jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Impact of Recent Developments in Biological Electrical Shock Safety Criteria

New electrical shock safety criteria are being evolved in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), largely by researchers in Western Europe. These new criteria are significantly different from the older biological safety criteria currently being used in North America for electrical equipment design standards. As a first step to address these discrepancies, an international symposium was held to provide the needed exchange of information. Some important findings of this symposium are summarized. In these new criteria, the maximum allowable body current or voltage as applied between both hands and feet to preclude ventricular fibrillation in adults for 0.01-sec shocks are respectively 1/2.5 or 1/5 of the respective values recommended by the older North American criteria. For other body current paths or shock durations, the new criteria indicate safe exposure limits ranging from 1/7 to more than three times the values in the older criteria. The reliability of much of the basic shock data is still open to question, as are the conclusions drawn from the data. If no further research is done to clarify the discrepancies, the new IEC (International Electrotechnical Committee) shock criteria, along with their implications for major design revisions, might well become the basis for the safe design of electrical equipment even though there exist no epidemiologic studies to indict the current design criteria. Research is needed in the areas of bodyweight scaling, body impedance and body-current pathway effects, "let-go" limits, asphyxia, and electrical burns to resolve crucial grounding system design issues.

Topic: Quality and Safety in Healthcare
Subfield: Medical Laboratory Technology
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Rabbit at the Riverside: Names and Impossible Crossings in Hemingway’s &lt;em&gt;For Whom the Bell Tolls&lt;/em&gt;

Demonstrates through etymological analysis of Jordan’s and Maria’s names and nicknames that Maria embodies the “utopian integration of opposites” into peaceful harmony that Jordan idealistically desires, while he represents the mediation of these opposites. Points to the impossibility of such an integration, solidifying the novel’s message regarding the hopelessness of idealistic aspiration.

Topic: American and British Literature Analysis
Subfield: Literature and Literary Theory
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Exploring The Variation of Economic Performance Within Developing Democracies: an Institutional Analysis of East and South-East Asia

This thesis explores the impact of democratic institutions amongst the Asian developing countries. There has been debate about the successful economic rise of these seven countries; however, questions remain over the differing levels of economic performance. Institutional literature has paid scant attention to the role of democracy, and how this has influenced economic development throughout Asia. This thesis explores the relationships between four democratic institutions - cabinets, party-systems, electoral systems and bicameralism - and economic performance across six developing democracies, in addition to Japan. Using current democratic institutional literature derived from OECD countries, this thesis expands the scope to include new countries. The analysis employs both statistical methods and case studies to assess the relationships between four democratic institutions and seven socio-economic indicators between 1986 and 2005. The linear regressions provided evidence that coalition cabinets are correlated with lower levels of inflation and unemployment, but large multi-party legislatures are not. This thesis also found correlations between strong second legislative chambers and higher FDI, lower tariffs and higher income inequality. Although this is an exploratory thesis, I suggest that democratic institutional analysis within Asia does warrant further examination; an assessment of the specific institutions may provide us with clearer notions regarding economic development.

Topic: Corruption and Economic Development
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Surgical Management of Penile and Preputial Neoplasms in Equine with Special Reference to Partial Phallectomy

Penile and preputial neoplasia in horses occurs infrequently and represents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The present study was carried out on a total number of 21 equids (14 stallions and 7 donkeys) suffered from different penile and preputial neoplasia. Diagnosis of neoplasms was based up on history of the case, clinical examination as well as histopathological evaluation. Animals with penile and preputial neoplasms were underwent local excision and partial phallectomy with a slightly modified version of the techniques described by William’s. The diagnosed neoplasms were penile and preputial squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs; ); sarcoid (); a-fibrosarcoma; and a melanoma. Local excision was curative in all cases except 5 stallions with SCCs. These stallions had extensive damage of the glans penis, free part of the penis and the inner lamina of the internal fold of the prepuce, and they underwent a partial phallectomy with successful outcome. Follow-up information was obtained by visit and telephone inquiries. In conclusion, penile and preputial neoplasms are commonly encountered in elderly male horses and SCCs are the most common type affecting male external genitalia. Partial phallectomy is effective for management of equine neoplasia if they are confined to the glans and body of the penis and there is no proximal spread or involvement to regional lymph nodes.

Topic: Genital Health and Disease
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Influence of Culture on Students’ Awareness of How and Why They Learn

Purpose – The reason many Asian students fi nd student-centred learning challenging may be due to cultural factors present in every human interaction between individuals. This study attempts to determine the infl uence of these cultural factors on students’ awareness of how and why they learn. Method – A sample of 12 students enrolled in a two year diploma course in a Malaysian university was interviewed, using a semistructured interview protocol, on the students’ perceptions and experiences when learning. The results were analysed qualitatively using the interpretive approach. Findings – The results show that students rely on their teachers for information, implying a high power distance as well as low individualism, and are not inclined to explore on their own. These students readily approach their friends rather than teachers for help with their assignments. They also hold their parents’ opinions in high regard. Significance – The results of this study are important for teachers when implementing student-centred learning. It will be challenging for Malaysian students to respond well to this form of learning strategy as it requires a certain amount of independent learning as well as risk-taking behaviour which these students seem to lack.

Topic: Education and Critical Thinking Development
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Citrus Mealybug Control on Coleus in the Greenhouse, Georgia 1979

Abstract Six insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling citrus mealybug on coleus. Insecticides were applied as foliar sprays to coleus grown in Metro Mix 300 in 115 mm square pots maintainedon raised green-house benches. Treatment plots were single plants and replicated 5 times. Application was April 30'79 (temperature 30 C) with a hand CO2 sprayer at 30 psi utilizing an 8003 nozzle and applied to the point of run-off. Granules were premeasured and scattered evenly over the soil surface. Efficacy was evaluated by counting the adult and immature mealybugs on the lower surface of 2 leaves on each plant before and at weekly intervals following application.

Topic: Research on scale insects
Subfield: Insect Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Informal education, everyday life and tacit learning

This article proposes a review of the concept of informal education, connecting it with the contexts of activity and learning that occur in everyday life, and the kinds of issues to explain that they do not appear clearly in formal education. These include, among others, predispositions to behave in social situations, forms and types of decisions, membership and participation in communities, development of personal identity.<br />It has been done a bibliographic and conceptual research, especially of authors who have explored ways of learning little considered in theory of education, as well as associated implicit, tacit learning concepts, and the idea of contexts of learning. As a result, it is proposed a new classification of the forms of informal education, as well as the advantages and problems associated with an approach based on learning contexts.

Topic: Youth Education and Societal Dynamics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Compact phased array antenna system based on dual‐band operations

ABSTRACT This article presents a novel approach to shrink the size of the conventional phased array antenna fed by Butler matrix. The proposed size reduction of the phased array antenna is obtained by designing the whole system to operate at dual frequency bands. Due to the dual‐band operation, an N‐element phased array antenna can be used to generate 2N radiation beams, leading to a great size reduction. To verify this design concept, a dual‐band feed network is built based on a dual‐band 4 × 4 Butler matrix. By integrating this dual‐band feed network with a four‐element antenna array, eight distinct radiation beams can be realized. An experimental prototype operating at 5 and 8 GHz is designed and fabricated. It can achieve the same function as the conventional phased array antenna system using single‐band 8 × 8 Butler matrix, realizing a great size reduction. The simulated and measured results show good agreement with the design theory. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1391–1396, 2014

Topic: Microwave Engineering and Waveguides
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Supplementary Figure 1 from Characterization of LY2228820 Dimesylate, a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of p38 MAPK with Antitumor Activity

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 43K, Effect of LY2228820 on MK2 phosphorylation in mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and from patients with multiple myeloma.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Constitutive modelling of fine‐grained gassy soil: A composite approach

Summary Fine‐grained marine sediments containing large undissolved gas bubbles are widely distributed around the world. Presence of the bubbles could degrade the undrained shear strength ( s u ) of the soil, when the gas pressure u g is relatively high as compared with the effective stress in the saturated soil matrix. Meanwhile, the addition of bubbles may also increase s u when the difference between u g and pore water pressure u w becomes smaller than the water entry value, causing partial water drainage from the saturated matrix into the bubbles (bubble flooding) during globally undrained shearing. A new constitutive model for describing the two competing effects on the stress‐strain relationship of fine‐grained gassy soil is proposed within the framework of critical state soil mechanics. The gassy soil is considered as a three‐phase composite material with compressible cavities, which allows water entry from the saturated matrix. Bubble flooding is modelled by introducing an additional positive volumetric strain increment of the saturated clay matrix, which is dependent on the difference between pore gas and pore water pressure based on experimental observations. A modified hardening law based on that of the modified Cam clay model is employed, which in conjunction with the expression for bubble flooding, can describe both the detrimental and beneficial effects of gas bubbles on soil strength and plastic hardening in shear. Only two extra parameters in addition to those in the modified Cam clay model are used. It is shown that the key features of the stress‐strain relationship of three fine‐grained gassy soils can be reproduced satisfactorily.

Topic: Methane Hydrates and Related Phenomena
Subfield: Environmental Chemistry
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Lung-protective ventilation in intensive care unit and operation room : Tidal volume size, level of positive end-expiratory pressure and driving pressure

Several investigations have shown independent associations between three ventilator settings – tidal volume size, positive end–expiratory pressure (PEEP) and driving pressure – and outcomes in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). There is an increasing notion that similar associations may exist between these ventilation parameters and outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) patients without ARDS. Even in surgery patients, who usually receive mechanical ventilation for shorter periods of time than ICU patients, outcomes could depend on these three settings. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate associations between tidal volume size, PEEP and driving pressures, and outcomes in ICU patients without ARDS, patients receiving intraoperative ventilation, and patients receiving extracorporeal support as a rescue therapy for ARDS. We hypothesized that tidal volumes, PEEP and driving pressure are independently associated with outcomes in these groups of patients. The main findings are that three potentially modifiable ventilator settings – tidal volume, PEEP and driving pressure – have independent associations with diverse outcomes in ICU patients without ARDS, in surgery patients receiving intraoperative ventilation, and in ARDS patients under extracorporeal support. All these findings strongly support the idea that strategies aiming at optimization of these three settings could improve outcomes of patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support. We further suggest that one way to monitor the risk of damage caused by mechanical ventilation is to monitor the amount of energy transferred during mechanical ventilation. Finally, driving pressure itself is an important driver of the energy delivered by the ventilator to lung in each breath.

Topic: Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Organizational contexts and texts: The redesign of the Midwest bell telephone bill

This paper offers a retrospective view of organizational factors affecting the redesign of the regional telephone bill. Financial consideration, organizational time frame and employee training and experience all had a significant impact on the process by which a new bill was developed. Equally important was the absence of documents shared by both the company and its customers.

Topic: Information Systems Theories and Implementation
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Table_4_Dissecting CD8+ T cell pathology of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection by single-cell immunoprofiling.xlsx

Introduction&lt;p&gt;SARS-CoV-2 infection results in varying disease severity, ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe illness. A detailed understanding of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to unravel the causative factors underlying differences in disease severity and to develop optimal vaccines against new SARS-CoV-2 variants.&lt;/p&gt;Methods&lt;p&gt;We combined single-cell RNA and T cell receptor sequencing with CITE-seq antibodies to characterize the CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection at high resolution and compared responses between mild and severe COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;Results&lt;p&gt;We observed increased CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cell exhaustion in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and identified a population of NK-like, terminally differentiated CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; effector T cells characterized by expression of FCGR3A (encoding CD16). Further characterization of NK-like CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cells revealed heterogeneity among CD16&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; NK-like CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cells and profound differences in cytotoxicity, exhaustion, and NK-like differentiation between mild and severe disease conditions.&lt;/p&gt;Discussion&lt;p&gt;We propose a model in which differences in the surrounding inflammatory milieu lead to crucial differences in NK-like differentiation of CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; effector T cells, ultimately resulting in the appearance of NK-like CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cell populations of different functionality and pathogenicity. Our in-depth characterization of the CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cell-mediated response to SARS-CoV-2 infection provides a basis for further investigation of the importance of NK-like CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cells in COVID-19 severity.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Diphtheria, Corynebacterium, and Tetanus
Subfield: Endocrinology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Conifer seedling root fungi and root dieback in Finnish nurseries

Fungi were isolated from the roots and growth substrate of bare‐rooted and containerized Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies nursery seedlings displaying a root dieback. Isolations were also made from visually healthy seedlings. The potential pathogenicity of all isolated species was determined in laboratory trials. Cylindrocarpon spp., Fusarium spp. and Trichoderma viride were frequently isolated. The isolation frequency of a uninucleate Rhizoctonia‐like fungus, Pythium spp. and Phytophthora imdulatum from diseased containerized seedlings and their pathogenicity in tests suggest that these fungi are likely involved in the root dieback disease in containers. The pathogenic Rhizoctonia‐like fungus in addition to Pythium spp. was also isolated from bare‐rooted seedlings. In greenhouse tests Pythium spp. were more pathogenic to 4‐week‐old Scots pine seedlings grown before transplantation in unsterile substrate than to those seedlings grown axenically in agar. External factors are considered to have some role in the expression of disease.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Resistance
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Process Analytics Model Approach in Healthcare

Process analytics involves the relationship between the doctor, diagnostic centers and patient. The primary advantages of using process analytics in healthcare are expert guidance, global medical assistance, and possible alternate treatment mechanisms. The secondary advantages are the analysis of the same type of disease complications and the creation of a disease-based healthcare data repository. This chapter focuses on the process model-based approach for healthcare analytics. The two emerging techniques Big data and IoT are needed to be incorporated with the process model for storing and analyzing the healthcare data. The first category assists administrators with identifying areas to streamline operations and concretely increase savings. Research and development are crucial aspects of healthcare, providing new innovative solutions and treatments that can be properly tracked, measured, and analyzed.

Topic: Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Clinical Decision Support System for Primary Care of Opioid Use Disorder

Importance Nearly 727 000 individuals in the US died of opioid overdoses between 1999 and 2022. The current workforce of addiction medicine specialists is inadequate to address the scale of this crisis, and primary care clinicians (PCCs) do not feel sufficiently supported to treat opioid use disorder (OUD). Objective To evaluate whether an electronic health record–integrated clinical decision support system (CDSS) increases OUD diagnosis and treatment in primary care. Design, Setting, and Participants This pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial was conducted from April 2021 to December 2023. Primary care clinics in 3 health systems in 4 US states were randomized to receive or not receive an electronic health record–integrated CDSS aimed at improving OUD diagnosis and treatment. Eligible patients were aged 18 to 75 years, visited a randomized clinic, and had an OUD diagnosis in the last 2 years, opioid overdose in the last 6 months, or risk score indicating high risk of OUD or opioid overdose. Data were analyzed from September 2023 to October 2024. Interventions The OUD CDSS provided personalized treatment recommendations to patients and PCCs in intervention clinics. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were likelihood to receive (1) an OUD diagnosis (among high-risk patients without a baseline OUD diagnosis), (2) a naloxone prescription, or (3) a prescription of a medication for OUD (MOUD) or specialty referral, all within 30 days of first eligible (index) visit, and (4) days covered by a MOUD prescription in the 90 days after index. Results Among 10 891 patients meeting eligibility criteria, 5918 (54.3%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 48.0 (13.9) years. There was no difference in OUD diagnoses within 30 days between groups. Patients in the intervention group had more naloxone orders (80 of 5538 [1.4%] vs 40 of 5353 [0.7%]; odds ratio, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.14-2.72) and orders for MOUDs or treatment referral (775 of 5538 [14.0%] vs 503 of 5353 [9.4%]; odds ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.05-2.08) within 30 days. There were no differences in median (IQR) days covered by MOUD over 90 days postindex between intervention (84 [55-90] days) and usual care (83 [55-90] days; rate ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.93-1.08) or in overdose or death rates during the intervention period. Conclusions and Relevance In this cluster randomized clinical trial, the intervention improved rates of naloxone orders and OUD treatment in primary care but did not affect days covered by a MOUD over 90 days postindex or overdose or death rates. These findings demonstrate an OUD CDSS can help increase access to OUD treatment in primary care. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04198428

Topic: Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Development of a Gas Analysis Method Using Membrane Inlet Mass

Dissolved gas content in groundwater is an important factor, which has to be known and taken into account in safety assessment investigations. Posiva has studied the dissolved gas content in deep groundwater at Olkiluoto since 1991. In 2002 Posiva started a new project with the primary aim of developing mass spectrometric methods for measuring the dissolved gas content in groundwater. The development of a method for dissolved gases is divided into two parts: 1) an analysis method for gases in the gas phase by direct inlet mass spectrometry and 2) an analysis method for gases in the water phase by membrane inlet mass spectrometry. This report describes the development of the membrane inlet mass spectrometry method for dissolved gases. The first step of the work was to develop a method for transferring a sample into the mass spectrometer. After this step, the development of a standard solution preparation became the focus of the development work. Standard solutions were used for calibrating the equipment. A method for the membrane inlet mass spectrometer analysis of dissolved gases was developed and tested in this work. The

Topic: Gastrointestinal disorders and treatments
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences