jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
GUI based Thoracic Disease Detection using Segmented Deep Convolutional Neural Network

Deep learning has shown exciting results in the field of medical imaging. Thoracic problems can be serious, and if not detected and treated in a timely manner, they can result in death. Chest X-ray imaging is being used to diagnose numerous thoracic disorders. Generally, we required a knowledgeable and experienced radiologist to examine chest X-ray images and determine whether or not a person has certain thorax abnormalities. Everyone doesn't have the opportunity to consult an expert in a timely manner to treat chest disease because in certain circumstances, speedy diagnostics are required. As a consequence, we present an image classification and segmentation-based algorithm that would predict a specific thoracic condition and produce a mask, empowering doctors to make critical decisions. Deep Learning approaches have proven their worth in a range of contexts, outperforming many state-of-the-art models. We used the U-Net framework with ResNet as the backbone and got good results. In medical image processing and semantic segmentation, U-Net outperforms.

Topic: COVID-19 diagnosis using AI
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Visualizing Single-Molecule Protein Conformational Transitions and Free Energy Landscape

Monitoring the conformational dynamics of individual proteins is essential to understand the relationship between structure and function in molecular regulatory mechanisms. However, the fast dynamics of single proteins remain poorly understood. Here, we construct a single-molecule sensing platform by introducing plasmonic imaging of single nanoparticles to sense and report the protein conformational changes at the single-molecule level. Tracking the fluctuations of individual nanoparticles with high resolution, we detect and characterize distinct conformational states of molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). We also explore the conformational changes of Hsp90 in situ under different nucleotide conditions. Analysis of the conformational fluctuations between the open and closed states of single Hsp90 provides important information on free energy profiles, effective spring constants, and multiphase behaviors. This method offers a strategy to visualize the conformational changes of single proteins in real-time and provides insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Topic: Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
Subfield: Biophysics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Antioxidant and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme gene expression in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

We investigated the expression of the genes for several antioxidant and xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes in the multidrug-resistant variant of the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, MCF-7/Dox. MCF-7/Dox is greater than 500-fold resistant to doxorubicin by clonogenic assay. Enzyme activity determinations in the cytoplasmic compartment of MCF-7/Dox revealed a 25-fold increase in glutathione peroxidase level compared to the parent line (mean +/- SD, 10 +/- 2.8 versus 0.4 +/- 0.24 nmol/min/mg; P less than 0.005). The activity of the other major hydrogen peroxide-detoxifying enzyme, catalase, was diminished in MCF-7/Dox (2.0 +/- 0.4 versus 4.8 +/- 1.4 mumol/min/mg; P less than 0.025 compared to MCF-7). Superoxide dismutase activity did not differ between the two cell lines. The specific activity of the xenobiotic-detoxifying enzyme DT-diaphorase was 4-fold lower in MCF-7/Dox compared to MCF-7 (DT-diaphorase, 117 +/- 45 versus 509 +/- 123 nmol/min/mg; P less than 0.005). Daunorubicinol-producing carbonyl reductase activity was equal in the two lines. Northern blot analysis demonstrated a 0.9-kilobase band of glutathione peroxidase mRNA in MCF-7/Dox; no glutathione peroxidase mRNA was detected in MCF-7. A 2.4-kilobase catalase and 0.7- and 1.4-kilobase superoxide dismutase mRNAs were detectable in MCF-7/Dox and MCF-7. When normalized to 28S RNA, no difference in the mRNA levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase in MCF-7/Dox and MCF-7 could be determined. DT-diaphorase mRNAs of 1.4 and 2.7 kilobases were found in both MCF-7/Dox and MCF-7 cells. A 1.2-kilobase mRNA homologous to the putative carbonyl reductase cDNA was also easily detectable in both MCF-7 and MCF-7/Dox. The amount of mRNA for both xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes was decreased 2- to 4-fold in the doxorubicin-resistant cells. Southern blot analysis of PstI- and MspI-restricted genomic DNA revealed no evidence for amplification or rearrangement of the glutathione peroxidase gene. These results indicate that, in addition to the previously described overexpression of anionic glutathione S-transferase in MCF-7/Dox cells, an augmented glutathione peroxidase mRNA level is the major alteration in antioxidant and xenobiotic-detoxifying enzyme expression that could contribute to doxorubicin insensitivity in these multidrug-resistant breast cancer cells.

Topic: Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Role of Chitosan Oligosaccharides in Regulating the Function of Ovarian Reproductive Stem Cells and Protecting Against Premature Ovarian Failure

<title>Abstract</title> In recent years, the discovery of ovarian germ stem cells (OGSCs) has provided a new research direction for the treatment of ovarian failure. The ovarian microenvironment affects the proliferation and differentiation of OGSCs, and immune cells and related cytokines are important components of the microenvironment. However, whether improving the ovarian microenvironment can regulate the proliferation of OGSCs and remodel ovarian function has not been reported. In this study, we linked chitosan oligosaccharide(COS) with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to select the best route of administration. COS was given to mice through the best route of administration, and the changes in ovarian and immune function were observed using assays of organ index, follicular growth, serum estrogen (E 2 ) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels, and the expression of IL-2 and TNF-α in the ovaries. COS significantly increased the weight of the ovary and immune organs, reduced the rate of follicular atresia, increased the levels of E 2 and AMH hormones, and increased the protein expression of IL-2 and TNF-α in the ovary. Then, COS and OGSCs were cocultured to observe the entry of COS into OGSCs and to measure the survival rate of OGSCs. With increasing time, COS gradually entered the cell, and the cytokines IL-2 and TNF-α significantly promoted OGSCs promotion. In conclusion, COS significantly improved the ovarian and immune function of mice with pathological ovarian aging, and improved the survival rate of OGSCs, which provided a preliminary blueprint for further exploring the mechanism of COS in anti ovarian aging.

Topic: Reproductive Biology and Fertility
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of seed-borne Fusarium species on constituents of essential oils from seeds of black cumin populations

The seed is one of the most important inputs of agricultural products and its quality and health can be affected by seed-borne fungi. Seed-borne fungal pathogens are a major threat to black cumin production and cause considerable yield losses every year worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify seed-borne fungi, the effects of natural fungal infected seeds on some seed quality indicators, and also to investigate cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs), pathogenicity and aggressiveness of the isolates obtained from seeds. The constituents of essential oils (EOs) from seeds of Iranian and Syrian black cumin populations were identified and their effect on [isolated] seed-borne Fusarium isolates. A total of 17 isolates were identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics of Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani species. The results of the standard germination test showed that there was a significant difference between the studied seed populations in the germination and vigor indices. Our results indicated that most of the identified isolates were in the seed coat, while a few isolates of F. oxysporum were located in embryos. The results of the pathogenicity test showed that about 42% of the isolates were pathogenic and 58% of the isolates were non-pathogenic. Different levels of pathogenicity and aggressiveness were observed for various isolates of Fusarium species. All Fusarium isolates were not capable of producing CWDEs as pathogenicity factors. Analyzing the activity of CWDEs, including cellulase, pectinase, xylanase and lipase produced by the Fusarium isolates, revealed that activity levels of CWDEs are positive and are correlated with variations in pathogenicity and aggressiveness of seed-borne fungal isolates on seeds. The EOs were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the major constituents were identified as ρ-cymene, trans-anethole, thymoquinone, limonene, carvacrol and α-thujene. The results showed that the compounds ρ-cymene, limonene, carvacrol, thymoquinone and transanethole had antifungal effects against F. oxysporum isolate. It seems that the percentage of carvacrol and limonene composition in the EOs components can affect the presence of the seed-borne Fusarium. This is the first report on the effect of EO compositions of black cumin seed populations on seed-borne Fusarium isolated from the same seeds. The findings of this research showed that the amounts and types of constituents of EOs of black cumin seed populations are different and they can affect the abundance of seed-borne fungi and their level of pathogenicity and aggressiveness.

Topic: Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Research on the Evaluation Index of Information Superiority for Military Communication Network

It is an important work to define and quantize the index to evaluate information superiority of Military Communication Network(MCN). According to the situation awareness provided by MCN, major characteristics of information superiority are obtained. Based on this definition, combing MCN with the service requirements ,this paper analyses the completeness, accuracy, and timeliness of information transmission relying on the expectation time delay, and gives the index of the usage rate of the network resource, and the concept for ‘absolute', ‘hidden' ‘apparent' information superiority. Finally, in line with the index, the quantized representation of MCN information superiority has been put forward.

Topic: Military Strategy and Technology
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Implications of Conducting Internet of Things Experimentation in Urban Environments

Cities are constantly evolving, and are turning into hackable environments optimized for IoT experimentation. In this article, we tap into this movement in order to investigate practical implications of utilizing these kinds of environments when performing IoT experiments. We have conducted in the wild research through deploying a Wi-Fi tracking infrastructure at two Danish festivals, and have performed quantitative analysis on the collected data. From running the experiments, in a non-laboratory setting, we found that hackable urban environments are interesting platforms for testing IoT technologies. Our findings also suggest that mundane aspects like access to power grids as well as availability and appearance of the build environment can have significant impact on the results of urban IoT experimentation. More generally, this suggest that cities are not hackable by default, and they need to be thoroughly designed and optimized for IoT in order to ensure successful experimentation.

Topic: Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis
Subfield: Transportation
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
CFD Modeling of Plasma Gasification Reactor for Municipal Solid Waste

Plasma gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the thermochemical technologies that convert waste into energy. The waste is exposed to high temperatures to transform the organic compounds into synthetic gas that could be used as power source, fuel substitute or reactive in the biofuel production. The inorganic compounds are melted completely and an inert environmentally friendly vitrified is obtained, that could be used as building material. Plasma gasifiers have some advantages against traditional gasifiers, for example, high temperature and heating rates lead to compact reactors, improving their performance and conversion rates. Moreover, all the inorganic residues are processed in a melting chamber, leaving a fully vitrified, strong, and resistant to chemical leaching material. On the other hand, this kind of technology has some disadvantages like high initial investment and high electric consumption of plasma torches. All these aspects, as well as others, are being studied at the Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, through the development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, defining a prototype reactor with a capacity of 1-2 metric tons of MSW per day and using DC nontransferred arc thermal plasma torch. Variations on composition within the MSW and process conditions will be studied in order to achieve high efficiency and economic feasibility. The CFD models include mechanical, thermal and chemical aspects of the turbulent reactive flows inside the gasification reactor, with 0-D, 2-D, as well 3-D considerations. The experimental phase of the project will be developed soon, taking into account the CFD models results, to implement the technology and eventually improve it.

Topic: Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production
Subfield: Building and Construction
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
AUDITORY FIGURE-BACKGROUND PERCEPTION IN NORMAL CHILDREN

The ability to perceive speech in the presence of noise, usually measured as signal-to-noise ratio, is important to the normal development of auditory functioning in children. 100 children ages 4-11 years were tested for degree to which speech reception threshold was shifted by the presence of 40-db. sensation level noise composed of a jumble of voices. The girls had essentially stable test scores through age 9, with significant improvement to age 11. The boys consistently had better test scores (less threshold shift due to noise) than the girls, with increasingly better scores from age 6 to 11.

Topic: Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Informal Educational Strategies in Teaching Geosciences When Formal Courses Are Unavailable: The Experience of AulaGEA in Buenos Aires, Argentina

The presence of geosciences in the curriculum of primary and secondary schools in Argentina has been highly dependent on educational policies that change frequently under political circumstances. Subjects related to geology, geophysics, meteorology, and astronomy make their appearance and disappear under the influence of educational initiatives that shift focus under changing political circumstances. This paper briefly refers to the evolution of the process in recent decades and describes the efforts made by the Department of Geological Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires to cope with the situation. In 1998, the Department established a science popularization program, AulaGEA (“geo-classroom” in English), with the goal of helping preuniversity students, teachers, and the general public acquire basic knowledge of the geosciences. This was accomplished through different activities and initiatives that are presented here with the hope that they can be useful and inspiring to others working in educational environments that pose similar challenges to geosciences education.

Topic: Geography Education and Pedagogy
Subfield: Geography, Planning and Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Dimensions of the Human Being and of Divine Action

Peter Rust Humans are three-dimensional, body-soul-spirit entities, but nevertheless unitary, indivisible persons. Animal behavior includes deterministic and random constituents. It may be modeled in terms of information systems, containing regulatory loops. Goal settings for these may be fixed, as in “lower” animals, or governed by internal adaptive supervisory systems freely selecting from alternative routines, as in conscious “higher” or “soulish” animals. A metasupervisor in humans provides self-consciousness, free will, conscience and spiritual behavior. As with space, each further dimension includes the previous one, but cannot emerge from it or be reduced to it. In the natural origin of each human, God providentially works through deterministic events, random ones such as mutations and neural modifications, as well as the option of selecting the outcome of some of these. This hidden feeding-in of formative information would represent the fundamental novelty implied by God “creating” the individual.

Topic: Theology and Philosophy of Evil
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Do Organizational Politics and Organizational Commitment Affect Budgetary Slack Creation in Public Organizations?

New public management promoting efficient use of public resources has increasingly drawn attention for the last three decades. However, the problem of inefficient use of public resources has not been resolved yet. Investigating the budgetary slack concept may be useful in solving this efficiency problem. To this end, this research focuses on propensity of managers who work in public organizations to create budgetary slack and factors affecting their propensities such as perception of organizational politics and organizational commitment. Results demonstrate that the effects of "general political behavior" and "go along to get ahead", which are the sub-dimensions of organizational politics perception, on managers' propensity to create budgetary slack are positive. It is also found that organizational commitment has a statistically significant and negative impact on general political behavior and go along to get ahead.

Topic: Public Policy and Administration Research
Subfield: Public Administration
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
<i>Secrets of the Kingdom: British Radicals from the Popish Plot to the Revolution of 1688-89</i>, by Richard L. Greaves

"Secrets of the Kingdom: British Radicals from the Popish Plot to the Revolution of 1688-89, by Richard L. Greaves." Canadian Journal of History, 28(1), pp. 93–94

Topic: Colonialism, slavery, and trade
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Supply Chain Management in High-Tech Industries Clusterization: Market Monopoly or Development of Competitive Advantages?

Abstract — With the rapid industrial cluster development, in particular the development of high-tech cluster, the supply chain management strategy in cluster is also undergoing profound changes . The study uses open-source statistical data, as well as research results and world rankings as the basis for a descriptive analysis of the external environment for the development of high-tech industries. Two main indicators were selected for the analysis: the GDP per capita growth rate and the level of information and communication development, which are used to assess competitiveness, the level of economic development, innovation and entrepreneurship. The purpose of the study is to examine the features of the innovation policy of developed countries and its impact on supply chain management in high tech industries for clustering them . As a result, it was concluded that the modern macroeconomic environment is characterized by digital transformation trends, as well as decreased geographical influences. Industrial supply chain managements are developed based on the interaction of environmental factors, demand conditions, production factors, and auxiliary industries.

Topic: Economic and Technological Developments in Russia
Subfield: Development
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Microbiome and women's health (literature review)

In recent decades increased interest in natural microbiome - microbial communities colonizing the mucous membranes and skin of human. Microbiome is involved in metabolic and genetic regulatory mechanisms of human life, and also creates a powerful defense of microorganism from colonizing alien microorganisms. Mouth, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal and urogenital tract, skin are populated by different types of microorganisms.It was found that the breach of the vaginal microbiome associated with the development of bacterial vaginosis, nonspecific (aerobic), vaginitis and mycotic vaginitis. Numerous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of probiotic therapy in the treatment of patients with various forms of urological and obstetrical and gynecological pathology, aimed at restoring the natural microbiome.

Topic: Reproductive tract infections research
Subfield: Microbiology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF SELECTIVE COX-2 INHIBITORS ON ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION IN SALT-INDUCED HYPERTENSION

Hermann, M.1.2; Camici, G.2; Tanner, F.2; Hellermann, J. R1; Fiedler, M.3; Thiery, J.3; Gay, R. E.4; Gay, S.4; Lüscher, T. F.1; Ruschitzka, F.1 Author Information

Topic: Sodium Intake and Health
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
The imbalance of Th17/Treg via STAT3 activation modulates cognitive impairment in<i>P. gingivalis</i> LPS-induced periodontitis mice

Abstract Periodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases worldwide, and it is associated with various systemic diseases, including cognitive diseases. STAT3 regulates the inflammatory cascade and influences adaptive immunity by modulating Th17/Treg cell differentiation. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of adaptive immunity inside and outside the brain on the association between periodontitis and cognitive impairment and understand the role of the STAT3 signaling pathway. We established Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS-induced periodontitis mice models by injecting P. gingivalis LPS into the gingival sulcus of mice. Behavioral tests showed that learning and memory abilities were impaired. The flow cytometry data showed an imbalance in the Th17/Treg ratio in the blood and brain samples of the mice. The expression of Th17-related cytokines (IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-21, and IL-22) increased, whereas that of Treg-related cytokines (IL-2 and IL-10) decreased in both the blood and the brain. The level of LPS increased and the STAT3 signaling pathway was activated during this process. These effects were reversed by C188-9, a STAT3 inhibitor. In conclusion, P. gingivalis LPS-induced periodontitis may promote the occurrence and progression of cognitive impairment by modulating the Th17/Treg balance inside and outside the brain. The STAT3 signaling pathway may have immunoregulatory effects on the mouth-to-brain axis.

Topic: Immune Response and Inflammation
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Trading zones in technical and scientific communication

This paper uses the concept of trading zone to theorize sites of symbolic exchange in the field of biological engineering. Focusing on the communication of procedural information, the author specifically examines how expert and amateur communities use online spaces to share experimental know-how, reinforce communal identity, and coordinate resources in a way that facilitates collective knowledge making. The author suggests that scholars and practitioners of technical communication have yet to take a prominent role in shaping these developments but have the potential both to intervene in interdisciplinary negotiations and promote collaboration between diverse stakeholder groups.

Topic: Interdisciplinary Research and Collaboration
Subfield: Information Systems and Management
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences