jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Emergence and dispersal of snakes after syntopic hibernation

A communal hibernaculum situated in Southwestern Bulgaria and its adjacent area (4 km in diameter) was studied. Seven snake species used this hibernating den, Malpoloninsignitus , Dolichophiscaspius , Platycepsnajadum , Elaphequatuorlineata , Telescopusfallax , Viperaammodytes and Xerotyphlopsvermicularis . The emergence of the snakes was related to the rise of daily temperatures. Malpoloninsignitus emerged from hibernation earlier in the spring than the other species, and most individuals were the first to leave the hibernaculum. There was a temporal segregation among the basking area in early spring, between the latter species and D.caspius , which were the two most abundant species. These two species also used the same area of the hibernaculum, in contrast to P.najadum and E.quatuorlineata , which used a different area. After spring dispersal, M.insignitus and D.caspius used the same microhabitats during the rest of the active period. The earlier emergence of M.insignitus (and earlier departure from the site) probably reduces the competition for basking sites. The early departure of the species may give advantage in the competition for optimal microhabitats with D.caspius .

Topic: Amphibian and Reptile Biology
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Abrasive wear of enamel by bioactive glass-based toothpastes.

Enamel loss increased with increasing particle size. The percussion milled powder exhibited particles that had sharp edges and the pastes were significantly more abrasive than the pastes made with round ball milled powders. One interesting observation made during the present study was that there was preferential wear of the enamel at the dentin-enamel junction (DEJ), particularly with the coarse particle sized pastes.

Topic: Dental Erosion and Treatment
Subfield: Orthodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Venoarterio-Venous (VA-V) ECMO Configuration: A Single-Center Experience

Patients in respiratory failure on VV ECMO may develop cardiovascular dysfunction necessitating additional hemodynamic support, while patients in cardiovascular failure on VA ECMO may require additional respiratory support for concurrent gas exchange abnormalities. A hybrid venoarterio-venous (VA-V) configuration provides both cardiac support via a traditional arterial reinfusion cannula and respiratory support via an additional venous reinfusion limb. We describe our single center experience using VA-V ECMO for patients (n = 14, median age 54) with combined cardiopulmonary failure or differential hypoxemia. Patients were treated with ECMO support for a median of 148.2 (IQR 122.6 – 174.4) hours, consisting of 0 (IQR 0 – 1.8) hours of VA and 92.4 (IQR 58 – 115) hours of VA-V followed by 46 (IQR 0 – 95.5) hours of VV support. Of these 14 patients, 11 survived to decannulation (79%) and 9 survived to hospital discharge (64%).

Topic: Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Atheism and Deism Revalued: Heterodox Religious Identities in Britain, 1650–1800, ed. Wayne Hudson, Diego Lucci and Jeffrey R. Wigelsworth

The need for a collection such as this emerges from the putative ‘rebirth of interest’ in atheism and deism, which have been ‘[l]ong neglected, and sometimes caricatured’. Whether or not this is the case is debatable—‘[t]he literature on English deism is vast’ notes one of the editors in one of his essays and, indeed, the volume’s footnotes teem with references to works from the nineteenth century straight through to the present considering atheism, deism and heterodoxy more generally. Nonetheless, given the recent revisionist takes on British and European intellectual life in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it certainly is the case that the time is ripe to reconsider how we should think about atheism and deism during the age of enlightenment. An introduction, thirteen essays, a foreword by Jonathan Israel and an afterword by Margaret Jacob comprise the volume. The essays, though, are of mixed quality. And, more problematically, many have not met the editors’ explicit brief.

Topic: Reformation and Early Modern Christianity
Subfield: History
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Which Is the Key To Predict the Treatment Response to Definitive Chemoradiotherapy for Esophageal Cancer by Routine Endoscopy, Timing, Biopsy or Endoscopic Findings?

Purpose: Definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) plays an important role in non-surgical treatment of esophageal cancer (EC). An early and accurate assessment of non-complete response (non-CR) at the primary site is very difficult by endoscopy. This study investigated when and how to screen local response to definitive CRT for EC for the early attempt of salvage therapy by routine endoscopy. Methods: Eighty-one patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated with definitive CRT (60Gy) were examined according to histological results of biopsy (with or without definite viable cancer cells) and endoscopic findings (with or without stenosis). CR at the primary site was defined 6 months after the completion of CRT by all the followings; endoscopically invisible residual tumor, disappearance of ulcer and stenosis, and no cancer cells in successive biopsies. Endoscopy was performed 1 week, 1, 3 and 6 months after the completion of CRT. Results: CR and non-CR at the primary site were found in 42 and 22 patients, respectively, and 17 were not evaluated due to death or massive progressive disease within 6 months. At the point of 1 week, 35 (83%) out of CR patients did not have stenosis, whilst 14 (64%) out of non-CR had stenoses. Of 21 patients with stenosis at this point, 6 obtained natural improvement without dilation and achieved CR. Of 12 patients who needed dilation at several points, 11 proved non-CR. Histopathological evaluation by biopsy was difficult in all patients at 1 week, in many at 1 month, and some at 3 months. Viable cancer cells were obtained after massive progression or only in clearly residual tumor. Conclusions: Endoscopic findings 1 week after CRT may be useful to screen poor response. Biopsy was of no use for the early detection of non-CR. Prolonged ulceration and stenosis strongly suggests poor response more than 1 month after CRT, so the other modalities including PET should be immediately considered regardless of histological confirmation.

Topic: Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Love at first sight? Populist attitudes and support for direct democracy

Do citizens who strongly exhibit populist attitudes support direct democracy? Existing studies tend to claim that populists support direct democracy because of their stealth-democratic orientation or argue that stealth democrats want direct democracy due to the populist nature of stealth-democratic attitudes. Yet, albeit both populists and stealth democrats reject elite rule, they prefer direct democracy for different reasons. Populists support direct democracy as a means to implement the volonté générale, whereas stealth democrats view it as holding politicians accountable for ineffective policy solutions. Our analysis of representative survey data in four European democracies (France, Germany, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) reveals that individuals with stronger populist attitudes indeed support direct democracy more than citizens with no strong populist attitudes. This effect is observed when controlling for stealth-democratic orientations and when using a measure separating the feature populism shares with stealth democracy – anti-elitism – from the one unique to populism, people-centrism.

Topic: Populism, Right-Wing Movements
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Alerting the immune system to DNA damage: micronuclei as mediators

Abstract Healthy cells experience thousands of DNA lesions per day during normal cellular metabolism, and ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs rely on DNA damage to kill cancer cells. In response to such lesions, the DNA damage response (DDR) activates cell-cycle checkpoints, initiates DNA repair mechanisms, or promotes the clearance of irreparable cells. Work over the past decade has revealed broader influences of the DDR, involving inflammatory gene expression following unresolved DNA damage, and immune surveillance of damaged or mutated cells. Subcellular structures called micronuclei, containing broken fragments of DNA or whole chromosomes that have been isolated away from the rest of the genome, are now recognized as one mediator of DDR-associated immune recognition. Micronuclei can initiate pro-inflammatory signaling cascades, or massively degrade to invoke distinct forms of genomic instability. In this mini-review, we aim to provide an overview of the current evidence linking the DDR to activation of the immune response through micronuclei formation, identifying key areas of interest, open questions, and emerging implications.

Topic: DNA Repair Mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Observations on the origin and significance of the nuclear envelopelimited monolayers of chromatin unit threads associated with the cell nucleus

ABSTRACT Monolayers of chromatin structural units about 33·0 nm in width enclosed on both sides by extensions of the nuclear envelope, called sheets, and located either in the cytoplasm (c· ·n· ·c type), or within the nucleus (c·· n ··n type), are common in cultured cells of Burkitt’s lymphoma. The sheets are absent from mitotic cells except at telophase where, unlike interphase, type c· ·n··n is more numerous than c· ·n··c. The degree of nuclear asymmetry is defined in terms of the increase in enclosing membranes over that required to enclose the same area in a circular configuration. The percentage number (Ps) of cells with nucleus-associated sheets averaged over all stages in the cell cycle, increases with cell viability and with nuclear asymmetry. However, during the cycle there is a marked diminution in Ps during the S-phase of DNA synthesis when nuclear asymmetry itself does not change. Hence, it is suggested, and data on other cell types support the hypothesis, that nuclear asymmetry is a necessary but not sufficient factor in causing sheets to form. Microtubules are present within the cytoplasm and their morphological arrangement suggests a role in determining nuclear asymmetry. Treatment with a microtubule depolymerizing agent, colcemid, does not alter either the existing nuclear asymmetry or Ps but when cells are treated early in S-phase the reappearance of sheets in the G2 phase of the cell cycle is considerably delayed. The reappearance takes place when the microtubules are still depolymerized. It is suggested that synthesis of membrane in excess of what is needed to enclose a sphere results in nuclear asymmetry and associated membrane-enclosed monolayers, the resulting nuclear conformation, including the distribution of membrane between types c··n· ·n and c··n··c, depending on what is energetically favoured. No biochemical function has yet been assigned to sheets.

Topic: Nuclear Structure and Function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
OpenLISEM Flash Flood Modelling Application in Logung Sub-Catchment, Central Java

Juwana Catchment and Logung Sub-catchment in particular has been suffering several major past flood events with significant loss. This study conducted an assessment of flood risk by using OpenLISEM as physical soil and hydrological model to generate the single storm flash flood occurrences. The physical input data were collected from remote sensing image interpretation, field observation and measurement and literature review. There are three return periods chosen as scenarios that represent rainfall intensity in Logung Sub-Catchment. Model validation was done by adjusting initial moisture content and saturated hydraulic conductivity values to equate the calculated total discharge with the measured total discharge in several chosen dates. The results show increases in most of modeled hydrological parameter with respect to increasing of rainfall intensity.

Topic: Soil erosion and sediment transport
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Uslub Iltifât dalam Alquran

The research is aimed at the discovery of the development in the field of uslubiltifat in Alquran, characteristics of uslubiltifat in Alquran, the beauty of uslubiltifat in Alquran, the new concept about uslubiltifat. Through quantitative analysis, this research suggests that uslub iltifat in Alquran develops in the field of already existing uslubiltifat by making iltifat 'adaddhamir(change in the pronominal numerals) and iltifat anwa al-­jumlah (the change in a variety of sentences) as a part of it. Characteristics of uslub iltifat in Alquran is a miracle of Alquran, because Alquran is not a magic, but it has charac­teristics of magic; a strength of feeling or emotion and affection. The beauty of uslubiltifat in Alquran has reached such the top level that the language of human can not afford to compete with it. As a result of this research, the new concept of iltifat says: Gaya bahasa (figure of speech) with a use of a change from thefirst sentence to the following sentence with the point being related to the first sentence with the aim of putting great emphasis on the beauty of Balaghah.

Topic: Islamic Finance and Communication
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
An unholy alliance: Swiss citizenship between local legal tradition, federal laissez-faire, and ethno-national rejection of foreigners 1848–1933

This article traces the development of the federal structure of Swiss citizenship between the founding of the federal state in 1848 and the entrenchment of a restrictive naturalisation and establishment policy in the interwar period. Considering the difficult integration of foreign residents through naturalisation in the past and present in Switzerland, the author examines the causes for the granting and refusal of Swiss citizenship. She shows that the development of and arrangements for access to Swiss citizenship cannot be reduced only to notions about the Swiss nation or national interests. They are the result of a permanent process of political negotiation and coordination between the federation, cantons and local authorities; owing to its importance in social assistance matters, local citizenship constituted an impediment to naturalisation until well into the twentieth century. In contrast, the federation and certain cantons like Zurich, Basle and Geneva had sought since the 1880s to reduce the strongly increasing number of foreign residents by liberalising naturalisation. The outbreak of the Second World War put an end to these endeavours. With the rise of a ‘new right’ since 1900, the setting up of the Central Office of the Foreign Police in 1917, and the institutionalisation of the authorities' ‘fight against foreign infiltration’, Swiss nationality law became ethnicised. Cultural ‘assimilation’ into the ‘particularity of Swiss society’ was now regarded as a precondition for becoming a Swiss citizen. The new federal rejection of foreigners thus joined with the traditionally restrictive policy of local authorities in an unholy alliance that began to breach only in the 1980s.

Topic: Historical Geopolitical and Social Dynamics
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Studies on Biochemical Changes during L-Lysine Production in a Synthetic Medium by a Biotin Auxotropic Mutant Micrococcus glutamicus AB 200

An experimental study was carried out to examine the biochemical changes in the fermentation broth during L-lysine fermentation by the biotin auxotropic mutant Micrococcus glutamicus AB200. The importance of this experiment is to study the rate of consumption of carbon and nitrogen source with respect to the rate of formation of the product L-lysine. Production of L-lysine was increased up to 72 hours and then declined, pH increases up to 8.5, dry cell weight showed continuous increased pattern with increased consumption of glucose. Amino nitrogen increases up to 72 hours, then decreased slightly, cell nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen increased continuously where as residual nitrogen decreased sharply.

Topic: Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Analytical Study on Fire and Explosion Accidents Assumed in HTGR Hydrogen Production System

One of the most important safety design issues for a hydrogen production system coupling with a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is to ensure reactor safety against fire and explosion accidents because a large amount of combustible fluid is dealt with in the system. The Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute has a demonstration test plan of a hydrogen production system by steam reforming of methane coupling with the high-temperature engineering test reactor (HTTR). In the plan, we developed the P2A code system to analyze event sequences and consequences in detail on the fire and explosion accidents assumed in the HTGR or HTTR hydrogen production system. This paper describes the three accident scenarios assumed in the system, the structure of P2A, the analysis procedure with P2A, and the results of the numerical analyses based on the accident scenarios. It is shown that P2A is a useful tool for the accident analysis in the system.

Topic: Nuclear Materials and Properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Femtosecond Photoelectron Imaging on Pyrazine:  (1+2‘) REMPI of Deuterated Pyrazine

Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron imaging was applied to (1+2') resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization of deuterated pyrazine. The resonances with the 3s and 3p Rydberg states and rotational dephasing on a picosecond time-scale were observed similarly with pyrazine-H4. The photoionization dynamics of pyrazine-D4 was found to be identical to that of H4 at the photoionization wavelength of 393 nm. No signature was observed of the influence of the superexcited states upon ionization.

Topic: Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
Subfield: Spectroscopy
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Hyphal Fusion Studies on Histoplasma capsulatum and Histoplasma Duboisii Vanbreuseghem 1952

Zusammenfassung vier Stämme von Histoplasma capsulatum bildeten vegetative Anastomosen mit je vier Stämmen von H. Duboisii in Deckglaskulturen. Da solche Anastomosen nur zwischen Stämmen gleicher, nicht aber zwischen verschiedenen Pilzarten gebildet werden, wird auf Grund dieser Beobachtung vorgeschlagen, H. Duboisii als Abart von H. capsulatum und nicht als gesonderte Art aufzufassen. Es wird ferner darauf hingewiesen, daß die Pilzmorphologie in vivo stark durch den Wirt beeinflußt wird, so daß diese nicht als ausreichende Grundlage für die Artenbestimmung angesehen werden kann. Résumé Des anastomoses vŕgŕtatives furent observŕes entre chacune de quatre souches d'Histoplasma capsulatum et chacune de quatre souches d'Histoplasma Duboisii. De telles anastomoses ne se forment qu'entre les membres de la mŕme espèce de champignon. Puisque la morphologie des champignons in vivo dŕpend fortement sur la rŕaction du hôte, elle n'est pas suffisante comme base de classification d'une espèce. Done, sur la base de nos connaissances actuelles, et de cettes prŕsentes observations, nous proposons de considŕrer H. Duboisii comme une variŕtŕ d'Histoplasma capsulatum.

Topic: Phytoplasmas and Hemiptera pathogens
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
THE STUDY OF CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TURKEY FILLET DURING STORAGE

The method and equipment for the study of changes of structural-mechanical properties of turkey fillet at storage were offered. The improved express-method of the study allows determine the relaxation effort and time at axial deformation and the firmness limit of meat fibers using penetration. The selection of registering equipment and sensors for the study of structural-mechanical properties of turkey fillet was grounded. The methods of compensation of axial displacement of sensors at the study of penetration and relaxation were described. The principal scheme, appearance and example of work of setting were given. The changes of firmness and relaxation effort of cooled turkey fillet at different storage terms were characterized. It was established, that organoleptically perceptible changes of structural-mechanical properties of turkey fillet take place after 46 hours of storage. In first turn, relaxation is decelerated, the firmness limit is lowered that together with less firmness limit of fibers allows recommend it for formation of natural culinary goods of the given form, for example, rolls. The offered equipment and methodology of getting results of axial relaxation and penetration allows make conclusions about the essence of changes of rheological properties of turkey fillet and also recommend the studied samples for one or another type of culinary processing.

Topic: Food Industry and Aquatic Biology
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
From Single Pollutants to Synergistic Threats: A Cumulative Health Risk Assessment of Multi Media Exposure in Niger Delta's Oil-Producing Communities

Abstract Purpose: Oil exploration in the Niger Delta presents a paradigmatic case of economic prosperity existing alongside severe environmental degradation and public health neglect. This study quantifies the cumulative health risks from multi-media exposure to contaminants emanating from oil exploration activities in Rivers State, Nigeria. We employ the Health Hazard Index (HHI) framework to address critical gaps in prevailing singlepollutant risk assessments, which overlook synergistic effects and systematically underestimate the true public health burden. Methodology: A convergent parallel mixedmethods design integrated quantitative environmental sampling with geospatial analysis. A stratified random sampling approach collected 256 environmental samples (air, water, soil) across eight oil-producing communities. Analytical techniques included GC-MS for VOCs/PAHs and ICP-OES for heavy metals, adhering to stringent USEPA protocols. The HHI incorporated noncarcinogenic hazards via hazard quotients (HQ), carcinogenic risks (ILCR) using probabilistic Monte Carlo simulation, and child-specific exposure factors. Results: Findings reveal catastrophic pollution levels: benzene in air (28.7 μg/m³) exceeded WHO limits by 3.2×; lead in water (0.35 mg/L) surpassed standards by 35×; and soil PAHs (42.3 mg/kg) indicated Carcinogenic risks 1,150× above regulatory thresholds. The computed HHI reached a maximum of 8.5, signifying severe health hazards. Children exhibited 3.2× higher vulnerability than adults, and single-pollutant models were found to underestimate cumulative risk by a factor of 4.8.

Topic: Enzyme function and inhibition
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences