jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Cross‐Dehydrogenative Couplings (CDC) of C−H Bond in Aqueous Media

Abstract To develop highly efficient synthetic reactions is quite important in organic chemistry. Cross dehydrogenative couplings (CDC) utilize C−H bonds of substrates to construct new C−X (X=C, S, O, N, P) bonds. For CDC, the pre‐functionalization of reaction substrates can be avoided and the C−X (X=C, S, O, N, P) bonds can be newly formed by simple and efficient synthesis routes. Meanwhile, water is increasingly used as a substitute for organic solvents in cross‐dehydrogenative coupling because of its rich content, non‐toxicity, and non‐ flammability. In recent years, organic chemists are devoted their efforts to explore the cross dehydrogenative couplings (CDC) in aqueous phase which feature high atom utilization rate and environmental friendliness. Herein, we summarized the recent advances in the construction of C−C, C−S, C−O, C−N, and C−P bonds through CDC reactions of C−H bonds in water. magnified image

Topic: Catalytic C–H Functionalization Methods
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
European Network on Indicators of Social Quality

This paper presents a first set of data for the theoretical elements that have been developed for Social Quality in the Netherlands. The four social quality conditional factors (Socio-economic Security, Social Cohesion, Social Inclusion and Social Empowerment) will be addressed in an individual paragraph. The last paragraph describes a recent policy initiative that is relevant from the perspective of Social Quality. Emphasis is placed on the fact that policy initiatives frequently constitute a trade off between different components of Social Quality and benefits and costs have to be weighed carefully.

Topic: Economic Issues in Ukraine
Subfield: General Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Studies on the Alkaloids of Magnoliaceous Plants. XX

Tetramethylmagnolamine (-, -) (XI) was synthesized by the Ullmann reaction of l-6′-bromolaudanosine (IX) and l-armepavine (X), and it was proved that this synthesized base is the optical antipode of the natural tetramethylmagnolamine (+, +). It was thereby established that the structure of magnolamine itself and the optical rotation of its two asymmetric centers are represented by the structural formula (XII).

Topic: Magnolia and Illicium research
Subfield: Rehabilitation
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Securing the city, making the city: Property guardianship and dispersed policing in urban space

This article addresses the phenomenon of contemporary property guardianship, a type of building security by live-in occupants, who pay below-market rents, as a growing method of dispersed policing. While the centrality of property security is often foregrounded, both in existing literature on the topic and by property guardian operators, this research charts the increasing use of property guardians as operationalised agents in the surveillance and regulation of urban space. Within this, it looks at property security through an understanding of the building as a spillover site, the security for which has ramifications for wider urban space. Through analysis of how property guardians provide security within a wider remit than typically understood, it underscores guardianships relationship to broader security regimes. In light of its findings, it readdresses the role guardianship plays within the context of urban regeneration and gentrification. Through focusing on guardianship in London, with reference to other U.K. cities, it examines closely at borough-level local authorities use of guardians to further understand the position of guardianship-as-policing within regeneration. As such, it engages with the ways that property guardianship, as with other modes of policing, is concomitant with efforts to reorganise and remake cities. This research builds on previous scholarship within the topic of guardianship, while drawing on work from fields such as urban studies, policing studies and abolitionist thought, as well as reportage, promotional material, and both local and national policy. Through use of interviews and questionnaires, this article centres the experiences of guardians, and their relationship to their duties. It attempts to understand the subjectivities produced and actively sought by such dispersed methods of policing activity, which are undoubtedly reliant partly on the precarity of those enacting them.

Topic: Urban Planning and Governance
Subfield: Urban Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
MITOCHONDRIAL PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF MOOSE (ALCES ALCES) IN NORTH AMERICA

Nucleotide variation was assessed from the mitochondrial control region of North American moose (Alces alces) to test predictions of a model of range expansion by stepping-stone dispersal and to determine whether patterns of genetic variation support the current recognition of 4 subspecies. Haplotypes formed a star phylogeny indicative of a recent expansion of populations. Values of nucleotide and haplotype diversity were low continent-wide but were greatest in the central part of the continent and lowest in peripheral populations. Despite low mitochondrial diversity, moose exhibited a high degree of differentiation regionally, which was not explained by isolation by distance. Our data indicate a pattern of colonization consistent with a large central population that supplied founders to peripheral populations (other than Alaska), perhaps through rare, long-distance dispersal events (leptokurtic dispersal) rather than mass dispersal by a stepping-stone model. The colonization scenario does not account for the low haplotype diversity observed in Alaska, which may be derived from a postcolonization bottleneck. Establishment of peripheral populations by leptokurtic dispersal and subsequent local adaptation may have been sufficient for development of morphological differentiation among extant subspecies.

Topic: Genetic diversity and population structure
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Effectiveness Environmental Measurements and Biomarkers of Exposure at Minimizing Exposure Misclassification

Background: Children's Health after the Storm (CHATS) is a cohort study investigating adverse health effects among children who resided in areas affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the U.S. A feasibility study is underway. Aim: One study aim is to assess ways to minimize exposure misclassification bias. We hypothesize that personal measurements of environmental exposure have a stronger association with biomarkers of exposure than do indirect exposure measurements. Methods: A substudy of 100 children will assess exposure misclassification. For each child, we are collecting: 1) one-week measurements of personal exposure to particulate matter (PM10), second-hand smoke (SHS), and volatile organic compounds (VOC); 2) one-week residential indoor and outdoor stationary sampling for the same pollutants; and 3) corresponding urinary biomarkers of exposure. We will compare personal exposure data to indoor and outdoor residential data, and environmental SHS and VOC measurements to urinary cotinine and VOC metabolite concentrations. Results: Data from 50 children show that personal exposures to PM10 (mean: 38 mg/m3, GSD = 2.4) exceed the indoor (mean: 25 mg/m3, GSD = 2.4) and outdoor concentrations (mean: 20 mg/m3, GSD = 1.8), with SHS being a key source of the difference. Personal and indoor VOC concentrations are similar (mean: 0.015 mg/L, GSD = 2.1) and are greater than outdoor concentrations (mean: 0.005 mg/L, GSD = 1.9). Additional environmental and biospecimen sample collection and analysis are ongoing and will be presented. Conclusions: Preliminary data suggest that personal measurements are best at minimizing exposure misclassification bias. Strong sources within microenvironments and the child's proximity to these sources are the most likely causes. The correlation between the personal measurements and the urinary VOC and cotinine biomarkers will confirm this supposition. Our assessment of approaches to minimize exposure misclassification will be fully evaluated to inform the Full Study Phase of CHATS.

Topic: Air Quality and Health Impacts
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
CCDC 1491759: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
ATLAS: Automatically Detecting Discrepancies Between Privacy Policies and Privacy Labels

Privacy policies are long, complex documents that end-users seldom read. Privacy labels aim to ameliorate these issues by providing succinct summaries of salient data practices. In December 2020, Apple began requiring that app developers submit privacy labels describing their apps' data practices. Yet, research suggests that app developers often struggle to do so. In this paper, we automatically identify possible discrepancies between mobile app privacy policies and their privacy labels. Such discrepancies could be indicators of potential privacy compliance issues. We introduce the Automated Privacy Label Analysis System (ATLAS). ATLAS includes three components: a pipeline to systematically retrieve iOS App Store listings and privacy policies; an ensemble-based classifier capable of predicting privacy labels from the text of privacy policies with 91.3% accuracy using state-of-the-art NLP techniques; and a discrepancy analysis mechanism that enables a large-scale privacy analysis of the iOS App Store. Our system has enabled us to analyze 354,725 iOS apps. We find several interesting trends. For example, only 40.3% of apps in the App Store provide easily accessible privacy policies, and only 29.6% of apps provide both accessible privacy policies and privacy labels. Among apps that provide both, 88.0% have at least one possible discrepancy between the text of their privacy policy and their privacy label, which could be indicative of a potential compliance issue. We find that, on average, apps have 5.32 such potential compliance issues. We hope that ATLAS will help app developers, researchers, regulators, and mobile app stores alike. For example, app developers could use our classifier to check for discrepancies between their privacy policies and privacy labels, and regulators could use our system to help review apps at scale for potential compliance issues.

Topic: Privacy, Security, and Data Protection
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Distribution of surface soil mercury of Wuda old mining area, Inner Mongolia, China

In this study, mercury (Hg) concentrations in dustfall and topsoil were investigated. Three hundred forty-four samples were collected, including dustfall and topsoil samples, across an area of ∼180 km2 in Wuda, China. Dustfall Hg concentration in Wuda ranged from 10 to 6453 ng·g−1, with an average of 305 ng·g−1, and topsoil Hg concentration ranged from 3 to 1537 ng·g−1, with an average value of 135 ng·g−1. The average dustfall Hg concentrations in the coalfield, industrial park, and urban areas were 289 ng·g−1, 809 ng·g−1, and 160 ng·g−1, respectively, and the corresponding average topsoil Hg concentrations were 216 ng·g−1, 242 ng·g−1, and 91 ng·g−1. Hg concentrations were significantly higher in the coalfield, industrial park, and urban areas compared with background values for Wuda and China tide soil. The coal Hg concentrations ranged from 273 to 346 ng·g−1, with an average value of 317 ng·g−1. Comparison of the Hg concentrations of Wuda coal with other regions and countries, indicated that Hg concentrations were significantly enriched in coal, highlighting that coal is the primary Hg source for Wuda District. While coal fires provided the primary source of Hg, some higher Hg values were caused by factors such as gangue hills and coalfield topography, the use of activated carbon with HgCl2 as a catalyst in the industrial park, and several coal washeries in wasteland areas. In addition to atmospheric Hg, underground coal seam emissions served as another potential Hg source in the coalfield. The surface soil Hg in the coalfield and industrial park areas should be given closer attention in the future.

Topic: Mercury impact and mitigation studies
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Challenges of Zinc-Specific Transrectal Fluorescence Tomography to Detect Prostate Cancer

Abstract : The project studied the challenges of trans-rectal FDOT of negative-contrast targets relating to zinc-specific fluorophore. (1). Algorithms to enable trans-rectal FDOT reconstruction are developed, and synthetic FDOT study are performed to assess how sensitive the trans-rectal fluorescence measurement is to a negative-contrast fluorescence target. (2). A novel geometric-sensitivity-difference method is introduced to improve target depth localization for trans-rectal fluorescence diffuse optical tomography. (3) A novel analytical approach has been developed to quantifying the diffuse photon propagation in an outward-imaging geometry that idealize transrectal optical imaging. (4) Numerical studies have demonstrated that and detecting a target of negative-contrast in the trans-rectal prostate-imaging geometry is especially challenging. (5) Experimental works are conducted to test the feasibility of TRUS-coupled FDOT of tissue phantoms containing target of positive or negative fluorescent contrast over the background. (6) A routine is developed to use sparsely 2D TRUS images to synthesize the 3D prostate profile to improve the image reconstruction.

Topic: Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
International Legal Problems of Qualification of Armed Conflicts

The article addresses the qualification problems of armed conflicts. The study was conducted through the analysis of international legal doctrine, international treaties, decisions of international organizations. Attention is paid to the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Court. It is noted that International Humanitarian Law has been in place since the beginning of the armed conflict. Therefore, the application of International Humanitarian Law does not require any recognition of the existence of armed conflict (international or non-international); this conflict exists because of armed clashes. It is emphasized that the need to classify the conflict arises in view of domestic and international legal factors (to bring to international criminal justice those who have committed war crimes; state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, etc.). Attention was paid to the non-existence of a single body, which was empowered to determine the existence of an armed conflict. Different international agencies may have different qualifications for the same armed conflict. It is concluded that it is necessary to establish a Committee of Experts under the UN Secretary-General, to avoid different qualifications from the same armed conflict.

Topic: International Law and Human Rights
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Work and Experience from a Phenomenological Approach

The article presents a phenomenological approach to the analysis of work experience from the notion of context of meaning and context of experience in finite areas of meaning in the work of Alfred Schütz. From this approach, a three-dimensional analysis of the world of work (Wirkwelt) is proposed, where work is simultaneously considered as a structure, as a social action and as an intersubjective environment. With this, it is sought to deepen a better understanding of the heterogeneous phenomena of the world of work.

Topic: Critical Theory and Philosophy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Hospice services: The dilemmas of technology at the end of life

From medieval times to the present, hospice has been a place where the weary could find shelter and refuge. Linguistically the word hospice shares the same root as hospitality, and hospice has come to mean compassionate relief from the weariness of illness and a specialized level of care at life's end. In 1967, Dame Cecily Saunders started the modern hospice movement in England. Saunders' vision included a holistic approach focused on symptom management and emotional support for the families of the dying individual. The first hospice care was provided at the inpatient setting of St. Christopher's Hospice in England, and the movement sparked a shift in the way we think about dying.

Topic: Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
miR-21 Is Linked to Glioma Angiogenesis

MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is the most consistently over-expressed microRNA (miRNA) in malignant gliomas. We have previously reported that miR-21 is upregulated in glioma vessels and subsets of glioma cells. To better understand the role of miR-21 in glioma angiogenesis and to characterize miR-21-positive tumor cells, we systematically stained consecutive serial sections from ten astrocytomas for miR-21, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), sex-determining region Y box 2 (Sox2) and CD133. We developed an image analysis-based co-localization approach allowing global alignment and quantitation of the individual markers, and measured the miR-21 in situ hybridization signal against the immunohistochemical staining of the six different markers. miR-21 significantly co-localized with the hypoxia- and angiogenesis-associated markers HIF-1α ( p=0.0020) and VEGF ( p=0.0096), whereas the putative miR-21 target, PTEN, was expressed independently of miR-21. Expression of stem cell markers Oct4, Sox2 and CD133 was not associated with miR-21. In six glioblastoma cultures, miR-21 did not correlate with the six markers. These findings suggest that miR-21 is linked to glioma angiogenesis, that miR-21 is unlikely to regulate PTEN, and that miR-21-positive tumor cells do not possess stem cell characteristics.

Topic: MicroRNA in disease regulation
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Supplementary Figure 10 from Spatial and Single-Cell Analyses Reveal Heterogeneity of DNAM-1 Receptor–Ligand Interactions That Instructs Intratumoral γδT-cell Activity

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 10 Identification of Tet-on system, ROC curves and survival curves of different groups for NB tumor. (A) and (B) The variation of CD112 and CD155 expression in SK-N-BE2 cells treated with different concentration of doxycycline (0, 2 nM, 20 nM, 200 nM, 2 μM, 20 μM) is detected by qPCR and Western blot. (C) ROC curves are generated for CD112, CD155, and CD112/CD155 ratio to predict NB patient death, tumor risk or MYCN amplification. The results are expressed as the means ± SEMs from at least three independent experiments. Significant differences between groups are represented by ns no significance, * p &lt; 0.05, ** p &lt; 0.01 and *** p &lt; 0.001.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Immune Cell Function and Interaction
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
A comparative study of <i>Geum rivale</i> L. and <i>G. urbanum</i> L. to determine those factors controlling their altitudinal distribution II. Photosynthesis and respiration

SUMMARY Geum urbanum and G. rivale are a sympatric interfertile pair of species with contrasting distributions. Geum rivale occurs at higher altitudes and more northerly latitudes than G. urbanum. As part of a study to determine the factors responsible for this difference in distribution, a comparison of the carbon economy of the two species was made. The light and temperature dependence of photosynthesis was assessed for plants of both species grown in contrasting light and temperature regimes. Acclimation to the prevailing environmental conditions was more pronounced in G. urbanum. Amongst populations of the two species originating from different altitudes the temperature optimum for photosynthesis was similar. When grown at 25/16 °C, higher rates of respiration were measured he roots of G. rivale at all temperatures, when pretreated at 8/5 °C there was a smaller increase in the rate of respiration in the roots of G. rivale. It is proposed that these differences in root respiration account for observed higher root growth rates at low temperatures in G. rivale. It is concluded that whilst carbon assimilation is not a critical factor determining the upper altitudinal limit of G. urbanum , the pattern of carbon utilization may be important. The greater phenotypic plasticity observed in G. urbanum , may be of value for survival in the herb layer of deciduous woodland where it is most commonly found.

Topic: Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
An Overview of Efforts to Bring Clinical Knowledge to the Point of Care

By bringing people the right information in the right format at the right time and place, state of the art clinical information systems with imbedded clinical knowledge can help people make the right clinical decisions. This chapter provides an overview of the efforts to develop systems capable of delivering such information at the point of care. The first section focuses on “library-type” applications that enable a clinician to look-up information in an electronic document. The second section describes a myriad of “realtime clinical decision support systems.” These systems generally deliver clinical guidance at the point of care within the clinical information system (CIS). The third section describes several “hybrid” systems, which combine aspects of real-time clinical decision support systems with library-type information. Finally, section four provides a brief look at various attempts to bring clinical knowledge, in the form of computable guidelines, to the point of care.

Topic: Electronic Health Records Systems
Subfield: Health Information Management
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences