jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, merchants, and missionaries in the remaking of Northern Europe

In this book a MacArthur Award-winning scholar argues for a radically new interpretation of the conversion of Scandinavia from paganism to Christianity in the early Middle Ages. Overturning the received narrative of Europe's military and religious conquest and colonization of the region, Anders Winroth contends that rather than acting as passive recipients, Scandinavians converted to Christianity because it was in individual chieftains' political, economic and cultural interests to do so. Through a painstaking analysis and historical reconstruction of both archaeological and literary sources, and drawing on scholarly work that has been unavailable in English, Winroth opens up new avenues for studying European ascendency and the expansion of Christianity in the medieval period.

Topic: Historical and Archaeological Studies
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Safety and Efficacy of High-Power Short-Duration Radiofrequency Ablation (50W) in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

<title>Abstract</title> Background Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using conventional power radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been an effective treatment strategy for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF), but its longer duration may cause collateral damage to peripheral tissue. High-power RFA, characterized by better transmural performance and reduced collateral damage due to its shorter duration, has sparked a safety and efficacy controversy that still needs further evaluation. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we included 259 patients with PAF who were had performed for lesion size index (LSI)-guided radiofrequency ablation. A total of 119 PAF patients underwent 50 W ablation. Complications and twelve-month arrhythmia-free outcomes of the procedure were compared with 140 patients who underwent 30–35 W ablation. Results PVI was successfully achieved in all patients. The procedural duration (140.3 ± 34.4 vs. 151.3 ± 40.6 min, P = 0.022) and overall radiation (112.0 ± 67.2 vs. 188.2 ± 119.2 mGy, P &lt; 0.001) were significantly lower in the 50 W group. No major complications occurred in the high-power short-duration (HPSD) group. The recurrence of arrhythmia at the twelve-month follow-up was not significantly different between the two groups [11 (9.2%) vs. 19 (13.6%), P = 0.278)]. Conclusion LSI-guided HPSD-RFA demonstrated comparable safety and efficacy for conventional ablation and resulted in reduced procedure time and radiation exposure.

Topic: Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The distribution of cryptic species of the Bombus lucorum-complex in Russian Eastern Fennoscandia

In this study, we present the distribution of cryptic species of the Bombus lucorum-complex in the Russian part of Eastern Fennoscandia, within the administrative borders of the Republic of Karelia and Murmansk Region. We applied the PCR-RFLP approach that allows identifying species of the Bombus lucorum-complex and B. terrestris accurately, quickly and relatively cheaply, because reliable identification of these species using morphological characters is often impossible. Among the species of this complex only two species, B. cryptarum and B. lucorum, were found in Karelia and Murmansk Region. B. cryptarum was recorded in all studied localities of this region. Only this species was registered in the northern part of Russian Eastern Fennoscandia. B. lucorum was found in most of the studied localities in the central and southern parts of this region. The northernmost record of B. lucorum in the region is the southern part of Murmansk Region (Kandalaksha). The distribution of B. cryptarum and B. lucorum in Karelia and Murmansk Region is close to that known in Finland.

Topic: Bryophyte Studies and Records
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The haemorrhagic diathesis in diphtheria with special reference to disseminated intravascular coagulation

SUMMARYForty children with clinically severe diphtheria were screened for bleeding diathesis. Five cases had thrombocytopenia as an isolated abnormality and one of these children bled. In a further ten children, evidence compatible with disseminated intravascular coagulation was present and seven of these exhibited a haemorrhagic tendency. The likelihood of uraemia, liver disease and the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome contributing to the coagulopathy is discussed.

Topic: Diphtheria, Corynebacterium, and Tetanus
Subfield: Endocrinology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Association Of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Exposure During Pregnancy With Speech, Scholastic, And Motor Disorders In Offspring

Importance Speech/language, scholastic, and motor disorders are common in children. It is unknown whether exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) during pregnancy influences susceptibility to these disorders. Objective To examine whether SSRI exposure during pregnancy is associated with speech/language, scholastic, and motor disorders in offspring up to early adolescence. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective birth cohort study examined national population-based register data in Finland from 1996 to 2010. The sampling frame includes 845 345 pregnant women and their singleton offspring with data on maternal use of antidepressants and depression-related psychiatric disorders during pregnancy. Exposures There were 3 groups of offspring: 15 596 were in the SSRI-exposed group, ie, had mothers diagnosed as having depression-related psychiatric disorders with a history of purchasing SSRIs during pregnancy; 9537 were in the unmedicated group, ie, had mothers diagnosed as having depression-related psychiatric disorders without a history of purchasing SSRIs during pregnancy; and 31 207 were in the unexposed group, ie, had mothers without a psychiatric diagnosis or a history of purchasing SSRIs. Main Outcomes and Measures Cumulative incidence of speech/language, scholastic, or motor disorders (829, 187, and 285 instances, respectively) from birth to 14 years. All hypotheses tested were formulated before data collection. Results Of the 56 340 infants included in the final cohort, 28 684 (50.9%) were male and 48 782 (86.6%) were 9 years or younger. The mean (SD) ages of children at diagnosis were 4.43 (1.67), 3.55 (2.67), and 7.73 (2.38) for speech/language, scholastic, and motor disorders, respectively. Offspring of mothers who purchased SSRIs at least twice during pregnancy had a significant 37% increased risk of speech/language disorders compared with offspring in the unmedicated group. The cumulative hazard of speech/language disorders was 0.0087 in the SSRI-exposed group vs 0.0061 in the unmedicated group (hazard ratio, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.11-1.70; P  = .004). There was a significantly increased risk of these disorders in offspring in the SSRI-exposed and unmedicated groups compared with offspring in the unexposed group. For scholastic and motor disorders, there were no differences between offspring in the SSRI-exposed group and in the unmedicated group. Conclusions and Relevance Exposure to SSRIs during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of speech/language disorders. This finding may have implications for understanding associations between SSRIs and child development.

Topic: Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
An Integrative Approach to Infer Regulation Programs in a Transcription Regulatory Module Network

The module network method, a special type of Bayesian network algorithms, has been proposed to infer transcription regulatory networks from gene expression data. In this method, a module represents a set of genes, which have similar expression profiles and are regulated by same transcription factors. The process of learning module networks consists of two steps: first clustering genes into modules and then inferring the regulation program (transcription factors) of each module. Many algorithms have been designed to infer the regulation program of a given gene module, and these algorithms show very different biases in detecting regulatory relationships. In this work, we explore the possibility of integrating results from different algorithms. The integration methods we select are union, intersection, and weighted rank aggregation. Experiments in a yeast dataset show that the union and weighted rank aggregation methods produce more accurate predictions than those given by individual algorithms, whereas the intersection method does not yield any improvement in the accuracy of predictions. In addition, somewhat surprisingly, the union method, which has a lower computational cost than rank aggregation, achieves comparable results as given by rank aggregation.

Topic: Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Therapeutic Substitution in the Health Maintenance Organization Outpatient Environment

Health maintenance organizations (HMO) are growing in number as a cost-effective way of providing health care. In some, stringent formulary management policies including programs authorizing therapeutic substitution are practiced. Under this concept a drug that has been previously determined to be therapeutically equivalent to a second drug, even though it is not chemically equivalent to the prescribed drug, is automatically dispensed without contacting the prescriber. This study was undertaken to learn the extent and conditions under which therapeutic substitution is being practiced in the HMO setting. A survey was sent to all HMO in the U.S. inquiring into the operation of the pharmacy services. Specific focus was on the operation of the formulary and the policies and procedures being followed. The main goal was to learn how many programs authorize therapeutic substitution, what drugs are allowed, and what procedures are followed once the substitution is made. Of the 481 surveys sent out, 192 (40 percent) usable responses were received. Results indicate that 30.5 percent of HMO pharmacy plans allow therapeutic substitution. These programs were most likely to be of the staff-model or the group-model and least likely to be of the independent practice association type. HMO with an inhouse pharmacy more frequently had policies allowing therapeutic substitution than those using outside pharmacy services.

Topic: Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
Subfield: Geriatrics and Gerontology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Hypnosis and its applications in Dentistry

Objective: Research through a literature review the use of hypnosis as an anxiety control technique in dentistry. Methodology: Searches were conducted using descriptors in PubMed Central, BVS/BIREME, Web of Science, SciELO, The Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. In addition, considering that this article is a literature review, the view of Mattos (2015) was used to structure this work. Results: Our research resulted in 20 articles. The Federal Council of Dentistry (CFO) Decision 45/2008 was used as a reference for complementary standards for qualification in integrative and complementary oral health practices. Conclusion: Despite the mysticism that surrounds it, hypnosis is, in fact, a scientifically proven tool that helps to reduce costs, as it can be an alternative to anesthetics and medications with analgesic effects. This makes it possible to treat patients' adversities and promote comfort. Scientific studies in this area have great potential in dental clinics and other oral hygiene environments.

Topic: Pain Management and Placebo Effect
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Evaporation of microdroplet on a heated plate at 408 K

Droplet-based cooling systems require a detailed data on droplet evaporation at relatively high substrate temperature. We investigate the dynamics of water droplet evaporation on a heated sapphire substrate for the substrate temperature of 408 K. The stable (not boiling) evaporating droplet of 0.33 μl volume forms immediately just after boiling process when the temperature is still higher than boiling temperature of the liquid. Stick-slip motion is observed with the first depinning at 0.07 μl in volume. Total evaporation time is 1.13 sec.

Topic: Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Profiles of seroconversion to porcine circovirus type 2 in herds affected and not affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

The aim of the present study was to explore the usefulness of serological methods in the diagnosis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). The study was carried out in 4 PMWS-affected and 6 control farms. Based on the serological profiles, infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was determined to take place at 3–7 weeks of age in the PMWS-affected and at 3–11 weeks of age in the control farms. To compare the dynamics of seroconversion to PCV2 among farms, cross-sectional serological profiles were normalised in relation to the inferred age of infection. The results indicated that the proportion of seropositive pigs increased significantly slower in the affected herds. The most pronounced difference was observed about 4 weeks after infection, when the proportion of seropositive pigs ranged from 0 to 53.3% and from 70 to 100% in PMWS-affected and control herds, respectively. Mean antibody titres at that age were also significantly lower in the affected farms. These observations suggest a delay in the production of PCV2-specific antibodies and indicate that serological methods may be helpful in identifying herds with a high risk of PMWS.

Topic: Animal Virus Infections Studies
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
MODERN SLAVERY IN INDONESIA : STUDY CASE OF MARITIME SLAVERY IN BENJINA KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN ARU MALUKU

The case of maritime slavery that took place in Benjina, significance unpopular, and isolated area in easternmost part of Indonesia shook the world. Hundreds of foreign shipman, seafarers were found enslaved for years. Forced by the captains of Thailand ships vessels from PT. Pusaka Benjina Resources to work long and extra hours without being given any appropriate payments and food along the way. This paper use secondary data from books, journals, articles, both online and paper based to gather all related information. This paper also uses the theory of modern slavery as management practice to analyze the pushing factors of this slavery cases. Hoping that the same case will no longer happen in the future. Since, slavery in fishing industry have happened in so many sea based countries in the world, include Indonesia.

Topic: Coastal Management and Development
Subfield: Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
PENETAPAN BIAYA PRODUKSI TAYANGAN IKLAN DI MADU TV BIRO BLITAR

Production costs are costs contained in a product or service, so the costs incurred must be able to be identified and calculated correctly, so that the total production costs incurred are truly accurate. The purpose of this study is to find out what costs are contained in the determination of production costs for an advertisement and how to calculate them. The method used is descriptive qualitative, where data is collected by interview and observation method and then draws a conclusion from the results of these interviews and observations. The results of this study indicate that the production costs incurred for an advertisement are determined by the bureau which consists of equipment rental costs and crew costs or salaries (excluding basic salaries) then the amount is calculated and added with transportation costs

Topic: Management and Optimization Techniques
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences
Pathways and targeting avenues of BRAF in non-small cell lung cancer

Administration of combined BRAF/MEK inhibitors usually produces significant, although often a short-term, benefit to NSCLC patients with <i>BRAF</i> V600 (class 1) mutations. There are no established treatments for <i>BRAF</i> class 2 (L597, K601, G464, G469A/V/R/S, fusions, etc.) and class 3 (D594, G596, G466, etc.) mutants, which account for up to two-thirds of <i>BRAF</i>-driven NSCLCs. Many important issues related to the use of immune therapy for the management of <i>BRAF</i>-mutated NSCLC deserve further investigation. The rare occurrence of <i>BRAF</i> mutations in NSCLC is compensated by high overall incidence of lung cancer disease; therefore, clinical studies on <i>BRAF</i>-associated NSCLC are feasible.

Topic: Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Karyotype evolution in conifers

Abstract The present study describes the published karyotypes of 338 conifer taxa comprising of 302 species belonging to 59 genera of conifers. The somatic chromosome numbers range from 2n=18 in Phyllocladus (Podocarpaceae) to 2n=66 in Sequoia sempervirens (Cupressaceae). Polyploidy is rare as out of 512 conifer taxa known cytologically 2.80 per cent are polyploid and 2.20 per cent have both diploid and polyploid cytotypes. Various families show uniform somatic numbers such as Pinaceae (2n=24), Araucariaceae (2n=26), Cupressaceae (2n=22) except for some cases of polyploid taxa, and Podocarpaceae (2n=18‐38) caused by centric fissions. In Pinaceae the genus Pinus has the most symmetrical karyotype and Larix has the maximum bimodality. The karyotype diversity in rest of the families has been discussed in the phylogenetic framework. This apparent uniformity of karyotypes is not reflected in diversity of fluorescent bands and rDNA loci. These additional markers have taxonomic relevance and also facilitate chromosome identification in a number of cases. This karyotype conservation is reflected in very weak interspecific crossing barriers with the hybrids showing normal meiosis, and also in the conservation of gene content and order.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Place of <i>1 Henry VI</i> in the York-Lancaster Tetralogy

Under date of March 3, 1592, Henslowe's Diary records the acting of the “new” play “Harry the Sixth.” In 1 Henry VI as we now have it, the General of Bordeaux addresses Talbot as “our nation's terror and their bloody scourge,” and Thomas Nashe in his famous allusion to a Talbot play ( Piers Peniless, Stationers' Register , Aug. 8, 1592) speaks of him as “brave Talbot the terror of the French.” All this, according to general belief, refers to the same play, “Harry the Sixth,” or the earliest form or version of what we now call 1 Henry VI.

Topic: Irish and British Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Herd-level risk for Salmonella culture positive status in slaughtered pigs.

Quantitative definition of risk factors is needed for farms to develop programs and procedures to reduce Salmonella shedding economically and reliably. It is essential that this information be available to producers before full implementation of proposed Salmonella reduction regulations. Producers should then be able to retain market access and choose informed interventions while avoiding unnecessary costs.

Topic: Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Upside down images of longitudinal sections of the distal ends of two femora.

&lt;p&gt;A–C: large specimen GPIT/RE/3518, A – Overview under normal light. The foam-like patches at the distal (here upper) edge consist of calcified cartilage partially divided by trabecular bone. B – Magnification of the upper centre of A under normal light. C – Magnification of the upper centre of B under normal light. The bubbles of calcified cartilage cells are well distinguishable from the osteocyte lacunae within the trabecular bone. D–F: Small specimen GZG.V 6379, D – Overview under normal light. The pads of calcified cartilage reach deeper into the specimen than in A. Trabecular bone is well ossified in the lower centre but there are already centres of ossification close to the distal (here upper) surface. E – Magnification of the lower centre of D. Isolated clusters of calcified cartilage are still present (arrows). F – Magnification of the upper centre of D showing trabecular bone under development and isolated remains of calcified cartilage within bone (arrow). Scale bars = 1 mm in A, D. Scale bars = 500 µm in B, E–F. Scale bars = 200 µm in C.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Genetic and Environmental Crop Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Feedforward control for curve steering for an autonomous road vehicle

By the example of turning right, it is shown how autonomous mobile robots obtain additional basic skills by implementing special behavioral patterns. Autonomy is based on processing black and white monocular video image sequences in real time, supported by the 4-D approach for both vehicle state and road recognition. This approach makes use of recursive filter algorithms for estimating state variables. A feedback controller turns them into actuator signals, leading to reflex-like behavior. This mode of behavior is extended here by a rule-based one for feedforward controllers, which convert a desired pattern of behavior to actuator signals; depending on the special application to actuator signals, these may be superimposed onto those of the feedback controller, or the latter one may be suspended for some time and then newly initialized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Control Systems and Identification
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Integration and characterization of MFISFET using Pb<sub>5</sub>Ge<sub>3</sub>O<sub>11</sub>

Abstract The first MFIS FETs PMOS using Pt/Pb5Ge3O11/ZrO2/n-Si structure has been successfully fabricated. The PGO thin film was deposited by spin on method. Single phase PGO with strong c-axis orientation and low leakage current was obtained on ZrO2 substrate. Pt was used as top electrode and the gate stack was dry etched using chlorine chemistry. Using CMOS compatible process, the integration of MFIS FETs is simple and reliable. ID-VG and ID-VD were characterized on 10 × 10 μrn (L × W) devices. The memory window obtained is about 1.3V with 200nm PGO and 13nm ZrO2. It is also found that memory window is less dependent on device sizes.

Topic: Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences