jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[Pathophysiology, prevention and therapy of altitude pulmonary edema].

Alveolar hypoxia and resulting tissue hypoxia initiates the pathophysiological sequence of high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). Very rapid ascent to high altitude without prior acclimatization results in HAPE, even in subjects with excellent tolerance to high altitude. Upon acute altitude exposure, HAPE-susceptible individuals react with increased secretion of norepinephrine, epinephrine, renin, angiotensin, aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide. In response to exercise at high altitude, subjects developing acute mountain sickness and HAPE secrete more aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone than subjects who remain well. This results in sodium and water retention, reduction of urine output, increase in body weight and development of peripheral edemas. The hypoxic pulmonary vascular response is enhanced in HAPE-susceptible subjects, thus favouring the development of severe pulmonary hypertension on exposure to high altitude. It has been postulated that uneven pulmonary vasoconstriction enhances filtration pressure in non-vasoconstricted lung areas, leading to interstitial and alveolar edema. The high protein content of the edema fluid in HAPE characterizes this edema as a permeability edema. The prophylactic administration of nifedipine prevents the exaggerated pulmonary hypertension of HAPE-susceptible subjects upon rapid ascent to 4559 m and thus prevents HAPE in most cases. This finding illustrates the crucial role of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in the development of HAPE. The causal treatment of HAPE is descent, evacuation and administration of oxygen. Treatment of HAPE patients with nifedipine results in a reduction of pulmonary artery pressure, clinical improvement, increased oxygenation, decrease of the alveolar arterial oxygen gradient and progressive clearing of pulmonary edema on chest x-ray. Thus nifedipine offers a pharmacological tool for the treatment of HAPE.

Topic: High Altitude and Hypoxia
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes of selected Cenomanian and Turonian rudists from Egypt and Czech Republic, and a note on changes in rudist diversity

The stable isotope record and diversity of Cenomanian and Turonian rudists were compared for areas located at low paleolatitudes (10°N -Northern Egypt; 5 samples; 13 analyses) and middle paleolatitudes (35°N -Czech Republic, Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, BCB; 4 samples; 7 analyses).The oxygen isotope data indicate that the δ 18 O value of seawater was not identical for both areas.Moreover, local variations in seawater δ18 O in the range of at least ±1‰ are probable in the shallow water near-shore environment where the rudists lived.Supposing a value of -1‰ VSMOW for contemporaneous seawater, the paleotemperature can be calculated as being between 24.5 and 31.5 °C for the Late Cenomanian and between 32.9 and 34.7 °C for the Early Turonian in the BCB.The δ 18 O seawater value for the northern part of Egypt was probably slightly lower.Calculation using a seawater value of -1.5‰ VSMOW gives temperatures for the Egypt in the range of 31.0 to 38.8 °C for the Late Cenomanian and 35.5 to 41.2 °C for the Turonian.The sclerochronological isotope profiles within one shell show changes of the calcite δ 18 O value, probably reflecting seasonal changes, with the largest observed within-shell temperature shift corresponding to 8 °C.The analyzed pilot sample set shows that the BCB and Egyptian rudists contain valuable paleoenvironmental information and that a detailed isotope study is needed.Rudist generic diversity of both areas was also compared.The Cenomanian and Turonian rudist assemblages from Egypt and the BCB show similar generic diversity, and also display a similar marked diversity decrease across the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary interval.It is important to note that both areas have similar diversity on the generic and partially species level during the Cenomanian and Turonian.

Topic: Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
The sheep genome illuminates biology of the rumen and lipid metabolism

A genome for ewe and ewe Sheep-specific genetic changes underlie differences in lipid metabolism between sheep and other mammals, and may have contributed to the production of wool. Jiang et al. sequenced the genome of two Texel sheep, a breed that produces high-value meat, milk, and wool. The genome information will provide an important resource for livestock production and aid in the understanding of mammalian evolution. Science , this issue p. 1168

Topic: Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The impact of distance deterrence on the choice of field of study in vocational education in the Netherlands

We utilize a unique dataset of more than 15,500 first-year students in upper secondary vocational education of a particular region in the Netherlands, and estimate the impact of commuting distance on the choice of a field of study. Using logistic regression analysis we estimate the probability that students choose for a study in the field of engineering, economics or health & welfare. In general we find that our expectations with respect to the effect of distance deterrence on the choice of field of study come true. If the commuting distance to the nearest or the nearest-but-one school location offering a particular field of study increases then the probability that students choose for that field diminishes. As for the nearest-but-two school location offering a particular field of study, we find that commuting distance sometimes has a positive correlation with the choice for a field of study. This may imply that more remote school locations can be more attractive for students for reasons of quality of education or good accessibility by public transport. Moreover, we find that an increasing distance to a school location of one field of study may increase the probability to choose for another field of study. This result demonstrates that it is not just the distance to one particular school location that matters. We therefore conclude that the whole educational infrastructure within a region matters for the choice of a particular field of study.

Topic: Urban Transport and Accessibility
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Microwave comb generation using single-mode Fabry-Perot laser diode

We propose and demonstrate a new technique of generating microwave frequency comb using single mode Fabry-Pérot laser diode (SMFP-LD). The SMFP-LD is obtained by modifying the commercially available FP-LD by adding an external cavity, which provides only single longitudinal mode at the output and has a tunability range of about 10 nm. The basic principle involve with this technique is the injection of the modulating beam to any of the side modes of the SMFP-LD in such a way that one of the sideband is locked with the corresponding injected mode. The injected beam has negative wavelength detuning to the corresponding mode whether it is the dominant mode or the side mode of a SMFPLD. By heterodyning the injected modulated beam and the corresponding side mode, frequency comb is generated using SMFP-LD that has the capability of tuning frequency comb spacing. The tuning of comb frequency spacing is obtained through changing the modulating frequency. The additional modulator is used to increase the power flatness and the bandwidth of comb generation. We measured and compared the output performance of the generated RF comb with and without additional modulator in terms of power flatness, and power and frequency stability.

Topic: Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
A New SDM-Based Approach for Assessing Climate Change Effects on Plant–Pollinator Networks

Current methods for studying the effects of climate change on plants and pollinators can be grouped into two main categories. The first category involves using species distribution models (SDMs) to generate habitat suitability maps, followed by applying climate change scenarios to predict the future distribution of plants and pollinators separately. The second category involves constructing interaction matrices between plants and pollinators and then either randomly removing species or selectively removing generalist or specialist species, as a way to estimate how climate change might affect the plant–pollinator network. The primary limitation of the first approach is that it examines plant and pollinator distributions separately, without considering their interactions within the context of a pollination network. The main weakness of the second approach is that it does not accurately predict climate change impacts, as it arbitrarily selects species to remove without knowing which species will truly shift, decline, or increase in distribution due to climate change. Therefore, a new approach is needed to bridge the gap between these two methods while avoiding their specific limitations. In this context, we introduced an innovative approach that first requires the creation of binary climate suitability maps for plants and pollinators, based on SDMs, for both the current and future periods. This step aligns with the first category of methods mentioned earlier. To assess the effects of climate change within a network framework, we consider species co-overlapping in a geographic matrix. For this purpose, we developed a Python program that overlays the binary distribution maps of plants and pollinators, generating interaction matrices. These matrices represent potential plant–pollinator interactions, with a ‘0’ indicating no overlap and a ‘1’ where both species coincide in the same cell. As a result, for each cell within the study area, we can construct interaction matrices for both the present and future periods. This means that for each cell, we can analyze at least two pollination networks based on species co-overlap. By comparing the topology of these matrices over time, we can infer how climate change might affect plant–pollinator interactions at a fine spatial scale. We applied our methodology to Chile as a case study, generating climate suitability maps for 187 plant species and 171 pollinator species, resulting in 2906 pollination networks. We then evaluated how climate change could affect the network topology across Chile on a cell-by-cell basis. Our findings indicated that the primary effect of climate change on pollination networks is likely to manifest more significantly through network extinctions, rather than major changes in network topology.

Topic: Plant and animal studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Lack of effect of St John's Wort on carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers

St John's Wort is a popular herbal product used by approximately 7% of patients with epilepsy. Previous reports have described reductions in concentrations of CYP3A4 substrates indinavir and cyclosporine (INN, ciclosporin) associated with St John's Wort.Our objective was to determine the effect of St John's Wort on steady state carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide pharmacokinetics.Eight healthy volunteers (5 men; age range, 24-43 years) participated in this unblinded study. Subjects received 100 mg of carbamazepine twice daily for 3 days, 200 mg twice daily for 3 days, and then 400 mg once daily for 14 days. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after the dose on day 21. The subjects then took 300 mg of St John's Wort (0.3% hypericin standardized tablet) 3 times daily with meals and with carbamazepine for 14 days. On day 35, blood sampling was repeated. Plasma samples were analyzed for carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide with HPLC. We compared carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameter values before and after St John's Wort with a paired Student t test.We found no significant differences before or after the administration of St John's Wort in carbamazepine peak concentration (7.2 +/- 1 mg/L before versus 7.6 +/- 1.3 mg/L after), trough concentration (4.8 +/- 0.5 mg/L before versus 4.3 +/- 0.8 mg/L after), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (142.4 +/- 12.9 mg x h/L before versus 143.8 +/- 27.2 mg x h/L after), or oral clearance (2.8 +/- 0.3 L/h before versus 2.9 +/- 0.6 L/h after). Similarly, no differences were found in peak concentration (2 +/- 0.5 mg/L before versus 2.1 +/- 0.4 mg/L after), trough concentration (1.3 +/- 0.3 mg/L before versus 1.4 +/- 0.3 mg/L after), and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (37.5 +/- 7.4 mg x h/L before versus 41.9 +/- 10.3 mg x h/L after) of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide.The results suggest that treatment with St John's Wort for 14 days did not further induce the clearance of carbamazepine.

Topic: Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
REFLICS: real-time flow imaging and classification system

We present the real-time flow imaging and classification system (REFLICS), a real-time machine vision system for detecting and classifying pelagic fish eggs (e.g. sardine, anchovy) flowing through a shipboard pumping and filtering system. REFLICS images the dynamic flow with a progressive-scan area camera and a synchronized backlight strobe. Digitization and processing occur on a dual processor Pentium II PC and a pipeline image processing board. REFLICS first uses a segmentation algorithm to locate fish egg-like objects in the image and then a classifier to determine fish eggs, species and development stages (ages). We present the integrated system design of REFLICS and performance results. REFLICS can perform in 60 Hz real-time, classify fish eggs with low false negative rates on data collected from real cruises, and work in harsh conditions aboard ships at sea. REFLICS allows more accurate and timely survey of fish stock in a cost-effective manner.

Topic: Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Nurse Anesthetist-Performed PICC Insertion: A Prospective Longitudinal Study in a Norwegian Hospital

Introduction The majority of hospitalized patients require vascular access for intravenous medical treatment. A peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) may be indicated for long-term treatment. In many Norwegian hospitals, this is a nurse anesthetist-led initiative. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the use of PICCs from insertion to completed treatment and to assess potential risk factors for the development of catheter-related complications. Methods A quantitative prospective, longitudinal design was used. Data were collected via electronic patient records, as well as through telephone surveys with patients every fourth week until the catheter was discontinued. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 28 was used for analysis. Results In total, 401 PICCs were included. The primary indications were antibiotic treatment ( n = 272), nutrition ( n = 46), or chemotherapy ( n = 42). A total of 163 PICCs were used for a period of over 30 days. Overall, 41 catheter-related complications were identified through patient records. Erythema at the insertion site ( n = 12) was the most common complication, and the most severe complications were deep venous thrombosis ( n = 5) and confirmed catheter-related infection ( n = 4). After 4 weeks, 12 patients reported complications, with pain/numbness ( n = 4) being the most frequent. The study demonstrated no statistically significant covariation between the occurrence of complications and age, length of time the catheter was in use, primary indication, venous diameter, or the number of insertion attempts. Conclusion The study showed a low incidence of severe PICC-related complications. Peripherally inserted central catheters were inserted and used according to local guidelines. The study indicates that nurse anesthetists’ knowledge and experience can be utilized in the future selection and insertion of vascular access for patients, as well as in training and education on PICCs.

Topic: Central Venous Catheters and Hemodialysis
Subfield: Emergency Medical Services
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
B cells and cancer: To B or not to B?

Whereas T cells have been considered the major immune cells of the tumor microenvironment able to induce tumor regression and control cancer clinical outcome, a burst of recent publications pointed to the fact that B cells may also play a prominent role. Activated in germinal centers of tertiary lymphoid structures, B cells can directly present tumor-associated antigens to T cells or produce antibodies that increase antigen presentation to T cells or kill tumor cells, resulting in a beneficial clinical impact. Immune complexes can also increase inflammation, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression via macrophage and complement activation, resulting in deleterious impact.

Topic: Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Extent of as Path Inflation by Routing Policies

Overlay routing is a very attractive scheme that improves TCP performance and delay between peer to peer. In this we are considering the imaginary path if there is no physical path between the nodes, that decreases the delay and increases the TCP performance. In earlier days also we are using overlay routing including schemes like BGP routing etc. But in those days they didn’t consider the optimization of paths and TCP performance. In this paper we rigorously study the optimization problem and TCP throughput . We examine the practical aspects of the scheme by using several scenarios. The first one is BGP routing, the main scheme is occurance of INFLATED PATHS in overlay routing. The second one is TCP performance ,the RTT(Round Trip Time) and TCP performance are correlated to each other and the third one is VOIP(Voice Over Internet Protocol ) , it carries voice from end to end . So we can significantly reduce the maximal peer-to-peer delay by using relay nodes.

Topic: Network Traffic and Congestion Control
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Is psoriasis an autoimmune disease? Interpretations from an immunofluorescence‐based study

Introduction Psoriasis is a multisystem, immune‐mediated inflammatory disease. Some authors have proposed an autoimmune basis for psoriasis; however, till date, it has not been definitely established. This study was conducted to explore the autoimmune nature of psoriasis. Materials and methods This was a prospective study in which 43 psoriasis patients were assessed for detailed clinical, histopathological and immunopathological features to explore the diagnostic utility of subtypes, intensity and number of immunoreactants in lesional and non‐lesional skin in these patients. In addition, the sera of these patients were analyzed for the presence of various autoantibodies. Results The patients’ age ranged from 14 to 75 years with a male‐to‐female ratio of 1.52:1. Nine patients (20.93%) were positive for antinuclear and 2 (4.65%) for antismooth muscle antibodies. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) was positive in 31 (72%) biopsies from the lesional and 27 (63%) biopsies from non‐lesional skin. In all these DIF positive cases, granular deposits of C5b‐9 were detected at the dermoepidermal junction. No significant difference was observed on comparing the type and pattern of immunoreactant positivity, among lesional and non‐lesional skin biopsies ( P &gt; .05). Conclusion No significant association between psoriasis and immunoreactant deposition as well as autoantibody seroprevalence was observed, thereby refuting a definite autoimmune basis for psoriasis.

Topic: Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Table 4 from Biomarker Analysis of Neoadjuvant Doxorubicin/Cyclophosphamide Followed by Ixabepilone or Paclitaxel in Early-Stage Breast Cancer

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 65K, Summary of gene models&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Prostitution and Victorian Social Reform

In the mid-nineteenth century many parts of England and Wales were still subjected to a system of regulated prostitution which, by identifying and detaining for treatment infected prostitutes, aimed to protect members of the armed forces (94 per cent of whom were forbidden to marry) from venereal diseases. The coercive nature of the Contagious Diseases Acts and the double standard which allowed the continuance of prostitution on the ground that the prostitute 'herself the supreme type of vice, she is ultimately the most efficient guardian of virtue', aroused the ire of many reformers, not only women's rights campaigners. Paul McHugh analyses the social composition of the different repeal and reform movements – the liberal reformists, the passionate struggle of the charismatic Josephine Butler, the Tory reformers whose achievement was in the improvement of preventative medicine, and finally the Social Purity movement of the 1880s which favoured a coercive approach. This is a fascinating study of ideals and principles in action, of pressure-group strategy, and of individual leaders in the repeal movement's sixteen year progress to victory. The book was originally publised in 1980.

Topic: Sex work and related issues
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Evaluation of DNA vaccine encoding HPV-16 E7 on Lymphocyte proliferation induction in Human Papilloma Virus-associated tumor animal models

Background &amp; Objective: Human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins, including E6 and E7 are constitutively expressed in cervical cancer cells. These proteins are ideal targets to be used for developing therapeutic vaccines against existing HPV-associated carcinomas. The aim of this study was to measure the proliferation response rate of splenic lymphocytes derived from E7-HPV16 encoding plasmid injection on the tumor mouse model of papillomavirus.\nMethod: C57BL/6 mice were inoculated subcutaneous with 5&amp;times; 10⁵ TC-1 cells in three times with two weeks intervals and then immunized with HPV-16 E7 DNA vaccine. The proliferation response of splenic cells was measured by MTT assay. IL12 cytokine was measured by ELISA assay and the mass of tumor was calculated with caliper for six weeks.\nResults: Following the application of DNA vaccines containing E7 therapeutic gene, the proliferative response of splenic cells was provoked significanltly higher than the stimulation in control group (P&lt;0.05). Moreover, the secretion of IL12 was significantly increased in vaccinated mice tumor tissue (P&lt;0.05). The growth of tumor in vaccinated group was markedly decreased in comparison to PBS and pcDNA3 groups (P&lt;0.05).\nConclusion: Our findings revealed that the application of DNA vaccine containing E7 gene in a tumor mouse model may induce anti-tumor cellular immune responses.

Topic: Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences