jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and binding studies of 9,10-disubstituted anthracene and dibenzobarrelene-based receptors for recognition of carbohydrates in water.

Artificial, amfiphilic, and biomimetic receptors soluble in water were synthesized via attaching polar amino acids to hydrophobic back-bones possessing a surface suitable for hydrophobic interactions. The hydrophobic back-bones chosen in this thesis were anthracene and dibenzobarrelene structures. A route to an efficient synthesis of a dibenzobarrelene backbone with two sets of orthogonal reactivities was developed. Several different types of receptors were synthesized; • based on 9,10-bis-aminomethyl-anthracene where polar amino acids were coupled in C->N and N->C direction • based on 9,10-bis-aminomethyl-dibenzobarrelene with the amino acids in the C->N direction. Within the project, a new method of cleaving the thio-protecting group 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl sulfide with an acyl chloride and silver tetrafluoroborate was developed and evaluated. Binding studies of the receptors were performed with p-nitrophenyl glycosides and uronides in water and the show a moderate binding. However, calculated dissociation constants, Kd 10-30 mM, were in the same range as other published receptors for carbohydrates in water and for natural proteins binding monosaccharides. A small diastereoselectivity between GalA and GlcA was detected, where GalA was bound slightly stronger by a dibenzobarrelene-based receptor with arginine as side chain

Topic: DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Influence of NATO on the Development of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy

The issue of the autonomy of the EU legal order from norms adopted by other international organisations has been raised primarily by the Court of Justice vis-à-vis the European Community of late. Notwithstanding the fact that the jurisdiction of the Court does not extend to Title V of the EU Treaty on the Common Foreign and Security Policy, it is nevertheless interesting to study the impact of a security organisation like NATO on the autonomy of the EU because of the blurred legal borders between policy areas and the need for coherence and effectiveness in the realm of EU external action. This chapter sheds light on NATO’s influence on the development of the European Union’s institutional design, policy-making and operational experience gathering in the field of the Common Security and Defence Policy.

Topic: European Union Policy and Governance
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Biodegradable versus tutanium plates and screws in maxillofacial surgery

Nowadays, titanium is regarded as the ‘golden standard’ for fixation of bone segments. It appears to be necessary that titanium is removed following bone healing in a second operation in 5-40% of the cases. Biodegradable fixation systems have been developed to dissolve gradually in the human body in order to reduce or even delete the problems associated with titanium plate removal. Despite this supposed advantage of biodegradable osteofixation devices, these systems have not replaced the titanium systems, and are currently applied in only limited numbers. The major drawback for general use of biodegradable devices is the lack of clinical evidence for well-defined indications. Therefore, we performed a prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial. 230 patients who underwent an osteotomy and those treated for fractures of/in the facial skeleton, were randomly assigned to a titanium group (KLS Martin) or to a biodegradable group (Inion CPS). Briefly, short-term healing outcomes were similar between biodegradable and titanium fixation. However, there were more biodegradable plate removals, due to adverse tissue reactions to degradation products of the biodegradable material, within the first 2 post-operative years, and the costs associated with the biodegradable system were higher. Therefore, the biodegradable system was considered less cost-effective. The relapse 2 years post-operatively in patients who underwent an osteotomy was comparable between both groups. Considering the above, there appears to be no place for biodegradable plates and screws of Inion CPS in the regular treatment spectrum of osteotomies and fractures in/of the facial skeleton, and titanium should remain the ‘golden standard’.

Topic: Facial Trauma and Fracture Management
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Cells of the Upper and Lower Epidermis of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Leaves Exhibit Distinct Patterns of Vacuolar Solutes

Vacuolar saps were extracted from individual, anatomically uniform cells of the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) epidermis of the third leaf of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using a modified pressure probe. Saps (volume 80-200 pL) were sampled at various times between 3 d before and 7 d after full-leaf expansion and were analyzed for their osmolality and their concentrations of NO3-, malate, CI-, K+, and Ca2+. The osmolalities of upper and lower epidermis both increased with time but were similar to each other. In young leaves, K+ and Ca2+ were evenly distributed between the two epidermal layers, but as the leaf aged, the upper epidermis accumulated high (40-100 mM) Ca2+, whereas cells of the lower epidermis accumulated K+ instead. Nitrate concentration was 100 to 150 mM higher in the upper than in the lower epidermis, whereas CI- was 50 to 120 mM higher in the lower epidermis. These differences did not depend on the leaf developmental stage. The uneven distribution of epidermal NO3- and CI- was maintainedover a wide range of epidermal sap concentrations of these ions and was not affected by NO3- or CI- starvation or by an increase in the light intensity from 120 to 400 [mu]mol m-2 s-1. However, the latter did cause a decrease in epidermal NO3- and the appearance and accumulation of epidermal malate, particularly in the upper epidermis. The physiological implications of the results for solute storage in leaves and for the pathways of ion distribution to the epidermis are discussed.

Topic: Plant Reproductive Biology
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
What They Are Fighting For – Introducing the UCDP Conflict Issues Dataset

Although conflict issues – the stated goals of actors engaged in conflict – hold a privileged position in many theoretical explanations of the occurrence, dynamics, and resolution of civil war, global issue data are scarce beyond datasets that focus on specific thematic areas. This article aims to bring issues into the forefront of civil war scholarship by presenting the UCDP Conflict Issues Dataset (CID). This global yearly dataset contains 14,832 conflict issues – divided, at the most disaggregated level, into 120 sub-categories – raised by armed non-state groups involved in intrastate armed conflict in 1989-2017. By bringing issues back in, the UCDP CID provides opportunities to reevaluate several central questions about the onset, duration, intensity, and resolution of civil war.

Topic: Political Conflict and Governance
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Aspirin and Omeprazole

This study represents the development of six simple, fast, and accurate spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods for the simultaneous determination of aspirin (ASP) and omeprazole (OPZ). The method I illustrates the application of Vierordt’s simultaneous equations method. Method II applies the first derivative spectrophotometry with the zero-crossing technique. In method III, the ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry was applied, where ASP and OPZ determination was carried out through measurement of the 1DD amplitudes at 285.5 and 265 nm, respectively. Method IV is based on the ratio-difference principle through measurement of the peak to trough amplitudes between 275 and 254.5 nm and between 255 and 275 nm for ASP and OPZ determination, respectively. For method V, HPTLC technique was applied using HPTLC plates of silica gel 60 F254 and a mobile phase composed of chloroform: methanol (93:7, by volume). For Method VI, the HPLC-DAD technique was applied and the chromatographic separation was achieved using C18 column and a mobile phase consisting of 0.05M disodium hydrogen phosphate (pH 3) and acetonitrile (60:40, by volume). Furthermore, the six developed methods were statistically validated following the ICH guidelines and were effectively applied to the simultaneous analysis of the cited drugs in synthetic mixtures and laboratory-made tablets.

Topic: Analytical Methods in Pharmaceuticals
Subfield: Analytical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
A PCM Experiment for the Senior Electronic Laboratory

An experiment on pulse-code modulation designed for the senior-year electronics student is described. PCM is pedagogically desirable for its embodiment of a wide variety of pulse and digital techniques. The experiment draws upon the component-type experiences typical of undergraduate courses and integrates them into a complex system study. Emphasis is on functional interaction rather than on how a particular circuit accomplishes its function. Sixteen level quantization is used with provision for injection of noise and variation of system parameters.

Topic: Experimental Learning in Engineering
Subfield: Media Technology
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Spray Pyrolyzed CIS Thin Film Solar Cells Using Sandwich Structured TCO Layer

In this study, thin film solar cells having Mo/CIS/Ag-InS/ZnO/AZO/Ag/AZO/Ni/Al structure were fabricated. Structural, optical and electrical properties of spray pyrolyzed copper indium sulfide (CIS) and silver doped indium sulfide (Ag-InS) films with various thicknesses were investigated. Moreover, photovoltaic device performances were analyzed as a function of the buffer layer thickness. With this study for the first time, we have introduced a new sandwich structured transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer for inorganic solar cells. The maximum photo conversion efficiency, which was 1.16 %, obtained in our study was very promising among the thin film solar cells deposited via wet chemical methods.

Topic: Silicon and Solar Cell Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Fundamental heap for framed links and ribbon cocycle invariants

A heap is a set with a certain ternary operation that is self-distributive and exemplified by a group with the operation [Formula: see text]. We introduce and investigate framed link invariants using heaps. In analogy with the knot group, we define the fundamental heap of framed links using group presentations. The fundamental heap is determined for some classes of links such as certain families of torus and pretzel links. We show that for these families of links there exist epimorphisms from fundamental heaps to Vinberg and Coxeter groups, implying that corresponding groups are infinite. A relation to the Wirtinger presentation is also described. The cocycle invariant is defined using ternary self-distributive (TSD) cohomology, by means of a state sum that uses ternary heap [Formula: see text]-cocycles as weights. This invariant corresponds to a rack cocycle invariant for the rack constructed by doubling of a heap, while colorings can be regarded as heap morphisms from the fundamental heap. For the construction of the invariant, first computational methods for the heap cohomology are developed. It is shown that the cohomology splits into two types, called degenerate and nondegenerate, and that the degenerate part is one-dimensional. Subcomplexes are constructed based on group cosets, that allow computations of the nondegenerate part. Computations of the cocycle invariants are presented using the cocycles constructed, and conversely, it is proved that the invariant values can be used to derive algebraic properties of the cohomology.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Observations on the Soviet/Canadian transpolar ski trek

Overview of the Soviet/Canadian transpolar ski trek, R.J. Shephard previous investigations of circumpolar stress, V.S. Koscheyev et al problem formulation, V.S. Koscheyev et al personal reflections and medical observations, M. Buxton et al cardiovascular function and autonomic regulation, V.S. Koscheyev et al physical working capacity and body composition, M.A. Booth chamber simulation of ski trek, B.A. Utehin et al psychic adaptations of participants, V.S. Koscheyev et al status of selected hormones and biologically active compounds, R.A. Tigranian et al comparison of biochemical reactions to trek and chamber simulations, L.E. Panin et al.

Topic: Winter Sports Injuries and Performance
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Role of Cognitive Processes in Social Anxiety Risk for Problematic Drinking

Alcohol consumption peaks in university and is tied with numerous and often severe negative alcohol-related consequences (NACs) (e.g., blacking out; unplanned sex). Social anxiety (SA) is highly comorbid with alcohol use disorders in later adulthood, yet during the undergraduate years the link is less clear. On the one hand, those high in SA may use alcohol to relieve tension in anxiety-provoking social situations. On the other, they may be particularly attentive to potential NACs (e.g., saying regretful things) and avoid drinking. This theoretical complexity is reflected by a mixed empirical literature, with evidence for positive, negative, and null associations between SA and problematic drinking. Despite research efforts to elucidate this pathway to problematic drinking, how risk unfolds and who high on SA is at risk remain unclear. The primary goal of this dissertation was to clarify SA risk for problematic drinking. To meet this goal, in-the-moment cognitions and key moderators were incorporated into models of risk. Study 1 sought to investigate the interactive effects of SA, impulsivity, and mood on positive alcohol-related cognitions, as they unfold in-the-moment during a drinking episode. It was hypothesized that when in an anxious (vs. neutral) mood, and following a priming dose of alcohol, those high on SA and impulsivity would activate positive alcohol-related cognitions (i.e., tension reduction, social facilitation). In partial support of hypotheses, following a priming dose of alcohol, those high on SA and impulsivity activated social facilitation and enhancement (but not tension reduction) alcohol-related cognitions. Surprisingly, this effect was observed in the neutral but not anxious mood condition. The second study tested individual subjective evaluations of NACs as moderating SA risk for problematic drinking. It was hypothesized that individuals high on SA who evaluate NACs less negatively would be at risk for experiencing NACs but not drinking heavily. Supporting the hypothesis, those high on SA demonstrated risk for experiencing NACs if they evaluated these consequences to be less negative. The findings contribute to a mixed but evolving picture of SA risk pathways to problematic drinking. In addition to advancing extant theoretical models, results have clinical implications for interventions targeting SA-motivated undergraduate drinking.

Topic: Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The Law Commission's Project on Weddings Law Reform

The Law Commission has consulted on provisional proposals for reform of the law governing how and where couples can get married in England and Wales. This article gives an overview of those proposals, with particular focus on religious weddings, including Anglican weddings. It examines proposed changes to each aspect of the process of getting married, from the preliminaries to the people required to officiate at the wedding, the permitted locations and the rules governing the content of the ceremony. The article argues that the legal status of marriage itself is highly flexible, recognising a range of unions. The proposed reforms aim to reflect the diverse range of views about the meaning of marriage, and ensure that the way in which the law recognises a legally binding wedding fits with the many different traditions according to which religious groups celebrate the formation of marriage.

Topic: Multicultural Socio-Legal Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Mid Regional Pro-Adrenomedullin, Lactate, and Risk Factors as Predictors of Sepsis Severity

Sepsis is a syndrome determined by pathogenic and host factors, including gender, age, comorbidities, and bacteremia. A high level of MR pro-ADM is associated with vascular relaxation, while a high lactate level indicates tissue hypoxia and anaerobic metabolism. This study aimed to assess MR pro-ADM and lactate as predictors of sepsis severity by considering age, gender, comorbidities, clinical screening, and bacterial culture result factors. This study used an observational analytic research design with a prospective cohort approach. Researchers consecutively collected a sample of 80 sepsis patients at Dr. Moewardi Regional General Hospital (RSDM) in February-March 2023. Clinical characteristics, demographics, physical examinations, and laboratory results were collected from medical records and the Hospital Information System (HIS) of RSDM. MR pro-ADM and lactate levels were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and enzymatic amperometric methods. There were significant differences in severity and mortality predictor variables (clinical screening, log_lactate &gt;0.40, bacterial culture). The ranking of the strength of association of predictors of severity was clinical screening ((Odds Ratio (OR)=15.40), bacterial culture results (OR=3.7), log_lactate (OR=2.74). Clinical screening, lactate, and culture results were independent predictors of sepsis severity. Multi-center studies with more complete data, considering other factors that influence sepsis, and using more accurate methods of measuring ADM and lactate are recommended.

Topic: Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Ancient Siege Warfare, 700<scp>BC–AD</scp>645

Abstract Siege warfare in antiquity was bloodier than other forms of combat, usually involving urban centers rather than purely military installations. Though sieges, in contrast to open battles, required complicated logistics and employed high technology, there was remarkably little development of fundamental designs. The two significant advances were the invention of torsion artillery around 400 bc and the introduction of traction artillery in the sixth century ad . The besieger could attempt one of three ways to get into a town: under the walls (by mining), over the walls (by scaling), or through the walls (by rams, artillery, or subterfuge). A complex variety of motives encouraged men to run the enormous risks involved in being first through the breach or over the wall; once in the town itself, they faced the bloody prospect of house‐to‐house combat. Following a successful assault, the mental and physical strains imposed on the besiegers often led to savage reprisals. Other sieges, however, ended not with storm and sack but with the capitulation of the starving defenders. Sieges upset societal norms; exceptionally in the ancient world, women might be found taking an active part in combat. As urban centers were often religious centers, it is unsurprising that the gods often feature prominently in literary accounts. High literature not only responded to the excitement and heroism of sieges but also could actively shape the ways in which sieges were prosecuted.

Topic: Classical Antiquity Studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Intestinal myoelectrical activity and transit time in chronic portal hypertension

This study was designed to determine the effects of portal hypertension on intestinal myoelectrical activity and propulsion. In a single surgery, adult rats were implanted with a serosal electrode at each quarter of the small intestine, and portal hypertension was produced by calibrated constriction of the portal vein. To determine intestinal transit, portal vein-stenosed (PVS) and sham-operated animals were chronically implanted with a catheter in the proximal small intestine. Transit time was determined by measuring the progression of radioactive chromium along the bowel. Studies were conducted 6, 9, and 14 days after surgical preparation. Portal hypertension was associated with both transient and persistent changes in intestinal myoelectrical activity during the experimental period. Slow wave frequency was significantly reduced in the proximal small intestine on all test days and in the distal small intestine on day 14. Occurrence of the migrating myoelectric complex was reduced on days 6 and 9. Phase III amplitude was significantly reduced in the distal small intestine on all test days. Changes in intestinal myoelectrical activity in PVS animals were not associated with measurable changes in intestinal propulsion. The results suggest that both transient and persistent changes in intestinal myoelectrical activity occur during the 2-wk period after portal vein stenosis. The functional significance of the changes is unknown.

Topic: Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Subfield: Gastroenterology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
EARLY ASSESSMENT OF TUMOR RESPONSE TO RADIATION THERAPY USING HIGH-RESOLUTION CONTRAST ENHANCED ULTRASOUND IMAGING TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS FOR PROSTATE CANCER

Traditional anatomical imaging for cancer diagnosis and assessing response to therapy is limited to just the superficial appearance of a tumor. A functional imaging approach, which takes a closer at look various microenvironments within the tumor, is likely to offer a more holistic view of the tumor behavior and response to treatment. Acoustic Angiography is a novel super-harmonic contrast ultrasound imaging technique that utilizes a dual-frequency transducer to quickly generate high-resolution 3D microvascular images with exceptionally high contrast-to-tissue ratio. Herein, we demonstrate the ability of Acoustic Angiography to quantify tumor microvascular features and investigate their changes after therapeutic doses of radiation therapy in a tumor bearing rodent model. We then demonstrate using functional longitudinal data analysis that quantified microvascular features can be used to predict radiation therapy response with limited time point measurements. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, resulting in near 30,000 deaths a year in the United States alone. Current diagnostic and staging techniques for prostate cancer have been shown to have low sensitivity and specificity, limiting early detection and intervention. There is potential for improving ultrasound imaging techniques for aiding in prostate cancer detection and biopsy guidance with Acoustic Angiography imaging. The clinical translation of Acoustic Angiography hinges on certain design improvements, primarily increased depth of penetration. The last part of this dissertation discusses the development of a dual-frequency linear array transducer for Acoustic Angiography. This dissertation consists of two primary hypotheses: 1) Acoustic Angiography can be used to quantify changes in tumor microvascular features and predict radiation treatment response earlier than using tumor volume alone. 2) Acoustic Angiography using a dual-frequency linear array transducer is suitable for prostate cancer imaging.

Topic: Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences