jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
“Slowing” and “Narrowing” the Flow of Metals for Consumer Goods: Evaluating Opportunities and Barriers

Metal resources are essential materials for many consumer products, including vehicles and a wide array of electrical and electronic goods. These metal resources often cause adverse social and environmental impacts from their extraction, supply and disposal, and it is therefore important to increase the sustainability of their production and use. A broad range of strategies and actions to improve the sustainability of resources are increasingly being discussed within the evolving concept of the circular economy. This paper uses this lens to evaluate the opportunities and barriers to improve the sustainability of metals in consumer products in Australia, with a focus on strategies that “slow” and “narrow” material flow loops. We have drawn on Allwood’s characterisation of material efficiency strategies, as they have the potential to reduce the total demand for metals. These strategies target the distribution, sale, and use of products, which have received less research attention compared to the sustainability of mining, production, and recycling, yet it is vitally important for changing patterns of consumption in a circular economy. Specifically, we have considered the strategies of product longevity (life extension, intensity of use, repair, and resale), remanufacturing, component reuse, and using less material for the same product or service (digitisation, servicisation, and light-weighting). Within the Australian context, this paper identifies the strategies that have the greatest opportunity to increase material efficiency for metal-containing products (such as mobility, household appliances, and personal electronics), by evaluating current implementation of these strategies and identifying the material, economic, and social barriers to and opportunities for expanding these strategies. We find that many of these strategies have been successfully implemented for mobility, while applying these strategies to personal electronics remains the biggest challenge. Product longevity emerged as the strategy with the most significant opportunity for further implementation in Australia, as it is the most broadly applicable across product types and has significant potential for material efficiency benefits. The barriers to material efficiency strategies highlight the need for policies that broaden the focus beyond closing the loop to “slowing” and “narrowing” material loops.

Topic: Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
[Pneumonitis as a complication of low-dose methotrexate therapy in chronic polyarthritis].

Pneumonitis has been reported to be a rare complication of low-dose MTX treatment. This paper describes a 62-year-old male patient in whom clinically successful low-dose treatment was applied. After six months of treatment, a gradually progressive pulmonary symptomatology developed and abruptly deteriorated. Radiological examination revealed interstitial and intra-alveolar densifications; functional analysis revealed partial respiratory failure. The histological finding of interstitial lymphocytic infiltration with giant cells and a chronic intra-alveolar pneumonia, with bacteriological detection of E. coli and Proteus vulg. in the BAL fluid, confirmed the suspected diagnosis of primary MTX-induced pneumonitis with secondary bacterial superinfection. In view of the fact that the literature does not seem to contain unequivocal definition, it is urgently recommended that unequivocal criteria be established.

Topic: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia detection and treatment
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
A Markov model for ranking cricket teams playing one day international matches

<p class="Default">Main purpose of ranking teams in One Day International (ODI) Cricket matches is to identify challenging teams of each team. In the sports science literature, various statistical procedures have been proposed by different researchers to rank teams. International Cricket Council (ICC) is using a ranking system as the standard practice. However, it does not work well to realize some head-to head match results. This paper provides a stochastic Markov chain model to rank teams. A comprehensive analysis on head-to-head match prediction for each cricket team is given based on steady-state probabilities. Performance of the proposed model is investigated with ICC ODI rankings. It is shown that the proposed model outperforms to predict results of head-to-head ODI Cricket matches.

Topic: Sports Analytics and Performance
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Prospective Screening of Extracranial Systemic Arteriopathy in Young Adults with Moyamoya Disease

Background RNF213 is a major susceptibility gene for moyamoya disease (MMD), characterized by chronic progressive steno‐occlusion of the intracranial arteries. However, coincidental extracranial arteriopathy is sporadically described in a few cases and in children with MMD. Methods and Results This study prospectively enrolled 63 young adults (aged 20–49 years) without a known history of systemic vascular diseases who were confirmed to have definite (bilateral, n=54) or probable (unilateral, n=9) MMD, as per typical angiographic findings. Coronary and aorta computed tomography angiography was performed to characterize extracranial arteriopathy and investigate its correlation with clinical characteristics and MMD status, including the RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys variation (c.14429G&gt;A, rs112735431). Altogether, 11 of 63 patients (17%) had significant (&gt;50%) stenosis in the coronary (n=6), superior mesenteric (n=2), celiac (n=2), renal (n=1), and/or internal iliac artery (n=1). One patient showed both mesenteric and iliac artery stenosis. Patients with extracranial arteriopathy were more likely to have diabetes mellitus and posterior cerebral artery involvement. Moreover, a higher prevalence of extracranial arteriopathy was observed in the presence of the RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys variant (67% in homozygotes). After controlling for diabetes mellitus and posterior cerebral artery involvement, the p.Arg4810Lys variant was independently associated with extracranial arteriopathy (additive model; P =0.035; adjusted odds ratio, 4.57; 95% CI, 1.11–27.20). Conclusions Young adults with MMD may have concomitant extracranial arteriopathy in various locations. Patients with RNF213 variants, especially the p.Arg4810Lys homozygous variant, should be screened for systemic arteriopathy.

Topic: Moyamoya disease diagnosis and treatment
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Mitochondrial toxicity and caspase activation in HIV pregnant women

Abstract To assess the impact of HIV ‐infection and highly active anti‐retroviral treatment in mitochondria and apoptotic activation of caspases during pregnancy and their association with adverse perinatal outcome. Changes of mitochondrial parameters and apoptotic caspase activation in maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared at first trimester of pregnancy and delivery in 27 HIV ‐infected and ‐treated pregnant women versus 24 uninfected pregnant controls. We correlated immunovirological, therapeutic and perinatal outcome with experimental findings: mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA ) content, mitochondrial protein synthesis, mitochondrial function and apoptotic caspase activation. The HIV pregnancies showed increased adverse perinatal outcome ( OR : 4.81 [1.14–20.16]; P &lt; 0.05) and decreased mt DNA content (42.66 ± 5.94%, P &lt; 0.01) compared to controls, even higher in naïve participants. This depletion caused a correlated decrease in mitochondrial protein synthesis (12.82 ± 5.73%, P &lt; 0.01) and function (20.50 ± 10.14%, P &lt; 0.001), not observed in controls. Along pregnancy, apoptotic caspase‐3 activation increased 63.64 ± 45.45% in controls ( P &lt; 0.001) and 100.00 ± 47.37% in HIV ‐pregnancies ( P &lt; 0.001), in correlation with longer exposure to nucleoside analogues. HIV ‐infected women showed increased obstetric problems and declined genetic and functional mitochondrial parameters during pregnancy, especially those firstly exposed to anti‐retrovirals. The apoptotic activation of caspases along pregnancy is emphasized in HIV pregnancies promoted by nucleoside analogues. However, we could not demonstrate direct mitochondrial or apoptotic implication in adverse obstetric outcome probably because of the reduced sample size.

Topic: Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Antimicrobial Activity of Pantothenol against Staphylococci Possessing a Prokaryotic Type II Pantothenate Kinase

Pantothenol is a provitamin of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) that is widely used in healthcare and cosmetic products. This analog of pantothenate has been shown to markedly inhibit the phosphorylation activity of the prokaryotic type II pantothenate kinase of Staphylococcus aureus, which catalyzes the first step of the coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway. Since type II enzymes are found exclusively in staphylococci, pantothenol suppresses the growth of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus, which inhabit the skin of humans. Therefore, the addition of this provitamin to ointment and skincare products may be highly effective in preventing infections by opportunistic pathogens.

Topic: Neurological diseases and metabolism
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Multi-arm covariate adjusted response adaptive designs for ordinal outcome clinical trials

Covariate adjusted response adaptive designs are developed with ordinal categorical responses for phase III clinical trial involving multiple treatments. Stochastic ordering principle is used to order the treatments according to effectiveness and consequently allocation functions are developed by combining the cumulative odds ratios suitably. The performance of the proposed designs is investigated through relevant exact as well as large sample measures. To investigate the performance in a real situation, a real clinical trial involving lung cancer patients is further redesigned using the proposed allocation design.

Topic: Optimal Experimental Design Methods
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Nature Conservation in a Changing World

Still widely heralded as "America's best idea," the national parks actually represent an assortment of ideas that have evolved over time. As the Park Service's founding director, Stephen Mather poured his enormous energy, passion, and personal wealth into making the national parks one of the country's most cherished institutions, and, judging by the extraordinary growth of the national park system and in visitor numbers, he largely succeeded. The national parks inevitably evoke powerful positive images of unsullied landscapes; majestic mountain peaks; free-roaming wildlife; clear, flowing rivers; ranger-led campfire talks; and carefree family vacations. The public rarely contemplates other prevalent but less savory images: car-clogged roads, a cacophony of two-cycle engines, degraded ecosystems, the pervasive taint of commercialism, and unrelenting local development and political pressures. In the midst of such awesome beauty, it is hard to acknowledge that the national park idea is still far from settled, much less that it is often shrouded in controversy. But that has been the reality from the beginning, and it is no less true today.KeywordsNational ParkGrand CanyonPark BoundaryPark VisitationResource Management PolicyThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Topic: American Environmental and Regional History
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Gender and the Medicalization of Healthcare

Medicalization is a key concept of modernity, ubiquitously used in the social and medical sciences since the 1970s. We begin by adopting what sociologist Peter Conrad calls its essential meaning: ‘defining a problem in medical terms, usually as an illness or disorder, or using a medical intervention to treat it’ (Conrad, 2005: 3, emphasis in the original). In this large and growing field, scholars generally agree that medicalization was a critical — if not fundamental — transformation of the 20th century. As we will show in this chapter, scholars disagree about its definitions, its connection with the dynamics and conceptual apparatuses of modernity and a global economy, and its cultural situatedness.

Topic: Historical Studies on Reproduction, Gender, Health, and Societal Changes
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Classical compensation theory generalization based in losses optimization applied in current and voltage unbalanced systems

It is proposed in this paper a generalization of classical power compensation theory considering current and voltage unbalanced systems. The work demonstrates that for these systems the optimum compensation does not implies in null neutral currents. It was also possible to conclude that the classical theory can be expanded for different compensation situations since the systems constraints are properly used. In this work, aiming to validate the proposal, some non-active power compensations were performed and evaluated through simulation results of a hypothetic system.

Topic: Power Quality and Harmonics
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Gender difference in smoking effects on lung function and risk of hospitalization for COPD: results from a Danish longitudinal population study

Recent findings suggest that females may be more susceptible than males to the deleterious influence of tobacco smoking in developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This paper studies the interaction of gender and smoking on development of COPD as assessed by lung function and hospital admission. A total of 13,897 subjects, born after 1920, from two population studies, 9,083 from the Copenhagen City Heart Study (CCHS) and 4,814 from the Glostrup Population Studies (GPS), were followed for 7-16 yrs. Data were linked with information on hospital admissions caused by COPD. Based on cross-sectional data, in the CCHS the estimated excess loss of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) per pack-year of smoking was 7.4 mL in female smokers who inhaled and 6.3 mL in male smokers who inhaled. In the GPS, the corresponding excess loss of FEV1 was 10.5 and 8.4 mL in females and males, respectively. Two hundred and eighteen subjects in the CCHS and 23 in the GPS were hospitalized during follow-up. Risk associated with pack-years was higher in females than in males (relative risks (RRs) for 1-20, 20-40 and &gt;40 pack-years were 7.0 (3.5-14.1), 9.8 (4.9-19.6) and 23.3 (10.7-50.9) in females, and 3.2 (1.1-9.1), 5.7 (2.2-14.3) and 8.4 (3.3-21.6) in males) but the interaction term gender x pack-years did not reach significance (p=0.08). Results were similar in the GPS. After adjusting for smoking in more detail, females in both cohorts had an increased risk of hospitalization for COPD compared to males with a RR of 1.5 (1.2-2.1) in the CCHS and 3.6 (1.4-9.0) in the GPS. This was not likely to be caused by a generally increased rate of hospital admission for females. Results were similar when including deaths from COPD as endpoint. In two independent population samples, smoking had greater impact on the lung function of females than males, and after adjusting for smoking females subsequently suffered a higher risk of being admitted to hospital for COPD. Results suggest that adverse effects of smoking on lung function may be greater in females than in males.

Topic: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Solid Dispersion Method for Design of Donepezil Orodispersible Tablets: Formulation &amp;#38; Characterization

Donepezil HCl is an anti Alzheimer's drug of the acetylcholinesterase class.It is widely used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease and to control dementia.Orodispersable Tablets (ODTs) containing Donepezil HCl was prepared using super-disintegrant (croscarmellose sodium) by direct compression method using solid dispersion technique to mask the taste of the drug.Three types of excipient were used to mask the taste namely Mannitol, PEG 6000 and PVP K 30 in three different ratios (i.e.1:1, 1:2, 1:3) using solvent evaporation method in solid dispersion technique.The optimized formulation shows the minimum disintegration time of 50 sec and release maximum amount of drug in 10 min.Short term stability studies indicated no significant changes in hardness, friability, in vitro disintegration time, drug content and in vitro drug release.

Topic: Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
GRANULOMATOUS ORCHITIS

S ummary A case of non‐specific granulomatous orchitis, an unusual and poorly understood lesion, is reported. The pathogenesis of the lesion is discussed, and it is concluded that thegranulomatous reaction is best explained by interstitial spermatozoa1 extravasation.

Topic: Genital Health and Disease
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Filtering by footprint : nudging Norwegian wine consumers towards sustainable packaging choices

This paper evaluates the problem of the misalignment between values and behaviors among \nNorwegian consumers in the selection of environmentally friendly wines and presents an \nonline nudge strategy to be implemented on Vinmonopelet.no, helping shoppers to better align their \nchoices with their values. After examining several options, as well as existing users’ behavior on \nthe website, it was determined that a new filter should be created for the attribute “Environmental \nFootprint”.\nCombining findings from theory and the existing website’s analytics, a digital \nexperimental environment was built to replicate the key features and functions available to \nshoppers on the real website, while allowing for the controlled introduction of this \nfilter. A random sample of 450 Norwegians was split into three experimental groups: a control \nwho “shopped” without the new filter and two manipulations who “shopped” with variations of the \nfilter’s design. Given a set shopping scenario and a budget of 500 NOK, users were asked to pick \none wine in any quantity from the available inventory: 36 products with representative packaging \ntypes, flavors, origins, and price.\nAs a result of the filter introduction, 13.3% of users reported using it to find their selected \nwine. This was moderated by levels of reported sustainable values and normative beliefs, as well as \nindividual differences in terms of demographics. Respondents who used the filter had significantly \nlower CO2 footprints on average, with 75% of them choosing wines which Vinmonopolet \nconsiders to be “environmentally smart”. The largest beneficiary of this switching behavior is \nthe 3-liter bag-in-box option, which saw a 41% increase in both manipulation groups, compared to \nthe control. This led to an overall increase in volume purchased among the users of the \nfilter, suggesting the possible presence of licensing effects between lowered footprint on the \njustifiability of purchasing more wine.

Topic: Wine Industry and Tourism
Subfield: Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Quantitative E. coli Enzyme Detection in Reporter Hydrogel-Coated Paper Using a Smartphone Camera

There is a growing demand for rapid and sensitive detection approaches for pathogenic bacteria that can be applied by non-specialists in non-laboratory field settings. Here, the detection of the typical E. coli enzyme β-glucuronidase using a chitosan-based sensing hydrogel-coated paper sensor and the detailed analysis of the reaction kinetics, as detected by a smartphone camera, is reported. The chromogenic reporter unit affords an intense blue color in a two-step reaction, which was analyzed using a modified Michaelis–Menten approach. This generalizable approach can be used to determine the limit of detection and comprises an invaluable tool to characterize the performance of lab-in-a-phone type approaches. For the particular system analyzed, the ratio of reaction rate and equilibrium constants of the enzyme–substrate complex are 0.3 and 0.9 pM−1h−1 for β-glucuronidase in phosphate buffered saline and lysogeny broth, respectively. The minimal degree of substrate conversion for detection of the indigo pigment formed during the reaction is 0.15, while the minimal time required for detection in this particular system is ~2 h at an enzyme concentration of 100 nM. Therefore, this approach is applicable for quantitative lab-in-a-phone based point of care detection systems that are based on enzymatic substrate conversion via bacterial enzymes.

Topic: Biosensors and Analytical Detection
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Enhancing the performance of Methylorubrum extorquens AAZ-1 by using CRISPR/Cas9 for the degradation of hydrocarbon compounds

An efficient expression method was used to create a genetic modification strategy for methylotrophic bacteria to improve the capacity of bioremediating bacteria to absorb oil in contaminated environments. Using the plasmid-treated CRISPR-Cas9 system, Methylorubrum extorquens AAZ-1(OR226417.1) was treated, and qPCR analysis revealed that the expression of the MxaF gene (encoding methanol dehydrogenase enzyme) rose six-fold. To increase the biodegradation effectiveness of hydrocarbons (n-alkane and PAH), CRISPR-Cas9 technology was selected for the investigation and use in the laboratory. The biodegradation rate of n-alkane in the modified M. extorquens AAZ-1 rose from 61.14% to 74.35% during a seven-day incubation period when compared to the control. The proportion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the altered M. extorquens AAZ-1 rose from 65.69% to 78.23%. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is the first time that a CRISPR-Cas9 system has been employed to improve the efficiency of these bacteria in the biodegradation of hydrocarbon molecules.

Topic: CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences