Beyond MIDI : the handbook of musical codes The establishment of the Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) in the late 1980s allowed hobbyists and musicians to experiment with sound control in ways that previously had been possible only in research studios. MIDI is now the most prevalent representation of music but what it represents is based on hardware control protocols for sound synthesis. Programs that support sound input for graphics output necessarily span a gamut of representational categories. What is most likely to be lost is any sense of the musical work. Thus for those involved in pedagogy analysis simulation notation and music theory the nature of the representation matters a great deal. An understanding of the data requirements of different applications is fundamental to the creation of interchange codes. The contributors to Beyond MIDI present a broad range of schemes illustrating a wide variety of approaches to music representation. Generally each chapter describes the history and intended purposes of the code a description of the representation of the primary attributes of music (pitch duration articulation ornamentation dynamics and timbre) a description of the file organization some mention of existing data in the format resources for further information and at least one encoded example. The book also shows how intended applications influence the kinds of musical information that are encoded.