RF microwave interaction with biological tissues Cover Contents Preface Introduction 1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetics 1.1 RF and Microwave Frequency Ranges 1.2 Fields 1.3 Electromagnetics 1.3.1 Electric Field and Flux Density 1.3.2 Magnetic Field and Flux Density 1.3.3 Electromagnetic Field 1.3.4 Electromagnetic Wave 1.3.5 Antennas and Near Field 1.4 RF and Microwave Energy 1.4.1 Power and Energy 1.4.2 Influence of the Waveform 1.4.3 Blackbody Radiation 1.5 Penetration in Biological Tissues and Skin Effect 1.6 Relaxation Resonance and Display 1.6.1 Relaxation in Dielectrics 1.6.2 Resonance Absorption 1.6.3 Cole Cole Display 1.7 Dielectric Measurements 1.7.1 RF Measurements 1.7.2 Microwave Measurements 1.7.3 Liquids 1.7.4 Applicators 1.8 Exposure References Problems 2 RF Microwave Interaction Mechanisms in Biological Materials 2.1 Bioelectricity 2.1.1 Fundamentals 2.1.2 Cells and Nerves 2.1.3 Bioelectric Phenomena 2.2 Tissue Characterization 2.2.1 Ionization and Nonionization 2.2.2 Dielectric Characterization 2.2.3 Dielectric Dispersion in Tissues 2.2.4 Measurements 2.3 Thermodynamics 2.4 Energy References Problems 3 Biological Effects 3.1 Absorption 3.1.1 Fundamentals 3.1.2 Dosimetry and SAR 3.1.3 Thermal Considerations 3.2 Nervous System 3.2.1 General Description 3.2.2 Effects on Brain and Spinal Cord 3.2.3 Blood Brain Barrier 3.2.4 Influence of Parameters of Microwave Exposure 3.2.5 Nervous System Modeling and Simulation 3.3 Cells and Membranes 3.4 Molecular Level 3.5 Low Level Exposure and ELF Components 3.5.1 Microwave Syndrome 3.5.2 Low Level Pulsed Exposure 3.5.3 ELF Components 3.6 Ear Eye and Heart 3.7 Influence of Drugs 3.8 Nonthermal Microthermal and Isothermal Effects 3.8.1 Microwaves as a Trigger 3.8.2 Entropy 3.9 Epidemiology Studies 3.10 Interferences 3.11 Radiation Hazards and Exposure Standards 3.11.1 Standards and Recommendations 3.11.2 Tissue Phantoms and SAR Measurements 3.11.3 Computational Methods for SAR Evaluation 3.11.4 Exposure of Body to Cell Phone and Base Station References Problems 4 Thermal Therapy 4.1 Introduction to Thermotherapy 4.2 Heating Principle 4.2.1 Foundations of Dielectric Heating Principle 4.2.2 RF Dielectric Heating Applicator 4.2.3 Microwave Dielectric Heating 4.2.4 Foundation of Inductive Heating Principle 4.2.5 Actual Inductive Heating Applicator 4.2.6 Detailed Theory of RF Dielectric Heating 4.2.7 Detailed Theory of Microwave Dielectric Heating 4.2.8 Detailed Theory of Inductive Heating 4.3 Hyperthermia 4.3.1 Biological Background of Hyperthermia 4.4 Method of Thermometry 4.4.1 Invasive Thermometry 4.4.2 Noninvasive Thermometry References Problems 5 EM Wave Absorbers Protecting Biological and Medical Environment 5.1 Foundation of EM Wave Absorbers 5.2 Classification of Wave Absorbers 5.2.1 Classification by Constituent Material 5.2.2 Classification by Structural Shape 5.3 Fundamental Principle 5.4 Fundamental Theory of EM Wave Absorbers 5.4.1 Single Layer Type Wave Absorber 5.4.2 Multilayer Type Wave Absorber 5.4.3 Taper Type Wave Absorber 5.5 Application of EM Absorber 5.5.1 Quarter Wavelength Type Wave Absorber 5.5.2 Single Layer Type Wave Absorber 5.5.3 Multilayer Wave Absorber 5.5.4 Pyramidal Wave Absorber 5.6 EM Wave Absorbers Based on Equivalent Transformation Method of Material Constant 5.6.1 Microwave Absorber with Multiholes 5.6.2 Weakly Magnetized Ferrite Absorber 5.6.3 Microwave Absorber with Surface Printed Conductive Line Patterns 5.6.4 Integrated Circuit Type Absorber 5.7 Method for Improving RF Field Distribution in a Small Room References Problems 6 RF Microwave Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Transmission Lines and Waveguides for Medical Applications 6.2.1 Coaxial Cable 6.2.2 Circular Waveguide 6.3 Antennas 6.3.1 Fundamentals 6.3.2 Antenna Configurations 6.4 RF and Microwave Ablation 6.4.1