jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A social inequality of motivation? The relationship between beliefs about academic success and young people's educational attainment

Meritocratic ideals, which emphasise individual responsibility and self‐motivation, have featured prominently in discourses about Australia's international competitiveness in academic achievement. Young people are often encouraged to attribute academic success and failure to individual factors such as hard work and talent, and to downplay extrinsic factors such as luck, task difficulty, or broader structural advantages and disadvantages. Using longitudinal data on a large, single‐age cohort (n=2,145) of young Australians participating in the Social Futures and Life Pathways (‘Our Lives’) project, we analyse the relationship between attributions for academic success across their final years of secondary schooling and how they related to educational attainment at the end of school. The belief that hard work would lead to academic success was widespread within the sample and positively associated with subsequent educational performance. Most students also emphasised the importance of having a supportive family, despite this being negatively associated with performance. Consistent with claims about a ‘social inequality of motivation’, the findings suggest that emphasising meritocracy may compound the disadvantages of young people from less educated or vocational backgrounds, and those living in rural and regional Australia, whilst impacting unevenly on males' and females' academic performance.

Topic: Youth Education and Societal Dynamics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Estimating the effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in Comparative Effectiveness Researches (CERs) through propensity score analysis

Purpose: Propensity score analysis was widely used in several designs of CERs, such as cohort study, case control study, cross-sectional study or imperfect randomization designs.We did this bibliometrics to learn the application status and latent problems of propensity score in TCM study. Methods: A bibliometrics of three computerized databases was conducted from their date of inception onwards. Research papers which presented evidences on associations between TCM and treatment effects in CERs were included this review. Results: Totally, 156 articles were identified. After reading titles and abstracts, 18 articles were kept and others were excludedbecause theywereduplicates, reviews, or their objectives different from this review. Only 3 (17%) of studies used propensity score to balance the covariates between groups, 15 (83%) of them applied univariate analysis and 8 (44%) gave additional results of multivariate analysis. Conclusion: There were notable evidences that propensity score could provide more robust results than traditional analyzing methods. In some cases, the results might be contradictory. It was advised that researchers should pay attention to the statistical method when analyzing data from CERs and avoid misleading explanations of study results. Contact: Ying Zhang, novelzhang@sina.com

Topic: Diverse Approaches in Healthcare and Education Studies
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Evaluation of Garden City Policy From the Citizen's Point of View in Singapore

FROM THE CITIZEN'S POINT OF VIEW, THIS PAPER TRIES TO FIND OUT THE EFFICIENCIES AND PROBLEMS OF GARDEN CITY POLICY, THAT IS TO MAKE SINGAPORE INTO A GREEN AND CLEAN CITY FOR THE PLEASANT LIVING OF LIFE. THIS FIRST PART OF THE PAPER EXAMINES THE HISTORY, AND UNDERSTANDS THE CONCEPT OF THE GOVERNMENTAL SIDE. THE SECOND, IT TEMPTS TO ANALYSE THE FACTS IN DAILY SOCIAL LIFE BY THE ARTICLES OF THE STRAITS TIMES FOR THE PERIOD FROM DECEMBER, 1989 TO JANUARY, 1991 IN SINGAPORE. THE THIRD, IT EVALUATES THE CONCEPT AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE POLICY FROM THE CIVIC SIDE.

Topic: Socioeconomic Development in Asia
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
CsNAC17 enhances resistance to <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> by interacting with CsbHLH62 in <i>Camellia sinensis</i>

Abstract The pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causes anthracnose, a serious threat to tea trees around the world, particularly in warm and humid regions. RNA-Seq data have previously indicated NAC transcription factors are involved in anthracnose resistance, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The BiFC, Split-LUC, and Co-IP assays validated the interaction between CsbHLH62 and CsNAC17 identified through yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening. CsNAC17 or CsbHLH62 overexpression enhanced anthracnose resistance, as well as enhanced levels of H2O2, hypersensitivity, and cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. The NBS-LRR gene CsRPM1 is regulated by CsNAC17 by binding directly to its promoter (i.e. CACG, CATGTG), while CsbHLH62 facilitates CsNAC17’s binding and increases transcriptional activity of CsRPM1. Additionally, transient silencing of CsNAC17 and CsbHLH62 in tea plant leaves using the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system resulted in decreased resistance to anthracnose. Conversely, transient overexpression of CsNAC17 and CsbHLH62 in tea leaves significantly enhanced the resistance against anthracnose. Based on these results, it appears that CsbHLH62 facilitates the activity of CsNAC17 on CsRPM1, contributing to increased anthracnose resistance.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A Case of Blow-Out Type Cardiac Rupture after Acute Myocardial Infarction

症例は83歳,女性.心タンポナーデに伴うショックの診断で当院へ搬送された.心電図所見,心筋逸脱酵素の上昇から急性心筋梗塞とそれに伴う左室破裂と診断し,心嚢ドレナージを施行した.その直後にblow out型の左室自由壁破裂をきたしPEA(pulseless-electrical-activity)となったため,ただちに胸骨正中切開により心臓に到達し,左室後側壁の破裂孔からの噴出性出血を確認,gelatin-resorcinol-formaldehyde(GRF)glueによる圧迫止血を開始した.圧迫のみでは止血できなかったが,当初は脆弱で縫合困難と思われた破裂孔付近の梗塞心筋が,圧迫後はGRF glueによると思われる変性で強度が増したため,容易に縫合止血しえた.心不全管理に時間を要したが,術後103日目に軽快退院した.GRF glueによる組織壊死の報告があり,今後も厳重な経過観察が必要ではあるが,救命困難な本症に対する緊急手術の術式として,有効と考えられた.

Topic: Cardiac Structural Anomalies and Repair
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Analysis of the psychometric properties of the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29 (MSIS-29) in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis using classical and modern test theory

Background Investigations using classical test theory support the psychometric properties of the original version of the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29v1), a disease-specific measure of multiple sclerosis (MS) impact (physical and psychological subscales). Later, assessments of the MSIS-29v1 in an MS community-based sample using Rasch analysis led to revisions of the instrument’s response options (MSIS-29v2). Objective The objective of this paper is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the MSIS-29v1 in a clinical trial cohort of relapsing–remitting MS patients (RRMS). Methods Data from 600 patients with RRMS enrolled in the SELECT clinical trial were used. Assessments were performed at baseline and at Weeks 12, 24, and 52. In addition to traditional psychometric analyses, Item Response Theory (IRT) and Rasch analysis were used to evaluate the measurement properties of the MSIS-29v1. Results Both MSIS-29v1 subscales demonstrated strong reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness. The IRT and Rasch analysis showed overall support for response category threshold ordering, person-item fit, and item fit for both subscales. Conclusions Both MSIS-29v1 subscales demonstrated robust measurement properties using classical, IRT, and Rasch techniques. Unlike previous research using a community-based sample, the MSIS-29v1 was found to be psychometrically sound to assess physical and psychological impairments in a clinical trial sample of patients with RRMS.

Topic: Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
©Copyright JASSS

The spatial distribution of crime has been a long-standing interest in the field of criminology. Research in this area has shown that activity nodes and travel paths are key components that help to define patterns of offending. Little research, however, has considered the influence of activity nodes on the spatial distribution of crimes in crime neutral areas- those where crimes are more haphazardly dispersed. Further, a review of the literature has revealed a lack of research in determining the relative strength of attraction that different types of activity nodes possess based on characteristics of criminal events in their immediate surrounds. In this paper we use offenders &amp;apos; home locations and the locations of their crimes to define directional and distance parameters. Using these parameters we apply mathematical structures to define rules by which different models may behave to investigate the influence of activity nodes on the spatial distribution of crimes in crime neutral areas. The findings suggest an increasing likelihood of crime as a function of geometric angle and distance from an offender&amp;apos;s home location to the site of the criminal event. Implications of the results are discussed. Keywords:

Topic: Crime Patterns and Interventions
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Fine-structure mixing in Cs atoms excited to intermediate nD<sub>5/2</sub>states colliding with ground-state Cs atoms

The collisional excitation transfer fine-structure mixing cross sections for nD states of Cs (n=11-13) are measured by the technique of selective two-photon excitation with pulses of radiation from a N2 laser-pumped dye laser and observation of collisionally induced fluorescence.

Topic: Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Clonidine in the Treatment of Menopausal Symptoms

ABSTRACT Thirty‐seven women complaining of hot flushes, sweating and other menopausal symptoms were treated with clonidine. A double‐blind crossover trial with placebo controls was undertaken. The clonidine dose was 2 × 0.025 mg/24 hours–0.075 mg/24 hours, increased if necessary at intervals of two weeks. The effect of clonidine did not differ significantly from placebo effect in the treatment of the symptoms. Side effects during clonidine management were slight and no difference was seen in their incidence compared with that in the patients treated with the placebo. A definitive placebo response was perceivable in the decreasing of symptoms.

Topic: Estrogen and related hormone effects
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Analysis of high-dimensional Gaussian labeled–unlabeled mixture model via message-passing algorithm

Abstract Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is a machine learning methodology that leverages unlabeled data in conjunction with a limited amount of labeled data. Although SSL has been applied in various applications and its effectiveness has been empirically demonstrated, it is still not fully understood when and why SSL performs well. Several existing theoretical studies have attempted to address this issue by modeling classification problems using the so-called Gaussian mixture model (GMM). These studies provide notable and insightful interpretations. However, their analyses are focused on specific purposes, and a thorough investigation of the properties of GMM in the context of SSL has been lacking. In this paper, we conduct a detailed analysis of the properties of the high-dimensional GMM for binary classification in the SSL setting. To this end, we employ the approximate message-passing and state evolution methods, which are widely used in high-dimensional settings and originate from statistical mechanics. We deal with two estimation approaches: the Bayesian one and the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> -regularized maximum likelihood estimation (RMLE). We conduct a comprehensive comparison of these two approaches, examining aspects such as the global phase diagram, estimation error for the parameters, and prediction error for the labels. A specific comparison is made between the Bayes-optimal (BO) estimator and RMLE, as the BO setting provides the optimal estimation performance and is ideal as a benchmark. Our analysis shows that with appropriate regularizations, RMLE can achieve a near-optimal performance in terms of both the estimation error and prediction error, especially when there is a large amount of unlabeled data. These results demonstrate that the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> regularization term plays an effective role in estimation and prediction in SSL approaches.

Topic: Fractal and DNA sequence analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The practical horseshoer. Being a collection of articles on horseshoeing in all its branches which have appeared from time to time in the columns of "The Blacksmith and wheelwright"

¢ And still o'er many a neighbor's door She saw the horseshoe's curved charm.""The cautious goodman nails no more A. horseshoe on his outside door, Lest some unseemly hag should fit To his own mouth her bridle bit.

Topic: Horticultural and Viticultural Research
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Chemical Vapor Deposition of Nickel Phosphide or Selenide Thin Films from a Single Precursor

Nickel phosphide, nickel selenide thin films and their heterostructure (Ni0.85Se/Ni2P) were deposited from a newly synthesized single source precursor {Ni[iPr2P(S)NP(Se)iPr2]2} just by altering the deposition temperature using CVD. Copyright © 2008 American Chemical Society.

Topic: Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Social Media in Destination Choice: Distinctive Electronic Word-of-Mouth Dimensions

ABSTRACT Studies investigating the influence of social media on destination choice are in an exploratory stage. Essentially, social media disseminates word of mouth electronically, unlike traditional word of mouth. However, within tourism, evidence has suggested that both terms may be used interchangeably. In this article, five points of difference suggest that electronic word of mouth is to be treated as a unique entity. The distinctive characteristics of electronic word of mouth are little known source-receiver relationships, channel variety and presentation of contents, opportunities for information solicitation, message retention capabilities, and content provider motivations for disclosure. Three considerations for destination management organizations are creating opportunities for past visitors to narrate memorable tourism experiences, involving industry partners to build relevant destination images and greater engagement with social media. This conceptual article advances the understanding of electronic word of mouth in presenting distinctive credibility profiles toward a proposed influence on destination image and choice.

Topic: Digital Marketing and Social Media
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Transformation of Production Relations in the Agricultural Sector of the Economy of Bulgaria in the Euro-Integration Conditions

On the basis of archival sources and studies of Bulgarian historians, the peculiarities of changes in production relations and productivity of the agrarian sector of the Bulgarian economy in the context of European integration are revealed. It is analyzed which sectors of agriculture developed, and which, on the contrary, were in a state of stagnation. In the process of Bulgaria’s accession to the European Union, the agrarian sector of the economy needed modernization of the management system and the reform of production relations.In the Bulgarian countryside, during the period of 1990-2007, a process of reforming agricultural production relations was taking place, accompanied by the conditions of European integration, which, in turn, led to the need for transformation of all spheres of agriculture in the country. One of the most important was the agrarian sphere. During the period of 1944 – 1989, the transformation in the agrarian sector of agricultural commodity production was rather controversial: the imperfection of land reform, namely land privatization, intensive process of agricultural co-operation, led to the creation of gaps in the development of all spheres of the agrarian sector. With the integration of Bulgaria into the European Union, the issue of harmonization of the agricultural production sector with the requirements of the European Union in the field of intensification of agricultural development and promotion of trade with the European Union with agrarian products became important. Given the current state of European integration processes in Ukraine, a comprehensive study of the historical conditions of the agricultural reforms in agriculture, which will allow us to analyze the problems and determine the prospects for its development on the path of integration into the European economic space, is relevant.

Topic: Agriculture Market Analysis Ukraine
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Resolution of Amino Acids. IV. The Resolution of Racemic α-Amino-n-butyric Acid and S-Benzyl-cysteine by Papain-Catalyzed Anilide Formation

DL-αアミノ-n-酪酸およびS-ベンジル-DL-システィンのパパイン-アニリド法による分割はまだ行なわれていない。分割の予備試験として.前報において述べた比色法および重量法を適用して.アシル-DL-α-アミノ-n-酪酸(アシル基はアセチル,n-ブチリル,イソバレリル.n-力プロイル.ベンゾイルおよびカルボベンゾキシ)とアシル-S-ベンジルのレシステイン(アシル基はアセチル.n-ブチリルおよびn-カプロイル)からそれらのアニリド合成速度を追求した.またアニリド合成反応におよぼすpHの影響をも検討した.実際につぎに示すアシル-DL-アミノ酸について分割を行なった。得られた各アミノ酸の収量(%)および比旋光度([α]tD)はつぎのとおりである。

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Ethno-medicinal Practices among Pattharkatta Kanjars in Lucknow District of U.P.

Present paper depicts the picture of ethno-medicinal knowledge bank prevailed in Pattharkatta Kanjars, a primitive and nomadic community of gypsies and hunters of Lucknow district. The use of traditional medicine system is found among them which occupy its own place along with the modern allopathic and other system of medicines. They follow ethno-medicines and have faith on them with varying number of herbs and plants from place to place. Younger generation do not have enough belief in these alternate medicines; however, they either do not discard them, their use depends on their interest and kind of need. This is an exploratory-cum-objective-based study whose purpose is to find out the use of traditional medicines for the remedies of diseases in their community. It employs traditional field exploration, interview schedule, photographic method and others. Data is collected through primary as well as secondary sources including official government websites with random and purposive sampling method.

Topic: South Asian Studies and Conflicts
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Electric Fishes in the Nineteenth Century

This chapter focuses on electric fish research during the 19th century. These studies would involve attempting to get sparks from torpedoes, determining the polarity of the electric organs, trying to understand why these fish did not electrocute themselves, and much more. Fish studies and research on nerve and muscle physiology would be viewed as having much in common, and they would continue to draw on each other.

Topic: Fish biology, ecology, and behavior
Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Effects of Relative Cohort Size on Inequality and the Overall Structure of Wages

Abstract This chapter analyzes the wages at all age levels throughout the workforce. It tries to identify whether the age structure of the population has had a significant effect on the primary dimensions of inequality in the United States over the last thirty-five years: on the return to experience, the return to skill, hours and weeks worked, and on the general structure of wages and level of inequality. Changing relative cohort size can explain a significant proportion of the variation over time in measures of work intensity, such as hours and weeks worked and the proportion working full time, at all levels of experience. Cohort size effects—on wages, unemployment, and hours and weeks worked—have occurred not just among younger workers, but throughout the labor force. Furthermore, changing relative cohort size has been a major factor increasing all types of inequality in the society over the past few decades.

Topic: Employment and Welfare Studies
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
High sensitivity glucose sensor based on optical heterodyne phase detection

Measurements of glucose concentration are important parts of biochemical analyses. Based on the principles of the common-path heterodyne interferometry, we develop a high sensitivity optical sensor for measuring glucose concentration. A heterodyne light beam after transmitted through a glucose solution passes through some polarization components for interference. The phase difference determined with heterodyne interferometric technique of the interference signal is greatly enhanced as a result of proper azimuth angles of some polarization components, and a high sensitivity measurement of glucose concentration can be achieved. The feasibility of the measuring method was demonstrated by our experimental results. This optical sensor should bear the merits of high accuracy, short sample medium length, and simpler operational endeavor.

Topic: Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
ChemInform Abstract: Selective O‐Difluoromethylation of 1,3‐Diones by Bromodifluoromethylating Reagents.

Abstract The reaction of in‐situ generated difluorocarbene from (I) with 1,3‐diones leads to the formation of a wide variety of difluoromethyl enol ethers in good to excellent yields.

Topic: Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
A review of user-friendly freely-available statistical analysis software for medical researchers and biostatisticians

Most experimental medical research, if not all of it, heavily relies on statistical analysis. The difficulty of using statistical software is one of the key reasons why many researchers struggle with the data analysis stage. In this article, I discuss some of the user-friendly statistical programs that are accessible for free and ease data analysis for medical researchers and biostatisticians. Researchers can choose the best software by considering the descriptions of the programs, the statistical tests and features offered in each, the graphical features of each, and the strengths and weaknesses of each. Also, I will mention different references to help researchers use each statistical software adequately. Of note, this article reviews 7 statistical programs for use in medical research, namely JASP, Jamovi, BlueSky Statistics, Epi Info, Statistics Kingdom (web-based), SOFA Statistics, PSPP, and G*Power. For basic and common statistical tests, all the programs mentioned are useful and sufficient to complete the data analysis process. However, the best programs for advanced statistical methods are JASP, Jamovi, and BlueSky Statistics. G*Power is the program of choice for sample size and power analyses.

Topic: Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Subfield: Health Information Management
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences