The Mathematics of Language : 12th Biennial Conference MOL 12 Nara Japan September 6 8 2011. Proceedings This book constitutes the proceedings of the 12th Biennial Meeting on Mathematics in Language MOL 12 held in Nara Japan in September 2011. Presented in this volume are 12 carefully selected papers as well as the paper of the invited speaker Andreas Maletti. The papers cover such diverse topics as formal languages (string and tree transducers grammar independent syntactic structures probabilistic and weighted context free grammars formalization of minimalist syntax) parsing and unification lexical and compositional semantics statistical language models and theories of truth.