jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Efficient DNA Transfection Mediated by the C-Terminal Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viral Protein R

ABSTRACT Viral protein R (Vpr) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is produced late in the virus life cycle and is assembled into the virion through binding to the Gag protein. It is known to play a significant role early in the viral life cycle by facilitating the nuclear import of the preintegration complex in nondividing cells. Vpr is also able to interact with nucleic acids, and we show here that it induces condensation of plasmid DNA. We have explored the possibility of using these properties in DNA transfection experiments. We report that the C-terminal half of the protein (Vpr 52–96 ) mediates DNA transfection in a variety of human and nonhuman cell lines with efficiencies comparable to those of the best-known transfection agents. Compared with polylysine, a standard polycationic transfection reagent, Vpr 52–96 was 10- to 1,000-fold more active. Vpr 52–96 -DNA complexes were able to reach the cell nucleus through a pH-independent mechanism. These observations possibly identify an alternate pathway for DNA transfection.

Topic: RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Decoding the role of long noncoding RNAs in the healthy aging of centenarians

Abstract Aging is the largest risk factor of major human diseases. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as the key regulatory elements have shown a strong impact on multiple biological processes as well as human disease mechanisms. However, the roles of lncRNAs in aging/healthy aging processes remain largely unknown. Centenarians are good models for healthy aging studies due to avoiding major chronic diseases and disabilities. To illustrate their ubiquitous nature in the genome and the ‘secrets’ of healthy aging regulation from the perspective of lncRNAs, peripheral blood samples from two regions consisting 76 centenarians (CENs), 54 centenarian-children (F1) and 41 spouses of centenarian-children (F1SP) were collected for deep RNA-seq. We identified 11 CEN-specific lncRNAs that is particularly expressed in longevous individuals. By kmers clustering, hundreds of human lncRNAs show similarities with CEN-specific lncRNAs, especially with ENST00000521663 and ENST00000444998. Using F1SP as normal elder controls (age: 59.9 ± 6.6 years), eight lncRNAs that are differentially expressed in longevous elders (CEN group, age: 102.2 ± 2.4 years) were identified as candidate aging/health aging–related lncRNAs (car-lncs). We found that the expression of eight car-lncs in human diploid fibroblasts displayed dynamic changes during cell passage and/or H2O2/rapamycin treatment; of which, overexpression either of THBS1-IT1 and THBS1-AS1, two lncRNAs that highly expressed in CENs, can remarkably decrease p16, p21 and the activity of senescent related β-galactosidase, suggesting that THBS1-IT1 and THBS1-AS1 can inhibit cellular senescence. We provided the first comprehensive analysis of lncRNA expression in longevous populations, and our results hinted that dysregulated lncRNAs in CENs are potential protective factors in healthy aging process.

Topic: Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
Subfield: Cancer Research
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Note sur certains sols vertisoliques formés en climat tempéré

In the «forêt de Parroy » (Lorraine), there are peculiar soils, which are developed on Keuper-marls. It is difficult to compare these dark-grey and very argillaceous soils, showing a polyhedral structure, with other soil-types already known. A careful study of two profiles points out that they are «lithomorphous vertisols», which have superficially evolued towards a «leached brown soil » type.

Topic: Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Subfield: Atmospheric Science
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Investigation of gain optimization technique in Doppler ultrasound system

In this paper the author describes a high sensitivity Doppler ultrasound system based on the principle of ensemble mean processing utilizing automatic gain optimization through system parameters. This technique allows a reduction of the physical size of the hardware and simplifies gain adjustment by reducing the gain range substantially. Such a system is not subject to Doppler ultrasound system artifacts such as the mirror effect and quantization.

Topic: Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Multistep hepatocarcinogenesis in transgenic mice harboring SV40 T-antigen gene.

We have developed transgenic mice that inherit albumin promoter-regulated simian virus 40 (SV40) large T-antigen gene, expressed specifically in hepatocytes. These mice all develop multifocal hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) at around 5 months and die of liver insufficiency by 7 months in remarkable synchrony. The liver tissue appears normal in the initial 3 weeks, and thereafter rapid cytomegalic degeneration of original hepatocytes, proliferation of quasi-regenerative hepatocytes, neoplastic cell foci, nodules and finally HCCs develop in sequence. Considerable variation existed both in morphological and enzymatic features and in T-antigen expression among neoplastic lesions, including carcinomas. Oligonucleotide hybridization studies revealed activating point mutations of the c-H-ras oncogene in 40% (10/25) of tumors obtained at around 6 months. The positive signals were, however, considerably weaker in half of them suggesting that such tumors comprised cells both with and without ras mutation. Sequential observation of culture cell lines established from tumors also revealed the appearance of activated c-H-ras with time, which was associated with biological progression. Thus, in this model system, ras activation may be an event occurring in a relatively late phase of carcinogenesis associated with progression of tumors. Karyotype analysis of cell lines revealed remarkable chromosomal instability. In studies of sister chromatid exchange in hepatocytes, twice as frequent occurrence was demonstrated in transgenic mice as in their counterpart hepatocytes. Thus T-antigen may be contributing as a mutagen to the hepatocarcinogenesis, in addition to its cytotoxic and growth modifying activities.

Topic: Liver physiology and pathology
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Lactate threshold responses to a season of professional British youth soccer

Objective: To examine the changes in aerobic endurance performance of professional youth soccer players throughout the soccer season. Methods: Nine youth soccer players were tested at six different time points throughout the soccer season by sub-maximal blood lactate assessment, using an incremental treadmill protocol. Whole blood lactate concentration and heart frequency (Hf) were determined at each exercise stage. Running velocities at the first lactate inflection point ( v -T lac ) and at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol l −1 ( v -4mM) were determined. Results: Running velocity at the two lactate thresholds increased from the start of pre-season training to the early weeks of the competitive season, from 11.67 (0.29) to 12.96 (0.28) km h −1 for v -T lac , and from 13.62 (0.25) to 14.67 (0.24) km h −1 for v -4mM (p&lt;0.001). However, v -T lac and v -4mM when expressed relative to maximum heart frequency (Hf max ) remained unchanged. The Hf to blood lactate concentration relationship was unchanged after the pre-season training period. The two expressions of lactate threshold did not reveal differences between each other. Conclusion: Running velocity at v -T lac and v -4mM increased significantly over the pre-season period, but v -T lac and v -4mM were unchanged when expressed relative to Hf max . This finding may indicate that increased endurance performance may be mainly attributable to alterations in Vo 2max . Although lactate assessment of soccer players is useful for determining endurance training adaptations in soccer players, additional assessment of the other two determinants of endurance performance (Vo 2max and running economy) may provide more useful information for determining physiological adaptations resulting from soccer training and training interventions.

Topic: Sports Performance and Training
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Palliative Care Consultations in Primary and Metastatic Brain Tumours

1. Management of primary brain tumours 2. Management of patients with brain metastasis 3. The prevention and treatment of seizures in intracranial malignancy 4. The palliative management of raised intracranial pressure 5. Neuropsychological complications in patients with brain tumours 6. Family care whilst the patient is attending the oncology centre 7. Acquired communication & swallowing difficulties in patients with primary brain tumours 8. Nutritional problems in patients with primary cerebral malignancies 9. The last days of life

Topic: Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Contemplating “Return”: Xie Lingyun’s “Hillside Garden”

Abstract Xie Lingyun was the first of China’s great nature poets. As the most celebrated poet in fifth-century China and a histrionic scion of the illustrious Xie clan of the Eastern Jin, he had cultural influence that extended beyond the literary into religion and philosophy. This article examines Xie’s poetic exploration of the concept of “return” – an important rhetorical trope throughout the history of Chinese literature. By close reading, annotating, and analyzing a selection of Xie’s poems, the article sheds light on the poet’s obsession with instability in the meaning of “return” and argues that beneath the compliant poetic surface lies a saliently dissenting voice. Xie’s distinctive imagery and ideation emerge from an intricate deployment of earlier texts, among which the Classic of Changes is of paramount importance.

Topic: Chinese history and philosophy
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
&lt;title&gt;Tissue ablation at scattering-dominated conditions&lt;/title&gt;

To explain the ablation of cortical bone with Ho:YAG-laser radiation a model for tissue ablation at scattering dominated conditions was developed. It states a logarithmic increase of the ablation rate as a function of laser intensity, which is proportional to the penetration depth of diffusion theory. The model considers the increase of the radiant energy fluence rate inside of the scattering medium, which is described by the accumulation factor. Solving an inhomogeneous diffusion equation for the case of isotropic scattering the radiant energy fluence rate was calculated, which delivers an analytical expression for the accumulation factor.

Topic: Laser Applications in Dentistry and Medicine
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Caregiver-mediated approaches to managing challenging behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder

A significant proportion of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are referred to mental health centers due to the presence of challenging behaviors. Because challenging behaviors in children and adolescents with ASD often result from underlying social and communication difficulties and comorbid anxiety, traditional caregiver-mediated behavior intervention techniques developed for children with disruptive behavior disorders may need to be adapted for this population. Behavioral interventions that target communication skills, social skills, anxiety, and sensory responsiveness in children with ASD may be needed. Notably, while best practice necessitates the involvement of caregivers in treating children and adolescents with ASD, few randomized control studies have examined the effectiveness of caregiver-implemented interventions in reducing challenging behaviors. This review summarizes the current literature with regard to caregiver-mediated behavioral interventions for children with ASD, and suggests areas for intervention development and research.

Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Embryology of the endocrine heart

Recent interest in the storage, release, and action of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in adult mammals has directed our attention to the early appearance, distribution, and possible function of this cardiac hormone during embryonic development. This report summarizes efforts to map and quantify cardiac ANP in developing and neonatal rats, rabbits, and pigs. Levels of ANP immunoreactivity in fetal and neonatal hearts were measured by radioimmunoassay of atrial and ventricular homogenates. Histochemical localization of ANP deposits was accomplished by immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin embedded tissues. The antibodies used were raised in rabbits or guinea pigs against purified rat pro-ANP or synthetic fragments of porcine pro-ANP. In series of rat and rabbit hearts spanning the period from cardiac septation (gestational day 15) to birth, RIA-detectable ANP levels in atrial homogenates rose steadily to maximum values near birth. In ventricular homogenates, lower levels of ANP immunoreactivity declined gradually throughout the embryonic and neonatal period from highest levels in the early embryonic period toward extremely low levels in the adult. During the morphogenetic period of cardiac septation, ANP immunoreactivity intensified within the inner layers of atrial myocardium and along ventricular trabeculae in apparent association with the coalescing cardiac conducting system, especially apparent in the embryonic pig.

Topic: Heart Failure Treatment and Management
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Vancomycin pharmacokinetics and predicted dosage requirements in pediatric cancer patients

Purpose To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters and compare pharmacodynamic target attainment at different dosing strategies of vancomycin in pediatric cancer patients. Methods Pediatric patients who received vancomycin and had at least two steady-state concentrations taken within the same dosing interval were identified. Vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from our institution were determined using E-test. The population-based pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using NONMEM 7.2. A one-compartment model with first-order kinetics was used to estimate clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (Vd). Monte Carlo simulations ( N = 9800) were performed to compare area-under-the-curve over 24 h (AUC 24 )/MIC and trough concentration at different doses. Results Forty-nine patients, with 120 vancomcyin serum concentrations, were included in the analysis, mean age was 6 ± 2.5 (SD) years, mean weight was 19.6 ± 6.9(SD) kg, mean baseline serum creatinine was 0.4 ± 0.11(SD) mg/dl, and mean initial vancomycin dose was 205 mg/day (range 100–460). Final model pharmacokinetic parameters were: CL (L/h) = 0.381 × weight 0.75 and Vd (L) = 0.663 × weight. Mean baseline (±SD) vancomycin CL was 0.20 ± 0.07 L/h/kg and Vd 0.66 ± 0.001 L/kg. . Renal function, sex, age, stay in the intensive care unit, and co-administration of nephrotoxic medications did not have an effect on the calculated parameters. Using Monte Carlo simulation with reported MICs, a dose of 60 mg/kg/day achieved AUC 24 /MIC ≥400 and trough concentration ≥15 mcg/mL in only 21.5% and 11% of virtual subjects, respectively. Conclusions Higher than usual vancomycin doses may be required to treat serious MRSA infections in pediatric patients. The currently recommended dose of 60 mg/kg/day is unlikely to achieve the targets in most subjects. The optimal vancomycin dosing in pediatric cancer patients requires further investigations.

Topic: Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Return to the family and its consequence for rehospitalization among recently discharged mental patients

Synopsis This study examined the contribution that living arrangements made to the rehospitalization rates of mental patients discharged to the community during the first 7 months they spent there. Over 20000 mental patients discharged from psychiatric facilities in the state of New York were categorized on the basis of the living arrangements to which they were discharged. These included living alone, parental, marital, other relatives or friends, and domiciliary settings. The sample was divided in half and results of the analysis of the first sample were replicated on the second sample. Analysis of covariance and multiple regression techniques revealed that patients discharged to marital settings were rehospitalized less than those discharged to other settings, and that there were no differences in the return rates among the remaining settings. The major predictor of rehospitalization was the number of previous hospitalizations. The implications of these findings for further research on supportive as well as stressful parameters of community and family settings are discussed.

Topic: Mental Health Treatment and Access
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Advances in novel high-efficiency solar cell research

A brief overview is presented of the operation principle and recent development of third generation photovoltaic devices,which are aiming at ultra-high efficiency,thin-film structure,and low cost.These solar cells include various types such as the multi-junction tandem,intermediate-band,multiple-exciton-generation,hot carrier and thermophotovoltaic cells.Their future prospects are predicted.

Topic: Thermal Radiation and Cooling Technologies
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Introduction: What Is International Criminal Law?

By offering both a comprehensive update and new material reflecting the continuing development of the subject, this continues to be the leading textbook on international criminal law. Its experienced author team draws on its combined expertise as teachers, scholars and practitioners to offer an authoritative survey of the field. The third edition contains new material on the theory of international criminal law, the practice of international criminal tribunals, the developing case law on principles of liability and procedures and new practice on immunities. It offers valuable supporting online materials such as case studies, worked examples and study guides. Retaining its comprehensive coverage, clarity and critical analysis, it remains essential reading for all in the field.

Topic: International Law and Human Rights
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Basel II: The Remaining Issues. CEPS Policy Brief No. 13, March 2002

[From the Introduction]. ...the BCBS has wisely decided to prolong the consultation period for another year, so that the final draft Accord is expected by the end of 2002. It is to be hoped that these potential problems of the new Accord are solved by then. In this context, it is the aim of this paper to briefly outline four issue-areas that must be addressed before the new Accord can be implemented with confidence. After a broad outline of the current state of the proposals in section one, each area will be discussed in turn. Thus, the second section focuses on the issue of a potential decline in the overall capital holdings and hence in the level of protection against systemic risk. The third section then considers the strong procyclical effect that the new proposals are likely to have. Section four looks at the various adverse consequences the Accord may have for developing countries, and the fifth section outlines the potential impact on the structure of the banking industry. Section six concludes.

Topic: Banking stability, regulation, efficiency
Subfield: Finance
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Chest X-Ray Image Denoising Using Nesterov Optimization Method with Total Variation Regularization

We propose a chest X-Ray image denoising method based on Total variation regularization with implementation on the Nesterov optimization method. The denoising problem is formulated in the form of the second-order cone programming problem and then it is transformed to a saddle point problem under the min-max form. The chest X-Ray images are also processed by the Anscombe transform to be appropriate for the formulated denoising problem. In the experiments, we test on chest X-Ray images of the Radiopaedia dataset. Denoising results are evaluated by using the Peak signal-to-noise ratio and the Structure similarity metrics. Based on the image quality assessment metrics, we compared images quality after denoising of the proposed method with ones of other similar denoising methods. The results confirmed that the proposed method outperforms other compared denoising methods.

Topic: Image and Signal Denoising Methods
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
EVALUATION OF DUAL-SPECTRUM IR SPECTROGRAM SYSTEM ON INVASIVE DUCTAL CARCINOMA (IDC) BREAST CANCER

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed breast cancers. IDC accounts for about 8 out of 10 of all invasive breast cancers. While early detection of breast cancer is essential for the reduction of death rate, there may be already more than 10 7 cells in a breast cancer when it can be observed by X-ray mammogram. In contrast, the passive IR spectrogram proposed by Szu et al. was shown to be promising in detecting breast cancers several months ahead of mammogram. With energy readings from two IR cameras, middle wavelength IR (MIR, 3–5 μm) and long wavelength IR (LIR, 8–12 μm), dual-spectrum IR (DS-IR) spectrogram may be computed by using the deterministic neighborhood-based blind source separation algorithm developed by Szu et al.. 4–7 To evaluate the performance of the DS-IR spectrogram on detection of IDC, a DS-IR spectrogram hardware system is built and a sub-pixel super-resolution registration is developed to implement the deterministic neighborhood-based blind source separation algorithm. Clinical tests have been carried out with the approval of Institutional Review Board of National Taiwan University Hospital. From August 2007 to June 2008, 35 patients aged between 30–66 (average age 49) with IDC breast cancers were recruited in this project. The results demonstrate that 62.86% of success rate for IDC detection may be achieved with the cross-sectional data. Longitudinal study shows that breast cancers may be detected more accurately by cross-referencing s 1 maps of multiple time-points.

Topic: Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses
Subfield: Analytical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences