Intermediate optical design Chapter 5. Secondary spectrum and apochromats Apochromatic doublets Apochromatic triplets Petzval lenses Double Gauss lenses Telephoto lenses Zoom lenses Microscope objectives Secondary spectrum correction with normal glasses Liquids Diffractive optics McCarthy Wynne principle Schupmann principle Transverse secondary spectrum References Chapter 6. Lenses for laser applications Gaussian beams Laser beam expanders Two lens beam expanders Three lens beam expanders F Theta lenses Lenses for optical disks Laser diode collimators References Chapter 7. Microscope objectives Classical microscope objectives Flat field microscope objectives Oil immersion objectives References Chapter 8. Microlithographic Projection Optics Unit magnification zero power monocentric systems Dyson 1x relay Offner 1x relay Wynne Dyson 1x relay Wynne Offner 1x relay Reduction lenses Catadioptric reduction systems Catoptric reduction systems References Chapter 2. Buchdahl aberrations Third order coefficients Fifth order coefficients Comparison with H.H. Hopkins notation Examples Double Gauss Shafer lens with zero third and fifth order aberrations References Chapter 3. Synthesis of new lens designs Choice of a starting point Modification of an existing design Purchase of a competing lens Analytic solutions Nonanalytic synthesis of new design forms Examples A unit magnification telecentric doublet pair A simple zoom lens The use of catalog components Singlets Doublets and triplets Meniscus singlets Field flatteners Cemented triplets References Chapter 4. Lenses for 35 mm cameras The triplet The tessar The double Gauss (planar type) The Sonnar Wide angle lenses for rangefinder cameras (Zeiss Biogon) Wide angle lens for rangefinder camera (Schneider Super Angulon) Wide angle lenses for SLR cameras Telephoto lens Long focus telephoto lens Lens for compact point and shoot camera Single lens for disposable cameras References Chapter 1. Optimization Special characteristics of lens design as an optimization problem The nature of the merit function The Strehl ratio MTF optimization General comments Comparison with the optical thin film design problem Nonlinearity of the aberrations Changes needed to reduce high order aberrations A method of visualizing the problem of optimization in lens design Theory of damped least squares (Levenberg Marquardt) Some details of damped least squares as used in lens design Paraxial (first order) properties Seidel and Buchdahl coefficients Transverse ray or wavefront aberrations Aberration balancing and choice of weighting factors Damping Control of physical constraints Control of glass boundary conditions Solves Lagrange multipliers Some reasons for the success of the DLS method Experiments with optimization programs Effect of changing the damping factor Effect of scaling the parameter changes An optimization example References Chapter 9. Zoom lenses General principles Control of chromatic aberration Field curvature Minimization of movements Two component zooms Minus plus plastic disposable zoom Plus minus plastic disposable zoom A typical minus plus zoom A typical plus minus zoom Three component zooms Four component zooms Zoom relays Zoom telescopes Zoom modules References Chapter 10. Decentered and asymmetric systems General properties of decentered systems Coordinate systems Interpretation of results New axis surface Toroids Offset surfaces (or off axis surfaces) Convention for mirrors Kutter system Single parabolic mirror Alpha rotations Beta rotations Alpha and beta rotations Scanning systems The active side of a surface X ray telescopes WOLTER2 example WOLTER1 example Chapter 11. Design for manufacturability Tolerancing Simplicity of design Air spaces Glass components Glass choice Mirror surfaces Redesign for actual melt data Use of existing tools and test plates Selective assembly and adjustment after assembly General points References Index This second volume based on Michael Kidgers popular short courses and workshops is aimed at readers already familiar with the concepts presented in Fundamental Optical Design (SPIE Press Vol. PM92). It begins with a sweeping discussion of optimization that is written with the user in mind and continues with a unique look at the role of higher order aberrations. The books key feature is its astounding presentation of a wide range of practical design examples covering such problems as secondary spectrum correction high numerical aperture designs lasers zoom lenses tilted or decentered optical systems and price and performance requirements. Each scenario is accompanied by an in depth discussion that goes well beyond the ray aberration plot including useful insights into an optical designers thought processes