The transformation of Tamil religion : Ramalinga Swamigal (1823 1874) and modern Dravidian sainthood Introduction Part I: Retrieving Ramalinga Swamigal: 1. Pulavar to Prophet. A 19th century Religious Life 2. Ramalingar the Master and the Cittar 3. The Context of Compassion 4. Hunger and Compassion: the Cīvakāruṇya ol̲ukkam 5. Anti Hagiography Part II: Re creating Ramalinga Swamigal: 6. Śaiva Ferment 7. The Life and Times of Ñān̲iyār Āṭikaḷ (1873 1942) 8. Tiru.Vi.Ka: Ramalingars Camaracam as Radical Equality 9. Mā. Po. Ci: Ramalinga Swamigal and Dravidian Sainthood 10. Ramalingar Redux Conclusion Bibliography. This book analyses the religious ideology of a Tamil reformer and saint Ramalinga Swamigal of the 19th century and his posthumous reception in the Tamil country and sheds light on the transformation of Tamil religion that both his works and the understanding of him brought about. The book traces the hagiographical and biographical process by which Ramalinga Swamigal is shifted from being considered an exemplary poet saint of the Tamil Śaivite bhakti tradition to a Dravidian nationalist social reformer. Taking as a starting point Ramalingas own writing the book presents him as inhabiting a border zone between early modernity and modernity between Hinduism and Christianity between colonialism and regional nationalism highlighting the influence of his teachings on politics particularly within Dravidian cultural and political nationalism. Simultaneously the book considers the implication of such an hagiographical process for the transformation of Tamil religion in the period between the 19th mid 20th centuries. The author demonstrates that Ramalinga Swamigals ideology of compassion cīvakāruṇyam had not only a long genealogy in pre modern Tamil Śaivism but also that it functioned as a potentially emancipatory ethics of salvation and caste critique not just for him but also for other Tamil and Dalit intellectuals of the 19th century. This book is a path breaking study that also traces the common grounds between the religious visions of two of the most prominent subaltern figures of Tamil modernity Iyothee Thass and Ramalingar. It argues that these transformations are one meaningful way for a religious tradition to cope with and come to terms with the implications of historicization and the demands of colonial modernity. It is therefore a valuable contribution to the field of religion South Asian history and literature and Subaltern studies