Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators as artificial muscles : reality potential and challenges Topic 5. Processing and fabrication of EAPs Chapter 14. Processing and fabrication techniques Yoseph Bar Cohen Virginia Olazábal José María Sansiñena and Jeffrey Hinkley 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Synthesis and material processing 14.3. Fabrication and shaping techniques 14.4. Electroding techniques 14.5. System integration methods 14.6. EAP actuators 14.7. Concluding remarks 14.8. References Chapter 19. Haptic interfaces using electrorheological fluids Constantinos Mavroidis Yoseph Bar Cohen and Mourad Bouzit 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Electrorheological fluids 19.3. Haptic interfaces and electrorheological fluids 19.4. MEMICA haptic glove 19.5. ECS element model derivation 19.6. Parametric analysis of the design of ECS elements 19.7. Experimental ECS system and results 19.8. Conclusions 19.9. Acknowledgments 19.10. References Topic 1. Introduction Chapter 1. EAP history current status and infrastructure Yoseph Bar Cohen 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Biological muscles 1.3. Historical review and currently available active polymers 1.4. Polymers with controllable properties or shape 1.5. Electroactive polymers (EAP) 1.6. The EAP roadmap need for an established EAP technology Infrastructure 1.7. Potential 1.8. Acknowledgments 1.9. References Topic 6. Testing and characterization Chapter 15. Methods of testing and characterization Stewart Sherrit Xiaoqi Bao and Yoseph Bar Cohen 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Characterization of EAP with polarization dependent strains 15.3. Characterization of ionic EAP with diffusion dependent strain 15.4. Summary of test methods 15.5. Conclusion 15.6. Acknowledgments 15.7. References Topic 8. Lessons learned applications and outlook Chapter 21. EAP applications potential and challenges Yoseph Bar Cohen 21.1. Introduction 21.2. Lesson learned using IPMC and dielectric EAP 21.3. Summary of existing EAP materials 21.4. Scalability issues and needs 21.5. Expected and evolving applications 21.6. EAP characterization 21.7. Platforms for demonstration of EAP 21.8. Future expectations 21.9. Acknowledgments 21.10. References Index Chapter 17. Biologically inspired robots Brett Kennedy Chris Melhuish and Andrew Adamatzky 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Biologically inspired mechanisms and robots 17.3. Aspects of robotic design 17.4. Active polymer actuators in a traditional robotic system 17.5. Using rapid prototyping methods for integrated design 17.6. Evolutionary design algorithms (genetic algorithm design) 17.7. EAP actuators in highly integrated microrobot design 17.8. Solving the power problem toward energetic autonomy 17.9. The future of active polymer actuators and robots 17.10. References Chapter 18. Applications of EAP to the entertainment industry David Hanson 18.1. Introduction 18.2. Entertainment and its shifting significance 18.3. Technical background to entertainment application of EAP 18.4. The craft of aesthetic biomimesis in entertainment 18.5. A recipe for using EAP in entertainment 18.6. Facial expression robot practical test bed for EAP 18.7. Conclusion 18.8. Acknowledgment 18.9. References Topic 4. Modeling electroactive polymers Chapter 10. Computational chemistry Kristopher E. Wise 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Overview of computational methods 10.3. Quantum mechanical methods 10.4. Classical force field simulations 10.5. Mesoscale simulations 10.6. References Chapter 11. Modeling and analysis of chemistry and electromechanics Thomas Wallmersperger Bernd Kröplin and Rainer W. Gülch 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Chemical stimulation 11.3. Electrical stimulation 11.4. Conclusion 11.5. References Chapter 12. Electromechanical models for optimal design and effective behavior of electroactive polymers Kaushik Bhattacharya Jiangyu Li and Yu Xiao 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Introduction to finite elasticity 12.3. Optimal design of electrostatic actuators 12.4. Models of ionomer actuators 12.5. Reduced models 12.6. Conclusion 12.7. Acknowledgment 12.8. References Chapter 13. Modeling IPMC for design of actuation mechanisms Satoshi Tadokoro Masashi Konyo and Keisuke Oguro 13.1. Models and CAE tools for design of IPMC mechanisms 13.2. A physicochemical model considering six phenomena 13.3. Gray box macroscopic model for mechanical and control design 13.4. Simulation demonstration by models 13.5. Applications of the model 13.6. References Topic 3.2. Ionic EAP Chapter 5. Electroactive polymer gels Paul Calvert 5.1. Introduction the gel state 5.2. Physical gels 5.3. Chemical gels 5.4. Thermodynamic properties of gels 5.5. Transport properties of gels 5.6. Polyelectrolyte gels 5.7. Mechanical properties of gels 5.8. Chemical actuation of gels 5.9. Electrically actuated gels 5.10. Recent progress 5.11. Future directions 5.12. References Chapter 6. Ionomeric polymer metal composites Sia Nemat Nasser and Chris W. Thomas 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Brief history of IPMC materials 6.3. Materials and manufacture 6.4. Properties and characterization 6.5. Actuation mechanism 6.6. Development of IPMC applications 6.7. Discussion: advantages disadvantages 6.8. Acknowledgments 6.9. References Chapter 7. Conductive polymers José María Sansiñena and Virginia Olazábal 7.1. Brief history of conductive polymers 7.2. Applications of conductive polymers 7.3. Basic mechanism of CP actuators 7.4. Development of CP actuators 7.5. Advantages and disadvantages of CP actuators 7.6. Acknowledgments 7.7. References Chapter 8. Carbon nanotube actuators: synthesis properties and performance Geoffrey M. Spinks Gordon G. Wallace Ray H. Baughman and Liming Dai 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Nanotube synthesis 8.3. Characterization of carbon nanotubes 8.4. Macroscopic nanotube assemblies: mats and fibers 8.5. Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes 8.6. Mechanism of nanotube actuation 8.7. Experimental studies of carbon nanotube actuators 8.8. Conclusions and future developments 8.9. References Topic 3.3. Molecular EAP Chapter 9. Molecular scale electroactive polymers Michael J. Marsella 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Intrinsic properties and macroscale translation 9.3. Stimulus induced conformational changes within the single molecule 9.4. Final comments 9.5. References In concept and execution this book covers the field of EAP with careful attention to all its key aspects and full infrastructure including the available materials analytical models processing techniques and characterization methods. In this second edition the reader is brought current on promising advances in EAP that have occurred in electric EAP electroactive polymer gels ionomeric polymer metal composites carbon nanotube actuators and more Chapter 20. Shape control of precision gossamer apertures Christopher H. M. Jenkins 20.1. Introduction 20.2. Shape control of PGAs 20.3. Shape control methodologies involving electroactive polymers 20.4. Conclusions 20.5. Nomenclature 20.6. Acknowledgments 20.7. References Topic 3. EAP materials Topic 3.1. Electric EAP Chapter 4. Electric EAP Qiming Zhang Cheng Huang Feng Xia and Ji Su 4.1. Introduction 4.2. General terminology of electromechanical effects in electric EAP 4.3. PVDF based ferroelectric polymers 4.4. Ferroelectric odd numbered polyamides (nylons) 4.5. Electrostriction 4.6. Field induced strain due to Maxwell stress effect 4.7. High dielectric constant polymeric materials as actuator materials 4.8. Electrets 4.9. Liquid crystal polymers 4.10. Acknowledgments 4.11. References Topic 2. Natural muscles Chapter 2. Natural muscle as a biological system Gerald H. Pollack Felix A. Blyakhman Frederick B. Reitz Olga V. Yakovenko and Dwayne L. Dunaway 2.1. Conceptual background 2.2. Structural considerations 2.3. Does contraction involve a phase transition 2.4. Molecular basis of the phase transition 2.5. Lessons from the natural muscle system that may be useful for the design of polymer actuators 2.6. References Chapter 3. Metrics of natural muscle function Robert J. Full and Kenneth Meijer 3.1. Caution about copying and comparisons 3.2. Common characterizations partial picture 3.3. Work loop method reveals diverse roles of muscle function during rhythmic activity 3.4. Direct comparisons of muscle with human made actuators 3.5. Future reciprocal Interdisciplinary collaborations 3.6. Acknowledgments 3.7. References Topic 7. EAP actuators devices and mechanisms Chapter 16. Application of dielectric elastomer EAP actuators Roy Kornbluh Ron Pelrine Qibing Pei Marcus Rosenthal Scott Stanford Neville Bonwit Richard Heydt Harsha Prahlad and Subramanian V. Shastri 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Dielectric elastomer EAP background and basics 16.3. Actuator design issues 16.4. Operational considerations 16.5. Examples of dielectric elastomer EAP actuators and applications 16.6. Artificial muscles and applications to biologically inspired devices 16.7. General purpose linear actuators 16.8. Planar and other actuator configurations 16.9. Motors 16.10. Generators 16.11. Sensors 16.12. Summary and future developments 16.13. Acknowledgments 16.14. References