jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A simple classroom exercise for teaching principles of ultrasound diagnostic using two springs

Abstract We present a novel method for demonstrating the physical principles of ultrasound imaging at a level suitable for educational programmes up to the university level, using a simple mechanical model that is very inexpensive and accessible to a broad variety of educational institutions. The method revolves around the use of one or two steel springs that can be extended on a flat surface. The spring represents a tissue and the longitudinal wave traveling along the spring represents the propagation of an ultrasound wave in tissue. This method allows students to gain direct experience with wave propagation, reflection and transmission in tissue as well as insight into the physical processes underlying ultrasound imaging. These include equally the ultrasound diagnostic device measurement of the depth of various tissue boundaries, modelled as a simple measurement of the time elapsed between the emission of a wave and the detection of a wave reflected from an object intersecting the spring. An ultrasound device probes the boundary between a formation (an organ or a lesion) and surrounding tissue by registering the amplitude of reflection on the formation, which is proportional to a difference in acoustic impedance between the formation and the tissue. The amplitude of the reflected wave in our apparatus is also proportional to acoustic impedance between the spring and an object like a plastic ruler intersecting the spring, whose stiffness and consequently acoustic impedance can be adjusted by its offset. It is also easy to clearly see the reflected wave on the boundary of two coupled springs (two tissues) with different acoustic impedances. We represent a series of representative measurements using our mechanical model demonstrating its good precision.

Topic: Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Trust Catalyst in Family-Owned Businesses

Trust patterns in family-owned businesses are frequently catalyzed by one person. Such individuals are sometimes, but not always, family members who initiate, maintain, and help create higher trust for both the family and the organization. These Trust Catalysts often have little or no formal hierarchical authority in the business. To examine their influence on trust levels, we conducted in-depth interviews with more than 60 people from seven multigenerational companies and backed these findings with data from earlier pilot case studies. Their practices helped us to understand how trust develops, operates, and even expands within family business systems.

Topic: Family Business Performance and Succession
Subfield: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Night court, 1958

3 images. Night court, 20 March 1958. Ernest U. Cruz -- 45 years (restaurant chain owner), paternity suit; Mrs. Phyllis Taylor -- 23 years (divorcee with twins); Jean Oliver (Commissioner); Edward F. Baca (Attorney).; Caption slip reads: "Photographer: Gray. Date: 1958-03-20. Reporter: Brown. Assignment: Night court. 104/103/109/72: Ernest U. Cruz, 45, restaurant chain owner, defendant in paternity suit. Mrs. Phyllis Taylor, 23, divorcee, holds twins David (L) and Dianna she says Cruz fathered. Commissioner John P. Oliver of Domestic Relations holds David (left) and Dianna; Edward F. Baca, Mrs. Taylor's attorney, in right rear".

Topic: Microbial infections and disease research
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Exploring Smell Loss Patterns and Recovery Factors Among Covid-19 Patients in Benghazi, Libya

Objective: The main objective of this research is to investigate the recovery patterns and the demographic factors that affect patients with loss of smell post-COVID-19 disease in Benghazi, Libya. Besides, to examine whether the patient’s responses statistically differ according to several variables, including severity of smell loss, gender, and age. Method: This research adopts a cross-sectional design to capture a snapshot of patient experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic in Benghazi. A structured questionnaire is used for data collection. The research collects 96 valid questionnaires over the period from November 2023 to February 2024 from (1) the Speciality Surgical Center; and (2) the Al-Rowad Specialised Center. Then, the research employed descriptive analysis, the One-sample Wilcoxon Signed rank, the Spearman correlation test, and the Independent Samples Kruskal-Wallis test. Results:16 (17%) participants suffered from a mild loss of smell, 30 (31%) participants suffered a moderate loss of smell, and 50 (52%) participants suffered a severe loss of smell. Only 26 (27%) participants reported that it was gradual onset while 70 (73%) reported the opposite. Regarding the recovery pattern, 54 (56%) participants had complete recovery of loss of smell, while 18 (19%) had partial recovery, and 24 (25%) had no recovery, where 46 out of 54 participants completely recovered in the first month, and only 8 participants recovered after 60 days. There is a weakly significant relationship between the smell loss severity and recovery period. Also, there are no statistically significant differences between groups of varying smell loss severity (mild, moderate, or severe) in different genders, smell recovery periods, or age (all p-values &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that, although the infection with COVID-19 among the participants was generally of moderate severity, the condition of the loss of the olfactory sense was severe and occurred suddenly, but at the same time, the largest percentage of participants recovered completely from it within the first two weeks of infection. However, it cannot be relied on smell loss as an early indicator of COVID-19 infection.

Topic: Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
Subfield: Sensory Systems
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Medical Aspects of the Special Air Service

The historical development of the Special Air Service (S.A.S.) is traced from its inception during World War ll.A particular type of soldier is required for the work undertaken by this unit of the British Army and the present day selection and training procedures of these men are discussed.Problems of particular concern to the S.A.S. are those of prolonged isolation and combat survival in addition to more tangible health hazards.A comparison is made between the sickness experience of the S.A.S. with that of the British Army as a whole.Because S.A.S. are geared to operate in small groups of four men, the emphasis is not so much upon the difference of sickness experience as upon the different management re'luired for the ill and injured until such time as conventional .medical help may be made available.Medical training within the S.A.S. evolved to meet the varying needs of particular theatres of combat.Normal principles of military preventive medicine are stressed and the concept of a specially trained medical auxiliary introduced.The training and deployment of the auxiliaries, known as " Medical Aides ", is the responsibility of the Commanding Officer of the S.A.S.A contrast is made with the training of Medical Aidmen of the United States Special Forces.The most striking distinctions are in the educational background of the trainees and the training facilities available to them; Training objectives for S.A.S. ",Medical Aides " .aregiven.Modern strategy recognises the essential requirement of the Military, as a matter of policy, to direct its resources towards the aid of the Civil Community.It is recognised that long-term policies cannot be effective unless and until the Military have the goodwill of the Civil Community.Thus Military Aid to the Civil Community (M.A.C.C.) is described and the role of the S.A.S. within such policy is discussed with particular reference to the ethics and practice of limited medical help.The status of the" Medical Aide " is the' key to the effectiveness of his deployment.Such status depends upon the proper development and control of these soldiers to whom much medical responsibility is delegated. .The S.A.S. "Medical Aide " requires a programme of initial training and regular continuation training in which there is a strong lemphasis both upon exposure to supervised clinical experience and subsequent assessment under operational conditions.Only in this way can control be e~ective.guest.

Topic: Trauma and Emergency Care Studies
Subfield: Emergency Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A study on the collision force of reinforced concrete piers under cumulative ship collision

In this research study, the characteristics of ship–bridge collision force formulas, in Chinese standards as well as international standards, were analyzed. By considering the damage situations of bridge piers under the cumulative ship collision conditions, a method of combining theoretical deduction with numerical analysis was adopted in this study. The goals of this study were to analyze and examine the sizes of the ship–bridge collision forces, along with the damage situations of piers, in order to propose a collision force calculation formula which took cumulative pier damages into consideration. Also, experimental verifications and an applicability analysis of the proposed formula were performed.

Topic: Concrete Corrosion and Durability
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Exploiting a Multi-Mode Laser in Homodyne Detection for Vacuum-Fluctuation-Based Quantum Random Number Generator

To realize a vacuum-fluctuation-based quantum random number generator (QRNG), various implementations can be explored to improve efficiency and practicality. In this study, we employed a multi-mode (MM) laser as the local oscillator in a vacuum-fluctuation QRNG and compared its performance with that of a conventional single-mode (SM) laser. Despite experiencing frequency-mode hopping, the MM laser successfully interfered with the vacuum state, similar to the SM reference. The common-mode rejection ratio of the balanced homodyne detection setup exceeded 35 dB for all laser sources. The digitized raw data were processed with a cryptographic hash function to generate full-entropy data. These outputs passed both the independent and identically distributed test recommended in NIST SP 800-90B and the statistical test suite under the SP 800-22 guideline, confirming their quality as quantum random numbers. Our results demonstrate that full-entropy data derived from either SM or MM lasers are applicable to systems requiring high-quality randomness, such as quantum key distribution. This study represents the first demonstration of an MM-laser-based vacuum-fluctuation QRNG, achieving a generation rate of 10 Gbps and indicating potential for compact and practical implementation.

Topic: Quantum Mechanics and Applications
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Stećak from Simiova near Bileća

Stećak from Simiova near Bileća, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Curated in the National Museum in Sarajevo. In the form of a cross. Data were collected as part of a joint research project between GDH and the Association for the Digitization and Informatisation of Cultural Heritage (DIGI.BA) in Sarajevo, in full collaboration with the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo. Model was created from 674 images from a Canon 5D mk IV. All data were processed in Reality Capture. Project ID NMB Stecak 6. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

Topic: Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
The eco-scheme proposal for the CAP post 2020: a more effective incentive for environmental enhancement or a largely empty box?

Focussing on the European Commission’s proposals for the 2021-27 CAP, this paper looks at the opportunities they present for enhancing climate and environmental ambition in the EU, examining in particular the role that the proposed new Pillar 1 eco-scheme might play in the policy mix. It discusses some of the opportunities and risks related to its introduction including: the ability to target and tailor direct payments to environmental needs; the balance between flexibility and accountability; securing sufficient resources; the pros and cons of the two payment models permitted; annual versus multi-annual commitments; and its relationship in the green architecture with conditionality and other rural development payments. It concludes that the eco-scheme represents a change in direction for the integration of environmental goals and tools into Pillar 1 of the CAP which could act as a bridge to a more integrated and sustainable single pillar policy architecture in the future. However, it remains to be seen whether Member States are yet ready to appreciate its potential and use its flexibilities in innovative ways to promote a more ambitious environmental agenda in conjunction with other CAP measures.

Topic: Regional Development and Policy
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Hybrid Adaptive Neural Network for Sea Waves Forecasting

The physical process of generation of wind waves is extremely complex, uncertain and not yet fully understood. Despite a variety of deterministic models presented to predict the heights and periods of waves from the characteristics of the generating wind, a large scope still exists to improve on the existing models or to provide alternatives to them. In this work, a hybrid adaptive neural network has been designed and used in order to predict the wave height. The system has been proved to produce a 95% successful 24 hours prediction of wave height after 2 months of operation.

Topic: Stock Market Forecasting Methods
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Scholarly communication activities in the fields of chemistry and economics. A Polish perspective

This study examines the scholarly communication activities in two scientific fields, chemistry and economics, in a Polish context. The dissertation aims at investigating what characterises the publishing choices of researchers and what supplementary forms for the dissemination of research output are used by scholars. In addition, the paper is looking into what are the views and awareness of open access and institutional repositories within this scientific community. This thesis gives the results of semi-structured interviews and an online survey at two academic faculties at a Polish technical university. As its theoretical framework, the study uses Whitley’s theory of the intellectual and social organisation of academic fields and Latour and Woolgar’s study regarding various motivations for publishing. The study found that there are some similarities between the two investigated disciplines, especially in the context of extra-disciplinary factors that have impact on scholars’ publishing choices. The study also revealed that the general awareness of open access is rather good among the participating academics, however the number of open access publications is not very high. In addition, the findings suggest that there were some misunderstanding about the definitions and functions of institutional repositories among scholars.

Topic: scientometrics and bibliometrics research
Subfield: Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Recent Progress of Natural Sources and Manufacturing Process of Biodiesel: A Review

Biodiesel has caught the attention of many researchers because it has great potential to be a sustainable fossil fuel substitute. Biodiesel has a non-toxic and renewable nature and has been proven to emit less environmentally harmful emissions such as hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) as smoke particles during combustion. Problems related to global warming caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could also be solved by utilizing biodiesel as a daily energy source. However, the expensive cost of biodiesel production, mainly because of the cost of natural feedstock, hinders the potential of biodiesel commercialization. The selection of natural sources of biodiesel should be made with observations from economic, agricultural, and technical perspectives to obtain one feasible biodiesel with superior characteristics. This review paper presents a detailed overview of various natural sources, their physicochemical properties, the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of biodiesel when used in a diesel engine. The recent progress in studies about natural feedstocks and manufacturing methods used in biodiesel production were evaluated in detail. Finally, the findings of the present work reveal that transesterification is currently the most superior and commonly used biodiesel production method compared to other methods available.

Topic: Biodiesel Production and Applications
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
CCDC 959373: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Multiband millimeter wave antenna array for 5G communication

This paper presents a simulated design of millimeter wave square patch antenna 1×6 array on silicon and Roger RO4003 substrate for prominent multiple bands i.e. 58GHz-60GHz, 65GHz-68GHz, 72GHz-77GHz. Designed antenna can serve 5G cellular network as well as advance device-to-device (D2D) network which is special feature of 5G communication system to reduce end-to-end latency and to implement Mission Critical Push-To-Talk Communication (MCPTT) and Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) Communication. Designed antenna has peakgain of 9 dB and very high efficiency. Return loss for given bands at their resonant frequencies are as low as -35dB and total bandwidth of 9.57 GHz. Silicon is used under feeding network to enhance the bandwidth and reduce the size of feeding network and low dielectric material under patch to reduce dielectric loss thus maintaining the efficiency. Symmetrical parallel feeding network is used to enhance gain. Inset fed with quarter wave transformers are used for feeding and matching, along with maintaining the conformity. A novel design is used to kill the spurious radiation due to feed network, thus shaping the radiation pattern for cellular application. Overall size of antenna is 6.7mm×30mm×1.2mm compatible with miniaturized devices and is printable.

Topic: Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Navigating the Sea of Diabetes

In reflecting on where we need to go in diabetes prevention and care and how to get there, I have chosen sailing, or more specifically, a boat, as a metaphor to give direction to my remarks. Although I am certainly not a sailor, sailing holds a special meaning for me. My late husband, Scott, loved sailing or certainly the idea of sailing and had a craftsman friend make a sailboat necklace for me. While Scott was ill, I wore the necklace every day to help us navigate through those rough waters. Our sailboat continues to help me live, work, and volunteer in diabetes.

Our ultimate destination is a world free of the devastation of diabetes. This is our vision at the Division of Diabetes Translation at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).1 I hope these words, from the nation's public health agency for diabetes, give voice to your vision as well. Our respective missions may be different, but I hope this vision will serve as the unifying destination we are all seeking.

Because diabetes and pre-diabetes affect not only individuals, but also families, communities, and society, we need to take action in each of these arenas (Figure 1).2 There are challenges and opportunities in each of these arenas for bringing us closer to a world free of the devastation of diabetes. The further out you move from individual to societal interventions, the more complex and multifactorial the approaches become and the longer it can take to achieve change. But the impact is more far-reaching. Individuals are crucial to achieving our vision, societal changes are crucial for achieving our vision, and so are the arenas (families, communities, organizations) in between.





 Figure 1. 
The ecological model of diabetes care. 



In navigating the sea of diabetes, it is important to …

Topic: Diabetes Management and Education
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
IceCubes response to supernovae and periodic features in the count rates

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is highly sensitive to neutrino bursts of $\mathcal{O}$(10) MeV energy that are would be generated by core collapse supernovae in our Galaxy. It will resolve temporal structures in supernova light curves particularly well. In the light of an improved understanding of the ice properties and the detector response, the effective area and the corresponding uncertainties were newly determined with a Geant4-based Monte Carlo. Uncertainties due to cross sections and oscillation effects in the Earth were also investigated. This analysis has been extended by simulating a very large sample to determine the small coincidence probability between optical modules that bears information on the average neutrino energy. These simulation results were then used to interpret the data in time and frequency space. While the availability to record data for low energy neutrinos from supernovae is close to perfect (99.2$\%$ between 2013-2020), the analysis requires that the detector works faultlessly and artifacts do not mimic the signal in the 13 years of data taken so far. An effort has been made to keep the uptime after all analysis steps similarly high. The frequency space can be studied in a range between 1 Hz and 1/year to test the detector stability with high accuracy, to study the influence of cosmic rays, and to search for periodic phenomena that lead to sub-threshold increases in the count rates. Here we discuss the results of the simulations and the corresponding systematic limitations, the method to reconstruct the mean neutrino energy for a recorded supernova, as well as aspects of the analyses of continuously taken optical module rate data in the time and frequency domain.

Topic: Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
$CCS$-normal spaces

A space $X$ is called $CCS$-normal space if there exist a normal space $Y$ and a bijection $f: X\mapsto Y$ such that $f\lvert_C:C\mapsto f(C)$ is homeomorphism for any cellular-compact subset $C$ of $X$. We discuss about the relations between $C$-normal, $CC$-normal, $Ps$-normal spaces with $CCS$-normal.

Topic: Advanced Topology and Set Theory
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Recent Advances In Geriatric Medicine - A Review

The rapid aging of populations worldwide demands major changes across all aspects of health care for older persons. Geriatric medicine which is that branch of of medicine which is concerned with the clinical, preventive and rehabilitative aspects of care of older persons, has much to offer in relieving the suffering and increasing the disability free years they can enjoy. Recent advances in Geriatric Medicine based onwell designed randomized trials and meta-analysis that are clinically significant to thepracticing physician are reviewed in this article.

Topic: Health and Well-being Studies
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences