jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Relation Between War, Starvation, and Fertility Ideals in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Life History Perspective

In this article, we examine the relations between extreme environmental harshness during childhood and personal fertility ideals in African students. The study is informed by biological models of predictive adaptive responses (PAR) for individual reproductive schedules in the context of life history theory (LHT). Following theoretical models of external and internal environmental cues, we tested whether war and starvation during childhood differentially predict African students’ personal fertility ideals in terms of their desired number of children and their desired age of first parenthood. The data were collected in eight different countries from sub-Saharan Africa with an overall sample size of N = 392. Standardized effect estimates were obtained using a Bayesian approach. The results suggest that war and starvation are predictive of the desired number of children, but not of the desired age of first parenthood. Moreover, the effect estimates varied considerably between females and males, indicating possible interactions between the two independent variables depending on the students’ sex. Furthermore, we found a small negative correlation between the desired number of children and the desired age of first parenthood, providing only weak support for a clustering of the two variables on a slow–fast continuum. The results are discussed in light of current models of individual life histories in humans.

Topic: Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
A smart sensor-based hierarchical control system for an extraterrestrial oxygen production plant

An autonomous control program for the space materials processing plant being developed at the NASA Space Engineering Research Center of the University of Arizona is described, with special emphasis on the lowest hardware layer. This layer features dynamically reprogrammable, truly "smart", sensors with peripheral control capabilities, managed by a novel additional control layer near the top of the hierarchy. Steady-state operational data containing an interesting anomaly, from which the system recovered without operator assistance, is also presented.

Topic: Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
An unusual case of rectal carcinoid removed by transanal endoscopic microsurgery.

The name ''carcinoid'' was invented by Oberndorfer in 1907, when the nature of those histological entities was little understood. Usually, they were found in various locations in the gastrointestinal (GI) apparatus (67%), most of them in the small intestine (25%), appendix (12%), and rectum (14%).The techniques used for their removal are various. The authors present here a case of rectal carcinoid removed using the transanal endoscopic microsurgery technique, and referred to the diagnosis and treatment of this uncommon tumor. A 37-year-old male was admitted to the Santa Maria Hospital of Terni (Italy) with a chief complaint of intermittent pain in the lower right quadrant, that began three years ago. Complete blood count (CBC) and laboratory data as tumor markers and urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) showed no abnormalities, while urinary vanilmandelic acid level was elevate (18 mg/24 h). The patient was submitted to a colonoscopy with magnifying endoscopy and biopsy. The histological finding demonstrated a nodule characterized by cellular proliferation, with few microscopical abnormalities, arranged in small cords with a glandular pattern, separated by dense connective tissue. Histochemically the tumor cells were cytocheratins +/-, chromogranin positive, synaptophysine positive, CD56 positive and Growth Index MIB1-Ki67 which was almost zero. The patient also underwent an endoscopic ultrasonography and an Octreoscan. He was operated using a transanal endoscopic microsurgery technique. The use of Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) as a safe and feasible technique for exciding rectal tumors can be easily understood, for the excellent view and precise dissection. The use of new surgical devices as Harmonic Scalpel has improved the precision of this kind of approach, increasing the appropriateness of this approach compared to other kind of resection. A full diagnostic course and an immunohistochemistry are mandatory for precise diagnosis of rectal carcinoid. Careful attention must be paid to these tumors because of their unexpected behaviour.

Topic: Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Advances
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Longitudinal fish species diversity and distribution in a medium-sized Afro-tropical river in the Lake Victoria Basin

Despite significantly influencing fisheries characteristics of major global basins, medium-sized rivers such as Awach Kibuon remain the least studied. This study evaluated longitudinal fish species diversity, distribution, and environmental influence in Awach Kibuon River, Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya, to inform sustainable management of fisheries resources within the region. Nine sites located in different zones of the river were sampled monthly for eight months in 2019 and 2020. Fish samples were collected for 45 minutes using a backpack electrofisher on a 50-m river reach in every sampling site. Selected physico-chemical parameters (pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, conductivity, and turbidity) were measured in situ using standard methods. Longitudinal river fish diversity was assessed using species richness, Simpson's Index (D), Shannon-Weiner Index (H′), and Pielou's Evenness Index (J). A total of 983 fish specimens belonging to 21 species, 12 genera, seven families, and six orders were caught during sampling. Cyprinidae was the most dominant family, represented by nine species, followed by Claridae, Mochokidae, and Cichlidae, represented by three species each. Longitudinal species richness, abundance, and diversity indices deviated from the expected downstream increase. Upstream stations had no fish, whereas midstream and river mouth stations had moderate and high species diversity, respectively. Pearson's correlation analyses showed that temperature, conductivity, TDS, depth, and velocity influenced fish species richness in the river. The above findings call for the inclusion of medium-sized rivers in fisheries management plans of Great Lakes Basins for sustainability.

Topic: Aquatic Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
A computer model of the annihilation of the electric field in an electromagnetic wave by the elastic stress field of a rotated grain

Resistance to heat was simulated and measured in a computer model as an annihilation of the elastic stress arising from the electric field in the radiation. The elastic stress created from the electromagnetic wave was superimposed with the elastic stresses produced by the rotation of a grain, which was represented in two dimensions as an ellipse in the simulation. Both the tilt angle of the grain with respect to the applied force and the aspect ratio of the grain were varied in the computer program. Results are reported here for a ratio of wavelength to total grain length of 10. Annihilation of an elastic stress from the electric field of up to 80 to 90 percent was seen for aspect ratios of 8/7 to 2 in several ranges of grain tilt angle. For this same range in aspect ratio, steep transitions in the amount of annihilation were seen near the ends of the grain. An elongated grain, with an aspect ratio of 10 and rotating counterclockwise, exhibited extinction of 50 to nearly 90 percent of the electric field near the lower end of the grain throughout the tilt angle range of 5° to 85°.

Topic: Thermoelastic and Magnetoelastic Phenomena
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Social Work in Schools – the Missing Link?

Social work in schools is a part of the professional work primarily oriented at prevention. Given the age range of children involved, elementary and high school education provides an optimal environment for an organized social intervention within primary and secondary prevention in students’ behavior. Positive provisions in Bosnia and Herzegovina allow but do not require the employment of social workers in schools. The focus of this research is in the perceptions of the different participants in the educational and social work system in regards to necessity of the mandatory employment of the social workers in schools. The research was conducted in elementary schools and high schools, as well as in designated schools for special needs children in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and in social work institutions. Among the interviewees were the teachers and other professionals employed at schools; the research also included parents as well as the employees at social services. The interviewees recognized the importance of social work in schools. While taking into consideration different participants in the research, determining attitudes on the benefits of the mandatory social work in schools showed statistically significant differences in the arithmetic means of the each group, favoring social work professionals. Social work in schools is the missing link in a complex chain of behavioral disorder prevention in students.

Topic: Child Welfare and Adoption
Subfield: Safety Research
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Two Types of Truck Bumper Produced in the Algerian Auto Industry

Currently, the reduction of weight in automotive is a very important topic to reduce the air pollution. In this context, the purpose of the present paper is to analyze a real case study through a comparison of the environmental impacts between a conventional steel bumper and a polyester prototype. In the first part of this work, a door-to-door life-cycle assessment methodology was used throughout the study of the component manufacturing phase. The SimaPro 7.1 software is used to evaluate the impacts of both bumpers on the environment and health. The second part is devoted to dust analysis from the polyester workshop. The obtained results have allowed us to show the company that its choice of steel substitution by the polyester is advantageous for certain impacts including the impact of climate change, but unfortunately there may be, given the working conditions of the polyester workshop, a transfer of impact, since we will end up with a risk of health (irritations, cancers) for the workers. LCA has proven to be a very useful tool for validating a redesigned automotive component from an environmental point of view; from this case study, several recommendations were made for the company to design environmentally friendly components, and ecodesign should be introduced into the company's procedures.

Topic: Environmental Impact and Sustainability
Subfield: Environmental Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Thrombocytosis in Children: Clinical and Heamatological Study in Pediatric Department, Sohag University Hospital

Background: Thrombocythemia (ET) is defined as elevation in the platelets count more than 400,000/ µ L in peripheral smear.It is common in infant and children that occurs in 3 to 13% of children.Thrombocytosis is classified into primary/clonal or secondary according to the pathological origin.Objective: To determine incidence, causes and types of thrombocytosis in children also the correlations between the severity of thrombocytosis and the etiology and platelets indices.Patients and methods: Prospective, observational study was done in Pediatric Department and Pediatric Out-Patient Clinic, Sohag University Hospital.A total of 117 cases of thrombocytosis were included in this study.All children had thrombocytosis and aged from one month to twelve years old.Results: Reactive thrombocytosis was observed in 114 cases (97.44%), while primary type was found only in 3 cases (2.56%), 2 of them had chronic myelogenouse leukemia and one case is diagnosed as essential thrombocytosis.Majority of children (96 cases) in our study patients had mild thrombocytosis (82.05%) while moderate thrombocytosis was found in 16 cases and severe thrombocytosis were seen in 5 cases with 13.67% and 4.27% of children respectively.The correlation between platelet number and the mean platelet volume (MPV) showed significant negative correlation (p < 0.001), while the correlation between the platelet number and plateletcrit (PCT) showed significant positive correlation (p < 0.001) but platelet distribution width (PDW) had no correlation with platelet number (P= 0.7).Conclusion: Among our study platelet indices, the MPV had a significant negative correlation with platelet count and MPV was considered normal in patients with reactive thrombocytosis.

Topic: Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Diagnosis and Treatment
Subfield: Genetics
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
THE FETO-PLACENTAL DHA LOAD TEST BASES, RESULTS, INTERPRETATION

At term the fetal share of adrenal precursors for placental oestrogen production, mainly dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHA-S), amounts to 80—90%, that of the mother to 10—20%. The quantity of utero-placental perfusion, the arylsulfatase and aromatizing capacity of the placenta, finally the production rate of fetal adrenal C19-steroids and fetal 16-hydroxylase activity seem to be the most important and limiting factors of oestriol formation. On the basis of these facts we have developed a DHA-S loading test. 50 mg of DHA-S are injected into the mother’s cubital vein. The conversion of this steroid into oestrogens is taken as a measure for the integrity and reserve capacity of the feto-placental unit and a potential danger for the fetus. The increase of oestrogens in 24h urine or plasma following DHA-injection (caused by placental aromatization and fetal 16-hydroxylation) is measured in comparison to control values. The Physiopathologie determinants of this test were investigated by application of 3H-labelled DHA-S. This steroid rapidly crosses to the fetus in a portion up to 50%. Quantitation of DHA-S and oestrogens in the umbilical vessel show that these have recrossed completely after 1 hour. Only very low radioactivity was found in the amniotic fluid and the placenta. The metabolic clearance in the maternal venous plasma was also measured. In the 24-hour-urine of the mother 12—50% of the injected DHA-S appeared as oestrogens. In investigations of normal, toxemic and diabetic pregnancies it was shown that the metabolic clearance of DHA-S from maternal venous blood and utero-placental perfusion were reduced in toxemia and diabetes. In incubation studies the aromatizing capacity of toxemic and diabetic placentas was shown to be considerably diminished. In the umbilical arteries of newborns from mothers with toxemia and diabetes the concentration of DHA was significantly reduced by impairment of fetal adrenal DHA-production. By these findings the understanding and interpretation of the test in normal and pathological pregnancies was greatly promoted. Finally the results of more than 300 DHA tests are presented and the correlation to other tests of fetal condition are shown.

Topic: Birth, Development, and Health
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Effects of &lt;i&gt;Leonurine&lt;/i&gt; on L-Type Calcium Channel in Rat Ventricular Myocytes

Leonurine (Leo) is a special alkaloid principle of Herba leonuri that has recently been suggested to improve cardiovascular functions. To date, there is no direct ionic evidence of Leo on regulating calcium channels in the heart. In the present study, we examined the effects of Leo on action potentials and membrane currents recorded from isolated rat ventricular myocytes with the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Leo 100 µM shortened the action potential duration in a dose-dependent manner. Leo up to 200 µM had no significant effect on the Na+ current (INa) and K+ current (IK). However, Leo depressed the L-type Ca2+ current (ICa,L). In the presence of 20 and 100 µM Leo, the current density was decreased and the voltage at half maximal inactivation V0.5 shift to more negative potential. The recovery time constant was also delayed. In addition, the transcription and protein expression levels of L-type calcium channel (Cav1.2) in primary cultured neonatal myocytes from Sprague-Dawley rats were reduced by Leo treatment in a dose-dependent fashion as assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot assays. We conclude that Leo inhibits L-type calcium channels in cardiomyocytes.

Topic: Ion channel regulation and function
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
A new online learning algorithm for streaming data and decision support with a Bayesian approach

With the new revolution in data technology, many types of streaming data are automatically generated in our living environment. The vast amount of information carried by this streaming data demands decision support from new online learning algorithms. In this paper, we propose a new online learning algorithm to monitor changes in stream data/system status and provide automatic decision support using streaming data. The new online learning algorithm we propose consists of two components. Firstly, we adapt an existing Bayesian approach into an online learning algorithm for change detection, which serves as Component A. Then, we integrate this algorithm with a modified online learning method from repeated games (Play against Random Past), which forms Component B. Theoretical support for Component B is provided with a mathematical proof at the end. We demonstrate the algorithm's performance in this paper through simulations using both artificial data from a random process and data from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic.

Topic: Peptidase Inhibition and Analysis
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Ryan White CARE Act faces next hurdle.

In a major victory for the AIDS Action Council and other AIDS advocates, the Senate voted 97-3 to approve the 5-year reauthorization of the Ryan White CARE Act. The AIDS Action Council fought potential restrictive amendments, such as mandatory HIV-antibody testing, and several proposals offered by Sen. Jesse Helms (R-NC) that would limit AIDS treatment spending. The AIDS Action Council succeeded in helping to guide Sen. Nancy Kassebaum (R-KS) toward voluntary, and not mandatory, HIV-antibody testing of pregnant women. However, an amendment introduced by Helms prohibiting the use of Ryan White funds for directly, or indirectly, promoting homosexuality or intravenous drug use was passed. Kassebaum's provision, which calls for less stringent language and bars use of Ryan White funds to directly promote any sexual activity or intravenous drug use, may likely neutralize Helms' amendment. AIDS Action will push for HR 1872, the House version of the CARE Act, which is expected to reach the floor for a vote in September.

Topic: HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Application of the Deep CNN-Based Method in Industrial System for Wire Marking Identification

Industry 4.0, a term invented by Wolfgang Wahlster in Germany, is celebrating its 10th anniversary in 2021. Still, the digitalization of the production environment is one of the hottest topics in the computer science departments at universities and companies. Optimization of production processes or redefinition of the production concepts is meaningful in light of the current industrial and research agendas. Both the mentioned optimization and redefinition are considered in numerous subtopics and technologies. One of the most significant topics in these areas is the newest findings and applications of artificial intelligence (AI)—machine learning (ML) and deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs). The authors invented a method and device that supports the wiring assembly in the control cabinet production process, namely, the Wire Label Reader (WLR) industrial system. The implementation of this device was a big technical challenge. It required very advanced IT technologies, ML, image recognition, and DCNN as well. This paper focuses on an in-depth description of the underlying methodology of this device, its construction, and foremostly, the assembly industrial processes, through which this device is implemented. It was significant for the authors to validate the usability of the device within mentioned production processes and to express both advantages and challenges connected to such assembly process development. The authors noted that in-depth studies connected to the effects of AI applications in the presented area are sparse. Further, the idea of the WLR device is presented while also including results of DCNN training (with recognition results of 99.7% although challenging conditions), the device implementation in the wire assembly production process, and its users’ opinions. The authors have analyzed how the WLR affects assembly process time and energy consumption, and accordingly, the advantages and challenges of the device. Among the most impressive results of the WLR implementation in the assembly process one can be mentioned—the device ensures significant process time reduction regardless of the number of characters printed on a wire.

Topic: Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences