jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Correction of scatter in computed tomography images of bone

A cylindrical aluminum/Plexiglas phantom representing trabecular bone surrounded by various amounts of cortical bone was constructed. Measurements of this phantom using a computed tomography scanner with a 1 2 5 I photon source demonstrated errors of 0% to 28% in the density of trabecular bone. Two contributing factors are identified: scatter and exponential edge‐gradient effect. A simple first‐order correction is developed to correct for the scatter‐induced error. Relative to the exponential edge‐gradient effect, which contributes up to 3.4% error over the range of cortical thicknesses measured, the correction procedure reduces the scatter‐induced error to a level of −0.66% to +0.61%. The consistency of the optimized correction parameters with the physical model as well as the effect of scatter measured by the same phantom on a GE 8800 scanner are shown.

Topic: Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Quantification of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) biofilm formation on orthopedic implants using bioluminescence imaging

Methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA) bacteria commonly found on orthopaedic implants, form treatment resistant biofilms that are difficult to manage. Creating new imaging modalities that allow us to understand biofilm development and accurately indicate the efficacy of treatments will greatly aid research in biofilm infection treatment methods. In this in vitro study, we determined the correlation between the number of MRSA CFUs and the radiance of MRSA aliquots with bioluminescent plasmids in the resolution volume of the Perkin Elmer's IVIS Spectrum imaging system at specific imaging depths. We standardized MRSA bioluminescence curves for planktonic and biofilm-associated MRSA grown on titanium and stainless-steel orthopaedic hardware. The ability to relate measured radiance to the biofilm bioburden on a metal surface provides a critical tool for our ongoing pre-clinical studies identifying and treating biofilm-forming infections in contaminated high-energy fracture (rats) and contaminated osseointegration after amputation (rabbits).

Topic: Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Genome‐wide association implicates numerous genes underlying ecological trait variation in natural populations of Populus trichocarpa

In order to uncover the genetic basis of phenotypic trait variation, we used 448 unrelated wild accessions of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) from much of its range in western North America. Extensive data from large‐scale trait phenotyping (with spatial and temporal replications within a common garden) and genotyping (with a 34 K Populus single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array) of all accessions were used for gene discovery in a genome‐wide association study (GWAS). We performed GWAS with 40 biomass, ecophysiology and phenology traits and 29 355 filtered SNPs representing 3518 genes. The association analyses were carried out using a Unified Mixed Model accounting for population structure effects among accessions. We uncovered 410 significant SNPs using a Bonferroni‐corrected threshold (P &lt; 1.7 × 10−6). Markers were found across 19 chromosomes, explained 1–13% of trait variation, and implicated 275 unique genes in trait associations. Phenology had the largest number of associated genes (240 genes), followed by biomass (53 genes) and ecophysiology traits (25 genes). The GWAS results propose numerous loci for further investigation. Many traits had significant associations with multiple genes, underscoring their genetic complexity. Genes were also identified with multiple trait associations within and/or across trait categories. In some cases, traits were genetically correlated while in others they were not.

Topic: Bioenergy crop production and management
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Plasma Concentrations of Fibrinopeptide A and Fibrinopeptide Bß15-42 in Glomerulonephritis and the Nephrotic Syndrome

Plasma fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and fibrinopeptide B beta 15-42 concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in 46 patients with glomerulonephritis and the nephrotic syndrome. An increase in plasma FPA and B beta 15-42 levels was noted in these patients; this increase was marked in the nephrotic patients. There was a positive correlation in these patients between plasma FPA and B beta 15-42 levels. The B beta 15-42/FPA ratio was significantly higher in nonnephrotic patients compared with controls. Intravascular coagulation with subsequent fibrinolysis to regulate fibrin formation may occur in patients. A positive correlation was found between plasma B beta 15-42 level and serum urea nitrogen or serum creatinine concentration, suggesting that plasma B beta 15-42 level is influenced not only by plasmin action, but also by renal dysfunction.

Topic: Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
In vivo nanoparticle imaging of innate immune cells can serve as a marker of disease severity in a model of multiple sclerosis

Significance Multiple sclerosis is a devastating neurological condition that can affect the entire central nervous system. Innate immune cells mediate the underlying tissue damage, but visualizing these cellular culprits is currently not possible. Diagnosis and treatment monitoring are performed by MRI, but so far imaging markers are unspecific and based on secondary parameters (edema/gliosis; blood–brain barrier disruption). We used a nanoparticle-based approach to image brain-resident and infiltrating innate immune cells in inflammatory lesions. Nanoparticle uptake is specific for innate immune cells and correlates with clinical severity. Thus, targeting innate immunity by molecular imaging may serve as a direct marker of disease activity with the potential of clinical translation to a wide variety of inflammatory conditions for improved diagnosis and treatment monitoring.

Topic: Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of High Temperature Calcination on the Phase Compositions of Nanocrystalline Zirconia Powder and Coating

Abstract In this study, agglomerated nanocrystalline ZrO2--Y2O3 powder was calcinated from 900 to 1300 °C for 2 h. The calcinated nanopowder was used as feedstock and deposited by air plasma spraying on a NiCoCr bond coat applied to a nickel substrate via low pressure plasma spraying. For comparison, conventional ZrO2-Y2O3 topcoats were also produced. Nanostructured and conventional thermal barrier coatings were calcinated from 1050 to 1250 °C for 2-20 h. Experimental results indicate that monoclinic tetragonal phases in the agglomerated nanopowder were transformed into cubic phase after calcination. The cubic phase content increased with increasing calcination temperature. High temperature calcination can make the yttria segregated at grain boundaries dissolve in zirconia. Different from the phase constituent of the as-sprayed conventional TBC, which consisted of diffusionless transformed tetragonal, the as-sprayed nanostructured TBC consisted of cubic phase containing high yttria. No phase transformations were observed in either TBC after calcination.

Topic: High-Temperature Coating Behaviors
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ion implanted photodiode detectors in epitaxial (Gax In_1-x) As

Ion implanted p-n junction photodiodes in epitaxially grown (Ga(x) In(1-x))As material are reported on here. Photoresponse in these diodes was investigated for approximately the entire composition range of 0 < x < 1. High values for quantum efficiency were obtained for the devices with a high value of x. Peak D(*)(lambda,f) of greater than 10(11) [cm(Hz)(1/2)/W] at room temperature was obtained at 0.8-microm wavelength, while a peak D(*)(lambda,f) of 5 x 10(10) [cm(Hz)(1/2)/W] was obtained at 165 K at 1.4-microm wavelength.

Topic: Photocathodes and Microchannel Plates
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Motor fluctuations in Parkinson disease – a mini-review of emerging drugs

New formulations of levodopa to improve bioavailability are in development. These include another subcutaneous infusion with efficacy in reducing motor fluctuations and an intranasal delivery with tolerability reported. An oromucosal formulation of apomorphine was safe, further studies are needed. Preliminary results of a phase III study of dopamine D1/D5 agonist tavapadon and phase II of CVN424, a GRP6 inverse agonist suggest improved ON time. Negative studies were reported with foliglurax (MGluR4 inverse agonist) and the repurposed drugs naftazone and bumetanide. Several novel targets are in early-stage development with results awaited. Overall, it is unclear whether the field is significantly further ahead, as the benefit of these emerging drugs in comparison with currently available agents for motor fluctuations needs to be clarified.

Topic: Neurological disorders and treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Process and Parameter Optimization of the Double-Pulsed GMAW Process

The double pulsed gas metal arc welding (DP-GMAW) process has been effectively employed to realize joining of steel plates and obtain weld bead surfaces with high quality fish scale ripples. In this work, a DP-GMAW process based on robot operation using the latest twinpulse XT DP control technology was employed to join the stainless-steel base plates. Four key operational parameters, which were robot welding speed, twin pulse frequency, twin pulse relation and twin pulse current change in percent, were selected to be input elements of orthogonal experimental design, which included nine experiments with three levels. To accurately understand the performance and process of weld bead obtained from DP-GMAW operation based on robot operation, the appearance observation and key shape parameters measurement, microstructure analysis, tensile and hardness testing, as well as stability analysis of the electrical signals, were conducted. Correlation analysis showed that the grain size was significantly correlative to the toughness and hardness. Then, to obtain quantitative evaluation results, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) was employed to provide quality evaluation of weld beads from the above experiments. The influential levels of the key operational parameters on the appearance, grain size and FCE scores, and corresponding physical analyses, were respectively presented. In addition, optimal parameters combinations for obtaining weld beads with optimal appearance, grain size, and the highest FCE scores of weld bead quality were respectively provided according to the range analysis of the results from orthogonal experimental design. This work can provide an effective analysis method of influential levels of key operational parameters on the performance of the weld bead, optimal operational parameters combination seeking method, and quantitative quality evaluation method for the DP-GMAW process, which can improve the process optimization and increase the production efficiency, both in academic research and actual industrial production.

Topic: Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
7th Symposium on Vacuum-based Science and Technology (SVBST2013)

These are the proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Vacuum based Science and Technology organized in Kolobrzeg (PL) on November 19-21, 2013 by the Institute of Technology and Education, Koszalin University of Technology and the Clausius Tower Society under auspices of the Polish Vacuum Society (PTP) and the German Vacuum Society (DVG) and in collaboration with the BalticNet PlasmaTec and the Society of Vacuum Coaters (SVC). It was accompanied by the 12-th Annual Meeting of the German Vacuum Society. The mission of the Symposium is to provide a forum for presentation and exchange of expertise and research results in the field of vacuum and plasma science. After already six successful meetings organized alternately in Poland and Germany our goal is to continue and foster cooperation within the vacuum and plasma science community. This year, the Rudolf-Jaeckel Prize, awarded by the DVG for outstanding achievements in the field of vacuum based sciences, was presented to Dr Ute Bergner, president of the VACOM Vakuum Komponenten & Messtechnik GmbH and a member of our community. The full-day course organized in the framework of the Educational Program by the Society of Vacuum Coaters (SVC) and entitled: An Introduction to Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Processes was held on November 18, 2013 as a satellite event of the Symposium. The instructor was Prof. Ismat Shah from Delaware University (US). The Clausius Session, already traditionally organized during the Symposium was addressed this year to young generation. We invited our young colleagues to attend a series of educational lectures reporting on achievements in graphene science, scanning probe microscopy and plasma science. Lectures were given by: Prof. Jacek Baranowski from the Institute of Electronic Materials Technology in Warsaw, Prof. Teodor Gotszalk from the Wroclaw University of Technology and Prof. Holger Kersten from the Christian Albrechts University in Kiel. The Symposium was accompanied by an industry exhibition attended by the representatives of leading companies offering vacuum equipment, complete solutions for plasma based technology as well as advanced research equipment. Witold Gulbinski Michael Kopnarski Frank Richter Jan Walkowicz

Topic: Plasma Diagnostics and Applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Predator--2 Prey Fast--Slow Dynamical System for Rapid Predator Evolution

We consider adaptive change of diet of a predator population that switches its feeding between two prey populations. We develop a novel 1 fast--3 slow dynamical system to describe the dynamics of the three populations amidst continuous but rapid evolution of the predator's diet choice. The two extremes at which the predator's diet is composed solely of one prey correspond to two branches of the three-branch critical manifold of the fast--slow system. By calculating the points at which there is a fast transition between these two feeding choices (i.e., branches of the critical manifold), we prove that the system has a two-parameter family of periodic orbits for sufficiently large separation of the time scales between the evolutionary and ecological dynamics. Using numerical simulations, we show that these periodic orbits exist, and that their phase difference and oscillation patterns persist, when ecological and evolutionary interactions occur on comparable time scales. Our model also exhibits periodic orbits that agree qualitatively with oscillation patterns observed in experimental studies of the coupling between rapid evolution and ecological interactions.

Topic: Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Expression of claudins -2 and -4 and cingulin is coordinated with the start of stratification and differentiation in corneal epithelial cells: retinoic acid reversibly disrupts epithelial barrier

Summary Although tight junctions (TJ) have been extensively studied in simple epithelial cells, it is still unknown whether their organization is coupled to cell differentiation in stratified epithelia. We studied the expression of TJ in RCE1(5T5) cells, an in vitro model which mimics the sequential steps of rabbit corneal epithelial differentiation. RCE1(5T5) cells expressed TJ components which were assembled once cells constituted differentiated epithelia, as suggested by the increase of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) which followed a similar kinetic to the expression of the early differentiation marker Pax-6. TJ were functional as indicated by the establishment of an epithelial barrier nonpermeable to ruthenium red or a biotin tracer. In immunostaining experiments, TJ were located at the superficial cells from the suprabasal layers; Western blot and RT-PCR suggested that TJ were composed of claudins (cldn) -1, -2, -4, cingulin (cgn), occludin (ocln) and ZO-1. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and TER measurements showed that TJ became organized when cells began to form a 3–5 layers stratified epithelium; TER increased once cells reached confluence, with a time course comparable to the raise in the expression of cgn, cldn-2 and -4. Nevertheless, cldn-1, -2, ZO-1 and ocln were present in the cells from the beginning of cultivation, suggesting that TER increases mainly depend on TJ assembly. While EGF increased epithelial barrier strength, retinoic acid disrupted it, increasing paracellular flux about 2-fold; this effect was concentration dependent and completely reversible. Our results suggest that TJ assembly is tightly linked to the expression of corneal epithelial terminal phenotype.

Topic: Barrier Structure and Function Studies
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Biología floral y sistema reproductivo de Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus (Fabaceae)

Observations made in Salta, northern Argentina, for a complete flowering season of five plants from several patches, allowed the authors to conclude: 1. anthesis lasts 9-13 hours and consists of two floral phases, in the last of which the stigma is not receptive; 2. stigma is receptive in the bud when anthers are not dehiscent, hence the flowers are protogynous; 3. nectar is secreted during phase 1 only; 4. the nectar composition fits that of melittophylous plants; 5. rain or drizzle do not affect the nectar composition or pollen viability because they are highly protected but do affect visitation by pollinators; 6. flowers are flag-blossom pollination units with pollen presented on stylar subapical trichomes, adapted to medium-sized hymenopterans, which transfer the pollen on their heads; 7. the ISI and RRS reproductive indeses show that the variety is partially self-compatible, but insect visitation increases reproductive success; 8. individuals of Centris sp. and a breed of Bombus atratus are the most important legitimate visitors because they work on all conspecific plants and suck nectar in few flowers (phase 1) per plant during each visit, while individuals of Bombus opifex, the other breed of B.atratus and Megachile spp. are also legitimate pollinators but less frequent or not constant; 9. some Lepidoptera are nectar robbers because they suck nectar but do not trigger the pollen transfer mechanism.

Topic: Botanical Research and Chemistry
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Surgical approaches to the sphenoid sinus.

The sphenoid sinus can be approached through the ethmoid, nasal or septal zones of the anterior wall. Case studies, fresh/fixed cadaver material and radiologic examinations, including three-dimensional CT reconstructions, were used to define the anatomic conditions governing the safest penetration of each zone. The ethmoid zone was often associated with anatomic variations such as posterior and superior placement of ethmoid cells which dictated caution. The transnasal route was best used for isolated sphenoid disease since nasal disease caused significant bleeding. A detailed description of the vomer-ethmoid relationship outlines the advantages of using the septal zone. The actual zone used to enter the sphenoid sinus must be determined by the nature of the disease process to be treated and therefore a detailed knowledge of the normal and aberrant anatomy of each zone, as elaborated by the radiological road map, is required to prevent complication.

Topic: Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
31. Disclosure

The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR) require the parties to give advance notice to their opponents of all the material documentation in their control. This is done in two stages. At the first stage the parties send each other lists of documents, a process called ‘disclosure’. The second stage is ‘inspection’, which is the process by which the other side can request copies of documents appearing in the list of documents, typically with photocopies being provided by the disclosing party. This chapter discusses these processes. It covers lawyers’ and clients’ responsibilities; the stage when disclosure takes place; disclosure orders; standard disclosure; menu option disclosure; duty to search; list of documents; privilege; inspection; orders in support of disclosure; documents referred to in statements of case, etc.; admission of authenticity; and collateral use.

Topic: Law, logistics, and international trade
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Screening Fascism's Underground: Kurt Bernhardt's The Tunnel

On the opening day of the New York subway on October 27, 1904, the city's police commissioner revealed to the public an unforeseen use of the new transportation system. What had been discursively constructed in decades of public disputes as a triumph of urban sanitization, safety, and speed,1 suddenly emerged as an effective vehicle of crowd control. For the police commissioner, the subway's main achievement would not simply be to alleviate the dreadful traffic conditions in the urban jungle and, thus, to displace the proverbial foul air that prevailed in the over-crowded cars of surface transportation. Instead, the police commissioner hailed this new technological device as a highly welcome instrument to contain the threat of future social uproar, one in fact that is going to absolutely preclude the possibility of riots in New York. .... [For if] a riot should break out at any time now we could clear the road and send out a trainload of a thousand

Topic: Italian Fascism and Post-war Society
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Degas' Little dancer

Given as a world premiere at the Paris Opera House in 2010, La Petite Danseuse de Degas (literally, Degas' Little Dancer) pays tribute to the "dancers' painter.". This ballet by Patrice Bart, who worked as a Ballet master for the Opéra de Paris from 1987 to 2011, stages the fourteen-year-old ballerina who posed for Edgar Degas's canvas and also for his sculpture The Little Fourteen-Year-Old Dancer, currently exhibited at the Orsay Museum. The idea of the ballet was born in Martine Kahane's mind, when in the end of the 90s, the museum asked the sewing shop of the Opéra de Paris to restore the tutu of the wax statue. The universe of the ballet reflects that of the dance troop of the Opéra national de Paris, the same way Degas' work did. Several levels of dance are revealed through the choreographies since the dancers play the characters of Patrice Bart's ballet but they also enact their own stories, when they were students at the School of the Opéra de Paris. Ezio Toffolutti designed the set of this ballet according to the architecture of the Palais Garnier, which is at some points recreated to perfection on stage. The ballet commemorates the tragic story of its central character, Marie Van Goethem. She lost her father and she supported her mother dancing, posing for painters but also prostituting herself on the account of her mother & For this reason, she will the fired from the opera dance school

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences