Arabic printing for the Christians in Ottoman lands : the East European connection Arabic printing began in Eastern Europe and the Ottoman Levant through the association of the scholar and printer Antim the Iberian later a metropolitan of Wallachia and Athanasios III Dabbās twice patriarch of Antioch when the latter as metropolitan of Aleppo was sojourning in Bucharest. This partnership resulted in the first Greek and Arabic editions of the Book of the Divine Liturgies (Snagov 1701) and the Horologion (Bucharest 1702). With the tools and expertise that he acquired in Wallachia Dabbās established in Aleppo in 1705 the first Arabic type press in the Ottoman Empire. After the Church of Antioch divided into separate Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic Patriarchates in 1724 a new press was opened for Arabic speaking Greek Catholics by ʻAbdallāh Zāḫir in Ḫinšāra (Ḍūr al Šuwayr) Lebanon. Likewise in 1752 1753 a press active at the Church of Saint George in Beirut printed Orthodox books that preserved elements of the Aleppo editions and were reprinted for decades. This book tells the story of the first Arabic type presses in the Ottoman Empire which provided church books to the Arabic speaking Christians irrespective of their confession through the efforts of ecclesiastical leaders such as the patriarchs Silvester of Antioch and Sofronios II of Constantinople and financial support from East European rulers like prince Constantin Brâncoveanu and hetman Ivan Mazepa