jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
On the Development of Safety Requirements Based on Functional Analysis of LRT Stations in Concept Development Stage

철도와 같은 안전중시 시스템에 대해 체계적인 안전관리의 필요성이 점차 커지고 있어 IEC 61508, 62278, ISO 26262 등의 안전과 관련된 표준들이 제정되었고, 관련연구가 수행되고 있다. 그중 안전 프로세스의 중요한 활동인 위험원 분석에 대하여 다양한 연구가 수행되어 왔으나, 시스템설계 프로세스와의 구체적인 연계성이 부족하였다. 또한 기존의 위험원 분석방법은 시스템 설계가 상당 수준 진행된 하드웨어 및 소프트웨어 구성품 정보에 의존하기 때문에, 설계 변경에 많은 비용과 일정이 소요된다. 이러한 문제들을 해결하기 위해서 본 논문에서는 시스템 설계초기인 개념설계 단계에서 수행한 기능분석 결과를 안전 프로세스에서 직접적으로 활용하여 위험원을 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 위험을 줄이기 위해 필요한 안전요구사항을 생성하는 방법에 대하여 연구를 수행하였다. 설계 초기에 위험원 분석 및 안전요구사항의 도출을 수행함으로써, 향후 요구사항 변경 등 여러 요인으로 시스템 설계 및 안전 설계의 변경 시에 이를 반영하는데 있어서 시간 및 비용 관점에서 상대적으로 효율적인 접근 방법이 된다. 한편, 사례연구로서 본 논문에서 제시한 방법을 경전철 역사의 안전성을 확보하기 위한 요구사항의 도출에 적용하는 연구를 수행하였다. For safety-critical systems including railways, there has been a growing need for effective and systematic safety management processes. The outcomes of efforts in this area are international safety standards, such as IEC 61508, 62278, and ISO 26262. One of the principal activities in the safety process is hazard analysis. For this reason, considerable efforts have been directed toward methods of hazard analysis. On the other hand, the hazard analysis methods reported thus far appear to be unclear in terms of their relationship with the system design process. In addition, in some cases, the methods appear to rely heavily on information regarding the hardware and software components, the number of which is increasing. These aspects can become troublesome when design changes are necessary. To improve the situation, in this paper, hazard analysis was carried out using the result of functional analysis early in the concept development stage for a safety-critical system design. Because hazard analysis is carried out at the system level and the result is then used to develop the safety requirements, improvements can be expected in terms of the development time and cost when design changes are required due to changes in the requirements. As a case study, the generation of safety requirements for the development of light rail transit stations is presented.

Topic: Risk and Safety Analysis
Subfield: Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Bayesian Approach for Characterizing and Mitigating Gate and Measurement Errors

Various noise models have been developed in quantum computing study to describe the propagation and effect of the noise that is caused by imperfect implementation of hardware. Identifying parameters such as gate and readout error rates is critical to these models. We use a Bayesian inference approach to identify posterior distributions of these parameters such that they can be characterized more elaborately. By characterizing the device errors in this way, we can further improve the accuracy of quantum error mitigation. Experiments conducted on IBM’s quantum computing devices suggest that our approach provides better error mitigation performance than existing techniques used by the vendor. Also, our approach outperforms the standard Bayesian inference method in some scenarios.

Topic: Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Unstated Climax of Catullus 64

Definition of the class of poem which modern scholarship has agreed to describe by the convenient, if unauthorized, title of epyllion has never proved altogether successful. The claim has commonly been made that Catullus' sixty-fourth poem may be accepted as the type and that all or most of the features revealed in it may be assumed to exist more or less completely realized in earlier examples from the Alexandrian period: in particular, that the epyllion always possesses a secondary story enclosed within the primary one.

Topic: Classical Antiquity Studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A Comparative Analysis on Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Isolates Using Conventional and Automated Techniques

Candida species are the most common fungal pathogen isolated from clinical samples. Of late, improper use of antifungal drugs in critically ill patients has favoured antifungal drug resistance amongst Candida. To isolate and identify Candida species from hospitalized patients and determine their antifungal susceptibility profile by conventional (Epsilometer i.e., E-test) and automated (VITEK-2) methods. This cross sectional study was carried out from December 2012 to June 2014 from hospitalized patients at a tertiary care centre, in which 50 non-repetitive clinical isolates of Candida were analysed. The identification was carried by conventional methods as per standard laboratory protocols and by VITEK-2 Compact (Biomerieux, France). The antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) of these isolates was carried out by E-test and VITEK-2 Compact (YST cards- AST YS01). Out of 50 isolates, 36 (72%) were non-albicans Candida and 14 (28%) were C.albicans. AFST by VITEK-2 showed that only 2 isolates (4%) were resistant to fluconazole and E-test showed that 24 isolates (48%) were resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole but all were sensitive to amphotericin B. There was substantial agreement of 80% (95% CI of 69 – 91%) for identification and less than chance agreement for AFST between VITEK-2 and E-test. We conclude that E-test can be a simple and convenient method for AFST when compared to VITEK-2. We cannot rely only on VITEK-2 for AFST. Identification and AFST of Candida isolates must be carried out for optimum patient care.

Topic: Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Heat Transfer and Bubble Movement of Double- and Single-Side Heating Subcooled Flow Boiling in Narrow Channels

Compared with conventional channels, narrow and micro channels have significant heat transfer enhancement characteristic. With smooth internal surface, such channels can efficiently avoid encrustation at the washing of the high-speed liquid. Moreover, heat transfer elements can be easily assembled. These types of channels have been adopted extensively in many engineering applications, e.g. microelectronic cooling, advanced nuclear reactor, cryogenic, aviation and space technology and thermal engineering. Geometrical size of flow passage-away affects heat exchange of flow boiling, with the result that the bubble in narrow channel acts very different from those in non-narrow channel. This paper experimentally compared the bubble behavior with different heating methods of narrow rectangular channels, and the bubble behavior of subcooled flow boiling of R-12 in the narrow channels both with double side and single heating. Experimental settings are: the heating length of test-section is 400 mm, the cross-section is 35 mm in width and 2mm in gap size, mass flux is 700∼1500 kg.m−2.s−1, the heat flux is 25∼70kW.m−2 and the pressure is 1.3∼2.0 MPa. Comparisons were made on Onset of Nucleate Boiling (ONB) point and bubble characters with various flow patterns. Results revealed that the characteristics of double and single side heating shown good agreement with proper modifications.

Topic: Heat Transfer and Boiling Studies
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Writing Self and Writing Lives: Shen Shanbao's (1808-1862) Gendered Auto/Biographical Practices

Abstract This study examines the dual strategies of auto/biographical production in the immensely rich corpus of writings by the nineteenth-century woman literata Shen Shanbao recently rediscovered by the author in rare book collections in China. The focus of the analysis is on the conditions of production of self-writing, including the processes of textual organization, genre manipulation, and self-editing. The study demonstrates an exemplary instance of gendered intervention in late imperial China that attempts to change the terms of writing practices and generic conventions to accommodate the desire to write the gendered self and gendered subjects into history.

Topic: Autobiographical and Biographical Writing
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Transgenic Animal Models for Virus‐Induced Autoimmune Diseases

In the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, tolerance against self‐determinants is lost and autoreactive lymphocytes are activated leading to pathological damage of single or multiple organs. Viral and other microbial infections have been implicated in these processes. Viruses may induce immunopathological damage by maintaining a chronic immune response against the locally persisting infectious agent. Alternatively, viruses may help to initiate anti‐self immunoreactivity, e.g. by induction of an inflammatory milieu needed to overcome tolerance against self‐antigens. Presentation of viral antigens and/or previously immunologically ignored self‐antigens in secondary lymphoid organs is most probably the key event in the initiation of autoimmune diseases. Translocation of antigens to secondary lymphoid organs and primary induction of T cell responses is primarily mediated by dendritic cells (DCs). We discuss here two transgenic models of autoimmune diseases where DC‐mediated antigen transport initiated autoimmune responses against microbial neoself antigens. In the first model, dose and timing of antigen delivery by DCs and turnover of antigenic peptides presented by DCs are the main parameters regulating the outcome of autoimmune diabetes. In the second model, chronic stimulation of organ‐specific immune responses via DCs leads to severe cardiovascular immunopathology with arteritis, myocarditis and eventually dilated cardiomyopathy. Taken together, transgenic mouse models are valuable tools for delineating basic pathogenic mechanisms and evaluating therapeutic strategies to interfere with early detrimental processes that lead to manifest autoimmune diseases.

Topic: Diabetes and associated disorders
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Primary antibody response to a distantly related heterologous antigen during maximum depression period after varying doses of x radiation.

Summary 1.Antigen administration by the intraperitoneal route stimulated greater antibody response than by the intravenous route in normal, adult mice. 2.The 30-day LD 50 dose for (C3H × 101)F 1 mice was 756.3 r (95% confidence limits of 728.1 and 786.5 r). 3.Antibody response for sheep red blood cells during the maximum depression period after varying doses of X radiation to the total body was measured in terms of a) inducation period, b) rate of antibody appearance in the circulation, c) mean peak titer and d) mean total titer. No quantitative relation between radiation dose and antibody response was apparent when mean peak titer was used as an index of antibody response. A curvilinear relation for the radiation dose and antibody response was obtained in terms of induction period, rate of antibody appearance, and mean total titer. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Topic: Effects of Radiation Exposure
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Medicine over there

Can any good thing come out of Indochina except half a million Americans on their way home? Ironically, yes: advances in medical knowledge and, for those physicians who have spent time there, a world of experience they could never have gained at home. This paradox is brought out in two fine new books<sup>1,2</sup>by physicians who are Vietnam veterans. But though Dr. Bourne and Dr. Eccles Smith both write as medical specialists— Bourne as a psychiatrist with a team studying stress from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Eccles Smith the surgeon in charge of a civilian hospital in a battered coastal province—the scope of their reporting goes beyond the clinical. Their stories will give scant comfort to those who believe that the "battle for the hearts and minds" of the Vietnamese is being won by the government of the South and its allies, and that without peace

Topic: Health and Conflict Studies
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
The relationship between parent temporary migration and childhood survival in households left behind in the South African rural sub-district of Agincourt

This report examines the influence of parent’s migration status on childhood&#13;\nmortality in sending households in the South African rural sub-district of&#13;\nAgincourt. A survival analysis of a cohort of children born in Agincourt&#13;\nbetween 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2003 was conducted using the&#13;\nCox proportional hazards model to estimate the influence of parent’s&#13;\nmigration status on under-5 year mortality. Starting with a baseline census in&#13;\n1992, the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System (AHDSS)&#13;\ndata are collected and updated every 12 months wherein fieldworkers visit&#13;\neach household at the site to record the vital events, including births, deaths,&#13;\nand migrations that occurred since the previous census. Results of the&#13;\nsurvival analysis show that children born in households where the father was&#13;\na temporary migrant while the mother remained at the rural household had a&#13;\n35% lower risk of death compared to children in households where both&#13;\nparents were non-migrant (RR=0.647, 95% CI 0.439-0.954). The results also&#13;\nreveal that, controlling for parent migration status, children in single-parent&#13;\n(mother only) households had about 28% higher death hazard than children in&#13;\ntwo-parent households (RR=1.284, 95% CI 0.936-1.673). The findings&#13;\nsuggest that temporary labour migration could be a means to improving&#13;\nhousehold incomes and quality of life for children, particularly where the father&#13;\nis a temporary migrant while the mother remains behind taking care of the&#13;\nchildren. At the same time, children whose fathers are not indicated appear to&#13;\nbe worse off whether their parents are temporary migrants or not.

Topic: Migration and Labor Dynamics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The Future of Transplant Biology and Surgery

Although organ transplantation remains the mainstay of treatment for patients with severely compromised organ function, with the growing number of patients in need of treatment and the lack of organ supply, medical scientists have begun seeking out alternatives. In the last two decades, researchers have attempted to grow native and stem cells, engineer tissues, and design treatment modalities using regenerative medicine techniques for almost every tissue of the human body. This chapter discusses the basics of tissue engineering, including cell isolation and biomaterial selection. It then outlines specific advances and potential surgical uses. This review contains 9 figures, 2 tables, and 135 references.

Topic: Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Occurrence Download

A dataset listing the 1799 species recorded in GBIF matching the query: { "and" : [ "GadmGid is SWE", "TaxonKey is Bryophyta" ] } The dataset's 1799 records were derived from 88 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0134349-220831081235567/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.

Topic: Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Adaptive MIMO Systems in 2 x 2 Uncorrelated Rayleigh Fading Channel

In this paper, we compare linear receivers for DFT-spread MIMO-OFDM Systems. It is proven mathematically and illustrated by numerical simulations that the advanced DFT RAKE receiver with linear multiuser detection is equivalent to the popular frequency-domain equalization (FDE) with IDFT despreading. This result holds also for multi-antenna systems. As a consequence, broadband wireless transmission chains with high diversity can be implemented with low complexity at the receiving end. The benefit of using the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) criterion in the FDE is also illustrated.

Topic: Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplementary Figure S5 from &lt;i&gt;(R)&lt;/i&gt;-2-Hydroxyglutarate Inhibits KDM5 Histone Lysine Demethylases to Drive Transformation in &lt;i&gt;IDH&lt;/i&gt;-Mutant Cancers

&lt;p&gt;Characterization of KDM5A mutants.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The river project: A poetics of eco-critical film-making

There is a body of film that falls under the categories of eco-cinema, environmental cinema and landscape cinema. These films take the natural environment, place or landscape as their subject matter. As we try to make meaning of the connections of our lives and world through film, Rust and Monani (2013) note that, 'cinema is a form of negotiation, a mediation that is itself ecologically placed as it consumes the entangled world around it, and in turn, is itself consumed.' This influence is evident in complex, poetic ways, and appears to revolve around the manner in which the films listen to the landscape, rather than seeking to impose themselves upon it - exhibiting a certain kind of humility. As a child I was attracted to flowing water. In my early teens I experienced the fear and awe of canoeing down Australia's wild Snowy River. As an adult I find myself drawn to cross, swim, walk along, look into and film rivers. Not to narrate, or even describe the river, but to use film to find a nonfiction form that acknowledges the river, writes the river. I'm making a series of films around the Snowy River that investigates the poetics of rivers. The first in that series, A View from the Bank, is a 40-minute experimental, structuralist film that documents parts of the Snowy from its source to its mouth. I will examine how this film does not seek to interpret the world as much as listen and bear witness to it. This is realised aesthetically by its use of stillness, long takes and unadulterated audio which has created a form that appears and is experienced as a counter to the deliberate rhetoric common to much documentary. I will show how my methods of production were guided by the river and the landscape around it. Further, in the Anthropocene, how can this film be an agent for environmental awareness without resorting to dogmatic imposition?

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
LHD Halpha #185007.1

Toroidal visible array to measure toroidal distribution of H-alpha and He-I, ratio of helium to hydrogen: H/(H+He) or D/(D+He), and particle recycling and edge tau_p. H-alpha and He-I line emissions are detected by photomultipliers passing through an interference filter. H/D influx ratio can be also minitored by resolving H-alpha and D-alpha line profiles.

Topic: Food Drying and Modeling
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
innovar?? FIRST EXPERIENCES WITH A NEW INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETIC IN A TEACHING HOSPITAL

CARIGNAN, GASTON M.D.; KEÉRI-SZÁNTÓ, M. M.D.; LAVALLÉE, J. P. M.D.; LEPAGE, C. M.D. Author Information

Topic: Airway Management and Intubation Techniques
Subfield: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the most common malignancy arising from plasma cells, fully differentiated B lymphocytes that produce the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy- and light-chain molecules comprising antibodies. MM is characterized by an overproduction of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow and, in most cases, monoclonal secretion of IgG, IgA, or light-chain Ig. Symptoms of end organ damage (hypercalcemia [C], renal failure [R], anemia [A], or bone lesions [B]), herein referred to as CRAB features, were traditionally a necessary criterion for diagnosing MM; however, improvements in treatment and diagnostic techniques have led to updated diagnostic criteria, enabling intervention among patients before the onset of organ damage. Multiple myeloma is an important cause of lymphoid malignancy (LM) mortality in Western populations. In the United States in 2015, MM was estimated to account for approximately one in every five newly diagnosed LMs, and one in every three LM-related deaths.

Topic: Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Cross-immunity among Syngeneic Tumors of Mice

Cross-immunity among mammary carcinomas of C3H/He mice and that between mammary carcinoma and methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcoma of C3H/He mice were observed. The degree of immunity in cases of spontaneous regression of the immunizing tumor was more marked than that in cases of ligation-and-release or of surgical excision of the immunizing tumor. Although antigenicity peculiar to the animal in which the tumor originated, in addition to common antigens, had been shown in allogeneic tumors, such antigenicity could not be demonstrated in syngeneic tumors. Autologous transplantation of mammary carcinomas of C3H/He mice was inhibited effectively by immunization with syngeneic MCA-induced sarcoma. The degree of inhibition was more marked in cases of spontaneous regression of the immunizing tumor than in cases of ligation-and-release or of surgical excision of the immunizing tumor.

Topic: Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Translation of the Quran from Arabic to Japanese

The Quran is one of the most influential texts in the world, being the ultimate religious authority for the Muslim community, which is estimated at 1.5 billion people worldwide. This paper provides a closer look at the Japanese translations of this important text, with focus on the translation of the cultural references (CRs) within it. The aim of this research was to provide a set of translation techniques that can be used in the translation of CRs from Arabic to Japanese. Furthermore, it aimed to test the applicability of the Retranslation Theory to the Japanese translations of the Quran. Both these aims were fulfilled by analyzing Japanese translations done by three different translators of a group of CRs found in the Quran. The analysis was done using the translation techniques proposed by Pedersen (2005). The result showed that Pedersen’s list of techniques was able to account for the majority of the techniques used, with the need for one additional technique, resulting in a total of 8 techniques that may be used in future translations of texts from Arabic into Japanese. The analysis also proved that the Retranslation Theory is applicable in the case of the translations of the Quran from Arabic to Japanese.

Topic: Translation Studies and Practices
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences