Nanomaterials for food packaging : materials processing technologies and safety issues 6.4. Conclusion and Future Outlook Chapter 7: Active Packaging 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Antimicrobial Packaging Systems 7.2.1. Metal Nanoparticles 7.2.1.1. Silver 7.2.1.2. Gold 7.2.1.3. Copper 7.2.2. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 7.2.2.1. Titanium Dioxide 7.2.2.2. Magnesium Oxide 7.2.2.3. Zinc Oxide 7.2.3. Bioactive Compounds 7.3. Oxygen Scavengers 7.4. Ethylene Scavengers 7.5. Conclusions Chapter 8: Intelligent Packaging 8.1. Introduction 8.2. IP Systems 8.2.1. Data Carriers 8.2.1.1. Barcodes 8.2.1.2. Radiofrequency Identification Devices 8.2.2. Sensors 8.2.2.1. Gas Sensors 8.2.2.2. Biosensors 8.2.3. Indicators 8.2.3.1. Temperature Indicators 8.2.3.2. Gas Indicators 8.2.3.3. Freshness Indicators 8.3. Technologies for IP Systems 8.3.1. Printed Electronics 8.3.2. Functional Inks for IP 8.3.2.1. Conductive Inks for Printed Electronics 8.3.2.2. Chromogenic Inks 8.3.2.2.1. Photochromic Inks 8.3.2.2.2. Thermochromic Inks 8.4. Commercial Applications Research Trends and Innovations on IP 8.4.1. Commercial Applications 8.4.2. Research Trends and Innovations 8.4.2.1. Gas Sensors and Indicators 8.4.2.2. Biosensors 8.4.2.3. Temperature Indicators 8.4.3. Future Outlook Chapter 9: Safety Assessment and Migration Tests 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Migration Studies 9.3. Techniques for Nanomaterial Analysis 9.3.1. Sample Preparation 9.3.2. Microscopic Techniques 9.3.3. ICP Based Techniques 9.3.4. Other Techniques 9.4. Research on Migration Potential 9.5. Protocols for Safety Assessment 9.6. Future Directions Chapter 10: Overview on European Regulatory Issues Legislation and EFSA Evaluations of Nanomaterials 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Legal Definitions 10.3. Nanomaterials for FCM in European Legislation Front Cover Nanomaterials for Food Packaging: Materials Processing Technologies and Safety Issues Copyright Contents Contributors Foreword Chapter 1: Nanotechnology in Food Packaging: Opportunities and Challenges 1.1. Nanomaterials in Food Packaging 1.2. Innovative Solutions in Food Packaging Using Nanomaterials 1.3. Social and Commercial Acceptance Chapter 2: Inorganic Based Nanostructures and Their Use in Food Packaging 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Inorganic Based Nanoadditives and Nanocomposites 2.2.1. Strengthening of the Package 2.2.2. Enhancement of Gas Barrier Properties 2.2.3. Antimicrobial Activity 2.2.4. Controlled Release of Active Substances 2.2.5. Absorption of Chemical Compounds 2.3. Applications of Inorganic Nanoadditives as a Function of Their Structure 2.3.1. 0D Nanoadditives (Nanoparticles) 2.3.2. 1D Nanoadditives (Nanofibers) 2.3.3. 2D Nanoadditives (Nanolayers) 2.4. Classification of Nanoadditives as a Function of Their Nature 2.4.1. Metal Based and Oxide Nanoparticles 2.4.2. Carbon Based 2.4.3. Clay Based 2.4.4. Other Nanoadditives 2.5. Concluding Remarks Chapter 3: Lignocellulosic Based Nanostructures and Their Use in Food Packaging 3.1. Cellulose Nanostructures 3.1.1. Nanocellulose Fillers for Reinforcement 3.1.2. Nonreinforcement Applications of Cellulose Nanostructures 3.2. Hemicellulose Nanostructures 3.3. Lignin Nanoparticles 3.3.1. Effects of LNPs on Physical Properties of Polymer Materials 3.3.2. Antioxidant Properties of LNPs 3.3.3. LNPs in Antibacterial Materials 3.3.4. UV Absorption by LNPs 3.4. Combination of Lignocellulosic Nanoparticles 3.5. Environmental Evaluation of Nanocomposite Materials Used in Food Packaging 3.5.1. LCA: A Methodology for Designing Environmentally Sound Nanocomposite Food Packaging 3.5.1.1. Goal and Scope Definition 3.5.1.2. Inventory Analysis 3.5.1.3. Impact Assessment 3.5.1.4. Interpretation of Results 3.6. Conclusions Chapter 4: Bio Based Nanocomposites in Food Packaging 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Bioplastics for Food Packaging: Natural and Synthetic Polymers 4.3. Bionanocomposites in Food Packaging 4.4. Natural Biodegradable Polymer Based Nanocomposites 4.4.1. Polysaccharide Based Composites 4.4.1.1. Starch Based Systems 4.4.1.2. Cellulose Based Systems 4.4.1.3. Chitosan Based Systems 4.4.2. Protein Based Composites 4.5. Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Based Nanocomposites 4.5.1. PLA Composites 4.5.1.1. PLA Lignocellulosic Nanofillers 4.5.1.2. PLA Nanoclay 4.5.1.3. PLA Metal or Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 4.5.2. PHA Based Composites 4.5.3. Biodegradable Polymeric Blend Based Composites 4.6. Biodegradable Polymeric Nanocomposites in Food Packaging Market 4.7. Conclusions and Future Trends Chapter 5: Production and Processing of Polymer Based Nanocomposites 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Properties Required for Processing Polymers: The Advantages of (Nano)additives 5.3. Manufacture of PNCs: The Quest for Dispersion 5.4. Main Processing Technologies 5.4.1. Extrusion (Film and Sheet) 5.4.2. Injection Molding (Containers Lids and Caps) 5.4.3. Blow Molding (Bottles) 5.4.4. Thermoforming (Trays Cups and Containers) 5.4.5. Converting Flexible Films 5.5. Conclusions Chapter 6: Nanostructured Multilayer Films 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Multilayer Structures 6.2.1. Coatings 6.2.2. Interlayers 6.3. Production Methodologies 6.3.1. LbL Nanoassembly 6.3.2. Nanostructured Layers by EHDP 6.3.3. Other Techniques 10.4. Migration and Modeling 10.5. The Cases of Nanomaterials in Food Contact Plastics Already Evaluated or Authorized in Europe 10.5.1. Carbon Black (FCM No. 411) 10.5.2. Silicon Dioxide Hydrophilic (FCM No. 504) and Silanated (FCM No. 87) 10.5.3. Titanium Nitride (TiN) (FCM No. 807) 10.5.4. Iron (II) Modified Bentonite 10.5.5. Kaolin Clay and Polyacrylic Acid Sodium Salt 10.5.6. Montmorillonite Clay Modified by Dimethyldialkyl (C16 C18) Ammonium Chloride (FCM No. 1030) 10.5.7. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles With Organic Coating (FCM No. 1046) and Uncoated (FCM No. 1050) 10.5.8. (Butadiene Ethyl Acrylate Methyl Methacrylate Styrene) Copolymer in Nanoform Not Crosslinked (FCM No. 998) and ... 10.6. Future Trends in Safety Evaluation Chapter 11: Food Packaging: Surface Engineering and Commercialization 11.1. Introduction 11.2. The Role(s) of Packaging 11.3. Roadmap of Packaging Technology Development From the Beginning to Till Date 11.4. Bulk vs Surface Engineering of Packaging Materials (Technology) 11.4.1. Surface Engineering Concept for the Application in Food Packaging 11.4.2. Block Copolymers and Their Phase Separation Chemistry 11.5. Costs and Practicalities 11.6. Risks and Benefits 11.7. Safety Challenges 11.8. Future of Packaging Index