Basics of biomedical ultrasound for engineers Basics of Biomedical Ultrasound for Engineers is a structured textbook for university engineering courses in biomedical ultrasound and for researchers in the field. This book offers a tool for building a solid understanding of biomedical ultrasound and leads the novice through the field in a step by step manner. The book begins with the most basic definitions of waves proceeds to ultrasounds in fluids and then delves into solid ultrasounds the most complicated kind of ultrasound. It encompasses a wide range of topics within biomedical ultrasound from conceptual definitions of waves to the intricacies of focusing devices transducers and acoustic fields Provided by publisher PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION Prelude and Basic Defi nitions The Advantages of Using Ultrasound in Medicine A General Statement on Safety Some Common Applications of Ultrasound What Is It that We Need to Know References 1 WAVES A GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1.1 General Defi nitions of Waves A Qualitative Description 1.2 General Properties of Waves A Qualitative Description 1.3 Mechanical One Dimensional Waves 1.4 The Wave Function 1.5 The Wave Equation 1.6 Harmonic Waves 1.6.1 Equivalent Presentations 1.7 Group Waves 1.8 Wave Velocity 1.9 Standing Waves (a Mathematical Description) 1.10 Spherical Waves 1.11 Cylindrical Waves 1.12 The Wave Equation in a Nonhomogeneous Medium 2 WAVES IN A ONE DIMENSIONAL MEDIUM 2.1 The Propagation Speed of Transverse Waves in a String 2.2 Vibration Frequencies for a Bounded String 2.3 Wave Refl ection (Echo) in a One Dimensional Medium 2.4 Special Cases 2.5 Wave Energy in Strings 2.6 Propagation of Longitudinal Waves in an Isotropic Rod or String 2.7 A Clinical Application of Longitudinal Waves in a String 3 ULTRASONIC WAVES IN FLUIDS 3.1 Waves in Fluids 3.2 Compressibility 3.3. Longitudinal Waves in Fluids 3.4 The Wave Energy 3.5 Intensity 3.6 Radiation Pressure 3.7 A Perfect Reflector 4 PROPAGATION OF ACOUSTIC WAVES IN SOLID MATERIALS. 4.1 Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids 4.2 The Elastic Strain 4.3 Stress 4.4 Hookes Law and Elastic Coefficients 4.5 The Wave Equation for an Elastic Solid Material 4.6 Propagation of a Harmonic Planar Wave in a Solid Material 5 ATTENUATION AND DISPERSION 5.1 The Attenuation Phenomenon 5.2 Explaining Attenuation with a Simple Model 5.3 Attenuation Dependency on Frequency 5.4 The Complex Wave Number 5.5 Speed of Sound Dispersion 5.6 The Nonlinear Parameter B A 6 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION 6.1 The Acoustic Impedance 6.2 Snells Law 6.3 Refl ection and Transmission from Boundaries Separating Two Fluids (or Solids with No Shear Waves) 6.4 Refl ection from a Free Surface in Solids (Mode Conversion) 6.5 Refl ection and Transmission from a Liquid Solid Boundary 7 ACOUSTIC LENSES AND MIRRORS 7.1 Optics 7.2 Optics and Acoustics 7.3 An Ellipsoidal Lens 7.4 Spherical Lenses 7.5 Zone Lenses 7.6 Acoustic Mirrors (Focusing Reflectors) 8 TRANSDUCERS AND ACOUSTIC FIELDS 8.1 Piezoelectric Transducers 8.2 The Acoustic Field 8.3 The Field of a Point Source 8.4 The Field of a Disc Source 8.5 The Field of Various Transducers 8.6 Phased Array Transducers 8.7 Annular Phased Arrays 9 ULTRASONIC IMAGING USING THE PULSE ECHO TECHNIQUE 9.1 Basic Defi nitions in Imaging 9.2 The (3z(BA Line(3y(B 9.3 Scatter Model for Soft Tissues 9.4 Time Gain Compensation 9.5 Basic Pulse Echo Imaging (B Scan) 9.6 Advanced Methods for Pulse Echo Imaging 10 SPECIAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES. 10.1 Acoustic Impedance Imaging Impediography 10.2 Elastography 10.3 Tissue Speckle Tracking 10.4 Through Transmission Imaging 10.5 Vibro acoustic Imaging 10.6 Time Reversal 10.7 Ultrasonic Computed Tomography 10.8 Contrast Materials 10.9 Coded Excitations References 11 DOPPLER IMAGING TECHNIQUES 11.1 The Doppler Effect 11.2 Velocity Estimation 11.3 Frequency Shift Estimation 11.4 Duplex Imaging (Combined B Scan and Color Flow Mapping) References 12 SAFETY AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS 12.1 Effects Induced by Ultrasound and Safety 12.2 Ultrasonic Physiotherapy 12.3 Lithotripsy 12.4 Hyperthermia HIFU and Ablation 12.5 Drug Delivery 12.6 Gene Therapy 12.7 Cosmetic Applications APPENDIX A: TYPICAL ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF TISSUES APPENDIX B: EXEMPLARY PROBLEMS. APPENDIX C: ANSWERS TO EXEMPLARY PROBLEMS INDEX