jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparative Law for What Kind of Development ?

Disillusioned about the possibility to promote development through legal reforms, and may be scared by the political overtones of the debate, in the last decades comparative legal scholars have kept on the sidelines of the law and development debate. Alternatively, they have advocated the total demise of the law and development enterprise. This chapter explores the options available to comparative legal scholars now that the UN Sustainable Development Goals are mobilising the world scientific community in devising means to achieve them by 2030. Disengagement and radical criticism are still legitimate stances. Though, a third option is to try to use comparative knowledge to start a new dialogue between legal scholars from the Global North and the Global South. The rejection of the export-import logic and the acknowledgement of different concepts of development should provide a common ground. Beyond this, a comparative analysis could prove useful in three areas: firstly, to assess the implications of the interpretative criteria each country adopts to select the interventions aimed at implementing the Goals; secondly, to provide an in-depth understanding of the implementation contexts for the Goals; thirdly, to compare the evaluation processes assessing progress with the Goals. The chapter provides guidance on how a comparative analysis could be carried out in each of these three areas.

Topic: Human Rights and Development
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Ulcerative reflux esophagitis associated with Clostridium ventriculi following hiatoplasty – is antibiotic treatment necessary? A case report

Abstract Clostridium (C.) ventriculi (known as Sarcina ventriculi) is a ubiquitous gram-positive, anaerobic, acidophilic coccus found in patients with gastric motility disorders. The microorganisms can be identified histologically by their characteristic presentation in tetrads or packets of 8 in hematoxylin and eosin stains. Severe cases of emphysematous gastritis or gastric perforation have been described. Nevertheless, the significance of C. ventriculi in an upper gastrointestinal tract and its pathogenic character remain unclear. We present a 67-year-old woman who underwent hiatoplasty with gastropexy. After 3 months, she underwent a gastroscopy showing gastroesophageal reflux. Biopsies showed ulcerative reflux esophagitis with presence of C.ventriculi, subsequently confirmed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. The barium swallow study revealed an atonic stomach with delayed gastric emptying. The patient was treated with PPI and domperidone. On follow up, 15 months post-operatively, a control gastroscopy showed a stomach with food residues and reflux-associated small erosions. The Clostridium organisms were detected only in oxyntic mucosa biopsies without erosions or ulcerations. We speculate that the recognition of the organisms in the biopsy material is important and suggests dysmotility disorder. However, in our opinion, the presence of C. ventriculi, even in combination with mucosal damage, does not necessarily prompt antibiotic treatment since no complications occurred and inflammation as well as gastric function improved under PPI and prokinetic therapy in our patient. Larger study groups with long-term follow-up are needed to understand whether these organisms could behave as pathogens or are only bystanders in the setting of delayed gastric emptying.

Topic: Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An Exploratory Study on Personality Traits and Procrastination Among University Students

The present research examines the association between personality traits and procrastination behavior among 148 university students (52 males, 96 females). Respondents completed two measurements - Leonard Personality Inventory and General Procrastination Scale. Descriptive analysis indicated that Diploma Year 2 students scored the highest (Mean = 58.47), while Degree Year 1 students scored the lowest (Mean = 54.75) in the level of procrastination. Personality traits profiling consistently indicated that the most dominant personality trait of Diploma Year 2, Degree Year 1, 2 and 3 students is Neutral trait (Mean = 78.05, 80.75, 78.84 & 76.82); while the least dominant trait is Decisiveness (Mean = 67.48, 68.25, 69.89 & 68.33). The most dominant personality traits among male university students are Openness (Mean = 75.77), Decisiveness (Mean = 68.69) and Neutral (Mean = 78.48), while female university students are Analytical (Mean = 73.36) and Relational (Mean = 72.42). Meanwhile, male students scored slightly higher in procrastination (Mean = 58.25) as compared to females (Mean = 57.09). However, independent sample t-test indicated no significant gender differences in respondents' level of academic procrastination [t (146) = .702, p > .05]. Finally, correlational analyses reported no significant associations between the five personality traits with procrastination behavior among university students. Future studies should explore on whether cultural differences may influence personality traits and the level of academic procrastination of university students.

Topic: Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
The story as a fulcrum of the dialogue

In Part I, we saw that the early divisions concluded with a logos of statecraft given by a systematic division of theoretical expertise: the statesman was defined as the herdsman of the human herd (267a8–c4). Young Socrates was contented with that definition. But the Stranger faulted its completeness and adequacy (267c8–dI). Whereas other herdsmen, for example the cowherd, practised all the arts their herds required – feeding, medicine, matchmaking, midwifery, music – the human statesman is challenged by a competitor in each of these domains. Though the interlocutors had awarded him the title, his claim to it is not secure so long as the challenges of rivals go unanswered (267e1–268c10).

Topic: Classical Philosophy and Thought
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Pure akinesia: an atypical manifestation of progressive supranuclear palsy.

Two patients with "pure akinesia" who showed the characteristic changes of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) at necropsy are described. They had akinesia but no rigidity or tremor, and ophthalmoplegia was not observed during the course of illness. The symptoms of "pure akinesia" was not improved by levodopa therapy but was considerably improved by L-threo-3,4-dihydroxy-phenylserine. At necropsy, pathological findings were not different from those reported for PSP. It is suggested that "pure akinesia" is an atypical manifestation of PSP, and that norepinephrinergic neurons may be involved in some types of PSP.

Topic: Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Provably Efficient Reinforcement Learning via Surprise Bound

Value function approximation is important in modern reinforcement learning (RL) problems especially when the state space is (infinitely) large. Despite the importance and wide applicability of value function approximation, its theoretical understanding is still not as sophisticated as its empirical success, especially in the context of general function approximation. In this paper, we propose a provably efficient RL algorithm (both computationally and statistically) with general value function approximations. We show that if the value functions can be approximated by a function class that satisfies the Bellman-completeness assumption, our algorithm achieves an $\widetilde{O}(\text{poly}(ιH)\sqrt{T})$ regret bound where $ι$ is the product of the surprise bound and log-covering numbers, $H$ is the planning horizon, $K$ is the number of episodes and $T = HK$ is the total number of steps the agent interacts with the environment. Our algorithm achieves reasonable regret bounds when applied to both the linear setting and the sparse high-dimensional linear setting. Moreover, our algorithm only needs to solve $O(H\log K)$ empirical risk minimization (ERM) problems, which is far more efficient than previous algorithms that need to solve ERM problems for $Ω(HK)$ times.

Topic: Reinforcement Learning in Robotics
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Vanek's Tumor: Case Presentation and Literature Review

Inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) is a rare sub mucosal tumor of the digestive tract, of unknown etiology. We present the case of a 62 year-old female patient, investigated for vomiting, abdominal pain, and anemia. The narrow band imaging (NBI) endoscopy was performed and showed a polypoid tumor, with normal coverage mucosa, movable through the pylorus. The tumor was surgically removed. Histopathologically, spindle cells were detected, with uniform nuclei, without mitosis, and the inflammatory cells were predominantly represented by eosinophils. The vascular component was prominent, suggesting a vascular lesion. 
Conclusion: Inflammatory fibroid polyp polyp represents a rare diagnosis. The differential diagnosis with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) should be considered, and clinical presentation as occlusive syndrome, accompanied by weight loss and anemia is quite rare.

Topic: Gastrointestinal disorders and treatments
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The prevention of single bulb garlic extract on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in high fat mice (Mus musculus) model

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurs when triglycerides inside hepatocytes are swollen. A single bulb garlic extract containing allicin components, S-allyl-l-cysteine, Ajoene (E-Ajoene and Z-Ajoene) are thought to inhibit fat biosynthesis and reduce triglycerides in blood serum. This study aimed to analyze single bulb garlic extract in NAFLD due to a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice. Twenty male Balb/C mice were divided into five groups: normal, HFD, HFD + Single Bulb Garlic Extract (SBGE) 100 mg kg BW−1, HFD + SBGE 200 mg kg BW−1, and HFD + SBGE 400 mg kg BW−1. The administration of SBGE orally altogether with HFD for 30 days. On the last day of treatment, the mice were sacrificed. The liver was collected to make a micro-anatomic slide and stained by Hematoxylin Eosin. Liver microanatomy slides were observed under a light microscope and scoring to count fatty liver cells. The results of this study indicated that administration of SBGE affected the average liver weight (p < 0.05). Treating SBGE with dose of 100 mg kg BW−1, 200 mg kg BW−1, and 400 mg kg BW−1 decreased hepatic steatosis (p < 0.05). SBGE could prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice fed with HFD.

Topic: Garlic and Onion Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Public Cognitions and Emotions Associated with Sea Star Wasting Disease: An Exploratory Study in Oregon

Biological research on sea star wasting disease (SSWD) is abundant, but there is little examining the human dimensions of this threat to marine environments. This article explored public emotions and cognitions (attitudes, norms) toward SSWD, and how these concepts are related to knowledge and risk perceptions associated with this threat. Data were from a survey of residents in the coastal and most populated regions of Oregon (n = 507). Respondents were grouped by their risk and knowledge, and shown five images depicting deteriorating conditions associated with SSWD, with questions measuring cognitions and emotions in response to each image. Knowledge about SSWD was quite low, and respondents perceived SSWD as a moderate risk to marine environments and a slight risk to themselves. As both knowledge and risk increased, awareness increased and emotions, attitudes, and norms became more negative, especially as SSWD conditions deteriorated. Implications and explanations of these findings were discussed.

Topic: Marine animal studies overview
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Assessment of Parental Pressure and Peer Factors Affecting the Performance of Undergraduate Nursing Students Studying in Selected Nursing Colleges of Maharashtra

Parents put pressure on children for better performance due to their concern for the welfare of their children and for getting employment. Peer pressure is the influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change his or her attitudes, values and behaviour in order to conform to the group norms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the parent pressure and peer-related factors affecting the performance of undergraduate nursing students of selected nursing colleges of Maharashtra. In this study conducted in 2017, descriptive and inferential analysis was used; 50 undergraduate nursing students were selected by stratified random sampling. The findings show that the majority 16 (32%) of nursing students percentage in first year BSc nursing was less than 50 and majority 29 (58%) nursing students percentages in 12th standard was between 40% - 60%. Significant difference was observed between parental pressure-related factors and peer factors. The parental pressure factors had a higher impact (median score=3.65) than peer factors impact (median score=3.30) on nursing students’ performance. There was significant difference between parental pressure factors and gender (p=0.044). The girls experienced more parental pressure (mean rank=30.78) than boys (mean rank=22.53).

Topic: Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
[Immunologic disorders in children with Lyme borreliosis].

In this study we present evaluation of some immune parameters in children with borreliosis. We examined subsets of blood lymphocyte (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD3 HLA DR) and NK cells using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry in 14 children age from 3 to 16 years. We observed an altered lymphocyte phenotypes and NK cells in infected children compare to healthy control. We conclude that the changes in host immune response may play an important role in the pathogenesis of borreliosis and their monitoring may be helpful for the prognosis the course of the disease.

Topic: Viral Infections and Vectors
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Frontline therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia: Randomized comparison of <scp>ATRA</scp> and intensified chemotherapy versus <scp>ATRA</scp> and anthracyclines

Abstract Objectives Randomized comparison of two treatment strategies in frontline therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia ( APL ): all‐trans retinoic acid ( ATRA ) and double induction intensified by high‐dose cytosine arabinoside ( HD ara‐C) (German AMLCG ) and therapy with ATRA and anthracyclines (Spanish PETHEMA , LPA 99). Patients and results Eighty of 87 adult patients with genetically confirmed APL of all risk groups were eligible. The outcome of both arms was similar: AMLCG vs PETHEMA : hematological complete remission 87% vs 83%, early death 13% vs 17% ( P = .76), overall survival, event‐free survival, leukemia‐free survival, cumulative incidence of relapse at 6 years 75% vs 78% ( P = .92); 75% vs 68% ( P = .29); 86% vs 81% ( P = .28); and 0% vs 12% ( P = .04, no relapse vs four relapses), respectively. The median time to achieve molecular remission ( RT ‐ PCR negativity of PML ‐ RARA ) was 60 days in both arms ( P = .12). The AMLCG regimen was associated with a longer duration of neutropenia ( P = .02) and a higher rate of WHO grade ≥3 infections. Conclusions The small number of patients limits the reliability of conclusions. With these restrictions, the outcomes of both approaches were similar and show the limitations of ATRA and chemotherapy. The HD ara‐C–containing regimen was associated with a lower relapse rate in high‐risk APL .

Topic: Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Patent Landscape for CRISPR Genome Editing in Australia.

Although Australia has a proud record of health and medical research, it finds less traction when it comes to innovative product development. Patent filings are recognised as one of the measures of national innovation, and this is one measure where Australian innovators are falling short. We examined whether there may be discrete pockets of innovation in particular areas of technology where Australian researchers are making significant contributions. This study used patent filings as a measure of innovation and used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) genome editing as a case study. We found a rich patent landscape, with filings for general methods and compositions and for specific diseases. However, the contribution by Australian applicants was small, with only four out of 519 filings. This indicates that navigating the CRISPR patent landscape to secure freedom to operate is likely to be complex for Australian innovators in this field.

Topic: CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Exploiting emotions to disambiguate dialogue acts

This paper describes an attempt to reveal the user’s intention from dialogue acts, thereby improving the effectiveness of natural interfaces to pedagogical agents. It focuses on cases where the intention is unclear from the dialogue context or utterance structure, but where the intention may still be identified using the emotional state of the user. The recognition of emotions is based on physiological user input. Our initial user study gave promising results that support our hypothesis that physiological evidence of emotions could be used to disambiguate dialogue acts. This paper presents our approach to the integration of natural language and emotions as well as our first empirical results, which may be used to endow interactive agents with emotional capabilities.

Topic: Social Robot Interaction and HRI
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Geology and U-Pb geochronology of low-grade mafic rocks from the St. Cyr klippe and a marble from the footwall, Canadian Cordillera, Yukon

A series of thin thrust slices form a klippe in the northwest part of the St. Cyr area, west of the South Canol Road, in south-central Yukon. The uppermost unit of the klippe, the Tower Peak unit, overlies a mafic-ultramafic unit, which in turn sits on a footwall of phyllite, marble, and limestone. The Tower Peak unit is a metabasalt the trace-element geochemistry of which suggests an oceanic or island-arc origin. The U-Pb ion microprobe ages of zircon from three samples of the Tower Peak unit define a xenocrystic zircon population with abundant Precambrian and lesser Paleozoic and Mesozoic magmatic components. Jurassic grains are euhedral, oscillatory zoned, and high-temperature, with Th/U ratios approximately 0.4, and positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies, pointing to an igneous origin. A similar population of five Mesozoic zircon crystals was found in a gabbro east of the Canol Road. All of the zircon crystals are interpreted as xenocrysts entrained in the mafic magmas during emplacement due to the large age spread and lack of a consistent magmatic age. The oldest possible intrusive age for the Tower Peak unit is Upper Jurassic, and Lower Cretaceous for the gabbro to the southeast. Detrital zircon samples from a prominent marble in the footwall of the klippe define a maximum depositional age of 368 ± 6 Ma. The marble likely correlates with the Finlayson assemblage of the Yukon-Tanana terrane composite arc. The mafic-ultramafic rocks at Tower Peak were structurally amalgamated with Mesozoic rocks during formation of the St. Cyr klippe.

Topic: Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
A group psychotherapy model for acute treatment settings.

Traditional models of group psychotherapy have become less applicable in inpatient and partial hospital programs as the lengths of stay in these programs have decreased. Shorter lengths of stay are associated with rapid changes in group membership and high levels of symptoms among group members. The clinical objectives and clinical techniques suggested by traditional group models are simply less relevant under these conditions. In this paper the authors outline a model of group psychotherapy designed to meet the needs of acutely ill patients and accommodate to the demands of the short-term acute-care setting. Drawing on previous research that has identified the therapeutic factors that operate in these groups, the authors offer specific recommendations regarding group structure, therapist role, and clinical technique.

Topic: Psychiatric care and mental health services
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Recurrent agranulocytosis following carbimazole and propylthiouracil therapy

Agranulocytosis is an infrequent but potentially fatal complication of anti-thyroid drugs. There is little information regarding the use of a second anti-thyroid drug when initial therapy results in agranulocytosis. This report summarises a case of recurrent agranulocytosis following the consecutive administration of carbimazole and propylthiouracil.

Topic: Blood disorders and treatments
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Pregnancies after endolymphatic therapy of residual retroperitoneal Hodgkin lymphoma.

Three young women with Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III and IV) had residual retroperitoneal lymphoma after 6 cycles of standard chemotherapy. To preserve fertility, chemotherapy was subsequently continued as a single endolymphatic injection of 60 mg Bleomycin in oily suspension (Oil Bleo). Except for slight, transient fever in one patient, no side effects occurred. Follow-up plain X-rays with lipoidal stained lymph nodes showed a marked reduction in size of the retroperitoneal lymphomatous lymph nodes in all 3 patients. Each woman became pregnant between 2 and 14 months after endolymphatic therapy and bore healthy infants. Two of the women remain free of disease. The third has had a recurrence in the neck and has been treated with second-line intravenous chemotherapy. Endolymphatic therapy of retroperitoneal lymphoma may achieve a satisfactory result in selected patients while preserving fertility.

Topic: CNS Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Fatigue Rate During Anaerobic and Aerobic Exercise in Insulin-Dependent Diabetics and Nondiabetics

This study was designed to determine whether insulin-dependent diabetics fatigue at a different rate than nondiabetics during anaerobic and aerobic exercise. The rate of fatigue during cycle ergometer exercise at 90 percent (anaerobic) and 60 percent (aerobic) of predicted maximum oxygen consumption in eight men who were insulin-dependent diabetics and eight nondiabetic men was determined. For the insulin-dependent diabetics, performance at 90 percent was a significantly better predictor (p less than .05) of performance at 60 percent than it was for the nondiabetics. The rate of fatigue during cycle ergometer exercise for insulin-dependent diabetics may be predictable, and this may be important in evaluating exercise tolerance for these patients.

Topic: Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences