jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Gene–environment interaction and susceptibility in head and neck cancer patients and in their first‐degree relatives: a study of <scp>N</scp>ortheast <scp>I</scp>ndian population

Background The environmental and genetic factors are known to be associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma ( HNSCC ). Here, we investigated the GSTM 1 and GSTT 1 polymorphisms and tobacco uses in patients and in their first‐degree relatives to evaluate susceptibility toward HNSCC . Further, we explored high‐risk interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Subjects and methods Genotyping of GSTM 1 and GSTT 1 was performed in 170 patients, 300 first‐degree relatives of patients and 300 controls using multiplex PCR . Multifactor dimensionality reduction ( MDR ) and logistic regression approach were applied for statistical analysis. Results Analysis revealed that GSTM 1 and GSTT 1 null genotype frequencies were significantly higher in patients (adjusted odds ratio ( OR ) = 2.18; P &lt; 0.001 and OR = 1.61; P = 0.031, respectively). Also, the GSTM 1 and GSTT 1 null genotype frequencies were significantly higher in first‐degree relatives of patients compared with controls ( P = 0.004 and P = 0.041, respectively). In MDR analysis, the best model for HNSCC risk was four‐factors model of tobacco, betel quid chewing, smoking and GSTM 1 null genotypes (cross‐validation consistency = 10/10 and P &lt; 0.0001), whereas in interaction entropy graphs, tobacco chewing and GSTM 1 null genotype further showed strongest synergistic interaction. Conclusion GSTM 1 and GSTT 1 null genotypes may act as markers to determine the genetic susceptibility in HNSCC patients and in their first‐degree relatives. Furthermore, tobacco chewing and GSTM 1 null genotype interaction identified as the strongest gene‐environment model to predict HNSCC .

Topic: Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Fairies and Railways: A Nineteenth-Century Topos and its Origins

The article discusses newspaper accounts of the impact of railroads and steam engines on local populations of mystical creatures such as fairies, waterkelpies, and witches in nineteenth century Great Britain. Some of the articles include: an 1849 report that fairies at Billie Mire, England have departed; in 1850, the railroads near the Penrhyn castle in Wales spooked away ghosts; while in 1887, a railroad bridge in Speyside, Scotland was responsible for ridding the area of waterkelpies. Other reasons cited regarding the disappearance of folkloric beings include education, the rise of print culture, and the introduction of new technologies.

Topic: Literature: history, themes, analysis
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
FIGURE 2 in Five new species of Ytu Reichardt (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Torridincolidae) and new records from Brazil

FIGURE 2. Ytu hypnos sp. nov.: a̅b: habitus, a) dorsal view, b) ventral view; c) labrum, dorsal view; d) clypeus, dorsal view; e̅f: mandibles, dorsal view, e) left mandible, f) right mandible; g) right maxilla, dorsal view; h) right hind wing, dorsal view; i̅j: aedeagus, i) dorsal view, j) lateral view. (Scale bars: a̅b: 0.5 mm; c̅g: 0.1 mm; h: 1 mm; i̅j: 0.5 mm).

Topic: Coleoptera Taxonomy and Distribution
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
An operational foundation for delimited continuations in the CPS hierarchy

Abstract. We present an abstract machine and a reduction semantics for the λ-calculus extended with control operators that give access to delimited continuations in the CPS hierarchy. The abstract machine is derived from an evaluator in continuation-passing style (CPS); the reduction semantics (i.e., a small-step operational semantics with an explicit representation of evaluation contexts) is constructed from the abstract machine; and the control operators are the shift and reset family. At level n of the CPS hierarchy, programs can use the control operators shifti and reseti for 1 ≤ i ≤ n, the evaluator has n + 1 layers of continuations, the abstract machine has n + 1 layers of control stacks, and the reduction semantics has n + 1 layers of evaluation contexts. We also present new applications of delimited continuations in the CPS hierarchy: finding list prefixes and normalization by evaluation for a hierarchical language of units and products. 1.

Topic: Logic, programming, and type systems
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Le reti neurali in problemi di classificazione: una soluzione basata sui metodi di segmentazione binaria

In this paper the use of neural networks in the solution of a classification problem is described and a non parametric classifier which combines radial basis function networks (RBF networks) and binary classification trees is proposed. It is shown that from a classification tree a class of RBF networks can be derived, whose elements differ in the degree of dependence from the discriminant rules described by the tree. A simulation study based on a two-class problem shows that the proposal represents a valid solution, particularly in presence of noisy variables.

Topic: Neural Networks and Applications
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The 225–1b Reps-to-Fatigue Test as a Submaximal Estimate of 1-RM Bench Press Performance in College Football Players

This study examined the relationship between 1-RM bench press performance and the 225-lb bench press reps-to-fatigue test. Using NCAA Div. II football players at a north central university (N = 98), this study found that the 225-lb bench press reps-to-fatigue test is a valid estimate of 1-RM performance in trained college football players (r = 0.96, p < 0.001) with a standard error of ±10.8 lbs (4.9 kg). The estimation of 1-RM bench press performance was improved when repetitions were 10 or less (R2 = 0.85 vs. 0.76). Thus this study supported the validity of the 225-lb bench press reps-to-fatigue test as a submaximal estimate of 1-RM bench press performance in college football players who are familiar with the exercise and sufficiently conditioned to perform reps with 225 lbs.

Topic: Sports Performance and Training
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Mitigating exponential concentration in covariant quantum kernels for subspace and real-world data

Fidelity quantum kernels have shown promise in classification tasks, particularly when a group structure in the data can be identified and exploited through a covariant feature map. In fact, there exist classification problems on which covariant kernels provide a provable advantage, thus establishing a separation between quantum and classical learners. However, their practical application poses two challenges: on one side, the group structure may be unknown and approximate in real-world data, and on the other side, scaling to the `utility' regime (above 100 qubits) is affected by exponential concentration. In this work, we address said challenges by applying fidelity kernels to real-world data with unknown structure, related to the scheduling of a fleet of electric vehicles, and to synthetic data generated from the union of subspaces, which is then close to many relevant real-world datasets. Furthermore, we propose a novel error mitigation strategy specifically tailored for fidelity kernels, called Bit Flip Tolerance (BFT), to alleviate the exponential concentration in our utility-scale experiments. Our multiclass classification reaches accuracies comparable to classical SVCs up to 156 qubits, thus constituting the largest experimental demonstration of quantum machine learning on IBM devices to date. For the real-world data experiments, the effect of the proposed BFT becomes manifest on 40+ qubits, where mitigated accuracies reach 80%, in line with classical, compared to 33% without BFT. Through the union-of-subspace synthetic dataset with 156 qubits, we demonstrate a mitigated accuracy of 80%, compared to 83% of classical models, and 37% of unmitigated quantum, using a test set of limited size.

Topic: Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Policy Initiatives and Agricultural Performance in Post-independent Ghana

The central role agriculture plays in the development of Ghanaâ€™s economy has been recognized by several authors, particularly because Ghanaâ€™s economy is basically agrarian. Nevertheless, the contributions agriculture can make to economic development depend on the policy environment within which agriculture thrives. Several policies, both general and specific to agriculture, which have been pursued under various governments have either promoted or mitigated against the performance of agriculture in Ghana. This paper reviews the various policies under which Ghana's agricultural sector has operated since independence, and provides a synthesis of the major existing policies and recent changes and how these have affected the agricultural sector. The analysis shows that the socialist model of the 1960s contrasted sharply with the liberalized market approach of the 1980s and 1990s, particularly under structural adjustment. These differing policy orientations have had significant effects on agricultural performance in Ghana, and the roles of agriculture at different periods. For instance, the policy effects of agricultural activities on the environment, such as the promotion of export commodities, the exploitation of timber and forest resources, mining, and indiscriminate sale and use of agro-chemicals in Ghana have been negative. On the other hand, promotion of cash and export crops through government policy incentives have improved rural incomes for farmers that cultivate such crops, and helped to reduce poverty among this group. In general, the policy effects on agriculture in Ghana have been mixed.

Topic: Land Rights and Reforms
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Cyclophosphamide teratogenesis: A review

Abstract Cyclophosphamide (CP) is one of the best studied teratogens; it produces primarily central nervous system and skeletal anomalies in rats, mice, rabbits, monkeys, and humans. Furthermore, CP is one of the most extensively studied antienoplastic agents. Recent work using in vitro rodent embryo culture has demonstrated that CP must be bioactivated to be teratogenic. This finding extends earlier work showing that CP must be activated to achieve its antineoplastic and mutagenic effects. Activation of CP to its teratogenic, mutagenic, and antineoplastic form is mediated by microsomal cytochrome P‐450 monooxygenases, which convert CP to 4‐hydroxycyclophosphamide (4OHCP). In the absence of detoxification, 40HCP spontaneously breaks down to phosphoramide mustard (PM) and acrolein (AC). PM is the CP metabolite believed to be responsible for the antineoplastic and mutagenic effects of CP, whereas AC is thought to cause the side effects associated with CP chemotherapy. Recent work has shown that the teratogenic effects of CP are mediated by both PM and AC. Although it is far from proven, available evidence supports the hypothesis that DNA is the primary target in terms of the teratogenic, mutagenic, and antineoplastic effects of CP. Although the nature of the DNA lesions produced by CP, which are responsible for its teratogenic, mutagenic, and antineoplastic effects, is not completely understood, cross‐linking of DNA seems to play a critical role in the antineoplastic properties of CP. Preliminary information obtained from embryos exposed to CP metabolites suggests that, although DNA cross‐linking might play a role in CP teratogenesis, metabolite‐induced DNA strand breakage and/or induction of mutations might also play a role. Although insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying CP teratogenesis are just beginning to accumulate, the availability of in vitro embryo culture combined with the modern armamentarium of molecular biology will allow teratologists to probe further the molecular aspects of teratogenesis.

Topic: Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Co-ordinated VLA and EXOSAT observations of the flare stars UV Ceti, EQ Pegasi, YZ Canis Minoris, and AD Leonis

On a observe 4 etoiles eruptives simultanement avec VLA et le satellite EXOSAT. Bien qu'on ait trouve une activite considerable en RX et radio, il y a peu de correlation entre ces 2 domaines de longueurs d'ondes. On discute la signification des observations pour l'activite coronale dans les etoiles eruptives naines rouges

Topic: Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Femme Fatale Tells Her Story: Dorothy Hughes and WWII Crime Fiction

In the 1943 thrillerThe Blackbirder, Julie Guille is a woman of mystery. Beautiful, intelligent, and strong enough to be independent of male support, she represents a challenge to every man in the novel. Part of her mystery and the threat she poses to masculine dominance is her endless ability to change her appearance, and thus change her already indeterminate identity; she confounds meaning by undermining the ability of the image to convey internal truth, a trait that feminist film scholar Mary Ann Doane says is the trademark of thefemme fatale, or the deadly woman, a central archetype of film noir and literary noir. In fact, Julie Guille troubles meaning itself, since as an orphan and then a refugee, her class and national identities are uncertain, even to her. Like manyfemmes fatales, her artificial disguises and her love of independence makes her the âproblemâ woman for male characters to solve or control. But Julie is not thefemme fataleofThe Blackbirder- she is the heroine, the detective, the wrongly accused, and the novelâs only narrative point of view. The skills that usually define afemme fataleas an evil and destructive character that men both desire and despise are present in Julie, but they are what make her the heroine; she is cunning, perceptive, strong willed, independent, stylish, and a skilled actress. Rather than making her the villain, these attributes make her uniquely adept at maintaining her hard-won autonomy and self-preservation in a wartime nation dominated by paranoia, surveillance, and the threat of violence.

Topic: Cinema and Media Studies
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Selected topics in heavy flavour physics

We review the status of flavour physics in spring 2014. The numerous accurate\nnew measurements of flavour experiments have enabled us to test our theoretical\nunderstanding of flavour processes with an unprecedented precision. At first\nsight the dominant amount of measurements seems to be standard model like.\nHaving a closer look one finds, however, that in most of the observables there\nis still some considerable space for new effects. In addition many\ndiscrepancies are still not settled yet. For further investigations and\ndefinite conclusions an improvement of the theoretical precision as well as the\nexperimental one is mandatory.\n

Topic: Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Malignancies Following Liver (LT) and Kidney Transplantation (KT) in the HIV-Infected Recipient

Chronic exposure to HIV and co-pathogens as well as prolonged antiretroviral therapy has resulted in increased morbidity and mortality rates from end-stage liver and kidney disease in the HIV infected population. We performed a prospective, nonrandomized multicenter trial (NIH AI052748) to determine the safety and efficacy of KT and LT in people with HIV. This analysis examines incidence and outcomes of post-transplant (tx) malignancies in this group. Methods: Participants required CD4 count of at least 200/μL (KT) and 100/μL (LT) and undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA levels on a stable antiretroviral regimen. Post-tx malignancies were identified via query of adverse events. A subset of 89 subjects was also followed via anal cytology for HPV-associated neoplasia. Results: 275 HIV infected subjects (150 KT, 125 LT) underwent transplantation. Median [IQR] CD4 count at transplant was 471 [274-663] in KT and 179 [74-320] in LT. Median age at KT and LT were 46 and 48 years. 69% KT were black and 69% LT were white. Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) within Milan criteria was present in 45 (36%) pre-LT. 3-year survival (95% CI) for KT and LT was 91% (84%-95%) and 67% (56%-75%) at median follow-up of 2.3 and 2.7 years, respectively. In KT, 13 out of 150 patients (8.7%) developed 14 post-tx malignancies: 5 skin cancers (CA), 3 de novo cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma (KS) lesions, 1 penis squamous CA, 3 head and neck CA, and 2 renal cell CA. KS did not recur in any of the 3 patients with pre-tx KS. There were 3 CA related deaths in KT; 2 secondary to metastatic renal cell CA and 1 to metastatic oral squamous cell CA. In LT, 12 patients (10%) developed 14 post-tx malignancies: 9 skin cancers, 2 recurrent HCC, 1 cholangioCA,, 1 de novo KS and 1 lymphoma. There were 4 CA related deaths in this group due to 2 recurrent HCC, 1 recurrent cholangioCA, and 1 lymphoma. In patients monitored for HPV-associated neoplasia, there was increased risk of high-grade (HSIL) after tx. Conclusions: Despite the necessity for chronic immunosuppression, de novo malignancy post-tx in the HIV positive patient is infrequent and is similar to that seen in the non-HIV population. In particular, recurrent HCC after LT is rare, de novo KS is uncommon and was easily treated with sirolimus, and there were no cases of EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorder. HPV mediated disease may be problematic in people infected with HIV undergoing transplant, and will require longer term rigorous follow-up.

Topic: Viral-associated cancers and disorders
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The economic condition of Aran and Shervan from entering of islam till end of Safavids

Provinces of Aran and Shervan are located in the south of the Caucasus. The territories between the Kor and the Aras rivers are called Aran. This province was called Gharabagh later. The territories between the Kor river and the Caucasus mountains are called Shervan. One of the characteristics of the Provinces was the existence of a dynamic economic existence. 
Aran was considered a suitable land for agriculture and livestock due to the favorable and suitable climate and numerous water sources such as the Kor and Aras rivers and the Gogchegol Lake. Creating a silkworm as a strategic product was another feature of the economy. This product was produced on all land in this area. The passage of the sub branch of the Silk Road of the Aran provided the possibility of exporting its various products to other lands. The activities of the merchants of this land, especially Armenians, were particularly specific in the periods of history, especially the Safavid era.
Also, Shervan was considered a suitable land for farmers and livestock by providing climate and soil support. Also, this land benefited from the vast water of the Kor river. Caspian sea coastal areas, especially the shores of the islands of the Absheron Peninsula, especially the city of Baku, were considered as the most important sources of oil and salt reservoirs.
Shervan was a land communication bridge between Azerbaijan and Daghestan and was therefore of great importance. Also, the harbors of this province in Baku and in Darband provided trade for the area with the Caspian Sea lands in the south-east and north of the sea. Shervan products, especially oil, were exported to other parts of the areas via water and earth routes. The present research seeks to identify the economics of the two Provinces of Aran and Shervan from the entrance of Islam to the end of the Safavid period using library resources and descriptive methods.

Topic: Eurasian Exchange Networks
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Population preference for treatment of uncomplicated appendicitis

Abstract Background Non-operative treatment of uncomplicated appendicitis is safe and increasing in popularity, but has other risks and benefits compared with appendicectomy. This study aimed to explore the preference of the general population regarding operative or antibiotic treatment of uncomplicated appendicitis. Methods In this prospective study, a clinical scenario and questionnaire were submitted to a panel comprising a sample of an average adult population. The survey was distributed by an independent, external research bureau, and included a comprehensive explanation of the risks and benefits of both treatment options. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants who would prefer antibiotics over surgery. Secondary outcomes were reasons for this preference and the accepted recurrence rate within 1 year when treated with antibiotics only. All outcomes were weighted for the average Dutch population. Results Of 254 participants, 49.2 per cent preferred antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated appendicitis, 44.5 per cent preferred surgery, and 6.3 per cent could not make a decision. About half of the participants preferring antibiotics would accept a recurrence risk of more than 50 per cent within 1 year. Avoiding surgery was their main reason. In participants preferring surgery, many tolerated a recurrence risk of no more than 10 per cent when treated with antibiotics. Removal of the cause of appendicitis was their main reason. Conclusion Around half of the average population sample preferred antibiotics over surgical treatment of uncomplicated appendicitis and were willing to accept a high recurrence risk to avoid surgery initially. Participants who preferred surgery tolerated only a very low recurrence risk with antibiotic treatment.

Topic: Appendicitis Diagnosis and Management
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Pathological Changes of Gastric Mucosa in Chronic Gastritis

Objective For the purpurse of investigating histopathological features of gastric mucosa in chronic erosive gastritis(CEG),120 patients with CEG were studied.Acute and chronic inflammation lesions were found in 98.33%(118) patients,vascular pathological changes in 95.83%(115) patients,gastric epithelium injure in 70.00%(84) patients.Mucosal atrophy,atypical hyperplasia and intestinal metaplasia of grade 1 were observed in part of patients.Therefore,infiltration of acute and chronic inflammatory cells through gatric mucosa,vascular congestion and edema,as well as gastric epithelium injure were considered as main histopathological features of gastric mucosa in CEG.Mild-grade of mucosal atrophy,atypical hyperplasia and intestinal metaplasia were also associated with CEG.

Topic: Helicobacter pylori-related gastroenterology studies
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Mobile Host Approach for Wireless Powering and Interrogation of Structural Health Monitoring Sensor Networks

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications can provide the data collection necessary for rapid structural assessment after an event such as a natural disaster puts the reliability of civil infrastructure in question. Technical challenges affecting deployment of such a network include ensuring power is maintained at the sensor nodes, reducing installation and maintenance costs, and automating the collection and analysis of data provided by a wireless sensor network. </para>

Topic: Structural Health Monitoring Techniques
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences