Getting it right : R & D methods for science and engineering Machine generated contents note: Chapter 1 Research and Development 1.1 Motivation 3 1.2 Background 7 1.3 R&D Problems 8 1.4 Primary Objective 12 Chapter 2 Process and Preparation 2.1 The Methodology 13 2.2 Tools and Resources 15 Part II Project Organization Chapter 3 The Project Hierarchy 3.1 Bottoms Up 21 3.2 Top Down Project Planning 22 Chapter 4 The Project Task 4.1 Task Domain 36 4.1.1 Task Objective 36 4.1.2 Task Unit 37 4.1.3 Task Resources 40 4.1.3.1 Inducers 41 4.1.3.2 Sensors 42 4.1.3.3 Supervisor 55 4.1.3.4 Channels 57 4.1.3.5 Knowledge 61 4.2 Task Method 63 4.3 Task Range 67 Part III Knowledge Representation Chapter 5 An Epistemological Journey 71 Chapter 6 Categories and Types of Knowledge 77 6.1 Speculative Knowledge 78 6.2 Presumptive Knowledge 78 6.3 Stipulative Knowledge 85 6.4 Conclusive Knowledge 88 Chapter 7 Roles of Knowledge Propositions 93 7.1 Governing Propositions 94 7.2 Factors 100 7.3 Range Knowledge 103 Chapter 8 Limits of Knowledge 109 8.1 Accuracy and Error 113 8.2 Uncertainty 119 8.2.1 Parametric Estimates of Uncertainty 120 8.2.2 Geometric Estimates of the Uncertainty of Measurements 129 8.2.3 Propagation of Uncertainty 142 8.3 Precision 146 8.3.1 Ascertaining the Precision Limit 149 8.3.2 Setting the Precision of Results and Conclusions 152 8.4 Knowledge Truth and Humility 156 Part IV The Scientific Method Chapter 9 Overview 9.1 History of the Scientific Method 161 9.2 The Modern Scientific Method 166 9.2.1 Iterative Execution 169 9.2.2 Recursive Execution 173 Chapter 10 Analysis 10.1 Describe Problem 183 10.2 Set Performance Criteria 187 10.3 Investigate Related Work 191 10.4 State Objective 193 Chapter 11 Hypothesis 11.1 Specify Solution 200 11.2 Set Goals 202 11.3 Define Factors 211 11.4 Postulate Performance Metrics 215 Chapter 12 Synthesis 12.1 Implement Solution 220 12.2 Design Experiments 227 12.2.1 Experiment Laboratory 232 12.2.2 Block Design 238 12.2.3 Data Management 264 12.3 Conduct Experiments 274 12.4 Reduce Results 274 Chapter 13 Validation 13.1 Compute Performance 280 13.2 Draw Conclusions 291 13.3 Prepare Documentation 299 13.3.1 Primary Project Documentation 303 13.3.2 Secondary Project Documentation 315 13.3 Solicit Peer Review 323 Appendices A. Bibliography 331 B. Glossary 335 C. Tips 343 D. Summaries and Guidelines 347 E. Case Study Figures and Tables 365 F. Sample Experiment Protocol 387 G. An Algorithmfor Discovery 393 Index 395