jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Advantages and Disadvantages of Reluctance Step Motors in Comparison with Other Design Versions

Optional designs of step motors are compared in the paper. The authors show, that the reluctance step motors essentially outperform other type of step motors. They have a large torque, high accuracy of functioning, reliability, etc. Step motors can be successfully used in system for orientation of low power wind installations. Further improvements in t he performance of the reluctance step motors are proposed.

Topic: Electric Motor Design and Analysis
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Cerebrospinal otorrhea and recurring meningitis: Report of three cases

Abstract Recurrent attacks of meningitis occurring independent of a systemic bacterial infection should be considered as a cerebrospinal leak either otorrhea or rhinorrhea. Three cases each with a different cause were diagnosed chiefly on the basis of the history and a bulging noninflammatory eardrum. Subsequent use of fluorescein intrathecally not only helped to confirm the diagnosis but was very useful at surgery in locating the leak in the dura of the oval window of the ear. Many materials have been used but autogenous temporal fascia or fascia lata seemed to be most effective in these cases. The sandwiching of the dura between two pieces of fascia is not only realistic but was found to be very effective. One piece of fascia between the arachnoid and dura and another between the dura and bone give a tight seal.

Topic: Head and Neck Surgical Oncology
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Simple Processing Method for High‐Strength Silicon Carbide

Silicon carbide test bars were made by a simple wet‐processing technique. The pressure casting method used the same equipment as conventional dry‐pressing, but with a modified die. This casting technique was employed in order to produce test bars with improved strength and smaller fracture flaws than produced by dry‐pressing. This was accomplished by eliminating pore clusters which were present in dry‐pressed specimens and identified as a common source of failure in SiC MOR test bars.

Topic: Advanced ceramic materials synthesis
Subfield: Ceramics and Composites
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Alleles of &lt;i&gt;Rh1&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Rh2(a,b)&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;Rh4&lt;/i&gt; in the severe malaria case-control study

&lt;p&gt;The common allele at each locus is the reference allele (Odds Ratio = 1). Adjusted odds ratios result from a multivariate analysis adjusting for gender, previous history of ever having malaria, and the year of recruitment.&lt;/p&gt;

Topic: Genetic and Environmental Crop Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Characteristics and Functional Properties of Sourdough Fermentation

Sourdough fermentation can prolong the shelf life of foods,rapidly develop dough,delay the staling of flour foods and have good flavor and higher nutritional quality.Sourdough fermentation also improves sensory qualities including loaf volume,color,taste and texture of bread and mantou.The present paper reviews these above mentioned for application of sourdough in flour foods.

Topic: Food Quality and Safety Studies
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
High frequency venturi jet ventilation

Summary A Penlon Nuffield Series 200 Ventilator, adapted for use as a high frequency jet ventilator, was used to treat a patient with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Adequate alveolar ventilation with this method was achieved with lower mean intrapulmonary pressure (5.4 cmH 2 O) than with conventional intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) (6 cmH 2 O). An improved cardiac output was also apparent, as judged by a better systemic blood pressure [105/50 mmHg for high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) compared to 90/40 mmHg for IPPV] and a lower central venous pressure 6 cmH 2 O for HFJV as compared to 9.5 cmH 2 O with conventional IPPV. During HFJV, the patient's need for sedatives and narcotics was reduced. This allowed an assessment to be made of any potential neurological damage caused by the cervical fracture. An assessment had not been possible during conventional ventilation due to the heavy narcotic and sedative regime required to settle the patient. This case report provides further evidence that HFJV is a useful adjunct in the management of patients requiring mechanical ventilation and also that the Penlon Nuffield Series 200 Ventilator is capable of high frequency jet ventilation.

Topic: Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Area classification of flammable mists: Summary of joint-industry project findings

This paper presents the findings from a programme of research on mists produced from flammable or combustible fluids at temperatures below their flash points that was undertaken at the Health and Safety Laboratory and Cardiff University over the last four years. The purpose of the research was to improve our understanding of flammable mists and, in particular, to identify when leaks of high-flashpoint fluids may produce a flammable atmosphere and to help define the extent of the flammable cloud. The work was funded by a consortium of industry and regulatory sponsors. The research programme consisted of five main elements: 1.) A detailed literature review (presented previously at the Hazards XXIII conference) 2.) Development of a classification system for releases of high-flashpoint fluids 3.) Experiments to determine the ignitable range of droplet size and concentration for different classes of spray release 4.) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling of the experiments and other releases relevant for area classification 5.) A final stage of analysis and comparison to area classification guidelines This paper concentrates on the final four elements. The experiments and CFD modelling considered three fluids: Jet A1 (kerosene, flashpoint = 38 °C), a hydraulic oil (flashpoint = 223 °C) and a light fuel oil (flashpoint = 81 °C). These were chosen as representative of the range of high-flashpoint fluids used across industry. A single release geometry was studied that involved an orifice diameter of 1 mm and a downwards-directed spray. For pressures where the spray was fully atomised, it was found that the CFD model using the 'DNV Phase III JIP RR Primary Breakup Model' provided reasonably good predictions of the droplet size and concentration. Predictions from the validated CFD model were compared to hazard distances presented in the EI15 Model code of safe practice. The paper concludes with amendments to some of the existing guidelines for area classification of mists.

Topic: Combustion and Detonation Processes
Subfield: Aerospace Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Development of an actuarial approach to calculate damages for loss of future earnings

The current practice of Malaysian courts in calculating the award of damages for loss of future earnings in personal injury and fatal accidents claims is the conventional multiplier–multiplicand approach without admitting any actuarial evidence. The objective is to calculate an appropriate amount to compensate the plaintiff which will restore to the position he would have been in if that particular damage had not occurred. This article attempts to develop actuarial models using the concept of human life value that can be used as a guide to determine the amount of loss of future earnings. We believe this is where actuarial scientists need to play a role in developing a new scientific model in order to acquire an appropriate amount of award, which is relevant and satisfy both plaintiff and defendant.

Topic: Insurance and Financial Risk Management
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
CONTRACTILITY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE IN GLYCEROL-EXTRACTED MUSCLE FIBERS

Glycerol-extracted rabbit psoas muscle fibers were examined by electron microscopy both before and after ATP-induced isotonic shortening. Ultrastructural changes were correlated with the initial sarcomere length and the degree of shortening. The ultrastructural appearance of the resting fiber at rest length was identical with that described by H. E. Huxley and Hanson. At sarcomere lengths greater than 3.7 to 3.8 µ, the A and I filaments were detached and separated by a gap. The presence of "gap" filaments was confirmed, and evidence is presented which indicates that these filaments form connections between the ends of the A and I filaments. Shortening from initial sarcomere lengths at which the filaments overlapped took place through sliding of the filaments. If shortening was initiated from sarcomere lengths at which there was a gap, a narrowing of the I band was brought about by a curling of the I filaments at the boundary between the A and I bands. No evidence could be found that the I filaments moved into the A band.

Topic: Cardiomyopathy and Myosin Studies
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
InGaAsP heterostructure avalanche photodiodes with high avalanche gain

Distinct improvements in avalanche-gain and dark-current characteristics have been made in InGaAsP heterostructure APD’s. A planar-type p-n junction is formed in an InP window layer, separated from a light-absorbing InGaAsP layer. This APD structure has yielded an avalanche gain of 3000 and a dark-current density as low a 1 μA/cm2 at 0.5 Vb.

Topic: Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies
Subfield: Instrumentation
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Identification of bacterial blight resistance gene Xa7 in rice (Oryzae sativa L.) through STS marker

Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo) is the most destructive disease of rice that limits rice yield in all major rice-growing regions of Pakistan, especially in irrigated lowland conditions. Since bacterial pathogen is difficult to manage, development of host plant resistance is the most effective mean to control this disease. In this investigation, a major gene (Xa-7) conferring broad spectrum resistance to various races of the pathogen has been identified in various varieties and advance lines of rice by STMS marker. Out of 74 rice varieties, 31 to 44 showed the presence of Xa-7. Identification of Xa7 gene in rice could be utilized for increasing the level of resistance of existing rice varieties.

Topic: Plant Pathogenic Bacteria Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Grossly positive peritoneal lavage and nontherapeutic laparotomy after abdominal stab wound.

Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is often employed in the evaluation of stab wounds of the anterior abdomen and lower chest. This technique is perhaps too sensitive, however, in detecting self-limited solid visceral and abdominal wall injuries. We report five cases of nontherapeutic laparotomies in abdominal stab wound victims who had a grossly positive peritoneal lavage prior to surgery. Previous retrospective data indicate that such "false positive" lavages most commonly result from blood entering the abdominal cavity from the wound, although nonoperative injuries to solid viscera and iatrogenic trauma are sometimes implicated. We review these studies and suggest caution in relying too much on lavage results in determining the need for exploration after abdominal stab wounds. Rather, they must be considered alongside other findings in assessing each individual case.

Topic: Abdominal Trauma and Injuries
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Iconic Books and Gestures: Aḥādīth al-Ṣifāt in the Public Sphere

This chapter examines the ubiquitous presence of <italic>aḥādīth al-ṣifāt</italic> in the public sphere by focusing on four iconic texts: the caliphal Qadiri Creed, Ibn Khuzayma’s (d. 924) <italic>Kitāb al-Tawḥid</italic>, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s (d. 1210) <italic>Asās al-Taqdīs</italic> and Ibn Taymiyya’s (d. 1328) <italic>al-Ḥamawiyya al-Kubrā</italic>. These iconic texts, which offer various discussions of <italic>aḥādīth al-ṣifāt</italic>, stood at the centre of public attention, and were revered as objects of political power. This chapter fully unfolds the connection between these four texts, and the role that they played in political events that took place in different venues from tenth century Nishapur to fourteenth century Damascus. Both the extremely popular <italic>Asās al-Taqdīs</italic> and <italic>al-Ḥamawiyya al-Kubrā</italic> ignited a public controversy about the performance of two iconic gestures that were linked to the recitations of <italic>aḥādīth al-ṣifāt</italic>: pointing the index finger heavenward and raising both hands in prayer. The chapter highlights <italic>al-Ḥamawiyya al-Kubrā</italic>’s iconicity by addressing the derogative name <italic>ḥashwiyya</italic> (vulgar anthropomorphists) which was central to this public controversy. The iconic books and gestures that are discussed in this chapter underscore the interface between theology and politics, and reveal a layer as yet unknown of the controversy between the ultra-traditionalists (Hanbalites) and the rational-traditionalists (the later Ashʿarites).

Topic: Islamic Studies and History
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Carbon Dynamics in Aquatic Ecosystems in Response to Elevated Atmospheric CO2 and Altered Nutrients Availability

Aquatic ecosystems will experience altered inorganic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous availability in the future due to elevated atmospheric CO2, stronger stratification and anthropogenic activities. Despite its importance in modulating global carbon cycles, how carbon dynamics in aquatic ecosystem response to the future global change remains largely unknown. Here we performed a chemostat experiment to study how equilibrium carbon dynamics response to elevated CO2 and altered N, P availability. Our results show that elevated CO2 led to enhanced photosynthetic carbon uptake and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production. DOC occupied larger percentage in total organic carbon production in high CO2 environment. N addition stimulated biomass carbon accumulation. Collectively, in the future, high CO2 and low nutrient availability lead to high C: nutrient ratio in both biomass and dissolved organic carbon. It indicates a possible change in nutrient limitation and increase in recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon as long term carbon sequestration. Total carbon consumption remains unclear and will depend on the net effects of depleted nutrients and elevated CO2.

Topic: Marine and coastal ecosystems
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Tactics for providing location privacy against global adversaries in wireless sensor networks

The unprotected surroundings of a sensor network makes relatively easy for an adversary to eavesdrop the network. Even though there is wide range of protocols for providing content privacy, the contextual information remains exposed. So adversary will use this contextual information to perform attack on source node or sink node. The existing methods for location privacy protect the network only against a local eavesdropper. In this backdrop to provide location privacy for source node intervallic gathering and source imitation methods are proposed. Also for preventing sink location privacy sink imitation and backbone flooding methods are proposed. These proposed methods provide location privacy against global adversaries.

Topic: Security in Wireless Sensor Networks
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Bayesian analysis of a sensitive proportion for a small area

When respondents are asked to answer sensitive questions, they are more likely to response untruthfully as they hesitate to expose their identity. Warner (1965) proposed a randomized design that uses a randomization device that is designed to conceal individual response and protect the respondent privacy, to reduce the response bias that can be generated through this. After that, numerous survey designs to reduce the response bias were proposed, and various estimation and simulation methods were studied from the Bayesian perspective. This study proposes an analysis method that has taken account of small-area to minimize the posterior standard deviation of sensitive proportions in a survey with sensitive questions. Then it compares the results between the individual model and the small-area model through the simulation. In addition, this study applies the two models which has and has not considered the small-area to the actual survey with sensitive questionnaires related to the organizational commitment to the experienced employees. This study confirms the results based on real data.

Topic: Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques
Subfield: Statistics and Probability
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Anterior transvertebral interbody cage with posterior transdiscal pedicle screw instrumentation for high-grade spondylolisthesis

✓Adult high-grade degenerative spondylolisthesis represents the extreme end of the spectrum for spondylolisthesis and is consequently rarely encountered. Surgical management of high-grade spondylolisthesis requires constructs capable of resisting the shear forces at the slipped L5–S1 interspace. The severity of the slip, sacral inclination, and slip angle may make conventional approaches to 360° fusion difficult or hazardous. Transdiscal pedicle screw fixation, transvertebral fibular graft fusion, and transvertebral cage fixation are techniques that have been developed to establish anterior column load sharing and to resist shear forces at the L5–S1 interspace, given the anatomical constraints accompanying high-grade spondylolisthesis. In this technical note the authors describe the procedure for implanting an in situ anterior L5–S1 transvertebral cage and performing L4–5 anterior lumbar interbody fusion, followed by placement of posterior S1–L5 vertebral body transdiscal pedicle screws for management of high-grade spondylolisthesis.

Topic: Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ADHFE1 is a correlative factor of patient survival in cancer

Abstract Alcohol dehydrogenase iron containing 1 (ADHFE1) encodes a hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase participating in multiple biological processes. The role of ADHFE1 in cancer has not been fully uncovered. Herein, we performed data analysis to investigate the expression of ADHFE1 and the underlying regulatory mechanisms, its relationship with cancer patients’ survival, and the relevant pathways in cancer. A range of recognized, web-available databases and bioinformatics tools were used in this in silico study. We found that ADHFE1 was frequently downregulated and hypermethylated in various cancer cell lines and tissue samples. High expression of ADHFE1 was positively associated with favorable patient prognosis in breast, colon, and gastric cancers. Pathway analysis revealed its potential role in cancer-related biological processes, including energy metabolism, DNA replication, and cell cycle regulation. AHDFE1 mRNA expression and DNA methylation can potentially be used as diagnostic markers in cancer and might be of great value in predicting the survival of patients with cancer.

Topic: Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Al- farabi: a philosopher of education

Although during the Farabi age philosophy of education did not have an independent identity but with searching in his idea one may find out some concepts which are putforward in our today education. This means that Farabi after the Jaber Ebn Hayan and Kendy was the third moslem philosopher who developed new concepts. In this paper it is intended elaborate Farabi’s Idea through a analytical-historical and descriptive method. It is also aims to find out about his views on curriculum and foundation of education methods. The study has made it clear that in less than one century from the beginning of Islam, Muslim scholars have attended to such important fields of educational effectively

Topic: Education and Islamic Studies
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Parametric Optimization of PMEDM Process using Chromium Powder Mixed Dielectric and Triangular Shape Electrodes

In this article, parametric optimization for material removal rate (MRR) and tool wear rate (TWR) study on the powder mixed electrical discharge machining (PMEDM) of EN-8 steel has been carried out. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to plan and analyze the experiments. Average current, duty cycle, angle of electrode and concentration of chromium powder added into dielectric fluid of EDM were chosen as process parameters to study the PMEDM performance in terms of MRR and TWR. Experiments have been performed on newlydesigned experimental setup developed in laboratory.Most important parameters affecting selected performance measures have been identified and effects of their variations have been observed.

Topic: Conducting polymers and applications
Subfield: Polymers and Plastics
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Use of Religious Doctrine and Symbolism in the Iran-Iraq War

The political and economic isolation of the Islamic Republic, brought on by its ideological rejection of Western and Soviet influences, gave greater weight to the use of religion in a pragmatic, compensatory fashion. In particular, political leaders of Iran used Islamic doctrines, symbolism, and language to legitimize their wartime policy. I argue that Iran’s political leaders specifically reconstructed certain Islamic tenets, both via the ahadith and juristic precedence, in order to justify military actions such as retaliation against non-combatants, human wave attacks, and economic warfare.

Topic: Islamic Studies and History
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
The problem of the Pastoral Epistles: a reappraisal

Judging from repetitious appearances of her marital arms in the painted line-endings, the Psalter-Hours John Rylands Library Latin MS 117 probably belonged to Jeanne of Flanders (c.1272–1333), daughter of Count Robert III of Flanders and in 1288 second wife to Enguerrand IV of Coucy. Yet the line-endings also contain some 1,800 diminutive painted escutcheons, many of which refer to other members of the local nobility active during the 1280s. This study, based on an exhaustive survey of the total heraldic and codicological evidence, suggests that the majority of the extant Psalter predated the Hours and that the two parts were combined after the 1288 marriage. The ‘completed’ manuscript bears witness to major events that unfolded in and around the Coucy barony over the course of the decade. It suggests a complex relationship between Jeanne of Flanders and a lesser member of the local nobility, a certain Marien of Moÿ, who may have served as her attendant.

Topic: Medieval Literature and History
Subfield: Classics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Jovanović, Željko. (2020). Twentieth-Century Sephardic Authors from the Former Yugoslavia. A Judeo-Spanish Tradition.

Recensione del volume di Željko Jovanović. (2020). Twentieth-Century Sephardic Authors from the Former Yugoslavia. A Judeo-Spanish Tradition. Cambridge: Legenda (Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Cultures, 41).

Topic: Historical and Linguistic Studies
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences