jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Cross and Laporte Kidnappings, Montreal, October 1970

Abstract : Analyzes events surrounding the kidnapping of British Trade Commissioner James R. Cross and Quebec Labor Minister Pierre Laporte by members of the militant French Canadian Quebec Liberation Front (FLQ). Laporte was murdered; the Canadian government was eventually able to negotiate Cross release unharmed, but only after invoking the War Measures Act. The report is one of a series of case studies of international incidents involving diplomatic kidnapping and hostage negotiations. Policy implications of government actions, conduct and treatment of the hostages, and details of the release negotiations are emphasized.

Topic: Historical and Contemporary Political Dynamics
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Backcast Analysis for Realizing Sustainable Urban Form in Nagoya

One common phenomenon in developed countries is that many cities of their cities are experiencing declining growth and a shrinking economy. In addition, the population confi guration of these cities has changed markedly in recent decades. These changes are posing fi nancial constraints on improving and maintaining the cities’ urban infrastructures, and at the same time aggravating global environmental problems. Without adequate urban policies, the social and economic activities in some areas of the cities can be expected to decline further, transport energy consumption would continue to increase following current trends, accessibility between urban activities would decrease, and urban infrastructure would be in short supply. Therefore, many researchers propose transferring the sprawled suburban areas in cities to more compact urban forms while maintaining the quality of life and the level of economic activities. However, most existing studies related to such policies have focused on qualitative analyses of ideal urban forms, while those quantitative analyses that do exist, focus mainly on the reduction of transport energy consumption. In this paper, using a land-use and transport model developed by Hayashi and Tomita (1990), we try to answer the following questions to realize an ideal urban form by applying quantitative analysis:

Topic: Urban Transport and Accessibility
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
0D–3D mixed-dimensional perovskite Cs<sub>4</sub>Pb(BrCl)<sub>6</sub>–CsPbBr<sub>2−<i>x</i></sub>Cl<sub>1+<i>x</i></sub> films for stable and sensitive self-powered, high-temperature photodetectors

0D Cs 4 Pb(BrCl) 6 can suppress the cubic to tetragonal phase transition of 3D CsPbBr 2− x Cl 1+ x in 0D–3D mixed-dimensional Cs 4 Pb(BrCl) 6 –CsPbBr 2− x Cl 1+ x films, enabling high-temperature, self-powered PDs with excellent performance and stability.

Topic: Perovskite Materials and Applications
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Occurrence Download

A dataset containing 6814 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "and" : [ "TaxonKey is one of (Abies sibirica)", "HasCoordinate is true", "HasGeospatialIssue is false" ] } The dataset includes 6814 records from 92 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0051034-250920141307145/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.

Topic: Fuzzy and Soft Set Theory
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Forms of concrescence: Alfred North Whitehead's philosophy and computer programming structures

Whitehead's affirmation of the processive nature of actual entities, in contrast to his affirmation of the primordial nature of mathematical and other eternal objects, introduced an aspect of incoherence into his philosophy. This book reinterprets his philosophy using a procedural understanding of mathematics that is best expressed in the algorithmic languages of computer programs.

Topic: Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Lactobacillus Acidophilus/Bifidobacterium Infantis Probiotics Are Beneficial to Extremely Low Gestational Age Infants Fed Human Milk

Objective: To evaluate the nutrition-related effects of prophylactic Lactobacillus acidophilus/Bifidobacterium infantis probiotics on the outcomes of preterm infants &lt;29 weeks of gestation that receive human milk and/or formula nutrition. We hypothesize that human-milk-fed infants benefit from probiotics in terms of sepsis prevention and growth. Methods: We performed an observational study of the German Neonatal Network (GNN) over a period of six years, between 1 January, 2013 and 31 December, 2018. Prophylactic probiotic use of L. acidophilus/B. infantis was evaluated in preterm infants &lt;29 weeks of gestation (n = 7516) in subgroups stratified to feeding type: (I) Exclusively human milk (HM) of own mother and/or donors (HM group, n = 1568), (II) HM of own mother and/or donor and formula (Mix group, n = 5221), and (III) exclusive exposure to formula (F group, n = 727). The effect of probiotics on general outcomes and growth was tested in univariate models and adjusted in linear/logistic regression models. Results: 5954 (76.5%) infants received L. acidophilus/B. infantis prophylactically for the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Probiotic use was associated with improved growth measures in the HM group (e.g., weight gain velocity in g/day: effect size B = 0.224; 95% CI: 2.82–4.35; p &lt; 0.001) but not in the F group (effect size B = −0.06; 95% CI: −3.05–0.28; p = 0.103). The HM group had the lowest incidence of clinical sepsis (34.0%) as compared to the Mix group (35.5%) and the F group (40.0%). Only in the Mix group, probiotic supplementation proved to be protective against clinical sepsis (OR 0.69; 95% CI: 0.59–0.79; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Our observational data indicate that the exposure to L. acidophilus/B. infantis probiotics may promote growth in exclusively HM-fed infants as compared to formula-fed infants. To exert a sepsis-preventive effect, probiotics seem to require human milk.

Topic: Infant Nutrition and Health
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Comparative Effect of Tetracycline and Doxycycline on the Occurrence of Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> in the Fecal Flora

Antibiotic-induced changes in the fecal microflora after oral administration of tetracycline hydrochloride and doxycycline for 8 to 10 days were compared. A significant difference was noted in the concentrations of Escherichia coli resistant to tetracyclines. With tetracycline hydrochloride, there was a mean increase of approximately 10 4 resistant strains per g compared to only 10 1 /g for doxycycline. This difference is ascribed to reduced intestinal concentrations of bioactive drug with recommended oral dosage for doxycycline.

Topic: Mycobacterium research and diagnosis
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Impacts of glycans attached to therapeutic glycoproteins

High value-added therapeutic proteins have been leading the biologics industry and occupied major portion of the market. More than 60% of the currently available protein therapeutics are glycoproteins attached with glycans which play crucial roles for the protein folding, therapeutic efficacy, in vivo half-life and immunogenecity. This review introduces the process of glycosylation and the impacts of glycans in the aspects of therapeutics. The important glycan structures in therapeutic performances were also summarized focusing on three representative categories of glycoproteins, cytokines, therapeutic antibody and enzyme. Currently, mammalian expression systems such as Chinese hamster ovary cells are preferred for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins due to their ability to synthesize glycans having similar structures with human type glycans. However, recent advances of plant glycoengineering to overcome the limitation originating from different glycan structures will soon allow to develop more efficient and economic plant-based production systems for therapeutic glycoproteins.

Topic: Transgenic Plants and Applications
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The role of traditional products in the valorisation of marginal rural areas: the case of Iris Pallida.

Nowadays the problem of valorisation of marginal rural areas in Europe is significant. In Italy some traditional agricultural crops with high added value may play an important role for the environmental preservation and social and economic development of some marginal rural areas. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the problems and potential of developing traditional crops in marginal rural areas, through their valorisation as typical products. Two main research questions are addressed: Are there specific problems for traditional products in marginal rural areas? In particular, is there a problem of loss of power and appropriation of value upstream the chain? The paper presents a case study analysis on the Iris Pallida supply chain. Iris Pallida is a minor crop, whose rhizome is used by the international fragrance industry. The fieldwork carried out has allowed to point out that the problem of power and appropriation is relevant and should be addressed by strengthening collective action and enhancing horizontal and vertical coordination. Specific problems in the role of traditional products in marginal rural areas also emerge. These are mainly connected to the structure of farms, to the conflicting strategies and to the access to information and technical support. The consequence is a higher need for coordination, for public support and for integrated rural development actions such us structural consolidation, research and development, marketing and tourism promotion.

Topic: Diverse academic and cultural studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Defect induced room-temperature ferromagnetism and enhanced photocatalytic activity in Ni-doped ZnO synthesized by electrodeposition

Zn0.90Ni0.10O nanoparticles have been synthesized by single bath two electrode electrodeposition at constant voltage. X-ray diffraction, U-V Vis and Photoluminescence studies reveal that a single-phase polycrystalline hcp wurtzite crystal structure of ZnO has evolved. The material consists of a large number of defects like oxygen vacancy (Ov) and Zinc interstitial (Zi). The magnetization study reveals that the sample exhibit room temperature global ferromagnetism and the ferromagnetic ordering seems to be defect induced via bound magnetic polaron mechanism and double exchange also is expected to have played role. Interesting optoelectronic properties have been found in the synthesized sample and the material seems to be a potential candidate to be used as U-V sensor. Such transition metal doped ZnO based dilute magnetic semiconducting systems exhibiting room temperature ferromagnetism is likely to be first of its kind in the sense that such materials have not still been reported to be synthesized by simple method of electrodeposition to the best of the knowledge of the authors on the basis of ample literature review.

Topic: ZnO doping and properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The influence of residual and trace elements on hot shortness and high temperature embrittlement

The problems of hot shortness and overheating have beset the metallurgist, forgemaster and smith for a surprisingly long time. In recent years the increase in electric steelmaking has emphasized the difficulties arising from the steady build up of residual elements which is the inexorable consequence of scrap recirculation. Although many of the early investigations considered the influence of individual trace elements on hot ductility, in practice such relatively simple situations seldom arise. More often than not it is the interaction between a combination of trace elements which has to be understood if their net influence on high temperature mechanical properties is to be evaluated. This survey of the present state of knowledge in this field therefore places particular emphasis on the need for an understanding of the interactions between trace elements

Topic: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Non-equilibrium temperatures and heat transport in nanosystems with defects, described by a tensorial internal variable

Abstract The paper deals with the meaning of non-equilibrium temperatures in nanosystems with an internal variable, describing defects inside them, and implications on heat transport. In equilibrium all definitions of temperature lead to the same value, but in nonequilibrium steady states they lead to different values, giving information on different degrees of freedom. We discuss the caloric and entropic non-equilibrium temperatures and the relations among them, in defective nanosystems (crystals with dislocations or porous channels, carbon nanotubes in a solid matrix and so on), crossed by an external energy flux. Here, we present a model for nanocrystals with dislocation defects submitted to an external energy flux. The dislocations may have a strong influence on the effective thermal conductivity, and their own dynamics may be coupled in relevant way to the heat flux dynamics. In the linear case the constitutive relations, the rate equations for the internal variable and the heat flux are worked out and a generalized telegraphic heat equation is derived in the anisotropic and isotropic case, describing the thermal disturbances with finite velocity.

Topic: Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Caught in Time: When IVC Filters Save Lives.

Inferior vena cava filters are indicated in patients with venous thromboembolic disease in whom anticoagulation is a contraindication. This case highlights the importance of inferior vena cava filter placement in patients with extensive proximal deep vein thromboses in order to prevent massive pulmonary emboli, possibly associated with sudden cardiac death.

Topic: Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
Subfield: Internal Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Morphometric Study of Metopic suture in Adult North Indian skulls

Background: A suture is a type of fibrous joint which only occurs in the skull or cranium. They are bound together by sharpeyâ€s fibre. A tiny amount of movement is permitted at sutures, which contributes to the compliance and elasticity of the skull. Sutures are junctions or line of articulation between adjacent bones of skull.Methods: The present study was carried out in the department of anatomy on Adult North Indian 100 Skulls of unknown age and sex which were obtained from the osteology section of Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research & King George medical university. 20 damaged and diseased skulls were excluded from the study and 80 skulls were observed.Results: In our study we observed 66 (82.50%) skulls who had neither complete nor incomplete metopic suture. 14 skulls (17.5%) had metopic suture either in the form of complete or incomplete. Complete metopic suture was found in two skulls (2.50%) and incomplete suture was observed in twelve skulls (15%). Among the incomplete metopic sutures, the incidence of linear incomplete metopic suture was 9/80 (11.25%), inverted 'U' shaped incomplete metopic suture was 1/80 (1.25%) and 'V' shaped incomplete suture was 2/80 (2.5%).Conclusions: Knowledge regarding persistent metopic suture is essential in studying the radiographs to avoid misinterpretation as fractures. It is also useful in evaluating various medico legal cases.

Topic: Craniofacial Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Figure S1 from Mutant IDH Sensitizes Gliomas to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Triggers Apoptosis via miR-183-Mediated Inhibition of Semaphorin 3E

&lt;p&gt;Cloning vector to generate IDH mutant mouse&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Axon Guidance and Neuronal Signaling
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
&lt;title&gt;Development of fast approximation of Karhunen-Loeve transform for problems of speechlike signal recognition&lt;/title&gt;

The problem of speech recognition becomes more and more important now. And one of the difficult tasks in that problem is the transformation of an initial signal to set of parameters to be recognized. The optimum orthogonal transform which is the best preserve information is given by the augmented eigenvectors of the data domain covariance matrix. Such transformation, commonly called the Karhunen- Loeve transformation (KLT) is too complex to be installed into speech processing system. By imposing of some restrictions to the input signal, it is possible to simplify calculation of KLT by its reduction to another transformation, which is easily calculated. Moreover, these restrictions allow to use fast algorithms for calculation. Such technique was applied to reach speech signal and correctness of imposed restrictions was proved. The technique of transformation of speech signal into sequence of parameters has been developed and experimentally proved.

Topic: Advanced Computational Techniques in Science and Engineering
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
THE FUNDAMENTAL ROLE OF CRIMINAL LAW IN THE LEGAL SCIENCES

Criminal law is one of the most important branches of the legal system. Its role and importance are unquestionable, in the context in which the purpose of criminal law is to defend society and its members. Criminal law, also known as the "guard dog of society", is regarded as a "ultima ratio", when the other branches of law prove to be powerless in defense of the most important social values. Criminal law has a millennial existence, being the pure proof of people's willingness to defend themselves even against the facts of their fellow men. Thus, criminal law is not a novelty of the contemporary world, a discovery of modernity, but it is as old as people's feelings of security and self-preservation. It has evolved beautifully, sinuously and has always expressed the relationship of man with the value system. Certainly, a rapid emancipation of the current legal and criminal rules and regulations will be witnessed in the future, out of humanity's simple desire to live safely, peacefully and in harmony.

Topic: Criminal Law and Evidence
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
COMPARING THE ACCURACY OF EUS AND CT IN STAGING OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

Aims Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a suitable device for staging of esophageal cancers. However, chest computed tomography (CT) has traditionally been the standard diagnostic modality for malignancies. This study aimed was to compare the accuracies of EUS and chest CT in T and N staging of esophageal cancers.

Topic: Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
SH1149466.09FU

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.

Topic: Peanut Plant Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Thyroid diseases : Advances on diagnosis and treatment. Recent topics. The Chernobyl Accident and thyroid gland cancer.

情報が錯綜しているチェルノブイリ原子力発電所事故の健康に対する影響について1990年から現地で医療調査に従事して来た経験をもとに紹介する. 10年目に明らかに臨床的に確認された健康傷害は134名の急性放射線症(28名が3カ月以内に死亡)と800名の小児甲状腺癌(3名が死亡)だけである.被曝線量に不確的要素が多いために放射線傷害の調査は続行中であるが, 4～5年で癌の発症が100倍以上になったことは前代未聞であり,現地の癌の発生を予防するためにも一般的な癌発生の機序の研究にも国際的な協力体制が望まれる.

Topic: Head and Neck Cancer Studies
Subfield: Otorhinolaryngology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Dynamic Fracture Behaviors of Selected Aluminum Alloys Under Three-point Bending

The dynamic fracture behaviors of the extruded 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys are investigated by using an instrumented drop tower machine. The specimens are made from a 25 mm diameter extruded circular rod. The dynamic three-point bending tests of each alloy are carried out at different impact velocities. The initiation fracture toughness and average propagation fracture toughness of 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 are determined at different loading rates. The results show that both the initiation toughness and the propagation toughness increase with the loading rate. Further, the difference between the fracture toughness behaviors of 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 is found to be dependent on the variation of fracture mechanism. The comprehensive fractographic investigations of the fracture surfaces clearly demonstrate that the fracture mode of 2024-T4 is predominantly transgranular fracture with high density small-sized dimples, and the fracture mode of 7075-T6 is mainly intergranular fracture with many intermetallic particles in the bottom of voids located in the fracture surface.

Topic: High-Velocity Impact and Material Behavior
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Transformational Change and Addiction Recovery

For the past several years, addiction counselors across the country have been indoctrinated with the idea that addiction recovery is a timesustained process marked by multiple stages of change. Presentations on the Prochaska, Norcross, and DiClemente (1994) stages of change model and other developmental schema of recovery (e.g., Brown, 1985; Gorski, 1989; Klingemann, 1991) regularly grace the menus of addiction treatment conferences. These models portray the journey from addiction through recovery initiation to recovery maintenance in terms of incremental stages and steps spanning months and years. While these models have great clinical utility for the majority of clients of the addiction counselor, they obscure a less common style of addiction recovery that is not characterized by such time-dependent processes. These latter recoveries are the fruit of dramatic personal transformations of such overwhelming intensity and depth that, in the span of moments or hours, a life is cleaved into the categories of before and after, leaving a new self in a body once occupied by another. In this article, we will explore historical examples of such climactic recovery experiences and explore the clinical implications of such phenomena.

Topic: Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Unilateral gonococcal ophthalmia without genital infection: an unusual presentation in an adult

We present the case of unilateral gonococcal ophthalmia without concomitant genital infection seen in an adult, with the potential for visual impairment if not adequately recognized and promptly treated.

Topic: Reproductive tract infections research
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences