jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
USE OF DISINFECTED WASTEWATER FOR PEPPER FERTIGATION IN ALMERIA (SPAIN): EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL RISKS IN SOIL AND LEACHATES

Almeria (Spain) is one of the most important agricultural areas in Southern Europe, and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the main crops produced under intensive conditions using fertigation. The lack of good quality irrigation water in this semi-arid area is an ever increasing problem. Experiments to evaluate the usefulness and the potential risks of using disinfected urban wastewater to fertigate pepper in a greenhouse were conducted. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential soil and leachate pollution, and to compare the yield and fruit quality of pepper. Fertigation solutions were designed with good quality ground water and disinfected waste water. The pollutants Al, Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Sn, Sb, Hg, Pb, Co and micronutrients (Mn, Cu, Zn) were analyzed in soils after digestion in microwaves with HNO 3 -HCl by ICP-MS. In the leachates collected in lysimeters Al, Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Sn, Sb, Hg, Pb, Co, Na, nutrients (K, Ca, Mg, P, B, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo) by ICP-MS and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by using GC-MS, were analyzed. Results show that levels of pollutants and micronutrients do not differ between soil fertigated with disinfected wastewater and ground water. Leachates show no differences between disinfected wastewater and ground water with respect to inorganic pollution, and the levels of PAHs are lower than levels considered dangerous. Production, biomass and quality indices show the absence of significant differences between plants and fruits produced with good quality water and those obtained by fertigation with disinfected wastewater.

Topic: Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
HIV Revisited: The Global Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic

This review is intended as an update on modern trends in the global impact and epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection for physicians who are not acquired immunodeficiency syndrome experts. Africa has been the most affected, but epidemics are spreading in Asia and Russia. Therefore, physicians should be informed about seroconversion disease and human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis as well as the impact of sexually transmitted infections on many stages of human immunodeficiency virus. International treatment guidelines are available. Highly active antiretroviral therapy has been the mainstream therapy since 1996, but all drugs—regardless of class used—have potent side effects, many of which are dermatologic. Others affect the neurologic, hematopoietic, cerebral, and abdominal systems, and drug interactions are common. Lipodystrophy is a common, long‐term side effect that is still not well understood. Broader use of highly active antiretroviral therapy has highlighted viral resistance. This is reviewed, and a simple explanation of therapeutic monitoring is provided.

Topic: HIV Research and Treatment
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
A transconductance enhancement technique for bulk-driven OTAs working in weak inversion

A proposed transconductance enhancement technique for bulk-driven OTAs working in weak inversion is presented in this paper. The basic idea is to use a bulk-driven input differential pair employing the auxiliary amplifier and positive feedback technique to enhance transconductance, which improves the enhancement ratio of transconductance from (n + 1)/(n − 1) to (n + 2)/(n − 1). The proposed amplifier based on the mentioned technique is simulated on UMC 180 nm process with the help of Spectre. The simulation results demonstrate that the transconductance of the bulk-driven OTAs working in weak inversion improves almost 50% with just a little increased power consumption compared to the conventional counterparts.

Topic: Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A taxonomic reassessment of<i>Ophiopsis</i>(Halecomorphi, Ionoscopiformes), with a revision of Upper Jurassic species from the Solnhofen Archipelago, and a new genus of Ophiopsidae

Although the type species of Ophiopsis was long considered O. procera, the genus originally included the single species Ophiopsis muensteri, which subsequent authors moved to Furo. Following the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature code, Furo muensteri is here recognized as the type species of Ophiopsis by monotypy (Article 68.3). Ophiopsiella, gen. nov., is erected to include all remaining previously described 'Ophiopsis' species. Exceptionally well preserved new Ophiopsiella attenuata from the Upper Jurassic plattenkalk of Ettling (Bavaria, Germany) represents the first record of this species from Ettling, allowing for a partial revision of it and Ophiopsiella procera. New evidence allows for an emended diagnosis of Ophiopsiella attenuata, which differs from all other Ophiopsidae in the following combination of features: 27–28 dorsal fin rays, 42 vertical scale rows, and a long, low, posteroventrally inclined dorsal fin lacking elongate anterior fin rays or a strongly concave posterior border. A neotype for O. attenuata is designated, as the type is lost. 'Ophiopsis' attenuata actually contains two anatomically different morphotypes corresponding to distinct species, one of which is indistinguishable from 'Ophiopsis' procera. Exceptional preservation of the new material provides new morphological information, particularly regarding the dermal cranial bones. This revision changes the known distribution of ophiopsids in the Upper Jurassic of southern Germany and France, with possible broader paleobiogeographic and paleoecological implications for this region during the Late Jurassic. Ophiopsids remain poorly known compared with other halecomorphs (e.g., Amiidae), and closer investigation of their morphology and taxonomic relationships is therefore important to understanding broader patterns of halecomorph evolution.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6B250A32-9FAA-4EF6-9D91-6D1C5E91E547

Topic: Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
<i>Randia ferox</i> (Cham &amp; Schltdl) DC.: phytochemical composition, <i>in vitro</i> cyto- and genotoxicity analyses

<i>Randia ferox</i> is a Brazilian native species used in folk medicine. Scientific information regarding the toxicology and phytochemistry of this plant remains unclear. We aimed to produce a <i>R. ferox</i> extract, identify its chemical matrix, and evaluate its safety profile. The extract chemical composition was accessed through UHPLC-MS/MS. Mononuclear cells, erythrocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages, and kidney cells were subjected to extract concentration-response curve testing. The cellular viability, proliferation, dsDNA release, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), hemolysis, and DNA damage were determined. Ten molecules were found in the extract matrix. Most of the tested concentrations can be considered safe. Cellular viability, proliferation, dsDNA release, and NO remained at similar levels to the control. The extract increased ROS in macrophages. None of the tested concentrations induced DNA damage or hemolysis. The data suggest <i>R. ferox</i> extract contains several bioactive molecules and has a safety profile <i>in vitro</i>.

Topic: Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Determination of Dicaffeoylquinic Acid in Selected Medicinal Plants using HPLC-PDA and LC-ESI-MS/MS

MUHAMMAD NASIMULLAH QURESHI*, GUENTHER STECHER, MUHAMMAD UBAIDULLAH QURESHI, TAHIRA SULTANA AND GUENTHER K. BONN Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan. Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 52 a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Bionorica Research GmbH, Mitterweg 24, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Department of Live Stock and Dairy Development, Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. mnasimuq@yahoo.com*

Topic: Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE EXTRACT OF Solenostemma Argel (Harjal) PLANT

The present study investigated the antimicrobical a ctivity of harjal aqueous extracts against two fungi ( Aspergillus niger and Pennicilium italicum ) and two Gram negative bacteria ( Escerichia coli and Salmonella typhi ). The harjal aqueous extracts were found to inhibit mycelial rad ial growth of both fungi. The effect was clear at the firs days and at the la st days of the experiment, the effect was insignificant. Mycelial fresh and dry we ights of both fungi were also greatly reduced with the harjal extracts. The higher concentration gave the maximum effect which decreased with dilution. The effect on mycelial growth was more pronounced on P. italicum than on A. niger . The effect of harjal leaves extract on the two bacteria ( E. coli , S. typhi ) was evaluated by the inhibition zone and dilution methods. A clear zone of inhibition was shown by the extracts against both bacteria, although the ef fect was less against E. coli . The results of the dilution plate method, showed th at the log number of colonies of both bacteria was highly decreased with harjal extracts, however, S. typhi was more susceptible and greatly affected.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A low loss and self-packaged patch coupler based on SISL platform

This paper proposes a low loss and self-packaged patch coupler based on substrate integrated suspended line (SISL) platform. Due to the benefit of self-packaging, the radiation loss of the patch can be reduced to the minimum. By cutting out the substrate as much as possible while ensuring mechanical strength, the dielectric loss will be further reduced. By connecting the metal layers on both sides of the substrate with via holes, the conductor loss can be further reduced. The measurement and the simulation results of the fabricated SISL patch coupler at 6 GHz are well agreed. The measured insertion loss is only around 0.15 dB. From 5.5 GHz to 6.6 GHz, the measured phase imbalance is 90°±1° and the measured amplitude imbalance is smaller than 0.6 dB. The measured loss is much smaller than that of the previous designs.

Topic: Microwave Engineering and Waveguides
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Machine learning light hypernuclei

We employ a feed-forward artificial neural network to extrapolate at large model spaces the results of {\it ab-initio} hypernuclear No-Core Shell Model calculations for the $Λ$ separation energy $B_Λ$ of the lightest hypernuclei, $^3_Λ$H, $^4_Λ$H and $^4_Λ$He, obtained in computationally accessible harmonic oscillator basis spaces using chiral nucleon-nucleon, nucleon-nucleon-nucleon and hyperon-nucleon interactions. The overfitting problem is avoided by enlarging the size of the input dataset and by introducing a Gaussian noise during the training process of the neural network. We find that a network with a single hidden layer of eight neurons is sufficient to extrapolate correctly the value of the $Λ$ separation energy to model spaces of size $N_{max}=100$. The results obtained are in agreement with the experimental data in the case of $^3_Λ$H and the $0^+$ state of $^4_Λ$He, although they are off of the experiment by about $0.3$ MeV for both the $0^+$ and $1^+$states of $^4_Λ$H and the $1^+$ state of $^4_Λ$He. We find that our results are in excellent agreement with those obtained using other extrapolation schemes of the No-Core Shell Model calculations, showing this that an ANN is a reliable method to extrapolate the results of hypernuclear No-Core Shell Model calculations to large model spaces.

Topic: Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
An efficient method of generating skin fibroblast cells for cell banking

An optimum cell culture medium is used to generate fibroblast cells for cell banking. Here, we describe a method for obtaining higher number of pure fibroblast cells in much shorter duration from skin tissue explants. Two pronged strategy was used, first two different culture media were selected, one for preferential generation of fibroblast cells in primary culture (Human fibroblast specific media- HifibroXL) and another for their faster multiplication in secondary culture (DMEM + Ham's F12). Secondly, tissue explants were cultured not only once but up to six times increasing the generation of primary cells per se. This method initially standardized with buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) skin tissue explants works efficiently with camel (Camelus bactrianus) and horse (Equs caballus). Modified cell culture method increases the efficiency of establishing fibroblast cell banks by reducing the cost both in terms of consumables and human effort. It is well suited for today's fast-paced conservation laboratories.

Topic: Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
In situ predator exposure creates some persistent anti-predator behaviours: insights from a common environment experiment

Abstract Prey naiveté has been implicated in the global decline and reintroduction failure of many threatened species. A number of tools have been developed to combat prey naiveté including in situ predator exposure using live predators. However, determining the effectiveness and persistence of these interventions can be difficult, and requires comparisons of individual responses from predator-naïve and predator-trained populations. Even when this occurs, interpreting behavioural responses can be challenging because of the constraints of experimental design in large scale population manipulations. We used a common environment experiment and placed burrowing bettongs ( Bettongia lesueur ) from predator-free and predator-exposed populations together in an 8 ha fenced paddock. The predator-exposed population had been previously exposed to feral cats ( Felis catus ) under controlled wild conditions for up to six years and initial work suggested this exposure had led to physical and behavioural changes. Within our common environment experiment we compared a range of anti-predator behaviours including trap and feeding behaviour and response to predator scent and models. We found evidence for persistent trait changes up to 7 months, the latest time behaviours were tested, after bettongs were moved to the predator-free common environment and isolated from predators. These behaviours include reduced alarm rates, preference for open areas, and responses to predator scent and model stimuli. Additionally, high risk predator cues were more likely to elicit anti-predator responses than passive measures of anti-predator behaviour. Our design shows that predator exposure leads to persistent shifts in some, but not all, anti-predator behaviours. Identifying the proximate basis of anti-predator traits is important to develop successful tools to combat prey naiveté.

Topic: Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
<i>Nthano</i> (chantefables) and songs performed by the Bangwe player Chitenje Tambala (Malaŵi)

A number of recordings were made of stories (nthano) as related by Chitenje Tambala. These stories are told as songs accompanied by a board zither. From the recorded material three items were selected, two in Chicheŵa and one in Chiyao, and fully transcribed. Their content has been discussed in detail with explanatory notes and finally a comparative analysis and interpretation of the chantefables has been given. These stories provide demonstration examples for the use of verbal ambiguity as an important literary device in trickster stories.

Topic: Multilingual Education and Policy
Subfield: Linguistics and Language
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Study of Levels Populated in 166Er by the (3He,d) Reaction

The reaction 165Ho (3He,d) 166Er was studied using the University of Rochester Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator and an Enge-type split-pole magnetic spectrograph. The observed cross sections for the ground state rotational band and the gamma vibrational band were consistent with predictions based on the unified nuclear model. The population of the 1574 keV level was consistent with that expected for the K^π=4^-, 7/2-[523] + 1/2+[411] assignment obtained from decay scheme studies. The K^π=2^- octupole vibrational band based on the 1460 keV state was not populated as strongly as expected, indicating that the admixture of the 7/2-[523] - 3/2+[411] two proton state into this vibration is only about one-fifth as large as predicted by Soloviev et al.

Topic: Nuclear physics research studies
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Programmable Automation and the Locus of Decision-Making Power

Computer-based technology is often credited with making decentralized decision-making possible, helping firms to respond rapidly to changing market conditions. Research on this subject, however, shows contradictory effects: some studies support decentralization and others support centralization. This longitudinal study examines how one form of computer-based technology, programmable automation (PA), affects centralization. Unlike previous studies, it attempts to clear up some of the confusion surrounding technology’s effect on centralization by distinguishing between strategic and operating decisions, and between decision-making authority and influence. As expected, PA flattened the hierarchy. It had no effect on strategic decision-making power, but surprisingly, did influence centralized line-operating authority and influence. This finding is particularly striking because firms with decentralized line-operating decision-making are more likely to adopt PA.

Topic: Innovation and Knowledge Management
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Enhancing fractalkine/CX3CR1 signalling pathway can reduce neuroinflammation by attenuating microglia activation in experimental diabetic retinopathy

Abstract The concept of diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been extended from microvascular disease to neurovascular disease in which microglia activation plays a remarkable role. Fractalkine (FKN)/CX3CR1 is reported to regulate microglia activation in central nervous system diseases. To characterize the effect of FKN on microglia activation in DR, we employed streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats, glyoxal‐treated R28 cells and hypoxia‐treated BV2 cells to mimic diabetic conditions and explored retinal neuronal apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the expressions of FKN, Iba‐1, TSPO, NF‐κB, Nrf2 and inflammation‐related cytokines. The results showed that FKN expression declined with diabetes progression and in glyoxal‐treated R28 cells. Compared with normal control, retinal microglia activation and inflammatory factors surged in both diabetic rat retinas and hypoxia‐treated microglia, which was largely dampened by FKN. The NF‐κB and Nrf2 expressions and intracellular ROS were up‐regulated in hypoxia‐treated microglia compared with that in normoxia control, and FKN significantly inhibited NF‐κB activation, activated Nrf2 pathway and decreased intracellular ROS. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that FKN deactivated microglia via inhibiting NF‐κB pathway and activating Nrf2 pathway, thus to reduce the production of inflammation‐related cytokines and ROS, and protect the retina from diabetes insult.

Topic: Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Plasma Treatment to Remove Titanium Surface Contaminants and Improve Implant Biocompatibility: An In Vitro Study

Plasma technology is an emerging method for implant surface decontamination and modification. This in vitro study evaluates the effects of plasma treatment on fibroblast and osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation on titanium surfaces. Plasma was applied to machined and rough titanium discs, followed by surface characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and hydrophilicity testing. SEM imaging, cell viability assays, and immunohistologic staining were used to assess cell behaviour in response to treatment, while RNA sequencing evaluated gene expression related to differentiation. Although no significant architecture changes were observed with plasma treatment, XPS revealed a significant reduction in carbon content (p &lt; 0.001), indicating decreased hydrocarbon contamination. Plasma treatment significantly increased surface hydrophilicity in both machined and rough surfaces (p &lt; 0.0001). SEM and IHC imaging showed greater early-stage cell attachment for both fibroblasts and osteoblasts, though differences diminished after 12 h. RNA sequencing revealed time-dependent gene expression in both cell types, with Apln and Crabp2 significantly upregulated at 6 h in the plasma-treated fibroblast group. In conclusion, plasma treatment reduces hydrocarbon buildup, enhances hydrophilicity, promotes early cell attachment, and upregulates genes linked to angiogenesis and proliferation. Further studies are needed to determine its clinical significance in managing peri-implant disease.

Topic: Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Platformization of Urban Life

The increasing platformization of urban life needs critical perspectives to examine changing everyday practices and power shifts brought about by the expansion of digital platforms mediating care-services, housing, and mobility. This book addresses new modes of producing urban spaces and societies. It brings both platform researchers and activists from various fields related to critical urban studies and labour activism into dialogue. The contributors engage with the socio-spatial and normative implications of platform-mediated urban everyday life and urban futures, going beyond a rigid techno-dystopian stance in order to include an understanding of platforms as sites of social creativity and exchange.

Topic: Digital Economy and Work Transformation
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Cooperation between Parents and Preschool Institutions through Different Concepts of Preschool Education

This paper analyses the importance, role, and methods of cooperation between parents and preschool institutions through the different concepts of preschool education and different educational approaches and formal frameworks. Through educational approaches, the authors analyse how cooperation affects the implementation of preschool education in alternative educational approaches, such as the Waldorf, Montessori, and Reggio Emilia approaches, and Slovenian public preschool institutions. They envisage that different educational approaches in preschool education perceive the importance and role of cooperation with parents differently and conclude that there are various models of cooperation, which can be demonstrated through a theoretical analysis of the aforementionedalternative preschool approaches. In their view, partnership promotes a shared commitment to the quality realisation of educational goals; it also develops understanding and an ethos of openness in the relationship between all actors in the process of care and education ofpreschool children.

Topic: Education Methods and Practices
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences