jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Real-time method for fitting time-resolved reflectance and transmittance measurements with a Monte Carlo model

An efficient method is proposed for the evaluation of theabsorption and the transport scattering coefficients from atime-resolved reflectance or transmittance distribution. Theprocedure is based on a library of Monte Carlo simulations and is fastenough to be used in a nonlinear fitting algorithm. Tests performedagainst both Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurements ontissue phantoms show that the results are significantly better thanthose obtained by fitting the data with the diffusion approximation, especially for low values of the scattering coefficient. The methodrequires an a priori assumption on the value of theanisotropy factor g. Nonetheless, the transportscattering coefficient is rather independent of the exact knowledge ofthe g value within the range 0.7 < g < 0.9.

Topic: Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The effect of the time of seedling emergence of crisp lettuce on the time of maturity and head weight at maturity

SummaryThe effect of the time of seedling emergence on the time of maturity and the head weight at maturity of the American crisp lettuce cvs Salinas and Pennlake was examined using crops sown in April, May and July. Within a crop, later emerging seedlings of both cultivars produced plants which matured later. There was a trend towards later emerging seedlings producing lighter heads though the opposite was true for Salinas sown in May. These results suggest that, within a crop, variation in the time of maturity and in head weight at maturity can be reduced by improving the uniformity of seedling emergence.

Topic: Growth and nutrition in plants
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
On the brink of sovereignty: Maroon Chief Alonso de Illescas and vernacular agency in the colonial Atlantic

Marronage is often treated in academic discussions as a compelling example of resistance, a type of agency that has a definitive insurgent impulse. This approach makes the study of maroons vulnerable to ideological taint because it can downplay the full complexity with which slave rebels and free people of color achieved social mobility and engaged with colonial power structures. By exploring late sixteenth century negotiations between a maroon leader named Alonso de Illescas and Spanish viceregal authorities in Esmeraldas province, Ecuador, I demonstrate how maroon agency in early colonial Latin America can disrupt theories about resistance or accommodation. I explore various types of mediation at work in negotiating power in the colonial Atlantic, uncover some of the risks associated with reading maroon agency through North Atlantic universals (namely the notion of sovereignty), and offer the term "subsovereign agency" to bridge the chasm between theory and colonial politics of marronage.

Topic: Historical Studies on Spain
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Think Beyond 4 Ps.

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; [The Indian established Industries have the advantages, which MNC don't enjoy in this regard. The strong Indian brands have strong brand equity, consumer demand-pull and efficient and dedicated dealer network which have been created over a period of time. The rural market has a grip of strong country shops, which affect the sale of various products in rural market. The companies are trying to trigger growth in rural areas. They are identifying the fact that rural people are now in the better position with disposable income. The low rate finance availability has also increased the affordability of purchasing the costly products by the rural people. Marketer should understand the price sensitivity of a consumer in a rural area. This paper is therefore an attempt to understand the rural market.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Topic: Innovation and Socioeconomic Development
Subfield: Business and International Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF ANTIBIOTIC USAGE AND RESISTANCE AMONG THE UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL IN ASSAM: A QUESTIONNAIRE-BASED STUDY

Objective: To study the knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotic usage and resistance among undergraduate medical students at Gauhati Medical College and Hospital. Methods: It was a questionnaire-based, cross-sectional and observational study. A structured validated questionnaire was used as a study tool consisting of 22 questions. A Google form was then developed and circulated. 3rd Professional Part-I and Part-II MBBS students were included in the study. Results: A total of 268 students participated in the study. Data were analysed using a Microsoft Excel Sheet and Student’s t-test. The majority gave correct responses regarding the meaning of antibiotic resistance and agreed that improper use of antibiotics leads to the development of antibiotic resistance. The majority (86.57%) feel that a combination of factors gives rise to antibiotic resistance. Overall, 259 (96.64%) of students think all healthcare providers should have a good knowledge of the rational use of antibiotics and that the use of antibiotics should be guided by culture and sensitivity reports. However, it was seen that only about 33% of students in both groups had attended an educational programme or training on the topic. Conclusion: Most students in both groups have good knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic usage and resistance. However, they must attend more educational programs and training to improve practice.

Topic: Antibiotic Use and Resistance
Subfield: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Residential Care Supply and Cognitive and Physical Problem Case Mix in Nursing Homes

Objectives: Arapid evolution has occurred in state policy and industry practices relative to assisted living and expanded use of residential care facilities for people with physical and cognitive frailty, yet relatively little is known about the interrelationship between this housing supply and nursing-home case mix. Methods:The association between residential care supply and the proportion of cognitively and physically impaired nursing facility residents was examined in more than 1,500 facilities in five states. Results:The proportion of nursing-home cases with only physical and cognitive impairment likely to be affected by emerging long-term care policy appears to be well under 10%. This effect is more persistent among admissions than continuing cases. Discussion:The findings raise caution about the optimistic assumptions of the interplay between residential care/assisted living policy and nursing-home use.

Topic: Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Factorization method and new potentials from the inverted oscillator

In this article we will apply the first- and second-order supersymmetric quantum mechanics to obtain new exactly-solvable real potentials departing from the inverted oscillator potential. This system has some special properties; in particular, only very specific second-order transformations produce non-singular real potentials. It will be shown that these transformations turn out to be the so-called complex ones. Moreover, we will study the factorization method applied to the inverted oscillator and the algebraic structure of the new Hamiltonians.

Topic: Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Successful Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Using the Sheath‐In‐Sheath Technique in a Patient With Right Atrial Enlargement and Tricuspid Annuloplasty Ring

We report a successful LBBAP lead implantation using the sheath-in-sheath technique in a patient with RA enlargement and a TAP ring. The sheath-in-sheath technique can serve as a valuable alternative approach in patients with structural heart abnormalities in whom LBBAP lead placement with a standard delivery system is technically challenging.

Topic: Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatments
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
OC15.03: Management of severe fetal growth restriction before viability: risk of subsequent pre‐eclampsia/<scp>HELLP</scp>

This study aims at describing the frequency of pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome in women diagnosed with isolated severe fetal growth restriction before viability. Retrospective descriptive cohort study in two tertiary referral centers for prenatal diagnosis in the Netherlands. Inclusion: singleton pregnancies with diagnosis of severe fetal growth restriction (fetal abdominal circumference and/or estimated fetal weight < 3rd percentile) between 2008–2014, without structural fetal anomalies. We included 218/225 (97%) consecutive pregnancies, that were complicated by severe isolated fetal growth restriction between 18–24 weeks gestational age between 2008–2014. Mean maternal age was 31.6 years (sd 5 years), 92/218 (42%) was nulligravid and 23/218(11%) was known with chronic hypertension. In multigravid 8/125(6%) had a history of previous fetal growth restriction and 18/125 (14%) had a previous history of pregnancy related hypertensive disorders. Overall, 30 (14%) women opted for termination of pregnancy and 42 (19%) of pregnancies ended in intrauterine fetal death. Data on maternal hypertensive disease were available for 201/225 (89%) women. At inclusion, maternal hypertensive disease was present in 13 (6%) women (8 pregnancy-induced hypertension, 5 pre-eclampsia/HELLP). In the course of pregnancy, pre-eclampsia/HELLP occurred in 37 (18%) of the women, in 28 of which before 28 weeks gestational age. Pregnancy-induced hypertension occured in a total of 16 (7%) women. This study shows a risk of 18% of developing pre-eclampsia/HELLP after diagnosis of isolated severe fetal growth restriction at 18–24 weeks gestational age. In threequarter of these cases pre-eclampsia/HELLP occurs before 28 weeks gestational age. Management should take into account the significant risk of developing pre-eclampsia/HELLP before 28 weeks and adjust maternal monitoring accordingly.

Topic: Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Insect population responses to environmental stress and pollutants

Insects and other related arthropods make up about 90% of all plant and animal species in the world. They are vital to the functioning of the ecosystem and biosphere, and neither of these systems can operate effectively without insect interactions. Because of their major ecological and economic roles in nature and society, the beneficial and pest activities of insects need to be clearly understood. Insect populations are being stressed directly by the action of temperature, moisture, and a wide array of chemical Ö öpollutants (pesticides, fertilizers, air pollutants, and numerous other chemicals) that are dispersed through air, water, and soil. Insects are affected by this same group of stresses indirectly, through their food plants, parasites, and predators. Depending on the species and the particular stress affecting it, insect populations respond by increasing or decreasing in numbers. The responses of insect populations to various direct and indirect environmental stresses and chemical pollutants are assessed. Some insect populations increase, while others decline. The responses were determined by the particular environmental stress, the insect species, and the stage at which they were exposed to the stress.Key words: insects, environment, pollutants, stress, water, herbicides.

Topic: Insect Pest Control Strategies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
High-Throughput Process Optimization and Difficult Peptide Synthesis on the Symphony® X

The Symphony X® multiple peptide synthesizer offers the greatest number of independent protocols of any instrument on the market, making it an ideal platform for high-throughput process development. Furthermore, the addition of rapid IR heating provides a powerful tool for completing even the most difficult peptide sequences. A range of conditions, including variations in the resin, deprotection and coupling reagents, activation, and reaction time was screened simultaneously to optimize the synthesis of the 31-mer C-Peptide (Figure 1). Temperature may also be varied on the Symphony X® through the use of IR heating, as applied to the synthesis of the challenging peptide thymosin α1 (Figure 2).

Topic: Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Resonant mode analysis in toroidal cavities with elliptic cross-sections

Resonant cavity modes in a torus with elliptical cross section are studied by means of a direct variational method. The nonlinear effects of toroidicity and ellipticity on the frequency of the basic mode are analyzed simply and systematically without the restriction of linear theory. It is shown that the toroidicity effect on the m = 0 transverse magnetic mode is less-than-or-equal-to 11%. The frequency of the mode shifts approximately 11-29% when the elongation of the cross section changes from 1 to 2. The effects of toroidicity and ellipticity differ for each resonant mode.

Topic: Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Raja Bersiong or the Fanged King

Raja Bersiong, the Fanged King, is a cannibal monarch in the Kedah epic literature Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (HMM). By looking closely into the character of Raja Bersiong, this article examines the underlying ambition of the Kedah Sultanate in commissioning the HMM as a rhetorical statement of power, presumably around the early 19th century. By the late 18th century, Siamese predation had greatly destabilised Kedah. Lacking military capacity to deny Siamese suzerainty, Kedah plunged into double-dealing: through writing, the HMM downplays Siamese power by masking Kedah’s subordinate status to Siam as a relation of kin, and by considering Siam as an offshoot of Kedah’s royal legacy. Adopting an approach informed by Hendrik Maier, this article interprets the HMM as an ambiguous text that alludes to the diplomatic desperation of a small state. Such critical lens enables a more complex understanding of court writing as a historical source. In the face of geopolitical insecurity, Raja Bersiong figures as the abject, the symbolic surrogate for Siam to be expelled from Kedah, embodying a dialectics between Kedah and Siam, self and other, civility and savagery.

Topic: Asian Studies and History
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Mechanisms underlying modulation of human GlyRα3 by Zn <sup>2+</sup> and pH

Glycine receptors (GlyRs) regulate motor control and pain processing in the central nervous system through inhibitory synaptic signaling. The subtype GlyRα3 expressed in nociceptive sensory neurons of the spinal dorsal horn is a key regulator of physiological pain perception. Disruption of spinal glycinergic inhibition is associated with chronic inflammatory pain states, making GlyRα3 an attractive target for pain treatment. GlyRα3 activity is modulated by numerous endogenous and exogenous ligands that consequently affect pain sensitization. To understand the mechanism of two such endogenous modulators, Zn 2+ and protons, we have used cryo–electron microscopy to determine structures of full-length human GlyRα3 in various functional states. Whereas acidic pH reduces peak glycine response, Zn 2+ displays biphasic modulation in a concentration-dependent manner. Our findings reveal the effector sites and also capture intermediate conformations in the gating cycle. Combined with molecular dynamics simulations and electrophysiology, this work provides important insights into GlyRα3 activation and regulation.

Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Device Prototype for Vaginal Delivery of Extremely Preterm Fetuses in the Breech Presentation

Abstract Vaginal delivery is typically avoided in the extremely preterm breech population due to the concern of entrapment by the cervix of the aftercoming head. A mechanical device concept is presented to enable vaginal delivery by preventing retraction of the cervix against the fetus during delivery. The two-part device was designed to dilate the cervix, prevent prolapse of small fetal parts and maintain sufficient dilation during delivery. The two-part device was designed and manufactured with the following modules: an inflatable saline-filled cervical balloon for dilation and a cervical retractor composed of semirigid beams to stabilize the cervix and maintain adequate dilation. The device was tested using a cervical phantom designed to simulate the compressive force the cervix exerts. The cervical balloon reached a maximum dilation of 8.5 cm, after which there was leakage of saline from the balloon. While this dilation was less than the target goal of 10 cm, the leaking was attributed to prototype manufacturing defects, which could be resolved with further development. The cervical retractor was able to withstand between 1–3 kPa. Although estimates of cervical pressure values can be upward of 30 kPa, there are no in vivo measurements to formally identify the pressure values for patients in preterm labor. This device serves as a viable proof-of-concept for utilizing an inflatable balloon device to prevent cervical retraction in the setting of extremely preterm vaginal breech delivery. Further manufacturing improvements and design changes could improve the device for continued development and testing.

Topic: Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Ethidium bromide fluorescence photo-enhancement in glycerol.

Frog erythrocyte nuclei were stained with ethidium bromide at concentrations of 10(-6) M to 10(-4) M and mounted in phosphate buffer or in glycerol. Ethidium fluorescence was excited with different irradiation powers at 514 nm from an argon laser, and the variation of fluorescence was measured with a microfluorimeter over the first twenty seconds of illumination. The following differences between glycerol and buffer mounting were observed: 1) fading was more delayed in glycerol at all dye concentrations and light powers; 2) fluorescence yield was significantly lower in glycerol compared to buffer at high dye concentration; 3) whereas from the start of illumination fluorescence exponentially declined in buffer, there was an initial fluorescence photo-enhancement in glycerol followed by exponential fading. Both retardation of fading and fluorescence photo-enhancement were more prominent with increasing dye concentration. It is suggested that the light induced fluorescence increase was caused by concentration dequenching and was observed in glycerol, not in buffer solution, through one or both of the following glycerol effects: 1) aggravation of self-quenching of the secondary type of binding of ethidium; 2) delayed fading. The concomitant attenuation of the inner filter effect through the photo-destruction of the non-fluorescent ethidium dimer, which absorbs within the excitation spectrum of the ethidium monomer, could also contribute to an apparent amplification of the fluorescence build-up.

Topic: Photochemistry and Electron Transfer Studies
Subfield: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Social Services Involvement in Care Transitions and Admissions in Nursing Homes

Care transitions (CT) are critical junctures in the healthcare delivery process. Effective transitions reduce the need for subsequent transfers between healthcare settings, including nursing homes. Understanding social services (SS) involvement in these processes in nursing homes is important from a quality and holistic care perspective. Using logistic regression, this study examines structural and relational factors identified with higher involvement of SS in care transitions and admissions. SS directors from 924 nursing homes were evaluated in relation to SS involvement in care transitions and admissions processes. Results suggest the level of SS involvement in care transitions and admissions are associated with structural factors such as size of facility, geographical location, ratio of FTE's to beds, ownership status, and standalone SS departments, as well as relational factors, including perceptions and utilization of SS staff by facility leadership, coworkers, and family. Additionally, SS staff with higher levels of expertise and with social work degrees are less involved in admissions tasks.

Topic: Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Taxonomic Entomology in the U. S. Department of Agriculture

Taxonomic entomologists of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and those of the Smithsonian Institution's U. S. National Museum (Museum) have worked together so closely and effectively for so many years that they are widely, albeit erroneously, considered to be one organization: Entomology at the National Museum. A recent issue of the BULLETIN OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA (December 1963) carried a review of the current personnel and the collections of the Museum's Department of Entomology (formerly Division of Insects). The present paper is in part a companion article, with a review of the taxonomic unit of USDA's Insect Identification and Parasite Introduction Research Branch. It has also seemed appropriate to review the long history and contributions of USDA in taxonomic entomology, with particular reference to the organization in Washington. Inevitably, much of the historical account must include some history of entomology in the National Museum, especially for the many years in which USDA and Museum entomology were so closely interwoven that they were actually joined in the person of an individual who was at once Chief Entomologist for USDA and Curator of Insects for the Museum. From that beginning, cooperation between USDA and Museum has been closely knit and has been directed toward the common objective of developing the national collection of insects for study and reference.

Topic: Plant and animal studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
CIAE-ANL CRADA for SFR SAFETY ANALYSIS: Final CRADA Report

The purpose of this project is joint verification and validation of system analysis code capabilities for Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) design and licensing. As the researchers and code developers at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) independently build their own SFR system analysis capabilities, this collaboration facilitated exchange of information on, and evaluation of alternative approaches for, modeling the key phenomena (such as decay heat removal and natural circulation) and the safety-related components (such as pumps, heat exchangers, and outlet plenum) common in SFR systems. The analysis at ANL and CIAE also applied their respective computational capabilities and methods (in SAS4A/SASSYS-1 computer code at ANL and FR-Sdaso computer code at CIAE) on jointly identified benchmark problems for verification, and publicly available integral tests for validation, of their results. ANL team also shared the expertise on the established software quality assurance practices and the techniques for component reliability estimates to support probabilistic risk assessments.

Topic: Nuclear Engineering Thermal-Hydraulics
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences