jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Causes and treatment of early lymphoedema

Lymphoedema – the swelling of an arm, leg or other part of the body – due to an abnormal collection of a fluid called lymph in the body tissues can occur when part of the lymphatic drainage system has been removed or damaged as in cancer treatment. This article will outline the causes and management of mild, uncomplicated lymphoedema.

Topic: Lymphatic System and Diseases
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Successful Management of Immune Thrombocytopenia Presenting with Lethal Alveolar Hemorrhage

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) typically presents with bleeding due to immunologic thrombocytopenia. Severe hemorrhage due to ITP is sometimes lethal, and the urgent recovery of platelets is necessary. In addition to conventional therapeutic strategies, romiplostim shows promising efficacy for chronic ITP. However, there is little evidence for the utilization of this treatment for acute ITP or acute exacerbation of chronic ITP. We report the case details of three elderly ITP patients presenting with lethal diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. These patients had the following underlying pulmonary diseases: case 1, nontuberculous mycobacterial infection and sarcoidosis; case 2, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia; case 3, pulmonary emphysema. These patients recovered following treatment with romiplostim at a higher dose (10 μ g/kg), in addition to conventional therapies including corticosteroids and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. In summary, the addition of romiplostim resulted in earlier recovery of thrombocytopenia than has been previously reported. Our three cases suggest that early romiplostim at a higher dose could be an efficacious therapeutic option for acute ITP patients with severe lethal bleeding.

Topic: Platelet Disorders and Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The prosurvival function of interferon-gamma-inducible GTPase (IRGM3) in coxsackievirus B3 infection

Interferon-γ-inducible GTPase (IGTP, or IRGM3) is a p47 GTPase upregulated in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-infected murine heart and inhibits CVB3-induced apoptosis through activation of the PI3 kinase/Akt pathway. However, the mechanism of this PI3K/Akt activation and other prosurvival functions of IGTP are unknown. In this study, using a doxcycycline-inducible Tet-On HeLa cell line that overexpresses IGTP, I have demonstrated that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is phosphorylated in response to IGTP expression and that transfection of a dominant negative FAK (FRNK) blocks Akt activation. Furthermore, induction of IGTP promoted the NF-κB activation as evidenced by its enhanced nuclear translocation and increased transcriptional activity. However, FRNK transfection and PI3K inhibitor both blocked the IGTP-induced translocation and NF-κB activation. Moreover, silencing NF-κB with siRNAs significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of FAK and Akt. Finally, blocking this survival pathway by FRNK transfection or NF-κB siRNA reduced CVB3 replication and enhanced cell death during CVB3 infection. Taken together, these results suggest that FAK is a mediator upstream of PI3K/Akt and that NF-κB functions as a downstream effector. As viral infections including CVB3 can cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activate a group of coordinated signal pathways termed ER stress response, additional prosurvival mechanisms of IGTP related to ER stress response was explored. It was demonstrated that IGTP expression suppressed either chemical- or CVB3-induced upregulation of GRP78, the ER stress marker. IGTP expression strongly inhibited the activation of both the PERK and ATF6 pathways of ER stress responses. The suppression of ER stress responses by IGTP also led to attenuated induction of proapoptotic genes CHOP and GADD34. These data were further supported by experiments using IGTP knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, in which the ER stress response induced by CVB3 infection was not relieved after interferon-γ treatment due to the absence of IGTP. Moreover, blocking PI3K/Akt pathway with either the PI3K inhibitor or dominant negative Akt construct significantly diminished the inhibitory effect of IGTP on ER stress response as well as its prosurvival effect. Therefore, IGTP expression relieves the ER stress response via a PI3K/Akt dependent mechanism, which contributes to cell survival and host defense during CVB3 infection.

Topic: Viral Infections and Immunology Research
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Odontología y trastornos respiratorios: apnea del sueño

Sleep – disordered breathing is becoming of interest for health professionals because it’s an important problem in children, adolescents and adults, leading to significant consequences in health as well as psychomotor and social ones. Obstructive sleep apnea, specifically described as main element of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, is the most common symptom of these sleep disorders according to published studies in medical and dental journals. Dentistry has begun to play a primordial role in syndrome diagnosis and treatment, so it could be an important expansion opportunity of our clinical practice. This article gathers the fundamental concepts which have been described by researchers dedicated to study the obstructive sleep apnea, in order to give to the readers the basic information for the problem recognition.

Topic: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Multiple Pion Production in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>π</mml:mi></mml:math>-Ne Collisions at 10.5 and 200 GeV

We have measured the multiplicities of pions produced in the collisions of π mesons with neon nuclei at bombarding momenta of 10.5 and 200 GeV/c. The diffractive production of pions is clearly separable. If one excludes the diffractive part, the pion multiplicity obeys the same Koba-Nielsen-Olesen scaling as found previously for π&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;-p collisions. This fact would seem to indicate the validity of an energy-flux or collective-variable description of the production process. A surprisingly large number of energetic protons (&gt; 1 GeV/c lab momentum) are found to be produced in π-Ne collisions.

Topic: High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cullin 3 Promotes Proteasomal Degradation of the Topoisomerase I-DNA Covalent Complex

Abstract DNA topoisomerase I (TOP1)-DNA covalent complexes are the initial lesions produced by antitumor camptothecins (CPTs). The TOP1-directed drugs stimulate degradation of TOP1 via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. We found that proteasome inhibition prevents degradation of DNA-bound TOP1 and sustains high levels of covalent complexes, thus enhancing CPT-induced cell death. Consistent with this, increased degradation of TOP1-DNA covalent complexes was seen in acquired CPT-resistant cells. We found that the resistant cells showed elevated expressions of Cul3, a member of the cullin family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. The reduction in Cul3 expression by small interfering RNA decreased degradation of TOP1-DNA covalent complexes. Conversely, Cul3 overexpression by stable transfection promoted covalent complex degradation and reduced CPT-induced cell death without affecting basal TOP1 expression levels. These results indicate that Cul3, by promoting proteasomal degradation of TOP1-DNA covalent complexes, becomes an important regulator for cellular CPT sensitivity.

Topic: Cancer therapeutics and mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Thermodynamics of mixing of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and egg phosphatidylcholine in hydrated bilayers

Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and egg phosphatidylcholine (egg PC) are not completely miscible at all temperatures. Their phase diagram was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of aqueous mixtures of the two. From the integrated DSC curves we obtained the enthalpy of solution of DPPC in egg PC, Δh s , as a function of the mole fraction of DPPC, X, and using the empirical relationship between Δh s and X, the solubility X sat as a function of temperature, T. The latter could be described by the semiempirical relationship:RlnX sat = a + blnT – c/T, where a = 6.57 × 10 −2 kcal∙mol −1 ∙degree −1 and c = 20.5 kcal∙mol −1 (1 cal = 4.1868 J); the coefficient b was very small and could be ignored. The quantity Δh s can be given as XΔh DPPC + Δh mix , where Δh DPPC is the gel – liquid crystalline transition enthalpy of DPPC (8.74 kcal∙mol −1 ) and Δh mix is the enthalpy of mixing the two liquid crystalline lipids. Δh mix depends on X in approximately a parabolic fashion, having a maximal value of 4.8 kcal∙mol −1 at X = 0.6.It was shown that both the solubility and mixing enthalpy data can be described by the theory of regular solutions (RST). In RST, the activity coefficient of the solute (component 2) of a binary solution is given by RTlnγ 2 = (1 − θ 2 ) 2 ΔU, while the mixing enthalpy is given by Δh mix = θ 1 θ 2 ΔU/v 2 , where θ 1 and θ 2 are the volume fractions of solvent and solute (egg PC and DPPC, respectively), v 2 is the partial molar volume of DPPC, and ΔU is the energy change per mole on interchanging a DPPC and an egg PC molecule between their respective liquid crystalline phases. The thermodynamic data are accurately described by RST, the molar volume of DPPC being found to be about half mat of egg PC solution and the interchange energy ΔU having a value of 10–11 kcal∙mol −1 . There was some evidence that ΔU may be an increasing function of temperature. The large value of the ΔU accounts for the pronounced temperature dependence of the solubility X sat , which decreases from 0.35 at 35 °C to 0.02 at 10 °C.The presence of cholesterol in the mixtures decreases both the transition enthalpy of DPPC and the mixing enthalpy in a linear fashion, so that Δh s is zero at X cholesterol ≥ 0.2. The results are consistent with recent data indicating the formation of a PC–cholesterol complex of stoichiometry approximately 4:1.

Topic: Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Oral cavity changes in the course of infectious diseases, during childhood

Introduction: A number of infectious diseases, occurring in childhood take its clinical course with typical changes in the oral cavity. Those changes are pathognomonic sign of the disease or increase the clinical thinking about the concrete disease. Aim: In the present review we introduce the infectious diseases in childhood that cause different changes in the mouth. In accordance with it we set some tasks : to introduce pathophysiological mechanisms for mucosa damage and its role about diagnosis. Materials and methods: We based on literature data about that problem. It is discussed in four aspects: diseases with enanthem, changes in the tongue, stomatitis and pharyngitis. Examples and pictures are given. Conclusions: Our review presents that the throat inspection in the children with infectious diseases is important stage of clinical examination, should not be missed and the changes have to be recognized in details because of their great diagnostic and differential diagnostic significance.

Topic: Streptococcal Infections and Treatments
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Interplay of Osmotic Engine Model and Actin Polymerization in Confined Cell Migration

Cell migration plays a pivotal role in diverse (patho)physiological phenomena, including cancer metastasis. Our knowledge on the mechanisms of cell motility originates primarily from studies using unconfined, two-dimensional (2D) substrates. However, these 2D assays fail to recapitulate the confining tracks encountered in vivo. Thus, we have engineered in vitro models to study cell motility in confining channels of different stiffness. According to the Osmotic Engine Model, the polarized distribution of ion channels, ion pumps and aquaporins along the longitudinal cell axis drives tumor cell migration inside stiff polydimethylsiloxane-based confining microchannels even after inhibition of actin polymerization with high doses (2 &#181;M) of latrunculin A. This presentation will also discuss the interplay between the osmotic engine model and actin polymerization inside compliant, narrow microchannels. Uncovering the complexity of cell locomotion in physiologically relevant microenvironments could enable the development of therapeutic interventions aiming to halt metastatic spread.

Topic: 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The use of treadmill training to recover locomotor ability in patients with spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects over 1000 people a year in the UK and has severe consequences for their independence and quality of life. Treatments to address SCI focus on techniques that aim to restore some degree of walking or locomotor activity. One such technique is treadmill training of SCI patients. This paper reviews the use of treadmill training in the recovery of locomotor ability in patients with SCI. Outcomes from treadmill training are variable; for patients with incomplete SCI (where some degree of connection between the brain and the spinal cord is spared from injury), treadmill training only enabled limited full weight-bearing locomotion. In patients suffering a complete SCI (where communication between the brain and spinal cord is lost), no weight-bearing locomotion at all was achieved with training. However, treadmill training does influence the activity of the leg muscles in the acute patients, observed by recordings made from the muscles (electromyography). The improvements achieved by treadmill training are not significantly different from other techniques such as overground training and functional electrical stimulation. The most effective way of restoring locomotion is through complete repair; however, regeneration techniques are still being developed. For regeneration to take place, the neurons within the spinal cord that are important in generating rhythmic movements (the central pattern generator (CPG) circuits) still need to be functioning, as these circuits have been shown to decline through long periods of inactivation. Treadmill training has therefore an important role in keeping neurons active until regenerative techniques become viable. Furthermore, in spinalized rats, it has been shown that by combining treadmill training with pharmaceutical and electrical stimulation therapies, greater improvements are seen. This suggests that the treatment of spinal cord injury should not be limited to one method. Techniques that repair the damage are the ultimate goal and it is important that patients keep active in order to increase chances of recovery.

Topic: Spinal Cord Injury Research
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Contracting on Violence

Why does the military intervene in the politics of some countries but remain under firm civilian control in others? The paper argues that the origins of military intervention in politics lie in a fundamental moral hazard problem associated with authoritarian repression. Dictators must deter those who are excluded from power from challenging them. When underlying, polity-wide conflict results in threats to the regime that take the particular form of mass, organized, and potentially violent opposition, the military is the only force capable of defeating them. The military exploits this pivotal position by demanding greater institutional autonomy as well as a say in policy, and it threatens to intervene if the civilian leadership departs from a subsequent compromise on these issues. A game-theoretic analysis of such contracting on violence implies that the likelihood of military intervention in politics should be greatest at intermediate levels of mass threats. Original, large- N data on military intervention support these claims.

Topic: Political Conflict and Governance
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Improved Particle Swarm Optimizer Based on Nonlinear Inertia Weight Dynamic Changing

This paper proposes a particle swarm optimizer (PSO) with nonlinear inertia weight dynamic changing (NDPSO) to improve the speed of convergence and fine tune the search in the multidimensional space. The decreasing exponent of inertia weight is selected by the region which particle stays in the swarm and each particle will be having different inertia weight according to the place which it stays. If the particle is far from the optimal point of the swarm the exponent of inertia weight will be smaller in order to fly to the optimal position quickly, on the other hand if particle flies near to the optimal position the exponent of inertia weight will be larger for particle searching for the optimal value carefully. The propose NDPSO is tested with a set of 4 benchmark problems and compares with linearly decreasing weight PSO (SPSO), nonlinearly decreasing weight PSO (CS-PSO). Experiment results indicate that the proposed PSO improves the search performance on the benchmark functions significantly.

Topic: Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Physician–Patient Racial Concordance, Continuity of Care, and Patterns of Care for Hypertension

To assess the effects of physician–patient racial concordance and continuity of care on hypertension outcomes, we described patterns of care for hypertension; we used cross-tabulations and repeated measures (generalized estimating equations) analyses with panel survey data from elderly persons interviewed and examined in 1987 and 1990. Continuity of care was associated with recognition of hypertension, receipt of medication, and lower incidence of undetected hypertension. Physician race had little effect, but continuity is important for successful management of hypertension in older persons.

Topic: Diversity and Career in Medicine
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Eliciting Contact-Based and Contactless Gestures With Radar-Based Sensors

Radar sensing technologies now offer new opportunities for gesturally interacting with a smart environment by capturing microgestures via a chip that is embedded in a wearable device, such as a smartwatch, a finger or a ring. Such microgestures are issued at a very small distance from the device, regardless of whether they are contact-based, such as on the skin, or contactless. As this category of microgestures remains largely unexplored, this paper reports the results of a gesture elicitation study that was conducted with twenty-five participants who expressed their preferred user-defined gestures for interacting with a radar-based sensor on nineteen referents that represented frequent Internet-of-things tasks. This study clustered the 25 × 19 = 475 initially elicited gestures into four categories of microgestures, namely, micro, motion, combined, and hybrid, and thirty-one classes of distinct gesture types and produced a consensus set of the nineteen most preferred microgestures. In a confirmatory study, twenty new participants selected gestures from this classification for thirty referents that represented tasks of various orders; they reached a high rate of agreement and did not identify any new gestures. This classification of radar-based gestures provides researchers and practitioners with a larger basis for exploring gestural interactions with radar-based sensors, such as for hand gesture recognition.

Topic: Hand Gesture Recognition Systems
Subfield: Human-Computer Interaction
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
THE SPLIT SCATTER SHIELD FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS

The split scatter shield consists of multiple shield sections which are separated from each other. When this type of shield is used outside the atmosphere, radiation scattering in each section has a high probability of escaping the shield system without rescattering. Consequently, this shield has been proposed as a replacement for the normal shield unit construction for space applications. The split shield is compared with a unit shield of the same weight and material in a hypothetical problem situation by computing the radiation attenuation by each. The problem is computed using point and circular source geometries assuming the sources to emit gamma rays only. The calculations are performed using simplifying assumptions so that computer programs are not necessary. A geometrical parameter study is performed for the split shield to determine the optimum number of sections, the optimum separation distance between sections, and the maximum flux attenuation. The results indicate that a split shield is capable of greater flux attenuation by a factor of more than four than a unit shield of the same weight. (Author)

Topic: Radiation Shielding Materials Analysis
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Energy Centralization Effect of Blasting Earthquake Wave in the Stratum Media

This paper argues the transmission regularity of the Blasting Earthquake wave in the stratum media, analyzes the energy centralization harm to the buildings caused by various geological layers, and discusses the blasting quake effects of the different rocks as well, which provides references for the location selection and anti-shock of the mine building.

Topic: Geoscience and Mining Technology
Subfield: Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Research on Performance Evaluation of Fiscal Expenditure Efficiency in Old Industrial Cities

Starting with the fiscal expenditure policy and regulation objectives implemented by the old industrial cities, this paper uses the Malmquist DEA model to analyze the characteristics of the change level of decision-making units in different periods, and mainly uses the numerical analysis method to compare and analyze the data between the old industrial cities and the old industrial cities in different years Five primary indicators, such as social satisfaction and effect sustainability, evaluate the performance of fiscal expenditure policies, focus on observing the imbalance between supply and development, objectively analyze and evaluate the effects of fiscal policies implemented from the practical level, and design more scientific and accurate fiscal expenditure policies to promote the all-round revitalization and all-round revitalization of old industrial cities.

Topic: Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences