Laser beam scintillation with applications Part II. Applications Chapter 7. Laser communication systems Introduction Direct detection optical receivers Threshold detection in the absence of atmospheric turbulence Frequency of fades and surges Threshold detection in the presence of atmospheric turbulence Coherent detection optical receivers Threshold detection in the absence of atmospheric turbulence Frequency of fades and surges Threshold detection in the presence of atmospheric turbulence Spatial diversity receivers Array receivers in direct detection Aperture averaging Linear combining methods for coherent detection EG array receivers in coherent detection Bit error rate (BER) performance Direct detection binary baseband signaling Coherent detection digital signaling References Chapter 8. Fade statistics for lasercom systems Introduction Probability of fade models Expected number of fades Lognormal model Gamma model Gamma gamma model Terrestrial lasercom link Probability of fade Mean fade time Uplink downlink slant paths Atmospheric model for Cn2 Spatial filter models Downlink from a satellite: plane wave model Scintillation index Covariance function Probability of fade Uplink to a satellite: spherical wave model Scintillation index Covariance function Probability of fade References Part I. Scintillation models Chapter 1. Optical wave propagation in random media: background review Introduction Optical properties of the atmosphere Atmospheric structure with altitude Absorption and scattering Optical turbulence Power spectrum models Gaussian beam wave model Transmitter and receiver beam parameters Wave propagation in random media: methods of analysis Rytov approximation Extended Huygens Fresnel principle Mutual coherence function: weak fluctuations Spatial coherence radius Mean irradiance Angle of arrival and image dancing Beam wander Mutual coherence function: strong fluctuations Mean irradiance Spatial coherence radius Effective beam parameters Scintillation index and covariance function Scintillation index: weak fluctuations Scintillation index: strong fluctuations Covariance function: weak fluctuations Aperture averaging of scintillation: weak fluctuations Paraxial ABCD optical systems Generalized Huygens Fresnel integral Gaussian lens Image plane Double passage waves Gaussian mirror Mutual coherence function Covariance function and scintillation index References Chapter 4. Theory of scintillation: spherical wave model Introduction Zero inner scale model Effective Kolmogorov spectrum Nonzero inner scale model Effective atmospheric spectrum Outer scale effects Comparison with experimental data Covariance function of irradiance Gamma gamma distribution Comparison with simulation data References Chapter 5. Theory of scintillation: Gaussian beam wave model Introduction Radial component Effective beam parameters Asymptotic theory for the longitudinal component Zero inner scale model Nonzero inner scale model Outer scale effects Comparison with simulation data References Chapter 6. Aperture averaging Introduction ABCD matrix formulation Aperture averaging factor: plane wave Zero inner scale Nonzero inner scale Outer scale effects Asymptotic analysis Aperture averaging factor: spherical wave Zero inner scale Nonzero inner scale Outer scale effects Comparison with experimental data Asymptotic analysis Aperture averaging factor: Gaussian beam wave Zero inner scale Nonzero inner scale Outer scale effects Temporal spectrum of irradiance fluctuations References Chapter 10. Laser radar systems: imaging through Turbulence Introduction Review of linear shift invariant systems Fourier transform analysis Coherent imaging systems Shift invariance Impulse response and coherent transfer functions Incoherent imaging systems Targets Point spread function and modulation transfer function Target resolution Atmospheric effects Laser imaging radar Unresolved small target Total MTF of return wave Scintillation index of return wave Single pixel signal to noise ratio Finite rough target Propagation path characteristics Statistical model for target Total MTF of return wave Scintillation index of return wave Single pixel signal to noise ratio References Index Renewed interest in laser communication systems has sparked development of useful new analytic models. This book discusses optical scintillation and its impact on system performance in free space optical communication and laser radar applications with a detailed look at propagation phenomena and the role of scintillation on system behavior. Intended for practicing engineers scientists and students Chapter 9. Laser radar systems: scintillation of return waves Introduction Review of basic radar principles Range and Doppler frequency shift Classification of targets Laser radar configuration Gaussian beam parameters Statistical characteristics of illumination beam Backscatter amplification effect Scintillation index Unresolved small target: spherical wave model Backscatter amplification effect Scintillation index: bistatic channel Scintillation index: monostatic channel Unresolved small target: Gaussian beam wave model Backscatter amplification effect Scintillation index: bistatic channel Scintillation index: monostatic channel Finite diffuse surface: spherical wave model Backscatter amplification effect Scintillation index part I Scintillation index part II Threshold detection Direct detection Coherent detection Aperture averaging Experimental data for EG array receivers Data analysis for a single aperture: point target Data analysis for a single aperture: diffuse target Multiple apertures: diffuse target References Chapter 2. Modeling optical scintillation Introduction Background on scintillation Models for refractive index fluctuations Physical model for amplitude fluctuations The modulation process Modified Rytov theory Scintillation index model Spatial filter functions Inner scale effects Outer scale effects Distribution models for the irradiance Lognormal distribution K distribution Lognormal Rician distribution Gamma gamma distribution References Chapter 3. Theory of scintillation: plane wave model Introduction Zero inner scale model Effective Kolmogorov spectrum Nonzero inner scale model Effective atmospheric spectrum Outer scale effects Covariance function of irradiance Zero inner scale model Nonzero inner scale model Temporal spectrum Zero inner scale model Nonzero inner scale model Gamma gamma distribution Comparison with simulation data References