jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Emerging disease modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS), the most common central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease, is thought to be mediated in part by CNS autoantigen-specific T cells. The aetiology of the disease is unclear, but includes genetic and environmental factors. The disease onset often occurs in young adults and is characterised by bouts of neurological symptoms such as numbness, weakness, imbalance or visual difficulties that may not be recovered from. Sometimes the course is more progressive. Since the disease can be disabling, several treatments have been developed that reduce the risk of relapse and progression of sustained disability. Although earlier treatment is encouraged, currently approved disease modifying therapies for MS are only partially effective, administered parenterally and associated with significant side effects and potential toxicities. Therefore, many promising new therapies are under development that target various goals, including immunosuppression, immunomodulation, cell traffic through the blood–brain barrier (BBB), neuroprotection and enhancement of CNS repair.Keywordsdisease modifying therapy for MSimmunomodulationimmunosuppressionmultiple sclerosisneuroprotection

Topic: RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
The Perceived Internalized Sexual Stigma Measure (PrISSM): A New Sexual Stigma Measure for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals

Society has long held negative beliefs and attitudes, in the form of sexual stigma, towards sexual minorities (e.g., lesbian, gay, and bisexual; LGB). Sexual stigma can be adopted and internalized by LGB individuals as their own beliefs and attitudes. In LGB individuals, internalized sexual stigma can result in psychological distress such as low self-esteem, depression, shame, and feelings of rejection. However, an instrument to assess internalized sexual stigma specifically developed for LGB individuals is lacking. The present study focuses on the development of a new instrument, the Perceived Internalized Sexual Stigma Measure (PrISSM), that is inclusive of LGB individuals who are 18 years and older. Exploratory and Bayesian confirmatory factor analyses indicate that internalized sexual stigma, as measured by the PrISSM, consists of two factors: internal conflict and disclosure conflict. The two-factor structure is also invariant to LGB individuals. As such, items of the PrISSM do not need to be separately reworded for lesbian, gay, or bisexual individuals. In addition, the PrISSM is a brief instrument composed of 4 items per factor (8 items total). Convergent and discriminant validity evidence is also provided.

Topic: LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Data from BMP4 Inhibits Breast Cancer Metastasis by Blocking Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Activity

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;The TGFβ growth factor family member BMP4 is a potent suppressor of breast cancer metastasis. In the mouse, the development of highly metastatic mammary tumors is associated with an accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), the numbers of which are reduced by exogenous BMP4 expression. MDSCs are undetectable in naïve mice but can be induced by treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF/Csf3) or by secretion of G-CSF from the tumor. Both tumor-induced and G-CSF–induced MDSCs effectively suppress T-cell activation and proliferation, leading to metastatic enhancement. BMP4 reduces the expression and secretion of G-CSF by inhibiting NF-κB (Nfkb1) activity in human and mouse tumor lines. Because MDSCs correlate with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer, therapies based on activation of BMP4 signaling may offer a novel treatment strategy for breast cancer. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Res; 74(18); 5091–102. ©2014 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Topic: Immune cells in cancer
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Retraction : Populations of Salmonella Enteritidis in the Tissues of Reproductive Organs in Laying Hens after Oral Challenge: A

The above article released online on April 25, 2011 as advanced publication has been withdrawn by Editorial Office due to serious concerns on data.

Topic: Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
Subfield: Food Science
Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Domain: Life Sciences
Acoustic attenuation in surface-based ducts

Attenuation of underwater sound propagated in surface-based ducts has heretofore been analyzed for a bottomless underlying ocean into which “leaked” energy vanishes—an artificial assumption, and one untenable in shallow waters. An alternative concept is proposed. Sound originally in the duct is transferred by intermodal resonances into the underlying ocean, where the acoustic energy dissipates before the return half of resonances can occur. Resonance periods are describable in terms of horizontal range r traversed in those periods. Starting at r = 0, with normal modes representing the sound as confined in the duct, each intermodal resonance is traced out to the range r of maximum transfer, and is terminated there. The ducted sound field remaining at any r is the sum of mode parts that have not yet attained half-resonance periods. A simplified model has pressure-release surface and bottom, no explicit dissipation, and three isothermal layers—a barrier of higher sound speed between the duct and an identical underlying ocean. Analytical results are encouraging. Notably, at short ranges the average ducted intensity falls off as r−2, changing at greater ranges toward r−1 behavior, thereby approximating measurements and previous theoretical calculations.

Topic: Underwater Acoustics Research
Subfield: Oceanography
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Teacher performance appraisal and remuneration aspects of performance management on the example of Estonian general educational schools

Doktoritöö eesmärk on töötada välja soovitused õpetajate töösoorituse hindamise ja tulemustasustamise arendamiseks Eesti üldhariduskoolides. Töösoorituse hindamise ja tulemustasustamise süsteemi kujundamine ja rakendamine eeldavad töösoorituse juhtimis-instrumendi väljatöötamist. Doktoritöös määratakse kindlaks õpetajate töösoorituse hindamise ja tulemustasustamise kujundamise ja rakendamise aspektid ning töötatakse välja ettepanekud õpetajate töösoorituse hindamise ja tulemustasustamise kriteeriumide valikuks. Selleks viidi Eesti üldhariduskoolides läbi ulatuslik ankeetküsitlus, mille käigus küsitleti 2165 õpetajat ja 298 koolijuhti. Probleemide süvauuringu raames viidi kolmes koolis läbi juhtumiuuringud.&#13;\n\tUuringust saadi kinnitust, et tulemuslik juhtimine eeldab töösoorituse juhtimisinstrumendi juurutamist Eesti üldhariduskoolides. Õpetajate töösoorituse hindamise ja tulemustasustamise kujundamise ning rakendamisega on tihedalt seotud kooli strateegiline juhtimine, ressursijuhtimine ja organisatsioonikultuur, mis aitavad kaasa pedagoogide positiivse suhtumise kujundamisele õpetajate töösoorituse juhtimise suhtes. Õpetajate töösoorituse juhtimine tagab kooli tasakaalustatud arengu ning tulemuslikkuse, mis eeldab õpiprotsessi, õpikeskkonna ja kooli juhtimisega seotud õpetajate töösoorituse hindamise ja tulemustasustamise kriteeriumide väljatöötamist ja tasakaalustatut rakendamist. Õpetajate tulemustasustamine aitab parandada töötulemusi nii individuaalselt kui ka kollektiivselt ning loob paremad eeldused õpetajate arenguks kooli eesmärkidest lähtuvalt.

Topic: Teacher Professional Development and Motivation
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Cyclic AMP and T-cell differentiation.

We have studied the effects of a circulating thymic factor (TF), cyclic AMP (cAMP) and prostaglandins on T-lymphocyte differentiation in the mouse using three parameters: 1) 0-bearing cell percentage evaluated by a cytotoxicity test with anti-0 serum (A0S) plus complement; 2) 0-antigen presence on rosette forming cells (RFC) assessed by the inhibition of rosette formation with A0S; 3) lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) against allogeneic target cells after in vivo sensitization, using a chromium release assay.

Topic: Chemokine receptors and signaling
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Palliative care and primary health care: Ethical considerations

Palliative Care (PC) is presented as a public health problem, due to the substantial increase in the number of elderly and the prevalence of non-communicable chronic degenerative diseases. The importance of the reorganization of Primary Health Care Services (PHCS) to ensure the provision of this care has become evident. The objective was to identify cases of users, in order to inventory the ethical problems that the team experienced. This is a case study based on a Qualitative approach, using thematic analysis. Two cases were identified, that revealed, as ethical problems, the “responsibility of the PHCS towards the caregivers and families” and the “difficulty of frank and honest communication between the team and the family”. The results indicate that the training of human resources with technical competence and the continuity of assistance in the transition from curative to palliative treatment are factors favorable to the integrality and the obtention of more adequate responses to the ethical challenges that the teams experienced.

Topic: Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
New Features of Time Domain Electric-Field Structures in the Auroral Acceleration Region

The Polar Satellite carries the first three-axis electric field detector flown in the magnetosphere. Its direct measurement of electric field components perpendicular and parallel to the local magnetic field has revealed new classes and features of electric field structures associated with the plasma acceleration that produces discrete auroras and that populates the magnetosphere with plasma of ionospheric origin. These structures, associated with the hydrogen ion cyclotron mode, include very large solitary waves, spiky field structures, wave envelopes of parallel electric fields, and very large amplitude, nonlinear, coherent ion cyclotron waves.

Topic: Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Protein-protein interaction analysis highlights additional &lt;i&gt;loci&lt;/i&gt; of interest for Multiple Sclerosis

Genetic factors play an important role in determining the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). The strongest genetic association in MS is located within the major histocompatibility complex class II region (MHC), but more than 50 MS &lt;i&gt;loci&lt;/i&gt; of modest effect located outside the MHC have now been identified. However, the relative candidate genes that underlie these associations and their functions are largely unknown. We conducted a protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of gene products coded in &lt;i&gt;loci&lt;/i&gt; recently reported to be MS associated at the genome-wide significance level and in &lt;i&gt;loci&lt;/i&gt; suggestive of MS association. Our aim was to identify which suggestive regions are more likely to be truly associated, which genes are mostly implicated in the PPI network and their expression profile. From three recent independent association studies, SNPs were considered and divided into significant and suggestive depending on the strength of the statistical association. Using the Disease Association Protein-Protein Link Evaluator tool we found that direct interactions among genetic products were significantly higher than expected by chance when considering both significant regions alone (p&amp;lt;0.0002) and significant plus suggestive (p&amp;lt;0.007). The number of genes involved in the network was 43. Of these, 23 were located within suggestive regions and many of them directly interacted with proteins coded within significant regions. These included genes such as &lt;i&gt;SYK&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;IL-6&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;CSF2RB&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;FCLR3&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;EIF4EBP2&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;CHST12&lt;/i&gt;. Using the gene portal BioGPS, we tested the expression of these genes in 24 different tissues and found the highest values among immune-related cells as compared to non-immune tissues (p&amp;lt;0.001). A gene ontology analysis confirmed the immune-related functions of these genes. In conclusion, &lt;i&gt;loci&lt;/i&gt; currently suggestive of MS association interact with and have similar expression profiles and function as those significantly associated, highlighting the fact that more common variants remain to be found to be associated to MS.

Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
RESONANT AND NON-RESONANT INELASTIC X-RAY SCATTERING IN CuGeO{sub 3}

Transition metal oxides are presently the focus of much attention in condensed matter physics because of the diverse phenomena exhibited by these materials. Examples include antiferromagnetism, superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance. The origin of these phenomena lies in the strong electron correlations present in these materials which place them between the well understood limits of band insulators and simple metals. The presence of these correlations makes these materials hard to handle theoretically, and there is a need for more detailed experimental work, in particular in regard to the electronic structure and excitations.

Topic: Physics of Superconductivity and Magnetism
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Chemolithotrophy

Some prokaryotes grow by using reduced inorganic compounds as their energy source and CO2 as the carbon source. These are called chemolithotrophs. The electron donors used by chemolithotrophs include nitrogen and sulfur compounds, Fe(II), H2, and CO. The Calvin cycle is the most common CO2 fixation mechanism, and the reductive TCA cycle, acetyl-CoA pathway and 3-hydroxypropionate cycle are found in some chemolithotrophic prokaryotes. Some can use organic compounds as their carbon source while metabolizing an inorganic electron donor. This kind of bacterial metabolism is referred to as mixotrophy.

Topic: Metal Extraction and Bioleaching
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Clinical and Ultrasonographic Evaluations of the Shoulders of Elite Swimmers

Background: Shoulder pain is a common problem in competitive swimmers, but the structural alterations in elite-level competitive swimmers are not well known. Hypothesis: Adaptive changes are common in the rotator cuff, bursa, labrum, and capsule in elite swimmers, and such abnormalities are related to factors concerning training and correlate with symptoms. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The study population was the 2008 United States Olympic swimming team. All athletes completed standardized scales on shoulder pain and function and provided data on their training history and history of shoulder pain or injuries. Each athlete also underwent a comprehensive physical examination of both shoulders, followed by an evaluation of the rotator cuff, biceps, and bursa using ultrasound with dynamic images to assess for subcoracoid impingement and subacromial impingement. Results: A history of shoulder pain was reported by 29 of 42 (66%) athletes. Morphological changes consistent with tendinosis were common in the biceps (33/46 shoulders; 72%) and supraspinatus/infraspinatus (44/46 shoulders; 96%). Subcoracoid impingement was seen in 17 of 46 shoulders (37%), with subacromial impingement seen in 34 of 41 shoulders (83%). There was an increased odds ratio (OR) for biceps tendinosis in older swimmers (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.23-3.00; P = .004) and in swimmers who had missed a competition because of shoulder pain (OR, 9.76; 95% CI, 1.13-84.3; P = .038). There was an increased OR for rotator cuff tendinosis in swimmers who reported worse scores for pain with activities (OR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.01-0.78; P = .028) and in those with a positive sulcus sign (OR, 33.2; 95% CI, 3.09-355; P = .004). There was an increased OR for impingement in swimmers with a positive sulcus sign (OR, 5.40; 95% CI, 0.80-36.3; P = .083), worse pain scores (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.22-0.87; P = .019), and a partial rotator cuff tear (OR, 31.2; 95% CI, 3.58-272; P = .002). Conclusion: We found a high prevalence of rotator cuff and biceps tendinopathy, which was associated with increased symptoms. Tendinosis was also more common in swimmers with a positive sulcus sign, suggesting a role for shoulder laxity.

Topic: Shoulder Injury and Treatment
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Trade and Environmental Sustainability: An Evolutionary Perspective

Economies entirely dependent upon local environmental resources should have a greater incentive to preserve those resources than economies based on specialization and trade. Evidence from history and prehistory, however, shows that many regionally based economies have collapsed because of environmental overexploitation. Evidence from the past shows that there is a strong connection between environmental degradation, power, and social instability. There seems to be a complex and recurring pattern in early civilizations of expansion, a flourishing of culture and art, and then social disintegration and collapse as ruling elites pushed the expansion of material culture beyond the limits of the environment to support it. Recognizing the importance of the relationship between power, environmental sustainability, and social vulnerability is essential in formulating ecologically sustainable trade policies.

Topic: Culture, Economy, and Development Studies
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Sustainable Methodology For The Use Of Fuel Cells In Data Centers

Data centers have become the lynchpin of the modern economy - from the small to medium-sized organizations, to the enterprise data centers that operates American corporations and the server farms that operate cloud-computing services accommodated by Facebook, Amazon, Google, and others. The booming of cloud storage, extensive data analysis, e-commerce, and internet traffic is also making data centers one of the rapidly growing clients of electricity in developing countries, and one of the key drivers in the construction of new power plants. Key researches are carried out for sustainable development of power usage in data centers. Fuel cells have gone forth as one of the rapidly growing substitute power sources over the period of time. Whereas the 19th century was the century of the steam engine and the 20th century was the century of the internal combustion engine, it is potential that the 21st century will be the century of the fuel cell. The fuel cell is changing the human view of producing power itself. Fuel cells can use hydrogen as a fuel, giving out cleaner, sustainable electrical power in the world. In this research, a fuel cell is designed that can potentially provide power for a rack of servers as a primary power source. Fuel cell parameters are calculated using various thermodynamic and mathematical equations. Hydrogen (fuel) supply is needed continuously for the fuel cell to work endlessly. Solar energy is utilized to produce hydrogen at a higher rate than the need of fuel cell. ZnO/Zn water-splitting thermochemical cycle is developed in order to satisfy the objectives.

Topic: Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Subfield: Philosophy
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
6ER-025 Pharmacist clinicians in hospitals – transforming the workforce with new models of patient care

&lt;sec&gt;&lt;st&gt;Background&lt;/st&gt; There are concerns about maintaining appropriate clinical staff levels in Emergency Departments (ED) in the UK. Pharmacist clinicians can support the multi-professional team in a range of clinical services. The programme team developed a model training pathway for pharmacist clinicians, with a start point being an innovative Clinically Enhanced Pharmacist Independent Prescriber &lt;it&gt;(&lt;/it&gt;CEPIP&lt;it&gt;)&lt;/it&gt; programme&lt;it&gt; –&lt;/it&gt; to equip pharmacists with prescribing rights and advanced clinical skills. CEPIP is underpinned by the world-first PIED-Eng study conducted by the same team (‘Pharmacists in Emergency Departments,’ 49 sites, 18 613 cases)1 evaluating the role of advanced clinical pharmacists in ED in England.2 The team would like to present outcome data from their UK study, to demonstrate the impact that pharmacist clinicians are now known to have on the Emergency Department workforce and the training pathway that has been developed to support them. &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt;&lt;st&gt;Purpose&lt;/st&gt; To ensure that training needs identified during PIED-Eng were included in CEPIP courses and extent of training coverage. &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt;&lt;st&gt;Material and methods&lt;/st&gt; CEPIP Programme Directors of three universities in the West Midlands were sent a list of the 494 training needs identified by the PIED-Eng study in the four categories: &lt;l type="unord"&gt;&lt;li&gt; Clinical examination and assessment=218. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Diagnostic skills=89. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Medical management=183. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Training course component=4. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/l&gt; Participants were asked to identify if courses covered each training need, and rank training on a linear scale (1–5): 1=minimal coverage, 5=maximum coverage. &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt;&lt;st&gt;Results&lt;/st&gt; For the three universities: #1: 150/494 of PIED training needs. #2: 242/494. #3: 83/494. Training needs with the highest coverage (all 4. 33/5) were: abdominal examination, cranial nerve examination, throat examination, history taking, stethoscope use (chest) and auriscope use. &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt;&lt;st&gt;Conclusion&lt;/st&gt; CEPIP courses cover elements of the training needs identified by the PIED study. CEPIP is a bridging mechanism for pharmacists to (confidently and competently) progress to advanced clinical training. &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt;&lt;st&gt;References and/or Acknowledgements&lt;/st&gt; 1. Aiello M, Terry D, Selopal N. Examining the emerging roles for pharmacists as part of the urgent, acute and emergency care workforce. &lt;it&gt;Clinical Pharmacist&lt;/it&gt; 2017;9:2. doi:10.1211/CP.2017.20202238 2. Hughes E, Terry D, Huynh C, et al. Future enhanced clinical role of pharmacists in emergency departments in England: multi-site observational evaluation. Int J Clin Pharm2017;39(4):960–968. No conflict of interest &lt;/sec&gt;

Topic: Nursing Roles and Practices
Subfield: General Health Professions
Field: Health Professions
Domain: Health Sciences