Programming language foundations Stumps Programming Language Foundations is a short concise text that covers semantics equally weighting operational and denotational semantics for several different programming paradigms: imperative concurrent and functional. Programming Language Foundations provides: an even coverage of denotational operational an axiomatic semantics; extensions to concurrent and non deterministic versions; operational semantics for untyped lambda calculus; functional programming; type systems; and coverage of emerging topics and modern research directions.