jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Hydrogels

Hydrogels are polymeric networks with a three-dimensional (3D) structure. The main characteristic of hydrogels is their ability to interact with water and other solvents due to the hydrophilic groups in the monomer structure and the cross-linking mechanisms. The cross-linking plays an essential role in the properties of hydrogels. There are two ways of cross-linking to form hydrogels: chemical and physical. Chemical cross-linking creates permanent hydrogels using cross-linking agents, developing covalent interactions between the polymeric chains. Chemical cross-linking can be achieved by chain-growth polymerization, step-growth polymerization, radiation, free-radical polymerization, and interpenetrating networks. In contrast, physical cross-linking forms reversible hydrogels and does not require any external agent. These techniques include crystallization, hydrophobic interaction, amphiphilic copolymers, charge interaction, hydrogen interactions, stereocomplex formation, and protein aggregation. This chapter details deeply the physical and chemical cross-linking techniques and some examples employed to form both kind of hydrogels.

Topic: Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
[Bullous pemphigoid in hypernephroma].

The case is reported of a 75-year-old man with bullous pemphigoid that was resistant to conventional treatment with prednisone and azathioprine. A hypernephroma was discovered and surgically excised, whereafter the skin lesions healed completely without any other therapeutic measures being taken.

Topic: Autoimmune Bullous Skin Diseases
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[The clinico-morphological aspects of primary pulmonary hypertension].

The authors relate the results of a clinical and post mortem examination of 12 patients who died for primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). The clinical, x-ray, echocardiography and electrocardiography data were of the same type in all the patients. Macroscopic studies of the heart also demonstrated similar changes: the heart mass was increased because of hypertrophy of its right parts. At the same time the microscopic picture of small vessels of the lungs turned out fairly diverse. Based on these differences all the cases were divided into 3 groups: veno-occlusive disease, recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism, plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy. However, certain differences were noted inside the groups either. It is therefore assumed that PPH is a collective notion, uniting different alterations in small pulmonary vessels, that lead to a considerable rise of pressure in the pulmonary artery.

Topic: Pulmonary Hypertension Research and Treatments
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Taxonomic and morphological contributions to the knowledge of the oribatid mite genus <i>Karenella</i> (Acari, Oribatida, Oppiidae)

The oribatid mite genus Karenella (Oribatida, Oppiidae) is recorded for the first time in the Philippines. One new species – K. (Karenella) romblonensis sp. nov. – is described from forest leaf litter and soil of Mount Guiting-guiting Natural Park, Sibuyan Island. Summarized generic/subgeneric traits and the identification key to known species of Karenella are presented.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C8E32D37-77C9-4C4E-865F-9F652E65FFF7

Topic: Study of Mite Species
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Favorable prognostic significance of CEBPA mutations in patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: a study from the Acute Leukemia French Association (ALFA)

The transcription factor C/EBPα is crucial for differentiation of mature granulocytes. Recently, differentCEBPA gene mutations likely to induce differentiation arrest have been described in nearly 10% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed the prognostic significance of CEBPA mutations in 135 AML patients (French-American-British [FAB]-M3 excluded). All patients were prospectively enrolled between 1990 and 1996 in a multicenter trial of the ALFA (Acute Leukemia French Association) Group (median age 45 years, median follow-up 5.7 years). Mutations were assessed using direct sequencing of the CEBPA gene. Twenty-two mutations were found in 15 (11%) of 135 patients tested. Twelve patients had at least one mutation located in the N-terminal part of the protein leading to the lack of expression of the full-length C/EBPα protein. CEBPA mutations were present only in patients belonging to the intermediate cytogenetic risk subgroup and associated with the FAB-M1 subtype (P = .02). FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD) was found in 5 of 15 CEBPA-mutated as compared with 30 of 119 CEBPA-nonmutated cases tested (P = .54). Presence of CEBPA mutations was identified as an independent good prognosis factor for outcome even after adjustment on cytogenetics and FLT3 status (estimated 5-year overall survival 53% vs 25%, P = .04).FLT3-ITD appeared to act as a major bad prognosis factor in patients with CEBPA-mutated AML. We thus propose a risk classification that includes in the favorable subgroup all patients from the intermediate subgroup displaying CEBPA mutations when not associated with FLT3-ITD.

Topic: Acute Myeloid Leukemia Research
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
H-InvDB: A Comprehensive Annotation Resource For Human Transcriptome

H-Invitational Database (H-InvDB: &amp;#x22;http://www.h-invitational.jp/&amp;#x22;:http://www.h-invitational.jp/) is a comprehensive annotation resource for human transcriptome. By extensive analyses of all human transcripts, we provide curated annotations of human genes, transcripts and proteins that include gene structures, alternative splicing isoforms, non-coding functional RNAs, protein functions, functional domains, sub-cellular localizations, metabolic pathways, protein 3D structure, genetic polymorphisms, relation with diseases, gene expression profiling, molecular evolutionary features, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and gene families/groups. The latest release of H-InvDB (release 7.0) provides annotation for 296,912 human transcripts in 46,499 human gene clusters based on human full-length cDNAs, mRNAs and the reference human genome sequences (NCBI b37.1). H-InvDB consists of three main views, the Transcript view, the Locus view and the Protein view, and six sub-databases; G-integra, H-ANGEL, DiseaseInfo Viewer, Evola, PPI view and Gene Family/Group view. We also provide data mining tools such as &amp;#x201c;Navigation search&amp;#x201d;, an extended search system that enables complicated searches by combining 16 different search options (&amp;#x22;http://www.h-invitational.jp/hinv/c-search/hinvNaviTop.jsp&amp;#x22;:http://www.h-invitational.jp/hinv/c-search/hinvNaviTop.jsp) and &amp;#x201c;H-InvDB Enrichment Analysis Tool (HEAT)&amp;#x201d;, a data mining tool for automatically identifying features specific to a given human gene set (&amp;#x22;http://hinv.jp/HEAT/&amp;#x22;:http://hinv.jp/HEAT/).

Topic: Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Comercio, pesca y sal en el Cap de Cerver (Orihuela) en la Baja Edad Media

The port of Cap de Cerver was used, along with that of Guardamar, as an inward and outward route for products from Orihuela’s provincial goverment. Jaime II and his successors in the throne favoured chelped it with various privileges, and its activity was oriented towards trade, fishing and exploitation. Wheat was the main exported item, although the yearly vessel movement was scarce. Profits at saltworks were not high either at the end for the Middle Ages. For its defence agsint attacks from pirates and corsairs, it had a tower, maintained by Orihuela, with a keeper in charge of it. A country house and some auxiliary buildings would complete the harbour area complex.

Topic: Medieval Architecture and Archaeology
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment combined with pharmacotherapy for sudden deafness: A retrospective study

To compare the therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment and pharmacotherapy with that of pharmacotherapy alone in sudden deafness (SD) patients, and to evaluate the impact of therapeutic time window on the therapeutic effect, a total of 264 patients with SD were assigned into HBO group and control group. Patients in the HBO group received routine pharmacotherapy and HBO treatment, and those in the control group were only routinely treated with drugs. Acoustic impedance measurement and pure tone audiometry were performed before and after treatment. The hearing after treatment at different time windows was compared with that before treatment. The overall efficacy in the HBO group was significantly superior to that of the control group (P 0.05). The results demonstrated that the efficacy of HBO combined treatment was superior to that of routine pharmacotherapy for SD patients, and HBO treatment can favorably improve the hearing of these patients. HBO treatment initiated early after symptom onset (<2 weeks) is recommended, and that initiated 2 weeks after symptom onset predicts a poor outcome.

	 

	Key words: Sudden deafness, hyperbaric oxygen, time window, therapeutic efficacy.

Topic: Vestibular and auditory disorders
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Frequency of human platelet antigens (HPA)‐1, ‐2, ‐5 and ‐15 in Brazilian blood donors and establishment of a panel of HPA‐typed donors

SUMMARY Objectives The aim of this study is to keep a record of regular human platelet antigens ( HPA )‐typed blood donors and to compare their allele frequencies with those reported in other populations. Background HPA are polymorphisms expressed on platelet membrane glycoproteins. They can generate an immune response leading to platelet alloimmunisation that may show clinical manifestations, such as neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, post‐transfusion purpura and platelet refractoriness. Platelet alloimmunisation is not uncommon, therefore, for an optimum management, it is advantageous to establish a panel of typed platelets to help matched platelets selection in HPA ‐alloimmunised patients transfusion. Methods The polymerase chain reaction ( PCR )‐allele‐specific primers and PCR ‐restriction fragment length polymorphism methods were used to determine the genotypes of HPA ‐1, ‐2, ‐5 and ‐15 systems of 337 blood donors. Results The three genotypes ( AA , AB and BB ) were found in all HPA systems analysed, and the most frequent genotypes were AA for HPA ‐1, ‐2 and ‐5 systems (mean: 0·732) and AB for HPA ‐15 system (mean: 0·523). Allele frequencies were 0·148, 0·155, 0·140 and 0·430 for HPA ‐1b, ‐2b, ‐5b and ‐15b, respectively, and they were similar to those found in Caucasian populations, especially for HPA ‐1. However, the B allele was more frequent in all HPA systems when compared with Amazon Indians, and the frequency of the B allele in our study was higher in HPA ‐1 and ‐15 systems and lower in HPA ‐2 and ‐5 systems in comparison with sub‐Saharan African populations. Conclusions A record of HPA ‐typed donors would enable rapid identification and selection of donors when HPA ‐compatible platelets are required for transfusion.

Topic: Blood groups and transfusion
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
New high-confinement regime with fast ions in the core of fusion plasmas

The key result of the present work is the theoretical prediction and observation of the formation of a new type of transport barrier in fusion plasmas, called F-ATB (fast ion-induced anomalous transport barrier). As demonstrated through state-of-the-art global electrostatic and electromagnetic simulations, the F-ATB is characterized by a full suppression of the turbulent transport - caused by strongly sheared, axisymmetric $E \times B$ flows - and an increase of the neoclassical counterpart, albeit keeping the overall fluxes at significantly reduced levels. The trigger mechanism is shown to be a mainly electrostatic resonant interaction between supra-thermal particles, generated via ion-cyclotron-resonance heating, and plasma micro-turbulence. These findings are obtained by realistic simulations of the ASDEX Upgrade discharge $\#36637$ - properly designed to maximized the beneficial role of the wave-particle resonance interaction - which exhibits the expected properties of improved confinement produced by energetic particles.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Numerical Simulation on Fast Crack Propagation in a Bi-Material Involving interfaces under Dynamic Loading

The paper considers a bi-material with a crack propagating rapidly, penetrating or deflecting at the interface under dynamic loading. The hybrid time-domain boundary element method, together with the multi-region technique, is applied to simulate the dynamic process of propagation and penetration or deflection of the crack. Moving of the crack tip in the matrix, penetration and deflection of the crack at the interface, and propagation of the crack along the interface are controlled by criteria developed from the quasi-static ones. A bi-material rectangular plate with an edged crack under impact loading is computed and compared with the photoelastic experiments. Good agreement between numerical and experimental results implies that the present boundary element numerical method can provide an excellent simulation for the dynamic crack propagation in a bi-material involving interfaces.

Topic: Numerical methods in engineering
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Genetic defects of thiamine transport and metabolism: A review of clinical phenotypes, genetics, and functional studies

Abstract Thiamine is a crucial cofactor involved in the maintenance of carbohydrate metabolism and participates in multiple cellular metabolic processes within the cytosol, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. Currently, four genetic defects have been described causing impairment of thiamine transport and metabolism: SLC19A2 dysfunction leads to diabetes mellitus, megaloblastic anemia and sensory‐neural hearing loss, whereas SLC19A3, SLC25A19, and TPK1‐related disorders result in recurrent encephalopathy, basal ganglia necrosis, generalized dystonia, severe disability, and early death. In order to achieve early diagnosis and treatment, biomarkers play an important role. SLC19A3 patients present a profound decrease of free‐thiamine in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and fibroblasts. TPK1 patients show decreased concentrations of thiamine pyrophosphate in blood and muscle. Thiamine supplementation has been shown to improve diabetes and anemia control in Rogers' syndrome patients due to SLC19A2 deficiency. In a significant number of patients with SLC19A3 , thiamine improves clinical outcome and survival, and prevents further metabolic crisis. In SLC25A19 and TPK1 defects, thiamine has also led to clinical stabilization in single cases. Moreover, thiamine supplementation leads to normal concentrations of free‐thiamine in the CSF of SLC19A3 patients. Herein, we present a literature review of the current knowledge of the disease including related clinical phenotypes, treatment approaches, update of pathogenic variants, as well as in vitro and in vivo functional models that provide pathogenic evidence and propose mechanisms for thiamine deficiency in humans.

Topic: Alcoholism and Thiamine Deficiency
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Believing is Seeing: Imagining and Imaging the Invisible from a Curator’s Perspective

A discussion is presented of the process of looking into science, particularly microscopy, whilst being concerned with its representation and its public understanding and dissemination in the context of curating exhibitions. Historical examples explored include the studies of the fruit fly, Drosophila, and the works of noted scientists including Mendel, Grew, Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Baker, Lister and Quekett. How the development of modern equipment and techniques such as scanning electron microscopy led to advances in histology and physiology is examined. The current importance of medical imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and computerized tomography (CT) scanning is discussed. A particular mention is made of the artistic works of Kessler based on electron microscopy.

Topic: Cell Image Analysis Techniques
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Public-private partnerships and impact investing

This paper investigates the application of Impact investing within the framework of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) as exemplified on the case study of Treviso. Impact investing represents one the possible tools that can help with combining financial sources and expertise. Utilizing a case study methodology, this paper delves into the dynamics, challenges, and outcomes of this partnership model and the importance of these pioneering projects for future collaborations.

Topic: Public-Private Partnership Projects
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Extracting features of tomato viral leaf diseases using image processing techniques

&lt;span&gt;Agriculture is the main livelihood of Indians. More than 50% of Indian population Is dependent on it and it contributes about 18% of Indian gross domestic product (GDP). According to Inc42, the agricultural sector of India is predicted to increase to US$ 24 billion by 2025. With the increase in population, the demand for food also increases, but more than 30% of crops get affected due to crop diseases. Overall, India lost approximately five million hectares of crop area to flash floods, cyclonic storms, floods, cloudbursts, and landslides till 2021. In that case, there is a need to prevent crops from diseases to fulfil demand supply ratio. This paper presents the feature extraction of tomato viral leaf diseases using various image processing techniques. Most of the research uses Convolutional Neural networks to extract the features of these diseases, but these neural networks are not performing much accurately in real scenarios, so there is a need to extract the features using image processing methods. During the study, it is found that these diseases have different colours, shapes and textures and these features can be used with convolution neural networks to bring more accurate results in real scenarios.&lt;/span&gt;

Topic: Smart Agriculture and AI
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
[Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)--a review of 30 randomized trials].

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a major challenge to oncologists because of its dismal outcomes. Conventional cytotoxic therapies for advanced disease have been unsatisfactory with modest efficacy and high toxicities. The last decade witnessed the introduction of many novel agents with enhanced efficacy and more manageable safety profile than conventional therapies. Gemcitabine is one of these novel agents which was introduced in the mid 1990's in the US/Europe and has been available in Japan since 1999. Due to its unique profile of great efficacy, mild toxicities and combinability with other agents, gemcitabine and its combination have been widely accepted as one of the standard regimens for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. There were multiple clinical trials demonstrated the superiority of gemcitabine or its combination over conventional therapies, especially in terms of increased response, prolonged survival, and quality of life enhancement for these patients. The current review presents an overview of all the randomized clinical trials of gemcitabine and its combination for advanced NSCLC published over the last decade.

Topic: Cancer Treatment and Pharmacology
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Ecological succession of plankton in a biofloc system with molasses as carbon source

The objective of this research was to establish the ecological succession of the planktonic groups developed in a biofloc system for the cultivation of tilapia. For this purpose, 20 fish of 7±2 cm long and an average weight of 8.6 g were introduced in 200 liters’ cylinders. Every day they were fed commercial food with 40% protein. The diet was calculated considering 10% of the body mass and molasses was added to promote the development of heterotrophic bacteria maintaining a C/N ratio of 15:1. Diversity and abundance of the organisms associated with the bioflocs was analyzed during 10 weeks by direct observation under an optical microscope (Olympus CBX50) connected to an image processing software. At the same time, physicochemical parameters (pH, nitrite, nitrates and ammonium) were measured using a HANNA Aquaculture Photometer auto analyzer (HI83203). Results showed a marked succession of planktonic organisms as the system matured, with the occurrence of facilitation, tolerance and inhibition mechanisms among the groups. Chlorophytes and cyanobacteria were among the facilitator species responsible for the transformation of nitrogen compounds into assimilable forms available for the development of other organisms with more complex structures, so that -throughout the experiment- ciliates and other protozoa appeared quickly, but with variations both in diversity and abundance among the groups. Later on, rotifers, one of the most conspicuous groups, increased represented by the genera Lepadella , Phillodina , Lecane and Habrotrocha . The last group to appear was that of nematodes (sixth week), which indicates that the system was already mature by providing sufficient carbohydrates for the formation of the collagen structures of this group.

Topic: Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Messung von Formaldehyd und Glyoxal mit Fernerkundungstechniken

This work describes global measurements of the trace gas formaldehyde derived from stray light spectra in the ultraviolet region measured by the satellite instruments GOME and SCIAMACHY along with ground-based MAX-DOAS instruments. The analysis was carried out using the method of the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS). The work complementarily presents the first measurements of the trace gas glyoxal in the visible wavelength region. New algorithms to derive vertical columns of the satellite instruments are developed and described. For the ground-based geometry a way was found to derive profile information for the tropo-spheric absorbers. This work therefore contributes fundamentally to an improvement in the understanding of the chemistry of the troposphere. It offers the opportunity to obtain a better estimate on the sources and sinks of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. Particularly, a number of case studies illustrates the significance of biogenic emissions and of biomass burning for the global distribution of the oxygenated volatile organic compounds. A comparison with results from a global atmosphere model shows only a moderate agreement in many regions of the earth. This reflects the limited state of knowledge at present about the very complex physical and chemical processes in the troposphere.

Topic: Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Studies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences