Principles and Methods of Quantum Information Technologies Quantum Information Theory for Quantum Communication Quantum Communication for the Ultimate Capacity and Security Quantum Communication Experiments Over Optical Fiber Spin photon Entanglement in Semiconductor Quantum Dots: Towards Solid state based Quantum Repeaters Optical Lattice Clocks for Precision Time and Frequency Metrology Cold Atom Magnetometers Photonic Quantum Metrologies Using Photons phase Super sensitivity and Entanglement enhanced Imaging Counting Statistics of Single electron Transport Some Recent Progress for approximation algorithms Coherent Computing with Injection Locked Laser Network A Degenerate Optical Parametric Oscillator Network for Coherent Computation Coherent Ising Machines with Quantum Measurement and Feedback Control Bose Einstein Condensation: A Common Platform for Quantum Simulation Experiments Quantum Simulation Using Ultracold Ytterbium Atoms in an Optical Lattice Quantum Simulation with Trapped Ions―Experimental Realization of the Jaynes Cummings Hubbard Model― Equilibrium to Nonequilibrium Condensation in Driven dissipative Semiconductor Systems High orbital Exciton polariton Condensation: Towards Quantum simulator Applications Layered Architectures for Quantum Computers and Quantum Repeaters Analysis of an Atom optical Architecture for Quantum Computation Optical Hybrid Quantum Information Processing Microwave Photonics on a Chip: Superconducting Circuits as Artificial Atoms for Quantum Information Processing. Achievements and Outlook of Research on Quantum Information Systems using Superconducting Quantum Circuits Parametric amplifier and oscillator based on Josephson junction circuitry Superconductor Diamond Hybrid Quantum System Spin Qubits with Semiconductor Quantum Dots Silicon Quantum Information Processing Quantum Information Processing Experiments using Nuclear and Electron Spins in Molecules Molecular Spin Qubits: Molecular Optimization of Synthetic Spin Qubits Molecular Spin AQC and Ensemble Spin Manipulation Technology. This book presents the research and development related results of the “FIRST” Quantum Information Processing Project which was conducted from 2010 to 2014 with the support of the Council for Science Technology and Innovation of the Cabinet Office of the Government of Japan. The project supported 33 research groups and explored five areas: quantum communication quantum metrology and sensing coherent computing quantum simulation and quantum computing. The book is divided into seven main sections. Parts I through V which consist of twenty chapters focus on the system and architectural aspects of quantum information technologies while Parts VI and VII which consist of eight chapters discuss the superconducting quantum circuit semiconductor spin and molecular spin technologies. Readers will be introduced to new quantum computing schemes such as quantum annealing machines and coherent Ising machines which have now arisen as alternatives to standard quantum computers and are designed to successfully address NP hard NP complete combinatorial optimization problems which are ubiquitous and relevant in our modern life. The book offers a balanced mix of theory based and experimentation based chapters written by leading researchers. Extensive information is provided on Quantum simulation which focuses on the implementation of various many body Hamiltonians in a well controlled physical system Quantum key distribution Quantum repeaters and quantum teleportation which are indispensable technologies for building quantum networks with various advanced applications and require far more sophisticated experimental techniques to implement.