jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Convergence of classical optimized non-overlapping Schwarz method for Helmholtz problems in closed domains

In this paper we discuss the convergence of state-of-the-art optimized Schwarz transmission conditions for Helmholtz problems defined on closed domains (i.e. setups which do not exhibit an outgoing wave condition), as commonly encountered when modeling cavities. In particular, the impact of back-propagating waves on the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map is analyzed. Afterwards, the performance of the well-established optimized 0th-order, evanescent modes damping, optimized 2nd-order and Padé-localized square-root transmission conditions is discussed.

Topic: Numerical methods in inverse problems
Subfield: Mathematical Physics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Unsupervised Welding Defect Detection Using Audio And Video

In this work we explore the application of AI to robotic welding. Robotic welding is a widely used technology in many industries, but robots currently do not have the capability to detect welding defects which get introduced due to various reasons in the welding process. We describe how deep-learning methods can be applied to detect weld defects in real-time by recording the welding process with microphones and a camera. Our findings are based on a large database with more than 4000 welding samples we collected which covers different weld types, materials and various defect categories. All deep learning models are trained in an unsupervised fashion because the space of possible defects is large and the defects in our data may contain biases. We demonstrate that a reliable real-time detection of most categories of weld defects is feasible both from audio and video, with improvements achieved by combining both modalities. Specifically, the multi-modal approach achieves an average Area-under-ROC-Curve (AUC) of 0.92 over all eleven defect types in our data. We conclude the paper with an analysis of the results by defect type and a discussion of future work.

Topic: Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection
Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Implementing the optimal provision of ecosystem services

Significance Many ecosystem services are public goods available to everyone without charge, but the provision of these services often depends on the actions of private landowners who may bear cost to provide services. How to design incentives when the provision of services depends on the landscape pattern of conservation and where landowners have private information about costs presents a difficult challenge. Here we apply results from auction theory to design a payments scheme that achieves optimal provision of ecosystem services with spatially dependent benefits and asymmetric information. The auction mechanism works equally well whether property rights reside with the landowners so that the regulator pays landowners to conserve, or with the regulator so that landowners pay the regulator to develop.

Topic: Auction Theory and Applications
Subfield: Management Science and Operations Research
Field: Decision Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Bimodal Response to Shiga Toxin 2 Subtypes Results from Relatively Weak Binding to the Target Cell

There are two major antigenic forms of Shiga toxin (Stx), Stx1 and Stx2, which bind the same receptor and act on the same target but nonetheless differ in potency. Stx1a is more toxic to cultured cells, but Stx2 subtypes are more potent in animal models. To understand this phenomenon in cultured cells, we used a system that combines flow cytometry with a fluorescent reporter to monitor the Stx-induced inhibition of protein synthesis in single cells.

Topic: Escherichia coli research studies
Subfield: Endocrinology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Prognostic Implication of Admission HbA1c for All-cause Mortality in Ischemic Heart Failure Among a Chinese Population: A Prospective Cohort Study

<title>Abstract</title> <bold>Background: </bold>The impact of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) on heart failure (HF) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) differs among studies, and IHD is a preponderant cause in HF. We investigated the link between admission HbA1c and all-cause mortality in a Chinese population with ischemic heart failure (IHF).<bold>Methods: </bold>Eligible patients with IHF at the Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital from December 2015 to June 2019 were enrolled to investigate the association between admission HbA1c and all-cause mortality of IHF with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis.<bold>Results: </bold>Of 1413 participants, the median age was 63.2 ± 10.9 years, 85% were men and median admission HbA1c level was 6.82%. All-cause mortality was higher in HbA1c &gt;7% group compared with HbA1c ≤7% group (hazard ratio (HR): 1.328, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.016-1.735, p =0.037), and sensitivity analysis appeared the consistent result. The association between HbA1c and all-cause mortality was also statistically significant in the male and younger cohorts.<bold>Conclusions: </bold>Elevated admission HbA1c level (&gt;7%) is an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality of IHF in the general population, and there is also a consistent trend among male and younger individuals. Further explorations are required to elucidate whether glycemic management plays a crucial role in the progression of IHF within female and elderly population.

Topic: Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
On optimal distributed decision architectures in a hypothesis testing environment

The authors consider the distributed detection problem, in which decision-makers (DMs) receive observations of the environment and transmit finite-valued messages to other DMs according to prespecified communication protocols. A designated primary DM makes the final decision on one out of two alternative hypotheses. All DMs make decisions, in order to maximize a measure of organizational performance. Given the DMs and the communication resources, the problem is to find an architecture for the organization which remains optimal for a variety of operating conditions (if it exists). It is shown that even for very small organizations this problem is quite complex, because the optimal architecture depends on variables external to the team such as the prior probabilities of the hypotheses and the misclassification costs, so that global conclusions on optimal organizational structures cannot be drawn. The authors thus also consider suboptimal solutions and obtain bounds on their performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Topic: Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms
Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Phosphorus Solubility from Rock Phosphate Mixed Compost with Sulphur Application and Its Effect on Yield and Phosphorus Uptake of Wheat Crop

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of sulphur application with Rock phosphate mixed compost on phosphorus (P) solubility and its effect on yield and P uptake of wheat crop. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the research farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar. The experiment was conducted during rabi 2015-16 with plot size of 3 m × 5 m. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were applied at the rate of 120, 90 and 60 kg&#183ha-1 in the form of urea, compost, or single super phosphate and potassium sulphate, respectively. Elemental sulphur was applied at the rate of 10, 20 and 30 kg&#183ha-1 at the time of sowing. Results showed that sulphur applied with compost significantly improved wheat yield and yield components, soil organic matter, soil total N and AB-DTPA extractable P contents, plant N and P concentrations and their uptake, plant micronutrients concentration and their uptakes. No significant changes were noted in soil pH, ECe and lime contents. Maximum grain yield of 4076 kg&#183ha-1, total dry matter yield 9721 kg&#183ha-1, straw yield 5644 kg&#183ha-1, plant height 98.3 cm, spike length 11.2 cm, grain per spike 61.0, thousand grain weight 50.2 g were recorded on the application of S at the rate 20 kg&#183ha-1 with compost. The highest soil organic matter content of 1.41% was found for the application of S at the rate of 10 kg&#183ha-1 with compost. Maximum soil total N content of 1756 mg&#183kg-1 and P 5.7 mg&#183kg-1 were observed by the application of double recommended S with compost. Plant N uptakes of 125.7 kg&#183ha-1, and P uptake of 17.5 kg&#183ha-1, were maximum with application of compost and S @ 20 kg&#183ha-1. Highest plant uptake of Fe 0.56 kg&#183ha-1, Zn 0.41 kg&#183ha-1, Cu 0.16 kg&#183ha-1 and Mn 0.93 kg&#183ha-1 were found by the application of full recommended S with compost. Results suggested that S at the rate of 20 kg&#183ha-1 application with compost prepared from farm yard manure and rock phosphate proved better combination to enhance wheat yield, yield components and nutrients uptakes of wheat crop.

Topic: Agricultural Science and Fertilization
Subfield: Soil Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Peripheral blood eosinophilia is associated with the presence of skin ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis

Abstract The role of eosinophil in systemic sclerosis ( SS c) is still controversial. In the present study, the relationship between skin ulcers and peripheral blood eosinophilia were analyzed in patients with SS c. We retrospectively investigated the clinical records of all patients who were diagnosed with SS c on the basis of American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism 2013 criteria, and were followed up for more than 2 years at Wakayama Medical University. As a result, maximum eosinophil counts during the 2‐year follow‐up period were 20–983/mm 3 (median, 270), whereas maximum eosinophil percentages were 0.5–14.1% (median, 5.3%) in peripheral blood of 47 SS c patients. On the other hand, patients with skin ulcers during the 2‐year follow up showed significantly increased maximum eosinophil counts compared with those without (median, 520 vs 228/mm 3 ; P = 0.0001). Maximum eosinophil percentage was also significantly higher in patients with skin ulcers (median, 9.7% vs 4.6%; P = 0.00001). To note, in four of the nine patients with skin ulcers, the timing of emerging of the maximum eosinophil counts was associated with the ulcer development during the 2‐year follow up. These results suggest that eosinophils are involved in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction of SS c. Larger studies should be performed to clarify the exact mechanism of ulcer formation caused by eosinophilia in SS c patients in the future.

Topic: Eosinophilic Disorders and Syndromes
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
[Diagnosis of breast cancer extent using dynamic multidetector-row CT: correlation between MPR imaging and pathological cross-sections].

Dynamic MD-CT of the breast was found to be effective for the detection of intraductal extension of breast carcinoma and thought to be useful in the preoperative assessment of indications of breast-conserving surgery.

Topic: MRI in cancer diagnosis
Subfield: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Additional file 1 of Basal cell carcinoma risk and solar UV exposure in occupationally relevant anatomic sites: do histological subtype, tumor localization and Fitzpatrick phototype play a role? A population-based case-control study

Additional file 1: Table S1. Association of UV exposure and risk for BCC in cases with histopathological subtype nodular and matched controls (n = 403 in each group). Table S2. Association of UV exposure and risk for BCC in cases with histopathological subtype sclerodermiform and matched controls (n = 145 in each group). Table S3. Association of UV exposure and risk for BCC in cases with histopathological subtype superficial and matched controls (n = 28 in each group).

Topic: Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Remediation in the Context of the Competencies: A Survey of Pediatrics Residency Program Directors

Abstract Background The 6 competencies defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education provide the framework of assessment for trainees in the US graduate medical education system, but few studies have investigated their impact on remediation. Methods We obtained data via an anonymous online survey of pediatrics residency program directors. For the purposes of the survey, remediation was defined as “any form of additional training, supervision, or assistance above that required for a typical resident.” Respondents were asked to quantify 3 groups of residents: (1) residents requiring remediation; (2) residents whose training was extended for remediation purposes; and (3) residents whose training was terminated owing to issues related to remediation. For each group, the proportion of residents with deficiencies in each of the 6 competencies was calculated. Results In all 3 groups, deficiencies in medical knowledge and patient care were most common; deficiencies in professionalism and communication were moderately common; and deficiencies in systems-based practice and practice-based learning and improvement were least common. Residents whose training was terminated were more likely to have deficiencies in multiple competencies. Conclusion Although medical knowledge and patient care are reported most frequently, deficiencies in any of the 6 competencies can lead to the need for remediation in pediatrics residents. Residents who are terminated are more likely to have deficits in multiple competencies. It will be critical to develop and refine tools to measure achievement in all 6 competencies as the graduate medical education community may be moving further toward individualized training schedules and competency-based, rather than time-based, training.

Topic: Innovations in Medical Education
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Cold stratification in winter is more than enough for seed dormancy-break of summer annuals in eastern North America: implications for climate change

Abstract Germination of seeds of some summer annuals in Kentucky (eastern USA) in late-winter lead to the hypothesis that under present climate conditions the whole length of the winter cold stratification (CS) period is not required for dormancy-break of seeds of summer annuals with physiological dormancy (PD). We evaluated our data from germination phenology studies of 45 species (69 datasets) and buried-seed studies of 33 species (44 datasets). We determined time and temperature of germination after CS and percentage of the total number of hours of CS during winter (% of winter CS) seeds received prior to start of germination. In the phenology studies, mean temperature during the week of first germination for C3 and C4 species was 11.1 and 14.4°C, respectively, and % of winter CS was 80.8 and 87.4, respectively. In the buried-seed studies, % of CS for C3 and C4 species was 40.8 and 48.1, respectively, when they germinated to 25% at 20/10°C. For 32 of 33 species in the buried-seed studies, the minimum temperature at which seeds germinated decreased with increased CS; thus, seeds had Type 2 non-deep PD. The time of germination is controlled by a number of hours of CS, a decrease in minimum temperature at which seeds can germinate and a temperature increase in early spring. Seeds can germinate at relatively high temperatures as early as December and January, but they continue to be CS until spring. Temperature increases in eastern North America due to global warming are not likely to inhibit the germination of summer annuals with PD in spring.

Topic: Seed Germination and Physiology
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
LHD Langmuir5 #109737.1

Langmuir probes on divertor plates to investigate divertor plasma parameters and fluctuation characteristics of ion flux near the divertor plates. Total 400 Langmuir probes embedded on 20 divertor plates on each of which 20 electrodes are aligned every 6 mm. Sweeping and sampling frequency is normally 250 kHz.

Topic: Marine and fisheries research
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Comparison of FTIR and 16S rDNA sequencing methods for identification and taxonomy of methylotroph bacteria

Molecular methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing are relatively accurate but are costly and time consuming, therefore new alternative methods have been a matter of interst. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) is one of these methods. It is a physico-chemical method based on measurement of molecular bond vibrations excited by infrared radiation at specific wavelength range. The aim of this study was to assess efficiency of FTIR in identification and taxonomy of methylotroph bacteria (most important group of chlorinated methane derivative degrading bacteria) and comparing it to 16S rDNA sequencing method. Of 30 isolated methylotroph bacteria, 7 were selected. Following amplification of a portion of 16S rDNA gene by PCR and sequencing, a phylogenic tree was constructed. By FTIR method, transmittance spectra of these bacteria were obtained in infrared region 400-4000 cm-1. FTIR data were analyzed by SPSS software. The dendrogram of FTIR data analysis was very similar to dendrogram of 16S rDNA sequencing. Results showed that FTIR can be used as an identification method but not yet for taxonomy. By introducing a standard method for FTIR data analysis, this method can be considered as an alternative to the 16S rDNA sequencing method.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Beyond the state: reimagining protection as constellations of care

Protection is traditionally conceptualised in relation to the state. Not only does the state provide protection externally, i.e. vis-à-vis other states in an assumed anarchical system, but also internally through various instruments of care. Such protection however relies on the social contract and is thus inherently transactional. Protection, and associated care, then becomes something earned, something one is entitled to by virtue of certain, past, actions and behaviours, rather than something that is compassionately provided. How can we rethink protection away from the state? How to transform glimmers of hope of alternatives to the transactional model into sustained and sustainable change and care? We want to think through and offer alternative ways of care/ing: those more (inter-)personal, more community-focused, centred around intergenerational promises and responsibilities to ensure both a liveable present and future, ultimately disrupting imposed (state) boundaries that rely on and foster difference.

Topic: Gender, Security, and Conflict
Subfield: Gender Studies
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Isolation of Ligands of Trace Metals from Plant Samples by Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography

Abstract Isolation of ligands of trace elements from plants by affinity chromatography with a metal immobilised on iminodiacetate resin has been investigated. To simulate various types of bioligands the following compounds were tested: phytic acid, peptides containing Cys and peptides containing Asp. Optimal conditions allowing isolation of the peptides with good efficiency comprise the use of Ga3+ ion, sample adsorption at pH = 4 and elution of the compounds by 0.3 mol/l NH3. Phytic acid was bound too tightly and was not eluted. The procedure was used for purification of extracts of rye flour. The purified sample is suitable for analysis by MALDI-MS. Keywords: Affinity chromatographySpeciationTrace elements The financial supports of the Grant Agency of Czech Republic (project no. 525=07=0903) and of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (project no. MSM 6046137307) are gratefully acknowledged.

Topic: Aluminum toxicity and tolerance in plants and animals
Subfield: Plant Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Taking it to the Streets: Family Therapy and Family‐Centered Services

This article examines the interconnections between family therapy, specifically postmodern and poststructural approaches, and family‐centered services. It introduces particular applications of family‐centered services such as systems of care, wraparound, family‐driven care, the recovery movement, and family group conferencing and then summarizes the heart of family‐centered approaches as a shift in how services are provided to families. It examines the “fit” between the values and principles of family‐centered practice and postmodern/poststructural approaches and then offers particular ideas and practices from these approaches that can help frontline workers inhabit a spirit of respect, connection, curiosity and hope in their work.

Topic: Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
Subfield: Clinical Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Autonomous Calibration of Spatiotemporal Air Quality Models via Federated Reinforcement Learning and Gaussian Process Regression

**Abstract:** This paper introduces a novel approach to autonomously calibrate and improve spatiotemporal air quality models (AQMs) by leveraging federated reinforcement learning (FRL) coupled with Gaussian process regression (GPR). Existing AQMs struggle with regional heterogeneity and timely adaptation to changing emissions profiles. Our framework enables disparate ground stations and sensor networks to collaboratively refine model parameters without sharing raw data, preserving privacy and reducing computational burdens. The FRL agent iteratively optimizes model hyperparameters and parameterization strategies within the GPR framework, resulting in significantly improved predictive accuracy and reduced calibration latency. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach using simulated data representative of urban air pollution hotspots.

Topic: Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting
Subfield: Environmental Engineering
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
The role of sleep in the recovery of deprived eye responses in developing visual cortex

Monocular deprivation (MD) during a critical period of visual development triggers a rapid remodeling of cortical responses in favor of the open eye. We have previously shown that this process is enhanced by sleep and is inhibited when the sleeping cortex is reversibly inactivated. A related but distinct form of cortical plasticity is evoked when the originally deprived eye (ODE) is reopened, and the non-deprived eye is closed during the critical period (reverse monocular deprivation (RMD)). Recent studies suggest that different mechanisms regulate the initial loss of deprived eye responses following MD and the recovery of deprived eye responses following RMD. In this study we investigated whether sleep also enhances RMD plasticity in critical period cats. Using polysomnography combined with microelectrode recordings and intrinsic signal optical imaging in visual cortex we show that sleep does not enhance the recovery of ODE responses following RMD. These findings add to the growing evidence that different forms of plasticity in vivo are regulated by distinct mechanisms and that sleep has divergent roles upon different types of experience-dependent cortical plasticity.

Topic: Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences