The Nanoscale Optical Properties of Complex Nanostructures Chap1: Introduction Chap2: Tools and Techniques Chap3: Extracting Interface Absorption Effects from First Principles Chap4: Advanced Electron Microscopy for Complex Nanotechnology Chap5: Probing Plasmons in Three Dimensions Chap6: The Plasmonic Response of Archimedean Spirals Chap7: Future Directions and Conclusion Appendices: A C Curriculum Vitae. This book presents studies of complex nanostructures with unique optical responses from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. The theory approaches the optical response of a complex structure from both quantum mechanical and semiclassical frameworks and is used to understand experimental results at a fundamental level as well as to form a quantitative model to allow the design of custom nanostructures. The experiments utilize scanning transmission electron microscopy and its associated analytical spectroscopies to observe nanoscale optical effects such as surface plasmon resonances with nanometer scale spatial resolution. Furthermore there is a focus in the dissertation on the combination of distinct techniques to study the difficult to access aspects of the nanoscale response of complex nanostructures: the combination of complementary spectroscopies the combination of electron microscopy and photonics and the combination of experiment and theory. Overall the work demonstrates the importance of observing nanoscale optical phenomena in complex structures and observing them directly at the nanoscale.