jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Ideal Membership Problem and Abelian Groups

Given polynomials f_0, f_1, …, f_k the Ideal Membership Problem, IMP for short, asks if f₀ belongs to the ideal generated by f_1, …, f_k. In the search version of this problem the task is to find a proof of this fact. The IMP is a well-known fundamental problem with numerous applications, for instance, it underlies many proof systems based on polynomials such as Nullstellensatz, Polynomial Calculus, and Sum-of-Squares. Although the IMP is in general intractable, in many important cases it can be efficiently solved. Mastrolilli [SODA'19] initiated a systematic study of IMPs for ideals arising from Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs), parameterized by constraint languages, denoted IMP(Γ). The ultimate goal of this line of research is to classify all such IMPs accordingly to their complexity. Mastrolilli achieved this goal for IMPs arising from CSP(Γ) where Γ is a Boolean constraint language, while Bulatov and Rafiey [arXiv'21] advanced these results to several cases of CSPs over finite domains. In this paper we consider IMPs arising from CSPs over "affine" constraint languages, in which constraints are subgroups (or their cosets) of direct products of Abelian groups. This kind of CSPs include systems of linear equations and are considered one of the most important types of tractable CSPs. Some special cases of the problem have been considered before by Bharathi and Mastrolilli [MFCS'21] for linear equation modulo 2, and by Bulatov and Rafiey [arXiv'21] to systems of linear equations over GF(p), p prime. Here we prove that if Γ is an affine constraint language then IMP(Γ) is solvable in polynomial time assuming the input polynomial has bounded degree.

Topic: Cellular Automata and Applications
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Pulmonary complications related to heroin overdose and some changes in immune reactivity

Abstract To examine the clinical spectrum of complications in pulmonary system and changes of some parameters of humoral and cell mediated immunity related to heroin overdose. The study includes 16 patients who are long-term heroin abusers with acute heroin and mixed with other psychoactive drugs intoxications with an average age of 21,5 ± 5.04 years (12 men and 4 woman). All patients were hospitalized in the Clinic of Toxicology, MHATEM “N.I.Pirogov”, Sofia. We have used clinical, clinico-laboratory, immunological, chimicotoxicological, instrumental methods. In severe intoxications with heroin and other psychoactive drugs, we observed pulmonary system complications, i.e. pneumonia, aspiration of gastric contents, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS.). Of the 16 patients in our study, 3 patients died due to complications. Some changes in the immune reactivity observed in the study were (1) statistically significant lower mean levels of IgG and (2) tendency to lower mean levels of IgA, IgM and complement components — C3 in the studied patients in comparison with the values in healthy people. The changes were more demonstrative in the group with pulmonary complications compared to the group without pulmonary complications. We observed that the CD4 lymphocytes were significantly less in the studied patients; in addition, a lower level of CD56-bearing lymphocytes (natural killer /NK/ cells) was observed in comparison to healthy controls. The results show that the mixture of acute heroin with other psychoactive drugs leads to complications in the pulmonary system and changes of some parameters of cell-mediated and humoral immunity.

Topic: Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
Subfield: Toxicology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Die Crista acustica der Tettigonioidea (Orthoptera) / The Crista acustica of the Tettigonioidea (Orthoptera)

Abstract The number of scolopidia of the crista acustica of the Tettigonioidea is species-specific. First electron microscopic investigations of these scolopidia show that each of them is composed of 4 cells: A bipolar sense cell, an enveloping cell, a scolopale cell and a cap cell. The dendrite of the sense cell terminates in a cilium which is anchored within the dendrite with a root, which divides into numerous rootlets. There are two basal bodies at the base of the cilium. The tip of the cilium projects into the cap of the cap cell.

Topic: Orthoptera Research and Taxonomy
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Research progress on treatment of acrylonitrile industrial wastewater

According to research on components and characteristics of difficult to biodegrade industrial pollutants in the progress of acrylonitrile production,the results show that characteristics of the acrylonitrile industrial wastewater contains high concentration of organics,polymer and heavy metal,furthermore,have high viscosity and high total nitrogen,and so on. To summarize and analyze both foreign and domestic treatments of acrylonitrile industrial wastewater at present,the results show that single method of acrylonitrile industrial wastewater treatment is not efficient. In this paper,a new effective treatment craft route of acrylonitrile industrial wastewater has been brought up,it is membrane separation-photo and catalyst oxidation-SBR combined treatment process,this treatment craft route provides approaches and basis for domestic acrylonitrile production enterprises in acrylonitrile wastewater treatment.

Topic: Nanomaterials for catalytic reactions
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Efektivitas Penerapan Media Pembelajaran PhET Dalam Mengatasi Tingkat Kesulitan Mahasiswa Pada Mata Kuliah Fisika Dasar I

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the application of PhET learning media in overcoming the level of difficulty of students in Basic Physics I courses. The application of PhET learning media is applied to students of Physics Education SI. This type of research is a quantitative study with a research design using the One Group Pre-test and Post-test design. Data collection techniques through tests and questionnaires. The results showed that there was an increase in the pre-test and post-test of 0.79 in the high category, the results of the Pairet T-Test showed that there was a difference between the pre-test and the post-test with sig. (2-tailed) &lt;5%, and the results of the questionnaire response were in the very good category. So that the application of PhET learning media is effective to be applied in overcoming the level of difficulty of undergraduate physics education students in Basic Physics I courses.

Topic: Educational Methods and Outcomes
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Occurrence Download

A dataset containing 6286 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "and" : [ "Geometry POLYGON((-67.33934 18.58583,-67.36993 17.83137,-65.8712 17.78039,-65.55004 18.19841,-65.60102 18.52976,-67.33934 18.58583))", "TaxonKey is Culicidae" ] } The dataset includes 6286 records from 18 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0003599-250227182430271/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.

Topic: Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Nervus intermedius: Microsurgical and anatomic relationships to the cerebellopontine angle neurovascular complex

Background: The nervus intermedius (NI) comprises fibers originating from the trigeminal, superior salivary, and solitary tract nuclei, which join the facial nerve (cranial nerve [CN] VII). Neighboring structures include the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), and its branches. Microsurgical procedures at the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) benefit from understanding NI anatomy and relationships, especially for the microsurgical treatment of geniculate neuralgia, where the NI is transected. This study sought to characterize common relationships between the NI rootlets, CN VII, CN VIII, and the meatal loop of AICA at the internal auditory canal (IAC). Methods: Seventeen cadaveric heads underwent retrosigmoid craniectomy. Following complete unroofing of the IAC, the NI rootlets were individually exposed to identify their origins and insertion points. The AICA and its meatal loop were traced to assess their relationship with the NI rootlets. Results: Thirty-three NIs were identified. The median number of NI rootlets was 4 per NI (interquartile range, 3–5). The rootlets mainly originated from the proximal premeatal segment of CN VIII (81 of 141, 57%) and inserted onto CN VII at the IAC fundus (89 of 141, 63%). When crossing the acoustic-facial bundle, the AICA most frequently passed between the NI and CN VIII (14 of 33, 42%). Five composite patterns of neurovascular relationships were identified regarding NI. Conclusion: Although certain anatomical trends can be identified, the NI has a variable relationship with the adjacent neurovascular complex at the IAC. Therefore, anatomical relationships should not be used as the sole method of NI identification during CPA surgery.

Topic: Trigeminal Neuralgia and Treatments
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Evaluation of Liver Stiffness After Atrial Septal Defect Closure

Abstract In this study, we aimed to evaluate the liver stiffness (LS) values and the right ventricle (RV) functions after atrial septal defect (ASD) closure treatment. Sixty-six patients were included (38 female, 28 male) in the study. Patients were grouped into 3 subgroups (group I = 21 patients without ASD closure, group II = 38 patients who underwent ASD closure, and group III = 11 patients with ASD and Eisenmenger syndrome). After 1-year follow-up of the patients who underwent ASD closure, LS was assessed using the liver elastography technique. Echocardiographic changes and LS changes over time were compared. Absolute Δ-LS and Δ-liver size were found to be significantly decreased in group II compared with the other groups. While liver size, LS levels, RV and left ventricle (LV) dimensions, and tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient were found to be significantly decreased; the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and the LV ejection fraction were significantly increased in group II. In addition, Δ-LV and Δ-RV dimensions and Δ–tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient values were statistically significant and Δ–tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and LV ejection fraction values were statistically higher in group II compared with the other groups. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the LS is another parameter, which significantly decreases in patients treated with ASD occluder devices and can be used as an objective follow-up parameter in addition to classic echocardiographic measurements.

Topic: Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Development-Dependent Expression of DNA Repair Genes and Epigenetic Regulators in Arabidopsis Plants Exposed to Ionizing Radiation

Both plant senescence and plant response to ionizing radiation involve changes in gene expression and epigenetic profiles, that rely on the formation of reactive oxygen species. However, how the developmental stage of a plant affects its response to ionizing radiation has not been extensively studied. In this study, our experiments showed that exposure to low (10 Gy) and high (100 Gy) doses of ionizing radiation causes developmental delays in plants that may result in reduced biomass or even death of the organism. In particular, 20-day-old plants, which are in the process of transitioning to reproductive growth, showed a distinct response to irradiation compared to 10- or 30-day-old irradiated plants that affects the expression of DNA repair genes. Specifically, we found that the expression of mismatch repair genes was increased in 20-day-old plants, while RAD51 was increased in 10- and 30-day-old plants. Furthermore, we found increased expression of MET1, CMT3 and SUVH5 epigenetic regulators that paralleled decreased ONSEN transcript levels in 20-day-old irradiated plants. These findings suggest that plants exposed during early reproductive growth exhibit a tighter control over genome stability in response to ionizing irradiation compared to plants irradiated at other developmental stages.

Topic: Plant Genetic and Mutation Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Experimental Plan For VBE CA-1

This document outlines the experimental plan for the first Canadian Virtual Battle Experiment, VBE CA-1. It is intended to provide some context for the experiment and act as a blueprint and guide for its implementation and execution. VBEs are being used by the Maritime Systems Group Technical Panel 1 of The Technical Cooperation Panel (TTCP MAR TP-1) to investigate the influence of Network Enabled Capability in a modular synthetic maritime environment. VBE CA-1 is the first of a series of experiments investigating the effect of sharing low-level passive sonar data. It was designed to use multiple subjects in multiple sessions of a human-in-the-loop experiment to produce statistically relevant results.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Initialization in Scratch

With the growing movement to use visual block-based languages (VBBLs) in elementary and middle school classrooms, questions arise about the learning outcomes of such activities. While some schools are content to use VBBLs to spark interest and motivation for the future pursuit of computing, others are asking, "Does this early exposure produce knowledge that transfers to traditional text-based languages (TBLs)?" If transfer is a goal, then a corollary is, "How do we design the transition to maximize the transfer?" This paper focuses on initialization of state and variables, exploring the differences between Scratch and two TBLs: C and Java. Based on observations of 9-12 year old students in a VBBL curriculum, we identify four "pieces of knowledge" that are critical for C and Java but are not nearly as obvious in Scratch, including whether, when, and how to perform initialization. We conclude with suggestions for instruction and development environment that may improve transfer.

Topic: Teaching and Learning Programming
Subfield: Computer Science Applications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Materials Data on HoSnO3 by Materials Project

HoO3Sn is (Cubic) Perovskite structured and crystallizes in the cubic Pm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of one 7440-31-5 molecule and one HoO3 framework. In the HoO3 framework, Ho3+ is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form corner-sharing HoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All Ho–O bond lengths are 2.18 Å. O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ atoms.

Topic: Electronic and Structural Properties of Oxides
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Intuitions About Combining Opinions: Misappreciation of the Averaging Principle

Averaging estimates is an effective way to improve accuracy when combining expert judgments, integrating group members’ judgments, or using advice to modify personal judgments. If the estimates of two judges ever fall on different sides of the truth, which we term bracketing, averaging must outperform the average judge for convex loss functions, such as mean absolute deviation (MAD). We hypothesized that people often hold incorrect beliefs about averaging, falsely concluding that the average of two judges’ estimates would be no more accurate than the average judge. The experiments confirmed that this misconception was common across a range of tasks that involved reasoning from summary data (Experiment 1), from specific instances (Experiment 2), and conceptually (Experiment 3). However, this misconception decreased as observed or assumed bracketing rate increased (all three studies) and when bracketing was made more transparent (Experiment 2). Experiment 4 showed that flawed inferential rules and poor extensional reasoning abilities contributed to the misconception. We conclude by describing how people may face few opportunities to learn the benefits of averaging and how misappreciating averaging contributes to poor intuitive strategies for combining estimates.

Topic: Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Subfield: General Decision Sciences
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Architecture for Applying Data Mining and Visualization on Network Flow for Botnet Traffic Detection

Botnet is one of the most recent tools used in cyber-crime including distributed denial of service attacks, phishing, spamming, and spying on remote computers. These days, governments, business, and individuals are facing catastrophic damages caused by hackers using malicious botnets. It is a major challenge for cyber-security research community to combat the emerging threat of botnets. Current network intrusion detection methods based on anomaly detection approaches suffer from fairly high error rate and low performance. The proposed flow based botnet detection system tackles these issues by combining data mining and visualization. The anomalous data is passed to several trust models, and the flows are re-evaluated to obtain their trustfulness, which is then aggregated to detect malicious traffic via visualization. The visualized information will be analyzed by human intellectual and conceptual ability to gain useful knowledge about botnet activities for further precaution and validation.

Topic: Network Security and Intrusion Detection
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
MEFLOQUINE TREATMENT FOR UNCOMPLICATED FALCIPARUM MALARIA IN YOUNG CHILDREN 6–24 MONTHS OF AGE IN NORTHERN GHANA

Mefloquine (MQ) single dose 20 mg/kg treatment of falciparum malaria was evaluated in 186 children of 6–24 months of age in northern Ghana. There were 15 RII/RIII-type parasitologic failures, all with Day 2 MQ blood levels significantly lower than children whose parasitemias cleared before Day 7 and remained clear through 28 days. Predictors of RII/RIII parasitologic response were vomiting after MQ dosing, Day 2 MQ levels &lt; 500 ng/mL, and undetectable Day 2 levels of the carboxymefloquine metabolite. There were 50 cases of delayed RI parasitologic failure, but 71% of these cases had undetectable Day 28 blood levels of MQ and drug levels in the remaining 29% ranged below the 620 ng/mL level that suppresses MQ sensitive strains of P. falciparum. Drug levels among infants that tolerated MQ well were not associated with age, weight, hemoglobin, parasitemia, and pre-existing symptoms of vomiting or diarrhea. An observed recurrent parasitemia of 34,400 trophozoites/μL against a MQ blood concentration of 550 ng/mL was taken as indication of tolerance to suppressive levels of the drug at this location.

Topic: Malaria Research and Control
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Comparison of Five Wheat Models Simulating Phenology under Different Sowing Dates and Varieties

Core Ideas We compared the mechanism and capacity of five wheat phenology models by varied phases. Models reproduced growing phases well by suitable sowing dates and local varieties. Simulations were unsatisfactory under late sowing dates and colder conditions. Crop phenology is closely related to yield formation and crop management. Phenology module is one of the essential components that affect the call of model parameters and performance of whole model. We analyzed different algorithms of five widely used wheat models (WOFOST, CERES‐Wheat, APSIM‐Wheat, SPASS, and WheatSM) and studied the simulation accuracy by field experimental data with three varietal types under varied sowing dates in four sites in the North China plain. Simulation results were in good agreement with the observations in terms of jointing, flowering, and maturity stage. The absolute root mean square error (RMSEa) value for emergence to jointing (E‐J) phase was 3.7 d for WheatSM and &gt;5 d for CERES, APSIM, and SPASS. The RMSEa for the sowing to emergence (S‐E) phase was approximately 4 d, but the normalized root mean square error was &gt;30% for APSIM and CERES. The RMSEa was larger (4.8 d) for SPASS from jointing to flowering (J‐F) compared with other models (2.8–3.7 d). It ranged from 3 to 4 d from flowering to maturity (F‐M) for all models. The five models yielded better predictions in warmer growing conditions than in colder conditions. The RMSEa increased with delayed sowing dates for five models, with average values of 2.7, 3.7, and 5.2 for suitable sowing, sowing delayed by 10 and 20 d, respectively. The five models could well reproduce different growing phases under the conditions of suitable sowing dates and with local varieties, but the performances of models was unsatisfactory, especially under late sowing dates.

Topic: Climate change impacts on agriculture
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Combined application of QFD and VA tools in the product design process

The aim of both value analysis (VA) and quality function deployment (QFD) is to reduce waste by avoiding redesign and providing optimal location of costs in general. To satisfy the consumer's most important needs, the VA prioritizes the increase in the cost of the product and not the subsequent price rise. QFD aims at generating clear engineering needs from consumer requirements thus, minimizing the reprojecting cost (“cost” should read “waste”) and changes in the products. The existing common concepts between two design tools, QFD (the project tool) and VA (the product optimization tool) motivated this study. QFD establishes a link among parameters such as the consumer needs, engineering requirements and a comparative analysis of the consumer perception against that of rival companies. The VA prioritizes a rise in the aggregate value (perceived by the consumer) by optimization development and production costs. The proposed methodology is capable of integrating these two tools, integrating costs with product development (“for the consumer”) for a joint analysis. This way it is possible to establish optimum cost values for each engineering requirement. It is also possible to evaluate the cost of each product function. Furthermore, the methodology provides a tool that supports decision making in product development and projects. This work evaluates the integrated use of the QFD and VA tools. Employing a survey that was carried out which intended to reveal the young male consumers’ requirements concerning a sports bicycle.

Topic: Quality Function Deployment in Product Design
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences