jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The performance of concrete using synthetic lightweight coarse aggregate (SYLCAG) on flexural behavior

Flexural behaviour is one of the element in determine whether the materials involve in the case study can be used as part of the structure. This study reported on the flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams construct from synthetic lightweight coarse aggregate (SYLCAG) produced from offshore sand which is used as alternative to replace normal weight aggregate where they are over exploited nowadays. The development of this study were experimentally to determine the capabilities of the offshore sand as synthetic lightweight coarse aggregate (SYLCAG) used in structural reinforced concrete. Compressive strength test were carried out to determine the strength of concrete using SYLCAG. Flexural strength test were carried out with increasing load using four point load test method until the designed reinforced beam fails. The load applied and deflection were recorded in timely manner. Experimental ultimate load capacity and deflection were then compared with the theoretical calculations which calculated from Eurocode 2 for the ultimate load capacity and ACI code or the deflection. The cracks occurred are visualised to determine the mode of failures. This study find that concrete made of SYLCAG has low strength. Other than that, for the four point test, SYLCAG reinforced concrete beam has shown lower load capacity can be taken before the beam fail as about 50% of the normal concrete design of the same strength. At early stage, SYLCAG concrete show positive failure mode and as the load apply increased, it tend to have failure mode in shear.

Topic: Innovative concrete reinforcement materials
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Practical quantum encryption protocol with varying encryption configurations

Quantum communication is an important application that derives from the\nburgeoning field of quantum information and quantum computation. Focusing on\nsecure communication, quantum cryptography has two major directions of\ndevelopment, namely quantum key distribution and quantum encryption. In this\nwork we propose a quantum encryption protocol that utilizes a quantum algorithm\nto create blocks of ciphertexts based on quantum states. The main feature of\nour quantum encryption protocol is that the encryption configuration of each\nblock is determined by the previous blocks, such that additional security is\nprovided. We then demonstrate our method by an example model encrypting the\nEnglish alphabet, with numerical simulation results showing the large error\nrate of a mock attack by a potential adversary. With possible future\nimprovements in mind, our quantum encryption protocol is a capable addition to\nthe toolbox of quantum cryptography.\n

Topic: Quantum Information and Cryptography
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 Plasmids by Cationic Gold Nanorods: Impact of the Aspect Ratio on Genome Editing and Treatment of Hepatic Fibrosis

Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 machineries into living cells and tissues is of paramount importance in a wide range of therapeutic applications, yet the shortage of delivery vectors that can efficiently deliver large CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids has severely impeded its applications from complicated and diverse genome-editing contexts. Herein, we demonstrate that cationic polymer-coated gold nanorods (AuNRs) with a high aspect ratio (AR) exhibit a unique manner to assemble DNA, excellent capability to mediate internalization, and strong ability to escape endosomes. The intracellular delivery mediated by cationic nanorods of a high AR enables Cas9-mediated genome editing and dCas9-mediated transcriptional activation, and in vivo delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid-targeting Fas by cationic AuNRs can successfully protect the mice from liver fibrosis. The current study reveals how nanomaterials with a particular structure contribute to genome-editing activity and defines a new method for the efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids.

Topic: CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
On the Graphical Analysis of Automatic Control System Containing an Asymmetrical Nonlinear Element for a Stationary Random Input

This paper describes two graphical methods for the analysis of an automatic control system containing an asymmetrical nonlinear element of zero-memory type for a stationary random input distributed normally with mean zero. The methods are of the following two types. Firstly, we assume that the input to the nonlinear element consists of a stationary random portion and a constant portion. But if the linear part of the control system has a pure integral characteristics, the assumption made above becomes irrational. Nextly, we assume that the input to the nonlinear element consists of two random portions, one with normal distribution and the other with a spectral density around zero frequency. In order to compare the results obtained by the above mentioned two methods, one example is shown.

Topic: Control Systems and Identification
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Information Sharing on Children’s Literacy Learning in the Transition From Swedish Preschool to School

Collaboration and continuity between school types are important factors that favor long-term learning and that need to be given attention in the transition between early childhood school institutions. This study highlights teachers' experiences of information sharing during the transition from Swedish preschool to preschool class (i.e., from the child care to school) with regard to children's literacy learning. To find out and evaluate the individual child's development, the child's actual and proximal development zones needs to be taken into account in the transition. It appears that some preschool teachers wish to share information on children's literacy learning, but it is mainly about the children's interest in literacy activities. Also the preschool class teachers' wishes to know more about the children's literacy learning are too much on a general level to be able to provide a good enough basis for planning literacy activities that fit every individual child. A large part of the outcomes derives from the preschool tradition that has viewed care as being core to its work and considered learning and achievement as domains associated with compulsory school. This article discusses whether the training of teachers in early childhood education needs a stronger focus on literacy learning.

Topic: Child Development and Digital Technology
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
How and Why U.S. Single-Family Housing Became an Investor Asset Class

Having historically been avoided by institutional financial investors, U.S. single-family housing—that is, free-standing residential property—received large investment inflows after the global financial crisis of 2007-2009 to rapidly become a substantial asset class. Why? And why then? The materialization of an unprecedented investment opportunity—large stocks of cheap, favorably located urban housing—was certainly pivotal. But the attractiveness of that opportunity was enhanced by a series of parallel and (for investors) propitious historical shifts in four key realms: technology, finance, housing supply, and ideas. In short, the investment transformation that occurred was “overdetermined.” The article develops this argument with a focus on investment by the firm that led the way: the Blackstone Group.

Topic: Housing, Finance, and Neoliberalism
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Life course influences on coronary heart disease

Abstract This chapter outlines the concepts of life course epidemiology as applied to coronary heart disease (CHD), discusses evidence with regard to early life factors and CHD, and considers the recently debated issue as to whether there is any need to continue searching for additional CHD risk factors above the well-established adulthood factors. It examines how well CHD trends fit with life course approaches and concludes by reviewing some of the remaining important issues in CHD epidemiology from a life course perspective.

Topic: Birth, Development, and Health
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Moving from the design of usable security technologies to the design of useful secure applications

Recent results from usability studies of security systems have shown that end-users find them difficult to adopt and use. In this paper we argue that improving the usability of security technology is only one part of the problem, and that what is missed is the need to design usable and useful systems that provide security to end-users in terms of the applications that they use and the tasks they want to achieve. We propose alternate ways of building and integrating security technologies into applications and usability methods for evaluating how successful our prototypes are. We believe that the end results of designing usable and useful (from the end-user perspective) systems will be secure applications which will reflect the needs of users who are increasingly using computers away from the office and in a wider variety of networked configurations.

Topic: User Authentication and Security Systems
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Normal hypocretin-1 levels in Parkinson’s disease patients with excessive daytime sleepiness

AIMS: To develop and validate a rapid and economical semiautomated approach to the measurement of immunostainable tissue components which is applicable to routine diagnostic practice. To apply this approach to the measurement of macrophages in renal biopsy specimens in nephrotic states, as protein in the renal tubules may induce macrophage infiltration, and the morphology of macrophages in tissue sections does not lend itself to cell counting. METHODS: Macrophages were identified by immunostaining with a pan-macrophage marker, followed by digital image capture and analysis using a macro procedure written for the freeware image analysis program NIH-Image. RESULTS: The method was rapid, robust and accurate to within the limits imposed by sampling error inherent in the use of small needle biopsy specimens. Very few macrophages are found in normal kidney (mean volume fraction (+/- 95% confidence limits) 0.04% (0.02%)) but infiltration of macrophages was detected in minimal change nephropathy (0.29% (0.12%)) and in membranous glomerulonephritis (0.42% (0.11%)). A statistically significant correlation was found between macrophage volume fraction and weight of proteinuria in minimal change nephropathy but not in membranous glomerulonephritis. Correlations were found in both diseases between macrophage volume fraction and serum creatinine at time of biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: The equipment is inexpensive and measurement takes less than one minute per biopsy specimen. The results indicate that macrophage infiltration is part of the pathological process in minimal change nephropathy and membranous glomerulonephritis. The correlation with creatinine at time of biopsy suggests that renal impairment in minimal change nephropathy may result from infiltration by immunologically active cells and not merely from haemodynamic changes in nephrons. However, the correlation is not close, indicating that the relation between macrophage infiltration and disease severity is not a simple one.

Topic: Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Private military companies: problems and prospects of legal regulation in Russian Federation

In today’s world in a market economy condition and a complex geopolitical situation quite actively began to develop private military companies. However, the activity of these companies is a very urgent problem of legislative consolidation. We show European experience of private military companies legislative regulation. Especially great success in this field has reached the country, which is the main consumer of military companies services - the United States. However, this issue is becoming more and more urgent for Russia. On the territory of Russia there is a kind of “de facto”: private military companies exist, their activities are not regulated, and all this in the conditions of a legislative ban on mercenarism. Therefore, the need for legislative regulation of the military organizations activities expressed by many representatives of state power. The adoption of the law on private military companies would be a very relevant and safe way to legalize the private military companies activities. We show the main directions of possible decisions implementation by representatives of state bodies of Russia. Small steps in this direction have been taken, however, a full-fledged law has not been adopted at the moment, and the prospects for the implementation of bills in this direction are quite vague.

Topic: Military and Defense Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Artificial Life Environment - A Framework For Artificial Life Simulations

Artificial Life Environment (ALE) is a framework for artificial life simulations. Genetic algorithms, artificial neural networks and cellular automata provide the building blocks for the creation of artificial life simulations. ALE is becoming both a powerful research-, and educational-tool. ALE is still in alpha-stage.

Topic: Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
Subfield: Developmental Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Vision and Language for Schoolwide Pedagogical Improvement

Many educators are questioning the current direction being taken in Australian education, particularly when considering that a number of overseas national testing regimes have been abandoned in the light of a plateauing in school achievement (Fullan, 2009; Hargreaves & Shirley, 2009). An Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2006) report highlighted that 'reforms have ultimately come up against a wall, or rather a ceiling, beyond which further progress seems impossible' (p. 187). The report also noted that perhaps reform is not enough and that instead schools need to be 'reinvented'.

Topic: Education Systems and Policy
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Draft Genome Sequence of the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium columnare Strain MS-FC-4

ABSTRACT Flavobacterium columnare MS-FC-4 is a highly virulent genetic group 1 (formerly genomovar I) strain isolated from rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). The draft genome consists of three contigs totaling 3,449,277 bp with 2,811 predicted open reading frames. F. columnare MS-FC-4 is a model strain for functional genomic analyses.

Topic: Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Clearance of parenterally administered 203Hg from the mouse tissues.

Peak 203Hg levels in the liver, kidney, spleen, lungs and the heart of mouse following a single intraperitoneal administration, fell exponentially. Half-clearance time of 203Hg is the longest in the kidney (50 hr) followed by the liver (38 hr), spleen (25 hr) and the heart and lungs (16 hr).

Topic: Medical Imaging and Pathology Studies
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Ultraviolet laser-induced damage growth characteristic and mechanism on the surface of fused silica

The growth of laser induced damage on the surface of fused silica plays a major role in determining the operation fluence and optics lifetime in high power laser system. In this paper, the damage growth characteristic of fused silica and possible growth mechanisms were investigated. The morphology of damage site was measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM). The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method was used to calculate the electric field distribution around the damage site. Furthermore, energy dispersive spectrometers (EDS) micro-analysis technique, x-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy were applied to detect the chemical composition, point defect and microstructure of damage site in order to explore the growth mechanism. It's found that the growth threshold is greatly affected by the size of damage site, and the growth threshold of damage site is much lower than that of undamaged area. Theoretical calculation demonstrated that the rough damage site can strong modulate the distribution of electric field and result in the enhancement of local light field around the damage site. Results also showed that the oxygen defect was generated and the structure was changed after initial laser damage. Based on the above analysis, a mechanism of laser-induced damage growth on fused silica surface was proposed.

Topic: Laser Material Processing Techniques
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplementary materials and methods from Functional Role of a Novel Long Noncoding RNA &lt;i&gt;TTN-AS1&lt;/i&gt; in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression and Metastasis

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary materials and methods&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
EFFECT OF THE HOST PLANT ON SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE, Tetranychus urticae KOCH, (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) TO SOME ACARICIDES

The two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, reared on kidney bean plants were moved to eggplant, cucumber and new kidney bean plants (the latter being as control) and estimated after one month for changes in susceptibility to some acaricides and in levels of some related detoxification enzymes.The largest consistent changes were observed in mites feeding on eggplant and cucumber.Susceptibility of mites on kidney bean were significantly more than susceptibility of mites on eggplant and cucumber after feeding on the respective hosts to the all tested acaricides.The LC50 values of mites that feeding on kidney bean plants were 12.3, 35.9, 76.1, 56.6, and 6.7 mg/L.for the tested acaricides; abamectin, dicofol, dinobutone, ethion, and fenbropathrin, respectively.Whereas, it were 32. 5, 190.8, 247.3,192.1, and 21.5 mg/L.to mites that feeding on eggplant and 21.7, 279.4,297.5, 215.3, and 10.5 mg/L.to mites that feeding on cucumber plans for the same above tested acaricides, respectively.Susceptibility was inversely related to activities of both general esterase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in mites on eggplant and cucumber; general esterase and GST activities were (1.9 to 3.1-fold) and (2.7 to 3.5-fold), respectively, than their activities of mites feeding on kidney bean.Both of the enzyme groups examined, general esterases and GST appeared to be involved in the changes in susceptibility and play a role in the detoxification of the two-spotted spider mite to the all tested acaricides.Thus, plant-induced changes in general esterase activity in combination with GST activity; in the two-spotted spider mite appear to be possibly responsible for changes in susceptibility of the two-spotted spider mite to several acaricides.In addition to probably allelochemicals associated with host plant may induce changes in the general detoxification enzymes of spider mites.These changes may have a significant impact on the ability to control spider mites with some acaricides.Better understanding of the biochemical interactions between the two-spotted spider mite and the host plants will need to develop better IPM programs on different hosts.

Topic: Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Passive Suppression of Panel Flutter Using a Nonlinear Energy Sink

A nonlinear energy sink (NES) is used to suppress panel flutter. A nonlinear aeroelastic model for a two-dimensional flat panel with an NES in supersonic flow is established using the Galerkin method. First-order piston aerodynamic theory is adopted to build the aerodynamic load. The effects of NES parameters on flutter boundaries of the panel are investigated using Lyapunov’s indirect method. The mechanism of the NES suppression of panel flutter is studied through energy analysis. Effects of NES parameters on aeroelastic responses of the panel are obtained, and a design technique is adopted to find a suitable combination of parameter values of the NES that suppresses the panel flutter effectively. Results show that the NES can increase or reduce the onset dynamic pressure of the panel flutter and it can reduce the aeroelastic response amplitude effectively within a certain range of dynamic pressure behind the onset dynamic pressure. The installation position of the NES depends on the direction of the airflow. The robust characteristics should be considered to find the suitable combination of parameter values of the NES.

Topic: Vibration Control and Rheological Fluids
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Frequent infections of neutropenic pediatric patients and therapeutic modalities]

Neutropenia, resulting from intensive chemotherapy is a common problem. The appearance of fever in neutropenic patients should always raise the suspicion of infection and should be followed by an intensive diagnostic evaluation and start of antibacterial treatment. The authors analyzed the association between isolated bacteria from blood cultures and the clinical background of all febrile episodes that occurred in neutropenic children in a two-year long period. Comparable to the international trends, our results suggest an increased prevalence of the Gram-positive organisms causing bacteriaemia. The clear majority of the isolated bacteria was coagulase-negativ Staphylococcus (cnS), which is a multiresistant strain, and sensitive only to the glycopeptide antibiotics. This latter fact can be a consequence of the frequent use of central venous catheters. The empirical therapy, the therapy used in microbiologically and clinically proved infections, and the supplementary and prophylactic methods of treatment are presented.

Topic: Neutropenia and Cancer Infections
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences