The end of Iberian rule on the American continent 1770 1830 Part I. One sole monarchy: one sole nation advocates critics and challengers Negotiation networks linkages An alternative vision Andean perceptions of the Hispanic monarchy The idea of metropolis and empire as one nation Part II. Salvaging the greater nation: constitutionalism or absolutism Iberian monarchies in crisis: juntas congresses constitutions Hispanic America violence unleashed The first Spanish constitutional experiment: the one sole nation and its opponents (1810 1814) The counter revolution and its opponents (1814 1820) Part III. Shattering the greater nation: fragmentation separate sovereign states and the search for legitimacy Metropolitan Iberia: focus of disunion (1820 1830) The divergence of the American territories (1820 1830) Independence territory peoples nations Final reflections