Citizenship in classical Athens What did citizenship really mean in classical Athens It is conventionally understood as characterised by holding political office. Since only men could do so only they were considered to be citizens and the community (polis) has appeared primarily as the scene of mens political actions. However Athenian law defined citizens not by political office but by descent. Religion was central to the polis and in this domain women played prominent public roles. Both men and women were called citizens. On a new reading of the evidence Josine Blok argues that for the Athenians their polis was founded on an enduring bond with the gods. Laws anchored the polis commitments to humans and gods in this bond transmitted over time to male and female Athenians as equal heirs. All public offices in various ways and as befitting gender and age served both the human community and the divine powers protecting Athens. Proposes a new view of citizenship in classical Athens bringing together hitherto fundamentally distinct approaches to the classical community (polis). Clarifies the debate on Greek citizenship in its historical and intellectual context inviting engagement with modern citizenship studies. Includes in depth discussion of key evidence in translation with Greek texts provided in the footnotes so that no knowledge of Ancient Greek is necessary Publisher description Rethinking Athenian citizenship A bond between polis and gods The value of descent Citizens male and female : vocabulary Participation : public roles and institutions Outlook : Athenians and others