jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Semiautomation of basin and border irrigation

Basin and border irrigation systems use relatively large supply streams which require precise set\ntimes to optimize irrigation efficiency and to prevent dike overtopping and excessive runoff. During\nthe past decade, these systems have greatly benefitted from advancements made in land grading\ntechnology using laser-guided equipment. Although this has increased distribution uniformity,\nreliably predicting the time required for water to advance to the end of a field is still often difficult.\nAdvance time is influenced by variable water deliveries, variable soil intake rates within a given field\nand throughout the season, and by different stages of crop growth. Thus, the irrigator must make\nfrequent trips to the field to observe the water's advance, which is particularly inconvenient at night.\nThese problems can be reduced by semi-automating the irrigation system and by using sensors\nlocated near the lower end of a field to provide feedback to terminate irrigation of a given land.\nSemiautomation is usually preferred because of its simplicity and lower cost compared to more\nsophisticated systems. Semiautomated systems require manual input to either turn water into the\nsystem or to reset or reposition the structures and/or control devices. The next step toward system\nimprovement during the coming decade is greater use of automated structures and controls to\nprovide greater convenience for the irrigator, labor savings, and increased irrigation efficiency.\nSeveral different gate configurations and controls which are currently being field tested in both a\nlevel basin and a border system are described in this paper.

Topic: Irrigation Practices and Water Management
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Exploratory study on relative dose intensity and reasons for dose reduction of adjuvant CAPOX therapy in elderly patients with colorectal cancer

Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin, CAPOX, therapy is one of the standardized options for adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer, but the efficacy and the safety of CAPOX in elderly patients are unclear. In this study, we investigated the relative dose intensity (RDI) and reasons for dose reduction in patients over the age of 70 (elderly group) (<i>n</i> = 12) and those under the age of 70 (non-elderly group) (<i>n</i> = 24) receiving adjuvant CAPOX therapy for colorectal cancer. The median RDIs were 71.1% in the elderly group and 67.9% in the non-elderly group for oxaliplatin (<i>p</i> = 0.416), and 81.6% and 86.4% for capecitabine (<i>p</i> = 0.166), respectively. The rate of peripheral neuropathy which was the reason for dose reduction of oxaliplatin was approximately 4.5-fold higher in the non-elderly group than in the elderly group. In addition, hematologic toxicity was the most common reason for dose reduction at 50.0% in the elderly group. The results of this study suggested that a similar therapeutic intensity can be maintained in elderly patients relative to non-elderly patients by appropriate dose reduction and discontinuation of drug treatments. Elderly patients are more susceptible to hematologic toxicity than to peripheral neuropathy.

Topic: Colorectal Cancer Treatments and Studies
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation on circulating prostate cells in the bone marrow of men undergoing radical prostatectomy.

Our objective was to determine the effect of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy on the presence of circulating prostate cells in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. A total of 60 patients at high risk for extraprostatic disease were analyzed for the presence of circulating prostate cells using reverse transcriptase PCR (RTPCR) amplification of the prostate-specific antigen mRNA. Twenty-nine patients underwent radical prostatectomy for a clinical T2b-c tumor or a stage T1c-T2a tumor and a serum prostate-specific antigen level > or =10ng/ml (radical prostatectomy alone), and 31 similarly staged patients received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy before radical prostatectomy (neoadjuvant). Bone marrow samples were used for RTPCR analysis. Twenty-four percent and 58% of the radical-prostatectomy-alone patients and neoadjuvant patients had organ-confined disease, respectively (P = 0.007). In the radical-prostatectomy-alone group, 77% and 14% of patients with extraprostatic and organ-confined disease were RTPCR positive, respectively (P = 0.03). However, in the neoadjuvant group, 46% and 28% of patients with extraprostatic and organ-confined disease were RTPCR positive, respectively (P = 0.29). For patients that were RTPCR positive, 45 % of the neoadjuvant patients had organ-confined disease compared with 6% in the radical-prostatectomy-alone patients (P = 0.018). These data suggest that a subset of the neoadjuvant patients are converted to organ confined disease without eliminating the prostate cells in the bone marrow. Our data suggest that hormonal therapy before radical prostatectomy decreases the occurrence of extraprostatic disease but, to a lesser degree, the incidence of circulating prostate cells. This may partially explain why hormonal therapy before radical prostatectomy has not improved disease-free survival.

Topic: Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the `Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Instrument' in Hungarian

Health-related quality of life measurements are gaining more importance in the study and clinical practice of multiple sclerosis. The aim of our study was the adaptation of the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Instrument (MSQOL-54) in Hungarian. The study was carried out at the Department of Neurology, University of Szeged and two other multiple sclerosis centers. The Hungarian translation of the questionnaire was given to patients at the outpatient units of the neurology departments. The EDSS score of the patients were determined and data concerning the onset and the clinical form of the disease was collected. Altogether 438 patients filled out the questionnaire. We enrolled patients with all clinical forms of the disease. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were over 0.8 in case of all scales except `Rolelimitations — emotional' (0.794), indicating a good internal consistency reliability for group comparisons. The instrument was able to distinguish between known clinical group differences. The Hungarian version of the MSQOL-54 instrument shows good psychometric properties similar to the original questionnaire. Multiple Sclerosis 2008; 14: 391—398. http://msj.sagepub.com

Topic: Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
David Howell, <i>Geographies of identity in nineteenth-century Japan</i>. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005.) Pages x+261. £35.95.

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Topic: Japanese History and Culture
Subfield: Cultural Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Verification of timed circuits with failure directed abstractions

We present a method to address state explosion in timed circuit verification by using abstraction directed by the failure model. This method allows us to decompose the verification problem into a set of subproblems, each of which proves that a specific failure condition does not occur. To each subproblem, abstraction is applied using safe transformations to reduce the complexity of verification. The abstraction preserves all essential behaviors conservatively for the specific failure model in the concrete description. Therefore, no violations of the given failure model are missed when only the abstract description is analyzed. An algorithm is also shown to examine the abstract error trace to either find a concrete error trace or report that it is a false negative. We present results using the proposed failure directed abstractions as applied to two large timed circuit designs.

Topic: Formal Methods in Verification
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Survey on Existing Tools for Supporting Preventive Activities for Health Problems Caused by Long Working Hours

目的：過労死等の防止のために職場で行う自主的・組織的対策を支援する方法あるいはツールを検討するための文献・資料調査を実施する．調査結果に基づいて既存の成果と今後の課題を整理する．

Topic: Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The Human Prothrombin-Activating Enzyme

Summary The formation and action of human prothrombin-activating enzyme is described. The study of the formation of the enzyme leads to the following conclusions : 1. The enzyme is formed from factor V, factor X and phospholipid in the presence of calcium. If one of the reagents is omitted no activity develops. 2. Factor V and factor X need activation by thrombin and for instance Russell Viper Venom, respectively. 3. A linear relationship exists between the inverse of factor Va concentration and the inverse of enzyme concentration. 4. A linear relationship exists between the inverse of factor Xa concentration and the inverse of enzyme concentration. 5. A linear relationship exists between the inverse of phospholipid concentration and the inverse of enzyme concentration at small phospholipid concentration. 6. A linear relationship exists between the phospholipid concentration and the inverse of enzyme concentration at high phospholipid concentration. The study of the action of the enzyme leads to the conclusion that human prothrombin is substrate and an inhibitor if present in excess. The observed phenomena are best explained by the hypothesis that factor Va and factor Xa adsorb onto the phospholipid surface. When both factors are adsorbed close together they are active as an enzyme. This activity depends on two active centers, probably one derived from factor Va and one from factor Xa.

Topic: Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Inflammatory markers in lean Polycystic Ovary Syndrome subjects are not associated with the spectrum of dyslipidemia

HIGHLIGHTS 1. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) might be a condition of chronic low degree inflammation and dyslipidemia.2. Association between inflammation markers and dyslipidemia in PCOS patients was investigated.3. Dyslipidemia and chronic low degree inflammation were present in lean PCOS patients, but inflammation markers related insignificantly with dyslipidemia. ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aimed to address the detailed lipid profile in lean woman with PCOS and investigate the relationship between chronic low grade inflammation (using NLR, PLR, and monocyte/HDL ratio) and dyslipidemia (defined as total cholesterol level &gt; 190 mg/dL). Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study conducted from June – December 2020 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, involving 45 women aged 18 – 35 years old, diagnosed as having PCOS with normal BMI (18.5 – 22.9 kg/m2). To compare quantitative variables, data analysis was carried out using the t-test or Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate; whereas, to compare categorical variables, the Chi-square test was used. Results: We found that although the median BMI was within normal limits at 21.48 kg/m2, the mean values of the lipid profiles were found to be either abnormal or borderline, indicating the high possibility of dyslipidemia. No statistically association between NLR, PLR and MHR with dyslipidemia. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia and chronic low-grade inflammation were found in lean PCOS subjects, but there was no significant association between inflammation markers (NLR, PLR and MHR) and dyslipidemia. Further studies should investigate other factors that cause the inflammation.

Topic: Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Globalization of Knowledge-Based Services: Engineering Consulting in Spain, 1953–1975

This article explores the globalization of knowledge-based services and their impact on host-country firms’ organizational capabilities. Two drivers of such globalization—foreign aid and foreign direct investment coming from the United States—contributed to the development of engineering consulting in Spain in the beginning of the new global economy. The largest Spanish engineering firms have been able to integrate imported knowledge into their own organizational capabilities, enabling them to compete successfully in international markets. This imported knowledge was disseminated in two ways: through private companies, via affiliates and strategic alliances between locals and foreigners; and through the technical and military aid the U.S. government provided during the Cold War.

Topic: Italy: Economic History and Contemporary Issues
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Urban planning practices for bikeable cities – the case of Copenhagen

Cities are increasingly looking to cycling as a means to promote sustainability, liveability, and public health. Denmark is one of the European countries where cycling has remained significant - even in the motor age, and national strategies now aim to support and further increase cycling. The article presents the state of cycling in Denmark and Copenhagen - as well as the cycling promoting efforts of the city of Copenhagen which is one of the forerunners in the field.

Topic: Urban Transport and Accessibility
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Minimum age of some desert varnish near Broken Hill, New South Wales

Desert varnish is widespread in arid Australia, and occurs as a thin often discontinuous manganese-enriched surface coating near Broken Hill, western New South Wales. Radiocarbon dating of calcium carbonate associated with this varnish indicated that major varnishing took place before about 10,000 years B.P., with varnish-forming conditions continuing during the Holocene. Small patches of varnish on secondary carbonate, on non-varnished rock and sometimes on existing varnish suggest that current environmental conditions allow for some varnish formation. Loss of varnish has resulted from within-channel abrasion, weathering by lichens, minor breakdown of varnish substrates, and localized weathering, possibly related to a previously higher soil surface.

Topic: Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
-147-VENTRICULAR WALL MOTION AND FUNCTION DURING RIGHT VENTRICULAR FREE WALL ISCHEMIA

at the moderate flow reduction uf apptox.5U mlfmimlleegLV.Therefore, we concluded that the myeeardial vtscosity played an independent and impertant role in myocardial ischemia.1) Y. KelWA et.al.

Topic: Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Notices - B. Cunliffe, Winchester Excavations, 1949–60. Vol. 1. Winchester: Museums and Libraries Committee, 1964. Pp. xiv + 190, 9 plates, 66 text-figs. £1 (bound), 15<i>s</i>. (unbound).

Notices - B. Cunliffe, Winchester Excavations, 1949–60. Vol. 1. Winchester: Museums and Libraries Committee, 1964. Pp. xiv + 190, 9 plates, 66 text-figs. £1 (bound), 15s. (unbound). - Volume 56 Issue 1-2

Topic: Archaeological Research and Protection
Subfield: Space and Planetary Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Human thoracic duct in vitro: diameter-tension properties, spontaneous and evoked contractile activity

The current study characterizes the mechanical properties of the human thoracic duct and demonstrates a role for adrenoceptors, thromboxane, and endothelin receptors in human lymph vessel function. With ethical permission and informed consent, portions of the thoracic duct (2–5 cm) were resected and retrieved at T 7 –T 9 during esophageal and cardia cancer surgery. Ring segments (2 mm long) were mounted in a myograph for isometric tension (N/m) measurement. The diameter-tension relationship was established using ducts from 10 individuals. Peak active tension of 6.24 ± 0.75 N/m was observed with a corresponding passive tension of 3.11 ± 0.67 N/m and average internal diameter of 2.21 mm. The equivalent active and passive transmural pressures by LaPlace's law were 47.3 ± 4.7 and 20.6 ± 3.2 mmHg, respectively. Subsequently, pharmacology was performed on rings from 15 ducts that were normalized by stretching them until an equivalent pressure of 21 mmHg was calculable from the wall tension. At low concentrations, norepinephrine, endothelin-1, and the thromboxane-A 2 analog U-46619 evoked phasic contractions (analogous to lymphatic pumping), whereas at higher contractions they induced tonic activity (maximum tension values of 4.46 ± 0.63, 5.90 ± 1.4, and 6.78 ± 1.4 N/m, respectively). Spontaneous activity was observed in 44% of ducts while 51% of all the segments produced phasic contractions after agonist application. Acetylcholine and bradykinin relaxed norepinephrine preconstrictions by ∼20% and ∼40%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the human thoracic duct can develop wall tensions that permit contractility to be maintained across a wide range of transmural pressures and that isolated ducts contract in response to important vasoactive agents.

Topic: Neonatal Respiratory Health Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Editors’ Statement on the Responsible Use of Generative AI Technologies in Scholarly Journal Publishing

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform many aspects of scholarly publishing. Authors, peer reviewers, and editors might use AI in a variety of ways, and those uses might augment their existing work or might instead be intended to replace it. We are editors of bioethics and humanities journals who have been contemplating the implications of this ongoing transformation. We believe that generative AI may pose a threat to the goals that animate our work but could also be valuable for achieving those goals. In the interests of fostering a wider conversation about how generative AI may be used, we have developed a preliminary set of recommendations for its use in scholarly publishing. We hope that the recommendations and rationales set out here will help the scholarly community navigate toward a deeper understanding of the strengths, limits, and challenges of AI for responsible scholarly work.

Topic: Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
Subfield: Health Informatics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
CORROSION FATIGUE OF STEEL IN VARIOUS AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTS

Abstract— Corrosion fatigue of three steels namely: AISI 1018, AISI 4340 and 17–7 PH stainless steel are investigated in various environments. Testing mediums chosen are natural seawater, polluted sea water from an industrial site, drinking tap water produced by desalination process, 4% sodium chloride tap water solution and a laboratory air environment. Results obtained for the three steels are consistent in pointing out that pollutants in seawater do not contribute to an acceleration of corrosion fatigue. The aggressiveness of drinking water is attributed to its chemical instability, low alkalinity and bicarbonate content.

Topic: Non-Destructive Testing Techniques
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
2014 Nutrition country profile: Rwanda

The 193 individual country profiles capture the status and progress of all UN Member States, and the 80+ indicators include a wealth of information on child, adolescent and adult anthropometry and nutritional status, in addition to intervention coverage, food supply, economics, and demography. This tool is particularly useful for nutrition champions at the country-level, as it presents a wide range of evidence needed to assess country progress in improving nutrition and nutrition-related outcomes.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
"The European Parliaments Role in Nominating the Members of the Commission: First Steps Towards Parliamentary Government or US Senate-Type Confirmation Hearings"

The European Parliament's role in the nomination process to top positions in European institutions has traditionally been a very weak one. This has even been true with regard to nominations to the Commission, in spite of the fact that the Parliament has long had the power to fire the entire Commission once it is in place. One of the most significant changes introduced by the Maastricht Treaty is that the Parliament has been given a stronger say in the nomination process, not only as regards the President of the Commission and the Commission as a whole, but also as regards membership of the European Court of Auditors, the Presidency of the European Monetary Institute and the Presidency and Vice Presidencies of the future European Central Bank. The paper begins by reviewing those new powers given to the Parliament in the Maastricht Treaty, and then at the ways in which they have subsequently been utilized. The paper continues with a discussion of the demands likely to be made by the Parliament at the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference for further development of its powers to scrutinize nominations to the Commission and the other EU institutions, and thus to further reinforce democratic control at EU level.

Topic: European Union Policy and Governance
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Fertility Rates and Clinical Findings at the Time of PGF2^|^alpha; Administration To Induce Estrus in Anestrous Draft Mares

PGF2α was administered to 242 anestrous draft mares to induce estrus. Thereafter fertility rates were estimated among the mares, according to their clinical conditions at the time of PGF2α administration. Covering rate after administration was 51.7%, fertility rate 48.8%, and pregnancy rate 25.2%. Fertility rates were significantly higher (P<0.05) in mares in which rectal palpation demonstrated follicles less than 40mm in diameter than they were for animals with larger follicles. Foaling mares had higher pregnancy rates (P<0.05) than open mares. These findings may provide information useful in deciding whether a veterinary should consider using PGF2α as drug of first choice in inducing estrus in anestrous mares.

Topic: Reproductive Physiology in Livestock
Subfield: Agronomy and Crop Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences