Periodic operation of reactors This comprehensive review prepared by 24 experts many of whom are pioneers of the subject brings together in one place over 40 years of research in this unique publication. This book will assist R & D specialists research chemists chemical engineers or process managers harnessing periodic operations to improve their process plant performance. Periodic Operation of Reactors covers process fundamentals research equipment and methods and provides the state of the art for the periodic operation of many industrially important catalytic reactions. Emphasis is on experimental results modeling and simulation. Combined reaction and separation are dealt with including simulated moving bed chromatographic pressure and temperature swing and circulating bed reactors. Thus Periodic Operation of Reactors offers readers a single comprehensive source for the broad and diverse new subject. This exciting new publication is a must have for any professional working in chemical process research and development. Key features: Provides the only comprehensive reference on the fundamentals development and applications of periodic reactor operation using contributions from the research pioneers. This authoritative reference focuses on applications helping readers to use this book to deliver results in their own work. Complete literature references will be an invaluable assistance for readers collecting data and models from past research. About the editors: Peter L. Silveston is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Waterloo in Canada. Professor Silveston has authored or co authored three previous books on reactor engineering topics as well as close to 300 research publications. He is a graduate of M.I.T. and the Technical University of Munich (Germany). Robert Hudgins is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Waterloo. His research interests are reactor engineering specifically periodic operation of catalytic reactors and he has about 250 research publications. He is a graduate of the University of Toronto and Princeton University. FEATURE: A comprehensive reference on the fundamentals development and applications of periodic operation. BENEFIT: Provides readers with a single comprehensive source for this extremely broad and diverse subject FEATURE: Contributors and editors include the pioneers of the subject as well as the leading researchers in the field. BENEFIT: Has the authority and experience of the leading players in the field FEATURE: Covers both fundamentals and the state of the art for each operation scenario and brings all types of periodic operation together in a single volume. BENEFIT: Provides a succinct reference to the most important applications in the filed allowing readers to understand how to apply techniques or technologies to their own situation FEATURE: Discussion is focused on experimental results rather than theoretical ones; provides a rich source of experimental data plus process models. BENEFIT: Applied approach that is geared helping practicing engineers and researchers solve problems FEATURE: Accompanying website with modelling data BENEFIT: Engineers can engage with experimental and actual performance data Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction Yurii Sh. Matros 1.1. Periodic Operation 1.2. Origins of Periodic Operation 1.3. Variables in Periodic Operation 1.4. Cycle Structure in Periodic Operation 1.5. Measuring Improvement 1.6. Inherently Periodic Processes 1.7. Objectives of Periodic Operation 1.8. Strategies in Periodic Operation 1.9. Equipment for Periodic Operation 1.10. Reaction Systems Examined 1.11. New Directions 1.12.A Brief History of the Study of Periodic Operation 2. Hydrogenation Processes Peter Lewis Silveston 2.1. Ammonia Synthesis 2.2. NOx Reduction 2.3. Methanation 2.4. Methanol Synthesis 2.5. Ethylene Hydrogenation 2.6. Aromatics Hydrogenation 2.7. Oscillatory Behavior 3. Catalytic Oxidation and Reduction of Gases Albert Renken 3.1. Introduction 3.2. CO Oxidation 3.3. Sulfur Dioxide Oxidation 3.4. Reduction of SO3 by CO Over Platinum 3.5. Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides 3.6. Traveling Waves in Packed Beds 4. Partial Oxidation and Dehydrogenation of Hydrocarbons Adesoji A. Adesina 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Partial Oxidation and Reforming of Methane to Syngas 4.3. Oxidative Coupling of Methane 4.4. Epoxidation 4.5. Propene and Butene Partial Oxidation and Ammoxidation 4.6. Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Propane Butane and Higher Hydrocarbons 4.7. Maleic Anhydride from Butane 4.8. Anhydrides and Aldehydes from Aromatic Hydrocarbons 4.9. Aromatic Nitriles 5.Combustion Systems Robert Ross Hudgins 5.1. Non Catalytic Combustion Reactions 5.2. Catalytic Combustion 5.3. Looping Combustion 5.4. Simulated Loop Reactors 6. Automotive Exhaust Catalysis William S. Epling 6.1. Internal Combustion Engines 6.2. Modulation of Detoxification Reactions 6.3. Modeling Studies 6.4. Studies on Modulating Automotive Exhaust 6.5. Effect of A F Modulation on Poisoning and Sintering 6.6. Effects of Irregular A F Variation 6.7. Lean Burn Spark Ignited Engines 6.8. Application of NSR to Diesel Exhausts 6.9. Does A F Modulation Improve Converter Performance 7. Polymerization Under Modulation Peter L. Silveston 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Simulation of Polymerization Under Input Modulation 7.3. Experiments on Polymerization Under Input Modulation 7.4. Spontaneous Oscillations 7.5. Saturation of Polymers 7.6. Assessment 8. Catalytic Gas Solid Reactions Peter Lewis Silveston 8.1. Partial Oxidation and Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Hydrocarbons 8.2. Methane Cracking 8.3. Non Catalytic Gas Solid Reactions 8.4. Catalytic Gasification Under Modulation 8.5. Gasification Employing a Circulating Solid Oxygen Carrier 8.6.Combustion in Circulating Fluidized Beds 8.7. Periodic Reaction Switching 9. Electrochemical Processes Peter Lewis Silveston 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Electroplating 9.3. Electroforming 9.4. Anodization 9.5. Electrochemical Machining and Polishing 9.6. Electrowinning and Electrorefining 9.7. Galvanic Cells 9.8. Electrolytic Production of Chemicals 9.9. Applicability of Principles or Practices to Non Electrochemical Reactions 10. Modulation of Biological Processes Jeno M. Scharer 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Theoretical Considerations 10.3. Substrate and Flow Rate Modulation 10.4. Dissolved Oxygen Modulation 10.5. Culture Medium Tuning 10.6. Survival in Mixed Cultures 10.7. Stabilization of Recombinant Cell Cultures 10.8. Applications to Immobilized Cells or Enzymes 10.9. Fed Batch Operations 10.10. Overview 11. Miscellaneous Reactions Albert Renken 11.1. Ethyl Acetate from Ethylene and Acetic Acid 11.2. Claus Reaction 11.3. Dehydrogenation of Methanol 11.4. Deamination and Alcohol Dehydration Reactions 11.5. Photocatalytic Degradation of AZO Dyes 11.6. The Minimal Bromate Reaction 11.7. Propanol Dehydrogenation 11.8. Glucose Oxidation 11.9. Overview 12. Modulation of Multiple Reactions Albert Renken 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Homogeneous Reactions 12.3. Solids Catalyzed Reactions 12.4.Competitive Reactions 12.5. Methane Homologation 12.6. Oligomerization of Ethene 12.7. Modulation of Multiple Inputs 13. Use of Modulation in Mechanistic Studies Peter Lewis Silveston 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Qualitative Applications 13.3. Quantitative Applications 13.4. Modulation of Light Intensity 13.5. Application of Modulation to the Testing of Rival Models 13.6. Overview 14. Evaluation of Periodic Processes Andreas Seidel Morgenstern 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Nonlinear Frequency Response and Higher Order Frequency Response Functions 14.3. Estimation of the Time Average Performance of Periodic Processes Using Nonlinear Frequency Response Analysis 14.4. Application of Nonlinear Frequency Response Analysis for the Estimation of the Periodic Steady States of Cyclic Processes 14.5. Summary 15. Pressure Modulation Robert Ross Hudgins 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Acceleration of Mass Transfer 15.3. Sonocatalysis 15.4. Periodic Pressure Reduction 15.5.Combined Compression and Reaction 15.6. Application to Rate and Equilibrium Measurements 15.7. Assessment and Research Opportunities 16. Temperature Modulation Robert Ross Hudgins 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Theoretical Studies 16.3. Simulation Studies 16.4. Experimental Studies with Conventional Laboratory Equipment 16.5. Temperature Modulation of Trickle Beds 16.6. Experimental Studies with Microreactors 16.7. Overview and Comments 17. Flow Interruption in Trickle Beds Peter Lewis Silveston 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Steady State Operation of a Trickle Bed Reactor 17.3. Periodic Operation of Trickle Bed Reactors 17.4. Liquid Flow Modulation with Multiple Reactions 17.5. Hydrodynamics Under Liquid Flow Modulation 17.6. Modeling of the Periodic Operation of Trickle Bed Reactors 17.7. Summary 18. Periodic Flow Reversal Hristo Sapoundjiev 18.1. The Heat Trapping Concept 18.2. Theoretical Aspects 18.3. Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds 18.4. Other Applications of Reverse Flow Reactors 18.5. Thermal Reactors 18.6. Endothermic Processes 18.7. Mass Trapping Reactors 18.8. Biofilters 18.9. Miscellaneous Applications 18.10.Commercial Applications 19. Control of Periodically Operated Reactors Peter Lewis Silveston 19.1. Formulation of an Optimal Control Problem for a Periodically Operated Reactor 19.2. Chattering Controls 19.3. Controls for Stirred Slurry and Fluidized Bed Reactors 19.4. Controls for Packed Bed Reactors 19.5. Control of Packed Bed Reactors with Flow Direction Switching 19.6. Control of Simulated Moving Bed Chromatographic Reactors 19.7. Other Control Schemes for Periodically Operated Reactors 19.8.Comments and Research Needs 20. Chromatographic Reactors Motoaki Kawase 20.1. Introduction 20.2. Concept and Types 20.3. General Models 20.4. Cyclic Steady State 20.5. Pulse Chromatographic Reactor 20.6. Countercurrent Moving Bed Chromatographic Reactor 20.7. Continuous Rotating Annular Chromatographic Reactor 20.8. Stepwise Countercurrent Multi Stage Fluidized Bed Chromatographic Reactor 20.9. Fixed Bed Chromatographic Reactor With Flow Direction Switching 20.10. Extractive Reactor Systems 20.11. Centrifugal Partition Chromatographic Reactor 21. Simulated Moving Bed Chromatographic Reactors Peter Lewis Silveston 21.1. Operation and Application 21.2. Modeling and Simulation 21.3. Experimental Studies 21.4. Other Reactor Applications of Simulated Moving Beds 22. Pressure and Temperature Swing Reactors Peter Lewis Silveston 22.1. Concepts and Types of Pressure Swing Reactors 22.2. Models for Swing Reactors 22.3.Computational Considerations 22.4. Simulations of Pressure Swing Systems 22.5. Experimental Studies 22.6. Temperature Swing Reactors 22.7. Simulation of Temperature Swing Systems 22.8. Temperature Swing Reactor Networks 22.9. Experimental 22.10.Combined Pressure and Temperature Swing Reactors 22.11. Overview and Assessment 23. New Directions Research and Development Challenges Peter Lewis Silveston 23.1. Challenges 23.2. New Directions