From conquest to colony : empire wealth and difference in eighteenth century Brazil Transformations in Portugal and Brazil followed the discovery of gold in Brazils hinterland and the hinterlands subsequent settlement. Although earlier conquests and evangelizations had incorporated new lands and peoples into the monarchy royal officials now argued that the extraction of gold and the imperatives of rivalry and commerce demanded new approaches to governance to ensure that Brazils wealth flowed to Portugal and into imperial networks of exchange. Using archival records of royal and local administrations as well as contemporary print culture Kirsten Schultz shows how the eighteenth century Portuguese crown came to define and defend Brazil as a colony that would reinvigorate Portuguese power. Making Brazil a colony entailed reckoning with dynamic societies that encompassed Indigenous peoples Africans and Europeans; the free and the enslaved; the wealthy and the poor. It also involved regulating social relations defined by legal status ancestry labor and wealth to ensure that Portuguese America complemented and supported rather than reproduced metropolitan ways of producing and consuming wealth