The multifaceted skyrmion This book presents in the form of reviews by worlds leading physicists in wide ranging fields in theoretical physics the influence and prescience of Skyrmes daring idea of 1960 originally conceived for nuclear physics that fermions can arise from bosons via topological solitons pervasively playing a powerful role in wide ranging areas of physics from nuclear astrophysics to particle physics to string theory and to condensed matter physics. The skyrmion description both from gauge theory and from gauge gravity duality offers solutions to some long standing and extremely difficult problems at high baryonic density inaccessible by QCD proper. It also offers explanations and makes startling predictions for fascinating new phenomena in condensed matter systems. In both cases what is at the core is the topology although the phenomena are drastically different even involving different spacetime dimensions. This second edition has been expanded with addition of new reviews and extensively updated to take into account the latest developments in the field Hadrons and nuclear matter; Skyrmions and nuclei R.A. Battye N.S. Manton and P.M. Sutcliffe States of carbon 12 in the Skyrme model P.H.C. Lau and N.S. Manton Electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon in chiral soliton models G. Holzwarth Exotic baryon resonances in the Skyrme model Dmitri Diakonov and Victor Petrov Heavy quark skyrmions N.N. Scoccola On the pentaquark candidates P+c(4380) and P+c(4450) within the soliton picture of baryons N.N. Scoccola D.O. Riska and Mannque Rho Skyrmion approach to finite density and temperature B. Y. Park and V. Vento Fractionized skyrmions in dense compact star matter M. Harada H.K. Lee Y. L. Ma and M. Rho The Skyrme model in the BPS limit C. Adam C. Naya J. Sanchez Guillen R. Vazquez and A. Wereszczynski Superqualitons: baryons in dense QCD D.K. Hong Condensed matter; Rotational symmetry breaking in baby Skyrme models M. Karliner and I. Hen Emergent gauge fields and their nonperturbative effects in correlated electrons Ki Seok Kim and Akihiro Tanaka Spin and isospin: exotic order in quantum Hall ferromanets S.M. Girvin Noncommutative skyrmions in quantum Hall systems Z.F. Ezawa and G. Tsitsishvili Meron pair excitations in bilayer quantum Hall system K. Moon Spin and pseudospin textures in quantum Hall systems H.A. Fertig and L. Brey Half skyrmion theory for high temperature superconductivity T. Morinari Deconned quantum critical points T. Senthil A. Vishwanath L. Balents S. Sachdev and M.P.A. Fisher Skyrmions in a density wave state: a mechanism for chiral superconductivity Sudip Chakravarty and Chen Hsuan Hsu String theory; Skyrmion and string theory S. Sugimoto Holographic baryons P. Yi The Cheshire cat principle from holography H.B. Nielsen and I. Zahed Baryon physics in a five dimensional model of hadrons A. Pomarol and A. Wulzer Holographic skyrmions P.M. Sutcliffe Holographic baryons and instanton crystal Vadim Kaplunovsky Dmitry Melnikov and Jacob Sonnenschein