Fluid flow measurement : a practical guide to accurate flow measurement Machine generated contents note: CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 Chapter Overview 1. Requisites of Flow Measurement 2. Background of Flow Measurement 3. History of Flow Measurement 4. Definition of Terms 6. CHAPTER 2 Basic Flow Measurement Laws 24 Reynolds Number 26. Gas Laws 27. Expansion of Liquids 31. Fundamental Flow Equation 32. References 34. CHAPTER 3 Types of Fluid Flow Measurement 35 Custody Transfer 36. Non Custody Transfer Measurement 46. References 47. CHAPTER 4 Basic Reference Standards 48 American Gas Association (AGA) 49. American Petroleum Institute (API) 52. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) 63. American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) 64. Gas Processors Association (GPA) 65. Instrument Society of America (ISA) 67. CHAPTER 5 From Theory to Practice 72 Ideal Installations 73. Non Ideal Installations 74. Fluid Characteristics Data 74. References 90. CHAPTER 6 Fluids 91 Fluids Liquids and Gases 91. Fluid Characteristics 97. Liquids 104. References 108. CHAPTER 7 Flow 109 Required Characteristics 109 Measurement Units 111 Installation Requirements 112 Flow Pattern 113 References 115. CHAPTER 8 Operations 116 Operational Considerations 116. Operational Influences on Gas Measurement 117. Uncertainty 123. Other Fluid Flow Considerations 132. CHAPTER 9 Maintenance of Meter Equipment 136 Gas Measurement Maintenance 138. Effects of Liquids and Solids on Orifice Measurement 146. Effects on Other Meters 149. General Maintenance of Liquid Meters 150. Specific Liquid Maintenance Problems 152. CHAPTER 10 Measurement and Meters 154 Meter Characteristics 154. Types of Meters 156. CHAPTER 11 Differential (Head) Meters 162 Orifice Meter 164. Meter Design Changed 165. Orifice Meter Description 169. Sizing 170. Equations 170. Maintenance 174. Flow Nozzles 175. Venturi Meters 178. Venturi Installation 179. Other Head Meters 180. CHAPTER 12 Linear and Special Meters 183 Non Intrusive Meters 184. Intrusive Linear Meters 192. Other and Special Purpose Meters 206. References 211. CHAPTER 13 Readouts and Related Devices 213 Electronics 213. Related Devices 215. Crude Oil Sampling 221. Natural Gas Sampling 221. Calorimetry 225. References 225. CHAPTER 14 Proving Systems 226 Liquid Provers 227. Gas Provers 232. Critical Flow Provers 233. Central Test Facility 234. References 234. CHAPTER 15 Loss and Unaccounted for Fluids 236 Introduction 235. Liquid 236. Gas 239. CHAPTER 16 Auditing 244 Introduction 244. Gas Meters 245. Liquid Meters 245. Analysis Equipment 246. Audit Principles 246. Objective 247. Procedures 247. Evidence 248. Definitive Testing 248. Sources of Information 250. Contract Review 250. Field Measurement Equipment Review 251. Data Review and Comparison 251. Auditing Gas Measurement Systems 252. Chart Review 253. Auditing Liquid Measurement 253. Finalizing the Audit 254. Conclusion 254