jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Relation Extraction in underexplored biomedical domains: A diversity-optimised sampling and synthetic data generation approach

A new synthetic dataset (training/validation) for end-to-end Relation Extraction of relationships between Organisms and Natural-Products. The new dataset was generated using Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct-v0.1. Like the model, the produced synthetic data are also submitted to the License of the model used for generation (apache-2.0). The new dataset was created based on the top-1000 (per biological kingdom) LOTUS literature references extracted with the GME-sampler. The dataset contains 8,913 items in the training set and 344 items in the validation set. The dataset was generated using the same protocol as described in the article.

Topic: Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Lecture 10 (January 6, 2011) 22 Localization for simplicial presheaves

Suppose that C is a small Grothendieck site, and that S is a set of cofibrations A → B in the category s Pre(C) of simplicial presheaves on C. I’m going to assume throughout this section that I is a simplicial presheaf on C with two disjoint global sections 0, 1: ∗ → I. The object I will be called an interval, whether it looks like one or not. The examples that we are most likely to care about include the following: 1) the simplicial set ∆ 1 with the two vertices 0, 1: ∗ → ∆ 1, 2) Bπ( ∆ 1) with the two vertices 0, 1: ∗ → π( ∆ 1) in the fundamental groupoid π( ∆ 1) of ∆ 1, 3) the affine line A 1 over a scheme S with the rational points 0, 1: S → A 1. The basic idea behind the flavour of localization theory which will be presented here, is that one wants to construct, in a minimal way, a homotopy theory on simplicial presheaves for which the cofibrations are the monomorphisms, all of the maps

Topic: Homotopy and Cohomology in Algebraic Topology
Subfield: Mathematical Physics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Post-War Commodity Boom (1946–1953)

After 1945, nearly all colonial exports were in greater demand than ever before, and copper was no exception.1 Contrary to expectations, the wartime demand for copper and other minerals persisted after 1945, and the anticipated post-war surpluses of commodities proved illusory. By spring 1946, the mining companies were gripped by a new optimism, and were planning for expansion in the belief that current demand would persist for another four to five years.2 Among the reasons for this situation in the period immediately after the war were pent-up demand arising from wartime shortages, the disruption of world production by strikes, and the very high level of United States' copper consumption, fuelled by the wartime expansion of industry, making the US a net importer of copper.3 Furthermore, because internal production could not satisfy US needs, Washington suspended the copper tariff in April 1947. Apart from a period between July 1950 and April 1951, the tariff remained suspended until July 1958.4 Additional demand came from the recovery of Europe, witnessed above all in rapid German reconstruction. Britain's acute need to curtail dollar expenditure in the post-war period gave Northern Rhodesia a particular advantage. Metropolitan economic recovery depended on rebuilding Britain's export markets, since overseas earnings were insufficient to underwrite imports.KeywordsMining CompanyBritish GovernmentAfrican UnionLegislative CouncilEqual WorkThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Topic: African history and culture studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Intense Field Ionization of Methane, Butane, and Octane: Transition from Molecular to Atomic Response

Ionization yields of C <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+a</sup> (n<6) from ionization of methane, butane, and octane are measured from 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">16</sup> W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . As one reaches 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">16</sup> W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> the molecular response becomes atomic-like.

Topic: Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Additional file 2 of Network hub-node prioritization of gene regulation with intra-network association

Additional file 2: Figure S1. Boxplots of local weights (left column) and topology weights (right column). Here the thresholds are set at conservative values: 0.05 for αL, 1 for αS, and no limit for D so that all nodes are included. Figure S2: Analyses of the mTor pathway for the breast cancer study. Figure S3: Analyses of the estrogen pathway for the breast cancer study. Figure S4: Analyses of the JAK-STAT pathway for the breast cancer study. Figure S5: The hub ranking rate of NetworkHub corresponding to different threshold values before and after the pathway association test, under four scenarios. A: Before. B: After.

Topic: Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Collection Technique and Progesterone Concentration of Ovarian and Uterine Venous Blood in Mares2

Blood was collected from the right and left main uterine veins, right and left main ovarian veins and jugular vein of mares. Progesterone concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay in the five plasma samples for each of 22 mares which were killed on days 24, 30,40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 160 or 220 of pregnancy. The mares were grouped on the basis of the location of the secondary corpora lutea (2°CL) relative to the primary corpus luteum (1°CL). The 1°CL secreted progesterone into the ovarian vein at least until day 80. The 2°CL produced considerable progesterone as indicated by high levels of progesterone in the ovarian venous effluent from ovaries which contained only 2°CL. Ovaries which did not contain CL (1°CL or 2°CL) did not secrete progesterone (no significant difference between ovarian veins and jugular vein). All 22 mares had high levels of progesterone in venous effluent from ovaries which contained luteal structures except the one mare which was killed on day 220. The placenta or uterus contributed to the concentration of progesterone in the systemic circulation by day 80 of pregnancy and continued to secrete progesterone until day 220, which was the last day studied.

Topic: Veterinary Equine Medical Research
Subfield: Equine
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
Lord devlin on the politics of enforcing morality

The purpose of this thesis is to explore Lord Devlin's approach to the enforcement of morals. The morals in question are those which are widely recognized as being held in common by particular groups of people and constitutes the morality of the society to which they belong. The enforcement is that coercion which society is able to bring to bear upon the individual, above and beyond that which inheres naturally in a social morality. Lord Devlin argues that the enforcement of this morality is not in any way dependent upon a moral appraisal of the morality itself: a consideration of its moral fitness for enforcement. Such considerations are rejected by Devlin as being an unacceptable manner of governing the enforcement of a society's morality. His critics, arguing the opposite, have attempted to show that, for various reasons, it is not acceptable for government to defer in such an uncritical fashion to the morality it is attempting to enforce. However, Devlin's critics tend to exaggerate and misinterpret the principle which underlies his approach to the enforcement of morals. They falsely assume that Devlin sees value in nothing other than the enforcement of a society's morality. In reality, Devlin believes that many values may need to be balanced against this one. This is the essence of a practical or political approach to the enforcement of morals, and it can only succeed if society is entitled to exclude from its politics certain considerations: those which deny that the enforcement of a society's morality has no value independent of the other values with which it competes. Devlin's focus on the politics of the enforcement of morality has certain similarities with the more contemporary concern of some with moral neutrality in politics.

Topic: Sociopolitical Dynamics in Russia
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Using Deep Brain Stimulation to Unravel the Mysteries of Cardiorespiratory Control

Abstract This article charts the history of deep brain stimulation (DBS) as applied to alleviate a number of neurological disorders, while in parallel mapping the electrophysiological circuits involved in generating and integrating neural signals driving the cardiorespiratory system during exercise. With the advent of improved neuroimaging techniques, neurosurgeons can place small electrodes into deep brain structures with a high degree accuracy to treat a number of neurological disorders, such as movement impairment associated with Parkinson's disease and neuropathic pain. As well as stimulating discrete nuclei and monitoring autonomic outflow, local field potentials can also assess how the neurocircuitry responds to exercise. This technique has provided an opportunity to validate in humans putative circuits previously identified in animal models. The central autonomic network consists of multiple sites from the spinal cord to the cortex involved in autonomic control. Important areas exist at multiple evolutionary levels, which include the anterior cingulate cortex (telencephalon), hypothalamus (diencephalon), periaqueductal grey (midbrain), parabrachial nucleus and nucleus of the tractus solitaries (brainstem), and the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord. These areas receive afferent input from all over the body and provide a site for integration, resulting in a coordinated efferent autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) response. In particular, emerging evidence from DBS studies have identified the basal ganglia as a major sub‐cortical cognitive integrator of both higher center and peripheral afferent feedback. These circuits in the basal ganglia appear to be central in coupling movement to the cardiorespiratory motor program. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:1085‐1104, 2020.

Topic: Neurological disorders and treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Measurement of night vision goggle (NVG) visual acuity with the NVG resolution chart.

Night vision goggles (NVG) operations are characterized as stressful with high task loading. Any reduction in goggle or visual performance which goes undetected can have a serious effect on flight safety and operational capability. The NVG Test Lane, with its resolution chart, provides an effective cost-efficient method for aircrew members to quickly evaluate the correct positioning and focusing of their NVG's prior to each mission. This evaluation validated the ability of the NVG resolution chart to produce the same performance results as a more detailed psychophysical procedure. NVG visual acuity was measured for five subjects (four pilots and one non-pilot) with two different night vision goggles. The results supported that there is no statistical difference between the results obtained with the individual target format and the 3 x 3 format. Additionally, the pilots with current NVG experience were able to obtain a significantly better acuity level than were those without current NVG experience.

Topic: Occupational Health and Performance
Subfield: Occupational Therapy
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
DOI: 10.1159/000328122 Hypothalamic Control of Lipid Metabolism: Focus on Leptin, Ghrelin

The central nervous system (CNS) modulates energy balance by regulating food intake and energy expendi-ture in response to hormones as well as neuronal or nutri-ent signals. Although several regions of the CNS partici-

Topic: Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Subfield: Endocrine and Autonomic Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Splanchnic Oxygen Transport and Lactate Metabolism During Normothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Humans

The effect of normothermic (36.2[degree sign]C +/- 0.6[degree sign]C) nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on splanchnic (hepatic) blood flow (SBF), splanchnic oxygen transport (DO2spl) and oxygen consumption (VO2spl), splanchnic lactate uptake and gastric mucosal pH (pHi, gastric tonometry) was studied in 12 adults (New York Heart Association class II, ejection fraction >or=to0.4) undergoing coronary artery surgery. SBF was estimated with the constant-infusion indocyanine green (ICG) technique using a hepatic venous catheter. DO2spl, VO2spl, and splanchnic lactate uptake were calculated using the Fick principle after the induction of anesthesia, during aortic cross-clamping, after CPB, and 2 and 7 h after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). SBF, DO2spl, and VO2spl did not decrease during CPB but increased after ICU admission, whereas pHi decreased 7 h after ICU admission. Initial ICG extraction was 0.78, which decreased to 0.54 during aortic clamping and remained low thereafter. The increased arterial blood lactate concentrations were not associated with a decreased splanchnic lactate uptake. We conclude that normothermic CPB is not associated with deterioration in the global intestinal oxygen supply. The increase of blood lactate levels and the decrease in ICG extraction, as well as in pHi, are consistent with a systemic inflammatory response to CPB. Implications: This study demonstrated that normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (at flows >2.4 L [center dot] min-1 [center dot] m-2) was not associated with deterioration in global intestinal oxygen delivery, which suggests that increased blood lactate concentrations and decreased gastric mucosal pH and indocyanine green extraction are manifestations of a systemic inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass.

Topic: Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Functional respiratory re-education interventions in people with respiratory disease: a systematic literature review

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify nursing interventions in rehabilitation, within the scope of functional respiratory reeducation, which allow a respiratory function improvement in people with respiratory disease. Methods: systematic literature review using the MEDLINE database search, adopting the PICO mnemonic and the Joanna Briggs Institute’s assessment of the level of evidence and methodological quality. The search for randomized controlled trials was carried out in June 2021 considering the period from 2015 to 2020, in English or Portuguese. Results: a sample of nine randomized controlled trials with methodological quality was obtained which highlighted the use of positive expiratory pressure devices as an important component and intervention for respiratory functional reeducation. Conclusions: nursing interventions in rehabilitation with an emphasis on functional respiratory reeducation are essential, showing improvements in people’s general health.

Topic: COVID-19 and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Squad Weapons Analytical Trainer (SWAT) M-16 Version.

The Squad Weapons Analytical Trainer (SWAT) is an electro-optic based, microcomputer controlled, training device that enables tactical infantry weapons training with a M-16 rifle, under a simulated high stress battle field environment. (Author)

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The Utopian Impulse and Searching for the Kingdom of God: Ludwik Królikowski’s (1799–1879) Romantic Utopianism in Transnational Perspective

This article addresses the question of the utopian impulse in Ludwik Królikowski’s work and thought, with particular reference to its transnational dimension. By providing a holistic view of his entire life and sketching his biographical background, this study reveals Królikowski’s principal inspirations and the reasons for his changes of mind, and in so doing, presents him against the background of various intersecting currents of thought. With regard to Królikowski’s utopianism, it is argued that he rejected the canons typical for Renaissance and Enlightenment reflections on the ideal state, in which visions of spotless, well-organized cities dominated. The Polish thinker was instead interested in Christianity and extolled spontaneous human activities, which would be in accordance with the will of God only if they were pursued freely, without any coercion. As analysis of his works reveals, he expounded a vision of utopia (primarily called “the Kingdom of God”) beyond time and space, without any consideration of the material conditions for its existence. In developing his views, Królikowski was inspired by Saint-Simonism, the Icarian movement, and ongoing discussions of the Polish and Slavic questions. These three main dimensions, interwoven with intermittent failures and reflections embarked upon anew, constituted the intellectual space in which his unique propositions were made.

Topic: Byzantine Studies and History
Subfield: Classics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Profil Penggunaan Obat pada Pasien Covid -19 di Ruang Isolasi Rumah Sakit X Kabupaten Malang

ABSTRACT Respiratory tract infections in early 2020 increased drastically due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Up to this point, therapy for this infection is referring to SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV infections. Implementing secure and effective treatment for COVID-19 is indispensable. Drug repurposing/ drug reuse is a process to identify new indications of existing drugs. WHO recommends to optimize supportive care to support the main therapy in treating COVID-19.Objective of the study is to describe drug usage during COVID-19 pandemic. This study is observational, on adult subjects with confirmed COVID-19, with moderate to severe level of disease, data of whom was collected retrospectively during the period of April – March 2021. The findings reported 212 patients were treated as sample of the study, most of whom were male (50.9%). The highest age group was 56 – 65 years old by 27.4%. Frequent clinical symptoms were cough and shortness of breath; the highest profile of drug usage was supplement; and outcome for discharge improvement by 85.3%. Keywords: COVID-19, Drug Profile, Hospitalization, Outcome ABSTRAK Kasus infeksi saluran pernafasan awal tahun 2020 meningkat secara drastis disebabkan oleh virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Hinggga saat ini terapi yang digunakan mengacu dari pengobatan infeksi SARS-CoV-1 dan MERS-CoV. Kebutuhan pengobatan COVID-19 yang aman serta efektif sangatlah penting. Drug repurposing/ penggunaan obat kembali merupakan proses untuk mengidentifikasi indikaasi baru dari obat yang telah ada. WHO merekomendasikan perawatan suportif tetap dioptimalkan untuk menunjang terapi utama dalam pengobatan COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan penggunaan obat dimasa pandemik COVID-19. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan secara cross sectional,pada subyek dewasa yang terkonfirmasi COVID-19 derajat penyakit sedang hingga berat dengan pengambilan data penelitian secara retrospektif selama periode April 2020 – Maret 2021. Hasil menunjukkan terdapat sampel penelitian sebanyak 212 pasien yang terbanyak laki-laki (50,9%).. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendiskripsikan profil penggunaan obat dimasa pandemik COVID-19. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional pada subyek dewasa yang terkonfirmasi COVID-19 derajat penyakit sedang hingga berat dengan pengambilan data penelitian secara retrospektif selama periode April 2020 – Maret 2021. Hasil menunjukkan terdapat sampel penelitian sebanyak 212 pasien yang terbanyak laki-laki (50,9%). Rentang usia tertinggi pada usia 56 – 65 tahun sebesar 27,4%. Gejala klinis yang sering timbul adalah batuk dan sesak, profil penggunaan obat terbanyak yaitu suplemen serta outcome pulang perbaikan sebesar 85,3%. Kata Kunci: COVID-19, Profil Obat, Rawat Inap, Outcome

Topic: Public Health and Nutrition
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Nonionic block polymer surfactants enhance the avidity of antibodies in polyclonal antisera against Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 in normal and Xid mice.

Abstract Avidities of antibody (sub)classes in polyclonal antisera against Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 (S3) can be (semi) quantitatively determined with a specific inhibition ELISA. A hexasaccharide was isolated from the hydrolyzed S3 capsular polysaccharide and coupled to a protein-carrier. Mixtures containing these conjugates and nonionic block polymer (NBP) surfactants were used for immunization. After various immunizations of these conjugates without NBP the anti-S3 specific antibodies of IgM and IgG2a isotype decreased in both antibody level and avidity. The adjuvants NBP 1501 and L121 not only enhanced the hexasaccharide-protein induced IgM and IgG antibody levels but also clearly increased the avidity of the two antibody (sub)classes IgM and IgG2a. This effect was observed in normal (data not shown) and X-linked immunodefective mice. A maturation of the IgG antibody response was realized by the second immunization with hexasaccharide-protein conjugate whereas the third immunization showed no further increase in antibody level and avidity.

Topic: Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Democratic Transitions

Przeworski et al. (2000) challenge the key hypothesis in modernization theory: political regimes do not transition to democracy as per capita incomes rise, they argue. Rather, democratic transitions occur randomly, but once there, countries with higher levels of GDP per capita remain democratic. We retest the modernization hypothesis using new data, new techniques, and a three‐way rather than dichotomous classification of regimes. Contrary to Przeworski et al. (2000) we find that the modernization hypothesis stands up well. We also find that partial democracies emerge as among the most important and least understood regime types.

Topic: Political Conflict and Governance
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences