jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Monolithic 2D high-power arrays of long-wavelength VCSELs

InP-based, long-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (LW-VCSELs) with buried tunnel junction are presented for high-power applications. Various studies of single-devices with large apertures and monolithically integrated two-dimensional VCSEL arrays are shown. The influence of aperture and array size on laser power, efficiency and divergence angle is investigated in detail. Unlike GaAs-based devices, large apertures are not favorable due to thermal issues. Accordingly, we focused on VCSEL arrays and derived scaling rules for optimum performance. This allows manufacturing high-power devices achieving continuous-wave (CW) optical powers in excess of 3 W at -11&deg;C heat-sink temperature, circular far-field, low divergence angles around 20&deg; and power densities of 130 W/cm<sup>2</sup> at 1.55 &mu;m. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest power ever reported for a monolithic VCSEL array. At room temperature, more than 2 W is still available and high-temperature operation up to 70&deg;C is applicable. The driving voltages around 1.2 V are significantly low, enabling single battery mobile operation. The wall-plug efficiency at room temperature exceeds 20% in a wide range. Addressing the array in sectors, we found that the array is very homogenous in performance with a standard deviation of less than 2.8%. Therefore, high-power applications can also be accomplished by VCSEL technology. As these novel devices with emission wavelengths beyond 1400 nm are less restrictive with respect to eye-safety, they are also favorable for free-space applications. Additionally, the devices may be used as concealed infra-red headlights that are invisible for all silicon-based detectors.

Topic: Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Surgical Treatment for Humeral Shaft Nonunion

上腕骨骨幹部偽関節および遷延癒合症例4例を前方進入による plate 固定と腸骨移植で治療した．手術時年齢は27歳から60歳で，男1例・女3例であった．初回治療は functional brace による保存療法2例，エンダー釘による骨接合術2例で，受傷から偽関節手術までの期間は3から63ヵ月であった．全例6ヵ月以内に骨癒合した．Plate 固定の最大の利点は強固な圧迫固定性と，肩肘を損傷しないので術直後から関節可動域訓練が行えることである．

Topic: Bone fractures and treatments
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Acylation of Anthocyanins from Black Rice and their Stability Properties

Acylated anthocyanins synthesis with anthocyanins extract from black rice and Octenyl succinate anhydride(OSA) was performed in pure ethanol. Stability of acylated anthocyanins and the color change have been evaluated over pH (1.0–12.0), light (daylight) and temperature(to 98°C) conditions, showing higher stability than non-acylated anthocyanins. The Acylated anthocyanins extracts showed red coloured solutions up to pH 10. However, The extracts from anthocyanins were observed faded to yellow after pH values up to 7. The increased stability of anthocyanins together with change in solubility opens a new window of opportunities for use of these extracts in a variety of food applications.

Topic: Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Subfield: Biochemistry
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Defects Characterization in CFRP Using X-ray Computed Tomography

Although carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is ideally high mechanical performance, manufacturing induced defects are hardly avoidable and their appearances generally result in a loss of mechanical properties. To accurately characterize this kind of defects is a foundation to estimate mechanical performance of a CFRP structure. Compared to the traditional defect assessment methods, X-ray computed tomography (CT) has been approved a promising method due to its ability to provide spatial information of defect. In this study, the effect of resolution on the accuracy of defects estimation was investigated in details. Scanning data obtained by using two different resolutions were comparatively studied based on delamination characterization. In addition, an image processing based method for porosity estimation was discussed as well. It is concluded that it is possible for us to enlarge our region of interest by selecting a reasonable resolution not at cost of losing too much desired details.

Topic: Mechanical Behavior of Composites
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
GEL-A computer tool for DNA sequencing projects

The GEL program for entry and analysis of DNA sequencing information is discussed, and examples of interaction with the program are presented. The current version of the program represents the last of several revisions to the first GEL program, reported previously in this journal (1). Improvements and additions have been made, making the current GEL a particularly useful laboratory tool for molecular biologists engaged in DNA sequencing projects.

Topic: Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
On a Collection of Fishes from Sikkim

I-INTRODUCTIONSikkim is a small state,' lying between latitude 27°5' and 28°9' N a~d longitude 86°59' and 88°56' E. This mountainous area lies wedged in between Tibet on the north, Bhutan on the east, Nepal on the west and the Indian state of West Bengal on the south.The only source of fish in this small state are rivers, namely the Lachen, the Lachung, the Zemu, the Tatung, the Great Ranjeet, the Rangoli and the Rangpo; the Teesta river, which originates from Lhamo lake and enters West Bengal, gathers water from many of them.The importance of the knowledge of the fish fauna of this state would be fully realized by those engaged on the comparative studies of the ichthyo-faunae of the different regions .along the Himalaya as well as by those, working on the Indo-central Asiatic faunae.As early as 1845, McClelland described two species of the genus Puntius viz.Puntius spinulosus (McClelland) (=Barbus spinulosus McClelland) and Puntius clavatus (McClelland) (=Barbus clavatus McClelland) and one anabantid, Ctenops nobilis McClelland of his new genus Ctenops McClelland.All the three species were recorded from rivers at the foot of Sikkim mountains on the northern frontiers of Bengal.Gunther (1868) mentioned the distribution of Tor mosal (Hamilton) (=Barbus hexastichus McClelland), Danio aequipinnatus (McClelland) (= Danio lineolatus (Blyth)) and Noemacheilus rupecula (McClelland) in that state.Day (1878) made a mention of these species and also showed the distribution of Labeo dyocheilus (McClelland) in Sikkim.Hora (1923) resurrected Gunther's species from Nepal, Glyptothorax gracilis, on the basis of one specimen from Ranjeet River, Sikkim and in 1935 described two new loaches viz.Noemacheilus devdevi Hora and N. inglisi Hora from Sikkim.Later, Hora and Silas (1951, 52) recorded Glyptothorax maculatum (Ragan) from Sikkim.Menon (1954) attributed the distribution of Glyptothorax striatus (McClelland) and Glyptothorax gracilis (Gunther) to the same place.Menon (1964) showed that Garra lamta Hamilton exists in this state.Apart from these short notices, there is no consolidated account of the fishes of Sikkim so far, in literature.By the study of the collection of fishes from Sikkim in the Zoological Survey of India, the present author finds that an equal number of more species with definite material could be added to the fish .fauna of Sikkim, already known.In the present paper, therefore, a list of the fishes of Sikkim has been prepared ' 0 •

Topic: Fish Biology and Ecology Studies
Subfield: Aquatic Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Pulsed field magnetometery for high coercivity permanent magnets

A high sensitivity pulsed field magnetometer for the measurement of thin films or small volume of high coercive rare earth permanent magnets has been constructed. The pickup coil designed in principle of 3-axis compensation has the sensitivity of 5×10−4 emu at tested field of 76 kOe. The compensation has been repeatable within 4×10−4–10×10−4 emu, which is enough for measurement within 2% accuracy for the materials with magnetic moment as small as 5×10−2 emu. Measurements on NdFeB magnet show excellent repeatability within 0.3% discrepancy for remanence and coercivity. The magnetic hysteresis loop of a NdFeB thin film (1050 nm) was measured satisfactorily. Estimation of the eddy current effect, by measuring the similar dimensioned but lower resistive nonmagnetic metals, has also been investigated.

Topic: Magnetic Properties of Alloys
Subfield: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
ENZYME ASSAY OF PERORAL BIOPSIES: STORAGE CONDITIONS AND BASIS OF EXPRESSION

Enzymatic assay of human intestinal mucosa for carbohydrate-splitting enzymes (disaccharidases) has become increasingly popular in recent years,1-5 and the ease and safety with which peroral biopsies can be obtained indicates that such tissue will be used more extensively for biochemical studies in the future. For convenience, the small biopsy (3 to 20 mg) is usually stored for varying periods of time prior to the determination of enzyme activities,2, 4, 5 and it is believed that neither freezing and thawing per se2 nor storage at -25 C for 2 weeks5 affects these activities, whether expressed on a weight57 or a protein2, 4 basis. However, in our laboratory biopsy tissue frozen for only 1 week often appeared dried and shrunken, and it seemed that it might be invalid to use wet weight as a basis of expression of activity. Our study was designed to evaluate this.

Topic: Digestive system and related health
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Effect of Natural Essential Oil Depigmenting Agent for Alternative Treatment of Melasma

Melasma, known as a hyperpigmentation disorder, is more common in women of childbearing age with Fitzpatrick IV-VI skin types. Various factors of this disease, namely genetic factors, UV exposure, hormonal, thyroid disease, pregnancy, and drugs. The best treatment for melasma is with 2 – 4% hydroquinone, but because of the side effects, alternative treatments are mostly used for melasma. One of them is with essential oils. Essential oils have been investigated as depigmenting agents because of their anti-tyrosinase potential. In this literature, it is proven that the essential oils of sage (Salvia), hedgenettle / woundwort (Stachys), lavender (Lavandula), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), cinnamon (Cinnamomum), mountain tea (Sideritis), pomelo (Citrus grandis ( L) Osbeck), and kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) are effective against melasma. The purpose of this literature is to discuss the various effects of essential oils that can be used as depigmentation agents in the alternative treatment of melasma.

Topic: melanin and skin pigmentation
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Non-Sedating Anti-Convulsant Activity Of Piper Guineense In Mice

The activity of aqueous extract of Piper guineense was tested against bicuculline induced seizure in albino mice. Intraperitoneal (ip) administration of 6mg/kg and 7.5mg/kg of bicuculline (BCCL) produced 60 and 100% convulsion and death in the treated mice. Pretreatment of mice with the extract (500 - 750mg/kg) ip delayed the onset of seizure and protected the mice against bicuculline induced seizure and death. Neither of the two doses of Piper guineense has effect on barbiturate sleeping time when given simultaneously nor cause any impairment of performance in mice on a rotarod treadmill test. The data obtained indicate that the anticonvulsant activity of the aqueous extract is dose selective and that effects other than Gaba inhibition may play a role in its anticonvulsant effect. Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol.9, No.3 (1999) pp. 231-233

Topic: Piperaceae Chemical and Biological Studies
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Domain: Life Sciences
Case studies and pervasive instruction

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore whether journalism education techniques can be adapted for use in the information literacy classroom as a means of teaching the ethical use of information. Design – The author uses personal experience as a journalist and graduate of journalism education programs to examine the similarities between journalism pedagogy and information literacy and whether any aspect of journalism pedagogy is transferrable to the information literacy classroom. Findings – Journalism educators deliver a potent anti-plagiarism message using case studies and “war stories” from the newsroom delivered through the pervasive instruction method or stand-alone ethics class. Using case studies from a variety of different disciplines in information literacy classes could help students make a stronger connection between honest writing in all subjects. However, until information literacy is taught more widely in libraries as semester-long classes, it would be difficult to use journalism’s pervasive method of instruction. The same holds true with the stand-alone class, which does not appear to be used as a part of information literacy education. Originality/value – Given the many commonalities between journalism pedagogy and information literacy, there have been very few attempts to see whether it would be efficacious to adapt journalism education’s methodology to the information literacy classroom.

Topic: Academic integrity and plagiarism
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Anchoring 9,371 Maize Expressed Sequence Tagged Unigenes to the Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Contig Map by Two-Dimensional Overgo Hybridization

Abstract Our goal is to construct a robust physical map for maize (Zea mays) comprehensively integrated with the genetic map. We have used a two-dimensional 24 × 24 overgo pooling strategy to anchor maize expressed sequence tagged (EST) unigenes to 165,888 bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) on high-density filters. A set of 70,716 public maize ESTs seeded derivation of 10,723 EST unigene assemblies. From these assemblies, 10,642 overgo sequences of 40 bp were applied as hybridization probes. BAC addresses were obtained for 9,371 overgo probes, representing an 88% success rate. More than 96% of the successful overgo probes identified two or more BACs, while 5% identified more than 50 BACs. The majority of BACs identified (79%) were hybridized with one or two overgos. A small number of BACs hybridized with eight or more overgos, suggesting that these BACs must be gene rich. Approximately 5,670 overgos identified BACs assembled within one contig, indicating that these probes are highly locus specific. A total of 1,795 megabases (Mb; 87%) of the total 2,050 Mb in BAC contigs were associated with one or more overgos, which are serving as sequence-tagged sites for single nucleotide polymorphism development. Overgo density ranged from less than one overgo per megabase to greater than 20 overgos per megabase. The majority of contigs (52%) hit by overgos contained three to nine overgos per megabase. Analysis of approximately 1,022 Mb of genetically anchored BAC contigs indicates that 9,003 of the total 13,900 overgo-contig sites are genetically anchored. Our results indicate overgos are a powerful approach for generating gene-specific hybridization probes that are facilitating the assembly of an integrated genetic and physical map for maize.

Topic: Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Feed manufacturing.

There are two main systems used for feed manufacturing. Both use the same individual processes, and the only difference is the sequence in which they are arranged. The pre-milling system is more commonly used in modern feed mills because of economic reasons (e.g. energy cost, investment). In this system, weighing out is done prior to grinding. The pre-grinding system was used more in the past when fewer raw materials were available and mash was the main means of feed presentation. This chapter focused on the pre-milling system sequence as it is more commonly used and better for rabbit feed manufacturing.

Topic: Rabbits: Nutrition, Reproduction, Health
Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Expression of cyclic ADP-ribose-synthetizing CD38 molecule on human platelet membrane

CD38 is a cell surface molecule widely used as a marker for immature and activated lymphocytes. It has been recently shown that CD38 displays three enzymatic activities: hydrolysis of NAD+ to ADP-ribose, synthesis of cyclic ADP-ribose from NAD+, and hydrolysis of cyclic ADP- ribose to ADP-ribose. Thus, CD38 plays a key role in the synthesis of cyclic ADP-ribose, a calcium-mobilizing compound. We investigate here the expression and cellular localization of CD38 in human platelets using a specific monoclonal antibody. Results showed that CD38 is expressed by human platelet membranes. Moreover, we show that platelet CD38 possesses NAD glycohydrolase, ADP-ribose cyclase, and cyclic ADP- ribose hydrolase activities. This finding indicates that the calcium- mobilizing agent cyclic ADP-ribose can be synthetized by human platelets and raises the question about the possible role of CD38 expression and enzymatic activities in the signal transduction pathways leading to platelet activation.

Topic: Calcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Particulate bone matrix usage for alveolar bone conservation

Different filling materials have been used in an attempt to repair bone loss situations. Objective: The present study aimed to examine the effect of a bone matrix in post-extraction remodelling of the alveolar bone, and to perform a histomorphometric analysis of the residual alveolar ridges in Wistar rats.Material and Methods: Both rat first lower molars were extracted and the right alveoli were filled with particles of a bone matrix with mineral components (MO-UNC) (experimental group, EG). The left alveoli were used as a control group (CG). The animals were sacrificed at 0 hrs, 15, 30 and 60 days after extraction, and the samples were processed. Histological sections were made at the level of the mesial alveolus of the first lower molar.Repair of the alveoli was histologically evaluated and a histomorphometric study of total alveolar volume (TAV), height of the buccal plate (Bh), height of the lingual plate (Lh) and percentage of osseointegration (OI) of the particles was performed to compare the residual ridges of CG with those of the EG. Statistical analysis of the data was performed. Results: In the cases of the experimental group, newly-formed bone tissue was identified around the MO-UNC particles (osseointegration). Histomorphometric data indicate that, at 60 days post-extraction, TAV was significantly greater for EG when compared with CG (p&lt;0.05) and the percentage of osseointegration of the particles increased as a function of time (57.6 %, 90.5% y 95.5%, for EG at 15, 30 y 60 days respectively). Conclusions: The bone matrix (MO-UNC) evaluated in this study is an osteoconductive material that prevents the collapse of post-extraction alveolar bone.

Topic: Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Technological Proposal for Reduction of Residual Lubricating Oil In Oil Filters Removed from Automotive Engines

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this study, a prototype oil filter was developed as a replacement for the shielded filters currently used in automotive applications. The goal was to reduce the residual lubricating oil disposed with a used filter. This is considered a Class I, waste (dangerous), under NBR 10004. Current Brazilian legislation, including CONAMA Resolution No. 362 of 2005, prioritizes the collection and disposal of used lubricating oil, and requires all contaminated material to be recycled or, where current technology does not permit this, to be sent to industrial landfills certified to handle toxic waste. To quantify the volume of residual oil in a commercial shielded oil filter, an experiment was conducted using 120 samples of a standard model. These samples were weighed before and after use. Before developing our novel design, a survey was conducted of professionals from the automotive field, to identify the main opportunities for progress. On the basis of the useful suggestions provided, a digital model and later a prototype were developed. The prototype was tested in an Otto cycle engine for 20,000 km. The oil retained in a conventional shielded filter and in the prototype was compared. The volume of lubricating oil retained by the commercial shielded filter, after use and drainage, was 118.4 ml on average, compared with 39.0 ml for the prototype, a reduction of 67%. Extrapolating this reduction to the 2015 Brazilian fleet of 48,226,804 cars the results suggest that approximately 4 million liters of extra lubricating oil could be sent directly for re-refining, without requiring further separation after the filter exchange.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Lubricants and Their Additives
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Neuregulin modulates hormone receptor levels in breast cancer through concerted action on multiple signaling pathways

Abstract The Neuregulins (NRGs) are growth factors that bind and activate ErbB/HER receptor tyrosine kinases. Some reports have described an interplay between this ligand–receptor system and hormonal receptors in breast cancer. However, the mechanisms by which NRGs regulate hormonal receptor signaling have not been sufficiently described. Here, we show that in breast cancer cells the activation of NRG receptors down-regulated ERα through a double mechanism that included post-transcriptional and transcriptional effects. This regulation required the concerted participation of three signaling routes: the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, ERK1/2, and ERK5 pathways. Moreover, these three routes were also involved in the phosphorylation of ERα at serines 118 and 167, two residues implicated in resistance to endocrine therapies. On the other hand, NRGs conferred resistance to fulvestrant in breast cancer cells and this resistance could be reversed when the three pathways activated by NRGs were simultaneously inhibited. Our results indicate that estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast tumors that can have access to NRGs may be resistant to fulvestrant. This resistance could be overcome if strategies to target the three main pathways involved in the interplay between NRG receptors and ERα could be developed.

Topic: HER2/EGFR in Cancer Research
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Friendship patterns of mildly learning handicapped and nonhandicapped high school students.

Participant observation techniques were employed in a high school setting to document the friendship patterns of 32 mildly learning handicapped and 32 nonhandicapped adolescents. Three features of friendship were examined: intimacy, empathy, and stability over time. Handicapped adolescents were found to have fewer friendships than did their nonhandicapped counterparts and less stable friendships. There was less evidence of intimacy and empathy between pairs of handicapped peers. Variation in friendship behavior within both populations was noted, and factors contributing to difficulties in achieving fuller friendship were discussed.

Topic: Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences