jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus genotypes in outbreaks of fulminant hepatitis (Labrea black fever) in the western Brazilian Amazon region

The genotypes of hepatitis B (HBV) and delta (HDV) viruses circulating among fulminant hepatitis cases from the western Amazon Basin of Brazil were characterized in this study. HBV and HDV isolates were obtained from liver samples from 14 patients who developed fulminant hepatitis and died during 1978–1989. HBV DNA and HDV RNA were detected in all samples. Phylogenetic analyses of HDV sequences showed that they all clustered with previously characterized sequences of HDV genotype 3 (HDV-3). HBV genotypes F, A and D were found in 50.0, 28.6 and 21.4 % of cases, respectively. These results confirm the predominance of HDV-3 in South America and its association with the severe form of hepatitis, and the finding of the co-infection of HDV-3 with different genotypes of HBV suggests that the association between HDV-3 and HBV-F is not necessarily causally related to a more severe clinical course of infection.

Topic: Hepatitis B Virus Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Sleep disturbances in patients with liver cirrhosis: prevalence, impact, and management challenges

Marie Bruyneel,1 Thomas Serst&eacute;2,3 1Sleep Unit, Department of Pneumology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint Pierre, Universit&eacute; Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; 2Department of Hepato-gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint Pierre, Universit&eacute; Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; 3Liver Transplantation Unit, Department of Hepato-gastroenterology, Erasme Hospital, Universit&eacute; Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Abstract: Sleep&ndash;wake disturbances are common in liver cirrhosis and associated with impaired quality of life. The most common abnormalities are insomnia (difficulties falling asleep and maintaining sleep, or unrefreshing sleep), excessive daytime sleepiness, and sleep&ndash;wake inversion (disturbances of circadian rhythmicity). The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms for sleep disturbances in cirrhosis are complex and may include disturbed metabolism of melatonin and glucose, alterations in thermoregulation, and altered ghrelin secretion profiles. Sleep&ndash;wake abnormalities are related to the presence of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and improvement in sleep parameters can be observed when HE is properly managed. A few non-specific treatments for sleep&ndash;wake abnormalities have been tried with encouraging results for hydroxyzine and modafinil. However, due to the potential for medication toxicity in these disabled patients, further studies are needed to address the potential role of non-drug therapies in this population (eg, cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, yoga) that have demonstrated usefulness in insomnia disorders. Keywords: sleep disorders, hepatic encephalopathy, liver cirrhosis, excessive daytime sleepiness, circadian rhythm, insomnia&nbsp;

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Improvement of Angiogram Quality Using by High Pass Filter

본 연구에서는 DSA 장치에 의하여 획득된 영상을 고역 통과 필터링 알고리즘을 구성하여 구성된 알고리즘으로 실험을 하여 혈관조영상의 화질을 개선하는 방안을 제안하였다. 고역 통과 필터(High Pass Filter)는 고주파 성분은 통과시키고 저주파 성분은 차단하는 필터이다. 의료영상에서 고주파 성분은 장기(organ)의 윤곽이나 경계선 부분이 고주파 성분에 해당된다. 따라서 고역 통과 필터는 경계선 검출에도 쓰이지만 고역 강조를 위해서도 이용된다. 제시한 알고리즘으로 분석을 하여 혈관조영상의 화질을 개선할 수 있었다. 목적부위의 표현이 확연하게 두드러짐을 알 수 있었다. 제안된 방안을 이용한다면 DSA 시스템의 화질을 개선하는 소프트웨어에 적용하여 오진을 줄여주고 시술의 정확도를 더욱 높여 줄 수 있을 것이라 사료된다. In this study, an image acquired by the DSA(Digital Subtraction Angiography) system that is configured to configure the algorithm for high pass filtering algorithm experiments to improve the quality of angiography methods proposed. high pass filter is a high-frequency components pass through the filter, blocking low-frequency components. Part of the boundary line and contour of the organ corresponds to the high-frequency component is a high-frequency component of a medical image. Therefore, the high pass filter is also used for detection of the boundary line, but is also used for the high frequency enhancement. It was able to be analyzed by the proposed algorithm, to improve the quality of the angiography. Found out that the expression of the target site stand out clearly. The quality of the DSA system proposed in the wrong diagnosis software can be used to reduce, it is possible to develop and will further improve the accuracy of the treatment.

Topic: Optical Coherence Tomography Applications
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Modern technologies of early diagnosis of wound infection

The article presents an analysis of the data of modern literature devoted to the study of early diagnosis of wound infection. It is well known that wound healing is a very complex and dynamic mechanism of wound re-epithelialization. At the same time, the normal microflora of the skin plays an important function for maintaining homeostasis and the formation of the skin. There are about 1000 species of microorganisms belonging to the normal flora of human skin and do not cause any harm to healthy people. At the same time, there are microorganisms that, when they enter the wound, lead to the development of infectious complications of wounds as a result of a violation of the integrity of the skin. They include both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., Morganella spp., etc.). Early detection of these microorganisms will contribute to timely and high-quality treatment of wound infection. Currently, there are certain conditions that limit the use of microbiological research methods used to establish a clinical diagnosis of wound infection (long duration, labor intensity, required level of qualification of specialists, etc.). This dictates the need to develop new, fast and easy-to-use methods for diagnosing wound infection. To this end, a group of researchers from Russia (Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology) and the USA (University of Texas at Austin) have recently developed wearable sensors for the diagnosis of wound infection. These sensors can be embedded in wound dressings and are able to detect certain biomarkers indicating the presence of wound infection. Among these biomarkers, pH and uric acid are the most commonly used, but there are many others (lactic acid, oxygenation, inflammatory mediators, bacterial metabolites or the bacteria themselves). Currently, the development of microelectronics, the emergence of biochemical sensors, active microfluidics and painless microneedles have led to the creation of new generations of wearable biosensors that provide completely new opportunities in the fight against wound infection.

Topic: Antibiotic Use and Resistance
Subfield: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
The 'Divided Self' of Polish State-owned Enterprises: The Culture of Organizing

In the course of the current transition to a market economy, Polish state-owned enterprises are expected to change their functioning very quickly in order to 'adapt' to the new rules of the game. Nevertheless, adaptation to market principles is hampered by old cultural mind frames, which the actors adopted to cope with communist governance. The reasons behind this cultural 'lag' are examined in this paper. It aims to develop a model of the culture of organizing enacted in big consolidated state-owned enterprises, to show how the old cultural patterns emerged. Currently, their existence hinders change.

Topic: Management and Organizational Practices
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Porous\nMixed-Metal Oxide Li-Ion Battery Electrodes\nby Shear-Induced Co-assembly of Precursors and Tailored Polymer Particles

Due to their various\napplications, metal oxides are of high interest\nfor fundamental research and commercial usage. Per applications as\ncatalysts or electrochemical devices, the tailored design of metal\noxides featuring a high specific surface area and additional functionalities\nis of the utmost importance for the performance of the resulting materials.\nWe report a new method for preparing free-standing films consisting\nof hierarchically porous metal oxides (titanium and niobium based)\nby combining emulsion polymerization and shear-induced monodisperse\nparticle self-assembly in the presence of sol–gel precursors.\nAfter thermal treatment, the resulting porous materials can be used\nas electrodes in Li-ion batteries. The titanium and niobium sol–gel\nprecursors were partially immobilized to the surface of organic core–interlayer\nparticles featuring hydroxyl groups to obtain hybrid organic–inorganic\nparticles through the melt–shear organization process. Free-standing\nparticle-based films, in analogy to elastomeric opal films and colloidal\ncrystals, can be prepared in a convenient one-step preparation process.\nAfter thermal treatment, ordered pores are obtained, while the pristine\nmetal oxide precursor shell can be converted to the (mixed) metal\noxide matrix. Heat treatment under CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; leads to mixed-TiNb\noxide/carbon hybrid materials. The highly porous derivative\nstructure enhances electrolyte permeation. When tested as Li-ion battery\nelectrodes, it shows a specific capacity of 335 mAh·g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt; at a rate of 10 mA·g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;. After 1000 cycles\nat 250 mA·g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;, the electrodes still provided\na specific capacity of 191 mAh·g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;.

Topic: Advancements in Battery Materials
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
WHY SOME CHILDREN ARE STILL ON STEROID BEYOND FIVE YEARS POST LIVER TRANSPLANTATION UNDER TACROLIMUS?

897 Tacrolimus has been found to be extremely useful in primary pediatric liver transplantation (LTx). From our previous experience it was observed that about 80% of children could be weaned off successfully from steroid by the end of the first year post LTx. However this steroid free state has remained stable in subsequent 1 to 7 years follow up. Aim of the present study is to examine the immunosuppression in children who have survived beyond 5 years following primary LTx under tacrolimus. Material and Method: 166 consecutive children who receive primary LTx between Oct. 1989 and Dec. 1992 were included in the study. Mean age at the time of LTx was 5.44 ± 5.6 (range 0.1 to 17; median 2.9). All patients were followed until Nov. 98, mean follow-up 7.5 years (range 6 to 9). Patients were divided into three groups. Group I: no immunosuppression at all, Group II: tacrolimus alone and Group III tacrolimus + steroid. Results: Currently 141(84.9%) children are alive and available for the study. Group I: 13 children (9.2%) are completely off all immunosuppression for mean 5.49 ± 1.7 years (range 2.2 to 8; median 5.5). Group II: 97(68.8%) children are on tacrolimus alone. Group III: remaining 31 children (22%) are on tacrolimus plus steroid. In group III, 29 children were off steroid of which 7 were off all immunosuppressive agents (3 for weaning protocol, 3 for PTLD, 1 for suspected PTLD) and tacrolimus + steroid was reinstituted for rejection. In another 18 patients steroid was re-instituted for rise in hepatic enzyme after being off steroids, in many cases, for more than 5 years. Many were thought to be due to noncompliance. 3 children are on steroid for nephrotoxicity (2 of them received kidney transplants). Remaining 3 for miscellaneous reasons. Liver function, renal function, is shown in the table below. Mean dose of prednisone for group III currently is 6.6 ± 6mg/d (range 1.25 mg to 20; median 5).TableConclusion: Our experience shows, almost all children can be weaned off steroid following primary LTx under tacrolimus. However about one fifth may need to be re-instituted with steroid because of late rise in hepatic enzyme probably from non-compliance. Also one tenth of patients can stay without immunosuppression in long term with normal hepatic function.

Topic: Organ Transplantation Techniques and Outcomes
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Dynamic Hip Screw Blade Fixation for Intertrochanteric Hip Fractures

Purpose. To assess the one-year outcome of a dynamic hip screw (DHS) blade in the treatment of AO/OTA 31-A1 and 31-A2 intertrochanteric hip fractures. Methods. 35 men and 65 women aged 47 to 100 (mean, 83) years underwent fixation with a DHS blade for A1 (n=47) and A2 (n=53) intertrochanteric hip fractures after a low-energy injury. Patients were operated on within 48 hours of admission. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were examined for the tip-apex distance and femoral shortening. Potential complications were looked for, including implant migration, cut-out, loosening, or breakage. Functional outcome was based on the Parker mobility score. Results. The 30-day and one-year mortality rates were 5% and 20%, respectively. At the one-year followup, 81 patients were available, and all fractures had healed without varus deformity. The mean tip-apex distance was 14.1 (range, 5.7–31.1; SD, 4.3) mm. The mean femoral shortening was 4.9 (range, 0–20.2; SD, 4.8) mm. The mean Parker score decreased to 3.8 at one-year follow-up from 5.9 before injury (p&lt;0.001). There was one loss of fixation secondary to a nontraumatic subcapital fracture at 3 months, for which a bipolar hemiarthroplasty was performed. Conclusion. The DHS blade system is effective in treating AO/OTA 31-A1 and 31-A2 intertrochanteric hip fractures and results in a low complication rate.

Topic: Hip and Femur Fractures
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Subsurface Microbiology and the Evolution of the Biosphere

This chapter explores potential intersections between studies of subsurface microbiology and various studies of planetary-scale ecology. It outlines some important functional links between subsurface microorganisms and larger ecological processes. The chapter discusses how results in subsurface microbiology may contribute to resolving several intriguing questions about the evolution of the earth's biosphere. Subsurface microbiology provides an important model for exobiology. Findings in subsurface microbiology can contribute to the search for extraterrestrial life. One can paint an extremely speculative picture of the role of subsurface microbiology in the biosphere. The origin of life and the evolution of the biosphere is a fascinating multidisciplinary field of study to which subsurface science can make several contributions. Slow recolonization of the interfaces from the subsurface restarts surface biosphere processes. The biosphere extends from the lower atmosphere down into the earth's crust to the point at which local temperatures become too high for microbiological life.

Topic: Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Creating a Stable Tympanic Membrane Perforation Using Mitomycin C

OBJECTIVE To determine the ability of topically applied mitomycin C to create a stable tympanic membrane perforation. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING Twenty‐four rats underwent subtotal removal of the tympanic membranes bilaterally. Forty ears received 0.2 mg/ml of mitomycin C. The remaining 8 received phosphatebuffered saline solution (control). Photographs taken every 3 to 5 days for 44 days were digitally scanned and computer analyzed to calculate the percentage of residual perforation. Application of solutions, photography, and data analysis were performed in a blinded fashion. RESULTS The mitomycin C treated ears had delayed closure time and healing rate (from day 0 to 25) compared to the control group. All controls healed by day 14. By day 44, 92.5% of the mitomycin C treated ears healed. CONCLUSION Mitomycin C prolongs the closure and healing rate of myringotomies in rat tympanic membranes. SIGNIFICANCE Myringotomy with concurrent mitomycin C application may be useful for creating an animal model for chronic tympanic membrane perforation and should be tested in human beings as a method to maintain myringotomy patency for long‐term ventilation. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;124:40‐5)

Topic: Ear Surgery and Otitis Media
Subfield: Otorhinolaryngology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Hindlimb lameness in cats: sources and solutions

Preview this chapter: Hindlimb lameness in cats: sources and solutions, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.22233/9781910443699/9781910443699.54.2-1.gif

Topic: Primate Behavior and Ecology
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Gestational Stress Augments Postpartum β-Amyloid Pathology and Cognitive Decline in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract Besides well-known risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), stress, and in particular noise stress (NS), is a lifestyle risk factor common today. It is known that females are at a significantly greater risk of developing AD than males, and given that stress is a common adversity in females during pregnancy, we hypothesized that gestational noise exposure could exacerbate the postpartum development of the AD-like neuropathological changes during the life span. Pregnant APPNL-G-F/NL-G-F mice were randomly assigned to either the stress condition or control group. The stress group was exposed to the NS on gestational days 12–16, which resulted in a markedly higher hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis responsivity during the postpartum stage. Higher amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and larger Aβ plaque size in the olfactory area were the early onset impacts of the gestational stress (GS) seen at the age of 4 months. This pattern of increased Aβ aggregation and larger plaque size were observed in various brain areas involved in both AD and stress regulation, especially in limbic structures, at the age of 6 months. The GS also produced anxiety-like behavior, deficits in learning and memory, and impaired motor coordination. The findings suggest that environmental stresses during pregnancy pose a potential risk factor in accelerating postpartum cognitive decline and AD-like neuropathological changes in the dams (mothers) later in life.

Topic: Stress Responses and Cortisol
Subfield: Behavioral Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
The Design and Analysis of Seroefficacy Studies for Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines

Abstract Background Demonstrating the efficacy of new Vi-conjugate typhoid vaccines is challenging, due to the cost of field trials requiring tens of thousands of participants. New trial designs that use serologically defined typhoid infections (seroefficacy trials) rather than blood culture positivity as a study endpoint may be useful to assess efficacy using small trials. Methods We developed a model for Vi–immunoglobin G antibody responses to a Vi-vaccine, incorporating decay over time and natural boosting due to endemic exposures. From this, we simulated clinical trials in which 2 blood samples were taken during follow-up and the relative risk of a serologically defined typhoid infection (seroefficacy) was computed. We aimed to determine (1) whether seroefficacy trial designs could substantially reduce sample sizes, compared with trials using blood culture–confirmed cases; (3) whether the rate of case detection was higher in seroefficacy trials; and (3) the optimal timing of sample collection. Results The majority (&amp;gt;90%) of blood culture–positive typhoid cases remain unobserved in surveillance studies. In contrast, under-detection in simulated seroefficacy trials of equivalent vaccines was as little as 26%, and estimates of the relative risk of typhoid infection were unbiased. For simulated trials of non-equivalent vaccines, relative risks were slightly inflated by at least 5%, depending on the sample collection times. Seroefficacy trials required as few as 460 participants per arm, compared with 10 000 per arm for trials using blood culture–confirmed cases. Conclusions Seroefficacy trials can establish the efficacy of new conjugate vaccines using small trials that enroll hundreds rather than thousands of participants, and without the need for resource-intensive typhoid fever surveillance programs.

Topic: Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Effects of Experience, Choice Architecture, and Cognitive Reflection in Individual and Strategic Decisions

Cognitive reflection has been shown to be an important trait which is correlated with the propensity to: take risks, delay gratification, and form accurate beliefs about others’ behavior. However, previous research has not cleanly identified whether reflective thinkers make ‘better’ decisions than intuitive thinkers, since inferences of decision quality are confounded by inferences regarding risk preferences, time preferences, and beliefs. We directly test for differences in decision quality between reflective thinkers and intuitive thinkers in both individual and strategic decisions using a design which makes it possible to objectively rank risky and strategic choices, independent of one’s attitudes toward risk or one’s beliefs about the strategic sophistication or altruism of other decision makers. Employing a lottery choice task involving a dominant and a dominated alternative, and implementing multiple rounds of a second price auction, we find that the tendency to cognitively reflect has strong predictive power across domains (reasoning tasks, choices between lotteries, bidding behavior in auctions), and across time (as the tasks were administered on separate dates). In particular, the same subjects who engaged in reflective thinking on simple reasoning problems were also more likely to choose optimally in the lottery choice task and to bid closer to the dominant strategy equilibrium in second price auctions. We also find that experience helps to narrow the gap in performance between reflective and intuitive thinkers.

Topic: Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Subfield: General Decision Sciences
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Clinical Pain Scale Compendium

Title: Clinical Pain Scale Compendium\nAuthors: James Aiken, SPT1, Tiffany Crow, SPT1, Nicholas Pilch, SPT1\nAffiliation(s): 1. Physical Therapy Program, University of Puget Sound\nTheory:\nPain is one of the pivotal aspects of a healthcare examination. Clinicians cannot measure pain objectively, and thus, we can only obtain a subjective report of the patient’s experience. However, the human experience of pain can be measured beyond merely its intensity. The purpose of this compendium is to present a range of pain aspects; the who, what, where, when, and how much of pain measurement. This is accomplished with the following domains: affective, beliefs, intensity, sensory quality, location, temporal, impact on activities of daily living, and population. The aim of this compendium is to present a model of various pain dimensions and to expand the number of tools available to measure pain, as pain can mean different things. It is novel in its breadth of coverage of pain scales and comprehensive summarization for ease of use. With an improved capacity of pain measurement tools available, clinicians can better correlate care with more accurate pain assessments to meet a patient’s unique needs. In conclusion, we have compiled these measures to provide additional pain evaluation tools for physical therapists and other medical professionals in order to improve patient care.

Topic: Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences