The crusades and the expansion of Catholic Christendom 1000 1714 In the beginning The papal monarchy and the invention of the crusade The First Crusade Crusade and expansion in the early twelfth century Crusade expansion and check 1144 92 The zenith of the crusading movement 1192 1254 Progress and miscalculation 1254 1337 Failure and fragmentation 1337 1444 Towards a new world 1444 1714 Perspectives.