Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide : overcoming the limitations of photosynthesis 2.5.4 Class 3. Bio inspired: Photovoltaic Coupled to Electrochemical Cell (PV EC)2.5.5 Summary; 2.6 Outlook and Future Perspective; References; Chapter 3 Copper Catalysts for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Reactivity of Copper; 3.3 Types of Copper Catalysts; 3.3.1 Cu Nanoparticles; 3.3.2 Oxide derived Copper; 3.3.3 Copper Composites; 3.4 Summary and Future Work; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 4 Single crystal Surfaces as Model Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction; 4.1 Introduction and General Principles 2.2.4 NADH Regeneration2.3 Enzymatic CO2 Electro reduction; 2.3.1 Carbon Monoxide Generation; 2.3.2 Formate Generation; 2.3.3 Multiple Enzyme Cascades; 2.3.4 Summary; 2.4 Microbial CO2 Reduction; 2.4.1 Microbes in Nature; 2.4.2 Microbial Bio electrochemical Systems for CO2 Reduction; 2.4.3 Stability; 2.4.4 Summary; 2.5 Bio inspired Photo electrochemical CO2 Reduction; 2.5.1 Photo electrochemical CO2 Reduction in Nature; 2.5.2 Class 1. Sacrificial Chromophore Regeneration; 2.5.3 Class 2. Bio inspired: Photo electrochemical Cells 5.3 Aromatic N heterocycle Promoted Processes5.3.1 Background; 5.3.2 Theoretical Studies of Homogeneous Mechanisms; 5.3.3 ANH Reactions on Surfaces; 5.4 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 6 DFT Modelling Tools in CO2 Conversion: Reaction Mechanism Screening and Analysis; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Insights into the Electrochemical CO2 Conversion Reaction Mechanisms; 6.3 Thermochemistry and Chemical Kinetics in Electrochemical Reactions; 6.4 In Practice; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 7 Electrocarboxylation in Ionic Liquids; 7.1 Introduction 4.2 Role of the Surface Structure on the Reduction of CO2 on Pt group Single crystal Electrodes4.3 Reduction of CO2 on Ag and Au Single crystal Electrodes; 4.4 Reactivity and Selectivity of Cu Single crystal Electrodes in the CO2RR; 4.5 Computational Studies; 4.6 Relevant Considerations and Future Challenges; 4.7 Conclusions; References; Chapter 5 Homogeneous M(bpy)(CO)3X and Aromatic N heterocycle Catalysts for CO2 Reduction; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 CO2 Reduction with Re and Mn Complexes; 5.2.1 Background; 5.2.2 Re Complex Reaction Pathways; 5.2.3 Mn Complex Pathways; 5.2.4 Subsequent Studies Providing a comprehensive overview this book is ideal for researchers and industrial chemists working in environmental science electrochemistry and chemical engineering Cover; Contents; Chapter 1 Introduction to the Eletrochemical and Photo electrochemical Reduction of CO2; 1.2 New Catalysts for the (Photo )Electrochemical Reduction of CO2; 1.3 Combining Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Approaches for the (Photo )Electrochemical Reduction of CO2; 1.4 Summary and Chapter Overview; References; Chapter 2 Bio inspired and Bio electrochemical Approaches in CO2 Reduction Catalysis; 2.1 CO2 Reduction: The Biological Example; 2.2 Bio electrocatalysis; 2.2.1 Bio electrochemical Cells and Product Detection; 2.2.2 Performance Metrics; 2.2.3 Substrate