jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Local antiviral activity of the drug «Thymogen®», nasal dosed spray, against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;

On account of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global pharmaceutical industry has achieved impressive results in the development and introduction of various types of vaccines causing the formation of acquired immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus into clinical practice. However, none of them currently show the declared one hundred percent guarantee of protection. In the case of the COVID-19 disease, patients with concomitant pathologies are the most vulnerable to the occurrence of severe complications. The aerosol route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 contributes to the emergence of outbreaks of the new coronavirus infection in crowded places and closed rooms with poor ventilation. In this regard, an urgent problem is the search for drugs with local antiviral activity, which, together with restrictive measures and mask wearing policy, can potentially reduce the likelihood of contracting coronavirus. In this experimental in vitro study on Vero CCL81 cell culture (ATCC), the local antiviral activity of the drug Thymogen ® spray against the SARS-CoV-2 virus was studied in comparison with the antiseptic Miramistin® solution. As a result of the experiment, no toxic effects on Vero cells were detected in the drugs in the studied concentrations. In a series of experiments, Thymogen ® spray showed local antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 when the virus titer was 5,2 lg TCID50. Therefore, the drug Thymogen ® dosed nasal spray has high potential as a topical drug for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 disease, which requires additional confirmation in relevant clinical studies.

Topic: Infection Control and Ventilation
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Using patents to orchestrate ecosystem stability: the case of a French aerospace company

In this paper, we focus on how focal firms influence business ecosystem stability through patent management. We present and discuss a case study of Thales Alenia Space, a leader in the aerospace industry, and its ecosystem partners. We make two counterintuitive insights about ecosystem management. First, a focal firm can use patents in a new way in order to ensure the stability of its ecosystem. Second, patent licensing facilitates an inverted pattern of knowledge creation and commercialisation between large and small firms, in which small firms are able to commercialise innovations created by large firms in unexpected markets. Furthermore, this article contributes to the literature on patent management by providing new evidence on the external leveraging of knowledge.

Topic: Economic and Technological Innovation
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Intravenous vs. left ventricular injection of ionic contrast material: hemodynamic implications for digital subtraction angiography

Because of the increased use of intravenous injection of contrast material for the evaluation of cardiac structure and function by digital subtraction techniques, a study was done to assess the hemodynamic effects of contrast material when used in this fashion in man. In 10 patients, with each serving as his own control, the effects of intravenous and intraventricular injections of sodium meglumine diatrizoate (Renografin 76) in the same dose were compared. There was no difference between these two methods with respect to changes in pulmonary wedge pressures, systemic pressures, and pulmonary vascular resistance. The elevation of mean pulmonary artery and right atrial pressure was greater after the intraventricular injection (p less than 0.05). The elevated cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance returned to control values somewhat more quickly after the intravenous injection (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.05, respectively); and the increase in cardiac output was greater after the intravenous injection at 1 min (p less than 0.05), but less than after the intraventricular injection at 2 min (p less than 0.05). Despite the detection of these statistically significant differences, the magnitude and timing of these differences are too small to justify the notion that imaging by intravenous injections of standard ionic contrast media provides any substantial hemodynamic benefits or decreased risk to the patient.

Topic: Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatments
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Landscape genomics of North American conifers

The long‐term interest of my lab is to understand the molecular basis of plant adaptation to the environment in forest tree populations. A rich history of common garden experimentation has show genetic control of adaptive traits and precise patterning of adaptation across heterogeneous environments. Adaptive traits are assumed to be highly polygenetic but the exact underlying genes were unknown. We have used QTL mapping and association studies in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to begin to dissect these complex traits to their individual genes. This approach has led to many candidate genes for adaptive traits such as cold‐hardiness and water‐use efficiency. Next we have conducted candidate gene resequencing (Sanger) to discover SNPs. These studies have been done in a large number of North American and European conifers. Gene and SNP annotations are performed and measures of nucleotide diversity and departures from neutrality are estimated. Finally, large populations of geo‐referenced trees are genotyped for SNPs and patterns of demographic and adaptive diversity are estimated.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Denervation Supersensitivity of the Rat Vas Deferens: A Role for Protein Kinase C

A role for protein kinase C (PKC) in the denervation-induced supersensitivity of the rat vas deferens was investigated. Chronic, surgical denervation of the rat vas deferens (up to 8 days) resulted in tissues that produced enhanced contractile responses to norepinephrine (NE) in isolated organ baths. Single challenges of NE (10 $\\mu$M) produced 0.6 $\\pm$ 0.1 g of maximal tension in the control vas whereas in the paired, denervated tissue 2.2 $\\pm$ 0.3 g of tension was recorded (n = 6). Cumulative concentration-effect curves to NE produced in the denervated vas deferens were shifted 18-fold to the left of the control response. Neurokinin A (NKA) responses after denervation of the tissue were not significantly different from the control. Denervation did not alter the contractile response to phorbol diacetate (PDA), a PKC activator. Pretreatment of denervated and control vas deferens with 100 $\\mu$M nifedipine (a calcium channel blocker), significantly attenuated the contractile response to NE. The responses in the control tissues were depressed by 88%, those in the denervated vasa were only antagonized by 65% after nifedipine treatment. Exposure of denervated and control vas deferens to 100 $\\mu$M NE resulted in no significant accumulation of diacylglycerol (DAG) from basal values. The molecular species of DAG produced after receptor stimulation, in either tissue group, were not different from those found in resting tissues. Denervation also had no effect on the binding characteristics of membrane-associated PKC when assayed using the specific ligand, ($\\sp3$H) phorbol dibutyrate. The PKC activity of resting vas deferens was not altered by chronic surgical denervation. Denervated and control vas deferens that were stimulated with 100 $\\mu$M NE showed a time-dependent translocation of PKC from the cytosolic to the membrane fraction of the tissue. In both tissue groups exposure to NE resulted in a 3-4 fold increase in the membrane-bound PKC activity, which remained elevated above basal values for up to 20 min. The rate of translocation of PKC was faster in denervated vasa (maximal at 5 min after NE) when compared to the control (maximal at 20 min), but the maximal amount of the enzyme activated was the same for the two tissue groups. The ability of NKA, 60 mM K$\\sp+$-depolarization and PDB (PKC activator) to produce translocation of the PKC was not altered by denervation of the vas deferens. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Topic: Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Low fertilization optimizes the water use efficiency of an Amazonian canga grass for mineland rehabilitation

ABSTRACT The peculiar characteristics of mining waste substrates represent a significant challenge for environmental rehabilitation. Here, we evaluated the revegetation potential of Paspalum cinerascens on substrates from mining areas of Serra dos Carajás, a region harboring a large mine complex in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Paspalum cinerascens is a native grass widely distributed in the canga ecosystem, a vegetation type covering iron ore reserves. Seeds of P. cinerascens harvested in canga were germinated in sterilized quartzite sand and the seedlings grown in controlled conditions for 90 days. The seedlings were then cultivated in canga topsoil (control, without fertilization) and mining waste substrate with half and complete fertilization currently applied at the beginning of mineland rehabilitation in Serra dos Carajás. Regardless of fertilization, plants grown in the mining waste substrate did not differ in carbon assimilation, tillering rate and root biomass, despite higher leaf nutrient content and lower root: shoot ratio when compared to plants in canga topsoil. Compared to the control, complete fertilization led to significantly taller plants, higher shoot biomass and reduced water use efficiency. Half fertilization led to higher phosphorus and water use efficiency and stomatal density. Our results confirmed that P. cinerascens has adaptive traits to grow and thrive in the harsh environmental conditions of post iron ore mining, and can be used in rehabilitation processes. Moreover, half fertilization led to plants with optimized water loss in exchange for carbon without significant costs to plant growth, an interesting trait for rehabilitation in areas experiencing water restrictions.

Topic: Soil Management and Crop Yield
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Factors Affecting the Benefits of Baobab Plant: A Case of Kazungula District of Zambia

There is very little information on the factors that influence the trade of baobab products and the basic market functioning factors predominantly hindering the smooth trade and commercialization of baobab products in the Kazungula district in Zambia. This study was carried out to analyze the factors affecting the trading of baobab products for improved marketing and sustainability of the trade in the Kazungula district. Purposive sampling was used to select the districts while snowballing technique was used in selecting the actors of the baobab trade. Findings show that the production factors (the price of seedlings, farm size, price of agrochemicals, expenditure on labour, and cost of irrigation and production) are among the factors that influence the production of baobab products since they are used as inputs in the baobab fruit production activities. Socio-economic and institutional factors also influence a farmer’s economic benefits. The socio-economic factors influence the efficiency of a farmer. The study’s policy recommendations are expected to play a feedback effect in improving profit efficiency and economic benefits of baobab fruits at all levels. Further, improved livelihoods and income levels are anticipated. This is anticipated to have a feedback effect on profit efficiency, institutional and socio-cultural factors through improved and informed use of inputs, the alteration of the current socio-cultural aspects of the rural farmers, and institutional services accessibility.

Topic: African Botany and Ecology Studies
Subfield: Forestry
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Prevention of Restenosis by Gene Targeting

Researchers seeking new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease have turned their attention to the genetic basis of both normal and pathologic cardiovascular growth and function (Berg and Singer, 1995; Dzau et al., 1993). Various molecular and biochemical pathways are known to play critical roles in the control of cell cycle progression and cell division, and these pathways can be influenced by the expression of certain genes. Control of cell growth is, in turn, an important determinant in the natural history of proliferative disorders of the cardiovascular system, such as the phenomenon of restenosis after balloon angioplasty. It has therefore become possible to identify genes that are important in disease progression, and to target the expression of these genes for modification in an attempt to alter cardiovascular pathobiology.

Topic: Protease and Inhibitor Mechanisms
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Determination of distal latency of the motor nerves of the hand].

The authors show the methodological problems connected with the determination of distal latency and the possibility of misinterpretation. They recommend the use of concentric needle electrodes together with surface electrodes for the determination of the distal latency of the hand nerves and also to always register both nerves.

Topic: Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Abstract TMP70: Reduced Hippocampal Synapses Underlie Loss of Long-Term Potentiation after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background: Patients who survive aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) often have deficits in learning, memory and executive function, although structural brain damage may not be detectable. We previously reported that rodents with SAH develop cognitive deficits and loss of long-term potentiation (LTP), a probable electrophysiological correlate of learning and memory. We hypothesize that loss of LTP may be caused by diminished synapses and/or dysfunction of synaptic molecules responsible for LTP, and that this occurs without neuronal death. Methods: SAH was created by injection of 300 μl of fresh, unheparinized arterial blood into the prechiasmatic cistern of Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350g). Controls were injected with the same amount of saline. Cell death was detected with Fluoro-jade B and TUNEL staining. The number of synapses in dendritic layer of CA1 was quantified by double immunohistochemical staining of MAP2 and synaptophysin, or directly by transmission electron microscopy. Glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1/2) and CaM kinase II were quantified by immunohistochemical staining. Superoxide and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in freshly homogenized hippocampal tissues were detected by spectrophotometry with DAF-2DA and MCLA dyes. Results: In the dendritic area of CA1, the number of synapses was significantly decreased after SAH compared to controls (54±4/image for SAH, 74±3 for controls, p&lt;0.001). Similarly, the expression of GluR1, GluR2 and CaM kinase II was decreased in SAH rats. Decreased superoxide (0.038±0.006 for SAH, 0.059±0.01 for control p&lt;0.001) but increased NO was detected in rats with SAH as compared to controls (1251±118 for SAH, 518±118 for controls, p&lt;0.001). Fluoro-jade B and TUNEL staining disclosed no to minimal CA1 cell death. Conclusions: Loss of LTP after SAH in rats may be due to a synaptic plasticity rather than cell death. Decreased immunoreactivity to GluR1, GluR2 and CaM kinase II suggests reduction in key proteins that mediator LTP may also contribute. Decreased superoxide and increased NO suggest oxidative stress is involved in the loss of LTP.

Topic: Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research
Subfield: Developmental Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Quasi-universal finite-$T$ scaling in gapped one-dimensional quantum magnets

Temperature dependencies of gap energies and magnon lifetimes are measured in the quasi-1-dimensional S=1/2 gapped quantum magnets IPA-CuCl3 and Sul-Cu2Cl4 using inelastic neutron scattering. The results are compared to those found in literature for S=1 Haldane spin chain materials and to theoretical calculations for the O(3)- and O(N)- quantum non-linear sigma-models. It is found that when the T=0 energy gap Delta is used as the temperature scale, all experimental and theoretical curves are identical to within system-dependent but temperature-independent scaling factors of the order of unity. This quasi-universality extends over a surprising broad T range, at least up to kappa T ~ 1.5 Delta.

Topic: Quantum many-body systems
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Computers in Education: What for?

The assumption that increased use of computing technologies is beneficial per se has been questioned in research on workplace computing since the early 1970ies. It is interesting, then, to note how easily such assumptions have become part of the landscape within Education research. The intention of this paper is to encourage stopping and pausing to consider what is happening (an empirical question), and whether what is seen is desirable (a normative question). The paper calls for more debate (among researchers, teachers, parents, school leaders, governmental bodies, and other interested parties) as to what we would want computers for and how to get there. Points of view would differ; possibly never fully settling on agreement. This would constitute an ideal and a practice of attempting to bring Bildung and democracy to computing use in education, and would be a worthwhile lead to equip the young for participation in a technology-intensive society. The issue should be addressed, however, taking into account critiques of normative approaches. In particular, incorporating insight from research which critically examines ways in which scientific truths and their technical counterparts become established, would aid an understanding of why and how obstacles exist. Such a broad exploration would imply further questions about how the maintenance of boundaries between scientific approaches affects applied questions such as the one posed in the title. This paper, then, carries a two-level argument.

Topic: Information Systems Theories and Implementation
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War

First published in 1898 this text describes the force to which Churchill was attached when it was sent to subdue the rebellious Mohmands on the North-West Frontier in 1897. The author was a subaltern in the 4th Hussars but found regimental life too quiet to satisfy his adventurous spirit and when he heard that a Field Force of three Brigades was being formed under General Sir Bindon Blood to quell a revolt of the Pathan tribesmen, asked to join it.

Topic: South Asian Studies and Conflicts
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A kind of orthogonal polynomials and related identities

In this paper we introduce the polynomials $\{d_n^{(r)}(x)\}$ and $\{D_n^{(r)}(x)\}$ given by $d_n^{(r)}(x)=\sum_{k=0}^n\binom{x+r+k}k\binom{x-r}{n-k} \ (n\ge 0)$, $D_0^{(r)}(x)=1,\ D_1^{(r)}(x)=x$ and $D_{n+1}^{(r)}(x)=xD_n^{(r)}(x)-n(n+2r)D_{n-1}^{(r)}(x)\ (n\ge 1).$ We show that $\{D_n^{(r)}(x)\}$ are orthogonal polynomials for $r&gt;-\frac 12$, and establish many identities for $\{d_n^{(r)}(x)\}$ and $\{D_n^{(r)}(x)\}$, especially obtain a formula for $d_n^{(r)}(x)^2$ and the linearization formulas for $d_m^{(r)}(x)d_n^{(r)}(x)$ and $D_m^{(r)}(x)D_n^{(r)}(x)$. As an application we extend recent work of Sun and Guo.

Topic: Advanced Combinatorial Mathematics
Subfield: Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Advanced multi-plane phase retrieval using graphic processing unit: augmented Lagrangian technique with sparse regularization

In our work we demonstrate a computational method of phase retrieval realized for various propagation models. The effects, arising due to the wave field propagation in an optical setup, lead to significant distortions in measurements; therefore the reconstructed wave fields are noisy and corrupted by different artifacts (e.g. blurring, "waves" on boards, etc.). These disturbances are hard to be specified, but could be suppressed by filtering. The contribution of this paper concerns application of an adaptive sparse approximation of the object phase and amplitude in order to improve imaging. This work is considered as a further development and improvement of the variational phase-retrieval algorithm originated in 1. It is shown that the sparse regularization enables a better reconstruction quality and substantial enhancement of imaging. Moreover, it is demonstrated that an essential acceleration of the algorithm can be obtained by a commodity graphic processing unit, what is crucial for processing of large images.

Topic: Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques
Subfield: Radiation
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Intermediate Scope Readings as Embedded Speech Acts

In this paper we explain the variation in availability of (exceptionally wide) intermediate scope readings (ISRs). We argue that ISRs have to be kept apart from functional readings and provide a formal analysis of ISRs. Our approach is based on the assumption that exceptional wide scope readings are the eect of interpreting the involved indenite as aboutness topic, where the introduction of an aboutness topic is analyzed as a distinct speech act, similar to an act of referring. We adopt this view and show that intermediate scope readings only occur in the presence of certain topic-comment embedding operators.

Topic: Natural Language Processing Techniques
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Reaching for the ring: the study of mitochondrial

The linear molecules that comprise most of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from most or- ganisms result fi'om the artifactual degradation of circu- lar genomes that exist within mitochondria. This view has been adopted by most investigators and is based on DNA fragment mapping data as well as analogy to the genome- sized circular mtDNA molecules obtained in high yield from animals. The alternative view that linear molecules actually represent the major form of DNA within mito- chondria is supported by two observations: (1) over a 1000-fold range of genome size among fungi and plants we find the same size distribution of linear mtDNA molecules, and (2) linear mtDNA molecules much larger than genome size can be found for some fungi and plants. The circles that represent only a small fraction of the mtDNA obtained from most eukaryotes could be option- al sequence forms unimportant for mitochondrial func- tion; they may also participate in mtDNA replication. The circles might result from incidental recombination events between directly repeated sequences within or be- tween tandemly arrayed genome units on linear mtDNA molecules.

Topic: Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences