jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Detonation flows of explosives containing compressible inert particles

The present study employs a combination of numerical and analytical techniques to examine the detonation flows of explosives containing compressible inert particles. A two-phase numerical model incorporating the compressibility of the particles is developed, and the two-phase detonation process is simulated under the Lagrangian framework, where the explosive and the particles are treated as a fluid and discrete spheres, respectively. For small velocity difference between phases, a perturbation method is utilized for the analysis of the dynamics of the detonation front, the detonation product, and the particles. The effects of the particles' compressibility and material density are examined in detail. The results show that the material density of the particles exerts a linear influence on the detonation flow of the explosive, while the effects of the particle compressibility are much more complex. An increase in the particle's material density or compressibility can reduce the velocities of both the detonation front and the flowing-stagnant boundary. The jump of the particle volume fraction across the detonation front relies on the particle compressibility. For more compressible particles, the particle volume fraction exhibits a non-monotonic behavior in the flowing region. A concise scaling law is also obtained for the velocity difference between phases. The present research provides a quantitative prediction to the effects of compressible particles on the detonation flows of explosives.

Topic: Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows
Subfield: Ocean Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
How interior design responds to neurodiversity: implementing wearable technologies in neurodesign processes

This perspective article, looking through the lens of neurodiversity, discusses the benefits and challenges of implementing virtual environments and wearable technologies in interior design and related fields. While the relationship between human perception and built environments has long been studied in the environmental design disciplines, the direct impact on occupant performance related to neurodiversity has been underexplored in research, with a shortage of knowledge supporting how it can be applied in design practice concerning the end users. Individuals’ perceptual, cognitive, and affective responses to their surroundings vary, as neurodiversity plays a key role in the invisible, human-environment interaction. Thus, measuring, analyzing, and understanding affective, perceptual, and cognitive experiences is a challenging process in which various factors come into play, and no single method or measurement can adequately work for all. Due to such challenges, research has also utilized various biometric measurements and tools for immersive experiments in physical and virtual environments, e.g., eye tracking used in studies on gaze behaviors and immersive virtual reality (IVR) used in studies on the spatial perception of dementia patients. Along with empirical methods, studies have stressed the contribution of phenomenology to looking into the hidden dimension, the ‘why factors’ of perception, cognition, and affectivity. Concerning the methodological approach, this perspective article shares insights into a novel process model, Participatory Neurodesign (PND) framework, used in wayfinding research and design processes utilizing eye tracking and IVR. Opportunities for neurodesign research and design practice are also discussed, focusing on the health, safety, and wellbeing of end-users.

Topic: Spatial Cognition and Navigation
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Nonprofit to for-profit hospital transactions: all roads lead to the attorney general's office.

As more and more hospitals travel the route from nonprofit to for-profit status, state attorneys general are increasingly playing the role of "traffic cop" along this rough and often contentious road. A better understanding of the attorney general's office and greater rapport with its officers is the "order of the day" for officers and directors looking to orchestrate such a transition.

Topic: Healthcare Policy and Management
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Albericus Gentilis

Albericus Gentilis Get access Joseph Lemuel Chester Joseph Lemuel Chester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s5-IV, Issue 79, 3 July 1875, Page 16, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s5-IV.79.16f Published: 03 July 1875

Topic: Plant Physiology and Cultivation Studies
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Effects Of Prior Warm-up Regime On Severe Intensity Cycling Performance

PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that prior heavy exercise would improve performance during subsequent severe intensity cycling performance, whereas prior moderate exercise would have no effect and prior sprint exercise would negatively affect performance. METHODS Following habituation to the experimental methods, 12 well-trained cyclists completed a series of 7 min performance trials, involving 2 min of constant work rate exercise at ∼90% VO2max and a further 5 min in which subjects attempted to maximise power output, both without prior intervention and 10 min following bouts of moderate, heavy or sprint exercise in a random order. Pulmonary gas exchange was measured breath-by-breath during all performance trials. RESULTS At the onset of the performance trial, baseline blood [lactate] was significantly elevated after heavy and sprint, but not moderate exercise (mean (SD): control, 1.0 (0.3) mM; moderate, 1.0 (0.2) mM; heavy, 3.0 (1.1) mM; sprint, 5.9 (1.5) mM). All three interventions significantly increased the amplitude of the primary VO2 response (control, 2.59 (0.28) L·min−1; moderate, 2.69 (0.27) L·min−1; heavy, 2.78 (0.26) L·min−1; sprint 2.78 (0.30) L·min−1). Mean power output was significantly increased by prior moderate and heavy exercise, but slightly reduced after sprint exercise (control, 330 (42) W; moderate, 338 (39) W; heavy, 339 (42) W; sprint, 324 (45) W). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that priming exercise performed in the moderate and heavy intensity domains can improve severe intensity cycling performance by ∼2–3%, the latter condition doing so despite a mild lactacidosis being present at exercise onset.

Topic: Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Article Police Authorities, Accountability, and Citizenship

Abstract Policing has recently attracted a great deal of controversy set against the recent wave of student disturb-ances and the use of paramilitary tactics to disperse, contain, and kettle protestors. Moreover, the controversial application of stop and search powers under the Terrorism Act 2000 has raised further questions about the account-ability of the police. The responsibility of holding the police to account currently falls to the 43 police authorities operating across England and Wales. This article draws on ground-breaking research on police authorities using questionnaire and in-depth interview data to outline just how it is that police authority members approach their duties and responsi-bilities. It outlines the role and potential of police authorities to influence police policy and operations and discusses how the work of police authorities has impacted on participation by local citizens. Our starting position is that citizen participation is a prerequisite for the effective delivery of accountable policing. This has serious consequences for the proposed Police and Crime Commissioners, which are intended to replace police authorities in November 2012.

Topic: Policing Practices and Perceptions
Subfield: Political Science and International Relations
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Just what is a genus? Comparing levels of postzygotic isolation to test alternative taxonomic hypotheses in Orchidaceae subtribe Orchidinae

Abstract An exceptionally wide range of systematic data has been accumulated on subtribe Orchidinae, which dominates the European orchid flora. Despite (or perhaps because of) this wealth of information, delimitation of genera within the subtribe continues to prompt extensive debate among taxonomists. Here, we use the controversial genus Orchis s.l. as a case‐study to explore the broader issues that surround the definition and circumscription of genera, and suggest a new approach to selecting among competing formal classifications that focuses on the biological cohesion of the resulting taxa. Levels of postzygotic reproductive isolation, assessed as differential embryo mortality through extensive artificial crosses between species, are compared with three taxonomic treatments: a pre‐cladistic morphological classification permitting polyphyly; a cladistic classification generated by applying monophyly to Internal Transcribed Spacer sequences; and a 'post‐cladistic' classification that aimed to compromise between morphological and molecular differences and permitted paraphyly. The monophyletic cladistic classification is by far the most consistent with levels of postzygotic isolation through embryo mortality. Reproductive isolation, sequence divergence and morphological similarity can all usefully be quantitatively compared with formal classifications, though floral morphology in orchids offers a high risk of rapid co‐evolutionary divergence with pollinator guilds, often generating spurious monospecific 'genera'. Best practice in taxonomy reflects reciprocal illumination between key biological datasets and formal classifications, pursued in a rigorous framework of precise definitions of taxa and well‐founded evolutionary‐phylogenetic concepts.

Topic: Plant and animal studies
Subfield: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
C<sub>9</sub> Helices and Ribbons in γ‐Peptides: Crystal Structures of Gabapentin Oligomers

Alle Neune: In geschützten Di- und Tetrapeptiden aus der γ-Aminosäure Gabapentin treten neuartige wasserstoffverbrückte C9-Strukturen auf (die H-Brücken sind Teil neungliedriger Ringe). Die Strukturen weisen auf neue Familien von C9-Helices und -Bändern (siehe Bild) in γ-Polypeptiden hin.

Topic: Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Factors Related to Cafe Worker’s Lung Capacity in Pontianak

Exposure to cigarette smoke in public places affects the lung capacity of workers. Cafe workers are a population susceptible to cigarette smoke exposure. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with the lung capacity of cafe workers. This study used an observational method with a cross-sectional approach. The sample was composed of 74 participants. Data collection was carried out by interviewing and observing respondents. Exposure measurement to inhaled smoke was done using interviews and checking lung capacity using a spirometer. The Chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between risk factors and lung capacity. The results showed a significant relationship between age (p-value = 0.006) and the lung capacity of cafe workers. This meant that the older a person was, the greater the risk of decreased lung function. This study concluded that there was a significant relationship between cigarette smoke exposure, age, and the lung capacity of cafe workers. The intervention needs to be done to make a preventive measure by establishing non-smoking area regulations in public spaces and monitoring the workplace environment.

Topic: Public Health and Nutrition
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
“Spitamegeranomachia” by Jan Achacy Kmita. Edition of the second book

The study is an attempt of a contemporary edition of the second volume of “Spitamegeranomachia” by Jan Achacy Kmita. The edition of the first volume, also published in the Journal, was comprised of a source description (original printing of 1595), critical apparatus and rules of transcription for the whole work. Both papers are related to the article Zaplecze inwencyjne „Spitamegeranomachii” Jana Achacego Kmity (The base for the ingeniousness of Jan Achacy Kmita’s “Spitamegeranomachia”) which may be regarded as an introduction into the entire edition. The sixteenth-century “Spitamegeranomachia” is the first Polish heroicomical poem which has been so far republished only once in 1897 ( in the collection of J. Stoka, M. Pudłowskiego i J.A.Kmity powieści wierszowane 1564–1610 (The verse-written stories by J. Stok, M. Pudłowski and J.A. Kmita 1564-1610). This Edition duplicated certain errors from the original publishing and apart from a glossary it offered no other explanations necessary in the case of a work having such a great number of allusions (paradoxographic, literature-historical and political references). The study aims at preparation of a modern transcription and, first of all, generation of a wider editing comment which would take into account numerous sources of the author’s invention.

Topic: Language and Culture
Subfield: Linguistics and Language
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Surgical Outcome of Replacing a Failed Ahmed Glaucoma Valve by a Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant in the Same Quadrant in Refractory Glaucoma

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the surgical technique and outcomes in eyes that underwent surgery to replace a failed Ahmed valve by a Baerveldt glaucoma implant in the same quadrant. Methods: This study was a retrospective case series of 9 patients. Parameters analyzed include age, glaucoma type, prior surgery, complications, intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity, and number of glaucoma medications before and after the surgery. Surgical success was defined as having either an IOP below 21 mm Hg or a 20% IOP reduction, with or without hypotensive agent. Results: The mean follow-up duration was 47 months. After surgery, at the time of final follow-up, the mean IOP decreased from 29.9 mm Hg to 16.7 mm Hg (36% of mean IOP reduction; P =0.008). There was a significant reduction of hypotensive agents from a mean of 4.33 to 2.22 ( P =0.02). The visual acuity did not have a significant deterioration ( P =0.07). In the final visit, 5 of 9 patients met total success criteria and 2 patients were qualified successes. Two cases failed totally after 69 and 125 months of follow-up. The cumulative probability of total success after 6 months was 76% and this rate remained stable until the sixth year. One patient had bullous keratopathy. Two patients had early postoperative pressure spikes: the first patient was treated by trabeculectomy, and the second by vitrectomy. Conclusions: A replacement of the failed Ahmed glaucoma valve by a new Baerveldt glaucoma implant in the same quadrant can be a reasonable choice to control refractory glaucoma.

Topic: Glaucoma and retinal disorders
Subfield: Ophthalmology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Difficult birth, difficult life?

The aim of this thesis was to study associations of perinatal conditions with cognitive and psychiatric problems in later life. Most epidemiological studies on the effects of perinatal circumstances on future (mental) health focus on specific obstetric complications – like complications during delivery, low birth weight, or maternal smoking during pregnancy – as specific risk factors for specific disorders. However, pregnancy and delivery are complex processes, and isolated obstetric complications rare and often accompanied or followed by a number of others.

Topic: Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Trends and Implications for the Legal Protection of Freelancers in Japan

Traditionally, workers have been categorized into "employees," who are governed by labor laws, and "self-employed persons," who fall outside the scope of these laws. However, the recent diversification of working styles has led to a growing number of workers who do not easily fit into the "employee" category. In response to this evolving labor landscape, Japan recently enacted the "Act on the Improvement of Transactions with Specified Contractors" (Act No. 25 of 2023) (hereinafter referred to as the "New Freelance Act"). This legislation identifies solo self-employed individuals who meet specific criteria as "specified contractors" and extends both competition law protections to their business conditions and labor law protections to their working environments. This article seeks to analyze the Japanese New Freelance Act by addressing several key issues: (i) whether the competition law protection of self-employed workers is inherently problematic, (ii) whether such protection can effectively safeguard self-employed workers, (iii) whether there are any foreseeable negative consequences of this protection, and (iv) whether the introduction of the "complex regulation" model adopted by the Japanese New Freelance Act would be beneficial for Korea. To achieve this, the article first outlines the primary provisions of the Japanese New Freelance Act, then critically assesses the significance and limitations of the Act"s integrated competition and labor law regulations, and finally explores the potential implications of the Japanese New Freelance Act for Korea.

Topic: Employment and Welfare Studies
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences
Nitrogenase in synchronized <i>Azotobacter vinelandii</i> OP

Azotobacter vinelandii OP was synchronized by the continuous phased culture technique. The nitrogenase (nitrogen:(acceptor) oxidoreductase) (EC 1.7.99.2) activity of the culture was determined continuously within the fermentor by acetylene reduction. Addition of NH 4 + in excess of 5 × 10 −3 M to the culture lowered nitrogenase activity immediately. Other sources of fixed nitrogen had no immediate effect on nitrogenase activity, but nitrogenase synthesis decreased in the cell cycle following the one in which the fixed nitrogen was added.

Topic: Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Prophet Ibrahim's Parenting Style in the Quran

This study discusses the parenting of Prophet Ibrahim towards his children in the Qur'an, intending to provide explanations and examples that parents must imitate about how to nurture children today. The method used in this paper is the thematic method. In writing this research, the data collection technique that the author uses is through documents in the form of written works. This stage includes reading, understanding, and reviewing books through comments from commentators and writings related to the author's research. Because this method concerns the problem of the verses of the Quran, the verses discussed in this study are Surah Ash-Shaaffat verse 100, Surah Ibrahim verse 37, Surah al-Baqarah verse 132, surah Ibrahim verse 40, and surah Ash-Shaaffat verses 102-103. The results of this study indicate that Prophet Ibrahim's upbringing includes efforts to approach God by praying to be blessed with pious children, preparing a conducive environment, instilling monotheism in children from an early age, instilling personal piety in children, building good communication with children, as well as instilling the value of hard work. Abstrak Penelitian ini membahas tentang pola asuh Nabi Ibrahim terhadap anaknya di dalam Al-Quran dengan tujuan memberikan penjelasan dan contoh yang dapat diteladani oleh orang tua tentang bagaimana pola asuh anak yang Islami agar dapat melahirkan generasi yang baik, mandiri, percaya diri dan berakhlakul karimah sesuai yang diajarkan Al-Quran. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan analisis secara tematik. Teknik pengumpulan data yang penulis gunakan melalui dokumen dalam bentuk karya tulis. Hal ini dilakukan dengan cara membaca, memahami serta menelaah buku-buku, baik yang berupa tulisan dari para ahli tafsir maupun tulisan yang berhubungan dengan penelitian penulis. Karena metode ini menyangkut masalah ayat-ayat Al-Quran secara langsung, maka ayat-ayat yang secara khusus dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah: surah Ash-Shaaffat ayat 100, surah Ibrahim ayat 37, surah al-Baqarah ayat 132, surah Ibrahim ayat 40, surah Ash-Shaaffat ayat 102-103, dan surah al-Baqarah ayat 127. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan, bahwa pola asuh Nabi Ibrahim diwarnai oleh usaha pendekatan diri kepada Allah dengan berdoa dianugerahi anak yang saleh, menyiapkan lingkungan yang kondusif, menanamkan tauhid kepada anak sejak dini, menanamkan keshalehan personal kepada anak, membangun komunikasi yang baik dengan anak, serta menanamkan nilai kerja keras.

Topic: Education and Character Development
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Transcervical Double Mandibular Osteotomy Approach to the Infratemporal Fossa

Objective: In this study, we propose an alternative to the traditional transmandibular lower lip and chin splitting approach for transcervical exposure of high infratemporal fossa and parapharyngeal space tumors involving the carotid canal and jugular foramen. The proposed osteotomy configuration allows improved rotation of the mandible and transcervical access to high skull base lesions.

Topic: Head and Neck Surgical Oncology
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
ASSESSING THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT FOR MATHEMATICS

This paper details a rationale and procedures for assessing the learning environment of learning disabled students. Such assessment can include measures of the student's exposure to instruction, the quality of the curriculum and instruction, and the student's responses. Examples illustrate specific assessment of the mathematics learning environment of learning disabled students. In each case, modifications to instruction were suggested on the basis of the assessment findings. Advantages and disadvantages of this approach to assessment relative to more traditional assessment are presented.

Topic: Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
LINKING MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS TO MANUFACTURING STRATEGY IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT

Dealing with change is an essential capability for manufacturing systems. In this paper, we reviewed 30 different kinds of manufacturing systems and identified four common approaches in how they deal with change, i.e. modularity, autonomy, distribution, and integration. We conducted a survey of Chinese manufacturing firms and used regression analysis to find relationships between their competitive priorities and the four approaches. The results provide some useful explanations regarding how a firm's emphases on the approaches in its manufacturing systems are influenced by its competitive priorities. Utilizing linkages between the approaches and competitive priorities, we developed a framework for matching manufacturing systems with manufacturing strategy in an environment filled with change and uncertainty.

Topic: Product Development and Customization
Subfield: Management of Technology and Innovation
Field: Business, Management and Accounting
Domain: Social Sciences