jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Gregor Mendel’s meeting with Pope Pius IX: the truth in the story.

According to Hugo Iltis, Mendel had made a journey to Italy in the 1860s, not knowing when or for&#13;\nwhat purpose. Mendel might then have also paid a visit to Pope Pius IX, and become acquainted&#13;\nwith the “later” Cardinal Teodolfo Mertel. Oswald Richter had already discovered that Mendel had&#13;\nreceived a 3-months pass for the Italian states in mid-August 1863. In this article, I put forward new&#13;\nevidence and arguments that it is very likely that Mendel took part in a three weeks’ organized&#13;\ngroup tour to Italy in September 1863. This tour was organized by the same entrepreneurs as&#13;\nMendel’s group tour to the International Exhibition in London a year earlier. In Rome, the group was&#13;\nreceived by the Pope. Furthermore, there were stays of several days in Naples and Florence.&#13;\nBecause Mertel had already become Cardinal four years before this trip, this part of the story about&#13;\nMertel cannot be correct. I argue that it is likely that the high dignitary whom Mendel met was Karl&#13;\nvon Hefele, professor of church history, spokesman for the group at the meeting with the Pope. It is&#13;\nstriking that in 1862 and 1863, Mendel could make expensive international trips, which were only&#13;\naffordable to the societal elite. These major international journeys illustrate Mendel’s broad interest&#13;\nin the world and the society of his days and contrast the view that he was a monk in recluse.

Topic: Ichthyology and Marine Biology
Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Acute IP Phlorizin Normalizes Cortical PO <sub>2</sub> But Causes Medullary Hypoxia in The Diabetic Rat Kidney

Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by glomerular hyperfiltration and reduced renal cortical oxygen tension (CPO 2 ). Recent, observations indicate that increased tubular sodium glucose linked transport (SGLT) plays a role in the development of hyperfiltration in diabetic mice (Sällstrom et al 2014). The aim of the current study was to determine how inhibition of SGLT impacts upon renal tissue PO 2 in the diabetic rat kidney. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (IP) STZ (50mg/kg) injection in Sprague Dawley rats (n=9), 2 weeks prior to experimentation. Animals were surgically prepared for intravenous infusion of [3H]Inulin and [14C]PAH, the IP delivery of Phlorizin (sodium‐glucose transport inhibitor; 200mg/Kg) and the measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP), left kidney function, CPO 2 and medullary (M) PO 2 (Clark electrode). Data± SEM was analyzed using a two‐way RM ANOVA. Baseline MAP, urinary glucose excretion (UGE) fractional sodium excretion (FE Na ), CPO 2 and MPO 2 was 118±2 mmHg, 0.26±0.07 mg/min, 0.09±0.03%, 36±1 mmHg and 27±2 mmHg respectively. IP Phlorizin had no effect on MAP but significantly increased UGE, FE Na and CPO 2 to 0.6±0.2 mg/min, 0.6±0.1 % and 49±1 mmHg respectively and reduced MPO 2 to 23±1mmHg (all P&lt;0.05). SGLT inhibition normalizes CPO 2 , which implies that increased proximal tubule transport contributes to the development of hypoxia in the diabetic kidney. However,SGLT inhibition reduced oxygen availability in the medulla. This may result from the diversion of sodium reabsorption to more distal nephron segments within the medulla, where sodium transport requires more oxygen consumption.

Topic: Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Framework to aid analysis and interpretation of ongoing COVID-19 research

<ns4:p>The global coronavirus pandemic has precipitated a rapid unprecedented research response, including investigations into risk factors for COVID-19 infection, severity, or death. However, results from this research have produced heterogeneous findings, including articles published in Wellcome Open Research. Here, we use ethnicity, obesity, and smoking as illustrative examples to demonstrate how a research question can produce very different answers depending on how it is framed. For example, these factors can be both strongly associated or have a null association with death due to COVID-19, even when using the same dataset and statistical modelling. Highlighting the reasons underpinning this apparent paradox provides an important framework for reporting and interpreting ongoing COVID-19 research.</ns4:p>

Topic: COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
RSSDI consensus on self-monitoring of blood glucose in types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus in India

Maintaining a good glycemic control is crucial in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) as it is associated with the reduction in both macro and microvascular complications of the disease. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), which provides the day-to-day blood glucose levels, is a simple and practical tool for maintaining a good glycemic control. Although SMBG is widely practiced in other countries, its use in India is very limited. Even when used, it is not carried out is a structured manner. There seems to be a lack of education about the purpose of SMBG and the correct process and schedule to be followed. This highlights the unmet need for country-specific SMBG recommendations. In order to fulfil this need, a panel of expert endocrinologists/ diabetologists came together under the aegis of Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI). They reviewed the current literature, combined the evidences with their clinical knowledge and expertise, and developed consensus recommendations for SMBG practice in India. This document provides a comprehensive review of the current literature on SMBG and presents the recommendations made by the expert panel.

Topic: Diabetes Management and Research
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Fast-fashion faux pas

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings Fast fashion is incredibly damaging to the environment. Sustainable initiatives are key to both the survival of fast fashion brands as well as the reduction of environmental damage caused by the fashion industry. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives, strategists and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

Topic: Environmental Sustainability in Business
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Individualized exercises for teaching professionally oriented English writing

The article deals with the problem of creating exercises for individualized instruction of professionally oriented English writing. The analysis of the previous investigations of the given problem is carried out. The main principles of the exercises system creation are as follows: the principle of systematic organization of exercises, the principle of teaching materials individualization, the principle of interactive learning and the principle of individualized selfstudy of students. The types of the exercises for differentiated instruction are specified. The latter include such generally recognized types of exercises as communicative and noncommunicative, receptive, receptivereproductive and productive exercises, exercises with scaffolds and without them, exercises with full or minimal control on the teacher‘s side. The individualized nature of the proposed exercises suggests also their classification into adapted exercises of two types and developing exercises. The groups and subgroups of the exercises for development of English competence are singled out. Thus, the proposed system of exercises falls into three main groups: the group of exercises for individualized development of professionally oriented reading skills; the group of exercises for individualized forming of communicative reading and writing skills formation; the group of exercises for individualized development of professionally oriented writing skills. The theoretical analysis of the system is supplemented with examples.

Topic: Foreign Language Teaching Methods
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Multiple Primary Neoplasms in Blacks Compared to Whites. I. Further Cancers in Patients With Hodgkin's Disease, Leukemia, and Myeloma 2

Incidence of multiple primary neoplasms in patients with Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, and myeloma was determined from 23 years' experience of the Charity Hospital Tumor Registry. Expected cancers were calculated by application of age-, sex-, and race-specific incidence rates to the person-years experience in the registry; these rates were compared to observed cancers. Whites with both Hodgkin's disease and leukemia had an increased risk for subsequent development of skin cancer, but this was thought due to artifacts of reporting. Blacks with leukemia had a significantly increased risk of later lung cancer. White males with myeloma had a 6.6-fold increased risk of subsequent cancer, and, although not statistically significant, this might be accounted for by subsequent cancer of the stomach.

Topic: Multiple and Secondary Primary Cancers
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Liver transplantation in patients with sickle cell disease: possible but challenging—a cohort study

The liver is frequently affected in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), but few reports have described liver transplantation (LT) in patients with SCD. We present a thorough analysis of the largest single-center series of LT in patients with SCD and the first systematic review. There were 21 patients with a median age of 37.6 years. LT was performed for acute liver failure related to the sickling process (57%) or electively for end-stage liver disease (43%). Prior to LT, 13 patients (62%) were in the intensive care unit and required mechanical ventilation (33%), vasopressor therapy (24%), renal replacement therapy (10%), or molecular adsorbent recirculating system therapy (19%). Post-LT morbidity and mortality were 95% and 33%, respectively. Patient survival at 1 and 5 years were 58.3% and 41.7%, respectively, in the urgent group and 88.9% and 77.8%, respectively, in the elective group. A total of 22 transplant patients with SCD are described in 20 articles in the literature. The 1- and 5-year patient survival rates for the 18 evaluable patients were 75% and 65%, respectively. LT improves survival in patients with SCD and acute liver failure or end-stage liver disease but is associated with high morbidity during the early postoperative course.

Topic: Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Prediction and Analysis of ChiNext Stock Price Based on Linear and Non-linear Composite Model

Abstract This article first uses the gray correlation analysis combined with the gravitational search algorithm model to model the time series linearly. In this way, the predicted value of the GEM stock price is obtained. The simulation analysis of the calculation example found that the average relative error of the prediction result of our proposed model is 0.095 and the operation efficiency is high.

Topic: Energy Load and Power Forecasting
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Negotiating Murder: A Panzer Signal Company and the Destruction of the Jews of Peregruznoe, 1942

Journal Article Negotiating Murder: A Panzer Signal Company and the Destruction of the Jews of Peregruznoe, 1942 Get access Waitman Beorn Waitman Beorn University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill waitman.beorn@gmail.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Volume 23, Issue 2, Fall 2009, Pages 185–213, https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcp033 Published: 01 October 2009

Topic: European history and politics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Inhibition of Sporulation of<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>by MAPI, a Serine Protease Inhibitor, and Interaction of MAPI with Membrane Bound Protease

At levels of 10^g/ml (≈10_5m), MAPI, a peptidealdehyde type serine protease inhibitor, selectively inhibited sporulation of B. subtilis without appreciably altering exponential growth. The strongest inhibition of sporulation is observed when the inhibitor is added within the first 3~4hr of sporulation. Using [14C]MAPI, the existence of an MAPI-binding substance was investigated. More than 50% of the incorporated MAPI formed a complex with a constituent of the membrane. This substance was identified as the membrane bound protease [Shimizu et al, Agric. Biol. Chem., 47, 1775 (1983)] from chromatographic and enzymatic properties. These results strongly suggested that the inhibition of sporulation of MAPI may be due to repression of proteolytic activity of the membrane bound enzyme through the complex formation. They also suggested that all the essential function of the enzyme was complete before t4.

Topic: Enzyme Production and Characterization
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: A Photochemical Approach to a Potential Precursor of the Bicyclo(6.4.0) dodecane Ring System of Taxane Diterpenes.

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Topic: Cancer Treatment and Pharmacology
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Hispanic Students at Risk: Do We Abdicate or Advocate?

With the rapid growth of Hispanic student populations in the United Stages comes a corresponding increase in the number of students who have limited English proficiency as well as disabilities. Specific educational interventions, such as programs of English for speakers of other languages (ESOL) and bilingual instruction, are needed to enable these students to enter the mainstream. The chief obstacles to bilingual special education are the paucity of personnel training programs that include cross-cultural communication, and a lack of awareness of the need for these services. Transdisciplinary teaming is a cost-effective, appropriate approach to providing the services which both handicapped and at risk language minority students require.

Topic: Language Development and Disorders
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Lipophilic O-Antigens in <i>Rhodospirillum tenue</i>

Ki" should read "Vma,."Page 692, Table 1, column 1, line 4: "DEAE-cellulose-Sephadex" should read "DEAE-Sephadex."Page 695, column 1, lines 18 and 19: "-5.4 and +9.3" should read "+5.4 and -9.3."Page 695, column 2, line 1: "6.7 and 54" should read "42 and -6."

Topic: Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Analisis Buku Fun Learning Jago Bahasa Arab Basic 1 (Tinjauan Kelayakan Isi, Penyajian, Bahasa dan Kegrafikan)

The selection and use of appropriate textbooks is very important in supporting the effectiveness of learning, especially at the primary education level. The number of textbooks on the market with various qualities requires an objective evaluation of the feasibility of textbooks. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of the Fun Learning Jago Arabic Basic 1 book based on four aspects of assessment from BSNP, namely content, presentation, language, and graphics. This research uses a qualitative approach of library research with data collection through document analysis and semi-structured interviews with the author of the book. The results showed that the book obtained an average score of 3.41 (good) for content eligibility, 3.22 (good) for presentation, 3.41 (good) for language, and 3.76 (excellent) for graphics. The book excels in visual design, integration of audio-visual media, and presentation of contextualized and fun material for children. However, shortcomings were found in grammatical accuracy, presentation structure, and completeness of supporting elements such as SK-KD and glossary. In conclusion, this book is feasible to be used as Arabic teaching materials in elementary schools with a note of improvement on several aspects to increase learning effectiveness.

Topic: Educational Research and Methods
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Geometric-Phase-Effect Tunnel-Splitting Oscillations in Single-Molecule Magnets with Fourth-Order Anisotropy Induced by Orthorhombic Distortion

We analyze the interference between tunneling paths that occurs for a spin system with both fourth-order and second-order transverse anisotropy. Using an instanton approach, we find that as the strength of the second-order transverse anisotropy is increased, the tunnel splitting is modulated, with zeros occurring periodically. This effect results from the interference of four tunneling paths connecting easy-axis spin orientations and occurs in the absence of any magnetic field.

Topic: Inflammasome and immune disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effectiveness of Eucalyptus Nano Formulation against Phytophthora capsici the Causal of Foot Rot Disease on Black Pepper

Abstract Nanoemulsion is a form of nano pesticide that has been widely developed as a pesticide. Several reports state that the main compound contained in Eucalyptus essential oil, namely 1,8 cineol (C10H18O) or Eucalyptol can inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of two types of Eucalyptus oil formulations with nano scale on the growth of the fungus Phytophthora capsici in vitro. This study was conducted in the plant pathology laboratory, at Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Crops Research Institute (ISMCRI), from January 2021 to June 2022. Chemical analysis of eucalyptus oil formulations with nano scale using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy methods. The antifungal assay was carried out by adding a formulation with a specific concentration on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium and measuring its effect on the growth of P. capsici . The result showed that the particle size of the two eucalyptus oil formulations with nano scale range between 139.87-150.4 nm. The main chemical components of Nano E. urophylla West Java (NE-JB) are alpha-Pinene (13.92%), Eucalyptol (29.17%), p-Cymene (6.03%), and glycerin (20.45%). In contrast, Nano E. grandis North Sumatra (NE-SU) consisted of (1R)-2,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo [3.1.1]hept-2-ene (17.80%), Eucalyptol (10.90%), p-Cymene (6.50%), L-alpha Terpineol (6.69%), and glycerin (39.67%). The NE-SU formulation showed the ability to inhibit the growth of P. capsici better than NE-JB. The percentage inhibition of NE-SU at the 1.5% concentration was 91.47% while NE-JB was only 33.5%.

Topic: Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
(DP 2013-03) Deviant Behavior: A Century of Philippine Industrialization

Recent work has documented industrial output growth around the poor periphery from 1870 to the present, finding unconditional convergence on the leaders long before the modern BRICS and even before the Asian Tigers. The Philippines was very much part of that catching up. In the decade or so up to 1913, Philippine industrial output grew at 6.3 percent per annum, way above that achieved by the industrial leaders. Indeed, the Philippines was the third Asian country to enter the 5% industrial growth club: Japan 1899, China 1900, the Philippines 1913, Taiwan 1914, Korea 1921, and India 1929. The Philippines continued its industrial catch up during the interwar years 1920-1938, as it did during the ISI years 1950-1972. While the Philippines conformed to the world-wide unconditional industrial convergence pattern for seven decades, it began to deviate from the pack in the 1980s, leaving the industrial catching up club in 1982, never to re-enter. What were the causes of this regime switch? Was it political instability at a critical time in the 1980s? Was it a subsequent failure to exploit the move of Japanese manufacturing FDI into the region? Was it an institutional weakness benign in the pre-1982 past but made more powerful since? Was it some liberal policy package that penalized manufacturing when it was already on the ropes? Was it a labor emigration surge in the 1980s that stripped the work force of industrial skills? Was it some massive Dutch Disease created by subsequent huge emigrant remittances? Given the initial political shock, all of these negative forces had their influence in the form of a ‘perfect de-industrializing storm’. JEL No. F1, N7, O2

Topic: Philippine History and Culture
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Behavioral evaluation of electrolytic lesions in the cochlea

Pure-tone thresholds of normal chinchillas were determined by the shock-avoidance procedure. Under aseptic conditions, differential electrodes were placed in a given turn of the cochlea microphonic (CM) response was measured. The cochlea was then electrolytically lesioned with the method described by Ferraro and Dallos [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, S78(A) (1974)]. Holes in the cochlear bone and the bulla were sealed, the contralateral cochlea destroyed, and the animal allowed to recover. Pure-tone thresholds were determined daily, until the observed shift to threshold had stabilized. Each animal was then anaesthetized and further electrophysiological data collected. Finally, the animal was sacrificed and the ear prepared for histological examination. Lesions required several days to stabilize. Correlations between behavioral, electrophysiological, and histological measures were good. [This research was supported by grants from NINDS.]

Topic: Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics
Subfield: Sensory Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Unitary evolution for a two-level quantum system in fractional-time scenario

The time-evolution operator obtained from the fractional-time Schrödinger equation (FTSE) is said to be non-unitary since it does not preserve the norm of the vector state in time. As done in the time-dependent non-Hermitian quantum formalism, for a traceless non-Hermitian two-level quantum system, we demonstrate that it is possible to map the non-unitary time-evolution operator in a unitary one. It is done by considering a dynamical Hilbert space with a time-dependent metric operator, constructed from a Hermitian time-dependent Dyson map, in respect to which the system evolves in a unitary way, and the standard quantum mechanics interpretation can be made properly. To elucidate our approach, we consider three examples of Hamiltonian operators and their corresponding unitary dynamics obtained from the solutions of FTSE, and the respective Dyson maps.

Topic: Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences