Dystopia: a natural history : a study of modern despotism its antecedents and its literary diffractions Dystopia: A Natural History is the first monograph devoted to the concept of dystopia. Taking the term to encompass both a literary tradition of satirical works mostly on totalitarianism as well as real despotisms and societies in a state of disastrous collapse this volume redefines the central concepts and the chronology of the genre and offers a paradigm shifting understanding of the subject. Part One assesses the theory and prehistory of dystopia. By contrast to utopia conceived as promoting an ideal of friendship defined as enhanced sociability  dystopia is defined by estrangement fear and the proliferation of enemy categories. A natural history of dystopia thus concentrates upon the centrality of the passion or emotion of fear and hatred in modern despotisms. The work of Le Bon Freud and others is used to show how dystopian groups use such emotions. Utopia and dystopia are portrayed not as opposites but as extremes on a spectrum of sociability defined by a heightened form of group identity. The prehistory of the process whereby enemies are demonised is explored from early conceptions of monstrosity through Christian conceptions of the devil and witchcraft and the persecution of heresy. Part Two surveys the major dystopian moments in twentieth century despotisms focussing in particular upon Nazi Germany Stalinism the Chinese Cultural Revolution and Cambodia under Pol Pot. The concentration here is upon the political religion hypothesis as a key explanation for the chief excesses of communism in particular. Part Three examines literary dystopias. It commences well before the usual starting point in the secondary literature in anti Jacobin writings of the 1790s. Two chapters address the main twentieth century texts usually studied as representative of the genre Aldous Huxleys Brave New World and George Orwells Nineteen Eighty Four. The remainder of the section examines the evolution of the genre in the second half of the twentieth century down to the present.