jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The comparative influence of climate change and demography in spatially distributed degree-day projections for France in the 21st century

Heating and cooling in households account for half of global energy use and a significant part of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These figures are expected to change significantly under the joint influence of climate change and demography. We assessed the respective contribution of each of these processes in mainland France, a country presenting heterogeneous climate and currently low ownership of air conditioners. We projected heating degree days (HDD) and cooling degree days (CDD) up to 2100 using EURO-CORDEX simulations and considering three sources of uncertainty: three different methods for computing HDD and CDD; two emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5); and two population projections. We found a net increase in energy demand by 2100, driven by a slight decrease in HDDs and a strong increase in CDDs. Climate and population have a similar influence on net aggregate energy demand, however with statistically significant differences from a French department to an other. In particular, climate change has a particularly strong influence on HDDs in Atlantic and Mediterranean coastal regions after 2070. In turn, CDDs appear more evenly impacted by climate change and population increase, except in Southern cities where population is growing fast. In any case, the ranking between the two influences is strongly sensitive to population projections scenarios. This influence distinction is useful to apply a differentiated energy policy: energy efficiency measures are more effective for climate-driven demand increases, while behavioural policies are better suited for population-driven ones.

Topic: demographic modeling and climate adaptation
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
THE ANALYSIS OF FIRES AND RESCUE OPERATIONS IN LITHUANIA

Summary With the recent increase in the fire and rescue functions the Lithuanian fire fighters have had to endure much higher physical and psychological obligations in fighting for people's welfare and even life. 11 393 fires with an estimated damage of 21,75 million Litas (LT) occurred in Lithuania in 1997 (Table 1). 227 persons perished in fires, 15 children among them. 134 people were wounded. The majority of them (146) perished in the countryside. 51,81 fire cases fell to 10.000 of the village inhabitants, whereas the average number of fires is 30,71 in Lithuania. In 1997, the number of fire victims was 63 per 1 million of the Lithuanian population, while the analogous rate of the Scandinavian countries is 11–19 persons in average. The maximum number of fires occurred in the year of 1996 (Fig 2). The qualitative and quantitative analysis of fire and rescue services rendered have been recently implemented and suggestions for the improvement of fire registration, reduction of fire rate as well as the increase in rescue services have been provided for. In 1997, the majority of fires broke out in the residential areas, ie blocks of flats and private houses; the number of arson cases increased as well. The basic causes of fire (Fig 3) were negligence in fire precautions (47,76%), improper electrical installations as well as violations of fire regulations (13,0%). 128 persons perished due to negligence. The high level of adults perished in fires is related to the ignorance and negligence in fire safety regulations. The fire brigades have also been committed in carrying out rescue services according to the worldwide experience. In 1997 the Lithuanian rescuers responded to 4095 emergencies (Fig 7). Modern rescue equipment is being used. The rescue team, also, renders urgent medical assistance to the injured on the spot. 205 human lives were saved in 1997 (Fig 8). In 1997, the militarised fire and rescue units liquidated 37 percent of fires, while the non-militarized units extinguished 10% of fires (Fig 9). The average expenses in estimating the complete supply and maintenance of the fire brigade fall to 6.450 LT per one statistical fire. Relative numbers alongside with absolute numbers have been suggested to be used in the fire statistics, these being the rate of the fire frequency, the average fire damage and the relative fire damage rates. These factors characterise the fire rate and enable to determine the fire conditions of an administrative unit or throughout the country, as well as to compare them with other countries. Preventive measures to reduce the fire rate have been presented in the recommendations and conclusions. The Fire Department has been commissioned to undertake all rescue functions in order to further continue the militarisation of the fire brigades, to install automatic smoke detectors in new buildings, to establish lightning conductors in the rural areas and pay particular attention to fixing improper installations.

Topic: Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Regulation of the Innate Immune Response during the Human Papillomavirus Life Cycle

High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR HPVs) are associated with multiple human cancers and comprise 5% of the human cancer burden. Although most infections are transient, persistent infections are a major risk factor for cancer development. The life cycle of HPV is intimately linked to epithelial differentiation. HPVs establish infection at a low copy number in the proliferating basal keratinocytes of the stratified epithelium. In contrast, the productive phase of the viral life cycle is activated upon epithelial differentiation, resulting in viral genome amplification, high levels of late gene expression, and the assembly of virions that are shed from the epithelial surface. Avoiding activation of an innate immune response during the course of infection plays a key role in promoting viral persistence as well as completion of the viral life cycle in differentiating epithelial cells. This review highlights the recent advances in our understanding of how HPVs manipulate the host cell environment, often in a type-specific manner, to suppress activation of an innate immune response to establish conditions supportive of viral replication.

Topic: interferon and immune responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Lipid and fatty acid composition of Gluconobacter oxydans before and after intracytoplasmic membrane formation

Gluconobacter oxydans differentiates by forming quantities of intracytoplasmic membranes at the end of exponential growth, and this formation occurs concurrently with a 60% increase in cellular lipid. The present study was initiated to determine whether this newly synthesized lipid differed from that extracted before intracytoplasmic membrane synthesis. Undifferentiated exponential-phase cells were found to contain 30% phosphatidylcholine, 27.1% caridolipin, 25% phosphatidylethanolamine, 12.5% phosphatidylglycerol, 0.4% phosphatidic acid, 0.2% phosphatidylserine, and four additional unidentified lipids totaling less than 5%. The only change detected after formation of intracytoplasmic membranes was a slight decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine and a corresponding increase in phosphatidylcholine. An examination of lipid hydrolysates revealed 11 different fatty acids in the lipids from each cell type. Hexadecanoic acid and monounsaturated octadecenoic accounted for more than 75% of the total fatty acids for both cell types. Proportional changes were noted in all fatty acids except octadecenoate. Anteiso-pentadecanoate comprised less than 1% of the fatty acids from undifferentiated cells but more than 13% of the total fatty acids from cells containing intracytoplasmic membranes. These results suggest that anteiso-pentadecanoate formation closely parallels the formation of intracytoplasmic membranes. Increased concentrations of this fatty acid may contribute to the fluidity necessary for plasma membrane convolution during intracytoplasmic membrane development.

Topic: Microbial metabolism and enzyme function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Green Concrete with High-Volume Fly Ash and Slag with Recycled Aggregate and Recycled Water to Build Future Sustainable Cities

Building sustainable green cities for the future can be difficult or highly challenging as such cities need to reduce their environmental footprint through eco-friendly materials, resource and energy conservation, as well as renewable energy generation. A recent paper by the first author has proposed sustainable concrete with 80% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) to build Masdar City in the UAE with a 153 kg/m<sup>3</sup> carbon footprint. This paper proposes three new types of sustainable concretes in an attempt to further reduce the carbon footprint. In Type I, a total of 4 concrete mixes were made with a high volume GGBFS with 60, 70, 80, and 90% replacement of ordinary portland cement (OPC), 100% recycled water (RW), and 100% recycled aggregate (RA). The same replacement ratios were used in Type II but with only 100% RA. In Type III, a total of four concrete mixes made with a high volume fly ash (FA) cement with 40, 50, 60, and 70% replacement of OPC. The paper provides information on the mix design, full justification of CO<sub>2</sub> footprint, and the cost for each concrete mix. The hardened and plastic properties and durability test parameters for each mix are presented. The results showed that the fly ash and slag significantly reduced the carbon footprint and meet the requirements of future sustainable cities. An economical mix with 90% GGBFS and 10% OPC was nominated for use in the future construction of sustainable cities with 125 kg/m<sup>3</sup> emissions.

Topic: Recycled Aggregate Concrete Performance
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
KINETICS OF SWELLABLE PACKERS UNDER DOWNHOLE CONDITIONS

Swellable packers have been widely employed in various oil-field applications. Examples include zonal-isolation, water shut-off, and multi-stage fracturing. Key factors required for these applications are how fast the packer can seal the borehole as well as how fast a certain amount of contact pressure can build up. These factors, which are generally measured from full-scale packer tests, can be estimated through numerical simulations together with lab-scale experiments. In this work, we have developed a three-dimensional continuum level model and simulation capability to study the behavior of swellable packers affected by various downhole conditions. Such conditions include the borehole type, i.e., permeable or non-permeable borehole, and downhole uncertainties, i.e., variations of borehole size and borehole temperature, which are studied systematically through numerical simulations.

Topic: Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Analysis
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Emergent precariousness

This paper reflects on the political aspect of game modding in Brazil through a case study of local private servers of World of Warcraft (Blizzard, 2004-) and the Brazukas mod of Pro Evolution Soccer (PES, Konami, 2001-). These regional PC modding initiatives started as a form of conditioned access to the games and the global community/market around them and became active forms of participation and intervention that shaped gaming in general in the country. Following their traces on social media, interviewing some of the key stakeholders and playing the mods, I argue that precariousness is a central aspect of both the final product and their assemblage. This paper documents these processes as a decolonial approach to technology that addresses the socioeconomical context of scarcity, but ultimately leads to a larger epistemological critique.

Topic: Digital Games and Media
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Novel vertebral computed tomography indices in normal and spinal disorder dogs

This study was carried out to derive and evaluate reference computed tomography (CT)-based indices for normal canine spine. CT and magnetic resonance images were acquired from 12 clinically normal Beagle dogs (normal group) and 50 dogs with 56 spinal disorders (patient group). Image acquisition regions were cervical spine (C2-T1), thoracic spine (T1-T13), and lumbar spine (L1-L7). Measured indices were: the ratios of width to height of the spinal cord including the dura matter (CR) and of the vertebral foramen (FR), and the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the spinal cord to that of the vertebral foramen (CFAR). Reliability analysis was performed to evaluate intermodality agreement. Student's <i>t</i>-tests and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to discriminate the normal and patient groups on CT. Intermodality agreements of the normal and patient groups were acceptable to excellent. The highest discriminating levels of CR at the vertebral body level and the intervertebral disc space level were 1.25 or more and 1.44 or more, respectively. FR and CFAR had the highest discriminating level at the cervical region. This report presents quantitative information on canine spinal morphometry; the obtained indices may be helpful for CT screening of dogs with spinal disorders.

Topic: Veterinary Orthopedics and Neurology
Subfield: Small Animals
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: 2α‐Alkyl Gibberellins A1 and A4.

Abstract The 2α‐alkyl gibberellins A1 (VI) are synthesized starting from the gibberellin A3 ester (I) by reaction with an alkylcopper‐Mg complex, prepared from Grignard compounds (II) and CuI, via the intermediates (III) + (IV) and (V).

Topic: Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Financial Literacy, Health Engagement, and Residents’ Health: Evidence from China

This study took residents’ health level as the research object, adopted the perspective of financial literacy, and used the 2014–2018 China Family Panel Studies data to analyze the impact of financial literacy on the residents’ health. The study found that financial literacy could have a significant positive impact on the residents’ health, with long-term effects. Furthermore, it promoted the residents’ health engagement and improved their health through the intermediary effects of income and health expenditure. In addition, the impact of financial literacy on the residents’ health was heterogeneous between urban and rural areas. Compared with the case for rural residents, the improvement of financial literacy significantly improved the health of the urban residents. The outcomes of this research were the exploration of means to improve residents’ health from a new economic perspective, promote residents’ health engagement, and improve residents’ health.

Topic: Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Sum rule of the correlation function

We discuss a sum rule satisfied by the correlation function of two particles with small relative momenta. The sum rule, which results from the completeness condition of the quantum states of the two particles, is first derived and then we check how it works in practice. The sum rule is shown to be trivially satisfied by free particle pair, and then there are considered three different systems of interacting particles. We discuss a pair of neutron and proton in the s-wave approximation and the case of the so-called hard spheres with the phase shifts taken into account up to l=4. Finally, the Coulomb system of two charged particles is analyzed.

Topic: Quantum, superfluid, helium dynamics
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Real-time latent image monitoring during holographic fabrication of submicron diffraction gratings

Real-time monitoring of latent images in photoresist during the holographic exposure of submicron period diffraction gratings is reported. The first-order diffraction efficiency is recorded as a function of time for different resist thicknesses and polarizations. By monitoring the diffraction efficiency in real time, the process can be controlled to compensate for variations in exposure dose, resist thickness, and the optical properties of underlying materials. It is demonstrated that latent image monitoring (LIM) can be performed in real time and that the diffraction efficiency correlates well with the linewidth. To interpret diffraction efficiencies with changes in resist thickness and polarization, rigorous coupled wave analysis combined with a commercial software package to simulate the real-time data was used. However, the data show evidence for slow changes in the composition of the resist during exposure that are consistent with chemical intermediates reacting with water in the film. The commercial exposure simulation tool cannot account for these phenomena, which complicate the application of LIM to real-time exposure control.

Topic: Advancements in Photolithography Techniques
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effects of morphine withdrawal on catecholaminergic neurons on heart right ventricle; implication of dopamine receptors

The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of D 1 -and D 2 -dopamine receptors blockade on the changes in the ventricular content of catecholamines in rats withdrawn from morphine. Rats were given morphine by subcutaneous (sc) implantation of morphine pellets for 5 days. On the eighth day, morphine withdrawal was induced by sc administration of naloxone (1 mg/kg), and rats were killed 30 min later. Pretreatment with SCH 23390 (dopamine D 1 , D 5 receptor antagonist) 15 min prior to naloxone administration suppressed some the behavioural signs of morphine withdrawal, whereas eticlopride (dopamine D 2 , D 3 , D 4 receptor antagonist) did not. In addition, biochemical analysis indicate that SCH 23390 completely abolished the withdrawal-induced increase in noradrenaline and dopamine turnover in the right ventricle. By contrast, eticlopride did not block the hyperactivity of catecholaminergic neurons in the heart during morphine withdrawal. These data suggest that the hyperactivity of catecholaminergic neurons in the heart during morphine withdrawal is dependent upon D 1 dopamine receptor activation. In addition, our results exclude the involvement of D 2 dopamine receptors.Key words: morphine withdrawal, right ventricle, catecholaminergic activity.

Topic: Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Flexible Compensation of Workflow Processes

This paper addresses specification and implementation issues of workflow process compensation. The main consideration is to reduce the number of workflow activities that have to be compensated and re-executed when a failure occurs, as both can be very expensive. The main contributions of the paper are two-fold. First, we propose a flexible mechanism for specifying the compensation scope of a workflow process, based on a detailed analysis of dependencies between workflow activities. Second, we develop a novel implementation strategy that supports engine-based lazy compensation to further avoid unnecessary compensation efforts that are impossible to avoid at specification time. The proposed techniques are simple to implement, but also have the potential of significantly reducing compensation overhead. 1

Topic: Business Process Modeling and Analysis
Subfield: Management Information Systems
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Supracapsular phacoemulsification

Since Kelman1-8 first introduced phacoemulsification improvements have been made not only with the instruments9-11 but in the technique also.12-21 Phacoemulsification is now the preferred choice of surgery for all types of cataracts, even the ones previously considered to be pure extracapsular cataract extraction cases (ECCE). Divide and conquer20 is still the favored technique for most of the phaco surgeons, as it is quite comfortable to perform if the cataract is straightforward, but becomes much more difficult with complicated cases as in weak zonules and small pupils. With the introduction of David Brown's,23 Phaco Flip and Jack Kearney's, Supracapsular Technique, phacoemulsification entered into a new era. William F Maloney's,24-28 contribution to this technique has been remarkable.

Topic: Intraocular Surgery and Lenses
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Measuring User Experience of Usability Tool, Designed for Higher Educational Websites

The user feedback is always important in order to enhance the quality of the software. Usability and user experience are the factors to be considered to improve the quality of the software. There are different methods to evaluate the usability of the software but here in this paper we are aiming to measure the user experience of software, designed for the usability evaluation of the higher educational websitesin order to enhance the usability. This will provide usinformation of the overall impact of software onend users or developers which will help us to analyze the usability level of our software.

Topic: Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
Subfield: Human-Computer Interaction
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Limitations for wider usage of gold-aluminum alloys based on intermetallic compound Au-Al2

Gold and golden alloys have had remarkable applications in many fields, through the entire human history. Many alloys were chosen according to their mechanical properties, and good anticorrosive properties, while color was rarely of importance in most industrial materials, except for bronze, stainless steels or nickel alloys. A common limitation for a wide use of golden alloys lies in their high price, while the alloys from Au-Al system should not be an expensive alloy, anyway. One specific advantage comes from one golden alloy which shows an intriguing violet color, as a result of the presence of an intermetallic AuAl 2 compound. This alloy, composed of 79%Au and 21%Al, shows good anticorrosive properties, but also critical mechanical properties, namely pronounced brittleness, which is a serious drawback in its use. From this point of view the casting is preferred over shaping by any metal working/deformation method.

Topic: Intermetallics and Advanced Alloy Properties
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences