Spaces of honor : making German civil society 1700 1914 The common understanding is that honor belongs to a bygone era whereas civil society belongs to the future and modern society. Heikki Lempa argues that honor was not gone or even in decline between 1700 and 1914 and that civil society was not new but had long roots that stretched into the Middle Ages. In fact what is peculiar for this era in Germany were the deep connections between practices of honor and civil society. This study focuses on collective actions of honor and finds them in a series of case studies at such communal spaces as schools theaters lunch and dinner tables spas workers strikes and demonstrations. It is in these collective actions that we see civil society in making. The Spaces of Honor sees civil society not primarily as an idea or an intellectual project but as a set of practices shaped in physical spaces. Around 1700 the declining power of religious authorities allowed German intellectuals to redefine civil society starting with a new language of honor. Then in the middle of the eighteenth century an increasing number of voluntary associations and public spaces turned it into reality. Here honor provided cohesion. In the nineteenth century urbanization and industrialization ushered in powerful forces of atomization that civil society attempted to remedy. The remedy came from social and physical spaces that generated a culture of honor and emotional belonging. We find them in voluntary associations spas revived guilds and labor unions. By the end of the nineteenth century honor was deeply embedded in German civil society