jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Neutronics investigation of CANada Deuterium Uranium 6 reactor fueled (transuranic–Th) O2 using a computational method

Background: 241Am, 243Am, and 237Np isotopes are among the most radiotoxic components of spent nuclear fuel. Recently, researchers have planned different incineration scenarios for the highly radiotoxic elements of nuclear waste in critical reactors. Computational methods are widely used to predict burnup rates of such nuclear wastes that are used under fuel matrixes in critical reactors. Methods: In this work, the Monte Carlo N-particle transport code was used to calculate the neutronic behavior of a transuranic (TRU)-bearing CANada Deuterium Uranium 6 reactor. Results: The computational data showed that the 1.0% TRU-containing thorium-based fuel matrix presents higher proliferation resistance and TRU depletion rate than the other investigated fuel Matrixes. The fuel matrix includes higher negative temperature reactivity coefficients as well. Conclusion: The investigated thorium-based fuel matrix can be successfully used to decrease the production of highly radiotoxic isotopes.

Topic: Nuclear reactor physics and engineering
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Science and Culture in the Environmental State

The widespread concern about the declining state of our physical environment is often accompanied by frustration about what to do to prevent or even reverse such deterioration. In the past, policy makers, legislators, and the general public have usually turned to scientists and scientific knowledge for answers. But recently, theorists and others have reemphasized the importance of culture in understanding the environment. In this article, this culturalist critique of scientific knowledge is discussed and is then related to the decision by Ontario Hydro to lay up seven of its nuclear reactors. This situation is used to illustrate the continuing relevance of scientific knowledge for addressing environmental concerns.

Topic: Risk Perception and Management
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Towards a Toolkit for Free Living Wearable Development

Real-world Data collection and analysis is a significant pain point in wearable device development, requiring multidisciplinary skills in: embedded systems, application development, data science, and domain expert knowledge. In this work, we first build motivation based on previous experiences in wearable development, then introduce a toolkit for data collection and iterative development to reduce engineering efforts for free living experimentation of wearable devices. This toolkit utilizes Bluetooth Low Energy and an adaptive mobile application to help researchers quickly test new hardware, collect meaningful data, and assist in developing embedded algorithms with minimal intermediary code changes. We demonstrate the utility of our toolkit by collecting data in-the-wild from multiple sensors using a prototype wearable and a ground truth heart rate sensor. In addition, we demonstrate the toolkit's capabilities with a baseline throughput test. Finally, we show how this tool has helped in early development of a new custom device. Our work is released as open source and welcomes contributions in an effort to broaden the tookit's utility for the wearable research community.

Topic: Green IT and Sustainability
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Minimizing the Discrepancy between Simulated and Historical Failures in Turbine Engines: A Simulation-Based Optimization Method

The reliability modeling of a module in a turbine engine requires knowledge of its failure rate, which can be estimated by identifying statistical distributions describing the percentage of failure per component within the turbine module. The correct definition of the failure statistical behavior per component is highly dependent on the engineer skills and may present significant discrepancies with respect to the historical data. There is no formal methodology to approach this problem and a large number of labor hours are spent trying to reduce the discrepancy by manually adjusting the distribution’s parameters. This paper addresses this problem and provides a simulation-based optimization method for the minimization of the discrepancy between the simulated and the historical percentage of failures for turbine engine components. The proposed methodology optimizes the parameter values of the component’s failure statistical distributions within the component’s likelihood confidence bounds. A complete testing of the proposed method is performed on a turbine engine case study. The method can be considered as a decision-making tool for maintenance, repair, and overhaul companies and will potentially reduce the cost of labor associated to finding the appropriate value of the distribution parameters for each component/failure mode in the model and increase the accuracy in the prediction of the mean time to failures (MTTF).

Topic: Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms
Subfield: Computational Theory and Mathematics
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Geopolitics and Security in the Arctic : Regional Dynamics in a Global World, Rolph Tamnes et Kristine Offerdal (dir.), 2016, New York Routledge, 198 p.

Geopolitics and Security in the Arctic : Regional Dynamics in a Global World, Rolph Tamnes et Kristine Offerdal (dir.), 2016, New York Routledge, 198 p.. An article from journal Études internationales (Renouveler la sécuritisation : théorie et pratiques), on Érudit.

Topic: Arctic and Russian Policy Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Question of Partisanship, 1909–22: British Party Politics, the Great War and Ireland

In 1909 the Liberal and Unionist Parties found themselves in the most irreconcilable political disagreement of their modern political history. This was inspired by a mixture of political issues and political tactics; and the Irish Question was soon gathered up into this mixture, so much that it was quite inseparable from it. For there is a tendency to see Ireland as invading British political space yet again, as disrupting the even tenor of British political ways, as introducing into British politics the savage disagreements characteristic of politics in Ireland. Yet Ireland alone could not have provoked this, despite the fact that the political parties found themselves once again left with Home Rule versus Union as an integral part of their political descriptions. In November 1906 Austen Chamberlain declared that 'just now, for an Englishman, at any rate, a speech on Home Rule is like flogging a dead horse'.1 The movement of Ireland to the centre of the political stage involved its recognition by the major parties as a public issue essential to the outcome of their party battle.

Topic: Irish and British Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Assessment of germinability, productivity and cost benefit analysis of Picrorhiza kurrooa cultivated at lower altitudes

Cultivation of Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth, a small creeping, highly medicinal and endangered species of alpine region was observed at comparatively lower altitude than its natural habitat. Germination was observed better inside polyhouse at 15–20°C temperature in sandy soil with litter treatment and high-moisture content. Vegetative propagation was done successfully through stolon segments by using hormonal as well as convenient and simple methods, viz. water-dip treatment and use of high-moisture trenches for rooting in cuttings, which can be easily used for cultivation purpose by local growers. Top segments were found more suitable for multiplication. Yield measured in different landforms, i.e. raised and levelled grounds indicated that the latter was more suitable for better survival, growth and production. Similarly, intercropping with other economically beneficial plants was successfully observed and Foeniculum vulgare and Solanum tuberosum were recommended for intercropping. Forest litter was observed better for higher production by using broad-leaf variety and maximum production was estimated at Pothivasa (1092 kg/ha). For cultivation of P. kurrooa, broad-leaf variety, forest litter treatment, levelled ground and intercropping with plants able to retain moisture in the soil for growing plants, and altitude of 2200 m were endorsed as best for higher production. Cost benefit analysis after third year of cultivation indicated benefits of Rs 87,600/ha based on maximum production. Thus the cultivation of P. kurrooa can provide not only an alternate income-generating resource, but can also provide the opportunity for selfemployment.

Topic: Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Numerical Simulation of Skid Steer Loader Steering Characteristic

In order to analyze the steering dynamic characteristic of the skid steer loader, refer to the theory of tracked vehicle, established the steering Kinematic and dynamic models. use AMESim software platform and Motion software platform to establish a Co-Simulation model of steering system based on theoretical analysis of skid steer loader steering travel. The results show that: the model can predict the dynamic characteristics of the skid steer loader skid steering process.

Topic: Control and Dynamics of Mobile Robots
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Viability of <scp><i>Listeria monocytogenes</i></scp> and <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium after isochoric freezing

Abstract Isochoric freezing, different from isobaric (conventional) freezing, allows for storage below freezing temperatures without significant damage from ice formation. While several types of tissues have been successfully stored in sub‐zero isochoric conditions, it is unknown how isochoric freezing affects pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the survival of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes at below freezing storage (&lt;0°C) in isochoric conditions. Tested conditions included storage at −4, −7, and −15°C for 24 hr and at −15°C for 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hr. A comparison of bacterial survival during isobaric freezing was included with every trial. Additionally, bacterial cells were examined for morphological damage using transmission electron and field‐emission scanning electron microscopes. Isochoric freezing at −15°C for 24 hr reduced both species of bacteria down to unrecoverable levels and maximum efficacy achieved after the 6 hr timepoint for L. monocytogenes and the 12 hr timepoint for S. Typhimurium. When viewed using electron microscopy, S. Typhimurium cells were noticeably disfigured with regions of cytosol separated from the cell wall. The results of this study demonstrate that isochoric freezing is capable of substantial levels of pathogen reduction. Unlike conventional nonthermal interventions, isochoric freezing does not require additional devices such as elevated pressure machines or pulsed electric fields and can be achieved with simple, inexpensive, rigid closed volume containers such as household freezers or commercial cold storage facilities.

Topic: Microbial Inactivation Methods
Subfield: Biotechnology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The “Plus” of the Outer Surface of a Magnetic Layered Double Hydroxide for Arsenic Removal from Water: Synthesis and Adsorption Aspects

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been extensively studied as adsorbents and the outer surface of their layers plays an important role in the global process of adsorption. Arsenic is one of the most important water contaminants, and in addition to its geological occurrence, it is discarded in the nature, for instance, from pesticides and mining. In this work, an LDH magnesium-aluminum intercalated by carbonate ions was prepared on the magnetite core by the co-precipitation method and the equilibrium and thermodynamic aspects were evaluated in the arsenic removal from water. The magnetic core facilitated the adsorbent recovery by the simple application of an external magnetic field, which may be a strategy to enhance its reusability. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and point of zero charge (pHPZC) techniques. The crystalline profile of the LDH phase was kept in the composites formed by a magnetic core. As expected, the characterization analyses evidenced the intercalation of the carbonate ion, and the pHPZC was 8.02, a crucial parameter with regard to the balance of chemical forms of arsenic-containing ions and their dependence on the pH of the reaction medium. The adsorption reaction was endergonic, exothermic and presented negative standard entropy. The Dubinin−Radushkevich isotherm was applied and the adsorption energy (E) was 1.36 kJ mol–1, indicating that the process is ruled by physical forces. Sips and Radke−Prausnitz isotherms were able to fit the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) was 23 mg g–1, which is lower than the expected if the LDH phase had acted in the removal of arsenic ions using its outer surface plus its capacity of ion exchange, and this step was highly influenced by the pH of the arsenic-containing solution. In addition, as the temperature rose, the equilibrium constant decreased whereas the qm increased, indicating that the temperature has favored the arsenic species diffusion inside the pores of the LDH aggregates. The Mag-LDH presented potential to be further studied as an alternative adsorbent for arsenic removal from water.

Topic: Layered Double Hydroxides Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A REASSESSMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

When reviewed some 10 years ago, available prevalence studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) seemed to divide the world into three frequency zones for MS: high prevalence at 30 to 60 per 100,000 population; medium at 5 to 15; and low at less than 5 per 100,000. In the last decade the number of the available studies has more than tripled. Their reassessment, including judgments of comparability, still indicates a high-medium-low division of MS frequency world-wide. The risk areas comprise northern Europe, northern United States, much of southern Canada, New Zealand, and probably southern Australia. Prevalence rates in these regions are mostly 30 to 80 per 100,000 population, centering at about 50. Medium frequency is defined as prevalence of 5 to 25, and is mostly 10 to 15. In Europe, the medium frequency zone bounds that of high frequency to the north, east, and south. The European Mediterranean basin is of medium prevalence with a sharp division from the high zone across France and Switzerland. It is likely that this division continues eastward across Austria, north of Hungary, and across the upper Ukraine to the Caspien Sea, but this is not definite. Medium risk areas of Europe thus include surveyed sites of Spain, Italy, Hungary, Jugoslavia, Bulgaria, and central Ukraine, together with southeastern France and southern Switzerland. Though Romania could be high, it is more likely to be of medium prevalence. Turkey measures low, but from incomplete data. From nationwide prevalence and mortality studies, the west coast of Norway and all Scandinavia above latitude 65 degrees north are of medium frequency. Based on hospital data, northwestern USSR is high, and central and southern USSR medium, in MS risk. Other medium risk areas include southern United States, most of Australia, one ethnic group only in South Africs, and possibly Hawaii. Low risk areas are allsurveyed sites of Asia, the Pacific islands, Africa, Latin America, Alaska, and Greenland.

Topic: Wheat and Barley Genetics and Pathology
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Transformation of Charity (Shadaqah): The Influence of Donations’ Advertisement in Social Media Towards Gen-Z Interest in Online Donation in Indonesia

The development of technology such as social media provides many conveniences that can affect Gen-Z’s humanitarian activities. Many features can be accessed by everyone who has social media, one of which is an online donation. This is intended for the general public to make it easier for them to carry out humanitarian activities in today's digital era. Many advertisements about online donations attract netizens to humanitarian activities when running social media. The purpose of this research is to find out Gen-Z's decision to donate online through the social media that they use for it. The sample used in this study was 100 people with a range of birth years 1995- 2006 (Gen-Z) with a quantitative descriptive research design. This article explains the discussion of what factors make them choose to donate online based on a closed- ended questionnaire. The results of respondents have been calculated using the percentage index with an overall average of 67.02% which is in the “agree” on level category. This shows that the variable perceived security to the level of religiosity on the decision to donate has a positive impact. Thus, it is known that Gen-Z agrees with the shadaqah transformation, namely online donation.

Topic: Islamic Finance and Communication
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Development of a novel anti-tuberculosis nanodelivery formulation using magnesium layered hydroxide as the nanocarrier and pyrazinamide as a model drug

Designing and synthesizing biodegradable drug delivery systems are key research areas in biomedical nanotechnology. Here, we report the development of biodegradable magnesium-layered hydroxide (MgLH) based nanodelivery systems using magnesium oxide (MgO) as the precursor by a precipitation method. The designed nanocarrier does not contain any trivalent metal ions, which are most commonly used for the synthesis of layered double hydroxides (LDHs). The designed delivery system was characterized in detail using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analyses. The anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drug pyrazinamide (PZA) was successfully intercalated into interlayer galleries of MgLH, resulting in the formation of the nanocomposite, PZA-MgLH, having an average size of about 107 ± 24 nm with a uniform circular shape. The in vitro release of PZA in a human body simulated phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution was sustained (i.e., almost 66 h) and followed a pseudo-secondorder kinetic model. Moreover, the designed nanodelivery system was found to be highly biocompatible with human normal lung cells (MRC-5) and with 3T3 fibroblast cells as controls for 24 and 48 h. Lastly, the PZA-MgLH nanocomposite showed good anti-tuberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and both the PZA-MgLH nanocomposite and its released free drug PZA showed antibacterial activity against tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with percentage inhibition ranging from 5.6% to 68% against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa for the PZA free drug, and 32% to 32.5% against E. coli for the PZA-MgLH nanocomposite. In summary, the present results provide significant evidence that the designed nanodelivery system can be used for the delivery of PZA and, thus, should be investigated further for a wide range of anti-TB applications.

Topic: Layered Double Hydroxides Synthesis and Applications
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Development of Modified Biodegradable Polymers for Osmotically Driven Biodegradable Implant Therapeutic System (OBITS) for (PANDA)

The ultimate goal of the proposed project is the development of a novel drug delivery system which is capable of providing long-lasting pain relief utilizing local anesthetics while reducing the debilitating side effects associated with current pain management therapies. In Phase I research the technical and commercial feasibility of developing a controlled release delivery system based on the microporous membranes was demonstrated. Microporous membranes were fabricated from biodegradable polymers using various hydrophilic water soluble agents. It was demonstrated by SEM that upon contact with water the hydrophilic agents leave the polymer forming a microporous membrane. The kinetics of pore formation studies indicated that pores were formed very rapidly in the membranes. The transport studies indicated that pores were formed in the membranes and the transport of the drugs across the membranes is dominantly through the pores formed within the membranes thus eliminating drug/polymer interactions. The long term mechanical testing indicate that the mechanical integrity of the membrane does not deteriorate after prolonged exposure to buffer used to mimic biological system. The desired technical performance of the cast membranes make the technical feasibility of the proposed drug delivery system based on the microporous membranes developed in Phase I of this research extremely promising.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Alacran Francke 1982

Genus Alacran Francke, 1982 Type species.— Alacran tartarus Francke, 1982, by monotypy. Diagnosis. Alacran is the only genus of Typhlochactidae with incremental neobothriotaxy: the patella has 26– 27 trichobothria, including three on the ventral aspect (other genera in the family have two ventral trichobothria) (Prendini et al., in press, Table 3); and the chela has 29 trichobothria, including five on the ventral aspect (other genera have four) (Prendini et al., in press, Table 4). All the trichobothria are the same size; there are no “petite” trichobothria in this genus (Vignoli & Prendini, 2009). The two known species are eyeless troglobites from caves in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Topic: Subterranean biodiversity and taxonomy
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Full Counting Statistics of Superconductor--Normal-Metal Heterostructures

The article develops a powerful theoretical tool to obtain the full counting statistics. By a slight extension of the standard Keldysh method we can access immediately all correlation functions of the current operator. Embedded in a quantum generalization of the circuit theory of electronic transport, we are able to study the full counting statistics of a large class of two-terminal contacts and multi-terminal structures, containing superconductors and normal metals as elements. The practical use of the method is demonstrated in many examples.

Topic: Surface and Thin Film Phenomena
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences