Orientalism and literature Styles of orientalism in the eighteenth century Suvir Kaul The origin and development of the oriental tale James Watt Romantic orientalism and occidentalism Saree Makdisi The Victorians : empire and the east Sukanya Banerjee Orientalism and Victorian fiction Daniel Bivona Orientalism and race : Aryans and Semites Christopher Hutton Orientalism and the Bible Ivan D. Kalmar Said Bhabha and the colonized subject Eleanor Byrne The Harem : gendering orientalism Reina Lewis Orientalism and Middle East travel writing Ali Behdad Nineteenth and twentieth American orientalism David Weir Edward said and resistance in colonial and postcolonial literatures Valerie Kennedy Can the cosmopolitan writer be absolved of racism Andrew C. Long From orientalism to Islamophobia Mahmut Mutman Applications of neo orientalism and Islamophobia in recent writing Peter Morey Orientalism and cultural translation : Middle Eastern American writing Carol W.N. Fadda New orientalism and the American media : New York Cleopatra and Saudi giggly black ghosts Moneera Ghadeer On orientalisms future(s) Anouar Majid The engine of survival : a future for orientalism Patrick Williams. Introduction What is the relationship between Orientalism and literature and how does it aid us in our reading Orientalism: Critical Concepts sets out to interrogate a key critical concept in literary studies and has the aim of reviewing the evolution of the concept as it has been explored imagined and narrated in literature. Building upon existing scholarship the aim is to give readers a comprehensive grasp of the origins and present contours of Orientalism and to point out future directions in this field. In the early eighteenth century the term designated scholarship on the East as well as a style in the arts. Interest in the study of oriental languages led to the establishment of Orientalism as a profession. Although it continued as a discipline for well over two centuries its scope developed beyond its philological beginnings and its vaguely defined existence as a literary or artistic topic or style. Then in the 1960s and 70s the academic credibility of Orientalism as an institutionalized discipline began to be contested and after Edward Saids epoch making volume Orientalism: Western Perceptions of the Orient (1978) the term underwent wholesale re evaluation. From a literary studies perspective the value of Saids work is that it probes foundations of the relationship between the West and its other in the context of the creation of the modern world as seen through the lens of culture and literature. Said focused on Orientalism in Britain and France and in the United States from the second half of the twentieth century