Understanding Understanding : Essays on Cybernetics and Cognition In these essays Heinz von Foerster discusses some of the fundamental principles that govern how we know the world and how we process the information from which we derive that knowledge. Included are path breaking articles concerning the principles of computation in neural nets (1967) the definition of self organizing systems (1960) the nature of cognition (1970) as well as recent expansions on these themes (e.g. How recursive is communication 1993). Working with Norbert Wiener Warren McCullough and others in the 1960s and 1970s von Foerster was one of the founders of the science of cybernetics which has had profound effects both on modern systems theory and on the philosophy of cognition. At the Biological Computer Laboratory at the University of Illinois he produced the first parallel computers and contributed to many other developments in the theory of computation and cognition. On Self Organizing Systems and Their Environments Computation in Neural Nets What Is Memory that It May Have Hindsight and Foresight as well Molecular Ethology An Immodest Proposal for Semantic Clarification Thoughts and Notes on Cognition Responsibilities of Competence Perception of the Future and the Future of Perception On Constructing a Reality Cybernetics of Epistemology Notes on an Epistemology for Living Things Objects: Tokens for (Eigen )Behaviors Disorder Order: Discovery or Invention Cybernetics of Cybernetics Ethics and Second Order Cybernetics For Niklas Luhmann: “How Recursive is Communication” to Natural Magic Publications.