jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Variation of Urinary Calcium and Oxalate Excretion, Serum 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> and Albumin Level in Relation to Renal Stone Formation

Seasonal variations in urinary calcium and oxalate excretion, serum 25(OH)D3 and albumin level were studied in 11 normo- and 11 hypercalciuric renal stone-formers, in 10 healthy subjects and in 14 long-stay hospital patients during one year. Serum albumin levels increased significantly during May--October in all four groups, whereas no significant changes occurred in serum calcium values when adjusted for differences in serum albumin concentration. Serum 25(OH)D3 level, urinary calcium and oxalate excretion were significantly higher during May--October than November--April in all except the long-stay hospital patients, whose corresponding values showed no seasonal changes and whose serum 25(OH)D3 levels as well as urinary calcium excretion were significantly lower than in the other three groups. The serum 25(OH)D3 level was significantly higher throughout the year in hypercalciuric than normocalciuric stone-formers. The hypercalciuric patients also passed more stones than the normocalciuric patients during a period of 9 years. There was a positive correlation between serum 25(OH)D3 and urinary calcium, between serum 25(OH)D3 and stone episodes and between urinary calcium and stone episodes. Because of this positive correlation, it might be useful to concentrate preventive therapy for recurrent renal stones to the light period only.

Topic: Kidney Stones and Urolithiasis Treatments
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
HS-SPME-GC-MS and OAV analyses of characteristic volatile flavour compounds in salt-baked drumstick

Salt-baked drumstick of chicken is a traditional Cantonese food, but the flavour components remain vague. In this research, the volatile flavour compounds of salt-baked drumsticks were explored by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combining gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The result showed that 56 flavour compounds, 67flavour compounds and 62 flavour compounds were detected by the commercial water-baked drumsticks, the commercial salt-baked drumsticks and the self-manufactured salt-baked drumsticks, respectively. Then the combination of aroma threshold and odor activity value (OAV) theory further identified the flavour substances. Results showed that 19 volatile components were the main source of aroma, including aldehydes (9), alcohols (4), heterocycles (3), an ester compound, a phenolic compound and a hydrocarbon compound. There were 8 odorants with OAVs ≥10 in the drumsticks heating by salt, including octyl aldehyde, nonyl aldehyde, furfural, trans-2-nonenal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, 1-octene-3-ol and ethyl cinnamate. This research identified major components of salt-baked drumstick during processing, which provided a foundation for further research on its formation mechanism and influence mechanism.

Topic: Meat and Animal Product Quality
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Combined Psoas Compartment-Sciatic Block in a Pediatric Patient with High-Risk Cardiopulmonary

There is high potential for complications in cardiopulmonary high-risk patients with valvular heart disease at perioperative period. The operation was planned due to pathological fracture of the femoral shaft of a nine year old male patient weighing 26 kilograms. He had 3o tricuspid insufficiency, 3o mitral insufficiency and pulmonary hypertension in preoperative evaluation. Sciatic nerve block and psoas compartment block was performed to patient for anesthesia and analgesia. In conclusion we think that combined psoas compartment-sciatic nerve block may be a good alternative to other methods of anesthesia in high-risk pediatric patients with cardiopulmonary perspective in lower-extremity surgery.

Topic: Anesthesia and Pain Management
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Thermal-Structural Analysis of Engine Exhaust-Washed Structures

Structures located aft of embedded engines on low observable aircraft, known as engine exhaust-washed structures (EEWS), are exposed to a combined loading environment that includes thermal effects in addition to conventional structural loading. Design in this environment is often complicated by non-intuitive, configuration-specific structural responses to elevated temperature and combined loading. In addition, effective analysis of exhaust-washed structures requires a coupled analysis procedure to determine accurate structural response. In this work, the history and design considerations of EEWS are briefly discussed and a coupled framework using finite element analysis has been developed and used to analyze a conceptual composite embedded engine exhaust nozzle and surrounding structure. A parametric analysis is then performed that investigates applied loading and structural parameters to gain insight into the EEWS system. The analysis framework presented in this work is extendable to alternate EEWS configurations and will also facilitate future structural optimization and structural reliability analysis.

Topic: Probabilistic and Robust Engineering Design
Subfield: Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Disulfiram Neuropathy

A 35-year-old man developed a distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy after taking disulfiram, 500 mg daily for five months. His symptoms improved after the drug therapy was discontinued. Clinical, electrophysiological, and pathological observations during the acute stage and during recovery suggest that disulfiram produces a distal axonopathy.

Topic: Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Quantum Mechanical Models of the Resting State of the Vanadium-Dependent Haloperoxidase

Density functional theory has been used to investigate structural and electronic properties of complexes related to the resting form of the active site of vanadium haloperoxidase as a function of environment and protonation state. Results obtained by studying models of varying size and complexity highlight the influence of environment and protonation state on the structure and stability of the metal cofactor. The study shows that, in the trigonal bipyramidal active site, where one axial position is occupied by a key histidine, the trans position cannot contain a terminal oxo group. Further, a highly negatively charged vanadate unit is not stable. Protonation of at least one equatorial oxo ligand appears necessary to stabilize the metal cofactor. The study also indicates that, while at rest within the protein, the vanadate unit is most likely an anion with an axial hydroxide and an equatorial plane containing two oxos and a hydroxide. For the neutral, protonated state of the vanadate unit, there were two minima found. The first structure is characterized by an axial water with two oxo and one hydroxo group in the equatorial plane. The second structure contains an axial hydroxo group and an equatorial plane composed of one oxo and two hydroxo oxygen atoms. These two species are not significantly different in energy, indicating that either form may be important during the catalytic cycle. These data support the initial crystallographic assignment of an axially bound hydroxide, but an axial water is also a possibility. This study also shows that the protonation state of the vanadate ion is most likely greater than previously proposed.

Topic: Vanadium and Halogenation Chemistry
Subfield: Inorganic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cooperative Hierarchical Caching in 5G Cloud Radio Access Networks

Over the last few years, C-RAN is proposed as a transformative architecture for 5G cellular networks that brings the flexibility and agility of cloud computing to wireless communications. At the same time, content caching in wireless networks has become an essential solution to lower the content- access latency and backhaul traffic loading, leading to user QoE improvement and network cost reduction. In this article, a novel cooperative hierarchical caching (CHC) framework in C-RAN is introduced where contents are jointly cached at the BBU and at the RRHs. Unlike in traditional approaches, the cache at the BBU, cloud cache, presents a new layer in the cache hierarchy, bridging the latency/capacity gap between the traditional edge-based and core-based caching schemes. Trace-driven simulations reveal that CHC yields up to 51 percent improvement in cache hit ratio, 11 percent decrease in average content access latency, and 18 percent reduction in backhaul traffic load compared to the edge-only caching scheme with the same total cache capacity. Before closing the article, we discuss the key challenges and promising opportunities for deploying content caching in C-RAN in order to make it an enabler technology in 5G ultra-dense systems.

Topic: Caching and Content Delivery
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Change in fertility in Luwan District, Shanghai].

Trends in fertility in the Luwan District of Shanghai China are examined from 1950 to 1980. A steady decline in fertility is noted with a slight increase in the most recent years. The role of the family planning program in these trends is assessed. (summary in ENG) (ANNOTATION)

Topic: Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Sample manipulation and apparatus useful in estimating surface and penetration residues of DDT in studies with leaves and fruits

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction The consequences of DDT applied in the field have been intensively investigated at the University of California Citrus Experiment Station since 1943. Early in this investigation certain instances disclosed that DDT, as it was applied in the field in various experimental formulations, actually penetrated the fruit and leaf tissues. This indicated potential consumer hazards. Therefore, a detailed semiquantitative examination of surface residues and of the extent and degree of penetration resulting from such applications was undertaken. Materials examined in this program included fruit, and sometimes leaves, from mature apple, avocado, citrus, olive, peach, pear, and plum trees. At the present time a report of the analytical techniques developed empirically from the handling of many thousands of these samples, and a detailed description of some of the apparatus used may be of benefit to other investigators. (Carter and Hubanks (1946))4 recently presented a brief discussion of apparent “recoveries,” by analytical methods, of DDT added to dried plant material, including apples. Their results agree with those obtained by the techniques developed during the present investigation. Moreover, (Wichmann et al. (1946)) recently have thoroughly discussed the application of three methods for the quantitative determination of DDT as spray residues on fresh fruit, particularly apples and pears. Certain points of similarity between the techniques discussed by Wichmann et al., and those discussed in the present paper will be noted. It must be emphasized that certain of the manipulative procedures described in this report are only semiquantitative in nature.

Topic: Plant Surface Properties and Treatments
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A study on automated algorithm for image detection and measurement

Image segmentation is a process of partitioning an image into many regions based on application. Object detection is the process of detecting the locations and sizes of all objects in an image. Detection and measurement from the macula can be determined by comparing the original image with background image. Disease severity can be concluded by the measurement of the sizes of the fluid deposits and comparing them to the retina normal size. Many algorithms have been indentified for automatic detection, segmentation, and measurement on 2D retinal images. Measurements are calculated based on mathematical functions and numerical methods using polyarea function. The first step in image processing for measurement detection is preprocessing and segmentation. Preprocessing operations includes image filtration, correction of non-uniform illumination, and colour contrast enhancement. This automated algorithm help's ophthalmologists to monitor the progression of diabetic retinopathy more accurately. In manual analysis a huge amount of time and effort is required. To overcome this automated detection method is used, which reduce clinician's burden per patient and time.

Topic: Retinal Imaging and Analysis
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Evaluating discipline in sport: fairness, consistency and human rights

This thesis evaluates disciplinary hearings in sport. It analyses whether the procedures adopted by sports regulatory bodies are human rights consistent, paying particular attention to standards of fairness. It assesses the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) on disciplining in sport.&#13;\nThe research reviews the public I private distinction within this jurisdiction and explores the possible interpretations of both pure-public and quasi-public authorities by analysing the wording of HRA section 6. If the courts adopt a broad interpretation, and in some way look at the nature of the bodies' powers, then there is a strong possibility that sports regulatory bodies will be susceptible to the HRA. This interpretation includes the monopolistic or governmental nature of the bodies' powers.&#13;\nIf, however, the courts adopt a narrow approach, and the source of the power is decisive, sports regulatory bodies will not be vertically susceptible to the HRA. The horizontal effect of the HRA is addressed in the event of this eventuality. This work&#13;\nanalyses how the HRA affects sports persons if no public authority is party to the proceedings. It concludes that horizontal effect of some form will be deployed and highlights that this could be the way that sports persons choose to enforce their human rights.&#13;\nHaving addressed jurisdictional issues this work compares the protections afforded by the rules of natural justice to the protections afforded by Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It assesses how a sports person, who alleges bias or a lack of independence on the part of a disciplinary hearing, is legally protected under the different standards. It achieves this by applying both pre and post HRA standards to a case study and analysing the effects of these applications. The research found that although, the pre-FIRA protections provided sports persons with redress against&#13;\nregulatory bodies, the implementation of the HRA has the potential to afford further protection.&#13;\nTherefore, it is likely that disciplining in sport will have to adapt to guarantee that the disciplinary hearings are HRA compliant. Sports regulatory bodies will be susceptible to the Act in some form and the protections Article 6 provides extend sports persons rights against them.

Topic: Legal Issues in South Africa
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Carnitine supplementation in progressive supranuclear palsy

Abstract Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, including progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). PSP is a Parkinsonian syndrome characterized by a rapidly progressive state that manifests itself as tremors, bradykinesia, and supranuclear gaze palsy. Carnitine plays an essential role in mitochondrial function by transporting fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane to be used in energy production. Mitochondrial dysfunction can bring about rapid neuronal depolarization and a calcium‐mediated cellular apoptosis owing to a loss of oxidative metabolism, likely contributing to the PSP disease process. A White man aged 65 years with PSP presented with small bowel obstruction and severe malnutrition as a result of prior gastrointestinal surgeries for which a gastrostomy tube was placed. During his hospitalization, the patient was found to be deficient in both free and total carnitine. He was treated with levocarnitine supplementation and exhibited marked improvement in tremors, fatigue, and physical therapy activities. Posthospitalization follow‐up showed sustained improvement in symptoms with continued levocarnitine supplementation. Treatment of PSP remains largely supportive in nature. No studies have investigated the role of carnitine supplementation in PSP. To our knowledge, this is the first case report to identify improvement in PSP symptoms after carnitine repletion and supportive care. Numerous animal studies have reported on carnitine supplementation in the context of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate the precise role of carnitine and other nutrition supplements in the pathophysiology of PSP.

Topic: Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Making the most of missing transverse energy: Mass reconstruction from collimated decays

At hadron colliders invisible particles χ can be inferred only through observation of the transverse component of the vectorial sum of their momenta—missing ET or missing transverse energy (MET)—preventing reconstruction of the masses of their mother particles. Here we outline situations where prior prejudice about the event kinematics allows one to make the most of MET by decomposing it into its expected sum of transverse contributions, each of which may be promoted to a full four-momentum approximating the associated χ. Such prejudice arises when all χ in the event are expected to be light and (anti-)parallel to a visible object, due to spin correlations, back-to-back decays or boosted decays. We focus on the last of these, with boosted semi-invisibly decaying neutralinos widely motivated in supersymmetry (in the presence of light gravitinos, singlinos, photini or pseudo-Goldstini), and demonstrate our simple method’s ability to reconstruct sharp mass peaks from the MET decomposition.

Topic: Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Harms and objections

Abstract Intuition says that choosing to create a miserable person is wrong, but choosing not to create a happy one is not; this is ‘the Asymmetry’. There is a complete theory which agrees – the ‘Harm Minimization’ theory. A well-known objection is that this theory rejects Parfit’s principle of ‘No Difference’. But No Difference has less intuitive support than the Asymmetry, and there seems to be no complete theory which agrees with both. There is, however, a more serious problem for Harm Minimization: it says it is wrong to create happy people if we could have made some of them happier at the expense of others. The purpose of this note is to describe a complete theory which agrees with the Asymmetry and avoids this unacceptable consequence; like Harm Minimization, it rejects No Difference.

Topic: Philosophical Ethics and Theory
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Syndinean dinoflagellates of the genus <i>Euduboscquella</i> are paraphyletic

Abstract Syndinean dinoflagellates of the genus Euduboscquella infect marine ciliates and dinoflagellates. Euduboscquella species infecting dinoflagellates are understudied relative to congeners infecting ciliates and their molecular phylogeny remains uncertain. Morphology, development, and rRNA gene sequences of intracellular parasites infecting heterotrophic dinoflagellates from coastal waters of Busan, Republic of Korea in summer to fall of 2019–2021 indicate that Cucumeridinium coeruleum , Gyrodinium cf. ochraceum , and two unidentified species of Gyrodinium were each infected by a different Euduboscquella species. Morphological features including shield structure, shape and color of the mature trophont, and sporogenic process distinguished each of the four parasites from the 10 previously described species of Euduboscquella . Our molecular and phylogenetic analyses showed considerably greater genetic distance of SSU and ITS‐LSU rRNA gene regions among Euduboscquella species infecting dinoflagellates than among those infecting ciliates. Rather than clustering as a group with Euduboscquella species infecting ciliates, SSU rRNA sequences of the four novel parasites spread out across the syndinean Group I phylogeny, occurring in two different clades and a new lineage. Placement of our novel parasites in multiple clades that encompass Ichythyodinium chabelardi strongly indicates that the genus Euduboscquella is paraphyletic.

Topic: Protist diversity and phylogeny
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Responses of <i>Microplitis croceipes</i> to host and nonhost plants of <i>Heliothis virescens</i> in a wind tunnel

Abstract The relative attractiveness of velvet leaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medicus), cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) (host plants) and groundcherry ( Physalis angulata L.) (nonhost plant), and cotton plants with or without nectaries and with or without glands to Microplitis croceipes Cresson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was determined in a wind tunnel. Female parasitoids flew significantly more to glandless than to glanded cotton; response to nectaried and nectariless cotton was similar. Velvet leaf and cotton were favored significantly over groundcherry; parasitoids being equally responsive to both host plant species. Addition of larval frass alone or in combination with host larvae significantly improved the attractivity of the nonhost plant (groundcherry) to the parasitoids. There was no difference in attractiveness of groundcherry terminals with or without host larvae. Parasitoid search time was significantly increased with addition of larval frass. In the presence of cotton, however, kairomone‐treated groundcherry remained unattractive. Résumé Réactions dans un tunnel à vent de Microplitis croceipes ( Hymenoptera braconidae) aux plantes hôtes ou non de Heliothis virescens ( Lepidoptera Noctuidae ) L'influence des nectaires et des glandes du coton, et l'attractivité des feuilles veloutées du coton (plante hôte) et de Physalis angulata sur Microplitis croceipes , ont été déterminées dans des expériences avec tunnel à vent. Les résultats ont montré que les parasitoïdes femelles sont significativement plus attirés par les cotons sans glandes que par les cotons glanduleux, tandis que la présence ou l'absence de nectaires ne modifie pas l'attractivité du coton. Elles réagissent de la même façon aux feuilles veloutées. P. angulata traité avec des crottes de chenilles, présenté seul ou en combinaison avec du coton, attire plus de femelles que des pousses de P. angulata non traitées. L'addition de chenilles hôtes seules n'améliore pas significativement l'attractivité de la plante. P. angulata traité avec des kairomones est demeuré inattractif quand il était proposé en même temps que du coton.

Topic: Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Exploring the Role of IL-36 Cytokines as a New Target in Psoriatic Disease

Unmet needs in the treatment of psoriasis call for novel therapeutic strategies. Pustular psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis often represent a therapeutic challenge. Focus on IL-36 cytokines offers an interesting approach, as the IL-36 axis has been appointed a critical driver of the autoinflammatory responses involved in pustular psoriasis. Two IL-36R blocking antibodies, imsidolimab and spesolimab, are currently undergoing phase II and III clinical trials, with promising results.

Topic: Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences