jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Feasibility of Selective High-Risk Area Irradiation for Supraglottic Laryngeal Carcinoma With Positive Lymph Nodes Only in Areas II and IIIThe&amp;nbsp;Feasibility of Selective High-Risk Area Irradiation for Supraglottic Laryngeal Carcinoma With Positive Lymph Nodes Only in Areas II and III

Abstract ObjectiveTo study the prognosis of patients with positive lymph nodes in area II and III after supraglottic laryngocarcinoma surgery and to evaluate the feasibility of selective irradiation of a high-risk area. MethodsFrom February 2010 to March 2015, the complete clinical data for 181 patients treated for supraglottic laryngeal cancer at the Radiotherapy Department of the Second Hospital of Jilin University were analysed retrospectively. Among them, 100 patients were treated with whole neck prophylactic irradiation and 81 patients were treated with selective high-risk irradiation; i.e., lymph drainage of areas II and III. ResultsThe median follow-up time was 38.5 months; the 5-year OS, PFS, and NFS were 67.9%,58.1%,64.6% respectively. Among them, there were 6 cases of lymph node recurrence, 4 cases of local recurrence, 8 cases of distant metastasis and 58 deaths. However, there was no significant difference in recurrence between the selective high-risk radiation group and the total neck prophylactic radiation group. The OS, PFS and NFS of the two groups were 67.9% vs. 68%, 58.02% and 58%, and 62.9% and 66%, respectively, and the P values were 0.9161, 0.8916 and 0.7333,respectively. For late toxicity resulting from radiotherapy, the incidence of cervical fibrosis (2.47% vs. 10%, P = 0.043) and the incidence of throat mucosa injury (6.17% vs. 24%, P = 0.001) in patients in the selective high-risk area irradiation group were reduced. ConclusionThe preliminary data show that selective high-risk area irradiation is safe and feasible for patients with supraglottic laryngeal cancer accompanied by positive lymph nodes only in areas II and III, and the treatment can reduce the long-term adverse reactions and improve the quality of life. However, more evidence is needed.

Topic: Head and Neck Cancer Studies
Subfield: Otorhinolaryngology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Toward Designing Reactive Metal Clusters for Dinitrogen Activation: A Guideline Based on N<sub>2</sub> Initial Adsorption

Gas-phase metal clusters are ideal models to explore transition-metal-mediated N<sub>2</sub> activation mechanism. However, the effective design and search of reactive clusters in N<sub>2</sub> activation are currently hindered by the lack of clear guidelines. Inspired by the Sabatier principle, we discovered in this work that N<sub>2</sub> initial adsorption energy (Δ<i>E</i><sub>ads</sub>) is an important parameter to control the N<sub>2</sub> activation reactivity of metal clusters in the gas phase. This mechanistic insight obtained from high-level calculations rationalizes the N<sub>2</sub> activation reactivity of many previously reported metal clusters when combined with the known factor determining the N≡N cleavage process. Furthermore, based on this guideline of Δ<i>E</i><sub>ads</sub>, we successfully designed several new reactive clusters for cleaving N≡N triple bond under mild conditions, including FeV<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, TaV<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, and TaV<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, the high N<sub>2</sub> activation reactivity of which has been fully corroborated in our gas phase experiments employing mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation. The importance of Δ<i>E</i><sub>ads</sub> revealed in this work not only reshapes our understanding of N<sub>2</sub> activation reactions in the gas phase but also could have implication for other N<sub>2</sub> activation processes in the condensed phase. The more general establishment of this new perspective on N<sub>2</sub> activation reactivity warrants future experimental and computational studies.

Topic: Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Teaching Professionalism: Using Role-Play Simulations to Generate Professionalism Learning Outcomes

For a constructively aligned curriculum in veterinary professionalism, there is a need for well-designed higher order learning outcomes to support students' professional identity formation. A lack of uniformly accepted definitions of veterinary professionalism necessitates the defining and refining of current concepts of professionalism to inform teaching and assessment. A potential method for achieving such learning outcomes is to generate these from simulated professionalism teaching scenarios. A workshop was designed in which veterinary educators used role play to resolve a professional dilemma. Following discussion of the appropriate management approach, participants were asked to reflect on the learning outcomes that were required to resolve the scenario and that students would achieve by going through the same classroom-based process. Workshop participants identified several professionalism learning outcomes that are not currently defined in the literature: realizing that there is not a single correct answer to a professional dilemma, making a decision despite this uncertainty, communicating differences of opinion, and understanding the effect of differences in professional identity. Although the process described runs counter to traditional curricular design, it may offer a valuable contribution to the discourse surrounding professionalism learning outcomes. Furthermore, it has generated higher level learning outcomes than have been obtained through other methods.

Topic: Veterinary Practice and Education Studies
Subfield: Speech and Hearing
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
François de La Mothe Le Vayer and His De l’instruction de Monsieur le Dauphin: The Concepts of the Golden Mean and Public Good

This article investigates into the structure and content of De l’instruction de Monsieur le Dauphin by François de La Mothe Le Vayer. Le Vayer describes the four pillars of the state — religion, justice, finance, and military power — speculating on how thoroughly a hereditary prince of France should study liberal and mechanical arts. He does not recommend the majority of subjects for detailed study, making an exception for rhetoric in the first place and adding three more important subjects: geography, ethics, and physics. In fine arts, according to Le Vayer, the king had better be an experienced connoisseur than a creator. He also describes pretty much in detail the physical activities useful for a king in waiting (swimming, dance, and armed martial arts are recommended, while running is not), as well as possible games and ways of entertainment. A large proportion of the treatise is devoted to proving the harmfulness of astrology, chemistry, and magic. The key principles underlying Le Vayer’s speculations are the “golden mean” and the use of general education as a basis, the elements of which he analyzes separately for applicability in the instruction of a hereditary prince.

Topic: Historical and Literary Studies
Subfield: Anthropology
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Goonhilly: a new site for e-MERLIN and the EVN

The benefits for the e-MERLIN and EVN arrays of using antennae at the satellite communication station at Goonhilly in Cornwall are discussed. The location of this site - new to astronomy - will provide an almost equal distribution of long baselines in the east-west- and north-south directions, and opens up the possibility to get significantly improved observations of equatorial fields with e-MERLIN. These additional baselines will improve the sensitivity on a set of critical spatial scales and will increase the angular resolution of e-MERLIN by a factor of two. e-MERLIN observations, including many allocated under the e-MERLIN Legacy programme, will benefit from the enhanced angular resolution and imaging capability especially for sources close to or below the celestial equator (where ESO facilities such as ALMA will operate) of including the Goonhilly telescopes. Furthermore, the baselines formed between Goonhilly and the existing stations will close the gap between the baselines of e-MERLIN and those of the European VLBI Network (EVN) and therefore enhance the legacy value of e-MERLIN datasets.

Topic: Library Science and Information Systems
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Acyclovir for treatment of varicella in immunecompetent patients.

Varicella, one of the most common childhood diseases, can cause significant morbidity and even mortality in immunecompetent persons. In the U.S. alone, an estimated 4000-6000 otherwise normal youngsters are hospitalized every year with an annual death rate for immunecompetent persons of 96. This article reviews and updates progress in clinical trials utilizing oral acyclovir for treatment of varicella in immunecompetent patients. Three placebo-controlled, double-blind studies of acyclovir in normal youngsters and adolescents found that the drug reduced the height and duration of fever and accelerated cutaneous healing without producing any adverse effects. Acyclovir did not diminish VZV antibody titers measured one year post-varicella by either ELISA or FAMA methods. A recent study in 148 immunecompetent adults demonstrated that acyclovir can significantly reduce fever and hasten cutaneous healing. Acyclovir is thus of proven benefit for treatment of varicella. The major issue remaining is who should be treated, and the pros and cons of this are discussed.

Topic: Herpesvirus Infections and Treatments
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Thermal and photochemical reactions of steroidal α-azido ketones

Photolysis of 9α-azido-3β,20β-diacetoxy-5α-pregnan-11-one in methanol gave the N-acyl imine 11-aza-3β,20β-diacetoxy-C-homo-5α-pregn-9,11-en-12-one 4 and the aminoketone 9a-aza-3β,20β-diacetoxy-9-methoxy-B-homo-5α-pregnan-11-one 7. In dichloromethane containing triethylamine the irradiation of this azide gave the N-acyl imine 4 and the α,β-unsaturated amino ketone 9a-aza-3β,20β-diacetoxy-B-homo-5α-pregn-8-en-11-one 8. Thermolysis or photolysis of 12α-azido-3α,20β-diacetoxy-5β-pregnan-11-one gave the N-acyl imine 12-aza-3α,20β-diacetoxy-C-homo-5β-pregn-12-en-11-one 10 as major product. Photolysis of 20β-acetoxy-12α-azido-3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-11-one gave the 3-hydroxy analogue of 10. Transformation products of the N-acyl imines are described.

Topic: Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
CCDC 742861: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Topic: Crystallization and Solubility Studies
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
High-dose versus low-dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour

Higher-dose regimens of oxytocin (4 mU per minute or more) were associated with a reduction in the length of labour and in caesarean section, and an increase in spontaneous vaginal birth. However, there is insufficient evidence to recommend that high-dose regimens are advised routinely for women with delay in the first stage of labour. Further research should evaluate the effect of high-dose regimens of oxytocin for women delayed in labour and should include maternal and neonatal outcomes as well as the effects on women.

Topic: Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
Subfield: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Exploring Bhutanese teachers’ knowledge and use of strategies for the inclusion of students on the autism spectrum

Despite the increasing number of students on the autism spectrum attending regular schools worldwide, research on the knowledge and use of teaching strategies to support the inclusion of students on the autism spectrum in the South Asian region remains scarce. The current study was informed by Florian and Spratt's Inclusive Pedagogy Framework and utilised an exploratory sequential mixed-method design to investigate Bhutanese teachers' knowledge and use of pedagogical strategies for the inclusion of students on the autism spectrum. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews (n = 16), classroom observations (n = 7) and online surveys (n = 106). The analysis revealed that although teachers reported their knowledge of effective inclusive strategies, they made limited use of them in their practice, which resulted in the micro-exclusion of students on the autism spectrum despite their physical placement in regular classrooms/schools. Recommendations for enhancing Bhutanese teachers' skills and capacity to implement effective strategies for including students on the autism spectrum are provided.

Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Data from Autophagy Inhibition Dysregulates TBK1 Signaling and Promotes Pancreatic Inflammation

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Autophagy promotes tumor progression downstream of oncogenic KRAS, yet also restrains inflammation and dysplasia through mechanisms that remain incompletely characterized. Understanding the basis of this paradox has important implications for the optimal targeting of autophagy in cancer. Using a mouse model of cerulein-induced pancreatitis, we found that loss of autophagy by deletion of &lt;i&gt;Atg5&lt;/i&gt; enhanced activation of the IκB kinase (IKK)-related kinase TBK1 &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;, associated with increased neutrophil and T-cell infiltration and PD-L1 upregulation. Consistent with this observation, pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of autophagy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells, including suppression of the autophagy receptors &lt;i&gt;NDP52&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;p62&lt;/i&gt;, prolonged TBK1 activation and increased expression of CCL5, IL6, and several other T-cell and neutrophil chemotactic cytokines &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;. Defective autophagy also promoted PD-L1 upregulation, which is particularly pronounced downstream of IFNγ signaling and involves JAK pathway activation. Treatment with the TBK1/IKKϵ/JAK inhibitor CYT387 (also known as momelotinib) not only inhibits autophagy, but also suppresses this feedback inflammation and reduces PD-L1 expression, limiting &lt;i&gt;KRAS&lt;/i&gt;-driven pancreatic dysplasia. These findings could contribute to the dual role of autophagy in oncogenesis and have important consequences for its therapeutic targeting. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Immunol Res; 4(6); 520–30. ©2016 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Pancreatitis Pathology and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Network Effects in Migrant Remittances

Migrant remittances comprise an important capital source for developing countries. Research connects migrants’ remittance behavior to altruism, exchange, insurance, and investment motives or to a desire to maintain options available through origin communities. This study provides an alternative “network” perspective: Remittance behavior may depend on the remitting patterns of those in one’s social ties—(a) to members of the origin household; (b) to members of “sibling” households, where a member of the ego household has a sibling; and (c) to members of the origin village. We use censuses from 51 villages in Nang Rong, where one in four residents migrated to internal destinations in either 1994 or 2000, and about one in two migrants remitted to their origin households. We observe network effects: Migrants’ likelihood of remitting increases with the number of remitters in the household and with the share of remitters in the village, net of village and year fixed effects, and other potential confounders. We link the former pattern to inheritance-seeking behavior in the household, and the latter to shared norms in the village.

Topic: Migration and Labor Dynamics
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Comparative of HPHT and CVD diamond: performance and defect analysis for alpha radiation detector

Currently, the high-purity single crystal diamond preparation is still a challenging task, which restricts the application of diamond in electronics. In this paper, the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) IIa type single crystal diamond was prepared on the IIa type high pressure high temperature (HPHT) substrate by combining the chamber design with the plasma purifying technology, and the performance of diamond detectors using both IIa type single crystal diamonds were compared based on the defect analysis. The dislocations in diamonds were directly observed by synchrotron radiation X-ray white-beam topography. The CVD diamond shows the comparatively low dislocation density resulting from the high-quality HPHT diamond substrate. No observable NV impurity could be found in photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. The trace impurity of substitutional nitrogen (Ns) was characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). It shows the very low concentration in the CVD diamond (2.1 ppb) compared with the several tens ppb in HPHT diamond. This value is comparable with the electronic-grade diamond reported by Element Six. Furthermore, both of the HPHT and CVD single crystal diamonds were packaged as the α-particle radiation detectors with the typical sandwich structure and used Ni/Al (50 nm/500 nm) as metal electrodes. The energy resolution of HPHT and CVD diamond detectors were 2.04% and 0.86%, respectively. Based on Schottky contact and defect regulation, at 0 voltage, the CVD diamond detector achieved response of α-particle radiation and the charge collection efficiency (CCE) was 10.76%. Under positive voltage, the CCE of HPHT and CVD diamond detectors were 38.11% and 86.65%, respectively. The deep level trapping effect of Ns impurities on charge carriers resulted in low CCE of HPHT diamond detector. The spatial polarization effect caused by defects leaded to the formation of an internal electric field, which was the main reason affecting the transport of charge carriers in CVD diamond.

Topic: Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Chapter 14 Paediatric surgery

Extract Introduction The management of sick children demands specialist skills. Many of the conditions seen in children are distinct from those seen in adults. Conditions that occur in both often present differently in children (e.g. appendicitis). You may have limited paediatric experience and dealing with anxious parents makes this especially stressful. However, the on-call paediatric team will be more than happy to advise and assist you, and basic surgical principles in children are identical to those in adults. Managing paediatric patients requires an understanding of the physiological differences between children and adults. Physiological parameters and age Paediatric fluid requirements Interdisciplinary co-operation In larger teaching hospitals, on-call specialist paediatric surgeons review children under a certain age, usually 4 years. However, in the majority of hospitals, the on-call general surgical team may be called to see children of all ages. The surgical team may require paediatric input for: Have a low threshold for discussing management with your...

Topic: Child and Adolescent Health
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Parental reactions to weight screening in young children: a randomized controlled trial

Summary Background Parental inability to recognize child overweight and physician reluctance to instigate discussion prevents behaviour change. Objective To evaluate parental acceptance of child overweight status following screening. Methods Interviewers used motivational interviewing or best practice care to discuss overweight status of 271 young children (BMI ≥ 85 th ) with parents using simple traffic‐light BMI charts. Follow‐up sessions two weeks later ( n = 251, 93%) were coded qualitatively to assess parental reactions to the information (overweight diagnosis) and how it was presented (feedback condition). Results Eight‐two percent of parents rated the charts positively with few (8–10%) feeling judged. Motivational interviewing parents viewed feedback as more empathetic (relative risk, 95% CI: 4.07, 1.64–10.09), but more uncomfortable (12.2, 1.48–100.1) than best practice care parents. Overall, 65.2% of parents accepted their child was overweight, 22.1% were ambivalent and 12.7% rejected the information. Although motivational interviewing parents were less likely to accept it (OR, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.37–0.64) and more likely to be ambivalent (2.01, 1.17–3.47), the most important predictor of acceptance was a positive experience of feedback ( P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions Simple traffic‐light charts facilitate discussion of child overweight status with parents. Style of feedback is less relevant than ensuring a positive experience for parents to increase acceptance of the weight information.

Topic: Obesity and Health Practices
Subfield: Pharmacy
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
HERVs in Multiple Sclerosis — From Insertion to Therapy

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have not been able to completely elucidate the genetic background of complex diseases. Part of it could lie in repetitive sequences not studied in the GWAS, as those corresponding to Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs). In the present work, we aim to review the potential role of HERVs in the etiology of autoimmune diseases, especially in multiple sclerosis (MS); their potential pathogenic role and their putative consideration as a good target for new treatments. For this purpose, we carried out an in-depth literature review on HERVs, and we integrated our previous findings about HERV-W, HERV-K18, and HERV-Fc1 and MS susceptibility. The study was carried out by a systematic search from electronic databases using the keywords “HERV,” “Multiple sclerosis,” “HERV-W,” “MSRV,” “HERV-K,” “HERV-Fc1,” and “GNbAC1.”

Topic: Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
A role of electrical inhibition in sensorimotor integration

Although it is accepted that extracellular fields generated by neuronal activity can influence the excitability of neighboring cells, whether this form of neurotransmission has a functional role remains open. In vivo field effects occur in the teleost Mauthner (M)-cell system, where a combination of structural features support the concept of inhibitory electrical synapses. A single spike in one M-cell evoked within as little as 2.2 ms of the onset of an abrupt sound, simulating a predatory strike, initiates a startle-escape behavior [Zottoli SJ (1977) J Exp Biol 66:243–254]. We show that such sounds produce synchronized action potentials in as many as 20 or more interneurons that mediate feed-forward electrical inhibition of the M-cell. The resulting action currents produce an electrical inhibition that coincides with the electrotonic excitatory drive to the M-cell; the amplitude of the peak of the inhibition is ≈40% of that of the excitation. When electrical inhibition is neutralized with an extracellular cathodal current pulse, subthreshold auditory stimuli are converted into ones that produce an M-spike. Because the timing of electrical inhibition is often the same as the latency of M-cell firing in freely swimming fish, we conclude that electrical inhibition participates in regulating the threshold of the acoustic startle-escape behavior. Therefore, a field effect is likely to be essential to the normal functioning of the neural network.

Topic: Neural dynamics and brain function
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences