jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Oscillatory Neural Networks

Despite the fact that a large number of neuronal oscillators have been described, there are only a few good examples that illustrate how they operate at the cellular level. For most, there is some isolated information about different aspects of the oscillator network, but too little to explain the whole mechanism. Two quite remarkable features do seem to be emerging from ongoing studies, however. One is that there are very few generalizable features common to neural oscillators. Many utilize reciprocal inhibitory circuits and endogenous burst-generating currents to some extent. All that have been well worked out utilize a combination of both cellular and network properties, but little else in the way of common mechanism is noteworthy. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of recent work is the ability of a particular oscillator to produce a large repertoire of different outputs. This is separate and in addition to changes occurring via phasic sensory feedback. It is in fact a radical functional "rewiring" of the network in response to neuromodulators. The CPG circuits represent only the most basic form of a given pattern. Finally, concerning the role of sensory feedback in generating oscillatory patterns, the concept of the CPG as a group of neurons able to produce oscillatory patterns without any sensory feedback is, in our opinion, still valid. There is no doubt that some oscillators may be quite weak when isolated, but they can still produce bursts with firing sequences similar to those seen in vivo. The fact that sensory feedback can both control and enhance the oscillations has never been in doubt. Similarly, entrainment of the pattern by sensory feedback does not mean that the receptor is part of the generator, only that it has access to it (as do command and coordinating fibers). The real question remains: Can a group of cells produce an oscillatory pattern without phasic sensory input? We must answer this affirmatively even for the insect-flight motor CPG, while emphasizing the fact that for this system sensory feedback plays a larger role than in most other CPGs. Most neural oscillators will probably fall on some continuum between those like insect flight, which need and use a large amount of phasic feedback, and those that can oscillate in a near-normal manner without it.

Topic: Neural dynamics and brain function
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Muscles in Action

Human motion is created by, and constrained by, our muscles. We take a first step at building computer vision methods that represent the internal muscle activity that causes motion. We present a new dataset, Muscles in Action (MIA), to learn to incorporate muscle activity into human motion representations. The dataset consists of 12.5 hours of synchronized video and surface electromyography (sEMG) data of 10 subjects performing various exercises. Using this dataset, we learn a bidirectional representation that predicts muscle activation from video, and conversely, reconstructs motion from muscle activation. We evaluate our model on in-distribution subjects and exercises, as well as on out-of-distribution subjects and exercises. We demonstrate how advances in modeling both modalities jointly can serve as conditioning for muscularly consistent motion generation. Putting muscles into computer vision systems will enable richer models of virtual humans, with applications in sports, fitness, and AR/VR.

Topic: Human Pose and Action Recognition
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
INSECT HERBIVORY ON FERNS FROM A MODERN MARSH LOWLAND LOCALITY, SOUTHERN BRAZIL: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERPRETING FOSSIL PLANT–INSECT INTERACTIONS

Abstract Ferns are a model plant group for comparing insect herbivory between modern and deep time assemblages. We assessed fern–arthropod interactions in a modern marsh to reveal the taphonomic, morphological, and ecological implications of insect herbivory on fossil plant assemblages. Six functional feeding groups—hole feeding, margin feeding, surface feeding, piercing and sucking, galling, and pathogens—are present in eight fern species. We identified a total of 23 distinct damage types (DTs) on ferns, comprising 16 insect-mediated DTs, two of which are newly described in this study, and seven pathogen DTs, including one new addition. Among these, we present six arthropod-induced DTs that were previously undocumented in ferns. Furthermore, we report five DTs with fossil analogs. External foliage feeding, consisting of hole feeding, margin feeding, and surface feeding functional feeding groups, is the principal factor for DT richness on ferns in this lowland locality. We found products of arthropods behavior on ferns, such as instar molts and dead bodies and the byproducts from reproductive processes, which are unlikely to preserve in the fossil record. The taphonomic implications of these arthropod behavioral products are inferred by considering the substances that attach these structures to leaf tissues, potentially enhancing their preservation potential in the fossil record. Relatively mesic conditions support ferns in the lowland locality, resulting in a greater richness of insect herbivory compared to ferns in cooler xeric habitats from a previously surveyed upland locality.

Topic: Plant and animal studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Porang's Marketing Margin in the Agroforestry Program in Ngawi District, East Java

Porang is a plant widely developed under forest stands and on community land with an agroforestry pattern that lives around the forest. However, the community has yet to exploit porang as a business unit to meet food needs but only used it to fulfill daily needs. The research aims to analyze marketing margins and people's profit margins. Data was collected through field observations and interviews with 100 respondents, who were determined by purposive sampling. First, a descriptive analysis was carried out to describe the marketing channel of Porang, and then a study of marketing margins and profit margins was carried out. Based on data analysis, there are two marketing channels for porang: channel one, where farmers sell porang directly to consumers, and channel 2, where the marketing of porang is through intermediary traders. The first channel has no marketing margin and profit margin value minimum of IDR 1,200 and maksimum IDR OF 1,800, while in channel 2, porang marketing has a marketing margin maksimum value of IDR 6,500 and a profit margin minimum of IDR 4,500

Topic: Agriculture and Agroindustry Studies
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Subcorneal pustular dermatosis with seronegative polyarthritis.

A 55-year-old woman presented with acute onset of subcorneal pustular dermatosis and a seronegative polyarthritis. There have been a few reports of subcorneal pustular dermatosis associated with arthritis.

Topic: Autoimmune Bullous Skin Diseases
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Secret History of the Hakkas: The Chinese Revolution as a Hakka Enterprise

Few China scholars or Chinese citizens know one of the most basic facts about Deng Xiaoping, Hu Yaobang, Zhu De, Chen Yi, Guo Moruo or many other modern leaders: they are all Hakka. Most popular and official histories, in China and abroad, ignore this basic ethnic bond. The title of this article is used ironically, in deliberate parody of the genuine Secret History of the Mongols . The subtitle points toward an ironic but serious effort to illuminate a major facet of revolutionary history which remains almost entirely unexplored.

Topic: China's Ethnic Minorities and Relations
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Genetic Algorithm-based Generative Design for Creative Ring Design

독창성은 예술작품 뿐만아니라 장신구, 생활용품 등 다양한 디자인에서 요구된다. 창조적 디자인 작업에 참신한 모티프를 얻기 위해 변환생성 디자인 기법이 활용될 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 유전자 알고리즘을 이용하여 독특한 반지 모델을 만들어 내는 변환생성 디자인 방법을 제안한다. 후보해 표현방법, 연산자, 평가함수 관점에서 제안된 알고리즘에 대해서 소개한다. 제안한 방법은 고객이 자신의 반지 모양에 대한 취향을 선택하도록 하고, 취향을 평가에 반영하도록 하면서 여러 가지 반지 모델을 만들어서 추천하도록 한다. 반지 모델은 3차원 입체로 표현되기 때문에, 고객이 최종적으로 선택한 모델을 3차원 프린터를 통해서 실물로 제작될 수 있다. Creativity is crucial in designing and producing attractive accessaries and daily supplies as well as art works. Generative design can be a paradigm to be used to obtain novel ideas or motifs for creative design works. This paper introduces a generative design method which comes up with unique ring models using genetic algorithm. It presents how the genetic algorithm works in terms of candidate solution coding, operators, and fitness evaluation function. The proposed method allows the customers to express their personal preference and later the preference to be reflected in fitness evaluation. In the final stage of the proposed method, several ring models are suggested for customers to choose on their own. The chosen ring models can be put into physical rings with the help of a 3D printer because the models are expressed in 3D geometric structures.

Topic: Color perception and design
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
DEK gene expression in the human CRC cell line SW-620 after RNAi.

&lt;p&gt;(A) Nuclear localization of DEK protein is observed in siControl and siDEK SW-620 cells. DEK (red) localized to the SW-620 cell nuclei by immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy observation. DAPI staining (blue) was included to visualize the nucleus. (B) DEK mRNA expression in the human CRC cell line SW-620 after siControl and siDEK. (C) DEK protein expression in the human CRC cell line SW-620 after siControl and siDEK.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Nuclear Structure and Function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Functional brain imaging of peripheral and central vestibular disorders

This review summarizes our current knowledge of multisensory vestibular structures and their functions in humans. Most of it derives from brain activation studies with PET and fMRI conducted over the last decade. The patterns of activations and deactivations during caloric and galvanic vestibular stimulations in healthy subjects have been compared with those in patients with acute and chronic peripheral and central vestibular disorders. Major findings are the following: (1) In patients with vestibular neuritis the central vestibular system exhibits a spontaneous visual-vestibular activation-deactivation pattern similar to that described in healthy volunteers during unilateral vestibular stimulation. In the acute stage of the disease regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCGM) increases in the multisensory vestibular cortical and subcortical areas, but simultaneously it significantly decreases in the visual and somatosensory cortex areas. (2) In patients with bilateral vestibular failure the activation-deactivation pattern during vestibular caloric stimulation shows a decrease of activations and deactivations. (3) Patients with lesions of the vestibular nuclei due to Wallenberg's syndrome show no activation or significantly reduced activation in the contralateral hemisphere during caloric irrigation of the ear ipsilateral to the lesioned side, but the activation pattern in the ipsilateral hemisphere appears 'normal'. These findings indicate that there are bilateral ascending vestibular pathways from the vestibular nuclei to the vestibular cortex areas, and the contralateral tract crossing them is predominantly affected. (4) Patients with posterolateral thalamic infarctions exhibit significantly reduced activation of the multisensory vestibular cortex in the ipsilateral hemisphere, if the ear ipsilateral to the thalamic lesion is stimulated. Activation of similar areas in the contralateral hemisphere is also diminished but to a lesser extent. These data demonstrate the functional importance of the posterolateral thalamus as a vestibular gatekeeper. (5) In patients with vestibulocerebellar lesions due to a bilateral floccular deficiency, which causes downbeat nystagmus (DBN), PET scans reveal that rCGM is reduced in the region of the cerebellar tonsil and flocculus/paraflocculus bilaterally. Treatment with 4-aminopyridine lessens this hypometabolism and significantly improves DBN. These findings support the hypothesis that the (para-) flocculus and tonsil play a crucial role in DBN. Although we can now for the first time attribute particular activations and deactivations to functional deficits in distinct vestibular disorders, the complex puzzle of the various multisensory and sensorimotor functions of the phylogenetically ancient vestibular system is only slowly being unraveled.

Topic: Vestibular and auditory disorders
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Effects of irbesartan on reverse remodeling and improvement of cardiac function in dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM) patients

Objective To evaluate the effects of irbesartan on reverse ventricular remodeling and improvement of cardiac function in dilated cardiomyopathy patients Methods The study was designed as a randomized,control trial One hundred and forty one patients with dilated cardiomyopathy were divided into two groups(sixty nine patients in control group and seventy two patients in irbesartan group ) receiving routine therapy or routine therapy plus irbesartan(150 mg once a day) for 1year The data of ventricular function and remodeling(including LVMV,LVEF and △T%) were measured by echocardiography in the DCM patients at baseline,6 and 12 months after treatment Results (1)In irbesartan group,LVMV decreased 5 58%at 6 month compared with that at baseline(P 0 05) and it did 9 39%at 12 month compared with that at baseline(P0 01),but there was no significant differences in control group;(2)In irbesartan group,LVEF increased 6 03%at 6 month compared with that at baseline(P 0 05) and it did 18 34%at 12 month compared with that at baseline(P0 001),but there was no significant differences in control group;(3)In irbesartan group,△T%increased 7 96%at 6 month compared with that at baseline(P 0 01) and it did 19 72%at 12 month compared with that at baseline(P 0 001),but there was no significant differences in control group Conclusions Irbesartan reverses ventricular reverses ventricular remodeling and improves ventricular remodeling and improves cardiac function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy

Topic: Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of slow release nifedipine during chronic dosing in volunteers.

Eight healthy volunteers received slow release nifedipine 20 mg 12 hourly, for six doses. A nifedipine pharmacokinetic profile was performed after the fifth dosing interval using 12 sampling times over 12 h. A specific high pressure liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) nifedipine assay was used. Six of the volunteers subsequently received an i.v. infusion of 3.5 mg of nifedipine after an identical period (five dosing intervals) of chronic oral dosing with slow release nifedipine 20 mg 12 hourly. An identical pharmacokinetic profile was performed after the infusion. Bioavailability, clearance (CL), apparent volume of distribution (V), apparent half life (t1/2) and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. The geometric mean apparent t1/2 for the slow release preparation was 6.3 +/‐ 2.0 h. In the six volunteers, the mean bioavailability was 46% (range 29‐86%), the mean CL was 588.0 +/‐ 67.1 ml min‐1, the mean apparent V was 160.1 +/‐ 61.7 l. The pharmacokinetics of slow release nifedipine during chronic dosing appear similar to those derived from single dose studies.

Topic: Diabetes Treatment and Management
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy 25 years after seizure onset

Our sample size is modest but the long follow-up and population-based sampling is unique. All seizure types in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) resolved in 17% and for 13%, only myoclonus persisted. Therefore, one-third of people with JME have troublesome seizures vanish and antiepileptic drug treatment is no longer needed. Depression, social isolation, unemployment, and social impulsiveness complicate the lives of many patients.

Topic: Epilepsy research and treatment
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Hydrous and anhydrous melting experiments of an alkali basalt and a transitional tholeiite from the Oginosen volcano, Southwest Japan: The possible influence of melt depolymerization on Ca-Na partitioning between plagioclase and the melt

It has been well established that the exchange partition coefficient for the exchange of Ca and Na between plagioclase and silicate melts [Kd = (Ca/Na)pl/(Ca/Na)melt] increases with increasing water content in the melt, but its atomistic interpretation is not well developed. This work presents new experimental data on the partition coefficient in an alkali basalt and a transitional tholeiite from the Oginosen volcano, southwest Japan and discusses the possible role of melt polymerization in the variations of the partition coefficient. The experiments were conducted at 0.1 MPa, and hydrous 100 MPa and 200 MPa conditions. The partition coefficient at 0.1 MPa increases from 0.8-1.4 to 1.5-1.8 over a temperature increase from 1090 °C to 1190 °C in the transitional tholeiite, and from 1.2 to 1.7 for 1090 °C to 1150 °C in the alkali basalt. The partition coefficient increases up to 4.1-4.2 in the presence of 3.4-3.5 wt% water in the melt in both basalts. The variations of the Ca-Na partition coefficient between the plagioclase and the melt is interpreted in terms of the degree of polymerization of the melt. The degree of polymerization of the melt decreases with the increase of temperature and water content, both of which increase the Ca-Na partition coefficient. The anorthite content of the core of natural plagioclase phenocrysts in the alkali basalt is 63-66 mol%, suggesting crystallization under water-undersaturated conditions. In the transitional tholeiite, some of the cores of the plagioclase phenocrysts have An81-85, which is formed in a water-supersaturated run at 100 MPa and 1085 °C; however, the significance of the presence of An81-85 is unknown and must be investigated further.

Topic: Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Nonlinear operator for blob texture segmentation

Texture is an important part of the visual world of animals and men and their visual systems successfully detect, discriminate and segment texture. Relatively recently progress was made concerning structures in the brain which are presumably responsible for texture processing. Von der Heydt et al. (von der Heydt et al. 1992) reported on the discovery of a texture processing neuron in areas V1 and V2 of the visual cortex of monkeys which they called grating cell. Grating cells respond vigorously to gratings of bars of appropriate orientation, position and periodicity. In contrast to other orientation selective cells, grating cells respond very weakly or not at all to single bars which do not make part of a grating. This behaviour of grating cells cannot be explained by linear filtering followed by half-wave rectification as in the case of simple cells, neither can it be explained by threestage models of the type used for complex cells. Elsewhere we proposed a model of this type of cell and demonstrated the advantages of grating cells with respect to the separation of texture and form information (Kruizinga & Petkov 1995, Petkov & Kruizinga 1997). Tanaka et al. (1991) found another type of texture processing neuron, that responds to dot-patterns. These texture cells, which we call blob-texture cells in the following, have similar characteristics as grating cells. They do not react to single dots but only to a pattern consisting of a number of dots. Neurophysiological experiments revealed a preference of the cells for a regular dot pattern in comparison to more random patterns of dots. Grating cells are not activated by these random dot patterns, though regular dot patterns cause a slight grating cell response. In this paper we propose a computational model of blob-texture cells that is capable of explaining the results of neurophysiological experiments. Our model of blob-texture cells consists of three consecutive stages. The final stage (blob-texture cells) receives its inputs from multiple units in the second stage, the so-called blob-pattern subunits, which in turn receive their input of the first stage (blob detectors). Furthermore, the model is used as an image processing operator and compared with existing texture operators like the Gabor-energy operator and the cooccurrence matrix operator. This evaluation is done by comparing the results of a texture segmentation task, in which an image containing a number of blob textures is segmented on the basis of features obtained with the three texture operators. The method is similar to the evaluation of the grating cell operator, with respect to the processing of oriented texture (Kruizinga & Petkov 1998).

Topic: Neural dynamics and brain function
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
[A comparative study on treatment of lumbar degenerative disease with osteoporosis by manual and robot-assisted cortical bone trajectory screws fixation].

Compared with manual implantation of CBT screw, robot-assisted spinal implant has higher accuracy, lower incidence of invasion of superior articular process, and strong holding power of CBT screw, which can be applied to the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases with osteoporosis.

Topic: Spinal Fractures and Fixation Techniques
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Bats of Lithuania: distribution, status and protection

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The Lithuanian bat fauna includes 14 species. Myotis daubentoni, Pipistrellus nathusii, Plecotus auritus and Eptesicus serotinus are the most abundant and widespread species, although recently P. auritus has disappeared from some hibernacula. There are still abundant populations of Myotis nattereri, Myotis brandti and Barbastella barbastellus in hibernacula, while their status in summer is unknown. Myotis dasycneme is probably very rare and endangered. The status of Myotis mystacinus and Nyctalus leisleri is not clear, but they are most likely very rare because very few specimens have been found. So far little is known about status of Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Eptesicus nilssoni and Vespertilio murinus because these species are common only during autumn bat migration along the Baltic Sea coast. Two other species, Myotis bechsteini and Rhinolophus hipposideros, have been rejected from the list of bats of Lithuania, because old references to records of these species were not reliable.

Topic: Bat Biology and Ecology Studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences