jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Proverbs of the Native Americans; A Prize Competition

Once upon time there was the learned European tradition of prize competitions on preannounced topics, designed to promote scholarly research on important but hitherto unresolved questions. Such an area is without doubt the lack of information thus far on the proverbial speech of American Indians and Eskimos. In order to eradicate this unfortunate situation, I would like to propose scholarly competition to investigate whether Native Americans are indeed as lacking in proverbs and proverbial expressions as has been claimed by various collectors and researchers. For this purpose I am making available $250 prize for the best manuscript on this topic submitted to me by end of summer, 1991. This paper will be published in Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship; others might appear there as well or in other American folklore and anthropological journals. It is my sincere hope that this competition will result in better understanding of the proverbial language of Native Americans. By way of an introduction to the problem and for some bibliographical background let me point out that while the national proverb stocks of the various immigrants and the proverbs of the African-Americans go into the thousands in each case, it is mind-boggling fact that the native American Indians appear to have hardly any proverbs at all. Members of the many Indian tribes in Southern, Central and North America (including Canada) and the different Eskimo groups in the polar regions all seem to have but very few proverbs. In fact, it has become commonplace among anthropologists, folklorists and linguists to stress the fact that these natives are unique in the world due to their lack of proverbs. The famous anthropologist and Indian expert Franz Boas declared already in 1917 that there is a great dearth of proverbs, of popular snatches, and of riddles among American aborigines, in contrast to their strong development in Africa and other parts of the Old World (1940:209). The problem is that nobody has really satisfactorily succeeded in explaining why this strange void exists. In fact, it appears to me that it is almost criminal from scholarly point of view how quickly people have accepted the idea that there simply aren't any Indian proverbs without trying to find out the reasons for this apparent lack of verbal traditional wisdom. I an convinced that more proverbs than the few which have been registered thus far could be found, just as riddles have been collected from the Indians even though there had been the claim that they too did not exist among the Native Americans. One of the most convincing explanations for the absence of proverbs among Indians is that the Indian languages appear to be much less metaphorical than other languages. But this too has long been proven to be false assumption (see in particular Keith H. Basso and Elsie C. Parsons). It was

Topic: Language, Metaphor, and Cognition
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Inhibition of Prostate Cancer Metastasis in Vivo: A Comparison of 1,25-

The steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D, also known as calcitriol] is known to inhibit the proliferation and to promote the differentiation of human prostate cancer cells. Additionally, we showed that 1,25(OH)2D markedly inhibits the invasiveness of human prostate cancer cells in vitro (G. G. Schwartz et al., Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 6: 727–732, 1997). These properties support the use of 1,25(OH)2D as differentiation therapy in prostate cancer. However, the use of 1,25(OH)2D in vivo is limited by the risk of hypercalcemia. We therefore compared the effects of 1,25(OH)2D and of EB1089, an analogue of 1,25(OH)2D with reduced calcemic effects, in an in vivo model of androgen-insensitive metastatic prostate cancer, the rat Dunning MAT LyLu prostate cancer model. Tumor growth and metastasis were studied using Copenhagen rats given s.c. injections of MAT LyLu cells. Fifty male rats were divided into five groups of 10 rats each. Four experimental groups received i.p. injections of low and high doses of 1,25(OH)2D and EB1089 (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, low and high, respectively). A control group received injections of vehicle only. Tumor volumes were measured three times per week. Rats were weighed weekly. The number of metastases to the lungs and the extent of hypercalcemia were evaluated. Compared with controls, tumor volumes were significantly smaller in all experimental groups. Similarly, the number of lung metastases (number of foci/lung) was reduced markedly by both 1,25(OH)2D and EB1089. Control rats developed 22.7 (6 1.98 SE) tumor foci per lung. Rats treated with 1,25(OH)2D and with EB1089 (1.0 mg/kg) developed 10.4 (6 2.81) and 7.70 (6 1.29) tumor foci, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.001 and P &amp;lt; 0.0001, respectively; drug versus control). Compared with controls (10.79 6 0.1 mg/dl), serum calcium levels were significantly elevated in both

Topic: Vitamin D Research Studies
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ARBALEST: Dynamic Detection of Data Mapping Issues in Heterogeneous OpenMP Applications

From OpenMP 4.0 onwards, programmers can offload code regions to accelerators by using the target offloading feature. However, incorrect usage of target offloading constructs may incur data mapping issues. A data mapping issue occurs when the host fails to observe updates on the accelerator or vice versa. It may further lead to multiple memory issues such as use of uninitialized memory, use of stale data, and data race. To the best of our knowledge, currently there is no prior work on dynamic detection of data mapping issues in heterogeneous OpenMP applications.In this paper, we identify possible root causes of data mapping issues in OpenMP's standard memory model and the unified memory model. We find that data mapping issues primarily result from incorrect settings of map and nowait clauses in target offloading constructs. Further, the novel unified memory model introduced in OpenMP 5.0 cannot avoid the occurrence of data mapping issues. To mitigate the difficulty of detecting data mapping issues, we propose ARBALEST, an on-the-fly data mapping issue detector for OpenMP applications. For each variable mapped to the accelerator, ARBALEST's detection algorithm leverages a state machine to track the last write's visibility. ARBALEST requires constant storage space for each memory location and takes amortized constant time per memory access. To demonstrate ARBALEST's effectiveness, an experimental comparison with four other dynamic analysis tools (Valgrind, Archer, AddressSanitizer, MemorySanitizer) has been carried out on a number of open-source benchmark suites. The evaluation results show that ARBALEST delivers demonstrably better precision than the other four tools, and its execution time overhead is comparable to that of state-of-the-art dynamic analysis tools.

Topic: Software System Performance and Reliability
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Social and transport exclusion

The presented article focuses on the relationship between social exclusion and the transport geographical characteristics which are considered as instrumental in the development of social exclusion, and also as a negative feature that can even deepen the exclusion. In the first part, the author generally defines and examines the concept of social exclusion as a selectively operating process of differentiation, the way it has been perceived over time and its individual aspects with an emphasis on the spatial dimension. The second part of the article is devoted to the conditional relationship between transportation and social exclusion. Besides the description of this process of exclusion, which is transport related, there is a discussion of the role of transport (in)accessibility and characteristics of personal mobility as a crucial factors which cause or intensify the exclusion. On the other hand it also offers a chance to reintegrate individuals into society.

Topic: Urbanization and City Planning
Subfield: Urban Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
EU Principles on Jurisdiction and Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters: According to the Case Law of the European Court of Justice

The Method of Interpretation Used by The Court of Justice: The Model of Principles.- A Bird's-Eye View Of The System Of Principles.- The First Main Principle: Free Movement of Judgments.- The Second Main Principle: The Protection of The Rights of The Defence.- The Third Main Principle: Legal Certainty.- The Fourth Main Principle: Disputes Should be Decided by an Appropriate Court.

Topic: European and International Law Studies
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Dysregulated S100A9 Expression Impairs Matrix Deposition in Chronic Wounds

Chronic non-healing wounds are characterized by persistent inflammation, excessive matrix-degrading proteolytic activity and compromised extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Previous studies showed that S100A8/A9 are strongly dysregulated in delayed wound healing and impair the proper function of immune cells. Here, we demonstrate an unrecognized pathological function of S100A9 overexpression in wounds with impaired healing that directly affects ECM functions in fibroblasts. S100A9 was analyzed in two different mouse models mimicking the features of the two most prominent types of non-healing wounds in humans. Db/db mice were used as a model for diabetes-associated impaired wound healing. Iron-overloaded mice were used to mimic the conditions of impaired wound healing in chronic venous leg ulcers. The skin wounds of both mouse models are characterized by delayed wound closure, high and sustained expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and a substantially decreased ECM deposition, all together the hallmarks of non-healing wounds in humans. The wounds of both mouse models also present a solid and prolonged expression of S100A8 and S100A9 that coincides with a compromised ECM deposition and that was confirmed in chronic wounds in humans. Mechanistically, we reveal that S100A9 directly affects ECM deposition by shifting the balance of expression of ECM proteins and ECM degrading enzymes in fibroblasts via toll-like-receptor 4-dependent signaling. Consequently, blocking S100A9 during delayed wound healing in db/db mice restores fibroblast ECM functions eliciting increased matrix deposition. Our data indicate that the dysregulation of S100A9 directly contributes to a compromised ECM deposition in chronic wounds and further suggests S100A9 as a promising therapeutic target to improve tissue repair in chronic wounds.

Topic: S100 Proteins and Annexins
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effect of temperatures on electrodeposition of CoWP films

CoWP alloy films were prepared by a typical citrate system electrodeposition on a copper substrate. The paper investigated effects of different temperatures on codeposition mechanism, magnetic property, component and structure of CoWP alloy films during the electrodeposition process. With the increase in temperatures, deposition rate and thickness rose gradually during the electrodeposition process. It was found that higher temperature improved contents of phosphorus and tungsten but reduced amounts of cobalt in the films. Almost all the deposited films were crystalline and formed tetrahedral structures Co 3 W with preferred crystallographic orientation (200) and (201). Films of dissimilar surface morphology could be observed under different temperatures. Lower saturation magnetisation and higher coercivity of CoWP films could be obtained at higher temperatures.

Topic: Electrodeposition and Electroless Coatings
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Aortoiliac and aortoiliofemoral reconstruction.

In general, aortoiliac and aortoiliofemoral reconstruction when properly selected and properly performed is one of the most gratifying peripheral vascular procedures. The mortality is reasonably low in spite of the fact that the patients operated upon have generalized arteriosclerosis, including coronary artery diseases. The precise procedure selected depends upon many factors having to do with the patient's general condition, body habitus, and artery condition. Although thromboendarterectomy always will have a place, it has been superseded largely by bypass grafts because grafting is an easier operation. As yet, however, bypass grafts have not been shown to have a clear-cut superiority in long-term patency.

Topic: Peripheral Artery Disease Management
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Polyether tethered oligonucleotide probes

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolyether tethered oligonucleotide probesSharon T. Cload and Alanna SchepartzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 16, 6324–6326Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00016a089https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00016a089research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views123Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

Topic: DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
LHD PHARD #116349.1

Radial profiles of X-ray spectrum are obtained using an assembly of X-ray pulse height analyzer in LHD. Si(Li) semiconductor detectors are used with a histogramming memory and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) basically working at high counting rate up to 500 kcps.

Topic: RNA modifications and cancer
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
HANDLING THE ATTENTION SPAN OF GRADE 1 STUDENTS AT EQUALBRIGHT SCHOOL

This article focused on the teachers' strategies in getting the grade 1 students' attention span at equalBright School. Since the students could not proceed classroom activities well, thus some strategies will be necessary. The aims of this article were to find out the teachers' strategies in getting students's attention span. This article will use qualitative research design in analyzing the teacher's strategies in getting grade 1 students' attention span at equalBright School. The teacher used four strategy in getting students' attention span, which are giving clear direction and asking student to repeat it, making learning interesting, setting the HOTS (Higher order thinking skills) and varying lesson presentations. In addition, there will be advantages by applying those strategies in the classroom, like helping the students to evaluate information rapidly, making connections between the lesson, fully engaged in the lesson, it is able to make an effective limiting teaching to make it not too long for the students. Keywords: Attention, SPAN, Equalbright School

Topic: Educational Methods and Media Use
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Verbascoside Derivatives and Iridoid Glycosides from<i>Verbascum Undulatum</i>

Abstract On further phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Verbascum undulatum, a new iridoid glycoside, 6-O-[3-O-(trans-feruloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl] aucubin (1) and a new verbascoside derivative, 6-O-acetyl-martynoside (2) were isolated. These structures were determined by spectral methods, mainly by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.

Topic: Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
China's Economic Sanctions against Vietnam, 1975–1978

Abstract This article carries a two-fold argument. First, Beijing's economic sanctions against Vietnam during the period 1975–1978 were mainly motivated by its desire to punish Vietnam for an anti-China policy that smacked of ingratitude for the latter's past assistance, fuelled further by Hanoi's closer relations with Moscow. They were also designed to extract Hanoi's accommodation of China's demand for territorial boundary concessions and to halt the persecution of ethnic Chinese residents in Vietnam. Second, the resultant meltdown of Sino-Vietnamese relations, as well as the making of the Soviet-Vietnamese alliance between 1975 and 1978, was gradual and contentious rather than swift and decisive as most existing studies contend. Hanoi's reluctance to forge a formal military alliance with the faraway Soviet Union against China was largely driven by the importance of China's remaining aid and economic potential to Vietnam's post-war economic reconstruction and the uncertainty of the Soviet commitment to aid Vietnam.

Topic: Vietnamese History and Culture Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Bistability in the synchronization of actuated microfilaments

Cilia and flagella are essential building blocks for biological fluid transport and locomotion at the micrometre scale. They often beat in synchrony and may transition between different synchronization modes in the same cell type. Here, we investigate the behaviour of elastic microfilaments, protruding from a surface and driven at their base by a configuration-dependent torque. We consider full hydrodynamic interactions among and within filaments and no slip at the surface. Isolated filaments exhibit periodic deformations, with increasing waviness and frequency as the magnitude of the driving torque increases. Two nearby but independently driven filaments synchronize their beating in-phase or anti-phase. This synchrony arises autonomously via the interplay between hydrodynamic coupling and filament elasticity. Importantly, in-phase and anti-phase synchronization modes are bistable and coexist for a range of driving torques and separation distances. These findings are consistent with experimental observations of in-phase and anti-phase synchronization in pairs of cilia and flagella and could have important implications on understanding the biophysical mechanisms underlying transitions between multiple synchronization modes.

Topic: Micro and Nano Robotics
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Novel association between superoxide dismutase polymorphism and progression of nocturnal enuresis

Nocturnal enuresis is an uncontrollable urination that only happens at night, after most children have stopped. At least three episodes of bedwetting in a patient who has never remained dry for more than six months are necessary for the diagnosis of primary monosymptomatic enuresis (PMNE). Till now, there is no clear connection between the genetic alteration and PMNE. Therefore, there is a crucial need to continue the investigation for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of PMNE. The oxidative stress has been linked to numerous pathological diseases such as cancer, and neurological disease. The current study aimed to investigate the possible association between superoxide dismutase (SOD 1 and 2) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), level of metalloproteases and the risk of PMNE persisting into adolescence (10–18 years old). Fifty-three patients (10–18 years old) and 47 healthy children (age- and sex-matched) were included in the study. DNA was extracted for the detection of SNP in SOD1 and SOD2 by using allele-specific primers. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), protein carbonyl (PC), SOD, catalase (CAT), and IL-8 were measured in control and patient groups. This study revealed a significant difference between studied groups as regard SOD1 rs17880135 and SOD2 rs4880. There was a significant higher median IL-8 among GT than GG &amp; TT rs17880135 genotype. On the other hand, significant lower median IL-8 was found among CT than CC &amp; TT SOD2 rs4880 genotype. A significantly higher median MDA was found among CT than CC &amp; TT SOD2 rs4880 genotypes. This is the first study to demonstrate that there is an association between the genotype and allele frequencies of SOD1 rs17880135 and SOD2 rs4880 genotypes and the increased risk of nocturnal enuresis. These findings require large scale study among diverse ethnic and race children to better understand the development of the disease and its prevention.

Topic: Urinary Bladder and Prostate Research
Subfield: Urology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On fatigue life predictions for notched members by the nominal stress-based and the local strain-based methods

Traditional engineeringmodels for addressing fatigue issues are based on empirical relations between the necessary number of cycles for fatigue failures $N_f$ and either, the nominal stress $\sigma_{an}$ or the local strain $\epsilon_a$ amplitudes. The aim of the present paper is to highlight the advantages of the local strain-based approach $\epsilon N$ for fatigue assessment of notched components over the more traditional stress-based approach $\sigma N$. Since a closed form solution for the ratio between fatigue life predictions among the two methods does not exist, we have considered a hypothetical case study that included variables such as the applied stress, the stress concentration factor and the structural material, and numerically calculated the expected fatigue life according to each approach. In order to highlight the differences related with the stress-strain analysis, the applied nominal stresses (uniaxial) were limited to the elastic region where both methods use approximately the same fatigue strength curve. Additionally a unique and equal function for accounting for themean stress effects was incorporated in both approaches. Fatigue life predictions are expressed in universal graphs of normalized stress versus the $N_f-ratio$, the latter parameter defined as the quotient between the $N_f$ predictions according to the $\sigma N$ and $\epsilon N$ approaches, considering the average values for a group of sixty structural steels at each load level. The results confirm that fatigue life predictions under the traditional stress based approach are conservative when compared to the strain based approach for all the possible scenarios described by the variables involved.

Topic: Fatigue and fracture mechanics
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences