jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[The understanding of epidemic diseases in the Qin and Han Dynasties].

In the Qin and Han Dynasties, three views were argued as the main causes of epidemic diseases, the observation of climate, the interaction between nature and humans and 'witchcraft'. Specifically it was thought that abnormal climate, personnel and government decree, and 'gods' and 'ghosts' were responsible for epidemics. This perception led to corresponding countermeasures to deal with epidemic diseases. The abnormal climate in nature was believed to result in the occurrence of epidemic diseases. This was interpreted by traditional Chinese medicine in terms of exogenous diseases. For instance, <i>Huang Di Nei Jing</i> interpreted leprosy with the point of wind-pathogen attacking. <i>Shang Han Lun</i> treated epidemic diseases with the viewpoint of exogenous pathogen. The classic books of Chinese materia medica recorded many cases of preventing and treating epidemic diseases with materia medica. The personnel and government decree refers to the wrong decrees of Emperors and the poor implementation of officials. This was argued to lead to various disasters including epidemic diseases. It was interpreted by Dong Zhongshu, a famous Confucian in the Han Dynasty, as the punishment of gods upon their misconduct. This reminded emperors about reflecting on the epidemic diseases and correcting their mistakes politically. 'Gods' and 'ghosts' were also believed as the cause of epidemics. This idea drove people to deal with epidemic diseases through sacrifices and exorcism.

Topic: High Altitude and Hypoxia
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
General neurology: Current challenges and future implications

Abstract Background and purpose In the coming decades, the world will face an increasing burden of neurological disorders (ND) and an urgent need to promote brain health. These challenges contrast with an insufficient neurological workforce in most countries, as well as decreasing numbers of general neurologists and neurologists attracted to work in general neurology (GN). This white paper aims to review the current situation of GN and reflect on its future. Methods The European Academy of Neurology (EAN) task force (TF) met nine times between November 2021 and June 2023. During the 2023 EAN annual meeting, attendees were asked to answer five questions concerning the future of GN. The document was sent for suggestions and eventually approval to the board and the presidents of the 47 national societies of the EAN. Results The TF first identified four relevant current and future challenges related to GN: (i) definition, (ii) practice, (iii) education, and (iv) research. The TF then identified seven initiatives to further develop GN at both the academic and community level. Finally, the TF formulated 16 recommendations to promote GN in the future. Conclusions GN will remain essential in the coming decades to provide rapid, accessible, and comprehensive management of patients with ND that is affordable and cost‐effective. There is also a need for research, education, and other initiatives aiming to facilitate improved working conditions, recognition, and prestige for those pursuing a career in GN.

Topic: Neurology and Historical Studies
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
A preliminary characterization of a whole body vibration platform prototype for medical and rehabilitation application

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is receiving increasing interest as an exercise intervention in physiology and rehabilitation. Although there are many commercial and professional WBV platforms to provide controlled vibrations, very few have actually been tested in terms of amplitude (mm), frequency spectra (Hz) and shape of the vibratory motion wave. In this regard a prototype of a novel WBV platform where the vibration amplitude can be set to three values in the frequency range 20-60 Hz is here proposed. The device has been preliminarily characterized by processing the measurement signal from a piezoelectric monoaxial accelerometer mounted in the center of the WBV plate. In particular the accelerometer signal has been processed to evaluate frequency spectrum, waveform shape and displacement. Moreover to evaluate the performance of the prototype, same tests were carried out on an equivalent professional WBV platform, so that data coming from the two platforms have been compared and commented: test results have shown that the vibrations produced by the two WBV plates are very similar, nevertheless it has been found that the prototype works with a maximum error of about 5 % in frequency, that is less than in the other devices, furthermore the greater distortion of the signal is always at the twice of the operating frequency (second harmonic). Further investigations are needed to complete the characterization of the prototype and assess the vibration amplitude is not load dependent.

Topic: Effects of Vibration on Health
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Cell Entry of Avian Reovirus Modulated by Cell-Surface Annexin A2 and Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor Latrophilin-2 Triggers Src and p38 MAPK Signaling Enhancing Caveolin-1- and Dynamin 2-Dependent Endocytosis

By analyzing results from VOPBA and LC-MS/MS, we have determined that cell-surface AnxA2 and ADGRL2 modulate ARV entry. After ARV binding to receptors, Src and p38 MAPK signaling were triggered and, in turn, increased the phosphorylation of caveolin-1 (Tyr14) and upregulated dynamin 2 expression to facilitate caveolin-1–mediated and dynamin 2-dependent endocytosis.

Topic: Erythrocyte Function and Pathophysiology
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Review Article: Perioperative Care in Enhanced Recovery for Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

Enhanced recovery pathways for total hip and knee arthroplasty can reduce length of hospital stay and perioperative morbidity. 22 studies were reviewed for identification of perioperative care interventions, including preoperative (n=4), intra-operative (n=8), and postoperative (n=4) care interventions. Factors that improve outcomes included use of pre-emptive and multimodal analgesia regimens to reduce opioid consumption, identification of patients with poor nutritional status and provision of supplements preoperatively to improve wound healing and reduce length of hospital stay, use of warming systems and tranexamic acid, avoidance of drains to reduce operative blood loss and subsequent transfusion, and early ambulation with pharmacological and mechanical prophylaxis to reduce venous thromboembolism and to speed recovery.

Topic: Cardiac, Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Cell biology of diabetic nephropathy: Roles of endothelial cells, tubulointerstitial cells and podocytes

Abstract Diabetic nephropathy is the major cause of end‐stage renal failure throughout the world in both developed and developing countries. Diabetes affects all cell types of the kidney, including endothelial cells, tubulointerstitial cells, podocytes and mesangial cells. During the past decade, the importance of podocyte injury in the formation and progression of diabetic nephropathy has been established and emphasized. However, recent findings provide additional perspectives on pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Glomerular endothelial damage is already present in the normoalbuminuric stage of the disease when podocyte injury starts. Genetic targeting of mice that cause endothelial injury leads to accelerated diabetic nephropathy. Tubulointerstitial damage, previously considered to be a secondary effect of glomerular protein leakage, was shown to have a primary significance in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Emerging evidence suggests that the glomerular filtration barrier and tubulointerstitial compartment is a composite, dynamic entity where any injury of one cell type spreads to other cell types, and leads to the dysfunction of the whole apparatus. Accumulation of novel knowledge would provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, and might lead to a development of a new therapeutic strategy for the disease.

Topic: Renal Diseases and Glomerulopathies
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A case of successful organ donation after extremely prolonged manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a buried hypothermia victim of avalanche

We report a case of a 41-year-old man, victim of accidental avalanche burial, who donated his organs for transplantation after prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Topic: Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Poly(γ‐glutamylcysteinyl)glycines or phytochelatins and their role in cadmium tolerance of <i>Silene vulgaris</i>

Abstract. The effect of cadmium on growth of Cd‐tolerant and ‐sensitive plants of Silene vulgaris and on the production of metal‐binding compounds in both types of plants was studied. The Cd‐content of the roots and the Cd‐root/shoot ratio was higher in Cd‐tolerant plants. A Cd‐binding compound (Cd‐BC) with an apparent molecular mass of 14.5 kD was isolated from the roots of Cd‐tolerant and ‐sensitive plants, grown in 40 mmol m −3 Cd for 21 d. More than 60% of the total Cd in the roots was associated with this compound. Determination of the amino‐acid content of the purified Cd‐containing compound from both types of plants showed that they possessed a similar amino‐acid composition to that of phytochelatins. Only the bis‐ and tris‐forms were present. The amount of Cd and sulphide associated with phytochelatin was greater in tolerant plants than in sensitive ones suggesting that an increased sulphide content of complexes containing peptide, sulphide and Cd may form the basis of evolved Cd‐tolerance in Silence vulgaris.

Topic: Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Morphological and biological studies on two species of Chionaspis (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae)

Morphological studies in the past have been almost exclusively confined to the description and illustration of adult females. Morphological studies of Diaspididae were further restricted to the pygidial area. This study is an attempt to provide complete descriptions, illustrations, and measurements for morphological characters for all life stages of C. americana Johnson and C. kosztarabi Takagi and Kawai. \n \nThe majority of the specimens were obtained from weekly collections of local infestations on the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University campus. Freshly collected scale insect samples were mounted in both Hoyer's medium and Canada balsam for microscopic study. \n \nThe biologies of the two species in Blacksburg, Virginia were studied using weekly collections. Both species were bivoltine. C. americana overwintered mainly in the egg stage; the first brood hatched about April 20, and the second brood about July 25, in 1972. C. kosztarabi overwintered as fertilized females. Eggs were laid in early spring hatching about May 28 in 1973, and the eggs of the second generation began hatching about August 10, in 1972. Dimorphic males of both species were collected. C. americana males exhibited apterous and brachypterous conditions. C. kosztarabi males were either apterous or pterous. Several species of hymenopterous parasites were reared from each species.

Topic: Research on scale insects
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Carbonic anhydrase inhibition. VII. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition and anticonvulsant effect.

The anticonvulsant effect of acetazolamide and its congeners is mediated through carbonic anhydrase inhibition. The most active carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in vitro, acetazolamide and methazolamide, are among the three most active anticonvulsants in vivo. Variable anticonvulsant effect associated with little or no in vitro activity is most plausibly explained by the degree of metabolic conversion to active carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in vivo. Inhibition of brain carbonic anhydrase appears to be the prime event in this anticonvulsant effect. The evidence in support of this belief is as follows: 1) measurement of inhibitor concentration in brain, plasma and red cells of mice after the intravenous administration of methazolamide and acetazolamide showed that brain concentration alone could be related to anticonvulsant activity; 2) the presence of renal carbonic anhydrase is not necessary for the anticonvulsant effect; 3) the 3- to 4-fold greater activity of methazolamide than acetazolamide in mice appears to be the direct result of its greater ability to penetrate into the central nervous system. In the rat, these carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are equivalent in anticonvulsant activity. The relation of brain inhibitor concentration to anticonvulsant effect in this species remains to be investigated. Maximum concentration of inhibitor in brain precedes maximum anticonvulsant effect by one to two hours for both drugs. Among several possible reasons for this lack of direct correlation, an enhancing effect of acidosis consequent to systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibition was considered a definite possibility. Ammonium chloride acidosis augments the anticonvulsant activity of methazolamide. Inhibition of brain carbonic anhydrase is the prime event in the anti-convulsant activity of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, but the available data do not exclude the sequelae of renal or red cell carbonic anhydrase inhibition as participants in the process.

Topic: Enzyme function and inhibition
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Circum-Religious Performance: Queer(ed) Black Bodies and the Black Church

AbstractAbstractThis essay addresses how the black body is the site of sacred and secular contention, how it can traverse, transcend and transgress normative ideologies through both the real and imagined performance of movement, through physical peregrinations across, through and around spatial planes. This essay utilizes both queer and performance theories as foundational for understanding the rhetorics of the institutional Black Church in the United States with regard to issues of queer(ed) sexualities and erotics. It discusses how the queer(ed) black body is a production of its movements from place to place, from the church to night club and back and how this instantiates both possibilities for flourishing as well as trauma concurrently. It also utilizes a sermon preached by Pastor Willie Wilson of Washington, DC to illustrate how the queer(ed) black body is produced through voyeurism, fetishism and erotic imagination.Keywords: the Black Churchsexsexualityqueer sexualities

Topic: Latin American and Latino Studies
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
ODP535 Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis (TPP) in A Young African American Male: Post Exercise

Abstract Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a rare fatal disorder with hypokalemia as the hallmark feature associated with thyrotoxicosis. Compared with existing studies that TPP is prevalent among younger men of Asian descent, this study intends to complement this area of study by addressing aspects currently not fully covered involving the existence of TPP among men of African descent. This study documents the case of a 37year old African American Man with no previous history of hyperthyroidism who presented with sudden onset lower extremity paralysis and hypokalemia. It is particularly important to note that while majority of patients with TPP have preexisting hyperthyroidism, our patient presented with no history of overactive thyroid. The finding of this work fills a gap in literature highlighting the importance of separating Familial Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (FPP) and TPP at its earliest detection. We find strong and robust evidence suggesting that patients may be easily termed FPP in view of its similarity to TPP thereby leading to a delay in the diagnosis and treatment. TPP has been linked with genetic mutations in specific ion channels (calcium channels and KIR) and increased Na-K ATPase pump activity. This leads to a massive intracellular shift in potassium causing hypokalemia under the influence of excess thyroid hormone. We find that both TPP and FPP have similar clinical presentations and same precipitants hence the need for a high index of suspicion in patients with hypokalemia and sudden onset paralysis with no history of hyperthyroidism to prevent lethal complications. Our results suggest that prompt correction of hypokalemia and treatment of hyperthyroidism is key in resolving attacks and preventing lethal complications. Presentation: No date and time listed

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Genetic networks in the mouse retina: growth associated protein 43 and phosphatase tensin homolog network.

The endogenous variation in mRNA levels among BXD RI strains can be used to explore and test expression networks underlying variation in retina structure, function, and disease susceptibility. The Gap43 and Pten network highlights the covariance of gene expression and forms a molecular network associated with axonal outgrowth in the adult retina.

Topic: Retinal Development and Disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Transversal Practices between Bourgeois Cosmopolitanism and Fervent German Nationalism. The Schillerverein in Trieste as an Example of In-between in the Alps-Adriatic Region

In the course of the Europe-wide Schiller celebrations commemorating the centenary of Friedrich Schiller’s birth, a Schillerverein (Schiller Society) was founded in Trieste 1859. It was made up of members of different ethnicities and religious confessions. One of the main aims of the society was to contribute to the cultural life of Trieste by means of (popular) scholarly lectures, concerts, theater performances, dances, and excursions

Topic: Central European national history
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Advances in the research of inhalational immunization

Inhalational immunization can induce local and systemic immunological response potently,and have common mucosal effect.It's more convenient and safe compared with other vaccinations,therefore had become one hotspot of cur-rent immunological developments.This review introduces research progess on inhalational immunization from several as-pects:basic conditions,the ways of improving it's effects,advantages and disadvantages,and it's prospect.

Topic: Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Supplementary Tables 1-6 from ASTX029, a Novel Dual-mechanism ERK Inhibitor, Modulates Both the Phosphorylation and Catalytic Activity of ERK

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary tables 1-6 summarise the kinase panel screen data (1) mouse PK parameters (2) and further details of the anti-tumour activity (5) conferred by ASTX029, plus details of cell lines used in this study (3 and 4) and further details of the effects of ASTX029 and other MAPK inhibitors in models of MAPK resistance (6).&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
An overview of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) bioactive peptides’ derivation and utilization as an emerging nutraceutical food

Chia (S. hispanica L.) is an annual herbaceous plant that has gained popularity for its seeds of high-quality vegetative proteins, richest contents of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ω-3 PUFA), soluble dietary fiber, and great gelling ability, as well as its high contents of bioactive peptides of antioxidative and nutraceutical potential for many other clinical biomarkers. Such health protective bioactive peptides should be utilized for supplementation in the food and nutrition industries. This review was therefore designed to align the researches done on chia bioactive peptide’s derivation, processing, consumption and to identify their antioxidative and nutraceutical potential for various disease biomarkers. The evidence gathered is fairly compelling for the health-promising nutraceutical and clinical potential of chia seed bioactive peptides as antioxidants, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors (DPP4), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Their assimilation into everyday diets has the potential to open new doors in health departments and food sectors.

Topic: Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
“I Choose to be Here”: Tensions between Autonomy and Precarity in Craft Market Vendors’ Work

Outdoor markets have emerged as key nodes in cities’ attempts to revitalize downtown areas through culture and consumption. However, few studies have investigated urban markets as sites of labor, or explored work conditions from the perspective of vendors themselves. As self–employed creative workers in a seasonal industry, artisan vendors experience various forms of economic insecurity related to precarity inherent to their line of work. This article investigates the experiences of artisan craft vendors in Ottawa's popular ByWard Market. Through interviews with vendors, we explore themes such as artisan identity, relationships in the market, and economic and labor conditions. We argue that although precarity seems to be inherent in the vendors’ work conditions, it does not undermine their identities as artisans, in part because of the strong value attached to autonomous, creative work. This attachment may, however, hinder artisan vendors’ abilities to organize for structural changes that would mitigate their economic precarity.

Topic: Cultural Industries and Urban Development
Subfield: Urban Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Multiple immuno-regulatory defects in type-1 diabetes

Susceptibility to immune-mediated diabetes (IMD) in humans and NOD mice involves their inherently defective T cell immunoregulatory abilities. We have followed natural killer (NK) T cell numbers in patients with IMD, both by flow cytometry using mAbs to the characteristic junctions found in the T cell receptors of this cell subtype, and by semiquantitative RT-PCR for the corresponding transcripts. Both before and after clinical onset, the representation of these cells in patients' PBMCs is reduced. We also report low numbers of resting CD4+ CD25+ T cells in IMD patients, a subset of T cells shown to have important immunoregulatory functions in abrogating autoimmunities in 3-day thymectomized experimental mice. Whereas a biased Th1 to Th2 cytokine profile has been suggested to underlie the pathogenesis of IMD in both species, we found defective production of IFN-γ in our patients after in vitro stimulation of their PBMCs by phorbol-myristate acetate and ionomycin and both IFN-γ and IL-4 deficiencies in Vα24+ NK T–enriched cells. These data suggest that multiple immunoregulatory T (Treg) cell defects underlie islet cell autoimmunity leading to IMD in humans and that these lesions may be part of a broad T cell defect.

Topic: Immune Cell Function and Interaction
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences