jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Conversion of 6-substituted tetrahydropterins to 7-isomers via phenylalanine hydroxylase-generated intermediates.

A new variant form of hyperphenylalaninemia has recently been discovered in which the patients characteristically excrete 7-biopterin in their urines in addition to the natural 6-biopterin (Curtius, H. Ch., Kuster, T., Matasovic, A., Blau, N. &amp; Dhondt, J.-L. (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153, 715-721). This isomer had not been found previously in humans, and although its origin was not established, preliminary evidence suggested that it might be produced from 6-biopterin. We have now found that 7-biopterin can be formed in vitro from (6R)-tetrahydrobiopterin during the hydroxylation of phenylalanine catalyzed by phenylalanine hydroxylase [L-phenylalanine, tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.1]. The resulting 7-biopterin was unequivocally identified by the following criteria: preparative isolation and conversion to 7-hydroxymethylpterin following periodate oxidation and borohydride reduction, quantitative conversion to pterin-7-carboxylic acid after oxidation with permanganate, and liquid chromatography/thermospray mass spectrometry. Addition of 4a-carbinolamine dehydratase, an enzyme involved in the regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin from the pterin carbinolamine intermediate (also called 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin) formed in the phenylalanine hydroxylase reaction, greatly decreased the amount of the 7-biopterin formed. This result implies that the in vitro formation of 7-biopterin occurs via the nonenzymatic rearrangement of the unstable substrate of the dehydratase, 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin, and suggests that this new variant of hyperphenylalaninemia may be caused by a lack of 4a-carbinolamine dehydratase activity. A mechanism for the rearrangement is proposed that predicts that other 6-substituted tetrahydropterin substrates of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases could also give rise to rearranged products from an opening of the pyrazine ring of the corresponding 4a-hydroxytetrahydropterin intermediate.

Topic: Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Study of Designing Technique for The Food Package by Kansei Evaluation

The purpose of this study is to examine the designing technique for a food package which appropriately communicates its deliciousness or wanting to eat to a consumer. The two experiments of evaluations for the only appearance and that with eating the boiled potsticker are done. The result is that the two structures of the evaluations are different. This difference is acquired by using the method of graphical modeling. A possibility that the deliciousness or wanting to eat imaged by the package is derived from the interrelation among the evaluation items is discussed.

Topic: Color perception and design
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Family Amaranthaceae Juss. in Communities of Saline Soils in Southeastern Europe

Data on the way of invasion of representatives of the family Amaranthaceae Juss. into plant communities of saline habitats of Southeastern Europe—participation in formation of cenoses, distribution, and ecological features of habitats—are given. Only two North American species of this family—Amaranthus albus L. and A. retroflexus L.—are revealed in the specified ecotopes. They obviously cannot exert a considerable impact on communities, because they are not abundant and their occurrence there is low.

Topic: Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Small World of Corporate Boards

Abstract: We demonstrate the importance of graph theory for understanding boards of directors. Specifically, we focus on the ‘small world’ phenomenon. Our empirical results show that a random graph model is remarkably good at explaining board structure and connectedness in the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany. Although there are small‐world traits such as ‘clustering’ and ‘short‐paths’ in the corporate world, they are no more pronounced than would be expected by chance in a statistically similar, but randomly assembled corporate universe. In short, boards of directors, especially in the United States, are no more ‘clubby’ than expected. Finally, our results show the existence of positive degree correlation: directors who sit on many boards do so in the company of other directors who sit on many boards. Board members whose services are in high demand, serve on boards with similar directors.

Topic: Corporate Finance and Governance
Subfield: Accounting
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Research on Inoculation Against Molten Iron (2nd Report). On the Behaviour of Inoculants in Mg-Treated Molten Iron

The effect of inoculants in Mg-treated iron was clarified by means of microstructure-test on the boundary zone between inoculants and molten iron. The action of inoculants only or that of inoculants plus Mg alloy, each of them being set at the bottom of shell-mould, was also investigated in both conditions of bottom-pour and lip-pour. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The local concentration gradient of Si is set up due to the incomplete solution and diffusion in process of the reaction of Si with molten iron, thereby producing nuclei of graphite and SiC from super-saturated molten iron. The nuclei of SiC decompose easily as the decrease of the concentration gradient of Si in iron proceeds. (2) The effect of inoculants or inoculants plus Mg alloy in lip-pour of molten iron is superior to that in bottom-pour. The effect of the size is found to be best in moderate size of both the inoculants and the Mg alloy. (3) The inoculating effect of Si in Mg alloy containing Si is inferior to that of Si mechanically placed together with Mg-alloy. In the former case of the addition of Mg alloy containing Si, the rate of local concentration gradient of Si in molten iron decreases, and the inoculation becomes less effective.

Topic: Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Properties
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Variety Trial Validation: A Framework to Incorporate on-Farm Data

<b>Abstract.</b> Variety trial validation is a framework to incorporate on-farm data. This study presents a predictive model for official cultivar trial yields, an innovative solution to the absence of cultivar selection tools based on on-farm data. Historical data indicates that cultivar selection is widely accepted to be the most important decision a farmer makes during the year. This decision establishes a maximum possible yield and quality, based on the genetic potential of the cultivar. Studies based upon the National Variety Trial Data (NCVT) from 2013-2018 indicate that the environment has a high contribution to the variability in yield. Therefore, for this study, several environmental factors were considered given their influence on yields, such as soil texture, pH, and weather data. Public databases NRCS Soil Surveys and NOAA National Climatic Data Center (RNOAA) served as the main sources of environmental data. To identify the association between environmental data and trail data a k-means cluster analysis (unsupervised clustering technique) was used to group trial data per state. The generated results were then used to train and test a predictive model, this model was then evaluated using a confusion matrix. After evaluating the prediction results of the model (for the state of Texas given 2014 information only), the model had an accuracy of 95.4% when predicting the yield at a given trial site in Texas. The 2014 cultivar trial based model was then used to predict 2015 (Texas) outcomes. The model had an accuracy of 34.4%, this percentage represents the ratio of successes generated by the model. The system compared the model‘s results against the unsupervised clustering results to generate a confusion matrix. This model can be further improved by incorporating weather data into the model. Currently, cultivar trial data does not include planting dates nor harvesting dates, therefore a method needs to be developed to predict planting dates and harvesting dates indirectly (Ex. Degree days). Then, a new predictive model can be developed to take into account weather data and obtain results based on sufficient environment data.

Topic: Genetics and Plant Breeding
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Can “integrated water resources management” silence Malthusian concerns? The case of Central Asia

The debate on international water problems is split between the analytical perspective of International Relations (IR) and related social sciences, on the one hand, and prescriptive, problem-solving contributions, on the other hand. This article explores how these separate discourses can link up productively by scrutinizing the example of Central Asia, especially the Aral Sea basin. Most water conflicts there – pointed out by IR “Malthusian” analyses – could be handled effectively by adopting IWRM principles for water management. However, both IR approaches and prescriptive concepts like IWRM need to be complemented by a profound knowledge of domestic politics within affected states if they are to identify realistic ways for solving water scarcity problems.

Topic: Transboundary Water Resource Management
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Roots of Communism in an Afghan State: A Historical Analytical Study

This study observes the historical and ideological influences that contributed to the emergence of communism in Afghanistan. The roots of communism in Afghanistan can be traced back to the early 20th century when academic and political movements began to challenge traditional monarchical and Islamic institutions. The influence of Marxist-Leninist ideology spread through educational organizations and literary circles resonated with Afghan intellectuals seeking modernization and social change. The study concentrates on the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), founded in 1965, which played a crucial role in Afghanistan's communist movement. The PDPA's ideological divisions, internal power struggles, and eventual rise to power in 1978 are examined. This research provides insights into the complex historical context that shaped Afghanistan's communist movement, highlighting the interplay between internal and external factors. Understanding these roots is vital for avaricious the complications of Afghanistan's modern history, including the Soviet occupation, civil war, and ongoing political instability. Kew words: Afghanistan, Communism, Marxism-Leninism, Anti-colonialism, PDPA, nationalism, intellectual movement

Topic: Politics and Conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Adiabatic Quantum Computation is Equivalent to Standard Quantum Computation

The model of adiabatic quantum computation has recently attracted attention in the physics and computer science communities, but its exact computational power has been unknown. We settle this question and describe an efficient adiabatic simulation of any given quantum algorithm. This implies that the adiabatic computation model and the standard quantum circuit model are polynomially equivalent. We also describe an extension of this result with implications to physical implementations of adiabatic computation. We believe that our result highlights the potential importance of the adiabatic computation model in the design of quantum algorithms and in their experimental realization.

Topic: Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Phenotypic manifestations of yeast transposon insertion in the LYS2 gene and deletions resulting from imprecise excision of the transposon].

The lys2-32 mutant allele resulted from Ty1 element insertion was identified and cloned. The expression and reversions of lys2-32 localized in an autonomous plasmid were studied. The insertion was shown to inactivate LYS2 gene incompletely. Spontaneous reversions to complete or almost complete prototrophy were also obtained. About 50% of revertants retained the insertion. Others arise as a result of imprecise excision events leading to deletions of adjacent LYS2 sequences.

Topic: Fungal and yeast genetics research
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
LHD Crystal3 #133377.1

X-ray crystal spectrometer is mesurement for ion temperature in the plasma center of a large helical device (LHD) using Doppler broadening of a He-like resonance line of ArXVII, TiXXI, CrXXIII, or FeXXV.

Topic: Historical Philosophy and Science
Subfield: History and Philosophy of Science
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Scanning Probe Microscopy Study of Electronic Properties in Alkyl-substituted Oligothiopene-based Field-Effect Transitors

It appeared in the past decades that semi-conducting organic liquid crystals could easily replace the inorganic semi-conductors to manufacture field-effect transistors (FET). They can be easily processed by simple methods such as inkjet printing. These simple and cheap manufacturing methods pave the way to new applications for plastic electronics: electronic tags, biosensors, flexible screens, … The performance of these liquid crystal nanomaterials is due to their specific nanoscale structure. However, one limitation to the improvement of organic electronic devices is an incomplete understanding of their optoelectronic properties at the nanoscale. The organic semiconductor films often contain a combination of many ordered and disordered regions, grain boundaries and localized traps. These features impact charge transport and trapping at the sub-100 nm length scales [1]. Electrical SPM techniques such as STM, KPFM, EFM and CS-AFM have the potential to provide the correlation between the electronic properties directly and local film structure and have already made important contributions to the field of organic electronics. Here we report on the investigation of the structural and electronic properties of p-conductive organic field-effect transistors based on alkyl-substituted oligothiophenes with bottom-contact structure. For this purpose we use atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Kelvin-probe force microscopy (KPFM) in dual frequency mode under ambient conditions. This study helps to determine the local potential in the channel of active OFETs. On the other hand the molecular arrangements of these molecules on the HOPG surface have been studied using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) at the liquid-solid interface.

Topic: Molecular Junctions and Nanostructures
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplementary Table from Prediction of Immunotherapy Response in Melanoma through Combined Modeling of Neoantigen Burden and Immune-Related Resistance Mechanisms

Supplementary Table from Prediction of Immunotherapy Response in Melanoma through Combined Modeling of Neoantigen Burden and Immune-Related Resistance Mechanisms

Topic: Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
To What Extent is the National Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostics Techniques Act of 1994 Effective?

India currently observes an alarmingly low child sex ratio regarding females. The 2011 Indian National Census found that the child sex ratio had reached an all-time low of 914 girls to 1000 boys. The low child sex ratio in India can be attributed to practices of sex selective abortions against female babies. The Indian government acted against this practice in 1994 with The National Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostics Techniques (PNDT) Act that was implemented in 1996. The goal of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of The National Pre Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostics Techniques (PNDT) Act now that almost three decades have passed since its implementation. Data from the decade of implementation of the act to current times in 2021 will be used in order to create a longitudinal study that examines trends regarding the overall population, child sex-ratios, and overall sex-ratios. Linear modeling will be used to predict future trends for the child sex ratio as this data has been limited due to COVID 19. Information in this thesis will primarily be found from the past three official Indian census as well as multiple National Family Health Surveys. This paper concluded that the PNDT Act has been ineffective in raising the child sex ratio as the child sex ratio has continuously remained worse than prior to the passage of the PNDT Act and is predicted to stay this way in future years.

Topic: Psidium guajava Extracts and Applications
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Synthesis, spectral characterization of pyrazole derived Schiff base analogs: molecular dynamic simulation, antibacterial and DNA binding studies

We have synthesized the pyrazole-bearing Schiff base derivatives (<b>5a-5e</b>) and (<b>6a-6h</b>) then the structural confirmation was supported by various spectral analyses. The antibacterial activity of all analogs was screened against bacterial strains <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumonieae</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. In comparison to the reference drug ciprofloxacin, the lead analogs <b>5c</b> and <b>6c</b> showed potent activity, with MIC values of 64 µg/mL against <i>E. coli</i> and <i>B. subtilis</i>. Compound <b>5c</b> showed a moderate effect with a MIC value of 128 µg/mL against <i>B. subtilis</i>, <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>K. pneumonieae</i>, while compound <b>6c</b> was against <i>E. coli</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa.</i> Furthermore, the compounds <b>5c</b> and <b>6c</b> displayed groove binding mode towards CT-DNA by absorption, emission, competitive fluorescence studies using EtBr, CD and time-resolved fluorescence studies. Thermodynamic parameters of analogs <b>5c</b> and <b>6c</b> with CT-DNA were also calculated at 298, 303 and 308K temperatures by UV-visible spectroscopy. The molecular docking studies give the docking score for all compounds with PDB codes: 1BNA and 2XCT. The MD simulation study of analogs <b>5c</b> and <b>6c</b> was also carried out. The pharmacokinetic and ADME properties were calculated for all of the synthesized analogs (<b>5a-5e</b>) and (<b>6a-6h</b>).Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Topic: Synthesis and biological activity
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Toxicity of Cyclohexanone Oxime

Toxicity of Cyclohexanone Oxime. I. Hematotoxicity following Subacute Exposure in Rats. DERELANKO, M. J., GAD, S. C, POWERS, W. J., MULDER, S., GAVIGAN, F., AND BABICH, P. C. (1985). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 5, 117–127. Cyclohexanone oxime (CHO) was given po to. male and female Fischer 344 rats at dose levels of 10, 25, 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg, five times a week for a period of 2 weeks. Control animals received distilled water. All animals given intermediate dose levels (10, 25, 75, and 150 mg/kg) and one half of the animals which were dosed at the high dose (300 mg/kg) as well as one half of the controls were terminated 14 days after administration of the first dose. The remaining rats received no treatment for an additional 14 days and were sacrificed on Day 28 of the study (recovery phase). Dose-related decreases in erythrocyte number, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, with an accompanying increase in reticulocytes and circulating nucleated erythrocytes, were observed in both sexes at Day 14. Methemoglobin levels, determined only at the high dose, were elevated in both sexes at this time. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were observed in both sexes at 14 and 28 days. Histopathological examination of the spleen and bone marrow revealed dose-related erythroid hyperplasia at 14 days which subsided by Day 28. The above effects were more pronounced in males. Erythrocyte numbers were only slightly depressed and reticulocytes mildly elevated in males at Day 28. Hematological values were not statistically different from controls in females at this time. These results suggest that CHO induces oxidative damage to the erythrocyte, resulting in a hemolytic anemia accompanied by increased erythropoiesis. The toxic effects appear reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Topic: Immunotoxicology and immune responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
JAPANESE STUDIES AT SOFIA UNIVERSITY, BULGARIA AND JAPAN FOUNDATION'S JOINT RESPONSE TO THE COVID19 PANDEMIC: NEW PROJECTS EXPERIENCES

Japanese Studies Department at Sofia University Bulgaria and the Japan Foundation have a history of long and fruitful cooperation. The Japan Foundation has been supporting Japanese language and studies education at Sofia University in numerous ways: project grants, salary grants, dispatch of Japanese language specialists, etc. In 2020 and 2021 the Foundation launched special programs in response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, Japanese Department at Sofia University applied for the above and again, this time under pandemic circumstances, we managed to implement several successful projects. The application process was very simplified, project proposals were strictly limited to COVID19 support and thus, we managed to apply more than once and include special activities to directly meet the needs of the Japanese Studies Department at Sofia University, Bulgaria in terms of the specific situation education is facing. The aim of this paper is to present results obtained, formulate useful conclusions from them, and identify patterns (and ideas) for future international cooperation projects, especially in difficult times.

Topic: Foreign Language Teaching Methods
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Examining the Requirements for Nucleoporins by HIV-1

A hallmark of HIV type 1 and other lentiviruses is their ability to infect and replicate in nondividing cells by commandeering host nuclear transport factors. During the early stages of infection, this is expected to permit the safe passage of viral preintegration complexes (PICs) through nuclear pores. Numerous nuclear transport factors have been identified as essential for HIV-1 infection by genome-wide small interfering RNA screens, and many of these are currently under investigation. Here, using knockdown studies, Matreyek and Engelman further characterize the importance of transportin-3 and nuclear pore complex component nucleoporin 153 for the early stages of HIV-1 infection and show that these two proteins operate synergistically. Also, as was previously observed for transportin-3, they show that the requirement of nucleoporin 153 for PIC nuclear entry is determined by the HIV-1 Capsid protein. The refinement of the list of key nuclear pore complex and transport proteins required for PIC entry, along with a better understanding of the specific mechanisms employed, will undoubtedly lead to the development of future antiretroviral therapies that will have the potential to block HIV-1 viral DNA integration.

Topic: Nuclear Structure and Function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences