Building bad : how architectural utility is constrained by politics and damaged by expression In this book the author argues that architectural functionality is often constrained by political and economic forces while it is also effectively undermined by modes of expression. Utilitarian building elementsfor example windows or skylights intended to bring daylight into offices or factoriesmay be subject to excessive heat gain thereby coming into conflict with an evolving politics of energy conservation and global warming mitigation. Yet at the other extreme they may be deployed as part of expressive systems whose value understood in terms of symbol and metaphor can overwhelm these utilitarian considerations. 00Politics and economics in other words establish lower and upper bounds for all utilitarian functions whose costs and benefits are continually assessed on the basis of the profitable accumulation of wealth within a competitive global economy. Simultaneously an artistic sensibility also driven by competition often contorts buildings into increasingly untenable forms. With utility both constrained by politics and attacked by expression buildingsespecially those that aim to be fashionable and avant gardeoften experience various degrees of utilitarian failure.00The political constraints and expressive tendencies affecting architectural utility are separately examined in the two parts of this book while an epilogue looks at the implications for architectural education