jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
CCDC 159661: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Intratumor distribution of 1p deletions in human colorectal adenocarcinoma is Commonly homogeneous

BACKGROUND Cytogenetics and molecular biology studies have indicated that a large subset of human colorectal adenocarcinomas have distal 1p chromosome arm deletions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intratumor distribution of 1p deletions under the assumption that homogeneity is an indication of early occurrence. METHODS Seventy-nine histologically selected primary sectors (40 superficial and 39 deep) and 3 lymph node metastases obtained from 20 human sporadic adenocarcinomas were analyzed. Interphase two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to cytocentrifuged nuclei using a centromeric probe for chromosome 1 and a telomeric probe mapping to the 1p36 band. RESULTS Deletions at 1p were observed in 35 of 82 tumor samples corresponding to 9 of 20 adenocarcinomas analyzed (45%). Seven of the 9 adenocarcinomas with 1p deletions showed an intratumor presence of these aberrations in all the different tumor sectors. CONCLUSIONS These data, acquired by FISH interphase cytogenetics, confirm that 1p deletions in colorectal adenocarcinoma are common and suggest that this structural chromosomal aberration occurs mainly as an early event in colorectal tumorigenesis. Cancer 1998;83:415-422. © 1998 American Cancer Society.

Topic: Genetic factors in colorectal cancer
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome (dyskeratosis congenita) with cataract--a rare association.

A 26-year-old male patient with dermatological and systemic features suggestive of dyskeratosis congenita is reported with an unusual associated ocular feature of bilateral cataract.

Topic: Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Rapid Mueller matrix polarimetry imaging based on four photoelastic modulators with no moving parts (Conference Presentation)

Polarized light has many applications in biomedical imaging. The interaction of a biological sample with polarized light reveals information about its composition, both structural and functional. For example, the polarimetry-derived metric of linear retardance (birefringence) is dependent on tissue structural organization (anisotropy) and can be used to diagnose myocardial infarct; circular birefringence (optical rotation) can measure glucose concentrations. The most comprehensive type of polarimetry analysis is to measure the Mueller matrix, a polarization transfer function that completely describes how a sample interacts with polarized light. To derive this 4x4 matrix it is necessary to observe how a tissue interacts with different polarizations. A well-suited approach for tissue polarimetry is to use photoelastic modulators (PEMs), which dynamically modulate the polarization of light. Previously, we have demonstrated a rapid time-gated Stokes imaging system that is capable of characterizing the state of polarized light (the Stokes vector) over a large field, after interacting with any turbid media. This was accomplished by synchronizing CCD camera acquisition times relative to two PEMs using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Here, we extend this technology to four PEMs, yielding a polarimetry system that is capable of rapidly measuring the complete sample Mueller matrix over a large field of view, with no moving parts and no beam steering. We describe the calibration procedure and evaluate the accuracy of the measurements. Results are shown for tissue-mimicking phantoms, as well as initial biological samples.

Topic: Optical Polarization and Ellipsometry
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Difference inequality for attracting and quasi-invariant sets for a class of impulsive stochastic difference equations with continuous time

So far there have been few results presented on the attracting and quasi-invariant sets for impulsive stochastic difference equations with continuous time.The main aim of this work is to close this gap.By establishing a difference inequality with continuous time, we obtain the attracting and quasi-invariant sets of systems under consideration.An example is given to illustrate the theory.

Topic: Nonlinear Differential Equations Analysis
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Natural Vulcanization Accelerators in Hevea Latex

Abstract As numerous investigators have shown, some of the nonrubber components of Hevea latex have a decided accelerating action on the process of vulcanization. A survey of the literature on this subject points to the validity of certain general facts. 1. Among the nonrubber components of latex which have been investigated, certain nitrogenous bases appear to be most important for accelerating the rate of vulcanization. 2. These nitrogen bases apparently occur partly naturally in fresh latex, and partly as the result of putrefaction, heating, and other decomposition processes. 3. The nitrogen bases naturally present in fresh latex at later stages have been identified by Altman to be trigonelline, stachhydrine, betonicine, choline, methylamine, trimethylamine, and ammonia. These bases are markedly active in vulcanization, as will be seen in the section on experimental results. 4. The nitrogenous substances formed by the decomposition processes have only partly been identified, on the one hand as tetra- and pentamethylene diamine and some amino acids, on the other hand as alkaloids, proline, diamino acids, etc. 5. It has been generally accepted that these nitrogenous substances are derived from the proteins of the latex. 6. Decomposition appears to be connected with the formation of a considerable amount of acids. 7. The production of volatile nitrogen bases as a rule accompanies the decomposition processes. These volatile products have not been identified. 8. The active nitrogen bases, either already formed or derived from complex nitrogenous substances, seem to be soluble in water but only slightly soluble in acetone.

Topic: Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Gatekeepers Liability for Internet Intermediaries in Malaysia: Way Forward

The advent of the Internet has changed how information and content were created, accessed, used, and distributed digitally. The Internet provides diverse opportunities for subscribers, users, private or business operators, and the public at large to enjoy fast and cheap global distribution and sharing of information, knowledge, and entertainment. Internet intermediaries have primarily remained the gateway through which internet users can access and enjoy the vast flow of data, digital information, as well as content in cyberspace. Unfortunately, these internet intermediaries are at the receiving end of many legal disputes involving violations of intellectual property rights, in particular copyright infringements all over the world. Being the 'gatekeeper' to the Internet and web-based services, the internet intermediaries were arguably best placed to block and remove infringed contents. The imposition of liability to internet intermediaries under the 'gatekeeper' rationale is to identify that the intermediaries are capable of detecting the misconduct and sanction the misconduct. The question is, to what extend? In 1998, a safe harbour was created for internet intermediaries by the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), provided that they complied with the obligatory duty to take down the infringing materials once they received the notice of takedown request. This approach has been followed worldwide, including Malaysia, where the internet intermediaries are bound by the Malaysian Copyright Amendment Act 2012 and the Malaysian Content Code to take down or block access to infringing content to avoid liability. Using doctrinal legal research, this paper analyses the applicability of the gatekeepers' liability for internet intermediaries in Malaysia. It examines the arguments placed forward for the liability of such intermediaries for infringing third-party content. The paper ends with a brief comparison of notice and takedown procedures practised in the US and Malaysia before concluding with some suggestions on the way forward.

Topic: Copyright and Intellectual Property
Subfield: Marketing
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Blocking effect of rhynchophylline on calcium channels in isolated rat ventricular myocytes.

The effect of rhynchophylline (Rhy) on L-type Ca2+ channel current was studied in rat ventricular myocytes using patch-clamp whole-cell recording technique. When the holding potential was -40 mV, cells were depolarized to 0 mV for 250 ms at frequency of 0.5 Hz, Rhy 10 and 50 mumol.L-1 reduced verapamil-sensitive Ca2+ inward current by 60% and 80%, respectively, without affecting the voltage-dependency of the maximal activation of Ca2+ current. This indicated that the effect of Rhy on the activation of Ca2+ channel was voltage-independent. The effect of Rhy on Ca2+ current reached the maximum at 10 min and was partially recovered by washout of Rhy. A pD2 value of 5.91 and Hill coefficient of 1.1 were obtained from the concentration-response curve.

Topic: Plant-based Medicinal Research
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Lipoteichoic acid anchor triggers Mincle to drive protective immunity against invasive group A<i>Streptococcus</i>infection

Significance Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes invasive streptococcal infections in humans, resulting in high mortality. Thus, GAS is also known as “killer bacteria” or “flesh-eating bacteria.” The mechanism by which the immune system recognizes this potent pathogen remains elusive. In this study, we showed that the innate immune receptor Mincle (macrophage inducible C-type lectin) plays pivotal roles against invasive GAS infection through the recognition of monoglucosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), a component of the lipoteichoic acid anchor. MGDG induced proinflammatory cytokines, ROS, and NO production in a Mincle-dependent manner. In an invasive GAS infection model, Mincle-deficient mice exhibited severe bacteremia and rapid lethality. These results indicate that Mincle plays a central role in protective immunity against acute GAS infection.

Topic: Streptococcal Infections and Treatments
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Reevaluation of Ἰησοῦς in Hebrews 4:8: Joshua or Jesus?

This paper explores the possible author intended referent of Ἰησοῦς in Hebrews 4:8. Traditionally, the referent is assumed to be “Joshua son of Nun” with minimal supporting exegetical evidence. However, it is also common recently to find interpreters arguing for a double referent of “Joshua” and “Jesus.” Rarely is the referent considered to be only “Jesus.” In this paper, the positive and negative exegetical evidence is weighed for both “Joshua” and “Jesus.” The conclusion of this paper suggests that Hebrews 4:8 most likely refers to “Jesus.” This affects the author’s argument of Hebrews 3:7-4:13 by adding a significant Christological dimension to the author’s theology and exhortation which helps to explain several tension points in the passage.

Topic: Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Chemical Composition, Cytotoxic, Apoptotic and Antioxidant Activities of Main Commercial Essential Oils in Palestine: A Comparative Study

Background: Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of several components gifted with a wide array of biological activities. The present research was designed to evaluate whether commercial essential oils could be effective by examining their in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, and apoptotic properties of nine commercially available EOs in Palestine, namely, African rue, basil, chamomile, fennel, fenugreek, ginger, spearmint, sage, and thyme, and to assure their effective use. Methods: The cytotoxic activity was determined using HT29-19(A) non-muco secreting and HT29-muco secreting (MS) cell lines. MTT, and trypan blue tests, and DPPH radical scavenging have also been assayed on the studied EOs. Results: In this work chamomile oil showed the lowest IC50 at the content of 60 µL/mL, while all other EOs reached such a decrease when 70–80 µL/mL was used on HT-29 (MS) cell lines. In HT-29 19(A) cells, 50% of viability was obtained when 80 µL/mL of ginger and African rue was used, while all other EOs needed more than 80 µL/mL to reach such a decline in viability. Otherwise, an MTT assay on HT-29 (MS) displayed ginger EO with the lowest IC50, followed by African rue and sage, with 40, 48 and 53 µL/mL, respectively. Otherwise, for the rest of the EOs, the IC50 was obtained by assaying around 80 µL/mL. Ginger showed the lowest IC50 with 60 µL/mL and thyme was the highest with 77 µL/mL when HT-29 19(A) cells were used. Conclusion: The most active EOs were found to be ginger, chamomile oil, and African rue. In general, the results demonstrate that most commercial EOs tested in this work possess low, or no biological activities; this may be due to processing, storage conditions, and handling or other reasons, which may cause losses in the biological and pharmacological properties that endemically exist in the Eos; hence, more investigation is still required on commercial EOs before they are recommended to the public.

Topic: Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
From assessment to action: A randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of a holistic diagnostic to enhance work ability

Abstract Employees can benefit from multimodal work-related intervention strategies. This randomised controlled trial tested the effectiveness of an integrative diagnostic service used to clarify intervention needs of employees with endangered work participation (German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00027577). Employees with health restrictions and limited work ability were included and received an initial consultation with their occupational health physician. With computer-generated allocation lists, they were randomised to the treatment arms. The intervention group (IG) immediately attended a two-day assessment in a rehabilitation centre and then received follow-up consultations at the workplace. The control group (CG) started the two-day assessment six months after randomisation. Questionnaire data were collected from participants at their initial consultation and after six months. The primary outcome was the subjective work ability of the participants (Work Ability Score; 0–10 points). Secondary outcome measures included working conditions and sick leave duration. Data from 61 participants (IG: n=32) were analysed. A clinically important but statistically nonsignificant difference was found between IG and CG, including a moderate effect size for work ability (difference=1.15: 95% CI: −0.05 to 2.35; p=0.061). Clinically relevant differences were observed for sick leave duration in weeks (difference=−4.00: 95% CI: −7.49 to −0.51; p=0.025) and job insecurity (difference: −16.40; 95% CI: −29.82 to −2.99; p=0.017). Our results suggest that the intervention led to a reduction in sick leave and improvements in job security and work ability. The effectiveness of the intervention depends largely upon whether the needs of individuals and the requirements of workplaces are taken into consideration. Participants could be selected by occupational physicians on the basis of the occupational skill level. Further research should consider the long-term effects and health economic analyses and structural requirements for a nationwide implementation, as well as employers’ perspectives.

Topic: Workplace Health and Well-being
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Alarm bells ringing: more of the same, and new and novel diseases and pests

Global change has increased the interest of politicians and the public alike to seek ways and means to preserve the planet and mitigate a looming human health catastrophe. Europe has experienced, during recent years, the introduction of vector-borne diseases from tropical regions, notably Africa. Although it has been argued that climate change is the key responsible factor for more northerly distributions of vectors, their competence to transmit pathogens, and observed invasions, other drivers, notably travel and trade, and insecticide resistance have also facilitated these processes. Examples are given of recent vector-borne disease outbreaks (Chikungunya in Italy and Bluetongue virus in The Netherlands). It is concluded that increased occurrence of vector-borne diseases in endemic regions and more frequent ‘contact’ with Europe will lead to an increasing number of invasions and disease outbreaks in the foreseeable future.

Topic: Phytoplasmas and Hemiptera pathogens
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Erythropoietin Stimulating Agents (ESAs): Reassessment of Use in Cancer and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Settings in the United States, Canada, and Europe.

Abstract Abstract 4538 Introduction International reassessments of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) for anemia have recently occurred. While ESAs prevent blood transfusions and, improve select quality of life domains among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, 8 trials individually identified increased mortality and/or tumor progression among cancer patients treated with ESAs. For CKD, one study of non-dialysis CKD patients targeted to higher versus lower hemoglobin (Hb) levels identified 34% increased relative risk (17.5% vs. 13.5%) for death, acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure hospitalization, or stroke with a higher Hb target. Methods Guidelines, notifications from regulatory agencies and manufacturers, reimbursement policies, and utilization for ESAs in the cancer and CKD settings within the U.S., Europe, and Canada were reviewed. Results: Cancer Setting In 2008, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) restricted ESAs from cancer patients seeking cure. Reimbursement is limited to Hb levels &lt; 10 g/dL. In the U.S., ESA usage increased 340% between 2001 and 2006, and decreased 60% since 2007. The European Medicines Agency (EMEA) reports that ESA benefits do not outweigh risks. In Europe, ESA reimbursement is included in global provider payments. Between 2001 and 2006, ESA use increased 51%; since 2006, use has decreased 10%. Canadian manufacturers recommend ESA usage based on patient preference. In Canada, reimbursement for myelosuppressive chemotherapy with ESAs is restricted to Hb levels of 10-11 g/dL in Alberta and 11-12.5 g/dL in British Columbia. Usage increased 20% between 2004 and 2007. CKD Setting The FDA recommends Hb levels &lt; 12 g/dL and Medicare reimbursement is restricted to Hb levels ≥ 13 g/dL. Between 2001 and 2006, usage increased 480% (non-dialysis) and 40% (dialysis) in the U.S. Since 2007, ESA use has decreased 30% (non-dialysis) and 17% (dialysis). The EMEA recommends target Hb levels of 10-12 g/dL. In Europe, ESA usage has increased 10% since 2001. The 2009 Canadian label recommends Hb levels &lt; 12 g/dL. Within Canada, ESA usage increased 30% since 2004. Conclusions While reassessments of ESA safety have occurred internationally, safety concerns in the U.S. have resulted in marked decrements in ESA use among cancer and CKD patients, whereas in Europe and Canada ESA use has increased over time. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Topic: Erythropoietin and Anemia Treatment
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Small-scale Renewable Energy Sources for Rural Electrification. Possibilities and Limitations

iii This report is the result of a study of the possibilities of using renewable energy technol-ogies for rural electrification in developing countries. The renewable power sources have been compared with diesel generator sets, which is the most common solution today. The conclusion of the study is that renewables in many cases – but not all – can compete eco-nomically with diesel generator sets. The most important electrical property of a power system is that there must be at least one power plant that can follow the variation of the load. There are four alternatives for this: biomass plants, hydro power stations, diesel generators and batteries. Battery stor-age of energy is today very expensive and can only be justified for small individual sys-tems or small local networks using low voltage. The environment impact from small rural power systems will in almost every case be very small. Renewable energy technologies are more environmental benign than diesel generator sets, although there might be problems, for example with biomass usage.

Topic: Energy and Environment Impacts
Subfield: Pollution
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Early treatment using fractional CO<sub>2</sub> laser before skin suture during scar revision surgery in Asians

Fractional CO2 laser is one of the most effective treatment options used to resurface scars. However, most previous studies have been performed on mature scars at least 2 months after surgery. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of early treatment to reduce scar formation. In the present study, we described our experience with fractional CO2 laser intervention before skin suture during scar revision surgery in Asians, and found the treatment was safe and effective.

Topic: Dermatologic Treatments and Research
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
EFFECT OF SOIL FUMIGATION AND SIX SOIL WATER REGIMES ON MINERAL CONTENT OF CARROTS

Mineral content of carrots grown in a Lumbum muck soil was affected by soil fumigation and by soil water regime. Foliage of plants grown in fumigated soil had greater levels of P, Ca, Mn, Fe and Zn but lower levels of N and Al, while roots had greater levels of P, Na, Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb and a lower level of N in fumigated than in nonfumigated soil. Plants provided with ample soil water tended to have higher levels of P in roots and in foliage than plants grown under a dry regime. Cu and Pb levels in foliage were affected in the opposite manner.

Topic: Agricultural Science and Fertilization
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences