The evolution of scientific knowledge : from certainty to uncertainty This book aims to provide scientists and engineers and those interested in scientific issues with a concise account of how the nature of scientific knowledge evolved from antiquity to a seemingly final form in the Twentieth Century that now strongly limits the knowledge that people would like to gain in the Twenty first Century. Some might think that such issues are only of interest to specialists in epistemology (the theory of knowledge); however todays major scientific and engineering problems in biology medicine environmental science etc. involve enormous complexity and it is precisely this complexity that runs up against the limits of what is scientifically knowable. To understand the issue one must appreciate the radical break with antiquity that occurred with the birth of modern science in the Seventeenth Century the problems of knowledge and truth engendered by modern science and the evolution of scientific thinking through the Twentieth Century. While originally aimed at practicing scientists and engineers it is my hope that this book can provide a generally educated person with a basic understanding of how our perspective on scientific knowledge has evolved over the centuries to escape pre Galilean commonsense thinking. Such an appreciation is not only beneficial for ones general education but is important for non scientists who must teach young students or make policy decisions in government or business Why epistemology Pre Galilean science The birth of modern science Reflections on the new science A mathematical observational duality Complex systems: a new epistemological crisis Translational science under uncertainty