jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Variations of Breast Milk Composition Compared with Substitution Formula in Feeding of Preterm of Mothers With or Without Pathologic Pregnancies

Breast milk is the main source of energy and nutrients for preterm and term newborns. The aim of the study was to determine the biochemical differences between breast milk and substitution formula used in feeding of preterm newborns and differences in composition of breast milk according to mothers demographic and pregnancy parameters. A group of 54 mothers with pathologic pregnancies of preterm gestational age between 27-37 weeks was studied to determine the biochemical composition of breast milk in the first 7 days of lactation and then to compare it with milk formula substitution. Most of them (42%) had a diagnosis of chronic hypertension, followed by chronic renal diseases (29%). Several parameters like gestational age, maternal age, lactation day when sampling milk, type of birth (natural / C-section), origin of mother (rural / urban), gender of the child were analyzed. The biochemical analysis of macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) and energetic value of the collected breast milk was performed by using an indirect method, infrared spectroscopy (mid-infrared transmission spectroscopy) by means of an automatic device. Gestational age, mother�s age and day of lactation (during the first week post-partum) did not produce a statistically significant difference in the composition of breast milk. There were no statistically significant changes with the type of delivery (cesarean versus natural) and gender of the preterm newborn. Higher lipid, carbohydrates and protein concentration was observed in milk substitution formula than in breast milk. Energetic values of analyzed milk substitution formula showed a statistically significant difference (p [0.05) when compared with breast milk.

Topic: Infant Nutrition and Health
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
The Influence of Blood Glucose on the Plasma Concentration of Growth Hormone

A sensitive and specific assay method has been used to demonstrate acute changes in plasma HCH in normal and diabetic subjects. HGH secretion is suppressed by glucose administration and markedly stimulated by hypoglycemia, by a rapid fall in blood glucose without hypoglycemia, and by interference with intracellular glucose utilization. High levels of HGH were also observed during prolonged fasting, after exercise, and four to six hours following oral glucose administration. Abnormalities in HGH secretion were found in association with acromegaly and obesity, and following section of the hypophyseal stalk. The half time for disappearance of endogenous plasma HGH is twenty to thirty minutes.

Topic: Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Further Evidence for the Structure of Bianfugecine

The structure of bianfugecine was unequivocally represented by formula (2) by chemical correlation of bianfugecine (2) with structurally established menisporphine (1).At the present time, five oxoisoaporphine type alkaloids possessing a new 7Hdlbenzo[de, hlquinolin-7-one skeleton have been isolated from Menispermum dauricum DC. (Menispermaceae).2-5Their structural establishment depended mainly on com-

Topic: Traditional and Medicinal Uses of Annonaceae
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Western Diet And Exercise Training Increase Mitochondrial Lipid Respiration In Male But Not Female Mice

High-fat feeding in mice is a common model to investigate mitochondrial lipid metabolism during diet-induced obesity. Our previous work demonstrates 60% high-fat diet stimulates mitochondrial lipid respiration yet such fat content is higher than a typical western diet (~35% fat with higher sugar). Aerobic exercise training also stimulates mitochondrial lipid respiration, but the interaction with western diet is not clear. PURPOSE: We determined mitochondrial oxidative function in response to western diet in the absence and presence of concurrent exercise training. We hypothesized western diet would induce greater mitochondrial lipid respiration that would be further enhanced with exercise training. METHODS: Male and female C57BL/6J mice (n=5-7 per group for each sex) ate either western diet (WD) or low-fat diet (LFD) for 4 weeks, with a group of WD mice randomized to perform concurrent treadmill training (WD+Ex). At week 4, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition and in-vivo substrate oxidation was assessed using metabolic cage indirect calorimetry. Ex-vivo mitochondrial oxidation was measured via high-resolution respirometry using isolated mitochondria from quadriceps muscles collected 36-hours after final exercise session (or rest). Respiration protocols included lipid (octanoyl-carnitine+malate) and non-lipid (glutamate+succinate) substrates. RESULTS: Among sedentary mice, WD had higher body weight and fat mass than LFD (P<0.0001), but only in males. WD had lower in-cage respiratory exchange ratio than LFD (P<0.05) regardless of sex, indicating greater whole-body reliance on lipids. In males, WD+Ex stimulated mitochondrial lipid respiration more so than WD alone (P<0.05). Females had no significant changes in mitochondrial lipid respiration. Non-lipid supported mitochondrial respiration was not significantly altered by WD or WD+Ex regardless of sex. CONCLUSION: In agreement with our hypothesis, WD stimulated lipid-specific mitochondrial respiration that further increased with Ex, but only in male mice. There were apparent sex differences such that females were protected against WD-induced weight gain alongside limited changes in mitochondrial lipid respiration.

Topic: Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Extensional reactivation of a deep transpressional architecture: Insights from sandbox analogue modeling applied to the Val d’Agri basin (Southern Apennines, Italy)

The structural framework of the Val d’Agri region results from the superposition of different deformation events over time. In this area, the largest European onshore oil field was discovered in the 1980s, and since then, much geologic and geophysical data have been collected. However, the structural complexity and the poor quality of subsurface data have prevented a full understanding of fault evolution and kinematics so far. In this study, scaled sandbox analogue models have been used to better understand the role of syn-rift inheritance in the present-day structural architecture and to test different possible mechanisms of interaction between inherited transpressional structures at depth and newly formed extensional fault systems at shallow levels during regional quaternary extensional tectonics. Analogue models included two consecutive sinistral transpressional phases deforming the basement and the overlying Apulian Platform carbonates, affected by preexisting northeast–southwest-oriented extensional fault zones. The third phase of the experiments consisted of extensional reactivation of the previously formed transpressional structures. Different kinematic solutions were used to investigate the causal relationships between deep and shallow deformation structures. The very good similarity between the experimental results and the natural prototype strongly supports the presence at depth of a main northeast–southwest-oriented syn-rift extensional fault zone, which was affected by positive inversion during the transpressional deformation of the Apulian Platform below the Val d’Agri area. Comparison of experimental results with fault patterns interpreted on available seismic lines indicates that, despite that no direct connection from deep to shallow faults has been recognized, some structural control of the fault pattern at depth on the evolution of the Val d’Agri quaternary extensional fault systems at shallow depth is possible. Extensional deformations at depth can be accommodated by newly formed faults or by the extensional reactivation of inherited high-angle transpressional fault zones.

Topic: earthquake and tectonic studies
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Emerging contaminant exposure to aquatic systems in the Southern African Development Community

Abstract The growing production and use of chemicals and the resultant increase in environmental exposure is of particular concern in developing countries where there is rapid industrialization and population growth but limited information on the occurrence of emerging contaminants. Advances in analytical techniques now allow for the monitoring of emerging contaminants at very low concentrations with the potential to cause harmful ecotoxicological effects. Therefore, we provide the first critical assessment of the current state of knowledge about chemical exposure in waters of the Southern African Developmental Community (SADC). We achieved this through a comprehensive literature review and the creation of a database of chemical monitoring data. Of the 59 articles reviewed, most (n = 36; 61.0%) were from South Africa, and the rest were from Botswana (n = 6; 10.2%), Zimbabwe (n = 6; 10.2%), Malawi (n = 3; 5.1%), Mozambique (n = 3; 5.1%), Zambia (n = 2; 3.4%), Angola (n = 1; 1.7%), Madagascar (n = 1; 1.7%), and Tanzania (n = 1; 1.7%). No publications were found from the remaining seven SADC countries. Emerging contaminants have only been studied in South Africa and Botswana. The antiretroviral drug ritonavir (64.52 µg/L) was detected at the highest average concentration, and ibuprofen (17 times) was detected most frequently. Despite being the primary water source in the region, groundwater was understudied (only 13 studies). High emerging contaminant concentrations in surface waters indicate the presence of secondary sources of pollution such as sewage leakage. We identify research gaps and propose actions to assess and reduce chemical pollution to enable the SADC to address the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 3.9, to reduce the deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and contamination. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:382–395. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Topic: Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Subfield: Pollution
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Initial Crystallization Stage in an SWCNT-Polyetherimide Nanocomposite

Crystallization of all-aromatic heterocyclic polymers typically results in an improvement of their thermo-mechanical properties. Nucleation agents may be used to promote crystallization, and it is well known that the incorporation of nanoparticles, and in particular carbon-based nanofillers, may induce or accelerate crystallization through nucleation. The present study addresses the structural properties of polyetherimide-based nanocomposites and the initial stages of polyetherimide crystallization as a result of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) incorporation. We selected two amorphous thermoplastic polyetherimides ODPA-P3 and aBPDA-P3 based on 3,3′,4,4′-oxydiphthalic dianhydride (ODPA), 2,3′,3,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (aBPDA) and diamine 1,4-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenoxy]benzene (P3) and simulated the onset of crystallization in the presence of SWCNTs using atomistic molecular dynamics. For ODPA-P3, we found that the planar phthalimide and phenylene moieties show pronounced ordering near the CNT (carbon nanotube) surface, which can be regarded as the initial stage of crystallization. We will discuss two possible mechanisms for ODPA-P3 crystallization in the presence of SWCNTs: the spatial confinement caused by the CNTs and π–π interactions at the CNT-polymer matrix interface. Based on our simulation results, we propose that ODPA-P3 crystallization is most likely initiated by favorable π–π interactions between the carbon nanofiller surface and the planar ODPA-P3 phthalimide and phenylene moieties.

Topic: Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Study of testing and maintenance strategies for redundant final elements in SIS with imperfect detection of degraded state

Safety-instrumented systems (SISs) have been widely installed to lower risks of equipment/ process by performing the designed safety functions in cases of demands. Final elements remain dormant mostly in a low demand mode but become vulnerable due to degradation along with time. Tests and maintenances are key activities to prevent the SIS from any failures, including those thank to degradation, to activate upon demands. This paper models the degradation of SIS final elements by considering an intermediate degraded state between the working- and failed states. Sometimes, the actual system states are not distinguished perfectly during proof tests. Such imperfectness in state revealing, consequently, weakens the real performance of follow-up maintenances. The effects of imperfect degradation state revealing are quantified, together with three testing and maintenance strategies for 1-out-of-2 configured SISs. Time-dependent PFD of the system and cumulative life-cycle cost are then estimated in a finite service time. Numerical examples under proposed strategies are presented to provide clues in selection of optimal testing and maintenance strategies for 1oo2 final element in SISs.

Topic: Reliability and Maintenance Optimization
Subfield: Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Attitudes toward the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: Results from the Saudi Residents’ Intention to Get Vaccinated against COVID-19 (SRIGVAC) Study

Vaccine uptake could influence vaccination efforts to control the widespread COVID-19 pandemic; however, little is known about vaccine acceptance in Saudi Arabia. The present study aimed to assess the Saudi public’s intent to get vaccinated against COVID-19 and explore the associated demographic determinants of their intentions as well as the reasons for vaccine hesitancy. A cross-sectional, web-based survey was distributed to public individuals in Saudi Arabia between 25 December 2020 and 15 February 2021. Participants were asked if they were willing to get vaccinated, and the responses, along with demographic data were entered into a multinomial logistic regression model to assess the relative risk ratio (RRR) for responding “no” or “unsure” versus “yes”. Among 3048 participants (60.1% female, 89.5% Saudi), 52.9% intend to get vaccinated, 26.8% were unsure, and 20.3% refused vaccination. Vaccine hesitancy was significantly higher among females (RRR = 2.70, p &lt; 0.0001) and those who had not been recently vaccinated for influenza (RRR = 2.63, p &lt; 0.0001). The likelihood was lower among Saudis (RRR = 0.49, p &lt; 0.0001), those with less than a secondary education (RRR = 0.16, p &lt; 0.0001), perceived risks of COVID-19, and residents of the southern region (RRR = 0.46, p &lt; 0.0001). The most often cited reasons for hesitancy were short clinical testing periods and concerns about adverse events or effectiveness. Vaccine hesitancy is mediated by many demographic factors and personal beliefs. To address vaccine-related concerns and amend deeply rooted health beliefs, communication should provide transparent information.

Topic: Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
Subfield: Health
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Heavy particles in experimental medicine and therapy

Early studies in Berkeley, Calif, in 1935 showed that heavy particles (neutrons produced in one of the early cyclotrons) producing relatively dense tissue ionization (Fig 1) had a greater biological effect per unit dose on normal and neoplastic tissue than x-rays or gamma rays. This work led to the early trial of neutrons in the treatment of cancer; but because these low-energy heavy particles had disadvantages of great scatter, poor penetration, and poor localization, the results were disappointing. However, new accelerators were soon developed which were capable of providing heavier, charged particles with greater energies, and during the past 11 years these particles have been successfully used in the treatment of neoplastic, metabolic, and neurological diseases. <h3>Therapeutically Advantageous Characteristics</h3> High-energy, heavy, charged particles differ from x-rays and gamma rays with respect to interaction with tissue in two important ways. First, unlike electromagnetic radiations, they have little scatter and have a

Topic: Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On the Representation of Temporally Changing Information in OWL

An important challenge in the Knowledge Representation area is on representing and reasoning over temporally changing information. Particularly, a number of authors have been investigating approaches to extend the expressivity beyond what is currently supported by the DL (Description Logics) based languages in order to address this issue, while maintaining compatibility with subclasses of DLs adopted in the Semantic Web. This is mainly due to the increasing popularity of the Semantic Web initiative as well as the role played by DL in that context. In this paper we defend the need of a higher-level foundational framework based on results coming from the discipline of Formal Ontology. We present two complementary proposals for modeling temporally changing information in OWL, based on the most discussed strategy in the literature to address this problem, namely, the use of a perdurantist (or 4D) view of domain entities. Moreover we compare the results with some related work and discuss its limitations and further improvements.

Topic: Semantic Web and Ontologies
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A Digital Planimeter for Industrial Applications

A system suitable for industrial applications is proposed for the measurement of the area of irregular shapes by scanning the moving object by a photocell-array resulting in a train of pulses each representing 1 cm2, which are totaled and displayed. The measured accuracy of the system is demonstrated to be better than 0.5 percent, typically 0.2 percent, and this is shown to be in good agreement with theoretical analysis of the error.

Topic: Optical measurement and interference techniques
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Simple sequence repeat genotyping of <i>Colletotrichum</i> species associated with soybean anthracnose in Uttarakhand and other states of India

Abstract Anthracnose is one of the most devastating diseases affecting soybean ( Glycine max L. Merril) in India and is incited by the Colletotrichum truncatum species complex. In this study, 33 isolates of Colletotrichum spp. isolates were collected from major soybean‐growing states of India. The cultural, morphological and molecular characteristics (Internal Transcribed Spacer rDNA region) of all isolates were demonstrated. Twelve simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were selected to amplify the genomic DNA of all isolates, to assess the genetic diversity. On the basis of morpho‐cultural and molecular characterization of three different Colletotrichum species, C. truncatum , C. cliviicola and C. cholorophyti were identified. Representative Colletotrichum isolates (Ct‐Pant, Ct‐Gur and Ct‐Gag) from each species group were found pathogenic to susceptible soybean variety (PS 1092) and fulfilled Koch's postulates. The SSR genotyping of 33 isolates revealed that all examined SSR markers exhibited a high degree of polymorphism, as indicated by the mean values of 0.51 for polymorphic information content, 1.97 for marker index and 1.99 for resolving power. For each primer, the average number of alleles per locus was 3.58. The results of Jaccard similarity coefficient‐based UPGMA (Un‐weighted Pair‐Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed that isolates of the same species were clustered together, but no clear‐cut grouping was obtained on the basis of geographical distribution. Thus, it can be inferred from the study that C. truncatum accessions obtained from various geographical locations of India exhibit substantial genetic variation and a significant level of relatedness.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Mining scientific advice reports on cell-based products; insight in the non-clinical development program.

Aims The field of cell-based therapies for human diseases is currently evolving from promising treatment options to established therapeutic concepts. The design of the non-clinical development program for cell-based products, intended to provide a rationale for treatment and to gain insight into the safety profile, is challenging because of limitations caused by species-specificity. The elements of the non-clinical package for cell-based products were evaluated using advice reports from the European Medicines Agency database from 2013-2018 to identify the approach followed for non-clinical development of these products. Methods The purpose of the in vivo studies was designated to be (a combination of) pharmacology/proof-of-concept, safety, biodistribution and/or tumourigenicity. For biodistribution and tumourigenicity also the need for, type and design of in vitro and in vivo studies were recorded. Results In vivo studies for cell-based therapies were primarily aimed at proof-of-concept (75/86), followed by addressing safety (64/86), biodistribution (49/86) or tumourigenicity (46/86). No animal studies were performed or proposed by sponsors or regulators for six (out of 86) products, which contained cell types that have been studied in humans for a relatively long time. For one-third of the products in vivo biodistribution and/or tumourigenicity studies were not considered necessary. In vivo tumourigenicity studies were regarded of limited value. Conclusions Compared to more conventional medicinal products, the non-clinical development program for cell-based products was more tailored and focussing on proof-of-concept. For tumourigenicity an in vitro approach may suffice. Total omission of in vivo studies appears to be possible for products with sufficient clinical experience.

Topic: Biomedical Ethics and Regulation
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Chemical composition and biological evaluation of propolis from north Aegean Greek islands

Propolis is a resinous material that bees collect from plants and it is characterized by a wide range of biological activities, depending on its chemical composition, which in turn depends on geographical diversity [1]. Greek propolis shares different characteristics than the typical European one [1] and in this study, thirteen samples from the NE Aegean islands: Lemnos, Lesvos, Chios, Psara, Oinousses, Samos, Ikaria and Fourni, were phytochemically analyzed for the first time. N Aegean islands characterized by a unique ecosystem with high plant diversification responses and endemism, as this area is standing as a bridge of Europe, Asia and Africa. All samples were analyzed (GC-MS, NMR) revealing a significant percentage of diterpenes (dehydroabietic acid, pimaric acid, abietic acid, totarol, sempervirol) in all samples, while flavonoids and chalcones were detected in low% in samples from Lesvos and Lemnos. The chemical analysis showed that N Aegean Islands’ propolis belongs to the Mediterranean type, highly influenced by Conifer trees resin, due to the local flora.

Topic: Bee Products Chemical Analysis
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences