Polymer extrusion 3.7. Technological improvements3.7.1. Grooved barrels; 3.7.2. Barrier screws; 3.7.3. Mixing heads; 3.8. Conclusion; 3.9. Bibliography; Chapter 4. Co rotating Twin Screw Extrusion; 4.1. Twin screw extrusion; 4.1.1. The different types of extruders; 4.1.2. Different flow types; 4.2. General overview of co rotating twin screw extruders; 4.2.1. Characteristic features of co rotating twin screw extruders; 4.2.2. Geometry of the screws and barrel; 4.2.3. Conventional approximations; 4.3. Solid conveying zone; 4.4. Melting zone; 4.4.1. Experimental studies; 4.4.2. Theoretical models 2.2. 1D solutions2.2.1. Isothermal calculation; 2.2.2. Non isothermal calculations; 2.3. 2D solutions; 2.3.1. Network method (or FAN method); 2.3.2. Finite element method; 2.4. Bibliography; Chapter 3. Single Screw Extrusion; 3.1. Introduction; 3.2. Geomentry and approximations; 3.3. Solid conveying zone; 3.3.1. Phenomenological description; 3.3.2. Modeling; 3.3.3. Synthesis; 3.3.4. Determination of physical parameters; 3.4. Melting zone; 3.4.1. Phenomenological description; 3.4.2. Modeling; 3.5. Metering zone; 3.5.1. Phenomenological description; 3.5.2. Modeling; 3.6. Overall model Extrusion is by far the most important and the oldest processing and shaping method for thermoplastic polymers. This process concerns almost all synthetic polymers as well as elastomers or food materials. Single screw extrusion is mainly used nowadays to manufacture finished goods or semi finished products. More than 90 million tons of thermoplastics are therefore processed every year. Twin screw extrusion may be divided into two systems: contra rotating systems used within the context of PVC extrusion for the manufacture of pipes or profiles; and co rotating systems experiencing nowa Cover; Title Page; Copyright; Table of Contents; Introduction; Chapter 1. Continuum Mechanics Rheology and Heat Transfer Overview; 1.1. Continuum mechanics; 1.1.1. Strain; 1.1.2. Strain rate; 1.1.3. Stress; 1.1.4. General equations in continuum mechanics; 1.2. Rheology; 1.2.1. Newtonian behavior; 1.2.2. General viscous behavior; 1.2.3. Effects on pressure and temperature; 1.3. Heat transfer [CAR 59 BIR 60 AGA 14]; 1.3.1. The thermal balance equation; 1.3.2. Heat transfer during flow; 1.3.3. Cooling temperature; 1.4. Bibliography; Chapter 2. Calculation Methods; 2.1. Introduction 4.5. Flow in the molten state4.5.1. Right and left handed screw element; 4.5.2. Mixing elements; 4.5.3. Heat transfer; 4.5.4. Residence time distribution; 4.6. An overall model of twin screw extrusion; 4.6.1. General description; 4.6.2. Calculation algorithm; 4.6.3. Residence time distribution; 4.6.4. Example of results using the LUDOVIC© software; 4.7. Compounding application and production of complex materials; 4.7.1. Compounding and mixing; 4.7.2. Reactive extrusion; 4.7.3. Polymer blends; 4.7.4. Production of clay based nanocomposites; 4.7.5. Optimization and scale up; 4.8. Conclusion 4.9. BibliographyChapter 5. Profile Extrusion; 5.1. Profile extrusion; 5.1.1 Different types of profile dies; 5.1.2. Flow calculation inside profile dies; 5.1.3. Evaluation of post extrusion phenomena; 5.1.4. Design of extrusion dies; 5.2. Pipe extrusion; 5.2.1. Introduction; 5.2.2. Flow calculation; 5.3. Calibrators; 5.3.1. Friction calibrators; 5.3.2. External compressed air calibrators; 5.3.3. External vacuum calibrators; 5.3.4. Internal calibrators; 5.4. Conclusion; 5.5. Bibliography; Chapter 6. Production of Films and Sheets; 6.1. Introduction; 6.2. Cast film extrusion; 6.2.1. Processing