jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Heat Transfer in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers

Heat transfer to single particles in the transport zone of circulating fluidized beds and heat transfer to membrane tube walls have been investigated. The heat transfer coefficient to spheres in the transport zone of a circulating fluidized bed boiler has been measured with dark and light calorimeters. A model was developed for the heat transfer mechanisms involved: radiation, gas and particle convection. The model predicts the measured data within 30 %. The gas convective constituent is 50% larger than in a single-phase non turbulent flow, which is explained by turbulence induced by bubbles in the bottom bed. The heat transfer model and a correlation for mass transfer were used to calculate the temperature of burning char particles. The calculation confirmed previous measurements, showing particle temperatures of several hundred degrees above the average bed temperature. Heat transfer from the core to the wall-layer was investigated by a heat balance of the wall-layer. It was found that the computation underestimates the measurements with in average 25%. This is explained by a horizontal in-flow and out-flow of particles, instead of the net-flow used in the model. Heat transfer and suspension density data from circulating fluidized bed boilers were averaged over the entire heat transfer surface of the furnace. The averaged data forms the basis for a correlation, which estimates the heat transfer coefficient with a standard deviation of 15 %. An attempt to separate radiation from convection was made, but it did not improve the accuracy of the correlation. Heat transfer experiments in a laboratory unit under thermally scaled conditions has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. Criteria for thermal similarity were derived from the energy equations of gas and particles. It was found that the ratio of the heat capacity of the particles and the gas should be constant in addition to the fluid-dynamic scaling. Measurements in a boiler and a scaled laboratory rig showed that the Nusselt number was not the same in the two units. However, the heat transfer coefficients from the two units coincided if they were compensated for the difference in thermal conductivity of the gas.

Topic: Granular flow and fluidized beds
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pseudospin–Orbit Coupling for Chiral Light Routings in Gauge-Flux-Biased Coupled Microring Resonators

Pseudospin–orbit coupling of light, exploiting artificially defined photon spins to steer its spatial motion, underlies many intriguing light–matter interaction phenomena and spin-based optical devices. Microring resonators, hosting counter-circulating whispering gallery modes as two pseudospins, are promising candidates for spin-based light control. Here, by applying a gauge-flux biasing in a microring resonator array with different boundary topologies, we establish a new pseudospin–orbit coupling framework and achieve spin-locked chiral light routing effects. We show that for a closed-loop array with Born–von Karman periodic boundary conditions, a real gauge-flux biasing can induce opposite dispersion relation shifting and hence clockwise and counterclockwise light routings for the two pseudospin modes. We attain spin-locked opposite routing paths both for single-port and multiport inputs using resonator trimer and quadrumer structures, respectively. For open boundary conditions, we find that an imaginary gauge-flux biasing can squeeze the two pseudospin modes to the opposite ports, showing the "non-Hermitian skin effect" and spin-locked amplified and decayed routing effects. Our study may find applications in spin-resolved networks-on-chip optical communications, interconnections, and signal processing.

Topic: Mechanical and Optical Resonators
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Killing of &lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;. Typhimurium by total IgG, IgM and IgA from HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected sera.

&lt;p&gt;Log growth phase &lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;. Typhimurium D23580 was added to a mixture of the purified antibodies and 75% BRS. The log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; proportion of the starting number of bacteria remaining after 180 minutes was determined on LB agar. To obtain total antibody of each isotype (IgG, IgM and IgA), serum was incubated sequentially with combinations of human IgA and IgM affinity matrices and protein G affinity matrix to remove IgA, IgM and IgG respectively. Sera used were HIV-uninfected (HIV-ve bactericidal, n = 3), HIV-infected bactericidal (HIV+ve bactericidal, n = 4) and HIV-infected inhibitory (HIV+ve inhibitory, n = 5) sera. Each line represents killing by purified total IgG, IgM or IgA antibodies from one serum. Data shown are from a single representative experiment, where each of the three independent experiments was performed in technical triplicates.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Genetic and Environmental Crop Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Exploring RNA structures by means of molecular dynamics simulations : the flavin mononucleotide aptamer, coaxial stacking in a nicked hairpin and water-mediated base pairs in a duplex

Es wurden Molekulardynamik Simulationen von verschiedenen RNA Strukturen durchgefuehrt, u.a. von einem FMN-RNA Aptamer, ein Modell zum Koaxialen Stacking und eine Helix mit 2 wasservermittelten Basenpaaren.

Topic: DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Proteomic Analysis and NIR-II Imaging of MCM2 Protein in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Targeted therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is essential for improved therapies. Therefore, identification of key targets specifically to HCC is an urgent requirement. Herein, an iTRAQ quantitative proteomic approach was employed to identify differentially expressed proteins in HCC tumor tissues. Of the upregulated tumor-related proteins, minichromosome maintenance 2 (MCM2), a DNA replication licensing factor, was one of the most significantly altered proteins, and its overexpression was confirmed using tissue microarray. Clinicopathological analysis of multiple cohorts of HCC patients indicated that overexpression of MCM2 was validated in 89.8% tumor tissues and strongly correlated with clinical stage. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated repression of MCM2 expression resulted in significant suppression of the HepG2 cell cycle and proliferation through the cyclin D-dependent kinases (CDKs) 2/7 pathway. Finally, the first small molecule-based MCM2-targeted NIR-II probe CH1055-MCM2 was concisely generated and subsequently evaluated in mice bearing HepG2 xenografts. The excellent imaging properties such as good tumor uptake and high tumor contrast and specificity were achieved in the small animal models. This analytical strategy can determine novel accessible targets of HCC useful for imaging and therapy.

Topic: Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A New Species of Philogenia from Honduras (Odonata: Megapodagrionidae)

Philogenia strigilis n. sp. from northwestern Honduras extends the range of the genus more than 600 km to the north. The male has a remarkably simple superior appendage unlike any other species in Central America, but reminiscent of P. boliviana from Bolivia. The male inferior appendage and the female hind lobe of the prothorax both resemble these structures on P. augusti from Panama.

Topic: Freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and ecology
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Occurrence of high-beta superthermal plasma events in the close environment of Jupiter’s bow shock as observed by Ulysses

The ratio of the plasma pressure to the magnetic field pressure (or of their energy densities) which is known as the plasma parameter “beta” (β) has important implications to the propagation of energetic particles and the interaction of the solar wind with planetary magnetospheres. Although in the scientific literature the contribution of the superthermal particles to the plasma pressure is generally assumed negligible, we deduced, by analyzing energetic particles and magnetic field measurements recorded by the Ulysses spacecraft, that in a series of events, the energy density contained in the superthermal tail of the particle distribution is comparable to or even higher than the energy density of the magnetic field, creating conditions of high‐beta plasma. More explicitly, in this paper we analyze Ulysses/HI‐SCALE measurements of the energy density ratio (parameter βep) of the energetic ions’ (20 keV to ∼5 MeV) to the magnetic field’s in order to find occurrences of high‐beta (βep>1) superthermal plasma conditions in the environment of the Jovian magnetosphere, which is an interesting plasma laboratory and an important source of emissions in our solar system. In particular, we examine high‐beta ion events close to Jupiter’s bow shock, which are produced by two processes: (a) bow shock ion acceleration and (b) ion leakage from the magnetosphere.

Topic: Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
广西梧州市土榨花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1膳食暴露风险评估Dietary exposure risk assessment of aflatoxin B1 in native pressed peanut oil in Wuzhou,Guangxi province

为了解梧州市居民通过小作坊土榨花生油摄入黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）的膳食暴露风险，随机抽取梧州市3区、4县小作坊生产散装土榨花生油共496份,检测其AFB1含量，应用点评估方法评估梧州市居民的土榨花生油AFB1膳食暴露风险。结果表明：496份土榨花生油中，AFB1检出率为40.3%，含量在0.12~109.00 μg/kg之间，平均含量为3.63 μg/kg，超标率为4.64%，居民平均AFB1膳食暴露量为1.67 ng/(kg·d)，平均暴露限值(MOE)为240；男性居民平均AFB1膳食暴露量低于女性居民，城市居民低于农村居民，AFB1对女性居民造成的风险高于男性居民，对农村居民造成的风险高于城市居民。风险评估结果表明，梧州市居民通过土榨花生油摄入AFB1潜在风险较高。 In order to understand the dietary exposure risk of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)of Wuzhou residents through native pressed peanut oil from small workshops,a total of 496 batches of native pressed peanut oils in three districts and four counties of Wuzhou city were randomly selected and tested the AFB1 content, and the point assessment method was applied to assess the dietary exposure risk of Wuzhou residents to AFB1 in native pressed peanut oil. The results showed that the detection rate of AFB1 in 496 batches of native pressed peanut oil was 40.3%, and the content ranged from 0.12 μg/kg to 109.00 μg/kg, with an average content of 3.63 μg/kg and an exceedance rate of 4.64%, and the average dietary exposure of AFB1 was 1.67 ng/(kg·d), with a mean margin of exposure(MOE) of 240. The average dietary exposure of AFB1 was found to be lower among male residents than female residents, and lower among urban residents than rural residents, while the risk of AFB1 was found to be higher among female residents than male residents, and higher among rural residents than urban residents. The risk assessment results indicate that the potential risk of AFB1 intake by Wuzhou residents through native pressed peanut oil is high.

Topic: Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Role of the C2 Domain of Factor VIIIa in the Assembly of Factor-X Activating Complex on the Platelet Membrane

Optimal rates of factor X (FX) activation require binding of factor IXa (FIXa), factor VIII(a) [FVIII(a)], and FX to activated platelet receptors. To define the FVIIIa domains that mediate platelet interactions, albumin density gradient washed, gel-filtered platelets (3.5 x 10(8)/mL) activated by the thrombin receptor peptide, SFLLRN (25 microM), were incubated with 125I-labeled FVIII C2 domain, or 125I-FVIIIa, or 125I-FVIII((LC)), or peptides from the C2 domain region, with or without anti-C2 domain monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), ESH4 or ESH8. FVIIIa (Kd approximately 1.7 nM), FVIII((LC)) (Kd approximately 3 nM), and the C2 domain (Kd approximately 16 nM) all interacted with approximately 700-800 binding sites/platelet. Unlike FVIIIa, the C2 domain did not respond to the presence of excess EGR-FIXa (45 nM) and FX (1.5 microM) with enhanced binding stoichiometry and affinity. Both the MoAb ESH4 and a synthetic peptide corresponding to FVIII residues 2303-2332 (epitope for FVIII MoAb, ESH4) inhibited FVIIIa binding to platelets, whereas MoAb ESH8 and a C2 domain peptide corresponding to residues 2248-2285 (epitope for the FVIII MoAb, ESH8) failed to inhibit FVIIIa binding. Thus, a major platelet-binding site resides within residues 2303-2332 in the C2 domain of FVIIIa, and an additional site within residues 2248-2285 increases the stoichiometry and affinity of FVIIIa binding to activated platelets only in the presence of FIXa and FX but does not directly mediate FVIIIa binding to the platelet surface.

Topic: Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Amélioration des stratégies de lutte contre le dépérissement de la lavande et du lavandin.

Lavander and lavandin are symbolic crops in south-eastern France, in the region of Haute-Provence, but they have been affected by yellow decline for decades. The etiological agent which is involved in this decline is the stolbur phytoplasm, which is transmitted by the cixiidae Hyalesthes obsoletus. A reliable diagnosis has been developed, and permitted to secure the specification of phytosanitary certified material, according to the specifications “healthy plants”. A large epidemiological survey identified 16 genotypes of the stolbur phytoplasm. The study demonstrated that the epidemics mainly propagated from lavander to lavander. Finally, the study of the mechanism of tolerance showed that lavander and lavandin susceptibility was not correlated with the relation plant - phytoplasm, but more likely with the interaction of the insect with the plant. The insect is present in all cultivated plots, but in very variable densities. AFLP genotyping has also shown that genetic diversity of wild lavanders was quite restricted, and that genetic selection reduced it only a little.

Topic: Flowering Plant Growth and Cultivation
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Zinc in the Anterior Pituitary of Rat: A Histochemical and Analytical Work

Recent studies have suggested zinc to be a possible modulator of hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary. The three aims of the present study were: to estimate the total amount of zinc in the gland by instrumental analysis; to visualize the zinc at light and electron microscopical levels, and to estimate the amount of zinc that can be visualized by histochemical techniques. PIXE measurement showed the total amount of zinc to be 74 ng/mg dry weight in males and 100 ng/mg dry weight in females, which is a highly significant difference. Histochemically, the zinc was shown by a modified Timm method and the selenium method to be localized to the secretory granules, and to a smaller extent to the Golgi apparatus of the somatotrophs, corticotrophs and thyrotrophs. Chelation of tissue zinc by intravital dithizone treatment effectively blocked subsequent selenium and Timm staining in the secretory granules, and PIXE assays of the chelated metal (extracted into CCl4) showed it constituted less than 5% of the total zinc in the tissue. It is concluded from the study that zinc is present in the anterior pituitary of rats in rather high amounts and that loosely bound zinc, which is suggested to exert a biological effect by itself, can be located to the parts of the cells responsible for production, storing and release of hormones.

Topic: Trace Elements in Health
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Blue semiconductor nanocrystal laser

We demonstrate tunable room-temperature amplified spontaneous emission and lasing from blue-emitting core-shell CdS∕ZnS nanocrystals (NCs) stabilized in a sol-gel derived silica matrix. Variable stripe length measurements show that these NC-silica composites have a modal gain of ∼100cm−1 at room temperature. Coating microspheres with a NC-silica composite film via a facile process resulted in uniform resonators that exhibit room-temperature lasing over long periods of continuous excitation. This work opens up a spectral window for emission tunable, microscale NC-based lasers.

Topic: Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Analysis of Junior High School Students’ Problem-solving Ability Reviewed from Self-regulated Learning

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;Problem-solving ability in mathematics is a primary means to understand a problem and develop the students ' ability in solving a problem. Step in solving problems are categorized to understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan and reflection. This research used a descriptive method aimed to identify the problem-solving ability among junior high school students and review from students self-regulated learning (SRL).The subjects of the research were taken by one student in each SRL category (high, medium, and low) which then given the problem-solving test and the result was triangulated by interview. Based on the research, it can be stated that the students with high self-regulation can solve a mathematical problem by applying first indicator, the second indicator, third indicator, but they cannot apply the fourth indicator. The students with medium self-regulation can apply the first indicator and second indicator while they are still having the problem in third indicator and fourth indicator. The students with low category self-regulation cannot apply all of those in solving the mathematical problem.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Mathematics Education and Pedagogy
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Structural aspects of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor

We have determined the three-dimensional structures of both α- and β-forms of the ligand-binding domain of the oestrogen receptor (ER) in complexes with a range of receptor agonists and antagonists. Here, we summarize how these structures provide both an understanding of the ER's distinctive pharmacophore and a rationale for its ability to bind a diverse range of chemically distinct compounds. In addition, these studies provide a unique insight into the mechanisms that underlie receptor activation, as well as providing a structural basis for the antagonist action of molecules, such as raloxifene.

Topic: Estrogen and related hormone effects
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Sensor for Partial Discharge Acoustic Detection in Liquid

Partial discharge online detection technology can reflect the insulation status of electrical equipment. The extrinsic fiber Fabry-Perot sensor uses a diaphragm cavity to sense the changes in interference intensity caused by the sound waves generated by partial discharge. It has stronger resistance to electromagnetic interference, longer transmission distance, and smaller structure, comparing with traditional ultrasonic sensors. With so many advantages, it undoubtedly becomes the focus of research on partial discharge ultrasonic detection. This paper first explores the sensitivity mechanism of optical fiber Fabry-Perot sensors to acoustic signals. Then, according to the change laws of the resonance frequency of the diaphragm with the size parameters, a fiber optic Fabry-Perot partial discharge sensor based on the structure of the nickel circular diaphragm and the quartz tube is developed. The fabricated Fabry-Perot sensor is placed in water, and the acoustic signals from the piezoelectric ceramic transducer driven by the signal generator are detected; the partial discharge ultrasonic signals generated by the pin-plate electrode model in transformer oil are also tested. And the tests have achieved the desired results.

Topic: Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The cerebral cavernous malformation 3 gene is necessary for senescence induction

Mutations in cerebral cavernous malformation 3 gene are known to result in development of vascular malformations and have recently been proposed to also give rise to meningiomas. We report in this study that lack of CCM3 unexpectedly impairs the senescence response of cells, and this is related to the inability of CCM3-deficient cells to induce the C/EBPβ transcription factor and implement the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Induction of C/EBPβ and cytokines is also impaired in the absence of CCM3 in response to cytokines in nonsenescent cells, pointing to it being a primary defect and not secondary to impaired senescence. CCM3-deficient cells also have a defect in autophagy at late passages of culture, and this defect is also not dependent on impaired senescence, as it is evident in immortal cells after nutrient starvation. Further, these two defects may be related, as enforcing autophagy in CCM3-deficient late passage cells increases C/EBPβ cytokine expression. These results broaden our knowledge on the mechanisms by which CCM3 deficiency results in disease and open new avenues of research into both CCM3 and senescence biology.

Topic: Vascular Malformations Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia associated with ulcerative colitis.

We describe only the second reported case of ulcerative colitis to develop autoimmune haemolytic anaemia following previous subtotal colectomy. After an unsatisfactory trial of corticosteroids and azathioprine, the haemolysis responded to splenectomy and removal of rectal stump and anal canal.

Topic: Microscopic Colitis
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
CCDC 1500023: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences