Political parties and the state : the American historical experience This book collects a number of Martin Shefters most important articles on political parties. They address three questions: Under what conditions will strong party organizations emerge What influences the character of parties in particular their reliance on patronage In what circumstances will the parties that formerly dominated politics in a nation or city come under attack The books opening chapters analyze the circumstances conducive to the emergence of strong political parties and the changing balance between parties and bureaucracies in Europe and America. The middle chapters discuss the organization and exclusion of the American working classes by machine and reform regimes. The book concludes by examining party organizations as instruments of political control in the largest American city New York Shefters work exemplifies the new institutionalism in political science arguing that the reliance of parties on patronage is a function not so much of mass political culture as of their relationship with public bureaucracies