Politics and big data : nowcasting and forecasting elections with social media Social media electoral forecasts : qn overview From noise to signal in sentiment and opinion analysis Nowcasting and forecasting the campaign : evidence from France the United States and Italy Leaders promises and negative campaigning : digging into an electoral campaign through social media Social media and electoral forecasts : sources of bias and meta analysis Conclusion : To predict or not to predict : future avenues of social media research within and beyond electoral forecasts