Beyond smart cities : how cities network learn and innovate Overview The slow emergence of learning cities in an urbanizing world Cities as collective learners : what do we know A gamut of learning types Light on a shadow economy : city learning in 53 cities Informal learners : Turin Portland and Charlotte Technical learning : Curitiba and city think tanks Corporate styles : Bilbao Seattle and others Clouds of trust in style Taking stock : why some cities learn and others do not Turning the learning world upside down : pathways forward in policy and research