jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ab initio calculations relevant to the mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis by N-nitrosamines. Part 3.—Transition structures in nitrosamine formation and metabolism

A large number of fully optimised transition structures for rotation, inversion, N → O CH+3 shifts, N → O CH2OH+ shifts, N → O H+ shifts, N → O H3O+ shifts, N → N H+ shifts and N → N H3O+ shifts of first and second order are reported for several reactions of N-nitrosamines. The optimisations were carried out mainly at the restricted Hartree–Fock level (RHF) with a 4–21G split-valence basis set, but a representative H+-shift saddle point was studied with a 6–31G* double-zeta plus polarisation basis set at both the RHF and second-order Møller–Plesset levels. The relevance of these transition structures to the formation and decomposition of carcinogenic nitrosamines is discussed.

Topic: Electron Spin Resonance Studies
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Exposure to Herbicides Primes P450-Mediated Detoxification of &lt;em&gt;Helicoverpa armigera &lt;/em&gt;against Insecticide and Fungal Toxin

With the long-term and large-scale use, herbicides have been well known to influence tritrophic interactions particularly natural enemies of pests in agro-ecosystems. On the other hand, herbivorous insects, especially the generalist pests, have developed antagonistic interaction to different insecticides, toxic plant secondary metabolites and even heavy metals. However, whether exposure to herbicides would affect resistance of insects against insecticides is largely unknown, especially in agricultural pests. Here, we first reported that pre-exposure to two widely used herbicides butachlor and haloxyfop-methyl for 48 h can prime resistance of a generalist agricultural pest Helicoverpa armigera H&amp;uuml;bner against insecticide methomyl and fungal toxin aflatoxin B1. In addition, there were no significant differences between control and herbicides-treated caterpillars on weight gain, pupal weight and pupation rates, suggesting that exposure to herbicides induce resistance of H. armigera accompanied with no fitness cost. Moreover, by determining detoxifying enzyme activities and toxicity bioassay with additional inhibitor of cytochrome P450 piperonyl butoxide (PBO), we showed that exposure to herbicides might prime P450-mediated detoxification of H. armigera against insecticide. Based on these results, we propose that exposure to herbicides primes resistance of H. armigera against insecticide by eliciting a clear elevation of predominantly P450 monooxygenase activities in midgut and fat body.

Topic: Insect Resistance and Genetics
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Waves and instabilities in nonneutral plasmas

This paper presents a survey of the equilibrium, stability and collective oscillation properties of magnetically‐confined nonneutral plasma. Emphasis is placed on summarizing several of the technical advances that have occurred in both theory and experiment since the early 1970’s.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Semantic Service Discovery Techniques for the Composable Web: From unstructured resources to semantic information

This book contributes to the problem of resource and service discovery in the context of the composable web. In the current web, mashup technologies allow developers reusing services and contents to build new web applications. However, developers face a problem of information flood when searching for appropriate services or resources for their combination. To contribute to overcoming this problem, a framework is defined for the discovery of services and resources. Other contributions involve a scraping ontology for the construction of mappings for scraping web resources. A novel first-order logic rule induction algorithm is defined for the automated construction and maintenance of these mappings out of the visual information in web resources. Also, a feature-oriented approach to service description is proposed for lightweight description of services. Additionally, a service probing algorithm uses this approach to service description to allow a novel service discovery technique. Finally, a component model for discovering services from service repositories has been defined.

Topic: Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Meshless Extraction of Closed Feature Lines Using Histogram Thresholding

In reverse engineering, the reconstruction of a surface model from a point cloud requires the extraction of closed feature lines at the borders of the different surface patches. In this paper we propose a new algorithm to extract such closed polygonal feature lines, representing sharp or smooth edges, from a point cloud. Based on the variation of the normal vectors and a graph approach we extract the sharp edges, which are used to divide the point cloud in smooth regions. Smooth edges, such as fillets, are extracted for each smooth region separately using a novel approach for 1D-histogram thresholding: we use the curvature histogram in a multi-resolution manner in order to split a point set in different regions of similar curvature (patches). The polygonal smooth edges at the borders between these different patches are extracted by point clustering and processing a graph of the point clusters.

Topic: Image and Object Detection Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Longitudinal designs, big data, and social network analysis in organization development and change research

In this chapter, we focus on three quantitative methodological considerations in studying organizational change. The first two methods, Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) analysis and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) entail understanding change from a temporal and longitudinal perspective. The third approach deals with Big Data use in assessing organizational development and change through social network analyses. All three quantitative methods are illustrated by using grounded examples from the authors’ previous studies. Broader implications for organizational development and change research are discussed

Topic: Qualitative Comparative Analysis Research
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Systemic air embolism during wedge resection of the lung: Report of a case

重篤な全身空気塞栓症（SAE）が再発気胸に対するブラ切除を受けた他に既往歴の無い若年者に発症したので報告する．ブラは肺尖癒着の近傍にあり，これを完全に剥離したのち，ブラと癒着剥離部をともに自動縫合器で楔状切除した．術中バイタルサインは安定していたが，手術終了後，麻酔覚醒のため仰臥位に戻した直後にショックとなり，心臓超音波検査でSAEが引き起こした急性心筋虚血が原因と分かった．諸治療により，心筋虚血と後に判明した脳虚血による高次脳機能障害は術後21日間で回復した．肺尖癒着剥離時に肺組織が一部損傷し，末梢肺静脈と気道の交通が生じた可能性が示唆された．ブラの局在確認の目的で行った肺の再膨張が肺静脈系に空気を送り込む結果になったと考える．肺手術時に肺を再膨張させることは，しばしば行われるが，この行為は非常に稀ながらSAEを引き起こす可能性が有る．特に損傷肺では注意喚起が必要であることを呼吸器外科医と麻酔医は念頭に置くべきと考える．

Topic: Cardiovascular and Diving-Related Complications
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Microfluidic Multifunctional Probe Array Dielectrophoretic Force Spectroscopy with Wide Loading Rates

The simultaneous investigation of a large number of events with different types of intermolecular interactions, from nonequilibrium high-force pulling assays to quasi-equilibrium unbinding events in the same environment, can be very important for fully understanding intermolecular bond-rupture mechanisms. Here, we describe a novel dielectrophoretic force spectroscopy technique that utilizes microsized beads as multifunctional probes for parallel measurement of intermolecular forces with an extremely wide range of force rate (10&lt;sup&gt;–4&lt;/sup&gt; to 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; pN/s) inside a microfluidic device. In our experiments, various forces, which broadly form the basis of all molecular interactions, were measured across a range of force loading rates by multifunctional probes of various diameters with a throughput of over 600 events per mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, simultaneously and in the same environment. Furthermore, the individual bond-rupture forces, the parameters for the characterization of entire energy landscapes, and the effective stiffness of the force spectroscopy were determined on the basis of the measured results. This method of determining intermolecular forces could be very useful for the precise and simultaneous examination of various molecular interactions, as it can be easily and cost-effectively implemented within a microfluidic device for a range of applications including immunoassays, molecular mechanics, chemical and biological screening, and mechanobiology.

Topic: Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Patterns of Participation in Support Groups for Dementia Caregivers

Anecdotal evidence suggests that inconsistent particiation in support groups for dementia caregivers negatively affects both the continuing attenders and the brief attenders; however, prior research has not directly evaluated patterns of support group participation. Sixty-nine caregivers of relatives with dementia participated in the present study. Forty-three subjects were current members of a support group, while the remaining 26 were former members who attended fewer than six sessions. Continuing attenders were more likely to be primary care providers, to be more similar to other group members, and to report greater burden and less family support than the brief attenders.

Topic: Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Kishinev Pogrom of 1903: A Turning Point in Jewish History

Journal Article The Kishinev Pogrom of 1903: A Turning Point in Jewish History Get access Monty Noam Penkower Monty Noam Penkower Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Modern Judaism - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience, Volume 24, Issue 3, October 2004, Pages 187–225, https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjh017 Published: 01 October 2004

Topic: Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
NONPROFITS IN THE FIELD: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PEER MONITORING AND SABOTAGE

ABSTRACT Two types of intrinsically motivated workers are considered: good workers care about the mission of an organization, whereas bad workers derive pleasure from destructive behavior. Compared to the case with only good workers, the mission‐oriented sector has to resort to higher monitoring to deal with the threat of sabotage. When standard monitoring is not possible, peer monitoring might deter bad workers from entering the nonprofit sector but reduces output due to free riding and because workers require higher compensation to work in teams. Nonprofits implement peer monitoring only if the expected damage that bad workers can inflict is larger than the loss of productivity due to teamwork. For senior staff with high reservation utility, they turn a blind eye on serious sabotage if the likelihood of hiring a bad worker is perceived as small. But they almost systematically implement peer monitoring for junior staff.

Topic: Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Motivations to enrol in EMI programmes in China: an exploratory study

Abstract A recent interest in English Medium Instruction (EMI) has led to the flourishing of studies that examine motivation in EMI classrooms. Some of these studies tend to compare language learning motivation of students who are and are not enrolled in EMI programmes (see e.g. Doiz, Aintzane, David Lasagabaster &amp; Juan Manuel Sierra. 2014. CLIL and motivation: The effect of individual and contextual variables. The Language Learning Journal 42(2). 209–224; Sylvén, Liss Kerstin &amp; Amy S. Thompson. 2015. Language learning motivation and CLIL: Is there a connection? Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education 3(1). 28–50), showing that EMI learners are typically more motivated than their peers in non-EMI contexts. This has led to the common perception that learners enrol in EMI primarily to improve their English. Yet, there is a dearth of comprehensive studies exploring learners’ reasons behind their enrolment in EMI programmes and how these change throughout their studies. To address this gap, 247 university students from a range of universities across China filled in the questionnaire, which included scales pertaining to reasons for choosing an EMI programme. The data were analysed in SPSS. The results show that enhanced future job opportunities, opportunities for contact with an international community as well as potential gains in learning content and language specific vocabulary are the most strongly endorsed drivers that motivate EMI students to undertake their studies in English. They also tend to pursue their ideal visions of themselves as bilingual professionals and derive pleasure from EMI classes. To a lesser extent, students are motivated by what is expected of them and the actual pedagogy in the language classroom. Their motivation tends to stay stable over their years of study. However, the survey also revealed that not all students are equally motivated and resolved to continue with EMI studies. The findings highlight that, whereas students tend to be strongly motivated, there is a potential to improve the delivery of EMI courses.

Topic: Second Language Learning and Teaching
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Formant comparison between whispered and voiced vowels in mandarin

Formant shifting quantities of whispered vowels are important to both whispered acoustic analysis and reconstruction of normal speech from whispered speech, but no research on Chinese whispered formant has been reported. In this paper, an improved dynamic programming (IDP) algorithm for formant tracking is proposed, and the differences between whispered formants and voiced formants in Mandarin vowels are statistically analyzed. Experiments were performed on six Mandarin simple vowels /i/, /u/, /a/, /o/, /e/, and /u/ with four tones uttered by 20 speakers. It is concluded that the Mandarin whispered formants shift to higher frequencies and expand to wider bandwidths. On the other hand, the formant changes might carry some whispered tonal information.

Topic: Speech and Audio Processing
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Ambivalent laughter: the key to preserving playtime

Arguments over the future of school playtime continue back and forth. Opinions range from the interval period envisaged as a waste of teaching and learning time to sentiments supporting a child’s right to free play. Neither view, however, addresses the principal issue. If all laughter is ambivalent, which is the issue proposed here, then the central means by which pupils communicate on the primary school playground cannot be an indication of their contentment alone. The double, contradictory nature of ambivalency means that pupils’ laughter can also be an indication of their unhappiness. Playtime’s substantially serious dimension, therefore, invalidates any claims that playtime is simply a frivolous occasion and therefore expendable. Mikhail Bakhtin’s work on the language of relationships and on ambivalent laughter provides this qualitative study with the fresh insights that can make a positive contribution to the ongoing playtime debate.

Topic: Themes in Literature Analysis
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
[Clarification of the ultrasound features of benign kidney tumors. Apropos of 10 cases].

Benign tumours of the kidney are rare conditions; their pre-operative diagnosis is of great importance, as in many cases it avoids the need for a total or even extended nephrectomy. The authors report 10 cases of benign renal tumours, which were explored by ultrasound and confirmed: an adenoma, a haemangiopericytoma, 4 angiomyolipomas, 2 oncocytomas and 2 multilocular cysts. The ultrasound appearance of these tumours does not seem to be specific. The angiomyolipoma only had a typical appearance in two cases, while the other two cases had an appearance no different from an adenocarcinoma or from another benign tumour.

Topic: Renal and related cancers
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Infant's Auditory World: Hearing, Speech, and the Beginnings of Language

The focus of this chapter is on how infants perceive, process, and learn from their auditory environments. We focus on mechanism of hearing, speech perception, and early language learning, with the goal of elucidating recent progress in this field and its historical context. The literature reviewed includes studies of hearing development in young infants, the beginnings of speech perception and tuning to the native language, word segmentation, word learning, phonological acquisition, and the early stages of language acquisition. Throughout, we focus on current controversies along with theoretical and methodological innovations.


Keywords:

hearing;
infants;
language;
speech;
words

Topic: Language Development and Disorders
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Technical and economic aspects when using both DC (-48 V) and AC (230 V) telecom systems

The fast-growing development of the telecom industry generates an increasing need to provide both DC and AC reserve power systems in the same telecom power plant. This need arises from the widespread use of computer-like equipment to perform functions such as traffic measurements, dynamic routing control, billing, surveillance, control and maintenance. The ability to perform these functions remotely from a central location is particularly important as the number of nodes in the telecom network grows to provide enhanced and new services. The focus in this paper is how the AC part can be provided, as the traditional DC power plant is already well documented in this forum. The paper makes comparisons between three power system architectures. The discussion includes reliability considerations, methods to achieve redundancy, maintenance aspects of service and operation, methods of charging and maintaining batteries and means to determine battery condition and predict capacity. It also describes conditions that must be taken into consideration when selecting telecommunication power system architectures.

Topic: HVDC Systems and Fault Protection
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
A new modelling method for boilers based on three-dimensional combustion monitoring in furnace

The non-uniform distributions of two-dimensional radiation flux on the surfaces of water-cooled wall in a furnace are obtained through the three-dimensional flue gas temperature distributions and the furnace radiation energy signals, which are got by a real-time monitoring system for the three-dimensional combustion. By the radiation flux distributions taken as the boundary conditions, a dynamic model for the boiler is established. A simulation is made on a 300 MW power plant boiler. Taking the measured data of the power plant as the inputs of the model, the average wall heat flux, drum pressure and steam mass flow rate at the outlet of the drum are calculated. The simulated results are compared with the measured data, which show the model can well represent the dynamic process of the boiler. The model is expected to be useful for on-line prediction or off-line calculation because of the performance of calculation of important thermodynamic parameter distributions on the water-cooled wall including the wall heat flux, wall temperature, steam content in mass and mass velocity, which provide an important basis to evaluate the security and reliability of power plant boiler.

Topic: Radiative Heat Transfer Studies
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
New international guidelines on resuscitation

Based on extensive review of the literature with important implications for practice

The most extensive review of the resuscitation literature ever attempted was published on 18 October.1 The review was performed by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation,2 and it was based on 277 specific questions about resuscitation; the answers were drawn from 411 systematic reviews.3 The newly released resuscitation guidelines of various organisations throughout the world, including those of the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) and the American Heart Association (AHA),4 5 are based on this information⇓.



Annabella Bluesky/Science Photo Library

Many of the recommendations made in the 2010 ERC guidelines remain unchanged, either because no new studies have been published or because evidence since 2005 supports what was previously available. There are several new recommendations, however, that have practical implications.

Chest compressions combined with rescue breaths remain the method of choice for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, “chest compression only” CPR is recommended if the rescuer is not trained (for example, in dispatcher assisted CPR) or is not willing to give rescue breaths. The aim is now to compress the chest to a depth of 5-6 cm (rather than 4-5 cm). This recommendation is based on several studies showing that deeper compressions were associated with improved short term outcomes. The risk of harm (such as …

Topic: Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Clinical analysis of Tracheobronchial foreign bodies with subcutaneous emphysema,mediastinal emphysema or pneumothorax

Objective To discuss the clinical features,treatments and prevention of tracheobronchial foreign bodies with subcutaneous emphysema,mediastinal emphysema or pneumothorax in children.Methods Fifty tracheobronchial patients with subcutaneous emphysema,mediastinal emphysema or pneumothorax were included from January,1984 to December,2008.Age,risk factors,clinical features of operation-related complications and the treatments were discussed.Results Forty-eight patients were cured after a 5-7 day treatment.One patient complicated with atelectasis and pleural adhesion and one patient died.Conclusion The rupture of the alveolar due to pulmonary hypertension is the main factor causing mediastinal emphysema and pneumothorax.Timely and accurate diagnosis is the prerequisites to reduce the mortality rate of tracheobronchial foreign body with complications.Prevention of operation-related complications is the key to reduce the mortality rate.

Topic: Foreign Body Medical Cases
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Lavender oil anti-oxidative and anti-tumor activity

Antioxidant and Anti-tumor efficacy of commercial lavender oil has been studied on Human Hepatocyte cancer cell line HCAM with eight concentration (0,5, 6, 7, 8, 10,12 & 20 ) µg/ml. Cell viability was measured after 48hrs. Result show the Rate of growth viability of HCAM cell line treated with eight concentration of Lavender oil IC50= 7.916 µg/ml. Acridine / ethidium bromide is used to identify changes in cancer cell membranes during programmed cell death. That showed stages of programmed death of Tumor cells : as the oil extract destroys plasma membrane thus its death completely. antioxidant activity of lavender oil showed the high value of oil extract as antioxidant it's no reactive oxygen species (ROS) content.

Topic: Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences