The modernity of others : Jewish anti catholicism in Germany and France Antisemitism anti Catholicism and anticlericalism Jewish anticlericalism and the making of modern citizenship in the late Enlightenment Romanticism Catholicism and oppositional anticlericalism Reforming Judaism defending the family : Jews in the Catholic liberal conflicts at mid century Jews in the transnational culture wars : secularism and anti Papal rhetoric Representative secularism : Jewish members of parliament and religious debate Nationalism antisemitism and the decline of Jewish anti Catholicism Conclusion : rethinking European secularism from a minority perspective