Estrogen Effects in Psychiatric Disorders The study of the effects of gonadal hormones in the brain focussed mainly on reproductive actions for a long time. Meanwhile however it is well known that gonadal hormones in particular estrogens also have neuroprotective and psychoprotective properties. They modulate many brain functions such as cognitive functions pain regulation motor coordination and epilepsy as well as affective and psychotic disorders to name just a few. In fact during the past few years we have experienced a major change in our understanding of the endocrinologic aspects of psychiatric disorders. Endocrinologic irregularities in psychiatric patients are no longer viewed as pure epiphenomena but rather discussed as part of the pathomechanism of the disorders. How exactly estrogens affect various disorders is a fascinating and intriguing aspect of this emerging field of non reproductive brain actions of gonadal hormones. Among the estrogens especially estradiol appears to play an important and multimodal role in the brain. Which of estradiols many membrane intracellular and genomic actions matters most in psychiatric disorders remains to be discovered. The aim of this volume is to summarize the role estrogens play in major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia depression and dementia and to provide a state of the art overview of current knowledge but also of questions that are still open. It is intended to be a resource for clinicians and readers who are interested in contemporary research developments in this field.