jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Decoupled evolution of the cranium and mandible in carnivoran mammals

The relationship between skull morphology and diet is a prime example of adaptive evolution. In mammals, the skull consists of the cranium and the mandible. Although the mandible is expected to evolve more directly in response to dietary changes, dietary regimes may have less influence on the cranium because additional sensory and brain-protection functions may impose constraints on its morphological evolution. Here, we tested this hypothesis by comparing the evolutionary patterns of cranium and mandible shape and size across 100+ species of carnivoran mammals with distinct feeding ecologies. Our results show decoupled modes of evolution in cranial and mandibular shape; cranial shape follows clade-based evolutionary shifts, whereas mandibular shape evolution is linked to broad dietary regimes. These results are consistent with previous hypotheses regarding hierarchical morphological evolution in carnivorans and greater evolutionary lability of the mandible with respect to diet. Furthermore, in hypercarnivores, the evolution of both cranial and mandibular size is associated with relative prey size. This demonstrates that dietary diversity can be loosely structured by craniomandibular size within some guilds. Our results suggest that mammal skull morphological evolution is shaped by mechanisms beyond dietary adaptation alone.

Topic: Evolution and Paleontology Studies
Subfield: Paleontology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
The global stability of the Minkowski spacetime solution to the Einstein-nonlinear system in wave coordinates

In this article, we study the coupling of the Einstein field equations of\ngeneral relativity to a family of models of nonlinear electromagnetic fields.\nThe family comprises all covariant electromagnetic models that satisfy the\nfollowing criteria: they are derivable from a sufficiently regular Lagrangian,\nthey reduce to the linear Maxwell model in the weak-field limit, and their\ncorresponding energy-momentum tensors satisfy the dominant energy condition.\nOur main result is a proof of the global nonlinear stability of the 1 +\n3-dimensional Minkowski spacetime solution to the coupled system for any member\nof the family, which includes the linear Maxwell model. This stability result\nis a consequence of a small-data global existence result for a reduced system\nof equations that is equivalent to the original system in our wave coordinate\ngauge. Our analysis of the spacetime metric components is based on a framework\nrecently developed by Lindblad and Rodnianski, which allows us to derive\nsuitable estimates for tensorial systems of quasilinear wave equations with\nnonlinearities that satisfy the weak null condition. Our analysis of the\nelectromagnetic fields, which satisfy quasilinear first-order equations, is\nbased on an extension of a geometric energy-method framework developed by\nChristodoulou, together with a collection of pointwise decay estimates for the\nFaraday tensor developed in the article. We work directly with the\nelectromagnetic fields, and thus avoid the use of electromagnetic potentials.\n

Topic: Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Human capital externalities and growth

This paper proposes a methodology to estimate externalities in human capital as a response to the evidence of a worldwide divergent development. We estimate supply and demand for human capital in a five-year panel for 60 countries in the period 1980-2000, and found that there are positive externalities in human capital accumulation close to one, implying increasing returns to scale and increasing marginal returns in human capital which eliminates the channel that enables generating conditional convergence.

Topic: Economic Growth and Productivity
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Domain: Social Sciences
Heavy Chain Ferritin siRNA Delivered by Cationic Liposomes Increases Sensitivity of Cancer Cells to Chemotherapeutic Agents

Abstract Approximately half of all gliomas are resistant to chemotherapy, and new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to treat this cancer. We hypothesized that disrupting iron homeostasis in glioma cells could block tumor growth, based on an acute requirement for high levels of iron to meet energy requirements associated with their rapid growth. Ferritin is best known as an intracellular iron storage protein, but it also localizes to tumor cell nuclei where it seems to protect DNA from oxidative damage and to promote transcription. In this study, we hypothesize that silencing the H-ferritin (heavy chain ferritin) gene could increase tumor sensitivity to chemotoxins. To test this hypothesis, H-ferritin siRNA was delivered to several human cancer cell lines by using cationic liposomes (C-liposome). H-ferritin siRNA decreased protein expression by 80% within 48 hours, and this decrease was associated with more than 50% decrease in the LD50 for DNA-alkylating agent carmustine (BCNU), which is commonly used to treat glioma in clinic. In a subcutaneous mouse model of human glioma, intratumoral injections of liposomes containing H-ferritin siRNA reduced the effective dose of BCNU needed for tumor suppression by more than 50%. A plasmid supercoil relaxation assay showed that H-ferritin specifically and directly protected DNA from BCNU treatment. H-ferritin siRNA additionally seemed to increase apoptosis in glioma cells in vitro upon H-ferritin knockdown. Overall, our results illustrate how silencing H-ferritin can effectively sensitize tumors to chemotherapy and also show the ability of C-liposomes to serve as a novel in vivo delivery tool for siRNAs. Cancer Res; 71(6); 2240–9. ©2011 AACR.

Topic: Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Subfield: Hematology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Triangulations of cosmological polytopes

A cosmological polytope is defined for a given Feynman diagram, and its canonical form may be used to compute the contribution of the Feynman diagram to the wavefunction of certain cosmological models. Given a subdivision of a polytope, its canonical form is obtained as a sum of the canonical forms of the facets of the subdivision. In this paper, we identify such formulas for the canonical form via algebraic techniques. It is shown that the toric ideal of every cosmological polytope admits a Gröbner basis with a squarefree initial ideal, yielding a regular unimodular triangulation of the polytope. In specific instances, including trees and cycles, we recover graphical characterizations of the facets of such triangulations that may be used to compute the desired canonical form. For paths and cycles, these characterizations admit simple enumeration. Hence, we obtain formulas for the normalized volume of these polytopes, extending previous observations of Kühne and Monin.

Topic: Algebraic structures and combinatorial models
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
THEOLOGY ENCOUNTERS GLOBALIZATION

Although specific terminology referring to issues and phenomena commonly associated with the process of globalization has been used in theological literature for almost three decades, consistent theological responses to, and interactions with, it are scarce and varied. As such, systematic reflection on this topic has become necessary. After assessing briefly how theologians have related to globalization and/or the social changes associated with it, this study argues that a „prophetic‟ assessment of globalization is the type of response most congruent with the theological task.

Topic: Globalization and Cultural Identity
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Differences in Root Endophytic Bacterial Communities of Chinese Cork Oak (Quercus variabilis) Seedlings in Different Growth Years

In forests, seedling renewal is influenced by many environmental factors, including climate change, seed size, wildfires, and ecological factors. It is unclear how different growth years of seedlings affect Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis) root endophyte communities. In this study, we took a holistic approach, using Illumina sequencing, to study the composition and function of bacterial communities associated with root microorganisms in four Q. variabilis seedlings after 1, 2, and 3 years of growth. The bacterial alpha diversity indexes were highest in the second year and lowest in the third year, and age was the decisive factor for the differences found in the root endophytic bacterial communities. Total phosphorus had the greatest effect on bacterial communities. The abundance of beneficial bacteria Streptomyces (8.69%) and Novosphingobium (4.22%) was highest in the second-year samples, and their abundance decreased by 7.96% and 3.61% in the third year, respectively. Higher levels of plant disease inhibition and metabolism (23.80%) were in the roots of second-year Q. variabilis seedlings. The metabolic abundance of carbohydrate was 3.66% lower in the first year and 3.95% lower in the third year compared to the second year. Our results suggest that the structure and function of bacterial communities changed with increasing growth years.

Topic: Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Subfield: Cell Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Comparison of Axillary And Heating Block Methods of Activated Clotting Time (ACT) in Dogs

Summary The activated clotting time (ACT) is commonly used in veterinary medicine as an assessment of dysfunction within the intrinsic clotting cascade. Performing the test requires little techincal expertise and no special equipment except for a heating block or constant temperature waterbath, neither of which is routinely found in veterinary practices. The purpose of this study was to determine whether performing the test using a human axilla as the heat source was accurate for both normal dogs and clinically ill dogs (with prolonged ACT's) when compared to using a heating block as the head source. The results of this study reveal that the axillary method of ACT determination has acceptable clinical agreement with the heating block method. Thus, the axillary method of ACT determination is an acceptable alternative when no constant temperature heating source is available.

Topic: Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
Subfield: Small Animals
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
Morphological and Functional Study of Regenerated Chorda Tympani Nerves in Humans

It is still unclear whether the chorda tympani nerves in humans regenerate after being severed during middle ear surgery, although functional studies have demonstrated recovery of taste 1 to 2 years after surgery. To date, 12 cases of regenerated chorda tympani nerves have been found in our series of patients during secondary surgery. The regenerated nerves of 3 cases of the 12 were removed as samples during secondary surgery to detect regenerated myelinated axons. All regenerated nerves were in the submucosal connective tissue layer of the reconstructed eardrum. In the regenerated nerves, myelinated nerve fibers existed in a small fascicle or in connective tissue, but the number of myelinated axons was low compared with that in normal subjects (1,752 ± 78; n = 3), and the distribution was sparse. The total number of regenerated myelinated axons varied from 141 (8.3%) to 979 (55.9%). From a functional study using electrogustometry, incomplete recovery of electrogustation was observed in all 3 cases before secondary surgery, suggesting that chorda tympani nerves actually regenerate in the middle ear and do function.

Topic: Nerve injury and regeneration
Subfield: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Ayodhya Issue

The Ayodhya issue has been prominent on the Indian political scene since the 1980s. In this town of Uttar Pradesh (North India), Hindu nationalists want to (re)build a temple at the birthplace of God Ram, on a site where a mosque had been constructed in the sixteenth century. The mosque was destroyed in 1992.

Topic: Political Conflict and Governance
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Fizz and gas reservoir discrimination by AVO inversion

The elastic properties of the reservoir can be inverted from the prestack seismic angle gather. By using the elastic properties P‐wave velocity, S‐wave velocity, and density, the bulk modulus and shear modulus can be calculated. Gassmann's equation can be applied for the fluid substituation. For the different fluid, the saturated reservoir elastic properties can be derived for the saturated rocks by using Gassmann's equation. In this study, the simplified Gassmann's equation is applied and the fluid modulus can be calculated after the prestack seismic inversion. For the prospect area, using some known information, the predicted fluid properties are consistent with the drilling result.

Topic: Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques
Subfield: Geophysics
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Stock Ranking Prediction Using List-Wise Approach and Node Embedding Technique

Traditional stock movement prediction tasks are formulated as either classification or regression task, and the relation between stocks are not considered as an input of prediction. The relative order or ranking of stocks is more important than the price or return of a single stock for making proper investment decisions. Stock ranking performance can be improved by incorporating the stock relation information in the prediction task. We employ a graph-based approach for stock ranking prediction and use the stock relation information as the input of the machine learning model. Investors might be interested in the prediction performance of top-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> stocks as they would be more profitable than the others. Thus, the performance measure for stock ranking prediction should be top-weighted and bounded for any value of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Existing evaluation measures lack these properties, and we propose a new measure named normalized rank biased overlap for top-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$NRBO\text{@}k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) stocks for stock ranking prediction. <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$NRBO\text{@}k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-based investment strategy generates 0.281&#x0025; to 4.928&#x0025; higher relative investment gain than the topmost stock-based strategy. We show that the list-wise loss function can improve the stock ranking performance significantly in a graph-based approach. It generates better <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$NRBO\text{@}10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> than the combination of point-wise and pair-wise loss in three out of four cases. Node embedding techniques such as Node2Vec can reduce the training time of graph-based approaches for stock ranking prediction significantly. Additionally, we improve the prediction performance through hyperparameter tuning of Node2Vec when a sparse stock relation graph is applied.

Topic: Stock Market Forecasting Methods
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Localization of amylase activity in cotyledons of germinated mung bean seeds

Developmental patterns of amylase activity in mung bean (Vigna radiata) cotyledons were observed by histochemical methods. In axis-attached cotyledons, the development of amylase activity and the decompostion of starch grains occurred first in cells located farthest from vascular bundles, and 3 days after imbibition, starch granules appeared to remain intact only in two to three cell layers around the vascular bundles. In axis-detached cotyledons, on the other hand, no conspicuous change in amylolytic activity was detected. When cotyledons were allowed to imbibe water through the surface not covered by the seed coat, amylase activity developed, even if they were detached from the axis. However, the developmental patterns of the activity were quite different from those with attached cotyledons; high amylase activity was detected in the cell layers beneath the epidermis of the surface not covered by the seed coat. These histochemical observations are related to previous results of biochemical experiments. Key words: amylase development, cotyledons, germination, histochemistry, mung bean, Vigna radiata.

Topic: Phytase and its Applications
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SECTION OF DERMATOLOGY AND SYPHILIS

<b>Pemphigus Vulgaris Preceded by Pemphigus Erythematosus.</b>Presented byDr. Jesse A. Tolmach. C. M., a Jewish woman aged 68, born in Russia, is presented from Beth Israel Hospital. About three years ago she noticed red, scaly spots on the face, scalp, armpits, and chest. The eruption was persistent and slightly itchy. She consulted her family physician and went to various clinics, where she was told that the eruption might be psoriasis. An ointment and some liquid medicine were prescribed, which she took on and off without appreciable improvement. When she first visited Beth Israel clinic on Nov. 2, 1949, the eruption had been present for about two years. It then consisted of hyperkeratotic, crusted, erythematous patches involving the armpits, nose, chest, and abdomen. Removal of the crusts revealed a granulating, bleeding base, and the picture assumed the character of rupioid psoriasis. In March, 1950, the eruption underwent a sudden change;

Topic: Medicine and Dermatology Studies History
Subfield: Dermatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
The Effect of a Current Home Bleaching Agent on the Color of Nine Tooth-Colored Restorative Materials Stained with Common Beverages: An In Vitro Study

Bleaching to whiten discolored teeth may affect the color of existing stained restorations. The purpose of this study was to determine the color changes that occurred in nine already stained restorative materials by common beverages after being subjected to a simulated home bleaching. Three glass ionomers (ceramic-reinforced, resin-modified, and conventional) and six composite resins (nanofilled, organically modified ceramic (ormocer), flowable ormocer, polyacid-modified, microhybrid, and flowable microhybrid) were used for this study. Disc-shaped specimens that were stained by coffee, tea or cola beverages were immersed in Opalescence home bleaching agent for 8 hours for 30 consecutive days. A spectrophotometer was used to determine the baseline CIE values (L0, a0, b0) of the stained specimens before bleaching and CIE values (L1, a1, b1) of the stained specimens after bleaching. Statistical analysis was conducted using paired samples T-test for comparing each two test groups at a P value of <.05. Results: The color changed significantly for all stained restorative materials tested after the application of home bleaching with some specimens showing spots of precipitated stain mainly glass ionomer specimens stained with coffee. Glass ionomers showed the highest color change followed by compomer, nanofilled and micro hybrid composites. Ormocers showed the least color change among all the materials tested. Tea stain was the most susceptible to the effect of bleaching in most restorative materials tested. Conclusion: Although home bleaching results in a lighter color change of stained restorations, remaining unesthetic stain precipitation spots may necessitate replacement of these restorations.

Topic: Dental Erosion and Treatment
Subfield: Orthodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Use of Nasopancreatic Drainage for Severe Post-endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis: A Case Series

Five patients complaining of severe pain due to severe post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) underwent nasopancreatic drainage (NPD) placement. Pain relief was achieved on the second, fourth, and fifth day in three, one, and one patients, respectively. Four patients underwent pancreatic juice culture; all were positive. Our results suggest that NPD can relieve severe PEP with severe pain. Bacteria-induced protease-activated receptor-2 activation may be associated with PEP.

Topic: Pancreatitis Pathology and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On the noisy feedback capacity of Gaussian broadcast channels

It is well known that, in general, feedback may enlarge the capacity region of Gaussian broadcast channels. This has been demonstrated even when the feedback is noisy (or partial-but-perfect) and only from one of the receivers. The only case known where feedback has been shown not to enlarge the capacity region is when the channel is physically degraded (El Gamal 1978, 1981). In this paper, we show that for a class of two-user Gaussian broadcast channels (not necessarily physically degraded), passively feeding back the stronger user's signal over a link corrupted by Gaussian noise does not enlarge the capacity region if the variance of feedback noise is above a certain threshold.

Topic: Wireless Communication Security Techniques
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
THE CURRENT STATE OF COMMUNICATIVE-FUNCTIONAL RESEARCH INTO THE TRANSLATION THEORY IN CHINA

The article attempts to describe and evaluate the current state of Chinese communicative-functional theory of translation research. The research aims to assess the present state of research communicative-functional approach in the theory of translation in China. Research methods include scientometric and content analysis, clustering. The research materials are represented by monographs, scientific papers and publications in periodicals on the topic of the communicative-functional translation theory by Chinese authors. The study sample consisted of 6209 scientific papers extracted from the CNKI database. They were divided into three clusters, viz. review, theoretical and applied research. In each cluster, the author identified the key words of the direction and carried out a quantitative assessment of the structure of publication activity with an assessment (a % share of the total sample size). As a result, the predominance of applied research into the communicative-functional theory in the works of Chinese researchers over theoretical ones was found, which proves the author’s hypothesis about the emphasis Chinese scientists put on the pragmatic tasks of the development of translation studies. It is concluded that studies of the communicative-functional approach in Chinese translatology are generally characterized by the breadth and coverage of various areas of translation, but from the perspective of theoretical depth there is still room for their further development. In this study, the author made an attempt to review the current state of the study of translation from the standpoint of the communicative-functional approach, but found that this approach still needs further theoretical understanding, further adaptation and integration with traditional ideas of Chinese translation studies. It was also revealed that it is promising to deepen the theoretical basis of the communicative-functional approach for applied research of the Russian-Chinese and Chinese-Russian approach and to develop didactic issues of teaching translators based on this approach in order to achieve better results in the translation of texts and improve Sino-Russian communication.

Topic: Translation Studies and Practices
Subfield: Language and Linguistics
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences