Finite element analysis of antennas and arrays 5.1 Antenna Feed Modeling 5.1.1 Current Probe 5.1.2 Voltage Gap Generator 5.1.3 Waveguide Feed Model 5.2 Plane Wave Excitation 5.2.1 Total Field Formulation 5.2.2 Scattered Field Formulation 5.2.3 Total and Scattered Field Decomposition Approach 5.3 Far Field Pattern Computation 5.4 Near Field Visualization 5.5 Summary References Chapter 6: Modeling of Complex Structures 6.1 Thin Material Layers and Sheets 6.1.1 Impedance Boundary Conditions 6.1.2 Shell Element Formulation 6.2 Thin Wires and Slots 6.2.1 Thin Wires 6.2.2 Thin Slots 6.3 Lumped Circuit Elements 6.3.1 Coupled First Order Equations 6.3.2 Wave Equation 6.3.3 Example 6.4 Distributed Feed Network 6.5 System Level Coupling Example 6.5.1 Internal Dispersive Material Calibration 6.5.2 External Illumination and Aperture Coupling 6.6 Summary References Chapter 7: Antenna Simulation Examples 7.1 Narrowband Antennas 7.1.1 Coaxial fed Monopole Antenna 7.1.2 Monopole Antennas on a Plate 7.1.3 Patch Antennas on a Plate 7.1.4 Conformal Patch Antenna Array 7.2 Broadband Antennas 7.2.1 Ridged Horn Antenna 7.2.2 Sinuous Antenna 7.2.3 Logarithmic Spiral Antenna 7.2.4 Inverted Conical Spiral Antenna 7.2.5 Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna 7.2.6 Vlasov Antenna 7.3 Antenna RCS Simulations 7.3.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna 7.3.2 Standard Gain Horn Antenna 7.4 Summary References Chapter 8: Axisymmetric Antenna Modeling 8.1 Method of Analysis 8.1.1 Finite Element Formulation 8.1.2 Mesh Truncation Using Perfectly Matched Layers 8.1.3 Mesh Truncation Using Boundary Integral Equations 8.2 Application Examples 8.2.1 Luneburg Lens 8.2.2 Corrugated Horn 8.2.3 Current Loop Inside a Radome 8.3 Summary References Chapter 9: Infinite Phased Array Modeling 9.1 Frequency Domain Modeling 9.1.1 Periodic Boundary Conditions 9.1.2 Mesh Truncation Techniques 9.1.3 Extension to Skew Arrays Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Numerical Simulation of Antennas 1.2 Finite Element Analysis vs. Other Numerical Methods 1.3 Frequency vs. Time Domain Simulations 1.4 Brief Review of Past Work 1.5 Overview of This Book References Chapter 2: Finite Element Formulation 2.1 Finite Element Formulation in the Frequency Domain 2.2 Finite Element Formulation in the Time Domain 2.3 Modeling of Complex Materials 2.3.1 Modeling of Electrically and Magnetically Lossy Materials 2.3.2 Modeling of Electrically Dispersive Materials 2.3.3 Modeling of Magnetically Dispersive Materials 2.3.4 Modeling of Doubly Dispersive Lossy Materials 2.4 Solution of the Finite Element Equations 2.5 Higher Order and Curvilinear Finite Elements 2.6 Summary References Chapter 3: Finite Element Mesh Truncation 3.1 Absorbing Boundary Conditions 3.1.1 First Order Absorbing Boundary Condition 3.1.2 Second Order Absorbing Boundary Condition 3.2 Perfectly Matched Layers 3.2.1 PML in Terms of Stretched Coordinates 3.2.2 PML as an Anisotropic Material Absorber 3.2.3 PML for Truncating Computational Domain 3.2.4 Finite Element Implementation of PML 3.2.5 ABC Backed Complementary CFS and Second Order PMLs 3.3 Boundary Integral Equations 3.3.1 Frequency Domain Formulations 3.3.2 Time Domain Formulations 3.3.3 Treatment of Infinite Ground Plane 3.4 Summary References Chapter 4: Hybrid FETD FDTD Technique 4.1 The FDTD Method 4.2 PML Implementation in FDTD 4.2.1 FDTD Stretched Coordinate PML 4.2.2 FDTD Anisotropic PML 4.3 Near to Far Field Transformation in FDTD 4.4 Alternative FETD Formulation 4.5 Equivalence between FETD and FDTD 4.6 Stable FETD FDTD Interface 4.6.1 Initial Approaches 4.6.2 Stable Formulation 4.7 Building Hybrid Meshes 4.8 Wave Equation Stablization 4.9 Validation Examples 4.10 Summary References Chapter 5: Antenna Source Modeling and Parameter Calculation 9.1.4 Extension to Scattering Analysis 9.1.5 Application Examples 9.2 Time Domain Modeling 9.2.1 Transformed Field Variable 9.2.2 Mesh Truncation Techniques 9.2.3 General Material Modeling 9.2.4 Application Examples 9.3 Approximation to Finite Arrays 9.4 Summary References Chapter 10: Finite Phased Array Modeling 10.1 Frequency Domain Modeling 10.1.1 The FETI DPEM1 Formulation 10.1.2 The FETI DPEM2 Formulation 10.1.3 Nonconforming Domain Decomposition 10.1.4 Application Examples 10.2 Time Domain Modeling 10.2.1 The Dual Field Domain Decomposition Method 10.2.2 Domain Decomposition for Iterative Solutions 10.2.3 Application Examples 10.3 Summary References Chapter 11: Antenna Platform Interaction Modeling 11.1 Coupled Analysis 11.1.1 FETI DPEM with Domain Decomposition 11.1.2 Hybrid FETD FDTD with Domain Decomposition 11.1.3 Hybrid FE BI Method with FMM Acceleration 11.2 Decoupled Analysis 11.2.1 Near Field Calculation 11.2.2 Far Field Evaluation by Numerical Methods 11.2.3 Far Field Evaluation by Asymptotic Techniques 11.2.4 Direct and Iterative Improvements 11.3 Summary References Chapter 12: Numerical and Practical Considerations 12.1 Choice of Simulation Technologies 12.2 Frequency vs. Time Domain Simulation Tools 12.3 Fast Frequency Sweep 12.4 Numerical Convergence 12.5 Domain Decomposition and Parallel Computing 12.6 Verification and Validation of Predictions 12.7 Summary References Index The Most Complete Up to Date Coverage of the Finite Element Analysis and Modeling of Antennas and Arrays Aimed at researchers as well as practical engineers—and packed with over 200 illustrations including twenty two color plates—Finite Element Analysis of Antennas and Arrays presents: . Time and frequency domain formulations and mesh truncation techniques. Antenna source modeling and parameter calculation. Modeling of complex materials and fine geometrical details. Analysis and modeling of narrowband and broadband antennas. Analysis and modeling of infinite and finite phased array antennas. Analysis and modeling of antenna and platform interactions Recognizing the strengths of other numerical methods this book goes beyond the finite element method and covers hybrid techniques that combine the finite element method with the finite difference time domain method the method of moments and the high frequency asymptotic methods to efficiently deal with a variety of complex antenna problems. Complemented with numerous examples this cutting edge resource fully demonstrates the power and capabilities of the finite element analysis and its many practical applications