jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Formulation and Evaluation of Buccal Tablets of Diclofenac Sodium using Semi-Synthetic Polymers

The purpose of this research work is to formulate and evaluate diclofenac sodium buccal tablets using semi-synthetic polymers such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K4M (HPMC K4M), methyl cellulose (MC) and sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose (SCMC) along with ethyl cellulose (EC) as the backing membrane. The drug excipient compatibility study was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The diclofenac sodium buccal tablets were formulated by direct compression method. The prepared diclofenac sodium buccal tablet were evaluated for general appearance, hardness, weight variation, thickness, swelling studies, drug content, friability test, in vitro disintegration test, in vitro dissolution test, in vitro drug release kinetic and ex vivo residence time.

Topic: Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Landscape Ecology of Chronic Wasting Disease in Virginia, USA

Wildlife diseases often occur under quantifiable and consistent patterns, which can be understood to statistically predict their occurrence and spread across landscapes. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a neurodegenerative disease in the deer family Cervidae caused by a prion, a pathogenic and misfolded variant of a naturally occurring protein. Managing and controlling CWD is imperative for conservation of ecologically and economically important cervid species, but unclear transmission mechanisms within landscapes complicate evidence-based management. Gaps of information in the landscape ecology for CWD are particularly pronounced for areas with recent disease emergence and spread, such as within the CWD cluster in the Mid-Atlantic United States. Thus, I identified current gaps in information and sought to fill neglected areas of research, specifically focusing on landscape determinants for CWD occurrence and spread in the state of Virginia. In chapter 2, I conducted a scoping study that collected and synthesized decades of CWD research and identified trends with respect to statistical and mathematical modeling methods used, connectivity within the CWD research community, and the geographic areas from which studies were performed. In chapter 3, I investigated landscape determinants for CWD in Virginia using remote sensing landscape data and an epidemiological dataset from Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources (DWR) using diverse algorithms and model evaluation techniques. Finally, in chapter 4, I modeled landscape connectivity between confirmed CWD cases to examine potential paths and barriers to CWD spread across landscapes. My results indicate that landscape ecology was rarely incorporated throughout CWD's 50+ year history. I provide evidence that remotely-sensed landscape conditions can be used to predict the likelihood of CWD occurrence and connectivity in Virginia landscapes, suggesting plausible CWD spread. I suggest areas of future work by explicitly identifying gaps in CWD research and diagnostic methods from which models are based, and encourage further consideration of host's ecology in modeling. By integrating remotely-sensed data into my modeling framework, the workflow should be easily adaptable to new study areas or other wildlife diseases.

Topic: Zoonotic diseases and public health
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Freight Transportation Network Design Problem for Maximizing throughput under Uncertainty

A mathematical programming formulation is developed to determine the throughput of a freight transportation network. The impact of demand and capacity uncertainty on the throughput is systematically studied. Mathematical proofs are provided to show that accounting for capacity uncertainty by using a single-point expected value can lead to systematic overestimation of network throughput. This result is also valid for other measures, such as system capacity. Two sampling-based methodologies–independent random number and common random number–are provided to determine network design decisions in the presence of demand uncertainty. The sampling-based solution methods provide an approximate estimate of optimal solution and provide probabilistic bounds on the optimality gap. The presented methodologies are generic and can be applied even if different functional forms (nonlinear, nonconvex) are used to model various aspects of the freight transportation network. The numerical tests demonstrate that not accounting for capacity uncertainty can result in overestimation of system throughput of up to 40%. A common random number-based sampling strategy was found to significantly outperform the independent random number strategy for all the scenarios tested.

Topic: Transportation Planning and Optimization
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Healthcare Reform Agenda

Despite successive 'top down' reform initiatives, healthcare in Australia continues to be conducted as a series of silos with separate control and regulatory processes, and funding streams, which reflects that isolated high level change is ineffective in addressing current and future challenges in healthcare delivery. Questions are raised about which approaches might help deliver reform imperatives. As the first point of contact general practitioners are healthcare 'gatekeepers', and how they perceive change is fundamental to delivering comprehensive, coordinated and continuing healthcare strategy.

Topic: Primary Care and Health Outcomes
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
A vernacular way of “safeguarding” intangible heritage: the fall and rise of rituals in Gouliang Miao village

This paper documents a vernacular method of interpreting and safeguarding intangible heritage in an ethnic Miao village in China. Tracing the conflicting discourses of ritual in different stages of the past and the present, it shows how ritual practices were transformed by imperial Qing officials in the mid-nineteenth century, demonised and denounced as feudal superstition during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), exploited as cultural resources for ethnic tourism since the early twentieth century and involved in the evaluation system of intangible cultural heritage in the twenty-first century. Based on ethnographic materials collected in 2008 and 2009, this paper argues that it is the inherited vernacular narratives and ritual performances that are negotiating with the state's constant effort of shaping the ritual through various discourses, constructing the meaning of inheritance and safeguarding the intangible heritage within the community.

Topic: Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation
Subfield: Archeology
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Effects of scalp lotion containing alpha lipoic acid derivatives for chemotherapy-induced alopecia in patients with gastrointestinal cancer: A prospective cohort study

Introduction Chemotherapy-induced alopecia results in a poor quality of life, compromised immune system, and adverse effects on cancer prognosis. Its prevention is vital in patients with gastrointestinal cancer; however, there are no standard guidelines for prevention. The efficacy of a scalp alpha lipoic acid derivative-containing lotion (ALADL) remains unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of ALADL on chemotherapy-induced alopecia in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Methods This single-center prospective cohort study included 21 patients with gastric and colorectal cancer who received chemotherapy between May 2021 and December 2023. The patients were divided into two groups: those who used ALADL and those who did not. Gross alopecia score and head hair diameter were measured immediately before initiating chemotherapy and after one and three courses. Results No significant differences existed in age, sex, cancer type, chemotherapy regimen, clinical stage of TNM classification, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, comorbidity, or medication between the two groups. After three courses of chemotherapy, a significant difference was observed between the ALADL and the non-ALADL groups, with the ALADL group showing significantly larger hair diameters (whole, pigmented, white) ( p = 0.022, 0.029, 0.020). Patients who underwent one and three courses of chemotherapy and used ALADL showed a significant increase in white and pigmented hair diameters compared with that noted in patients before chemotherapy ( p &lt; 0.05). In the group that did not use ALADL, there were significantly more patients with grade 1 or higher gross alopecia after three courses of chemotherapy compared with that before chemotherapy ( p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions In this study, an increase in hair diameter after chemotherapy was found in the ALADL-treated group including patients with gastric or colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy; no significant worsening of gross alopecia grade was confirmed. However, as this was an observational study, a randomized controlled trial is warranted to verify the effects of ALADL.

Topic: Hair Growth and Disorders
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Optimum Selection of a Wind Turbine Generator System

A method is described for the selection of the optimum size (i.e., rated power and speed) for a wind turbine generating system (WTGS) such that, for given wind speed conditions and for given demand power requirements, the annual economic savings are maximized by using the WTGS compared to purchasing all power from a utility. No storage of excess generated electricity is considered and any demand in excess of that generated by the WTGS is assumed to be supplied by the utility grid. The economic saving realized with the optimum sized WTGS is examined for various problem variables such as the degree of variability in the wind speed and in the demand load throughout the day and from season to season.

Topic: Wind Energy Research and Development
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Traçage de la courbe granulométrique et la détermination des coefficients de Hazen par la méthode analytique

Sand and gravel make up the granular skeleton in concrete. They contribute to the resistance of concrete structures. They are able to support higher loads or allow more slender constructions. The aggregates can also present varieties of diameter and making it possible to carry out more resistant works. In the laboratory we carried out the sieving on a sample of sands and a sample of gravel then trace the granulometric curve and determine the coefficients of Hazen by the analytical method. These results allowed us to compare the analytical method with the so-called graphical method. This choice was guided by a concern to popularize the study of particle size analysis on the one hand and to give an effective and practical means to the operators of the results of particle size analysis on the other hand. The results of our study show that the use of the analytical method for the particle size analysis test gives much more precise and reliable results than the graphical method.

Topic: Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Multi-stereo 3D object reconstruction

We present a method for the reconstruction of a 3D real object from a sequence of high-definition images. We com-bine two different procedures: a shape from silhouette tech-nique which provides a coarse 3D initial model followed by a multi-stereo carving technique. We propose a fast but accurate method for the estimation of the carving depth at each vertex of the 3D mesh. The quality of the final textured 3D reconstruction models allows us to validate the method. 1.

Topic: Vibration Control and Rheological Fluids
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Central charges of T-dual branes for toric varieties

Given any equivariant coherent sheaf <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper L"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {L}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> on a compact semi-positive toric orbifold <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper X"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">X</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {X}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>, its SYZ T-dual mirror dual is a Lagrangian brane in the Landau-Ginzburg mirror. We prove that the oscillatory integral of the equivariant superpotential in the Landau Ginzburg mirror over this Lagrangian brane is the genus-zero <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>-descendant Gromov-Witten potential with a Gamma-type class of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper L"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {L}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> inserted.

Topic: Geometry and complex manifolds
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
SERUM ANDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS IN NEONATES AND YOUNG INFANTS WITH CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA DUE TO 21‐HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY*

SUMMARY Concentrations of androstenedione (Δ4‐A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), testosterone (T), and 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17‐OHP) were measured in cord sera and in sera of normal and sick infants from birth to 18 months of age, and were compared with those of five male and five female infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency (CAH). Cord blood androgen concentrations (Δ4‐A, DHA, T) in three affected CAH newborns and 17‐OHP in two of these infants did not differ from those of normal newborns (twenty females, thirty‐four males). Postnatally, in infants with CAH, both Δ4‐A and 17‐OHP was highly elevated while DHA was not different from that of normal or sick infants. However, one very sick infant with both elevated Δ4‐A and 17‐OHP was ultimately proven to be normal. T in all affected CAH females (70–650 ng/dl) was clearly elevated compared to normal and sick infants (&lt;5–38 ng/dl). T concentrations in four of the five male infants with CAH (60–295 ng/dl) were indistinguishable from the T concentrations in normal newborn males (25–458 ng/dl). Following treatment, longitudinal studies of 17‐OHP and androgens in these infants with CAH showed significantly positive correlation between 17‐OHP and Δ4‐A in both male (r = 0.74) and female (r = 0.8) infants while a positive correlation between 17‐OHP and T was present only in female infants (r=0–97). Thus, serum Δ4‐A was as useful as 17‐OHP for both diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of CAH in both sexes while T was useful only in female infants. Of interest was that T in the male infants with CAH rapidly decreased with glucocorticoid administration and remained low (&lt; 2–11 ng/dl) for 3–4 weeks during the period when T is normally high. This suggests that in CAH the T was adrenal in origin and that testicular T was suppressed in the untreated state. These data support the presence of a negative feedback effect by excess adrenal sex steroids o n the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis in young male infants with CAH.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Green tea aroma fraction reduces β-amyloid peptide-induced toxicity in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> transfected with human <i>β-amyloid minigene</i>

Abstract Green tea is a popular world-wide beverage with health benefits that include preventive effects on cancer as well as cardiovascular, liver and Alzheimer’s diseases (AD). This study will examine the preventive effects on AD of a unique aroma of Japanese green tea. First, a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) CL4176 expressing human β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) was used as a model of AD. A hexane extract of processed green tea was further fractionated into volatile and non-volatile fractions, named roasty aroma and green tea aroma fractions depending on their aroma, by microscale distillation. Both hexane extract and green tea aroma fraction were found to inhibit Aβ-induced paralysis, while only green tea aroma fraction extended lifespan in CL4176. We also found that green tea aroma fraction has antioxidant activity. This paper indicates that the green tea aroma fraction is an additional component for prevention of AD.

Topic: Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Computerized Approach to a Multivariable, Constrained, Nonlinear Optimization Blending Problem Using a Monte Carlo Simulation,

Abstract : This design project dealt with a blending problem in the format of a multivariable, constrained, nonlinear optimization problem, where a typical application of this problem may be an incinerator that burns waste. The incinerator accepts a blend of several sources, each of which has particular characteristics in terms of thermal output. Should the different sources be inappropriately blended, it could result in a safety hazard for the entire incinerator. The problem is to determine the appropriate proportions so that the maximum value of thermal output for the blend is minimized. The maximum value will be approximated by the mean of the blend plus a selected number standard deviations. The first phase of the project was a brief study of similar blending problems by searching relevant literature. It was found that very little has been done on this problem in terms of computer implementation for industry. Secondly, various possible methods for solving the blending problem were considered. Among these methods were classical calculus, gradient searches, exhaustive searches, and iterative direct searching. An extension of an iterative direct search is a Monte Carlo simulation, where a statistical approach is taken. The Monte Carlo search method is based on the theory that the optimization problem has a distribution of answers and that a random sample of those answers will yield an answer in the lower tail to within a certain degree of accuracy. Then, the feasible region of answers will be halved and another random sample of possible answers will be taken. The search proceeds in this manner, taking random samples from an ever-decreasing region of feasible answers. The method focuses on the optimal answer. The third aspect of the project was implementing the Monte Carlo method in computer code.

Topic: Multi-Criteria Decision Making
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Effects of Trade Preferences for Developing Countries

At the 1964 and 1968 United Nations Conferences on Trade and Development the developing countries pressed for, and the developed countries finally agreed to, the granting of preferential tariff treatment on the formers' manufactured exports. Such a discriminatory measure runs counter to the non-discrimination or most-favored-nation (MFN) principle set out in the first article of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and a GATT waiver was necessary before the developed countries could introduce their individual schemes under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP).' Since their introduction between 1971 and 1976, these schemes have aroused opposition not only from protectionist forces in the donor countries and from supporters of the non-discrimination principle, but also from economists arguing that the GSP yields little benefit to the developing countries who would do better to seek MFN tariff cuts on goods in whose production they possess a comparative advantage. The developing countries have, however, been if anything more skeptical of MFN tariff cuts since the introduction of GSP, because such cuts would erode the value of their preference margins. The relative merits of GSP versus MFN tariff cuts from the developing countries' perspective is partly an empirical matter, which could be settled by estimates of the trade creating and trade diverting impact of GSP. Such estimates require values for GSP beneficiaries' parameters, about which our knowledge is limited. In this paper I contend that the most influential estimates of GSP effects sidestep this requirement in a manner which guarantees the predominance of trade creation, whereas consideration of plausible parameter values and of the design of actual GSP schemes suggests trade diversion to be more significant. The standard partial equilibrium model with infinitely elastic supply (Figure 1) has proven popular for estimating the effect of non-preferential tariff changes, largely because of its meager data requirements. It is, however, inappropriate for preferential tariff changes because all imports come from the same source and all-or-nothing diversion of nonbeneficiaries' trade is predicted. This difficulty can be circumvented, while remaining within the

Topic: Global trade and economics
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
A discontinuous nonlinear eigenvalue/Free boundary problem

Abstract We study the problem ( H is the Heaviside unit step function) in spherical domains Ω of arbitrary dimension. When g = 0, there are two branches of radial solutions; for small nonzero g there are solutions near the corresponding radial solution. Moreover, the set where μ = 1 is in all cases an analytic hypersurface.

Topic: Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations
Subfield: Applied Mathematics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences