jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Case Study - Ayurvedic Management of Viswachi

The dysfunction of the cervical spinal nerve or nerve root and both parts leads to Cervical Radiculopathy (CR), a neurologic condition.This can result in pain or more precisely in radicular pain.In a radiculopathy, the problem occurs at or near the root of the nerve, shortly after its exit from the spinal cord.It is also associated to the numbness and emaciation of the upper limbs and their muscles.Various Ayurvedic medicine and therapy have been used for these conditions.CR treated with a combination of Panchakarma procedures and Ayurvedic Medicine.The patient was suffering pain from neck to left arm.it was treated with Patrapinda Sweda and Abhyanga with prasaranyadi taila for the 15th days and oral Ayurvedic medicine as Simhanada Guggulu 250 mg three times a day, Amavatari Rasa 250 mg two times and Chandraprabhavati 250 mg two times after food.The patient's condition assessed for CR and Neck disability Index symptoms, Range of Motion and one specific test was used Nerve Conduction Study showed significant improvement.

Topic: Plant-based Medicinal Research
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Phytosterols

Phytosterols (PSs) are naturally occurring compounds with numerous uses in functional foods, supplements, and herbal treatments. They are a crucial part of the diet. PSs are used in pharmaceutical products to enhance human health since they demonstrate a wide spectrum of biological activity. This chapter provides an overview of recent developments in phytosterol applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, in addition to their natural sources, contents, extraction, analysis, biosynthesis, bioavailability, biotransformation, absorption, pharmacological effects, and related molecular mechanisms. Plants contain more than 200 sterols; the most common are sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol. Animals, plants, and microbes all contain sterols. Only through diet can humans get phytosterols because they are not capable of producing them. The highest concentration of phytosterols is found in vegetable oils, followed by nuts and seeds. Between 160 and 400 mg of plant sterols are thought to be consumed daily by various cultures. PSs are mostly extracted via supercritical CO2 extraction and solvent extraction, and they are analyzed using GC and/or HPLC. Numerous pharmacological actions of phytosterols, including hypocholesterolemic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, antioxidant, and hormone-like properties, have been reported. In conclusion, phytosterols are interesting bioactive compounds that have potential for use in medicine or as food additives.

Topic: Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Intrafamilial Homicide of People with Developmental Disabilities.

An increase in interest in crimes against people with developmental disabilities (PWDD) has been observed in the past decade. However, little attention has been given to intrafamilial homicides of PWDD. This paper provides a preliminary description of these types of homicides as they affect PWDD. Content analysis of media accounts of intrafamilial homicides of PWDD describes the characteristics of those involved and the circumstances of the homicides. This study examined a subset of data of 1967 homicides of PWDD and found 308 cases of intrafamilial homicide representing the deaths of 314 PWDD. These homicides represented 15.96% of overall homicides of PWDD obtained in the original study. A similar number of homicides of male and female victims were reported. Compared to other family members, biological parents were most frequently implicated in the deaths of PWDD, with biological mothers, acting alone, implicated most often. Biological mothers were most frequently implicated in the deaths of daughters, while biological fathers were most frequently implicated in the deaths of sons. The majority of PWDD who were killed were four years of age or younger. Beating, shooting, neglect, asphyxia, burns, and poisoning were the most common causes of death. Discussion focuses on media representation of homicides, intrafamilial homicide, and prevention.

Topic: Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Evaluation of total antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels extracts by biochemical and electron paramagnetic resonance analyses

Free radical scavenging activity of <italic>Callistemon citrinus</italic> (Curtis) Skeels extracts analysed using biochemical and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies.

Topic: Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Spinoza Primer

This Introductory chapter considers Spinoza’s work to be a significant contribution to a credible Christian theology and Christian philosophy based on understanding God’s immanence in the human mind or spirit according to the certain and determinate specifications of the mind or spirit of Christ. Spinoza claims that God, as God is, cannot be directly discerned adequately within nature or within our person. God is revealed and known through our possession of the idea of God according to the spirit of Christ. We possess this idea of Christ (i.e. Inner Light, Word of God, God’s wisdom, etc.), innately. This idea activates itself and determines the ideas that form human nature manifesting in the human mind. This idea of God in us has God as its object. Our idea of God in us according to the spirit of Christ, objectively replicates our mind to be like the mind of Christ. In several places, Spinoza connects those things we can know of God as God is, with the immanent presence of the spirit of Christ, saying where those things of God are, there Christ is; where they are not Christ is absent. For Spinoza, the way to God is Christ in us --- he clearly says as much. At the very core of Spinoza’s work are his considerations (theologically speaking), of the indwelling “Christ according to Spirit” or “the Spirit of Christ”, and, his considerations, (philosophically speaking), of the idea of God (according to “Christ after the spirit”), which is the idea of Christ, and of the ideas of the mind of Christ as determined by the idea of Christ. On this foundation, \n \n Spinoza says that we cannot explain or imitate God as God is in itself and that we cannot use God, as God is in itself, as a model for universal ethics. But in several places Spinoza says, we know certain things of God, for example, the idea of God “explained through the nature of the human mind” or “explained by the human Mind’s essence,”. We can know things like “justice”, “loving-kindness”, “mercifulness”, etc. Spinoza demonstrates that can actually replicate or imitate those things in a mind emended to be like the mind of Christ. In addition, we can come to experience and know those things by constructing and using an abstract model mind to guide us in true living. \n \n This Introduction is anchored by numerous significant quotations and references. It sets the stage for the reading of the other chapters, which provide thematically related texts from Spinoza's work, accompanied by extensive commentary on those texts. The format of the other chapters aims to let Spinoza speak for himself first and foremost and keep extrapolations and generalizations in the background.\n

Topic: Seventeenth-Century Political and Philosophical Thought
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Investigating reduced rate of nitrogen application and delayed harvest of orchardgrass as a means of reducing the amount and altering the form of nitrogen ingested by lactating dairy cattle

Rations for lactating dairy cattle should supply adequate amounts of rumen undegradable protein without oversupplying rumen degradable protein. As forage grasses can supply too much rumen degradable protein to the ration, it is beneficial to produce forage grasses with higher proportions of rumen undegradable protein while maintaining acceptable yields and fibre levels. Forage grasses have many different types of protein with differing ability to withstand ruminal degradation. Non-protein nitrogen is very rapidly degraded in the rumen whereas true protein consists of a range of proteins, some of which are rapidly degraded while others may escape ruminal degradation. The goal of the present studies was to reduce rumen degradable protein or non-protein nitrogen concentrations in orchardgrass (Dactylus glomerata L. "Benchmark"). One study examined three nitrogen application rates (0, 50, and 100 kg N ha⁻¹) and three growth periods (41, 49, and 59 d) in the spring of 1996 for their effect on fresh orchardgrass yield, fibre content, true protein content, and crude protein content. Samples were incubated in the rumens of ruminallyfistulated Holstein cows to examine dry matter and protein degradation in the rumen. In this study, increasing the growth period of orchardgrass by 15 d proved ineffectual in significantly reducing rumen degradable protein (%crude protein). Increasing nitrogen fertilization rate caused an increase in rumen degradable protein expressed as either %crude protein or as %dry matter without significantly altering rumen undegradable protein (%dry matter). Another study examined three nitrogen application rates (0, 50, and 100 kg N ha⁻¹) and three growth periods ranging from 29 to 59 d after nitrogen fertilization in the spring, early summer and late summer from 1995 to 1997 for their effect on fresh orchardgrass yield, fibre content, true protein content and crude protein content. In all seasons increasing nitrogen fertilization rate caused a significant reduction in the percentage of crude protein that was true protein. In both studies, increasing nitrogen fertilization caused an increase in dry matter and protein yields. It was concluded that incorporating forage grass that has received less nitrogen fertilization into dairy cow rations could reduce ration rumen degradable protein concentrations. However, decreased forage grass yields will require producers to either use additional land for grass production, or to purchase additional forage.

Topic: Agriculture and Biological Studies
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
From acquired flatfoot to progressive collapsing foot deformity: a review of classifications

Flatfoot deformity has historically been a complex problem, characterized by a combination of multiplanar deviations. To date, a wide range of classifications has been proposed, based on various principles—from posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, historically considered the primary cause of deformity, to segmentation by foot regions and specific types of deformities within them. A major challenge lies in the fact that foot deformity, as described below, does not follow a linear pattern, and various deformity combinations frequently occur, complicating its systematization. The work aimed to analyze existing and most widely used classifications of flatfoot deformity that have been proposed at different times and remain relevant in foot and ankle surgery, with emphasis on their features and limitations. A scientific data review was conducted using PubMed, eLIBRARY.RU, and CyberLeninka databases with the search terms классификация плосковальгусной деформации / classification of flatfoot deformity and flatfoot deformity. A total of 12 sources were selected for the review. The analyzed scientific data covered the period from 1988 to 2025. In the course of the review, an evident trend was identified toward more detailed segmentation of the deformity by different regions of the foot and the types of abnormalities within them. We observed a shift from hierarchical to faceted classifications, reflecting attempts to encompass the wide variability of deformities across all foot regions and their combinations encountered in clinical practice. And despite numerous attempts at systematization, there is still no universal classification that fully reflects all aspects of flatfoot deformity and satisfies the needs of clinicians in determining patient management strategies for this condition.

Topic: Foot and Ankle Surgery
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Removal (Extraction) of Pacemakers and ICD Leads

Most cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) use leads or electrodes to connect the device generator to cardiac tissues, and as such, they are foreign bodies that can activate coagulation, thrombus formation, or be a site of infection, as bacteria attached to leads are difficult for the immune system to reach. Risk factors for complications are diabetes, renal disease, and COPD among others. Suspected infection has to be evaluated carefully using transoesophageal echocardiography, blood cultures, wound swabs inflammatory markers and often the CIEDs have to be removed if suspicion is confirmed. Removal can be achieved today with special technology and requires the experience and skills of the operator to avoid major complications, particularly bleeding.

Topic: Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Synthesis of oligoribonucleotides with the use of RNA polymerases of E. coli and immobilized synthetic DNA-templates].

A new approach to synthesis of oligoribonucleotides is suggested, based on transcription by E. coli RNA polymerase of synthetic immobilized DNA-templates with AUG as primer. The approach has been experimentally verified by synthesis of two oligonucleotides, viz., a RNA fragment of the fr phage (16 nucleotides long) and a RNA fragment of the tickborne encephalitis virus (18 nucleotides long). Fraction of the synthesized RNA fragments in the whole nucleotide material is about 20%. The templates can be used repeatedly. Sequences of the oligoribonucleotides were confirmed. Advantages of this approach and its usefulness for SP6 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase are discussed.

Topic: RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Figure 1 from Protein Kinase C δ Is a Downstream Effector of Oncogenic K-ras in Lung Tumors

Supplementary Figure 1 from Protein Kinase C δ Is a Downstream Effector of Oncogenic K-ras in Lung Tumors

Topic: Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Contract law in aid channels

This research into contracting in development aid offers a unique opportunity for exploring the boundaries of, and new approaches to, the function and utility of contract and contract law. By framing aid effectiveness as a contractual problem ­ in some ways similar to contracting in commercial arrangements such as networks, franchising, and even trusts, with many related thematic lines, this research takes a critical step toward promoting aid effectiveness. It adopts an innovative, pluralist approach, adducing relevant threads of contract and organizational theory, such as relational contracting, incomplete contracting, and organizational learning theory in its empirical analysis of contracting in development aid. Data in the form of interviews.

Topic: European and International Contract Law
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The application of an intervention model to the Taiwan stock exchange price limits policy

This research examines the effects of changes in daily price limit policy on the Taiwan stock market. It is based on the daily trading record from the period 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2001, a total of 781 daily record data sets. By applying the intervention model (IVM) of event study and adjusting outliers, the study incorporates with the transfer function model (TFARMA) in time series to make an empirical investigation. The empirical findings show that of the six periods of changed price limits, three had a significantly positive effect on stock returns, two had no significant effect, and one had a significantly negative effect.

Topic: Monetary Policy and Economic Impact
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Supplementary Video 1 from CDK Inhibitors Upregulate BH3-Only Proteins to Sensitize Human Myeloma Cells to BH3 Mimetic Therapies

&lt;p&gt;MOV file - 2.5MB, Video for the mice receiving vehicle (day 80 after tumor cell injection via tail vein)&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The tumor suppressor microRNA let-7 inhibits human LINE-1 retrotransposition

Nearly half of the human genome is made of transposable elements (TEs) whose activity\n\t\t\t\t continues to impact its structure and function. Among them, Long INterspersed Element class\n\t\t\t\t 1 (LINE-1 or L1) elements are the only autonomously active TEs in humans. L1s are expressed\n\t\t\t\t and mobilized in different cancers, generating mutagenic insertions that could affect tumor\n\t\t\t\t malignancy. Tumor suppressor microRNAs are ∼22nt RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate\n\t\t\t\t oncogene expression and are frequently downregulated in cancer. Here we explore\n\t\t\t\t whether they also influence L1 mobilization. We show that downregulation of let-7 correlates\n\t\t\t\t with accumulation of L1 insertions in human lung cancer. Furthermore, we demonstrate that\n\t\t\t\t let-7 binds to the L1 mRNA and impairs the translation of the second L1-encoded protein,\n\t\t\t\t ORF2p, reducing its mobilization. Overall, our data reveals that let-7, one of the most relevant\n\t\t\t\t microRNAs, maintains somatic genome integrity by restricting L1 retrotransposition.

Topic: Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Electron Pathways through Erythrocyte Plasma Membrane in Human Physiology and Pathology: Potential Redox Biomarker?

Erythrocytes are involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Since pH is the influential factor in the Bohr-Haldane effect, pHi is actively maintained via secondary active transports Na + /H + exchange and HC 3 – /Cl – anion exchanger. Because of the redox properties of the iron, hemoglobin generates reactive oxygen species and thus, the human erythrocyte is constantly exposed to oxidative damage. Although the adult erythrocyte lacks protein synthesis and cannot restore damaged proteins, it is equipped with high activity of protective enzymes. Redox changes in the cell initiate various signalling pathways. Plasma membrane oxido-reductases (PMORs) are trans-membrane electron transport systems that have been found in the membranes of all cells and have been extensively characterized in the human erythrocyte. Erythrocyte PMORs transfer reducing equivalents from intracellular reductants to extracellular oxidants, thus their most important role seems to be to enable the cell respond to changes in intra- and extra-cellular redox environments. So far the activity of erythrocyte PMORs in disease states has not been systematically investigated. This review summarizes present knowledge on erythrocyte electron transfer activity in humans (health, type 1 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic uremia) and hypothesizes an integrated model of the functional organization of erythrocyte plasma membrane where electron pathways work in parallel with transport metabolons to maintain redox homeostasis.

Topic: Neonatal Health and Biochemistry
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Exome sequencing as the first‐tier test for pediatric respiratory diseases: A single‐center study

The high clinical and genetic heterogeneity makes it difficult to reach a confirmative diagnosis of suspected pediatric respiratory inherited diseases. Many patients with monogenic respiratory disorders could be missed without genetic testing. We performed a single-center study in Beijing Children's Hospital to demonstrate the clinical utility of exome sequencing (ES) as a first-tier test by evaluating the diagnostic yields of ES for inherited diseases with respiratory symptoms. A total of 107 patients were recruited in this study. We identified 51 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 37 patients by ES (with or without copy number variants sequencing). The overall diagnostic yield was 34.6% (37/107). The most frequent disorders in our cohort were primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDs) (18/37, 48.6%) and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) (9/37, 24.3%). We further reviewed the directive outcomes of genetic testing on the 37 positive cases. Our study demonstrated the effectiveness of ES as a first-tier test in China for diagnosing monogenic diseases of the respiratory system. In the era of precision medicine, ES as a first-tier test can rapidly make a molecular diagnosis and direct the intervention of the positive cases in pediatric respiratory medicine.

Topic: Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
CCDC 268308: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Mutation analysis in Saudi Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy patients using multiplex PCR

Introduction: In Saudi Arabia, only limited work has been reported on the mutation patterns of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). This study looks at the spectrum of deletions in the 'hot spot' regions of the DMD gene in Saudi DMD/BMD patients using an enhanced multiplex PCR technique. Material and methods: Twenty-six exons of the DMD gene were analyzed, in eight unrelated DMD/BMD cases aged 4-19 years, using four different multiplex PCR sets. Each multiplex PCR set amplified a total of six or seven exons. Normal controls were included for validation. Results: Using an optimized multiplex PCR method, 5 out of 8 DMD/BMD patients showed deletions, while the remaining three had no deletions in regions analyzed. Set 1 detected no deletions in any of the patients, whereas each of sets 2, 3 and 4 detected two, four and three deletions respectively. All of these mutations were located in the distal ‘hot spot’ region. No deletions were detected in the proximal ‘hot spot’ region. The normal control samples showed no deletions in any of the 26 exons tested. Conclusions: In this study, multiplex PCR technology was utilized to demonstrate the frequency of the most commonly found deletions in a limited group of Saudi DMD/BMD patients. The overall distribution of deletion mutations in the distal ‘hot spot’ region was in accordance with DMD/BMD cases investigated elsewhere. The study also serves as a good starting point for further investigations into the genetic aspects of the Saudi DMD/BMD population

Topic: Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences