The measure of merit : talents intelligence and inequality in the French and American republics 1750 1940 Introduction Mental abilities and Republican cultures The most precious gift of nature : natural aristocracy Republican polities and the meanings of talent Mental capacities and orthodox minds : mental science education and the politics of individual difference All men are created equal : anthropology intelligence and the science of race Individualizing intelligence through the science of difference Between the art of the clinic and the precision of the laboratory : individual intelligence and the science of difference in Third Republic France American psychology and the seductions of IQ Merit matter and mind Out of the lab and into the world : intelligence goes to war Intelligence and the politics of merit between the wars