Silent film and U.S. naturalist literature : time narrative and modernity Introduction: progress without people Unnatural time: Frank Norris at the cinemas beginnings Naturalist historiography at the moving picture show: Frank Norris D. W. Griffith and naturalist editing Made of leavings and scraps: Jack London Jack Johnson and racial time Systems not men: processes without people in utopian factory films and Charlotte Perkins Gilmans eusocial feminism Epilogue: scaling up to modernism