jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker Levels as Markers for Nursing Home Placement and Survival Time in Alzheimer’s Disease

Background: Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) biomarkers are associated with conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), but their predictive value for later end-points has been less evaluated with inconsistent results. Objective: We investigated potential relationships between CSF amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ 42 ), Phosphorylated tau (P-tau), and Total tau (T-tau) with time to Nursing Home Placement (NHP) and life expectancy after diagnosis. Methods: This prospective observational study included 129 outpatients clinically diagnosed with mild-to-moderate AD who underwent a lumbar puncture. The CSF biomarkers were analysed with xMAP technology. Dates of institutionalisation and death were recorded. Results : After 20 years of follow-up, 123 patients (95%) were deceased. The participants with abnormal P-tau and T-tau (A+ T+ (N)+) died earlier than those with normal P-tau/abnormal T-tau (A+ T- (N)+) (mean, 80.5 vs. 85.4 years). Linear associations were demonstrated between lower Aβ 42 and shorter time to NHP (p = 0.017), and higher P-tau and younger age at death (p = 0.016). No correlations were detected between survival after AD diagnosis and CSF biomarkers. In sexand- age-adjusted Cox regression models, higher P-tau and T-tau were independent predictors of shorter lifespan after diagnosis. In multivariate Cox models, older age and lower baseline cognitive status, but not elevated tau, significantly precipitated both institutionalisation and death. Conclusion: These findings suggest that CSF biomarker levels plateau in the dementia phase of AD, which may limit their possible relationships with clinical end-points, such as NHP and survival time. However, the biomarkers reflect the central pathophysiologies of AD. In particular, pathologic tau is associated with more advanced disease, younger age at onset, and earlier death.

Topic: Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) ensiled with different proportions of Dolichos lablab (Lablab purpureus) on intake, digestibility and growth performance of Horro sheep

The study was conducted at Bako Agricultural Research Center with the aim to evaluate the effect of Elephant grass ensiled with different proportions of Dolichos lablab on intake, digestibility and body weight gain of Horro sheep. Elephant grass and Dolichos lablab were harvested after eight weeks of regrowth and 50% blooming stage, respectively. Forages were chopped, weighed separately and mixed with 3% molasses before ensiling in a pit. A total of twenty intact male yearling Horro sheep were stratified into four groups based on initial body weight in a Randomized Complete Block Design and randomly assigned to the dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were Elephant grass ensiled alone, with 10, 20 and 30% of Dolichos lablab and designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Lambs in all treatments were supplemented with wheat bran at 1.5% body weight. The study comprised 90 days of feeding trial followed by 7 days of digestibility trial. The dry matter content of the silage increased from 30.14 to 35.34 and crude protein content from 8.75 to 12.38% from T1 to T4. However, it contained 15.15, 14.30 and 50.70% NDF, ADF and ADL concentrations, respectively. The total DM intake of lambs fed T4 diets was greater by 19.53, 7.83 and 3.56%, whereas the total CP intake was higher by 31.15%, 17.36%, and 9.66% than T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Higher ADL and lower ADF intake were observed for lambs fed T1 diet. The DM Digestibility of lambs fed T4 diets were increased by 17.59, 10.09 and 6.18% than those on T1, T2 and T3 diets, respectively. Lambs fed T4 diet had higher digestibility of CP and NDF than those fed T3, T2 and T1 with comparable values of NDF obtained for T4 and T3. The lowest ADF digestibility was recorded for lambs fed T1 diet with similar values among other groups. Lambs fed T4 diet had higher final body weight (28.04 kg) compared to T2 (26.08 kg) and T1 (23.52 kg) and higher daily gain of 43.55, 59.55 and 73.11 g/day for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Higher value of FCE was obtained from lambs fed T4 diet followed by T3 > T2 > T1 in that order. Therefore, addition of 20-30% Dolichos lablab in Elephant grass silage enhanced its nutritive value, thereby increasing the nutrient intake and digestibility for better growth of Horro sheep.

Topic: Rabbits: Nutrition, Reproduction, Health
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Comparison of budburst phenology of Japanese mountain cherry tree between two years using digital colorimetrical images

デジタル画像から抽出した色彩学的指標（L*a*b*）を用いて 2ヶ年におけるヤマザクラ 50個体の樹冠色変化を比較し，樹木の開芽特性について年による差異を検討した。集団内の L*a*b* の推移は現地観察による開芽進行過程とよく対応しており，開芽特性の個体差の把握に有効であることが示された。2010年と 2011年における L*a*b* の標準偏差推移の大きさとパターンは，タイムラグ日数で補正し両年を並べるとほぼ一致することが確認された。標準偏差の最大日において 2010年と 2011年の L*a*b* 値の順位を比較したところ，それぞれで高い相関がみられ，開芽進行過程に伴う樹冠色変化の早晩性は年によらず比較的安定した性質であることが示唆された。

Topic: Plant Physiology and Cultivation Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A Hybrid protocol for Cluster-based wireless sensor networks

Most of wireless sensor network (WSN) research topics consider how to save the energy of the sensor node. However, in some WSN applications, such as in the monitoring of an earthquake or forest wildfire, transmitting emergency data packets to the sink node in time is much more important then saving power. In this letter, we propose a Hybrid Cluster-based (HC) WSN model. The HC WSN model provides a feasible cluster-based WSN architecture, which can save the energy of the sensor node when things are normal, but will transmit emergency data packets in an efficient manner to the sink node from the simulation analysis during an emergency.

Topic: Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Dying dogma: the pathological diagnosis of epidermotropic metastatic malignant melanoma.

Distinguishing primary cancer from a metastasis is a fundamental task in surgical pathology that has crucial therapeutic and prognostic implications. When metastatic melanoma involves the skin and extends into the epidermis (epidermotropic), differentiating it from primary cutaneous melanoma may be particularly difficult. Early investigators dismissed this issue as a nonproblem and dogmatically declared that junctional change was requisite for the diagnosis of primary cutaneous melanoma. Epidermotropic metastases of malignant melanoma (EMMM) are now recognized to have many features in common with primary melanoma, which can include involvement of the dermal-epidermal junction, extension of the intraepidermal component beyond the dermal component, and even an epidermal-only pattern. This article traces the evolution in criteria used to diagnose EMMM and highlights why much of the original thinking is no longer accepted. Current concepts in EMMM morphology are elaborated and illustrated. The role of immunomicroscopy and molecular pathology in the detection of EMMM is also discussed.

Topic: Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An Empirical Study on Failed Error Propagation in Java Programs with\n Real Faults

During testing, developers can place oracles externally or internally with\nrespect to a method. Given a faulty execution state, i.e., one that differs\nfrom the expected one, an oracle might be unable to expose the fault if it is\nplaced at a program point with no access to the incorrect program state or\nwhere the program state is no longer corrupted. In such a case, the oracle is\nsubject to failed error propagation.\n We conducted an empirical study to measure failed error propagation on\nDefects4J, the reference benchmark for Java programs with real faults,\nconsidering all 6 projects available (386 real bugs and 459 fixed methods). Our\nresults indicate that the prevalence of failed error propagation is negligible\nwhen testing is performed at the unit level. However, when system-level inputs\nare provided, the prevalence of failed error propagation increases\nsubstantially. This indicates that it is enough for method postconditions to\npredicate only on the externally observable state/data and that intermediate\nsteps should be checked when testing at system level.\n

Topic: Software Testing and Debugging Techniques
Subfield: Software
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Study of Theft in Iran and Federal Criminal Law

One of the oldest crimes against property, usually with a tough punishment for the perpetrators in the religions and communities has been theft. In explanation of the nature and causes of theft different theories have been presented, and this is indicative of multiple factors in the occurrence of theft. Totally theft isn’t a specific type of behavior, but is a widely multiple behavior. Namely, in creating it does not merely one cause, in general, different factors such as family disputes, economic, and low income, addiction, immigration, education level, young age, and so are effective on theft (theft). The purpose of this paper is to examine the definition and types of theft under Iranian and federal law as well as contributing factors in the commission of theft and discovering interrelationships between sociological, psychological and physiological variables in incidence, prevalence and frequency and authorities planning to develop strategies to deal with this crime.

Topic: Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Middle fossa approach for a pediatric facial nerve meningioma

Pediatric cerebellopontine angle (CPA) meningiomas are extremely rare and are usually treated with a retrosigmoid surgical approach or radiation. The authors present the use of a middle fossa approach for the treatment of a symptomatic CPA meningioma in a 22-month-old female. The patient initially presented at 17 months with isolated progressive, long-standing right-sided facial weakness. MRI demonstrated a 5.0 × 5.0–mm right CPA lesion just superior to the cisternal segment of cranial nerve (CN) VII, which demonstrated growth on interval imaging. At 22 months of age she underwent a successful middle fossa craniotomy, including wide exposure of the porus acusticus, allowing for a gross-total resection with preservation of CNs VII and VIII. Pathological analysis revealed a WHO grade I meningioma. The patient remained neurologically stable on follow-up. The middle fossa approach can be used to safely access the CPA in properly selected pediatric patients.

Topic: Meningioma and schwannoma management
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A preliminary examination of a theoretical model for researching educator beliefs

This paper introduces the concept of the palimpsest as a tool for examining teacher and administrator beliefs about teaching, learning, and managing. The palimpsest is integrated into a Peircean semeiotic framework utilizing von Uexküll's Lebenswelt. Three typical cases enrolled in a learning program that engages teachers in a process of systematic and intentional inquiry were chosen. Raw responses from the three cases were examined. Of particular interest, all three participants tended to reason from premises that currently fit their belief structures and seem to hand pick clues to examine. Finally, the palimpsest appears to be a useful and flexible concept to examine the consistencies and inconsistencies of beliefs.

Topic: Educational Philosophies and Pedagogies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Gamma Heavy Chain Disease with T-cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Gamma heavy chain disease (gHCD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the production of a truncated immunoglobulin heavy chain. Although some cases of gHCD are concurrent with other lymphoid neoplasms, few have been reported. We herein present the case of a 73-year-old woman with gHCD and T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia. A multiparameter flow cytometry analysis revealed neoplastic cells that were positive for CD28, a marker of T-cell activation, the anti-apoptotic antigen of neoplastic plasma cells, CD38 and CD45. The results of this multiparameter flow cytometry analysis may contribute to furthering the understanding of the clinicopathological features of gHCD.

Topic: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
PRACTICES RELATED TO PHYSICAL-NATURAL THEMES IN GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION USING VIRTUAL GLOBES

The article addresses Information and Communication Technologies as a resource for mediating the learning process in pandemic times. The objective is to present Google company tools (Earth Pro, Maps, MyMaps) and their potential for teaching geography regarding physical-natural themes. The work commences with an analysis of the document named “Base Nacional Comum Curricular para o Ensino Fundamental”, focusing on the organic and progressive set of essential learning that geography must develop throughout Basic Education. It is followed by some references in the matter of geotechnologies contributions to the learning process. Subsequently, it presents some propositions created and tested using geotechnologies as a stimulus to spatial thinking applied to some units that cover and structure the school of Geography: World and work (Transformation of natural and anthropic landscapes); Forms of representation and spatial thinking; Nature, environments and quality of life. It is concluded that in the period of adaptation of the learning process experienced during the COVID-19 Pandemic, these tools were a strategic resource in the training process of geography teachers.

Topic: Geography and Education Methods
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Self-powered photoelectrochemical biosensing platform based on Au NPs@ZnO nanorods array

Photoanodes, which are used in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, have been shown to be applicable in the construction of a PEC biosensing platform. This was realized by replacing water oxidization with oxidation of an appropriate test molecule. Here, we have demonstrated the feasibility of adopting photoanodes consisting of zinc oxide nanorods arrays decorated with plasmonic gold nanoparticles (Au NPs@ZnO NRs) for the self-powered PEC bioanalysis of glutathione (GSH) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at an applied bias potential of 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. This heterostructure exhibited enhanced PEC properties because of the introduction of the Au/ZnO interface. Under visible light illumination, hot electrons from surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) at the Au NP surface were injected into the adjacent ZnO and subsequently driven to the photocathode. Under ultraviolet (UV) light illumination, the photogenerated electrons in ZnO tended to transfer to the fluorine-doped tin oxide due to the step-wise energy band structure and the upward energy band bending at the ZnO/ electrolyte interface. These results indicate that plasmonic metal/semiconductor heterostructure photoanodes have great potential for self-powered PEC bioanalysis applications and extended field of other photovoltaic beacons.

Topic: Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques
Subfield: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
A STUDY CONCERNING THE OPPORTUNITY OF INTRODUCING THE FLAT TAX IN THE CASE OF THE INCOME TAX FOR INDIVIDUALS IN ROMANIA

In this paper we will try to find out if the flat tax as an income tax has answered the objectives of the governors in the field of the public economy. We will study if the budgetary receipts from this particular tax met the expectations of those who thought that this could be a solution in order to energise the economic and social activity.

Topic: Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Влияние имплантации ионов As-=SUP=-+-=/SUP=- и последующего отжига на электрические свойства приповерхностных слоев варизонных пленок n-Hg-=SUB=-0.78-=/SUB=-Cd-=SUB=-0.22-=/SUB=-Te

Films of n-Hg0.775Cd0.225Te with near-surface wide-gap layers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si (013) substrates. To measure the admittance, metal – insulator – semiconductor (MIS) structures were fabricated on the basis of the as-grown HgCdTe film, films after implantation, and films after implantation and annealing. Using techniques that take into account the presence of graded-gap layers and slow interface states, the main parameters of the near-surface layers of HgCdTe films have been determined after the technological procedures used to create photodiodes.

Topic: Advanced Semiconductor Detectors and Materials
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
P-374 Initial experience: Impanting selectsite lumenless permanent pacemaker lead with a steerable sheath

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) IS a chronic illness associated with increased cardiovascular risks.The incidence and risk factors of SDB in patients (pts) with rhythm disorders are unknown.This study investigates the prevalence of SDB and its relationship with heart rhythm disturbances in pacemaker pts.Pts implanted with Guidant pacemakers from 2 centers were screened for SDB using the Berlin Questionnaire.Pts with positive scores for snoring, wake-time sleepiness or fatigue, and presence of obesity or hypertension were classiiied in a high-risk group.A subset of this group participated in an overnight lab-based sleep study.A total of 78 pts (age 65&13 yrs, 20Fi58M) were screened, 49 (63%) were at high risk for SDB.There was no significant difference between low-and highrisk groups with respect to LVEF (52&12% vs. 50&12%; p=O.41) and rhythm disorders, subdivided in sinus nodal disease (41 vs. 59%; p=O.16),AV nodal disorders (55 vs. 41%; p=O.25) and AF/Atrial flutter (41 vs. 45%; p=O.82).The sleep studies of 30 high-risk pts indicated an average apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 57&25, defined as the number of apnea and hypopnea events per hour regardless of oxyhemoglobin saturation.The minimum 02 saturation during the sleep study was 83&S%.All pts had an AHI ?15 and 26 pts had an AHI ?30.Only 6 pts had been previously diagnosed with SDB.Conclusions: SDB was highly prevalent in this pacemaker population.LVEF and cardiac rhythm disorders were not associated with SDB.Patients who underwent sleep studies, demonstrated clinically significant sleep apnea syndrome.The prevalence of unrecognized SDB among these pacemaker pts suggests a need to identify them for subsequent treatment.

Topic: Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
<i>Acacia ehrenbergiana</i> (Hayne) and <i>Prosopis juliflora</i> Extracts Promote the Survival of <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> Infected with Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>

Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections, with antibiotic-resistant strains causing potentially life-threatening diseases. This study explored the antimicrobial potential of Acacia ehrenbergiana (Hayne) and Prosopis juliflora using a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in vivo model infected with methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) S. aureus strains. Methods: Wild-type C. elegans were exposed to MSSA strain ATCC 25923 and MRSA strains ATCC BF195 and ATCC BC 3820 using an agar-based killing assay. The impact of ethanol extracts from A. ehrenbergiana and P. juliflora on the survival of infected C. elegans was assessed by analyzing the survival rates of infected and non-infected worms. The effects of the plant extracts on C. elegans feeding rate and colonization of MSSA and MRSA in the worm's gut were also examined. Additionally, in vitro assays were conducted to assess the bactericidal and/or bacteriostatic effects of the plant extracts. Results: Exposure to MSSA and MRSA strains significantly reduced C. elegans lifespan, with a mean time to death (TD mean ) of 72 ± 1.3 h. Treatment with 100–500 μg/ml of either plant extract increased C. elegans survival by 65–70%. The extracts did not affect C. elegans pharyngeal pumping. Colony-forming Unit (CFU) assays showed a significant reduction in MSSA and MRSA colonization in the worm intestine with P. juliflora, but not A. ehrenbergiana extracts. In vitro Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays indicated that neither extract had direct bactericidal activity, suggesting the observed reduction in bacterial infection in worms was likely due to enhanced host immune response rather than direct antibacterial effects. Conclusion: These findings suggest that A. ehrenbergiana and P. juliflora extracts enhance C. elegans survival upon infection through indirect mechanisms, possibly involving immune system activation. This study highlights the potential of these extracts as antibacterial agents against MSSA and MRSA strains.

Topic: Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Comorbid alcohol dependence disorder may be related to aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (<i><scp>ALDH</scp>2</i>) and alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (<i><scp>ADH</scp>1B</i>) in bipolar<scp>II</scp>disorder, but only to<i><scp>ALDH</scp>2</i>in bipolar I disorder, in Han Chinese

Objectives A high prevalence rate of bipolar disorder ( BP ) comorbid with alcohol dependence ( AD ) ( BP + AD ) in Western patients with BP has been reported, but whether this is true for Han Chinese with BP is uncertain. We explored the prevalence of BP + AD in a Han Chinese population with BP , and investigated the effect of alcohol‐metabolizing genotypes on bipolar I disorder ( BP ‐I) + AD and bipolar II disorder ( BP ‐ II ) + AD . Methods Healthy controls ( HC s) (n = 672) and 18‐ to 65‐year‐old patients with BP ( BP ‐I: n = 530; BP ‐ II : n = 788) were recruited. Patients with any other major or minor mental illnesses, neurological disorders, or organic mental disorders were excluded. A polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to determine genotypes for alcohol dehydrogenase 1B ( ADH 1B) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 ( ALDH 2), two alcohol‐metabolizing enzymes. Results AD comorbidity rates were 11.7% with BP ‐I and 17.1% with BP ‐ II . Significantly fewer patients with BP not comorbid with AD ( BP – AD ) carried the AHD 1B*1 allele than did the HC s. Logistic regression analysis showed a main effect of ALDH 2*1/*1 only in the BP ‐I– AD group. In BP + AD patients, logistic regression analysis showed main effects of ALDH 2*1/*1 and ADH 1B*1/*1 only in the BP ‐ II + AD group. Conclusions Having BP ‐ II + AD may be related to ALDH 2 and ADH 1B , but having BP ‐I+ AD may be related only to ALDH 2 . We conclude that ALDH 2 and ADH 1B have different effects in Han Chinese patients with BP ‐I+ AD and BP ‐ II + AD .

Topic: Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences