jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Development of building inventory for northern Pakistan for seismic risk reduction

Purpose This paper aims to present the studies which were carried out to determine building typology in Northern Pakistan, which is a seismically active region. Design/methodology/approach A total of 41 towns and cities were surveyed to collect the data of building types. Help was also taken from global positioning system and satellite imagery. Findings In total, 14 different types of buildings were identified in the region based on the structural system and combination of wall and roof materials; each of them was assigned an appropriate designation. The walls in these buildings were made of block, stone or brick, whereas the roof consisted of corrugated galvanised iron sheet, thatched roof, precast concrete planks or reinforced concrete (RC). Only 6 per cent buildings were found to be engineered RC buildings; this indicates a significance proportion of non-engineered building stock in Northern Pakistan. Research limitations/implications The surveys were conducted in some of the selected areas. Other areas are beyond the scope of this work. Practical implications The presence of a huge deficient building stock in Pakistan indicates a major seismic risk. The seismic losses are largely dependent on the earthquake resistance of existing buildings and building stock. An inventory of existing buildings and their types can help in assessing seismic vulnerability of the built environment, which may lead to the development of policies for seismic risk reduction. Originality/value Presently, housing encyclopaedia does not exist in Pakistan. As a result, housing typology in the country is not known. The presented study addresses this gap in part. Housing typology surveys were conducted to study the typical construction practices in the selected areas and to determine the proportions of different building types in the overall building stock.

Topic: Seismic Performance and Analysis
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Biogeochemistry of Hg in Soil-Plant System in Regions with Anthropogenic Contamination

Application of selected separation techniques and obtained total Hg concentrations in studied plant species indicate relatively low Hg phytoavailability in studied soils. Calculated separation yields for applied separation techniques were in many cases comparable with soil-plant transfer recovery values for studied plant species. Distribution of Hg in roots of studied root vegetables showed the tendency of increasing amount of Hg from basal towards terminal part of root.

Topic: Integrated Water Resources Management
Subfield: Water Science and Technology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA

This study analysed the relationship between public expenditure and economic growth. The study used the secondary data from CBN Statistical Bulletin from 2004 – 2018. The objectives of this study are to examine the relationship between capital expenditure on economic services and economic growth, evaluate the relationship between capital expenditure on social and community services and economic growth, and assess the relationship between expenditure on transfers and economic growth. The Economic Growth was analysed in term of the Real Gross Domestic Product and this formed the dependent variable. The independent variable of interest was the Capital Expenditure on Economic Services, Capital Expenditure on Social and Community Services and Expenditure of Transfer. A multiple regression model was employed for the study and was analysed using the Generalized Least Square (GLS) with the aid of a statistical program (Eviews 11). The causality test was conducted using the Pairwise Granger Causality Test. The results of the hypotheses tested are that Capital Expenditure on Economic Services has a positive and significant impact on Economic Growth. Also, the study found that Capital Expenditure on Social and Community Services has a negative and insignificant impact on Economic Growth and that Expenditure on Transfer has a negative and insignificant impact on Economic Growth. The study conducted a Pairwise Granger Causality Test and the result shows that causality runs from Capital Expenditure on Economic Services to Economic Growth and not from the Capital Expenditure on Social and Community Services and Expenditure of Transfer. The study recommends that Capital Expenditure on Economic Services should be maintained and increased since it drives the economy positively, the productive components of the Capital Expenditure on Social and Community Services should be focused on, Expenditure on Transfer (oil subsidy) should be made Zero and the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) should be encouraged.

Topic: Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Jürgen Habermas im Kontext von Biokonservativismus und Stammzellethik

Abstract The relationship between Jürgen Habermas’s position on bioethics and bioconservativism is still insufficiently clear. Although Habermas himself notes that he can, in an unspecified sense, be considered conservative with regard to bioethics, this self-designation does not itself constitute proof. The fact that Habermas’s arguments have been taken up in the bioconservative debate has led some to acknowledge Habermas’s engagement with bioconservatism. However, the clarification of the condition of individual freedom that Habermas proposes in his bioethics mediates the selfhood of the person through the materiality of a biological beginning. Thus, as will be shown, he repeatedly departs from the bioconservative discourse.

Topic: Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
[Natriuretic effect of haloperidol in dogs].

A 0.5 microM/kg/min infusion of haloperidol in the renal artery of 20 sodium-loaded dogs undergoing water diuresis is showed to induce the following net effects: a statistically significant reduction of both clearance of PAH (-18.1 +/- 6.6 ml/min), and glomerular filtration rate (-4.3 +/- 1.5 ml/min), an increase of both fractional excretion of sodium (+ 6.8 +/- 1.1%) and potassium (+ 55.1 +/- 5.5%), a decrease of fractional excretion of phosphate (-5.3 +/- 1.5%), and a lack of change of free water clearance (infused minus controlateral kidney difference).

Topic: Renal function and acid-base balance
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Review: Inhaled insulin: overcoming barriers to insulin therapy?

nhaled insulin is a new route of insulin delivery that can be used in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It offers an alternative and additional means of insulin administration, and has been received with particular satisfaction by patients who dislike injections. Trials indicate that inhaled insulin can be used effectively for pre-meal bolus intensification of treatment. Pre-meal inhaled insulin with Exubera® has shown faster absorption and similar duration of action to regular subcutaneous insulin with an overall similar glucodynamic effect. Although bioavailability is lower, mainly due to losses in the upper airways, this is compensated for by dose. The commonest side effect reported with inhaled insulin, as with subcutaneous insulin, was hypoglycaemia, almost a quarter of patients noted a cough which settled with continued treatment. Increased antibody titres and changes in lung function return to normal on discontinuation of inhaled insulin. Quality of life scores indicate patient preference for inhaled versus injected insulin, thus increased choice may improve adherence to treatment regimens. However, true cost:benefit analyses have to be undertaken as do studies in children, smokers and people with respiratory conditions, e.g. asthma.

Topic: Diabetes Management and Research
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
PERMEATION AND DIFFUSION OF K IONS IN FROG MUSCLE

The movements of tracer K and net changes of K have been measured in frog muscle. The quantities moving can be linearly related to the square root of the time after a delay of 4 to 30 minutes depending on the external K concentration. The slope of the uptake-t½ line is increased when the external K concentration is raised. The Q10 of the uptake is about 1.9 per unit t½. K uptake from 1 to 2 mM concentration is diminished by a factor of about 2 if strophanthin is applied. The output per unit t½ is increased by a factor of about 1.4 by strophanthin. Tetrabutylammonium substituted for 10 per cent of the Na in the medium causes a reversible slowing of K uptake and Na output. The rates of movement found in the tracer experiments can be used to calculate the net losses of K taking place in K-free or strophanthin-containing media. The results are interpreted on the basis of K movement being limited both by a resistive outer layer and by diffusion within a K-rich region. The internal diffusion constant is 10–11 to 10–10 cm.2 sec.–1 depending on the K concentration. The rate of movement of the K can be related to the electrochemical activity of the ion, the lability of the sites on which it is absorbed, and cation + anion pair diffusion within the cell. The surface resistance to K ions can be accounted for as the sum of a membrane resistance equal to that found by electrical methods and the resistance offered to the movement of K by an annulus sufficiently thick (ca. 3 µ) to accommodate the cell Na at a density equal to the mean density of cation within the cell through which K diffuses with the same diffusion constant as holds in the K-rich region. Na movement, if assumed to take place by diffusion from the annulus with diffusion constant equal to that for K ions, has a rate which agrees well with observed values. The influence of strophanthin and tetrabutylammonium on the ion movements is interpreted as being the result of these agents causing an expansion of the outer non-selective region, normally occupied mainly by Na, at the expense of the inner K-rich region.

Topic: Electrochemical Analysis and Applications
Subfield: Electrochemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Geometric Realizations of Bi-Hamiltonian Completely Integrable Systems

In this paper we present an overview of the connection between completely integrable systems and the background geometry of the flow. This relation is better seen when using a group-based concept of moving frame introduced by Fels and Olver in [Acta Appl. Math. 51 (1998), 161-213; 55 (1999), 127-208]. The paper discusses the close connection between different types of geometries and the type of equations they realize. In particular, we describe the direct relation between symmetric spaces and equations of KdV-type, and the possible geometric origins of this connection.

Topic: Quantum chaos and dynamical systems
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Imidazoquinoxaline derivative EAPB0503: A promising drug targeting mutant nucleophosmin 1 in acute myeloid leukemia

BACKGROUND Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein mainly localized in the nucleolus. NPM1 is frequently mutated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). NPM1c oligomerizes with wild‐type nucleophosmin 1 (wt‐NPM1), and this leads to its continuous cytoplasmic delocalization and contributes to leukemogenesis. Recent studies have shown that Cytoplasmic NPM1 (NPM1c) degradation leads to growth arrest and apoptosis of NPM1c AML cells and corrects wt‐NPM1 normal nucleolar localization. METHODS AML cells expressing wt‐NPM1 or NPM1c or transfected with wt‐NPM1 or NPM1c as well as wt‐NPM1 and NPM1c AML xenograft mice were used. Cell growth was assessed with trypan blue or a CellTiter 96 proliferation kit. The cell cycle was studied with a propidium iodide (PI) assay. Caspase‐mediated intrinsic apoptosis was assessed with annexin V/PI, the mitochondrial membrane potential, and poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase cleavage. The expression of NPM1, p53, phosphorylated p53, and p21 was analyzed via immunoblotting. Localization was performed with confocal microscopy. The leukemia burden was evaluated by flow cytometry with an anti‐human CD45 antibody. RESULTS The imidazoquinoxaline 1‐(3‐methoxyphenyl)‐ N ‐methylimidazo[1,2‐ a ]quinoxalin‐4‐amine (EAPB0503) induced selective proteasome‐mediated degradation of NPM1c, restored wt‐NPM1 nucleolar localization in NPM1c AML cells, and thus yielded selective growth arrest and apoptosis. Introducing NPM1c to cells normally harboring wt‐NPM1 sensitized them to EAPB0503 and led to their growth arrest. Moreover, EAPB0503 selectively reduced the leukemia burden in NPM1c AML xenograft mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings further reinforce the idea of targeting the NPM1c oncoprotein to eradicate leukemic cells and warrant a broader preclinical evaluation and then a clinical evaluation of this promising drug. Cancer 2017;123:1662–1673. © 2017 American Cancer Society .

Topic: Acute Myeloid Leukemia Research
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Affect and Stereotypic Thinking: A Test of the Mood-and-General-Knowledge Model

Happy, sad, or neutral participants evaluated the likelihood of a suspect’s guilt. The suspect’s membership was or was not stereotypically associated with the misconduct of which he was accused. Participants also were provided with specific case information that varied in its implications (ambiguous implying either the suspect’s guilt or innocence). The results show that when stereotypes clearly contradict specific information, happy people rely on the latter and no longer use stereotypes. The general assumption of a greater reliance on stereotypes under happiness was found to be restricted to “slight inconsistency.” Overall, this study supports the mood-and-general-knowledge (MAGK) model. In contrast, even though sadness decreases reliance on stereotypes, it does not increase careful processing of incoming information, as is generally assumed in the literature.

Topic: Social and Intergroup Psychology
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Evaluation of prescription pattern of anti - Hypertensive drugs in Urban population of Hyderabad

Knowledge of existing prescription patterns in the treatment of hypertension can provide useful information for improving clinical practice in this field. The aim of this study is to determine the prescription pattern of Antihypertensive medication in Outpatient General Clinics of a locality in urban population of Hyderabad. A Retrospective study was carried out by evaluating 300 prescriptions of Antihypertensive drugs for a period of six months from five Outpatient clinics of Hyderabad city. The study assessed prescribing patterns for Antihypertensive drugs in five classes-Calcium channel Blockers, β blockers, ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, Thiazide Diuretics. The contents of the prescriptions were evaluated on the basis of drugs used for Hypertension and brand names were decoded to generic names using standard CIMS India and the Internet. Out of the 300 prescriptions evaluated 195 were of male patients & 105 of them were of female patients. Frequency of use of Antihypertensives as monotherapy was β blockers-22%. Calcium Channel Blockers-13%, Angiotensin receptor Blockers-13%, ACE inhibitors-12%, Diuretics- 1%. The most commonly used combination of drugs were Calcium Channel blockers + β blockers-13%, Angiotensin receptor Blockers + β blockers-8.3%. Angiotensin receptor blockers + Calcium Channel Blockers- 5%, Angiotensin receptor blocker + Diuretic-4.6%, β blocker + Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors-3%, β blockers + Diuretic-1%, Calcium Channel blocker + Diuretic-1%. This study shows that the most commonly prescribed drug classes involved were β blockers followed by Calcium Channel blockers. Angiotensin receptor blockers and Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Major limitations of this work include its retrospective nature and the inability to determine the actual patient’s adherence to therapy.

Topic: Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Reye Syndrome and Aspirin Therapy

<i>Sir.</i>—A significant number of children require long-term aspirin therapy for collagen vascular disorders, rheumatic fever, and other inflammatory diseases. Several cases of Reye syndrome (RS) have recently been documented in these children, who may actually be at an increased risk to develop the syndrome.<sup>1</sup>Although reports indicate a decline in the incidence of acute rheumatic fever (ARF),<sup>2</sup>a recent dramatic resurgence of ARF has occurred in Utah. This resurgence is reflected in the increased number of ARF admitted to Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, in 1985: Average No. Period of Cases 1960-1964 24.6 1965-1969 18.0 1970-1974 14.2 1975-1979 5.0 1980-1984 7.6 1985 50 (Actual No.) We describe herein a child who developed RS while being treated with salicylates for ARF. <i>Patient Report.</i>—A 7-year-old girl was admitted to the University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, for altered mental status. Three weeks prior to admission,

Topic: Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Selective C–S\nBond Constructions Using Inorganic\nSulfurs via Photoinduced Electron Donor–Acceptor Activation

By complementing traditional transition metal catalysis,\nphotoinduced\ncatalysis has emerged as a versatile and sustainable way to achieve\ncarbon–heteroatom bond formation. This work discloses a visible-light-induced\nreaction for the formation of a C–S bond from aryl halides\nand inorganic sulfuration agents via electron donor–acceptor\n(EDA) complex photocatalysis. Divergent formations of organic sulfide\nand disulfide have been demonstrated under mild conditions. Preliminary\nmechanistic studies suggest that visible-light-induced intracomplex\ncharge transfer within the monosulfide-anion-containing EDA complex\npermits the C–S bond construction reactivity.

Topic: Sulfur-Based Synthesis Techniques
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Performance of Mid-Size Internationalized Indian Firms: Evaluating the Role of Family Control

The rapidly growing and gradual emergence of multinational firms from the Indian sub-continent now calls for thorough re-understandings of extant theories and existing ideologies of the ‘internationalization’ process. We would initially assess the three-stage model of internationalization in the context of mid-size Indian firms and intend to investigate the relationship between performance and degree of internationalization. Based on the longitudinal dataset (2005-12) of publicly listed firms, our findings suggested that mid-size firms remained stuck up in the first stage of internationalization and accordingly exhibit a downward-sloping relationship between internationalization’s degree and performance. Most of the mid-size firms continued to show a predominantly family-controlled stance, and the impact of family ownership shows negative effects on the degree of internationalization. By examining the performance heterogeneity in family-owned firms towards internationalization, this paper enriches the existing body of research and assume it to be a prolific addition in the literature on international expansion.

Topic: Family Business Performance and Succession
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Indian Higher Education under GATS and Globalisation

The opening of the Indian economy in 1991 and the subsequent signing of the GATS Accord in 1994, gave a new flavour to education in general and higher education in particular. This has led to commodification of higher education with the emergence of private providers, both Indian and foreign, having profit maximisation as their main objective. This paper looks at the evolution of higher education system in India and the implications of GATS Accord and globalisation for this system. While India has witnessed a sizeable growth in education, it has not been accompanied by improvement in quality. A number of problems still plague our system of higher education. There is an urgent need for monitoring the providers of higher education to avoid further damage to the education sector.

Topic: Global Education Systems and Policies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Genetic and phenotypic relationships between performance test and reproduction traits in Large White pigs

Abstract Genetic and phenotypic relationships between performance test and reproduction traits were estimated, after five generations of divergent selection for components of efficient lean growth, in a population of Large Wltite pigs. On ad-libitum feeding, a total of 4334 pigs were performance tested, of which 884 selected gilts had measurements of reproduction traits. On a restricted feeding regime, 1558 pigs were tested, which included 336 selected gilts with reproduction records. For pigs given food ad libitum , genetic correlations between litter weights at birth and weaning with daily food intake (0·48 and 0·42, s.e. 0·16) and with growth rate on test (0·65 and 0·52) were positive, but correlations with backfat depths were not significantly different from zero. For pigs given food at a restricted level, litter birth weight was positively genetically correlated with growth rate (0·50, s.e. 0·18) and negatively correlated with backfat depths (-0·48, s.e. 0·16). Phenotypic and environmental correlations between performance test and reproduction traits were all less than 0·10 in magnitude, for pigs tested on either feeding regime. The variation in backfat depth enabled detection of a non-linear relationship between predicted breeding values for litter weight at birth with predicted breeding values for average backfat depth of farrowing gilts performance tested on ad-libitum feeding, but not for gilts tested on restricted feeding. The positive genetic correlations between growth rate and daily food intake with litter traits suggested that selection strategies which change growth and daily food intake may result in relatively greater genetic changes in piglet growth rate than in litter size.

Topic: Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Nesting biology of Hauxwell's Thrush ( <i>Turdus hauxwelli</i> ): with notes on altitudinal variation

The genus Turdus has a nearly complete anthology of nesting descriptions for its 70 species. One species yet to have nesting described is Turdus hauxwelli, a Neotropical bird native to South America. In addition to an altitudinal range expansion, here we document 19 active T. hauxwelli nests from 2 elevational regions (400 and 1,350 m) in the Andes of Southeastern Peru. Along with detailed descriptions of nest measurements and composition, we also describe nesting behavior. We present detailed information on T. hauxwelli temperature fluctuations in nest and eggs, and nest attentiveness during incubation and nestling period. The average egg weight was 6.12 g with dimensions of 26.71 × 20.05 mm. The female conducted an average of 28 trips per day during incubation, which lasted 13.7 d while the nestling period lasted 14.25 d. The overall daily survival probability for the nests is 19.5%. Other nesting traits were also similar between sites, with only nest mass differing by 37% between elevations, and even greater at higher elevations. Nesting traits among Turdus species do not vary drastically, however, despite occupying a variety of ecosystems from sea level up to 4,500 m, suggesting a low evolutionary lability in nesting traits in this genus.

Topic: Avian ecology and behavior
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences