Chapter 9. From Aliens to Citizens : The Political Incorporation of Immigrants This chapter deals with the political incorporation of immigrants in host societies. Political incorporation is discussed with regard to the regulation of legal status rights opportunities and acquisition of citizenship. We give examples of the legal regulation and policies from several countries in the world showing thereby the diversity of approaches to political incorporation but also similarities to the regulation of access to residence rights and citizenship. We highlight changes in this regard since the Second World War and discuss more recent trends. Moreover we discuss different factors explaining the variation in incorporation policies. Also this chapter traces different dimensions of political participation of immigrants and finally we address the expected effects on wider integration of citizenship acquisition.