jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Guide Field in Relativistic Pair Plasma Reconnection

We study the role of the guide field in relativistic magnetic reconnection in a Harris current sheet of pair ($e^{\pm}$) plasmas, using linear theories and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. Two-dimensional PIC simulations exhibit the guide field dependence to the linear instabilities; the tearing or reconnection modes are relatively insensitive, while the relativistic drift-kink instability (RDKI), the fastest mode in a relativistic current sheet, is stabilized by the guide field. Particle acceleration in the nonlinear stage is also investigated. A three-dimensional PIC simulation demonstrates that the current sheet is unstable to the RDKI, although small reconnection occurs in the deformed current sheet. Another three-dimensional PIC simulation with a guide field demonstrates a completely different scenario. Secondary magnetic reconnection is triggered by nonlinear coupling of oblique instabilities, which we call the relativistic drift-sausage tearing instability. Therefore, particle acceleration by relativistic guide field reconnection occurs in three-dimensional configuration. Based on the plasma theories, we discuss an important role of the guide field: to enable non-thermal particle acceleration by magnetic reconnection.

Topic: Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Occurrence, antibiogram, high-level vancomycin and aminoglycosides resistance and potential virulence factors of enterococci in dogs in Nigeria

AbstractThis study was conducted to isolate enterococci from dogs in Nigeria, and to determine the potential virulence, antibiotic susceptibility, phenotypic vancomycin (VAN), high-level ampicillin (AMP) and aminoglycosides susceptibility profile of the isolates. Rectal swabs were collected from 295 randomly-selected, clinically-healthy dogs. The isolation of enterococci was done using Slanetz and Bartley enterococcal selective medium. The resistance of 150 non-repetitive isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. VAN resistance was assessed by high-level disc diffusion and agar-screening methods. High-level AMP and aminoglycosides (gentamicin and streptomycin) resistance was determined by agar-screening method. Potential virulence factors were assayed using phenotypic methods. Out of 295 samples, 234 (80.7%) gave positive growth. From these, 250 enterococcal isolates comprised 229 (91.6%) non-pigmented and 21 (8.4%) pigmented strains, were obtained. Resistance of the isolates was 89% to erythromycin, 92% to rifampicin, 77% to chloramphenicol, 83% to tetracycline, 64% to ciprofloxacin, 32.7% to VAN, 24.7% to high-level streptomycin (HLS) and 6% to high-level gentamicin (HLG). Among 150 non-repetitive resistant isolates, 144 (96%), including all the VAN-, HLS- and HLG-resistant strains, exhibited resistance to at least 3 classes of antibiotics. The mean multiple antibiotic resistance index was 0.54 (range = 0.22 – 0.89). Of these 150 isolates, 94 (62.7%), including all the VAN-, HLS- and HLG-resistant strains, displayed virulence potentials as biofilm (44.7%), surface-layer (13.8%), haemolysin (21.3%), gelatinase (40.4%), caesinase (10.6%) and deoxyribonuclease (12.8%) activities. This study showed that dogs in Nigeria are potential reservoirs and disseminators of potentially-virulent, multidrug-, VAN- and high-level aminoglycosides-resistant enterococci.

Topic: Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing
Subfield: Clinical Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
B Lymphocytes: Adding Insult to Injury After Myocardial Infarction

Pathologic remodeling of the heart after myocardial infarction is mediated by B2 lymphocyte secretion of CCL-7, leading to recruitment of a harmful type of monocyte.

Topic: Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Resistance of E. coli strains, recovered from chickens to antibiotics with particular reference to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (septrin).

Thirty-seven strains of E. coli recovered from cases of septicaemia in chicken were tested for sensitivity to 6 antibiotics. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations done on the strains showed resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (septrin) (100%), ampicillin (62.2%), tetracycline (51.4%), kanamycin (13.5%) and gentamicin (2.7%). All were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Conjugation studies showed easy transfer of the resistance factor for septrin to the recipient sensitive strain, K12F-, a 60 megadalton plasmid was transferred in most of the cases (a number of plasmids moved across to K12F- strains). Septrin was chosen as a referral antibiotic because it is used extensively for treating diarrhoeal cases in children in Kenya. The results expressed the possibility of the chicken being the possible source of the septrin resistance gene (plasmid) for humans, and vice versa.

Topic: Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A New Type of Renal Cancer—Tubulocystic Carcinoma of the Kidney

In 2004, A new peculiar subtype of renal cell carcinoma, which later received the name of tubulocystic carcinoma (TCC-RC), was recognized. Though the tumor has distinct macroscopic, microscopic and immunohistochemical features, the tumor was previously considered to have some similarities to various other renal cancers. We did an extensive review of literature using PubMed and CrossRef, which yielded more than 80 cases reported from various parts of the world. We evaluated the epidemiology, tumor presentations, pathological characteristics, treatment, and outcome of TCC-RC.

Topic: Renal cell carcinoma treatment
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Surface Estimation in Ultrasound Images

Surface definition, a process of defining three dimensional surface from volume data, is essential in three dimensional volume data rendering. The traditional method applies a three dimensional gradient operator to the volume data to estimate the strength and orientation of surface present. Applying this method to ultrasound volume data does not produce satisfactory results due to noisy nature of the images and the sensitivity of certain signals to the direction of insonation. A Bayesian approach is proPosed here for surface definition of noisy images in general. We formulate the problem as the estimation of posterior means and standard deviations of Gibbs distributions for surface believability and normal direction. The prior distribution reflects shape properties at multiple scales. The design and implementation of such an approach and its application on ultrasound images are the subject of this paper.

Topic: Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Protective effects of tiotropium alone or combined with budesonide against cadmium inhalation induced acute neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation in rats - Fig 5

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;IL-1β and TNF-α concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in rats pretreated with tiotropium alone (A, C) or in combination with budesonide (B, D).&lt;/b&gt; ELISA was used to analyze the concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α in BALF. For abbreviation meaning, see &lt;a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193610#pone.0193610.g001" target="_blank"&gt;Fig 1&lt;/a&gt; legend. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n≥5/group). * Indicates a significant difference in comparison with Ns group (* P&lt;0.05, ** P&lt;0.01, *** P&lt;0.001).&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Peanut Plant Research Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Aggressively managing type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and bone loss.

Physicians have many options available for treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Making decisions on types of pharmaceuticals to use and when to introduce them into the treatment regimen can be a complex process. In addition, nutrition and exercise must be considered in any comprehensive treatment plan. The author describes the case of an African American woman with uncontrolled T2DM, obesity, hyperlipidemia, low bone mass, menopausal symptoms, stage 3 chronic kidney disease, distal sensory neuropathy, and background retinopathy. An aggressive, comprehensive treatment plan developed for this patient included pharmaceuticals (triple oral therapy: metformin, pioglitazone hydrochloride, and sitagliptin phosphate), nutrition counseling (with a registered, licensed dietician), and exercise. Treatment led to substantial improvements in the patient's daytime glucose level, glycosylated hemoglobin level, and body weight at 3-month follow-up. Further interventions were needed to address the patient's hyperlipidemia and low bone mass. The author offers physician guidelines for making decisions on glycemic control for patients with T2DM and for managing hyperlipidemia. He also strongly recommends incorporating nutrition counseling by registered, licensed dietitians and exercise (preferably of a weight-bearing nature) into treatment plans for patients with T2DM, hyperlipidemia, and low bone mass.

Topic: Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
SIGNIFICANCE OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN ADDRESSING THE IMPACT DUE TO WEED INFESTATION ON MAJOR CROPS IN DISTRICT BAJAUR KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PAKISTAN

The current study investigated the impact of weeds on major seasonal crops in district Bajaur Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The aim was to know the prevailing weed management system and encourage the farmers to integrate cultural practices with chemical control measures. A three stage stratified sampling technique was adopted to collect data from the selected respondents of through a well-designed interview schedule. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v 20) was used to analyze the primary cross-sectional data and the obtained findings were depicted in tables and figures. Descriptive statistics revealed that majority of the respondents i.e. 31.3% were of middle age with 63.9% illiteracy rate and 60.8% reported living in household size of 10 and above family members. Echinocloa crus-galli was the most invasive among Kharif weeds as reported by 26% respondents, while among Rabi weeds, Convolvulus arvensis was the most reported weed as mentioned by 21% respondents. The study established that maize and wheat are the main crops impacted by Kharif and Rabi weeds respectively, where mechanical weeding was the most applied control method adopted by 51.8% respondents, followed by chemical (42.2%) and manual weeding (6%) in the study area. Study observed a significant decrease in crops yield due to various weeds found in farmers’ fields. Effective extension services are needed to encourage farmers integrate cultural practices with chemical control management in order to get better crop yield and avoid environmental and human health hazards.

Topic: Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Termitaria as browsing hotspots for African megaherbivores in miombo woodland

Thirteen termite mounds and 13 similar-sized control plots were surveyed in central Zimbabwe in order to study large mammalian browsing and vegetation characteristics. The mounds supported almost twice as many tree species as the control plots and the woody vegetation was denser on mounds compared with the woodland plots. Species of woody plants were recorded along with the percentage of branches browsed (cumulative browsing score) by black rhino, Diceros bicornis , elephant, Loxodonta africana and other browsers combined. In addition we measured how the cumulative browsing score on three woody plant species, Acacia nilotica , Colophospermum mopane and Dichrostachys cinerea , which were common both on and off mounds, was related to the distance from mound centre. Both black rhino and elephant cumulative browsing scores were significantly higher on the mound plants compared with the woodland plots. Cumulative browsing score was negatively related to distance from the mound centre for Dichrostachys cinerea , Colophospermum mopane and Acacia nilotica . We propose that termite mound construction in miombo woodland contributes to sustaining populations of megaherbivores and perhaps some woody species in these areas.

Topic: Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Adaptive back-stepping tracking control for the robot system with input saturation

This paper investigates the trajectory tracking control for the robot system under the external disturbances and input constraint. Firstly, an anti-saturation tracking controller is designed for the robot system subject to input constraint by using the terminal sliding mode control and auxiliary system. Secondly, the adaptive control is introduced to estimate the external disturbances with the unknown upper bounded. Finally, with the help of the Lyapunov stability theory, it is proved that closed loop system is practical finite-time stable, and the effectiveness of designed control strategy has further been verified by the digital simulation.

Topic: Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Systems
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Three Cases of Tuberculosis in the Neck

We report herein on three cases of tuberculosis in the neck region experienced during a recent 1-year period. Two cases started with lymphadenopathy and the other started with subcutaneous abscess. Examinations and diagnosis for the tuberculosis were delayed for several weeks, because neither respiratory symptoms nor past and family histories for the tuberculosis were seen in any of the cases. In the examinations to make a diagnosis of tuberculosis, QuantiFERON® TB-2G (QFT) was effective in all three cases. After the diagnosis, all cases were treated with combination chemotherapy of four anti-tuberculosis drugs and the clinical symptoms gradually decreased. Bearing tuberculosis in mind is important in patients with extended lymphadenopathy and infectious regions in the neck.

Topic: Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement: Procedural Planning, Utility, and Applicability

Since the first native transcatheter mitral valve implantation in 2012, transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) has expanded its use to degenerated bioprostheses, failed annuloplasty ring repair, and mitral annular calcification. However, high-screen failure rates in trials have persisted due to predicted left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and unfavorable anatomy. Preprocedural planning in this patient population with multidetector computed tomography and transesophageal echocardiography is paramount to intraprocedural success. In patients with favorable left ventricular outflow tract anatomy who are not surgical candidates, the transseptal approach is preferred. In those who are surgical candidates, TMVR can be performed via a transapical or transatrial approach. Currently, a plethora of TMVR devices targeting the native mitral pathologies are undergoing clinical trials. Data have consistently shown the greatest benefit of this procedure in native mitral regurgitation and failed bioprostheses rather than failed annuloplasty rings or mitral annular calcification. With technological advancement and careful patient selection, this therapy will serve as a complement to surgical and TMV repair and will continue to expand to address MV diseases in a broader patient population.

Topic: Cardiac Valve Diseases and Treatments
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
CCDC 2016232: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Planar Defects in Sn-Doped Single-Crystal ZnO Nanobelts

Sn-doped ZnO nanobelts were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. These single-crystalline nanobelts with a wurtzite structure grow along the <011̄0> direction. Transmission electron microscopy shows the existence of planar defects in the middle of each nanobelt, which contains antiphase and inversion boundaries. The appearance of inversion boundaries parallel to the (0001) plane is attributed to the release of structural strains, which result from the introduction of Sn+4 ions. In photoluminescence measurements, a strong ultraviolet peak and a weak visible band were observed at room temperature.

Topic: ZnO doping and properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Bridgehead substitution reactions of 3-methoxy-4-azahomoadamantane via N-acyliminium ions. A novel route to some [3,4]-fused 4-azahomoadamantane heterocycles

Treatment of 3-methoxy-4-methoxycarbonyl-(9) and 4-acetyl-3-methoxy-4-azahomoadamantane (10) with AlCl3 in benzene afforded the corresponding 3-phenyl derivatives (12) and (17) accompanied by considerable amounts of the ring-opened products (13) and (18), respectively. The reaction of compound (9) with phenylethynyltrimethylsilane (2) and AlCl3 gave the 3-phenylethynyl substitution product (19), while the same reaction of (10) gave the 3-phenylacetyl product (21). The cyclization of compound (19) with partially hydrated AlCl3 afforded the oxazinone (23), the oxazolidinone (24), and the hydrochlorinated product (25); the base-catalysed cyclization of (21) gave the 3-pyrrolin-2-one (26). Intramolecular substitution of the 3-methoxy group with the aryl group of the arylureas (28a–c) took place smoothly with AlCl3 to give the corresponding quinazolinones (29a–c) in good yields.

Topic: Quinazolinone synthesis and applications
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
External Bleaching Effect on the Color and Luminosity of Inactive White-Spot Lesions after Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of external bleaching on the color and luminosity of inactive white-spot lesions (WSLs) present after fixed orthodontic appliance treatment as means for achieving color matching of the WSLs with adjacent tooth surfaces. Materials and Methods: Ten patients with inactive WSLs after therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances were selected. At baseline, the lightness of maxillary incisors and canines was assessed with a colorimeter. Color determinations were performed in the area of the initial lesions (F1) and at adjacent, sound enamel areas (F2). Then, anterior teeth were bleached once with a bleaching gel for 60 minutes. After a break of 14 days, in-office bleaching was followed by a 2-week home bleaching period with daily home bleaching for 1 hour. After this, color determinations were repeated. Additionally, patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire to provide information about their degree of contentment with the treatment. Results: The lightness values of both the F1 and F2 regions were significantly higher after bleaching as compared with baseline. F2 L-values increased significantly more as compared with F1, indicating a better color matching of these two areas in comparison with baseline. All patients were satisfied with the outcome of the bleaching therapy. Conclusion: External bleaching is able to satisfactorily camouflage WSLs visible after therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances.

Topic: Dental Erosion and Treatment
Subfield: Orthodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Initial acceptance of novel flavours in diets offered to stabled horses.

Odour and taste are important factors in food selected and consumed by horses. Published trials in stabled horses using fifteen flavours presented at 1% in standard meals of 100 g cereal by-product showed flavour affected diet acceptance, selection and consumption times in an otherwise identical base diet. \n\t\nThe study reported here aimed to investigate the effects of a lower concentration of flavour i.e. 0.5% on initial acceptance in the same base diet. Eight novel flavours were presented to eight Thoroughbred horses (1 mare, 7 geldings) according to a Latin Square design to control for order effects. The flavours were presented at 0.5% in the base diet (i.e. 0.5g by weight in 99.5g) and were fed dry. The meals were presented to the horses in hanging door mangers, with a minimum of 24 hours between trial days. No more than six meals were presented in any 24-hour period and a minimum of one hour was allowed between meals to approximate standard hunger levels. &lt;br/&gt;Quantity consumed, partial rejection, complete rejection and consumption times were recorded. Two flavours, agrimony and horehound were universally accepted and completely consumed by all participants. Although acceptance varied between the remaining flavours none were universally rejected. Burdock was rejected by two horses and orange by one individual. Variation in amount consumed was compared for all eight flavours using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. This showed a significant difference existed between amount consumed (W = 0.456, n = 8, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Mean consumption times were affected by individual variation but were NS for the group overall (p = 0.2). &lt;br/&gt;This trial showed flavour concentrations of 0.5% in a standard base diet significantly affected diet selection and acceptance, but not consumption times. These results may have practical implications in diet formulation for the equine feed industry.

Topic: Meat and Animal Product Quality
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Strategia marketingowa i marketing-mix firmy Vestus

Współczesny rynek odzieżowy jest maksymalnie zapełniony produktami zarówno znanych marek jak i tych mniej wyróżniających się. Wysoka konkurencja i rosnące wymagania sprawiają, że firmy muszą dbać o swój wizerunek oraz walczyć o klientów. Właściwa strategia marketingowa oraz odpowiednie operowanie instrumentami marketingu mix -produktem, ceną, dystrybucją oraz promocją pomagają przedsiębiorstwu w utrzymaniu się na rynku. Praca przedstawia kompleksową analizę strategii marketingowej firmy Vestus oraz przybliżenie problematyki związanej z wykorzystaniem instrumentów-mix w działalności firmy. Składa się z trzech rozdziałów. W pierwszym rozdziale omówione zostały teoretyczne zagadnienia dotyczące marketingu. Przedstawiono w nim definicję, istotę oraz genezę marketingu, zwrócono także uwagę na aspekt zarządzania marketingiem oraz opisano definicję narzędzi marketingowych. Drugi rozdział został poświęcony charakterystyce strategii marketingowej, opisano istotę, rodzaje oraz jej kształtowanie. Na zakończenie rozdziału zostały omówione instrumenty strategiczne. Trzeci rozdział prezentuje historię oraz działalność firmy Vestus. Opisuje jej założenia, a także zwraca uwagę na słabe i mocne strony przedsiębiorstwa. Opisano i dokonano charakterystyki sposobu w jaki firma Vestus wykorzystuję instrumenty marketingu- mix oraz jakie podejmuję działania, aby przebić się na rynku pełnym konkurentów.

Topic: Management and Organizational Practices
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences