Refurbishment and upgrading of buildings Machine generated contents note: Introduction I Why refurbishment 4 I. I General 4 1.2 The availability of buildings suitable for refurbishment 4 1.3 The quality of buildings suitable for refurbishment 5 1.4 The shorter development period 5 1.5 The economic advantages 5 1.6 The availability of financial aid 8 1.7 Planning permission may not be required 9 1.8 The effects of plot ratio control 9 1.9 Listed building legislation 10 1.10 Conservation area legislation I 1.11 The architectural advantages I 1.12 Availability of the existing infrastructure 12 1.13 The social advantages 12 1.14 The environmental advantages 12 2 Upgrading the fire resistance of existing elements 14 2.1 General 14 2.2 Statutory requirements 14 2.3 Fire resistance of elements 14 2.4 Upgrading the fire resistance of timber floors 15 2.5 Upgrading the fire resistance of wrought iron cast iron and steel elements 23 2.6 Upgrading the fire resistance of doors 29 2.7 Upgrading the fire resistance of walls 31 3 Upgrading internal surfaces 33 3.1 General 33 3.2 Upgrading wall surfaces 33 3.3 Upgrading ceiling surfaces 37 3.4 Upgrading floor surfaces 37 4 Upgrading the thermal performance of existing elements 40 4.1 General 40 4.2 Statutory requirements 40 4.3 Upgrading the thermal performance of walls 41 4.4 Upgrading the thermal performance of roofs 50 4.5 Upgrading the thermal performance of floors 56 5 Upgrading the acoustic performance of existing elements 57 5.1 General 57 5.2 Statutory requirements 57 5.3 Upgrading the acoustic performance of separating walls 58 5.4 Upgrading the acoustic performance of separating floors 60 5.5 Upgrading the acoustic performance of external walls 66 6 Preventing moisture and dampness within buildings 68 6.1 General 68 6.2 Preventing moisture penetration through external walls and walls below ground level 68 6.3 Preventing rising damp in walls 74 6.4 Preventing rising damp in solid ground floors 78 6.5 Preventing rainwater penetration through roofs 80 6.6 Preventing condensation within buildings 80 7 Timber decay and remedial treatments 88 7.1 General 88 7.2 Fungal attack 88 7.3 Insect attack 91 7.4 In situ injection techniques for the preservation of timber components 94 7.5 Localised repair techniques for decayed timber window frames and other joinery 96 7.6 Decay of structural timbers 97 7.7 Mechanical repair of decayed structural timbers 97 7.8 Epoxy resin based repair and restoration of decayed structural timbers 98 8 Strengthening of existing timber floors 106 8.1 General 106 8.2 Replacing with new timber or steel sections 106 8.3 Strengthening with new steel channel sections 106 8.4 Stiffening with steel or timber 106 8.5 Stiffening with steel plates 106 8.6 Strengthening with steel stiffening reinforcement 107 9 Heavy lifting systems 110 9.1 General 110 9.2 Movement ofcomplete buildings 110 9.3 Movement of building elements 110 10 Underpinning systems 116 10.1 General 116 10.2 Precautions prior to and during underpinning 116 10.3 Underpinning techniques 116 11 Facade retention 124 11.1 General 124 11.2 Temporary support systems 124 11.3 Facadeties 125 11.4 Differential settlement 131 11.5 Foundation design 133 12 Index of products and systems 139 Index 143