jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Optimum Design for Suction Chambers of Pipeline Pumps Based on Uniform Design and CFD

Based on the maximal velocity distribution uniformity, the minimal velocity-weighed average bias angle of the outlet section and the minimal hydraulic loss of the suction chamber, three optimum object functions of suction chambers of pipeline pumps are established. According to uniform design, ten optimum schemes are determined with the height H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> and the length L as the optimum parameters, and internal flows of the pipeline pump in different schemes are simulated with steady flow hypothesis and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) commercial code FLUENT 6.2. At the same time, values of optimum object functions in different schemes are calculated. The regression analysis is applied to deal with optimum results, and three regression models of optimum object functions are established. By calculation, the best parameters are achieved when H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> equals to 75.00 mm and L equals to 215.00 mm. The research results can be used to instruct the chamber hydraulic design of pipeline pump and the optimization method also can be used to improve the performance of the other type pump suction chambers.

Topic: Cavitation Phenomena in Pumps
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
An Account of the Last Illness and Death of Professor H. Benedict De Saussure

prematurely terminated the life, of Professor De Saussure, a philosopher whose name will ever be illustrious in the annals of science, contains circumstances, the detail of which has appeared to me, worthy of being presented to this learned Society.De Saussure was endowed by nature vtith a frame of body bearing every indication of health and strength, and calculated to support an hereditary claim to longevity, which he derived from both his parents, and which seemed, indeed, to belong to the race from which he sprung.He appeared in -every way destined to accomplish a long career of glory in the field of scientific discovery, and to

Topic: Hume's philosophy and hair distribution
Subfield: General Social Sciences
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Arrays of open, independently tunable microcavities

Optical cavities are of central importance in numerous areas of physics, including precision measurement, cavity optomechanics and cavity quantum electrodynamics. The miniaturisation and scaling to large numbers of sites is of interest for many of these applications, in particular for quantum computation and simulation. Here we present the first scaled microcavity system which enables the creation of large numbers of highly uniform, tunable light-matter interfaces using ions, neutral atoms or solid-state qubits. The microcavities are created by means of silicon micro-fabrication, are coupled directly to optical fibres and can be independently tuned to the chosen frequency, paving the way for arbitrarily large networks of optical microcavities.

Topic: Mechanical and Optical Resonators
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Numerical Resolution Enhancement of X-ray Diffraction Patterns

Abstract A numerical resolution-enhancement method was developed for x-ray diffraction data measured with a conventional x-ray diffractometer. This method removes the instrumental broadening due to x-ray optics, including the spectral distribution of the x-ray source such as the CuKα doublet. The advantages of this method are to separate the cluster of peaks in x-ray powder patterns into individual peaks without previous knowledge of the number of peaks, and to remove CuKα 2 reflection peaks automatically. The instrumental window function, which was approximated by a modified pseudo-Voigt function, was calculated from the measured diffraction pattern of NBS Standard Reference Materials (640B) by a non-linear least squares method. The simple diffraction patterns, including no CuKα 2 peaks, were obtained from the diffraction patterns measured with the conventional x-ray diffractometer by using the window function mentioned above. The application of the method of determination of the lattice misfit between γ and γ phases in Ni-base superalloys was also described.

Topic: X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Is it possible to predict postnatal depression? Research into the origin of blues and depression. The role of the gynaecologist.

the gynaecologist must have a role in helping to achieve an early diagnosis of the depression, because the earlier the problem is recognised the greater are the possibilities of therapy and preventing any consequences for the entire family group.

Topic: Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On “Methodological Monism” in Rural Sociology<sup>1</sup>

Abstract This paper is a brief outline of the history of methods in rural sociology which suggests that the dominant methodological practice results from institutional arrangements and the traditions of the academic culture, as well as commitment to a scientific sociology. I note oft‐stated critiques of the positivist model relevant to rural sociology's “methodological monism,” including imprecise measurement, low levels of predictability, and a social psychological orientation. I suggest, in addition, that methodological homogeneity in rural sociology presents social life as social facts rather than social process, leads to a simplistic understanding of the interview, and separates the researcher from the experience of research. A wider methodological orientation would, I suggest, encourage the examination of a wider range of issues and encourage wider participation in a subdiscipline which, because of its particular history, has developed in isolation from mainstream sociology.

Topic: Rural development and sustainability
Subfield: General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
The Formation of Non-Equal Mass Binary and Multiple Systems

Abstract Calculations of the formation of non-equal mass binary and multiple systems are presented. Binary formation results from the elongated shape of the initial cloud, one fragment forming on each side of the equatorial plane. Slight linear density gradients along the cloud’s major axis are sufficient to form non-equal mass fragments. Resultant mass ratios range from 0.1 to 1.0, in agreement with observations. In the presence of rotation, the fragments form with surrounding disks. The primary forms with a larger disk than does the secondary. Due to it’s orbital motion around the primary, the secondary can directly accrete the matter that has gathered in the primary’s disk. The secondary is thus less likely to have an appreciable disk, accounting for a redder primary. The binary system’s initially high eccentricity decreases with the continued accretion of higher specific angular momentum at apastron and lower specific angular momentum matter at periastron. Non-coplanar multiple systems with unequal mass components are also formed. The systems are composed of an inner binary and a more distant companion. The mass ratio of the companion binary system is usually less than that of the binary.

Topic: Astro and Planetary Science
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Host Cells Upregulate Phosphate Transporter PIT1 to Inhibit Ehrlichia chaffeensis Intracellular Growth

Ehrlichia chaffeensis infects and proliferates inside monocytes or macrophages and causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), an emerging life-threatening tick-borne zoonosis. After internalization, E. chaffeensis resides in specialized membrane-bound inclusions, E. chaffeensis-containing vesicles (ECVs), to evade from host cell innate immune responses and obtain nutrients. However, mechanisms exploited by host cells to inhibit E. chaffeensis growth in ECVs are still largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that host cells recognize E. chaffeensis Ech_1067, a penicillin-binding protein, and then upregulate the expression of PIT1, which is a phosphate transporter and transports phosphate from ECVs to the cytosol to inhibit bacterial growth. We found that host cells upregulate the PIT1 expression upon E. chaffeensis infection using transcriptome sequencing, qRT-PCR and Western blotting, and PIT1 is localized on the ECV membrane in infected THP-1 cells using confocal microscopy. Silence of PIT1 using shRNA enhances E. chaffeensis intracellular growth. Finally, we found that E. chaffeensis Ech_1067 induces the upregulation of PIT1 expression through the MyD88-NF-κB pathway using recombinant protein for stimulation and siRNA for silence. Our findings deepen the understanding of the innate immune responses of host cells to inhibit bacterial intracellular growth and facilitate the development of new therapeutics for HME.

Topic: Vector-borne infectious diseases
Subfield: Parasitology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Effects of variation in phenylpyridinyl and di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-carbazolyl substituents of benzene on the performance of the derivatives in colour-tuneable white and exciplex-based sky-blue light-emitting diodes

Three phenylpyridine derivatives with di- tert -butyl-carbazolyl moieties are synthesized as emitters for OLED applications. Colour-tunable white (EQE = 5.2%) and exciplex-based sky-blue (EQE = 4.1%) light-emitting diodes are developed.

Topic: Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Reductive dechlorination of a chlorinated solvent plume in Houston, Texas

Abstract Chlorinated solvents such as tetrachloroethene (perchloroethene, PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) have been extensively used in various industrial applications for many years. Because neither are typically consumed through their various uses, they are often released to the environment through industrial application or disposal. Once released, PCE and TCE tend to migrate downward into groundwater, where they persist. In the current case study, cheese whey was used as a groundwater amendment to facilitate the reductive dechlorination of a chlorinated solvent plume underlying an auto dealer/repair shop in Harris County, Texas. From September 2010 to January 2014, over 32,000 gallons of cheese whey were injected into the subsurface resulting in a marked reduction in oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and nitrate concentrations, coupled with an increase in ferrous iron concentrations. Statistical trend analyses indicate the primary contaminants, PCE and TCE, as well as the daughter product cis ‐1,2‐dichloroethene (cDCE), all exhibited a positive response, as evidenced by statistically decreasing trends, and/or reversal in concentration trends, subsequent to cheese whey injections. Maximum concentrations of PCE and TCE in key test wells decreased by as much as 98.97 percent and 99.17 percent, respectively. In addition, the bacterial genus Dehalococcoides , capable of complete reduction of PCE to non‐toxic ethene, was found to be more abundant in the treatment area, as compared to background concentrations. Because cheese whey is a by‐product of the cheese making process, the cost of the product is essentially limited to transport. This study demonstrates cheese whey to be an effective groundwater amendment at a cost which is orders of magnitude lower than popular industry alternatives.

Topic: Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Influence of Secondary Components on the Synthesis of Self-Cross-Linked <i>N</i>-Isopropylacrylamide Microgels

This work presents systematic studies of cross-linker-free microgels formed by copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and various secondary monomer components in water under standard reaction conditions. The sizes, solid densities, and volume phase transitions of these particles have been characterized through static and dynamic laser light-scattering experiments. We find that introducing a hydrophobic component, for example, styrene (St) or methyl methacrylate (MMA), leads to particles with smaller sizes and higher solid densities, while the volume phase transition shifts to lower temperatures. On the other hand, introducing a hydrophilic component such as acrylamide (AAm) or acrylic acid (AA) leads to larger particles with lower solid densities and a volume phase transition that shifts to higher temperatures and is broadened. The molar mass changes little in either case. Introducing a charged component such as sodium styrene sulfonate (NaSS) or poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) (PNaSS) leads to a sharp decrease in molar mass and particle size, and a very broad phase transition. These trends provide good guidance for synthesizing both self-cross-linked and cross-linked copolymerized microgels of different properties.

Topic: Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
Subfield: Molecular Medicine
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Use of Smartphones to Reduce Preoperative Anxiety in Children before Anaesthesia

Background and Aim: Preoperative paediatric anxiety is a common phenomenon usually associated with surgery and has a negative effect on postoperative recovery. Like higher postoperative pain, emergence delirium, uncooperative behavior, and higher doses of sedation or preoperative analgesia. This study aims to reduce preoperative anxiety in children undergoing surgeries under anaesthesia using smartphone as a distraction technique. Material and Method: This blinded randomized clinical trial included 40 children aged 3 to 12 years undergoing a planned surgical intervention at a GMERS general hospital randomized into experimental (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups. The video was shown on a smartphone to children in the experimental group preceding a planned surgical procedure. The control group was posted for surgery without intervention. Results: There was statistically significant reduction in mYPAS score in experimental group compared to control group. Conclusion: Smartphone can be used to reduce preoperative paediatric anxiety as a distraction technique.

Topic: Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
Subfield: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Nanophotonic detector array to enable direct thermal infrared vision

Detection of infrared (IR) photons in a room-temperature IR camera is carried out by a two-dimensional array of microbolometer pixels which exhibit temperature-sensitive resistivity. When IR light coming from the far-field is focused onto this array, microbolometer pixels are heated up in proportion to the temperatures of the far-field objects. The resulting resistivity change of each pixel is measured via on-chip electronic readout circuit followed by analog to digital (A/D) conversion, image processing, and presentation of the final IR image on a separate information display screen. In this work, we introduce a new nanophotonic detector as a minimalist alternative to microbolometer such that the final IR image can be presented without using the components required for A/D conversion, image processing and display. In our design, the detector array is illuminated with visible laser light and the reflected light itself carries the IR image which can be directly viewed. We numerically demonstrate this functionality using a resonant waveguide grating structure made of typical materials such as silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and silica for which lithography techniques are well-developed. We clarify the requirements to tackle the issues of fabrication nonuniformities and temperature drifts in the detector array. We envision a potential near-eye display device for direct IR vision based on timely use of diffractive optical waveguides in augmented reality headsets and tunable visible laser sources. Our work indicates a way to achieve thermal IR vision for suitable use cases with lower cost, smaller form factor, and reduced power consumption compared to the existing thermal IR cameras.

Topic: Photonic and Optical Devices
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
THE POSSIBILITIES OF COUNTERACTING ALCOHOL INEBRIATION

Various attempts to counteract acute etoh effects have not been rewarding so far. Various reports from animal experiments suggest that etoh sleep or etoh anaesthesia is effectively counteracted with various more or less non-specific stimulants, but these results refer to heavy etoh intoxication only. An altered turn-over of various brain neurotransmitters, well documented in animals, may not be an important contributor to inebriation but is rather associated with etoh inebriation in a non-specific way. One may conclude that there is no relevant animal behaviour model that matches the subtle central depression after low doses of etoh. Etoh acts as a solvent which impairs various membrane functions, and a really effective specific antagonist would be hard to find. (Author/TRRL)

Topic: Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
History, Hermeneutics and Fijian Ethnic ‘Paramountcy’

The historical context in which Fiji's Deed of Cession was formulated satisfied the necessary conditions for British annexation and included safeguards for Fijian land rights. Both Fijian and English texts implied that the incoming government would respect Fijian custom. For over 60 years, Fijians benefited from a special administrative status in territorial government, restrictions on land alienation and privileged access to departments of the colonial executive. But Fijian commoners were disadvantaged in education, and resisted payment of head taxes. The tax crisis exposed the inability of chiefs to grapple with reform of local government. Faced with electoral competition in the post-war period, Fijian leadership took refuge in a racial view of political legitimacy, derived from an interpretation of the Deed as a 'charter' of Fijian rights. After independence, Fijian need for reassurances about preferential treatment in a parliamentary democracy was fuelled by commoner dissatisfaction with Alliance administration and by a political party formed by the Council of Chiefs. This faction provided a considered ideology for a racial view of ethnic 'sovereignty' in a plural society by ignoring the issue of citizenship and over-emphasising the role of the monarch in the language of the Deed. Other commentaries have also favoured an anachronistic interpretation of the political legacy of the Deed, but none of the post-1987 regimes has adopted its terms in Fijian municipal law. Such a suggestion has been made, however, as a defence of commoner rights against Fijian government agencies on the model of the Waitangi Tribunal.

Topic: Island Studies and Pacific Affairs
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Effects of Distributions of Constituent Phases on Mechanical Properties of C–Si–Mn Dual-phase Steel

Two kinds of ferrite were produced due to slow cooling after intercritical annealing, one being intercritically-annealed ferrite (αa phase), and the other transformed ferrite (αc phase). The effects of distributions of the αa and αc phases on the mechanical properties of a Fe–0.17C–1.5Si–1.7Mn dual-phase steel were examined experimentally at room temperature. Two types of intercritical annealing (IA) were conducted to control the distribution. The IA temperature and time are Ta = 800°C (1073 K) and ta = 0.5 h (1.8 ks), respectively, for the first type, and Ta = 740°C (1013 K) and ta = 4 h (14.4 ks), respectively, for the second one. For both types of IA, the steel was slowly cooled to 400°C (673 K) at a cooling rate of 10°C/s, followed by water quenching. While the total volume fraction fα of the αa and αc phases is close to 0.68–0.69 for both Ta = 800 and 740°C (1073 and 1013 K), the combination of the volume fraction of each α phase is different for Ta = 800 and 740°C (1073 and 1013 K). The volume fraction fαa of the αa phase and fαc of the αc phase is 0.33 and 0.36 for Ta = 800°C (1073 K), respectively, and 0.68 and 0 for Ta = 740°C (1013 K), respectively. The ultimate tensile strength su is about 970 MPa for fα = 0.68–0.69 independent of combination of fαa and fαc values. Thus, the effect of the α phase on su is close to each other between the αa and αc phases. In contrast, both the uniform strain eu and the local strain el increase with increasing volume fraction fαc of the αc phase. Such increase in eu is attributed to larger values of the strain hardening rate dσ/dε in the large strain region. Misfit strain stored at the boundary between the αa and αc phases causes to the larger values of dσ/dε. On the other hand, suppression of void formation deduces the increase in el. Acceleration of dynamic recovery of the α phase adjacent to martensite (M phase) and decrease in the hardness of the M phase adjacent to the α phase due to formation of the αc phase can suppress void formation. Consequently, formation of the αc phase contributes to improvement of the mechanical properties of the dual-phase steel.

Topic: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
An Electron Beam Source for Novel Generators of Electromagnetic Radiation

The microwave electron gun which is the focus of this project has been successfully operated, producing beam current of 0.5 A in a five microsecond pulse at pulse repetition rates up to 30 Hz. Studies of the performance characteristics of the gun are proceeding. Initially it has been determined that the new deflection magnet design produces a factor of two improvement over earlier designs. Coherent transition radiation produced when the electron bunches impact a metal screen has been observed in the microwave spectral region. Harmonics of the driving frequency have been detected to frequencies above 50 Ghz. Installation of more efficient interaction devices to extend both spectral range and power generated is in progress.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences