Advanced aircraft design : conceptual design analysis and optimization of subsonic civil airplanes Machine generated contents note: 1.Design of the Well Tempered Aircraft 1.1.How Aircraft Design Developed 1.1.1.Evolution of Jetliners and Executive Aircraft 1.1.2.A Framework for Advanced Design 1.1.3.Analytical Design Optimization 1.1.4.Computational Design Environment 1.2.Concept Finding 1.2.1.Advanced Design 1.2.2.Pre conceptual Studies 1.3.Product Development 1.3.1.Concept Definition 1.3.2.Preliminary Design 1.3.3.Detail Design 1.4.Baseline Design in a Nutshell 1.4.1.Baseline Sizing 1.4.2.Power Plant 1.4.3.Weight and Balance 1.4.4.Structure 1.4.5.Performance Analysis 1.4.6.Closing the Loop 1.5.Automated Design Synthesis 1.5.1.Computational Systems Requirements 1.5.2.Examples 1.5.3.Parametric Surveys 1.6.Technology Assessment 1.7.Structure of the Optimization Problem 1.7.1.Analysis Versus Synthesis 1.7.2.Problem Classification Bibliography 2.Early Conceptual Design 2.1.Scenario and Requirements 2.1.1.What Drives a Design 2.1.2.Civil Airplane Categories 2.1.3.Top Level Requirements 2.2.Weight Terminology and Prediction 2.2.1.Method Classification 2.2.2.Basic Weight Components 2.2.3.Weight Limits 2.2.4.Transport Capability 2.3.The Unity Equation 2.3.1.Mission Fuel 2.3.2.Empty Weight 2.3.3.Design Weights 2.4.Range Parameter 2.4.1.Aerodynamic Efficiency 2.4.2.Specific Fuel Consumption and Overall Efficiency 2.4.3.Best Cruise Speed 2.5.Environmental Issues 2.5.1.Energy and Payload Fuel Efficiency 2.5.2.`Greener by Design Bibliography 3.Propulsion and Engine Technology 3.1.Propulsion Leading the Way 3.2.Basic Concepts of Jet Propulsion 3.2.1.Turbojet Thrust 3.2.2.Turbofan Thrust 3.2.3.Specific Fuel Consumption 3.2.4.Overall Efficiency 3.2.5.Thermal and Propulsive Efficiency 3.2.6.Generalized Performance 3.2.7.Mach Number and Altitude Effects 3.3.Turboprop Engines 3.3.1.Power and Specific Fuel Consumption 3.3.2.Generalized Performance 3.3.3.High Speed Propellers 3.4.Turbofan Engine Layout 3.4.1.Bypass Ratio Trends 3.4.2.Rise and Fall of the Propfan 3.4.3.Rebirth of the Open Rotor 3.5.Power Plant Selection 3.5.1.Power Plant Location 3.5.2.Alternative Fuels 3.5.3.Aircraft Noise Bibliography 4.Aerodynamic Drag and Its Reduction 4.1.Basic Concepts 4.1.1.Lift Drag and Aerodynamic Efficiency 4.1.2.Drag Breakdown and Definitions 4.2.Decomposition Schemes and Terminology 4.2.1.Pressure and Friction Drag 4.2.2.Viscous Drag 4.2.3.Vortex Drag 4.2.4.Wave Drag 4.3.Subsonic Parasite and Induced Drag 4.3.1.Parasite Drag 4.3.2.Monoplane Induced Drag 4.3.3.Biplane Induced Drag 4.3.4.Multiplane and Boxplane Induced Drag 4.4.Drag Polar Representations 4.4.1.Two term Approximation 4.4.2.Three term Approximation 4.4.3.Reynolds Number Effects 4.4.4.Compressibility Correction 4.5.Drag Prediction 4.5.1.Interference Drag 4.5.2.Roughness and Excrescences 4.5.3.Corrections Dependent on Operation 4.5.4.Estimation of Maximum Subsonic L D 4.5.5.Low Speed Configuration 4.6.Viscous Drag Reduction 4.6.1.Wetted Area 4.6.2.Turbulent Friction Drag 4.6.3.Natural Laminar Flow 4.6.4.Laminar Flow Control 4.6.5.Hybrid Laminar Flow Control 4.6.6.Gains Challenges and Barriers of LFC 4.7.Induced Drag Reduction 4.7.1.Wing Span 4.7.2.Spanwise Camber 4.7.3.Non planar Wing Systems Bibliography 5.From Tube and Wing to Flying Wing 5.1.The Case for Flying Wings 5.1.1.Northrops All Wing Aircraft 5.1.2.Flying Wing Controversy 5.1.3.Whither All Wing Airliners 5.1.4.Fundamental Issues 5.2.Allocation of Useful Volume 5.2.1.Integration of the Useful Load 5.2.2.Study Ground Rules 5.2.3.Volume Ratio 5.2.4.Zero Lift Drag 5.2.5.Generalized Aerodynamic Efficiency 5.2.6.Partial Optima 5.3.Survey of Aerodynamic Efficiency 5.3.1.Altitude Variation 5.3.2.Aspect Ratio and Span 5.3.3.Engine Airframe Matching 5.4.Survey of the Parameter ML D 5.4.1.Optimum Flight Conditions 5.4.2.The Drag Parameter 5.5.Integrated Configurations Compared 5.5.1.Conventional Baseline 5.5.2.Is a Wing Alone Sufficient 5.5.3.Blended Wing Body 5.5.4.Hybrid Flying Wing 5.5.5.Span Loader 5.6.Flying Wing Design 5.6.1.Hang Ups or Showstopper 5.6.2.Structural Design and Weight 5.6.3.The Flying Wing: Will It Fly Bibliography 6.Clean Sheet Design 6.1.Dominant and Radical Configurations 6.1.1.Established Configurations 6.1.2.New Paradigms 6.2.Morphology of Shapes 6.2.1.Classification 6.2.2.Lifting Systems 6.2.3.Plan View Classification 6.2.4.Strut Braced Wings 6.2.5.Propulsion and Concept Integration 6.3.Wing and Tail Configurations 6.3.1.Aerodynamic Limits 6.3.2.The Balanced Design 6.3.3.Evaluation 6.3.4.Relaxed Inherent Stability 6.4.Aircraft Featuring a Foreplane 6.4.1.Canard Configuration 6.4.2.Three Surface Aircraft 6.5.Non Planar Lifting Systems 6.5.1.Transonic Boxplane 6.5.2.C Wing 6.6.Joined Wing Aircraft 6.6.1.Structural Principles and Weight 6.6.2.Aerodynamic Aspects 6.6.3.Stability and Control 6.6.4.Design Integration 6.7.Twin Fuselage Aircraft 6.7.1.Design Integration 6.8.Hydrogen Fuelled Commercial Transports 6.8.1.Properties of LH2 6.8.2.Fuel System 6.8.3.Handling Safety Economics and Logistics 6.9.Promising Concepts Bibliography 7.Aircraft Design Optimization 7.1.The Perfect Design: An Illusion 7.2.Elements of Optimization 7.2.1.Design Parameters 7.2.2.Optimal Control and Discrete Variable Optimization 7.2.3.Basic Terminology 7.2.4.Single Objective Optimization 7.2.5.Unconstrained Optimizer 7.2.6.Constrained Optimizer 7.3.Analytical or Numerical Optimization 7.3.1.Analytical Approach 7.3.2.Multivariate Optimization 7.3.3.Unconstrained Optimization 7.3.4.Constrained Optimization 7.3.5.Response Surface Approximation 7.3.6.Global Models 7.4.Large Optimization Problems 7.4.1.Concept Sizing and Evaluation 7.4.2.Multidisciplinary Optimization 7.4.3.System Decomposition 7.4.4.Multilevel Optimization 7.4.5.Multi Objective Optimization 7.5.Practical Optimization in Conceptual Design 7.5.1.Arguments of the Sceptic 7.5.2.Problem Structure 7.5.3.Selecting Selection Variables 7.5.4.Design Sensitivity 7.5.5.The Objective Function Bibliography 8.Theory of Optimum Weight 8.1.Weight Engineering: Core of Aircraft Design 8.1.1.Prediction Methods 8.1.2.Use of Statistics 8.2.Design Sensitivity 8.2.1.Problem Structure 8.2.2.Selection Variables 8.3.Jet Transport Empty Weight 8.3.1.Weight Breakdown 8.3.2.Wing Structure (Item 10) 8.3.3.Fuselage Structure (Item 11) 8.3.4.Empennage Structure (Items 12 and 13) 8.3.5.Landing Gear Structure (Item 14) 8.3.6.Power Plant and Engine Pylons (Items 2 and 15) 8.3.7.Systems Furnishings and Operational Items (Items 3 4 and 5) 8.3.8.Operating Empty Weight: Example 8.4.Design Sensitivity of Airframe Drag 8.4.1.Drag Decomposition 8.4.2.Aerodynamic Efficiency 8.5.Thrust Power Plant and Fuel Weight 8.5.1.Installed Thrust and Power Plant Weight 8.5.2.Mission Fuel 8.5.3.Propulsion Weight Penalty 8.5.4.Wing and Propulsion Weight Fraction 8.5.5.Optimum Weight Fractions Compared 8.6.Take Off Weight Thrust and Fuel Efficiency 8.6.1.Maximum Take Off Weight 8.6.2.Installed Thrust and Fuel Energy Efficiency 8.6.3.Unconstrained Optima Compared 8.6.4.Range for Given MTOW 8.6.5.Extended Range Version 8.7.Summary and Reflection 8.7.1.Which Figure of Merit 8.7.2.Conclusion 8.7.3.Accuracy Bibliography 9.Matching Engines and Airframe 9.1.Requirements and Constraints 9.2.Cruise Sized Engines 9.2.1.Installed Take Off Thrust 9.2.2.The Thumbprint 9.3.Low Speed Requirements 9.3.1.Stalling Speed 9.3.2.Take Off Climb 9.3.3.Approach and Landing Climb 9.3.4.Second Segment Climb Gradient 9.4.Schematic Take Off Analysis 9.4.1.Definitions of Take Off Field Length 9.4.2.Take Off Run 9.4.3.Airborne Distance 9.4.4.Take Off Distance 9.4.5.Generalized Thrust and Span Loading Constraint 9.4.6.Minimum Thrust for Given TOFL 9.5.Approach and Landing 9.5.1.Landing Distance Analysis 9.5.2.Approach Speed and Wing Loading 9.6.Engine Selection and Installation 9.6.1.Identifying the Best Match 9.6.2.Initial Engine Assessment 9.6.3.Engine Selection Bibliography 10.Elements of Aerodynamic Wing Design 10.1.Introduction 10.1.1.Problem Structure 10.1.2.Relation to Engine Selection 10.2.Planform Geometry 10.2.1.Wing Area and Design Lift Coefficient 10.2.2.Span and Aspect Ratio 10.3.Design Sensitivity Information 10.3.1.Aerodynamic Efficiency 10.3.2.Propulsion Weight Contribution 10.3.3.Wing and Tail Structure Weight 10.3.4.Wing Penalty Function and MTOW 10.4.Subsonic Aircraft Wing 10.4.1.Problem Structure 10.4.2.Unconstrained Optima 10.4.3.Minimum Propulsion Weight Penalty 10.4.4.Accuracy 10.5.Constrained Optima 10.5.1.Take Off Field Length 10.5.2.Tank Volume 10.5.3.Wing and Tail Weight Fraction 10.5.4.Selection of the Design 10.6.Transonic Aircraft Wing 10.6.1.Geometry 10.6.2.Wing Drag in the Design Condition 10.6.3.Modified Wing Penalty Function 10.6.4.Thickness Ratio Limit 10.6.5.WPF Affected by Sweep Angle and Thickness Ratio 10.7.Lift Coefficient and Aspect Ratio 10.7.1.Partial Optima 10.7.2.Constraints 10.7.3.Refining the Optimization 10.8.Detailed Design 10.8.1.Taper and Lift Distribution 10.8.2.Camber and Twist Distribution 10.8.3.Forward Swept Wing (FSW) 10.8.4.Wing Tip Devices 10.9.High Lift Devices