High pressure technologies in biomass conversion Bringing researchers and industrialists up to date with the latest advances in green high pressure technologies 3.2 CO2 Properties Under Subcritical and Supercritical Conditions3.2.1 Physicochemical Properties and Phase Behaviour of CO2; 3.2.2 Dielectric Constant; 3.2.3 Phase Equilibrium; 3.3 Application of CO2 for Biomass Pre treatment and Fractionation; 3.3.1 Use of scCO2 Under Subcritical Water (CO2 H2O Mixtures); 3.3.2 Use of CO2 Under Supercritical Conditions; 3.4 Use of Co solvents in CO2 based Pre treatment Methods; 3.5 Scale up of CO2 based Methods for Biomass Pre treatment; 3.5.1 CO2 Supply; 3.5.2 CO2 Pressurizing; 3.5.3 Unit Operations; 3.5.4 Reaction Feeding Mode; 3.6 Conclusions AcknowledgmentsReferences; Chapter 4 Enzyme based Biomass Catalyzed Reactions in Supercritical CO2; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Enzymatic Reactions in scCO2; 4.2.1 Effects of Temperature and Pressure; 4.2.2 pH of Medium and Formation of Carbonic Acid; 4.2.3 Effect of Water Content; 4.2.4 High pressure Enzymatic Reactors; 4.3 Biomass Conversion in scCO2; 4.3.1 Algal Biomass in scCO2; 4.4 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References; Chapter 5 Direct Hydrolysis of Biomass Polymers using High pressure CO2 and CO2 H2O Mixtures; 5.1 Introduction; 5.1.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass Polymers Cover; Contents; Foreword; Preface; Chapter 1 Supercritical Fluids in Natural Product and Biomass Processing An Introduction; 1.1 The Early History of Supercritical CO2 Extraction; 1.2 The Role of Water in Supercritical CO2 Extraction; 1.3 Fractionation of Liquids; 1.4 Supercritical H2O; 1.5 Perspectives; References; Chapter 2 Introduction to High Pressure CO2 and H2O Technologies in Sustainable Biomass Processing; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Biomass as Feedstock; 2.2.1 First Generation Biofuels and Bioproducts Edible Crops; 2.2.2 Second and Third Generation of Biomass Non edible Crops 5.2 High pressure CO2 and CO2 H2O Mixture in the Hydrolysis of Biomass5.2.1 Fundamentals; 5.3 Hydrolysis of Biomass derived Polymers; 5.3.1 Cellulose; 5.3.2 Hemicelluloses; 5.3.3 Starch; 5.3.4 Proteins; 5.3.5 Lignin; 5.4 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; Chapter 6 Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass Derived Monomers using High pressure CO2 and CO2 H2O Mixtures; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Cellulose and Hemicellulose Hydrolysis; 6.2.1 The Phenomena at a Glance; 6.2.2 Simple Mathematical Models to Describe Hydrolysis 2.3 The Biorefinery Concept2.3.1 Biorefinery Products; 2.3.2 Main Biorefinery Processes; 2.4 High pressure CO2 and CO2 H2O Systems Within the Biorefinery Concept; 2.4.1 Essential Features of High pressure CO2 and CO2 H2O Systems; 2.4.2 Physical Processes Employing High pressure CO2 or CO2 H2O Systems; 2.4.3 Chemical Processes Employing High pressure CO2 or CO2 H2O Systems; 2.4.4 Challenges for Implementing Processes Using CO2; 2.5 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3 Pre treatment of Biomass Using CO2 based Methods; 3.1 Introduction