jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Egyptian Intelligence Service: A History of the Mukhabarat, 1910-2009

Introduction Part 1: Intelligence and the Monarchy 1. Mamur Zapt 2. Decline & Fall of the Old Regime Part 2: Intelligence under Nasser 3. Creating a New Intelligence Community 4. General Intelligence 5. Egyptian Intelligence & the Suez Crisis 6. Unity, Subversion & Secession 7. Intelligence & the Yemen Wars 8. The Intelligence State 9. The 1967 War 10. Nasser's Twilight Part 3: Intelligence under Sadat 11. Power Struggles 12. Grand Deception in the 1973 War 13. Rejectionists Part 4: Intelligence under Mubarak 14. Troubles at Home & Abroad 15. State Security 16. General Intelligence Wars 17. September 2001 & Beyond. Conclusion

Topic: Intelligence, Security, War Strategy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Homogeneous Feedback Stabilization

We address a special case of the general problem of finding continuous feedback laws (that lead to unique solutions) and asymptotically stabilize the origin of (in general) nonlinear smooth systems of the form 1 $$\dot x = f(x) + ug(x)with x \in {R^n},u \in R$$ The purpose of this note is to further popularize the use of feedback laws that are Δ-homogeneous (i.e. homogeneous w.r.t. a suitable family of dilations) for the global asymptotic stabilization of Δ-homogeneous control systems, and for the local asymptotic stabilization of general nonlinear systems approximated by homogeneous systems.

Topic: Control and Dynamics of Mobile Robots
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Members’ Participation in the Awabel Multi-Purpose Farmers Cooperatives Union and its Affiliates, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

This research tried to identify various characteristics of members that influence their participation&#13;\nlevel in cooperative governance and business. Participation measures included attendance at&#13;\nmeetings, utilization of cooperative services and building cooperative capital through&#13;\nshareholding. Member socio-economics, organizational environments and beliefs concerned&#13;\ncooperative principles, collective action, individual member identities as associated with&#13;\ncooperative membership, satisfaction with cooperative operation and management are used to&#13;\nanalyze the differences among groups of members. The study was conducted in East Gojam&#13;\nAdministrative Zone, Awabel Multi-Purpose Farmers’ Cooperatives Union area of operation.&#13;\nNinety-five individual members and 35 potential members surveyed in November to January&#13;\n2007/08. The major concern of this study is to assess and identify determinants of members to&#13;\nparticipate actively in cooperatives with the aim of proposing measures for development of selfreliant&#13;\ncooperatives that address member’s participation factors. It is also assessed the problems&#13;\nof potential members to join to the existing multi-purpose cooperatives. Descriptive statistics&#13;\nsuch as mean, standard deviation and percentages were used to describe sample respondents in&#13;\nterms of some desirable variables. A binary logit model was employed to analyze determinants of&#13;\nmembers’ active participation in cooperatives. Fifteen explanatory variables were included in the&#13;\nmodel of which Socio- economic four factors and institutional environment two a total of six&#13;\nwere found significant at less than 10% probability levels. This study also attempted to examine&#13;\nthe differences between members and potential members the result showed that the two groups&#13;\nvaried in socio economic factors.

Topic: Cooperative Studies and Economics
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Etherification and Ring-Closing Metathesis Reaction for Enantioselective Synthesis of Chromene and 2,5-Dihydrobenzo[b]oxepine Derivatives

Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric etherifications of allylic carbonates with 2-vinylphenols and 2-allylphenols were realized. With a catalyst generated from 2 mol% of [Ir(cod)Cl]2 (cod=cycloocta-1,5-diene) and 4 mol% of the phosphoramidite ligand L2, the etherification products were obtained in excellent ees and then subjected to the ring-closing metathesis reaction providing an efficient synthesis of enantioenriched 2H-chromene and 2,5-dihydrobenzo[b]oxepine derivatives.

Topic: Synthetic Organic Chemistry Methods
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Experiments and models for circuit-level assessment of the reliability of Cu metallization

Accurate circuit-level reliability analyses can be based in experimental results for simple interconnect segments if interconnect trees, linked interconnect segments within one level of metallization, are used as fundamental reliability units. The reliability behaviour of both segments and trees is different for Al and Cu. A revised method is proposed for tree-based circuit-level reliability analyses for Cu. The types of additional experimental data that would allow assessments with improves accuracy are outlined.

Topic: Copper Interconnects and Reliability
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Logic of Backwards Inductions

Backwards induction is an intriguing form of argument. It is used in a number of different contexts. One of these is the surprise exam paradox. Another is game theory. But its use is problematic, at least sometimes. The purpose of this paper is to determine what, exactly, backwards induction is, and hence to evaluate it. Let us start by rehearsing informally some of its problematic applications.

Topic: Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Predictors and Outcomes of Palliative Care Consultations for Patients With Liver Disease: Results of a Cohort Study of 75 Million Medical Records

Background: Liver transplant is the only cure for cirrhosis. We studied the impact of palliative care on patient care by conducting a population-based cohort study. Methods: We queried the Explorys database (IBM, New York) database for a diagnosis of ‘cirrhosis’ followed by ‘palliative care consultation’ and collected demographic and clinical data. Results: We identified 316,970 patients with cirrhosis. Palliative care was consulted for 10.9% (n = 34,600) of patients. Patients aged &gt;65 [OR 1.33 (1.30-1.36), P &lt; .0001], men [OR 1.13 (1.11-1.16), P &lt; .0001], a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [OR 2.53 (2.45-2.60), P &lt; .0001] were more likely to receive a palliative care consultation. Patients for whom palliative care were consulted were less likely to undergo surgical procedures [OR .49 (.47-.50)]. Conclusion: Only about 1 in 10 cirrhotics received a palliative care consultation. Older patients, males, and patients with a diagnosis of HCC are more likely to receive palliative care.

Topic: Liver Disease and Transplantation
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Efficacy of noninvasive multisource radiofrequency treatment on periorbital rhytids using an imaging device

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of the multisource radiofrequency in periorbital wrinkles treatment using a VISIA imager. Methods This is a prospective cohort study involving 30 sites in 15 patients. Inclusion criteria: healthy subjects with periorbital wrinkles. Patients underwent five treatment sessions for each site using multisource radiofrequency. VISIA imager was used before and after each treatment, and in 12‐week follow‐up. The wrinkle scores were calculated and compared between baseline and 12‐week follow‐up. Changing in periorbital wrinkles were evaluated by blinded dermatologist using a scale of 0–3. After the study, patients rated their satisfaction using a scale of 0–3. The study protocol was approved by our institutional human research review committee, according to the ethics guideline of Helsinki (1975). Results The effect of treatment on subjects on follow‐up compared to baseline showed a highly significant difference with P ‐values &lt;0.05. Only two patients had no improvement according to blind dermatologist assessment of photographs. Thirteen patients reported satisfaction scale between 1 and 3. Conclusions The multisource radiofrequency is safe and effective in reducing periorbital rhytids, and with the help of VISIA imager we can get more objective data to evaluate the efficacy of radiofrequency treatment on the periorbital areas. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:251–255, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Topic: Dermatologic Treatments and Research
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Buttock Pain - Marathoner

HISTORY: History and Physical Examination: A 50-year-old competitive marathoner presented with sudden onset right buttock pain that started while sprinting during a pub run 3 days prior to presentation. He described the pain as a deep ache that localized just medial to the right ischial tuberosity. Pain was worse with truncal flexion and knee flexion. It was most apparent when walking, but improved when he applied pressure over his ischial tuberosity while walking. He denied weakness and numbness/tingling that radiated down the leg. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: On examination, gait was not antalgic. There was no bruising, swelling, or change in muscle bulk of the right buttock and posterior thigh. Right hip range of motion was full but end range hip flexion induced pain. He was tender to palpation in the medial and cephalad aspect of the ischial tuberosity with no tenderness over the conjoint tendon or hamstring head of the adductor magnus at the ischial tuberosity. Strength was 5/5 in the bilateral lower extremities, but he had pain with resisted right knee flexion. Sensation was intact in the bilateral lower extremities. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: 1. Hamstring tear or tendinopathy 2. Piriformis syndrome 3. Tear or tendinopathy of the deep hip internal rotators (obturator internus, super gemellus, inferior gemellus) 4. Gluteus maximus muscle injury 5. Sacrotuberous ligament sprain or tear 6. Ischial femoral impingement 7. Sciatic neuropathy 8. Atypical L5 radiculopathy TEST AND RESULTS: Limited diagnostic ultrasound of the right ischial tuberosity region was performed with a 15-6 MHz linear array transducer and showed a normal hamstring without sonopalpation tenderness. The area just proximal and medial to the conjoint tendon origin was exquisitely tender on sonopalpation at the expected site of the sacrotuberous ligament. Cortical irregularity was present on the superior medial ischial tuberosity. FINAL WORKING DIAGNOSIS: Right sacrotuberous ligament sprain TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES: He was referred to physical therapy for right sacrotuberous ligament sprain focused on core strengthening and frequent gentle hamstring stretching. He was pain free after one month and was able to return to running.

Topic: Shoulder Injury and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
IC‐P‐002: <i>Invivo</i> detection of age‐related cerebral glucose uptake alterations by PET in microcebus murinus primates

Aging and associated pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are major public health challenges. Implementation of new animal models and associated biomarkers monitoring aging processes are critical to better evaluate future therapies. In humans, FDG-PET is widely used to characterize early cerebral metabolic changes associated to aging and AD. (Kalpouzos 2009, Mosconi, 2007). We focused on the small primate (Microcebus murinus (M.m.), during aging some animals develop cognitive impairments (Picq, 2007), amyloid plaque depositions, and altered Tau protein accumulation associated with cerebral atrophy (Kraska, 2009). Brain atrophy is predictive of cognitive alterations (Picq, 2010). The aim of the current study was to evaluate age-associated evolution of glucose uptake in M.m. by using non-invasive FDG PET. Seventeen M.m. (1.5 to 9 years) were evaluated by PET with MicroPET® Focus220 system (FDG: 900μCurie/100g, i.v.) and 3D-MR images were recorded (PharmaScan Bruker 7T). M.m were anesthetized by isoflurane duringimages acquisition. MR and PET images were co-registered by rigid transformations to define volumes of interest (VOI) in brain and appraise Standard UptakeValues (SUV) as well as relative values as compared to whole brain. MR images didn't reveal any severe atrophy this study is focused on normal aging. PET study revealed a relationship between age and SUVs in the frontal cortex, the cerebellum, and in the whole brain. However, relative values were not correlated with age. The cohort was split by the M.m. midlife (4.5 years) in two groups, young (1.9±0.2 years) and old animals (6.4±0.5 years).This second analyse showed a difference between young and old animals in thewhole brain, frontal cortex and cerebellum (t-test). Anage-associated evolution of glucose uptake as measured by SUVs could bedetected in non-severely atrophied M.m. and resembles evolution of the regionalcerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRGlc) observed in healthy aged humans.This study is a first step toward the characterization of age-associated changesof brain glucose uptake in M.m. and will be useful to understand brain aging in M.m.

Topic: Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Integrating the Personality Assessment Inventory and Rorschach Inkblot Method in Forensic Assessment

The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) and Rorschach 
Inkblot Method (RIM; Rorschach, 1921) are two of the most commonly 
used and well-validated instruments used in forensic settings (see 
Gacono & Evans, 2008, Morey & Meyer, 2013). Both instruments have been 
found to meet standards necessary for use in court (PAI: Mullen & Edens, 
2008; Rorschach: McCann & Evans, 2008, Meloy, 2008, Erard, 2012). Furthermore, several aspects of these tests make them highly complementary 
for clinical and forensic assessment. However, thus far there are currently 
few resources in the literature on how to combine these instruments for 
clinical practice (Charnas, Hilsenroth, Zodan, & Blais, 2010; Klonsky, 2004), 
let alone forensic practice. In this chapter, we first review the PAI in terms 
of its development, validity, and interpretation in forensic settings. We will 
then discuss a case example highlighting the value of synthesizing PAI and 
Rorschach data in forensic practice. We will conclude with the integration 
of the PAI with the Rorschach for forensic personality assessment.

Topic: Psychological Testing and Assessment
Subfield: Applied Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Paraneoplastic Leukemoid Reaction after Primary Tumor Resection in Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma: A Report of 2 Cases

Leukemoid reaction (LR), which is defined as leukocytosis with a white blood cell (WBC) count above 50 000/µL, can be caused by various conditions, while paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction (PLR), a rare type of paraneoplastic syndrome, occurs in cases of solid tumors. Here we report 2 cases of high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) with PLR accompanied by rapid tumor progression after complete resection of the primary tumor. We reviewed the patient’s clinical history, histopathology, and the results of laboratory tests to rule out LR induced by non-tumor causes. In both cases, PLR appeared after primary tumor resection, and the patients died of disease at the peak of PLR at 6 and 8 weeks. Immunohistochemistry for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and its receptor was performed on tumor tissues. Patients with HGUC and PLR are rare and have an extremely poor prognosis. The mechanism by which solid tumors are associated with PLR and rapid tumor progression after surgical resection of the primary tumor is incompletely understood and will be discussed here.

Topic: Polyomavirus and related diseases
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
AN OVERALL REVIEW ON TOPICAL PREPARATION-GEL

Topical application has many advantages over the conventional dosage forms. In general, they are deemed more effective less toxic than conventional formulations due to the bilayer composition and structure. In the formulation of topical dosage forms,attempts are being made to utilize drug carriers that ensure adequate localization or penetration of the drug within or through the skin in order to enhance the local and minimize the systemic effects, or to ensure adequate percutaneous absorption. Topical preparation avoids the GI-irritation, prevent the metabolism of drug in the liver and increase the bioavailability of the drug. Topical preparations give its action directly at the site of action. In this review a detailed discussion was made on the properties, classification, characterization, preparation and applications of gel.

Topic: Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
A Variable-Sampling Controller for Brushless DC Motor Drives With Low-Resolution Position Sensors

This paper proposes a variable-sampling variable structure controller (VSC) for brushless dc (BLDC) motor drives with low-resolution position sensors (Hall sensors). The variable-sampling characteristics arising from the situation where measurements depend on the path-embedded sensors will result in the uncertainty of the discrete-time models. To circumvent this issue, a modification of the conventional discrete-time VSC control law for BLDC motor drives with Hall sensors is derived to achieve the robustness of speed control. Three measurement error-mitigation methods are also presented to reduce the errors due to low-resolution position feedback. Both simulated and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed controller and error-mitigation techniques.

Topic: Iterative Learning Control Systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Design and Simulation of Temperature Control System in Intermittent Reaction Kettles Based on Intelligent Fuzzy Control

A temperature rising control system and temperature maintaining control system were designed in according to time-variable and hysteretic nature of temperature change and limitation when traditional PID control deals with nonlinear systems. A new type of intelligent fuzzy controller combination of traditional PID control and fuzzy control was designed and applied in temperature maintaining control system. The simulation results show that the holding phase at elevated temperatures and temperature, the temperature curve has a high steady-state accuracy and dynamic performance in the period of temperature rising and maintaining, and the system and controller cause a better result.

Topic: Advanced Sensor and Control Systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antibody production from germinal center reactions: Therapeutic implications

Introduction N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody encephalitis is mediated by immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies directed against the NR1 subunit of the NMDAR. Around 20% of patients have an underlying ovarian teratoma, and the condition responds to early immunotherapies and ovarian teratoma removal. However, despite clear therapeutic relevance, mechanisms of NR1‐IgG production and the contribution of germinal center B cells to NR1‐IgG levels are unknown. Methods Clinical data and longitudinal paired serum NR1‐reactive IgM and IgG levels from 10 patients with NMDAR‐antibody encephalitis were determined. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these 10 patients, and two available ovarian teratomas, were stimulated with combinations of immune factors and tested for secretion of total IgG and NR1‐specific antibodies. Results In addition to disease‐defining NR1‐IgG, serum NR1‐IgM was found in 6 of 10 patients. NR1‐IgM levels were typically highest around disease onset and detected for several months into the disease course. Moreover, circulating patient B cells were differentiated into CD19 + CD27 ++ CD38 ++ antibody‐secreting cells in vitro and, from 90% of patients, secreted NR1‐IgM and NR1‐IgG. Secreted levels of NR1‐IgG correlated with serum NR1‐IgG ( p &lt; 0.0001), and this was observed across the varying disease durations, suggestive of an ongoing process. Furthermore, ovarian teratoma tissue contained infiltrating lymphocytes which produced NR1‐IgG in culture. Interpretation Serum NR1‐IgM and NR1‐IgG, alongside the consistent production of NR1‐IgG from circulating B cells and from ovarian teratomas suggest that ongoing germinal center reactions may account for the peripheral cell populations which secrete NR1‐IgG. Cells participating in germinal center reactions might be a therapeutic target for the treatment of NMDAR‐antibody encephalitis. Ann Neurol 2018;83:553–561

Topic: Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of CAD/CAM abutment height and cement type on the retention of zirconia crowns

\n Aim: To evaluate the effect of different Ti-base abutment heights and cement type on the pullout retention of zirconia-based restorations. Methods: Identical crowns were designed in a CAD software to fit two different Tibase abutment heights, as follows (n=10/group): (i) 4-mm-height Ti-base abutment (Tall), and (ii) 2.5-mm-height Ti-base abutment (Short). Four cement types were selected: (i) Temporary cement (Provisional); (ii) Glass-ionomer cement (Meron); (iii) self-adhesive resin cement (U200), and (iv) conventional resin cement (Ultimate) with universal adhesive for treatment of titanium and zirconia substrates. Pull-out testing was performed in a universal testing machine. Data were statistically evaluated through two-way analysis of variance following post-hoc comparisons by Tukey test. Results: Tall Ti-base abutments demonstrated similar retention to short abutments when data is collapsed over cement (p&gt;0.74). Data evaluation as a function of cement type demonstrated the superiority of resin-based cements relative to provisional and glass-ionomer groups (p&lt;0.01). Retentiveness data as a function of both factors demonstrated similar force to dislodgment between tall and short abutments for all within cement comparisons (p&gt;0.42), except for U200 (p=0.032). Also, tall abutments cemented with Ultimate evidenced higher pull out values than U200 (p=0.043), and both were significantly more retentive than tall provisional and meron (p&lt;0.001). No significant difference was observed between U200 and Ultimate cements for short abutments (p=0.758), and both presented statistically higher pullout values than provisional and glass-ionomer (p=0.001). Conclusions: While Ti-base abutment height have not influenced zirconia superstructure retentiveness, resin-based cements significantly evidenced higher retention than glass ionomer and temporary cements.\n

Topic: Dental materials and restorations
Subfield: Orthodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences