jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An Ellipsoidal Luneburg Lens Antenna for Gain Enhancement and Beam Scanning

An ellipsoidal Luneburg lens antenna based on transformation optics is designed for gain enhancement and beam scanning. Compared with the traditional spherical Luneburg lens, the profile height is reduced. The transformed media parameters are improved to be isotropic and nonmagnetic for uncomplicated processing. To better clarify the design theory and process, a patch antenna is used as the feed of the lens at 10 GHz in the simulation. The final results show that the lens antenna can achieve a maximum gain of 18.4 dB, which is 11.9 dB higher than that of the individual patch antenna and the scanning angle can reach ±42° with a gain loss of 3 dB.

Topic: Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Revisiting the phylogenetic predicament of the genus<i>Huia</i>(Amphibia: Ranidae) using molecular data and tadpole morphology

Abstract Despite a considerable amount of research, the systematics of the ranid genus Huia have remained unresolved, mostly owing to insufficient sampling and morphological similarities. As currently circumscribed, Huia consists of five species, but multiple studies have consistently demonstrated that it is not a monophyletic genus. However, no study has approached the problem with adequate data and provided a systematically sound solution, leaving the genus to languish in a classification that is phylogenetically incoherent. We generated the most comprehensive sampling of Huia to date, based on extensive fieldwork in Java and Sumatra. Using an integrative taxonomy framework, we analysed four mitochondrial and two nuclear markers and, in conjunction with tadpole morphology, investigated the phylogenetics of Huia and its congeners. Corroborating previous studies, Huia is recovered as a paraphyletic group. Huia cavitympanum emerges as the sister taxon to Meristogenys. The remaining members of Huia form a monophyletic group, sister to the H. cavitympanum + Meristogenys clade. Our extensive geographical sampling in Sumatra and Java reveals multiple highly divergent lineages that potentially represent undescribed species. Using our expanded molecular and morphological dataset, we resolve the paraphyly of Huia by restricting the genus to its type species and propose a new genus to accommodate the strongly supported clade of Sumatran and Javan populations previously belonging to Huia.

Topic: Amphibian and Reptile Biology
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplementary Figure Legend and Tables 1 - 2 from Molecular Dissection of AKT Activation in Lung Cancer Cell Lines

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 103K, Supplemental Table 1. Cell lines assessed for persistent AKT-S473 phosphorylation in the absence of serum. Supplemental Table 2. Tyrosine kinase phosphorylation profiling.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Analysis of mortality among children under 5 years of age in Shenzhen from 2003 to 2013].

The U5MR has substantially reduced in Shenzhen. To further reduce the U5MR, it is important to improve prenatal diagnosis and neonatal resuscitation, enhance perinatal health care and accident prevention, and strengthen health care of floating population.

Topic: Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
The Role of Emotion in Land Regulation: An Empirical Study of Online Advocacy in Authoritarian Asia

Scholarly interest about online advocacy in authoritarian settings is rapidly growing. With one of Asia's most active social media, Vietnam offers a promising site to investigate how online advocates navigate around state censorship to influence regulatory decisionmaking. Much research about online advocacy focuses on rational discourse, and fails to ask why satire and ridicule can change regulatory outcomes when reasoned debate fails. This article considers two cases studies where online advocates changed regulatory outcomes in Vietnam. It investigates why the regulators were sensitive to moral censure in social media, and responded to appeals for solidarity, but were reluctant to engage in rational public deliberation. These findings reveal insights into how online advocacy can trigger emotional responses in officials that transform the regulatory environment. The article concludes that rather than constituting cognitive missteps, emotions are integral to government regulation in Vietnam.

Topic: Chinese history and philosophy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption of Fuchsin acid on nickel oxide nanoparticles.

NiO nanoparticle was used to adsorb fuchsin acid (FA) from aqueous solution. In the used concentration range of FA, its adsorption isotherms on NiO nanoparticles were three-region. NiO nanoparticle was prepared via the thermal decomposition of the tris(ethylenediamine)Ni(II) nitrate complex as a new precursor. In this work, effects of temperature, concentration, particle size, shaking rate, contact time, pH of the solution were investigated. Adsorption process was exothermic in the first and second regions and endothermic in the third region. Adsorption kinetics was studied by a number of equations including the KASRA, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, Avrami and pore-diffusion equations. Adsorption acceleration and adsorption velocity values of this process were obtained by the KASRA equation and it was shown that with increase in FA concentration or temperature or shaking rate, initial adsorption velocity values of process increase.

Topic: Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
GERMAN UNIFICATION AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY: TRADE ASPECTS

Immediately after the first free election in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the decision of its people to be reunited with the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), the European Council in its meeting of April 1990 in Dublin welcomed German unification under the ceiling of Europe. The European Council decided that the economic integration of the former GDR in Europe should take place as soon as German unification occurred. The transitional arrangements of the treaty of unification between the GDR and the FRG should be accordingly considered. The full integration of the former GDR into the European Community (EC) should be realized without new alterations of the treaties. This assessment was underlined again in the resolution of 17 May of the European Parliament.

Topic: European Politics and Security
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Effect of student-directed solicitation of evaluation forms on the timeliness of completion by preceptors in the United States

The aim of the present study was to determine whether a student-directed approach to summative evaluation form collection at the end of a pediatrics clerkship would enhance timeliness of completion for third-year medical students. The study materials were evaluation form data from 156 third-year medical students at Penn State College of Medicine who were assigned to complete their required 4-week pediatric clerkship at our primary clinical site (outpatient and inpatient) during the 2017–2018 academic year (82 students; pre-intervention) and the 2018–2019 academic year (74 students; post-intervention).

Topic: Evaluation of Teaching Practices
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A quantitative study of the benefits of co-regulation using the spoIIA operon as an example

The distribution of most genes is not random, and functionally linked genes are often found in clusters. Several theories have been put forward to explain the emergence and persistence of operons in bacteria. Careful analysis of genomic data favours the co-regulation model, where gene organization into operons is driven by the benefits of coordinated gene expression and regulation. Direct evidence that co-expression increases the individual's fitness enough to ensure operon formation and maintenance is, however, still lacking. Here, a previously described quantitative model of the network that controls the transcription factor sigmaF during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis is employed to quantify the benefits arising from both organisation of the sporulation genes into the spoIIA operon and from translational coupling. The analysis shows that operon organization, together with translational coupling, is important because of the inherent stochastic nature of gene expression which skews the ratios between protein concentrations in the absence of co- regulation. The predicted impact of different forms of gene regulation on fitness and survival agrees quantitatively with published sporulation efficiencies.

Topic: Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A High-Yielding Enzymatic Process for Production of Bioactive β-1,3-Glucan Oligosaccharides with Defined Size

The study is to develop a bioprocess to depolymerize curdlan for production of β-1,3 oligosaccharides with a uniform size. A codon-optimized Streptomyces laminarinase was expressed in an E. coli system, resulting in an enzyme preparation (19.1 U/L) highly active on solid curdlan substrate without any pre-treatment. In a preparative scale reaction at pH 5.5 and 55°C, 90% conversion and a product concentration close to 27 g/L were achieved within 6 hours. The major product was identified as β3-glucan pentasaccharide based on HPLC, TLC, and MS analyses. A single-enzyme based bioprocess was highly efficient in deriving β3-glucan pentasaccharide from solid curdlan. Enzyme to curdlan ratio and reaction time are critical parameters for high-yield production of β3-glucan pentasaccharide from curdlan.

Topic: Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
ICT interactive whiteboards in an EFL classroom

Technology has advanced noticeably, nowadays. People even children purchase and use different technological devices all the time. That is why the lack of applied technology in schools, especially in the teaching of English as a Foreign Language (henceforth EFL), is evident. Through the compilation of information gathered by means of surveys, an interview and the reading of literature, we have seen the interest that students have in learning English with Information and Communication Technology (henceforth ICT) tools; specifically, with Interactive Whiteboards (henceforth IWB). Also, issues regarding students interest are tackled along this project with the purpose of applying this resource appropriately. Additionally, teachers reluctance to the use of technology is discussed in order to lower facilitators resistance to introduce technology in their classrooms. Therefore, it is important to remark on its benefits to motivate school principals to invest money in education.

Topic: Herpesvirus Infections and Treatments
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF FABA BEANS PROANTHOCYANIDINS

The objective of the experiment was to determine whether small amounts of proanthocyanidins (0.1 and 0.3%) may increase the antioxidative properties of the rat diet without exerting an antinutritional effect. Proanthocyanidins of faba bean seed coats were extracted with a mixture of acetone and water (70:30) and lyophilized. The amount of proanthocyanidins was two- or fourfold higher in the experimental diets as compared to the control diet. The addition of proanthocyanidin extract had no significant effect on the coefficients of digestibility of crude protein, daily nitrogen retention and the coefficient of biological value of diet protein. In the blood serum of rats fed diets supplemented with proanthocyanidin extract, there was a slightly higher content of vitamin E and alanine aminotransferase activity, while the content of vitamin A and aspartate aminotransferase activity were similar to those of the control group. In the contents of the rat gut (caecum), a lower activity of â -glucuronidase was found as compared to the control group, whereas â -galactosidase was unaffected. The addition of proanthocyanidin extract to diet caused a decrease in the malondialdehyde content in the heart, kidneys, erythrocytes and blood plasma of rats. The results obtained indicate that the amount of proanthocyanidins used did not exert any antinutritional effects, but extended the pool of diet antioxidants and beneficially affected the activity of the large bowel microflora.

Topic: Seed and Plant Biochemistry
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Endoscopic Gross Anatomy Findings of the Thoracic Air Sac of the Turkey

The gross anatomy of the cranial thoracic air sacs was studied in the live turkey with a fiber-optic endoscope fitted with a video system. Thirty-five out of 39 (89.7%) of the turkeys had paired single thoracic air sacs with two ostia. The other 10.3% of the turkeys had paired cranial and caudal thoracic air sacs, each with a single ostium. The air flow pattern through the common thoracic air sac with two ostia is unknown. Furthermore, 42.3% of the turkeys with a single thoracic air sac had an invagination arising from the floor of the air sac that partially divided the single thoracic air sac creating a blind-ended sac. The blind sac formed by the invagination may trap small inhaled particulate matter.

Topic: Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Saikosaponin-A induces apoptosis of cervical cancer through mitochondria- and endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent pathway <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> : involvement of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Cervical cancer causes considerable mortality in women worldwide. Saikosaponin-A, a triterpenoid glycoside isolated from <i>Bupleurum falcatum</i>, has been proven to exert anti-cancer property. In this study, we evaluated the possibility of saikosaponin-A on cervical cancer <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. The results showed that saikosaponin-A induced cell death and altered cellular morphology dose-dependently. Saikosaponin-A significantly induced apoptosis in HeLa cells, confirmed by Hoechst 33,342 staining and flow cytometry. Sequentially, saikosaponin-A triggered the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis demonstrated by deficiency of MMP, induction of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, leakage of cytochrome c to cytoplasm, and activation of caspase-3. Moreover, ER stress also participated in the apoptosis induced by saikosaponin-A in HeLa cells as indicated by the upregulation of GPR78, CHOP and caspase-12 expression. Furthermore, HeLa cells showed increased expressions of p-PI3K and p-AKT in response to saikosaponin-A treatment. Additionally, saikosaponin-A could inhibit HeLa tumor growth in nude mice and induce apoptosis, reflected by the induction of TUNEL and the expression of cytochrome c, caspase-3 and CHOP confirmed by immunohistochemistry. These findings at least to a certain extent suggested that saikosaponin-A triggered apoptosis through both mitochondrial pathway and ER stress pathway and inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling, thereby contributing to against cervical cancer. This work provides a new understanding of saikosaponin-A on therapeutic application in treatment of cancer, which has the potential to be a promising candidate therapeutic agent for cervical cancer patients.

Topic: Natural product bioactivities and synthesis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
High rate of popliteal artery injuries and limb loss in 96 knee dislocations

Background: Knee dislocations are reported to have an incidence of popliteal artery injuries between 7% and 64%.The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of injuries to the popliteal artery as well as early limb loss in knee dislocations at a level-1 trauma hospital in South Africa.Methods: Twenty-eight patients with popliteal artery injuries were selected from a prospectively collected database of 96 patients with acute knee dislocations.The incidence of vascular injuries, compartment syndromes and limb loss was determined retrospectively.Results: Of 96 knee dislocations 28 had a popliteal artery injury (29.1%).Seven of 28 patients with popliteal artery injuries needed an amputation.Of the 28 patients, ten were documented as a threatened limb.Five of these ten patients (50%) needed an amputation.The documented median delay to revascularisation of patients who presented with threatened limbs was 10 hours. Conclusion:Overall, one-third of knee dislocations presented with a vascular injury.The prevalence of amputations in knee dislocations with associated popliteal artery injuries was 25% and increased to more than 50% in patients who presented with a threatened limb.

Topic: Vascular Procedures and Complications
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of Vitamin A Supplementation on IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6 Levels in Elite Taekwondo Players

This study aims to investigate the effects of vitamin A supplementation on cytokine release in 10 male elite taekwondo players. The subjects who were supplemented with 100 mg of vitamin A in daily tablet form for 4 weeks were exercised to exhaustion twice, before and after the supplementation. In the course of the fourweek study period, blood samples were collected from the subjects four times in exhaustion and at rest, before and after supplementation. The blood samples were analyzed for IFNγ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6 levels. Vitamin A supplementation resulted in a significant increase in serum IL-2 levels (p<0.05). However, vitamin A supplementation led to the inhibition of serum TNF-α levels, in comparison to pre-supplementation (exhaustion and resting) values (p<0.05). The results of the study indicate that vitamin A supplementation might cause changes in the release of cytokines independent of exercise.

Topic: Exercise and Physiological Responses
Subfield: Rehabilitation
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
West African Migrations to Italy: An Anthropological Analysis of Ghanaian and Senegalese Politics of Mobility in Emilia Romagna

In this article we combine a mobility perspective with a biographical approach to explore the Italian experience of Ghanaian and Senegalese migration emphasising expectations, obstacles and practices in contexts of uncertainty and precariousness. First, we provide readers with an historical background of West African migration to Italy, and Emilia Romagna in particular, from the end of the 1980s to the present. We highlight the link between migration laws and migratory trends. We then theoretically engage with the mobility paradigm and its impact on the socio-anthropological study of migration. Finally, we analyse biographical trajectories looking at the interplay between migrants' life strategies and shifting normative and economic structures. We conclude arguing that mobility seems to offer an effective research perspective for contemporary social anthropology by shedding light on plans, representations and tactics used by migrants in navigating economic and political constraints.

Topic: Migration, Identity, and Health
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Biosynthesis, isolation, and structural characterization of ε-poly-<scp>l</scp>-lysine produced by Streptomyces sp. DES20

ε-Poly-<sc>l</sc>-lysine (ε-PL) is an unusual, naturally occurring homo-polyamide made of 25–35<sc>l</sc>-lysines with antimicrobial activities.

Topic: Biopolymer Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The refugee situation in Thailand.

This statement by Dennis Gallagher, Director of the Refugee Policy Group, discusses the refugee situation in Thailand. Laotians have been entering Thailand in increasing numbers; some 86,000 Laotians are now in Thailand whereas there were 67,000 in November, 1983. The time is well past for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and the Thai government to initiate screening for new arrivals from Laos to determine whether or not they are refugees. The question needs to be examined as to what national interest and humanitarian obligation Thailand has to afford safe havens for refugees and others from Indochina. While the Thai government does not want the Khmer resistance to be crippled, it also must be concerned that providing the resistance with a base of operations of Thai territory could invite attack by the Vietnamese. Refugee resettlement alone has not and cannot resolve the refugee problem in Thailand; a more comprehensive approach is required. In areas where there is a substantial number of Indochinese who are unlikely to be resettled, projects need to be developed and funded that contribute to a more productive life for them and, preferably, for the broader region in which they reside. It is important that modification of policies occur within a comprehensive framework rather than on a piecemeal basis. Encouraging the Thais to accept supporting self-reliance projects will not happen if commitments to resettlement are not sustained. That the refugee situation in Thailand is complex and is constantly evolving argues for policies that permit more options for addressing it.

Topic: Asian Geopolitics and Ethnography
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Effect of noise envelope coherence, modulation rate, and duration on the detection of a sinusoid in narrow-band noise

Signal-to-noise ratios (Es/N0) necessary to detect a 1-kHz tone presented in 100-Hz quasirandom noise were measured in trained young, normal-hearing subjects. The noise was generated by digital addition of random-phase sinusoids separated by 1 Hz. In one set of conditions, 20-Hz-wide spectral slices of the 100-Hz noise band were provided with envelopes either identical to or uncorrelated with the envelope of the 20-Hz wideband centered at 1 kHz, thus generating degrees of envelope coherence (r) between 0 and 1. The duration of the sinusoidal signal was 400 ms. In another set of conditions, the noise was divided into two to five equal-width slices, each having an identical envelope; signal duration was constant at 400 ms. In the final set of conditions, the duration of the signal varied between 25 and 400 ms, with the envelope being either random or maximally coherent in the five 20-Hz spectral slices. By regarding a fixed Es/N0 as an indicator of a fixed degree of envelope correlation detection [V. M. Richards, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82, 1621–1630 (1987)], a comparison of the results in the three sets of conditions allows one to specify some of the temporal constraints that limit the envelope following process. [Work supported by the National Institute on Aging and the Department of Veterans Affairs.]

Topic: Noise Effects and Management
Subfield: Speech and Hearing
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Kirkjubømúrurin: KV007

Sligin basalt steinur úr Kirkjubømúrinum, partur av steinasavninum hjá Tjóðsavninum. *English:* Carved basalt stone from Kirkjubømúrinum (The Saint Magnus Cathedral), in storage at Tjóðsavnið. Dimension: 21 x 41 x 11.5 cm. Created by Petur Hansen, using Artec space spider scanner and Artec Studio 15. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

Topic: Fungal Plant Pathogen Control
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences