jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Operating characteristics of a high-power monolithically integrated flared amplifier master oscillator power amplifier

High-power monolithically integrated flared amplifier master oscillator power amplifiers (MFA-MOPAs) that operate up to 2 W continuous wave (CW) in a single diffraction-limited lobe have been fabricated. The spectral output of the MFA-MOPA is single longitudinal mode with a side-mode suppression ratio greater than 25 dB. Several operating characteristics of the MFA-MOPA, including the beam astigmatism, amplifier gain saturation, linewidth, far-field extinction ratio, and beam quality metrics are investigated and discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Managing Interest Rate Risk： An Evaluation of Indian Banks

Interest rate risk represents one of the key forms of financial risk faced by banks. It has given rise to an extensive body of research, mainly focused on the estimation of sensitivity of bank stock returns to changes in interest rates. However, the analysis of the sources of bank interest rate risk has received much less attention in the literature. It is essential that banks have to monitor, maintain, and manage their assets and liabilities portfolios in a systematic manner taking into account the various risks involved in these areas. Balance sheet risk of a bank can be categorized into two major types of significant risks, which are liquidity risk and interest rate risk (IRR). IRR is the risk to earning of capital arising from movement of interest rates. The need to manage IRR in Indian banks arises from movement of interest rates. The areas not much considered in the earlier research work are to manage IRR which influences critically the overall profitability of banks. The study was taken with an objective of analyzing the determinants of IRR and examining the strategy to manage such exposures testing the banks long run sustainability. The study had chosen 45 banks and collected secondary data for the financial year 2007 to 2012 to do the analysis of IRR management. The findings of the study were to suggest the ways to minimize the IRR and control its effect on the banks profit. The other findings were to test impact of IRR on the sustainability of the bank.

Topic: Banking stability, regulation, efficiency
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Detection and drug resistance of β-lactamase in 108 strains of Acinetobacter baumanii

Objective:To investigate the clinical distribution,production and drug resistance of β-lactamase in nosocomial infection.Methods:The distribution and the drug resistance of 108 strains of Acinetobacter baumanii causing nosocomial infection were analyzed retrospectively.β-lactamase,cephalosporinase and extended spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs)were detected by Nitrocefin test,3-dimension test and disc agar diffusion method,respectively.Results:The detection rates of Acinetobacter baumanii in ICU wards and neurosurgery wards were 63.89% and 11.11%,respectively.Acinetobacter baumanii was detected in 77.78% of the sputum samples and 12.96% of the secretion samples.The bacteria were resistant to most common antibiotics,and the rate of multiple-resistance was 88.89%.Eleven ESBLs bacteria and 78 cephalosporinase bacteria were detected in the 108 strains of Acinetobacter baumanii,accounting for 10.19% and 72.22%,respectively,and the positive rate of β-lactamase bacteria detected was 100.00%.Conclusions:Acinetobacter baumannii are the major opportunistic pathogenic bacteria in hospital infection.They are highly resistant to routine antimicrobial agents and even multi-drug resistant.The strains producing β-lactamase are the prominent cause of multi-drug resistance.Antimicrobial agents should be used rationally to decrease multi-drug resistance.

Topic: Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Cyclosporine increases the intracellular free calcium concentration in electrically paced isolated rat cardiomyocytes.

The effect of cyclosporine on the mean cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in electrically paced single cardiomyocytes from adult rats was studied. Cardiac myocytes were paced by electrical field stimulation with either 2 or 3 Hz in the presence of 5 micrograms/ml cyclosporine or the solvent cremophor. Exposure to cyclosporine during 40 minutes of electrical pacing caused irreversible hypercontracture in most cells, only 22.1% +/- 1.2% (mean +/- SEM) remained rod-shaped versus 64.1% +/- 3.2% in the solvent (p = 0.01). The cytoplasmic free calcium concentration was measured by means of digital image processing of fura-2 fluorescence. Electrical field stimulation increased the cytoplasmic free calcium from 69.7 +/- 5.4 to 124.9 +/- 24.5 nmol/L Ca2+ in the presence of the solvent and from 84.2 +/- 25.4 to 250.1 +/- 55.9 nmol/L in the presence of cyclosporine (p = 0.036 versus solvent). The data provide direct evidence that cyclosporine enhances the cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in single paced rat cardiomyocytes. These findings may be of importance in the consideration of a possible cardiotoxicity of cyclosporine.

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Cadmium Chloride: An Efficient Catalyst for One-Pot Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1<i>H</i>)-ones

Biginelli reaction was carried out using cadmium chloride as a catalyst to obtain the dihydropyrimidones in excellent yields. This condensation was applicable to various aldehydes with ethyl acetoacetate and urea in acetonitrile at reflux temperature.

Topic: Multicomponent Synthesis of Heterocycles
Subfield: Organic Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Adivasi Women, Agrarian Change and Forms of Labour in Neo-liberal India

This article elaborates the different dimensions of the gendered nature of semi-proletarianization and proletarianization of the adivasi social groups after the period of neo-liberal reforms. It shows that the integration of the adivasis in general, and adivasi women in particular, has been a result of agrarian distress and macro-economic trends that have structured the patterns of dispossession, displacement and urbanization in the last two decades. In doing so, the article contradicts the view which holds that communitarian structures have been playing an important part in the division of labour within adivasi communities. This article also contests the view that there is an autonomous sphere of existence of the subsistence economy of the adivasis and that the role of the adivasi women is largely confined to unpaid labour within the sphere of subsistence. As the analysis here shows, the blurred boundaries between subsistence and commercial activities have ensured that there is hardly autonomous space for the adivasi households to carry out their activities, which has several implications for the life of adivasi women. Lastly, the article counters the oft-repeated proposition that communities and communitarian structures can stand in opposition to the labour market and protect the interests of the adivasi women if they are democratized. It is shown here that both matrilineal and patrilineal communities have similar degrees of semi-proletarianization and proletarianization of adivasi women, although such a process is influenced by regional trends and landholding patterns. Thus, the thesis that communitarian production and distribution systems guide the class formation process does not, in fact, hold in the case of most adivasi regions. Rather, the labour market is guided by macro-economic processes that often neutralize the influence of these structures.

Topic: Water Governance and Infrastructure
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Tractability Frontier for Dually-Closed Temporal Quantified Constraint Satisfaction Problems

A temporal (constraint) language is a relational structure with a first-order definition in the rational numbers with the order. We study here the complexity of the Quantified Constraint Satisfaction Problem (QCSP) for temporal constraint languages. Our main contribution is a dichotomy for the restricted class of dually-closed temporal languages. We prove that QCSP for such a language is either solvable in polynomial time or it is hard for NP or coNP. Our result generalizes a similar dichotomy of QCSPs for equality languages, which are relational structures definable by Boolean combinations of equalities.

Topic: Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
QTL for yield components and protein content: a multienvironment study of two pea (Pisum sativum L.) populations

Quantitative trait loci for yield, yield components and seed protein content were investigated on the basis of experiments performed with two populations of pea (Pisum sativum L.) lines derived from linked crosses between lines Wt11238, Wt3557 and Wt10245 with contrasting characteristics. The yield-related traits were defined as components giving the grain yield in a multiplicative way. The aim was to clarify the genetic architecture of the relation between seed yield, its components and protein content, with a possible inclusion of the role of epistasis in this explanation. To take full advantage of the availability of the two populations, additive QTL effects and both types of epistasis were analysed: the QTL by genetic background interaction and the first-order QTL–QTL interaction. The two hybrid populations differed with respect to the prevailing gene action, which in the Wt11238 × Wt3557 progeny was mainly additive, while in the Wt10245 × Wt11238 progeny mainly epistatic. Some loci with previously reported, large, repeatable, but contradictory effects on yield and protein content were confirmed. New loci with alleles coming from the protein-rich Wt11238 line, positive for yield components, were identified. It was found that the first order QTL–QTL interaction events were more frequent for the loci showing the QTL by genetic background interaction.

Topic: Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Voiding in lead-free soldering of components with large solder pads

The paper presents the quantification of void formation in lead-free solder joints underneath bottom terminated components (BTCs) through X-ray inspection. Experiments were designed to investigate how void formation is affected by using vacuum in reflow soldering on the example of light emitted diode (LED) packages on metal core printed circuit boards (PCBs). Convection and vapour phase reflow soldering were used for LED assembly. X-ray inspection system analyzed the statistical distribution, mean value, standard deviation and process capability value Cpk of thermal pads coverage for various technological versions of LEDs.

Topic: Electronic Packaging and Soldering Technologies
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
The Origin and the History of Main Agronomic Characters of a Paddy-Rice Variety Koshihikari and its Sib Varieties. : I. Derivation of growth characteristics and grain quality through the pedigree

Agronomic traits of one of leading paddy rrce varrety Koshihikari whrch rs well known for its excellent quality of cooked rice and very popular in the central part of Japan, were investigated comparing with those of four sister varieties derived from the cross Norin 22 XNorin 1, from which Koshihikari had been selected. In order to follow baenetic progrsses achieved in the course of developing the above five sister varieties including Koshihikari, Honenwase, Koshijiwase, Hatsunisiki and Yamasenishiki, agronomic traits of their ancestral varieties were compared with their own traits. Experimetal materials involved were five local varieties and their five descendants, two of which were parents of the five sister vareities, as well as the above five sisters (Fig. 5). The first groups of varieties was referred to as the native varieties, the second as the primary improved and the last as the secondary improved. Relative to the agronomic traits such as maturity, cuhm length, plant type, number of penicles and harvest index, remarkable progresses were recognized in the steps of improvement from the native to the seconclary limproved varieties. The secondary improved sister varieties were earlier, shorter of stature, better in plant type with erect leaves and more panicles and higher in harvest index than the native or the primary improved ones (Tab. 1 and 2). It seems obvious that earliness, short stature and abunbant tillering were transmitted by one of the local variety Moritawase to the sister varieties. Such de

Topic: Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Evaluating the public health response to a mass bat exposure—Wyoming, 2017

Abstract Mass bat exposures (MBEs) occur when multiple people are exposed to a bat or a bat colony, often over an extended period. In August 2017, a public health investigation was started in response to an MBE that occurred during May–August 2017 at a national park research station in Wyoming. We identified 176 people who had slept primarily in two lodges (Lodges A and B) at the research station, and successfully contacted 165 (93.8%) of these individuals. Risk assessments (RAs) were administered to all 165 individuals to determine degree and type of exposures to bats (e.g., biting or scratching). Exposure status for research station guests was classified as “non‐exposed,” “low risk” or “high risk,” and counselling was provided to guide post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP) recommendations. Prior to public health notification and intervention, 19 persons made the decision to pursue PEP. The healthcare‐seeking behaviours of this group were taken to represent outcomes in the absence of public health intervention. (These persons received a RA, and their risk classification was retrospectively assigned.) Approximately 1–2 weeks after conducting the RAs, we conducted a follow‐up survey to determine whether recommendations regarding PEP were ultimately followed. The proportion of individuals that unnecessarily pursued PEP was higher among the 19 individuals that sought health care prior to receiving the RA ( p &lt; 0.00001). Among those receiving the RA first, all persons classified as high risk followed public health guidance to seek PEP treatment. Despite this, upon re‐interview, only 21/79 (26.6%) of guests could accurately recall their risk classification, with most people (55.7%) overestimating their risk. Study findings demonstrate that early public health interventions such as RAs can reduce unnecessary use of PEP and that messaging used during rabies counselling should be clear.

Topic: Rabies epidemiology and control
Subfield: Virology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Bipolar Disorder Clinical Synthesis: Where Does the Evidence Lead?

Bipolar disorder is a common condition diagnosed by the occurrence of pathological mood elevation but most often dominated by dysphoria states. Over the past 10 years, understanding of bipolar disorder and the number of evidence-based treatments have increased dramatically. This article offers strategies for improving diagnostic confidence and simple benchmarks that facilitate integrating principles of evidence-based medicine into the management of patients with bipolar disorder. Simple systematic assessment techniques such as focusing the evaluation to assess the most extreme episode of mood elevation and longitudinal factors such as age of onset and course of illness can avoid errors of omission and raise diagnostic confidence. An iterative measurement-based treatment model that aims to bring patients and their supports into the collaborative care process for progressively better outcomes is recommended.

Topic: Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effect of grain refinement on mechanical and electrochemical properties of severely deformed pure copper through equal channel angular pressing

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) not only affects the mechanical properties of pure copper but also the electrochemical behavior of copper. Thus, it would be interesting to perform a comprehensive analysis from a practical perspective. A three-dimensional (3D) simulation is carried out to reveal the strain distribution and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) is employed to investigate the microstructural evolution of copper in the course of six ECAP passes. It is found that the ECAP must be repeated enough times to bring about a significant grain refinement. This processing route will lead to observation of an ascending trend in all mechanical properties of copper except total elongation. The dislocation density shows the same ascending trend before it becomes saturated at the sixth pass. In order for copper to regain the usual homogeneity with respect to hardness, six ECAP passes are necessary. On the other hand, potentiodynamic polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are all employed to understand the electrochemical behavior of ECAPed copper when immersed in 0.1 M NaOH solution. After the sixth pass, copper shows its best passive and protective behavior in this solution. Furthermore, Mott–Schottky analysis indicates that although the passive film of ECAPed copper still behaves as a p-type semiconductor, it becomes less defective or less conductive as the number of applied ECAP passes increase. Consequently, the most stable passive film forms on a copper sample that has gone through six passes of ECAP.

Topic: Microstructure and mechanical properties
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Differential transcript usage analysis incorporating quantification uncertainty via compositional measurement error regression modeling

Differential transcript usage (DTU) occurs when the relative expression of multiple transcripts arising from the same gene changes between different conditions. Existing approaches to detect DTU often rely on computational procedures that can have speed and scalability issues as the number of samples increases. Here we propose a new method, CompDTU, that uses compositional regression to model the relative abundance proportions of each transcript that are of interest in DTU analyses. This procedure leverages fast matrix-based computations that make it ideally suited for DTU analysis with larger sample sizes. This method also allows for the testing of and adjustment for multiple categorical or continuous covariates. Additionally, many existing approaches for DTU ignore quantification uncertainty in the expression estimates for each transcript in RNA-seq data. We extend our CompDTU method to incorporate quantification uncertainty leveraging common output from RNA-seq expression quantification tool in a novel method CompDTUme. Through several power analyses, we show that CompDTU has excellent sensitivity and reduces false positive results relative to existing methods. Additionally, CompDTUme results in further improvements in performance over CompDTU with sufficient sample size for genes with high levels of quantification uncertainty, while also maintaining favorable speed and scalability. We motivate our methods using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas Breast Invasive Carcinoma data set, specifically using RNA-seq data from primary tumors for 740 patients with breast cancer. We show greatly reduced computation time from our new methods as well as the ability to detect several novel genes with significant DTU across different breast cancer subtypes.

Topic: RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Spectral analysis of heart rate variability as a measure of sympathico-vagal influence after sublingual nitroglycerin: comparison of the quantitative analysis with FFT and autoregressive model

Short-acting vasodilating drugs like nitroglycerin sublingual (NTG) change sympathico-vagal balance as long as central systolic blood pressure is lowered. To calculate power spectral density (PSD) estimation of heart rate variability (HRV) stationary conditions in the time domain are required. In order to study time course of HRV after administration of NTG, two different methods were used. One method is the chirp-z transformation which is closely related to the Fourier transformation; the other method is an autoregressive (AR) model. AR models offer the possibility of analyzing short time fractions for a complete spectra, whereas the chirp-z transformations need a definite number of points for a definite frequency region. No significant differences could be seen in PSD calculated with the different methods.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Bornholm Disease

Bornholm disease is an uncommon cause of sudden-onset, severe, abdominal pain in adolescents and young adults caused by Coxsackievirus infection. Physicians who care for this patient population should consider Bornholm disease when presented with an acute abdomen or when other serious causes of abdominal pain have been ruled out. Typically, patients with this presentation progress to have pleuritic chest pain associated with a normal chest radiograph. Obtaining Coxsackievirus titers can help confirm the diagnosis. With this case presentation and review of the literature, we demonstrate the varied clinical presentation of Bornholm disease in adolescents and young adults.

Topic: Viral Infections and Immunology Research
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences