucins, but the mechanism by which ATP, and potentially other nucleotides, enter the lumen of mucin granules is not known. We assessed the contribution of the recently identified SLC17A9 vesicle nucleotide transporter (VNUT) to the nucleotide availability within isolated mucin granules and further examined the involvement of VNUT in mucin granule secretion-associated nucleotide release. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses indicated that VNUT is abundantly expressed in airway epithelial goblet-like Calu-3 cells, migrating as a duplex with apparent mobility of 55 and 60 kDa. Subcellular fractionation studies indicated that VNUT55 was associated with high-density mucin granules, whereas VNUT60 was associated with low-density organelles. Immunofluorescence studies showed that recombinant VNUT localized to mucin granules and other organelles. Mucin granules isolated from VNUT short hairpin RNA-expressing cells exhibited a marked reduction of ATP, ADP, AMP, and UTP levels within granules. Ca 2+ -regulated vesicular ATP release was markedly reduced in these cells, but mucin secretion was not affected. These results suggest that VNUT is the relevant nucleotide transporter responsible for the uptake of cytosolic nucleotides into mucin granules. By controlling the entry of nucleotides into mucin granules, VNUT contributes to the release of purinergic signaling molecules necessary for the proper hydration of co-released mucins.

Topic: Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Subfield: Endocrine and Autonomic Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Implementing a pragmatic clinical trial to tailor opioids for chronic pain on behalf of the <scp>IGNITE ADOPT PGx</scp> investigators

Abstract Chronic pain is a prevalent condition with enormous economic burden. Opioids such as tramadol, codeine, and hydrocodone are commonly used to treat chronic pain; these drugs are activated to more potent opioid receptor agonists by the hepatic CYP2D6 enzyme. Results from clinical studies and mechanistic understandings suggest that CYP2D6‐guided therapy will improve pain control and reduce adverse drug events. However, CYP2D6 is rarely used in clinical practice due in part to the demand for additional clinical trial evidence. Thus, we designed the ADOPT‐PGx (A Depression and Opioid Pragmatic Trial in Pharmacogenetics) chronic pain study, a multicenter, pragmatic, randomized controlled clinical trial, to assess the effect of CYP2D6 testing on pain management. The study enrolled 1048 participants who are taking or being considered for treatment with CYP2D6‐impacted opioids for their chronic pain. Participants were randomized to receive immediate or delayed (by 6 months) genotyping of CYP2D6 with clinical decision support (CDS). CDS encouraged the providers to follow the CYP2D6‐guided trial recommendations. The primary study outcome is the 3‐month absolute change in the composite pain intensity score assessed using Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) measures. Follow‐up will be completed in July 2024. Herein, we describe the design of this trial along with challenges encountered during enrollment.

Topic: Pain Management and Placebo Effect
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Does Adolescent Family Structure Predict Military Enlistment? A Comparison of Post–High School Activities

This article investigates the link between adolescent family structure and the likelihood of military enlistment in young adulthood as compared with alternative post–high school activities. The authors use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and multinomial logistic regression analyses to compare the odds of military enlistment with college attendance or labor force involvement. They find that alternative family structures predict enlistment relative to college attendance. Living in a single-parent household during adolescence increased odds of military enlistment, but the effect is accounted for by socioeconomic status and early feelings of social isolation. Living with a stepparent or with neither biological parent more than doubles the odds of enlistment, independent of socioeconomic status, characteristics of parent–child relationships, or feelings of social isolation. Although college attendance is widely promoted as a valued post–high school activity, military service may offer a route to independence and a greater sense of belonging.

Topic: Defense, Military, and Policy Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Stress Distributions for Hybrid Composite Endodontic Post Designs with and without a Ferrule: FEA Study

The aim of the current work was to analyze the influence of the ferrule effect for hybrid composite endodontic post designs consisting of carbon (C) and glass (G) fiber-reinforced polyetherimide (PEI), in upper canine teeth. Starting from theoretical designs of C-G/PEI hybrid composite posts with different Young’s moduli (Post A—57.7 GPa, Post B—31.6 GPa, Post C—graduated from 57.7 to 9.0 GPa in the coronal–apical direction) in endodontically treated anterior teeth, the influence of the ferrule effect was determined through finite element analysis (FEA). On the surface of the crown, a load of 50 N was applied at 45° to the longitudinal axis of the tooth. Maximum principal stresses were evaluated along the C-G/PEI post as well as at the interface between the surrounding tooth structure and the post. Maximum stress values were lower than those obtained for the corresponding models without a ferrule. The presence of a ferrule led to a marked decrease of stress and gradients especially for posts A and B. A less marked effect was globally found for Post C, except in a cervical margin section along a specific direction, where a significant decrease of the stress was probably due to local geometric features, compared to the model without a ferrule. The presence of a ferrule did not generally provide a marked benefit in the case of the graduated Post C, in comparison to other C-G/PEI posts. The outcomes suggest how such a hybrid composite post alone should be sufficient to optimize the stress distribution, dissipating stress from the coronal to the apical end.

Topic: Dental materials and restorations
Subfield: Orthodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Dividend payout ratio: the influence of multinationality, firm financial stability and crisis

In this study the relationship between the dividend payout ratio of a firm and multinationality is investigated for 139 firms, listed on the FTSE All-Share Index for the period of 2000 to 2012. Furthermore, it is investigated whether the financial stability of a firm has influence on this relationship and whether the financial crisis has influence on the dividend payout ratio of a firm. The results show that multinationality has a positive influence on the dividend payout ratio of a firm, while the financial crisis has a negative influence. The financial stability of a firm does not have influence on the relationship between multinationality and the dividend payout ratio of a firm.

Topic: Working Capital and Financial Performance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
An Exploration of the Influence of ZnO NPs Treatment on Germination of Radish Seeds under Salt Stress based on the YOLOv8-R Lightweight Model

<title>Abstract</title> Background Since traditional germination test methods have drawbacks such as slow efficiency, proneness to error, and damage to seeds, a non-destructive testing method is proposed for full-process germination of radish seeds, which improves the monitoring efficiency of seed quality. Results Based on YOLOv8n, a lightweight test model YOLOv8-R is proposed, where the number of parameters, the amount of calculation, and size of weights are significantly reduced by replacing the backbone network with PP-LCNet, the neck part with cross-scale feature fusion module CCFM, the original C2f of the neck part with OREPA, and the original SPPF with FocalModulation. The ablation test and comparative test prove the performance of the model. With adoption of germination rate, germination index, and germination potential as the three vitality indicators, the seed germination phenotype collection system and YOLOv8-R model are used to analyze the full time-series sequence effects of different ZnO NPs concentrations on germination of radish seeds under varying degrees of salt stress. Conclusions The results show that salt stress inhibits the germination of radish seeds and that the inhibition effect is more obvious with the increased concentration of NaCl solution; in cultivation with deionized water, the germination rate of radish seeds does not change significantly with increased concentration of ZnO NPs, but the germination index and germination potential increase initially and then decline; in cultivation with NaCl solution, the germination rate, germination potential and germination index of radish seeds first increase and then decline with increased concentration of ZnO NPs.

Topic: Silicon Effects in Agriculture
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Epizootiology of Haemoproteus meleagridis Protozoa: Haemosporina) in Florida: Potential Vectors and Prevalence in Naturally Infected Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

A 2-yr study of the epizootiology of Haemoproteus meleagridis from wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) was conducted in Florida. Twenty-nine species of potential Culicoides vectors were identified in New Jersey light trap collections at study sites in northern and southern Florida. Engorged individuals of 13 of these species were collected in turkey-baited Bennett traps; however, only Culicoides edeni Wirth & Blanton, C. hinmani Khalaf, C. arboricola Root & Hoffman, C. knowltoni Beck, and C. haematopotus Malloch were capable of supporting complete sporogonic development of the parasite. Two of these five species, i.e., C. edeni and C. hinmani, comprised more than 95% of the biting collections in southern Florida and 74% of the biting collections in northern Florida. Haemoproteus meleagridis was isolated from pools of unengorged C. edeni captured in November and May in northern Florida and from pools of unengorged C. edeni captured throughout the year in southern Florida. Minimum yearly prevalence of H. meleagridis in unengorged C. edeni was estimated to be 0.58% in northern Florida and 2.08% in southern Florida. The high susceptibility of C. edeni to sporogonic development of H. meleagridis, its high prevalence in biting collections, and the isolation of the parasite from naturally infected specimens implicate C. edeni as the primary vector of H. meleagridis in both northern and southern Florida.

Topic: Vector-Borne Animal Diseases
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Thermodynamics of Dilute Solutions of Zinc in Binary Molten Bismuth-Tin Solvents at 773 K

Article Thermodynamics of Dilute Solutions of Zinc in Binary Molten Bismuth-Tin Solvents at 773 K was published on January 1, 1985 in the journal International Journal of Materials Research (volume 76, issue 1).

Topic: Molten salt chemistry and electrochemical processes
Subfield: Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes
Field: Chemical Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences