Near infrared nanomaterials : preparation bioimaging and therapy applications Cover; Near infrared Nanomaterials Preparation Bioimaging and Therapy Applications; Foreword; Contents; Chapter 1 Lanthanide Based Near Infrared Nanomaterials for Bioimaging; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Upconversion Nanoparticles (UCNPs); 1.2.1 UCNPs Excited at 980 nm; 1.2.2 Single Band UCNPs; 1.2.3 UCNPs Excited at Another Wavelength Range; 1.2.4 Nd3+ Sensitized UCNPs; 1.3 Lanthanide Downconversion Nanoparticles (DCNPs); 1.3.1 An Explanation: Absorption Scattering Theory; 1.3.2 NIR IIa Window; 1.4 Upconversion and Downconversion Dual Mode Luminescence in One Nanoparticle; 1.5 Conclusion AcknowledgementsReferences; Chapter 2 Near Infrared Quantum Dots for Bioimaging; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 NIR QDs; 2.2.1 Structures and Properties; 2.2.2 Classification and Preparation; 2.2.2.1 Group II VI NIR QDs; 2.2.2.2 Group IV VI NIR QDs; 2.2.2.3 Group III V NIR QDs; 2.2.2.4 Group I VI NIR QDs; 2.2.2.5 Group I III VI NIR QDs; 2.2.2.6 Group IV NIR QDs; 2.3 NIR QDs for Bioimaging; 2.3.1 Surface Chemistry; 2.3.2 Bioconjugation; 2.3.3 Bioimaging Based on NIR QDs; 2.3.3.1 Multicolor Bioimaging; 2.3.3.2 Multimodality Bioimaging; 2.3.3.3 Bioimaging Based on Resonance Energy Transfer 3.2.2.1.3 Photoinduced Electron Transfer Property.3.2.2.1.4 Proton Adsorption.; 3.2.2.1.5 Toxicity.; 3.2.2.2 Properties of NDs; 3.2.2.2.1 Fluorescence.; 3.2.2.2.2 Cytotoxicity.; 3.2.2.2.3 Biocompatibility and Fate in the Body.; 3.2.2.2.4 Internalization.; 3.3 Bioimaging Based on CDs; 3.3.1 Cellular Uptake and Fluorescence Imaging (Ref. 79); 3.3.2 Specific Targeting; 3.3.3 Fluorescence Imaging In vivo; 3.4 Bioimaging Based on NDs (Ref. 1); 3.4.1 NDs for In vitro Bioimaging; 3.4.1.1 NDs for Non Targeted In vitro Bioimaging; 3.4.1.2 NDs for Targeted In vitro Bioimaging 2.3.3.4 Imaging of Tumors2.3.3.5 Imaging of Lymph Nodes; 2.3.3.6 Imaging of Blood Vessels; 2.3.3.7 In vivo Cell Imaging; 2.3.3.8 Deep Tissue Imaging; 2.4 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 3 Bioimaging Nanomaterials Based on Carbon Dots; 3.1 Synthesis Methods; 3.1.1 Synthesis of CDs; 3.1.2 Synthesis of NDs; 3.2 Structures and Properties; 3.2.1 Components and Structure; 3.2.1.1 Components and Structure of CDs; 3.2.1.2 Components and Structure of NDs; 3.2.2 Properties; 3.2.2.1 Properties of CDs; 3.2.2.1.1 Absorption.; 3.2.2.1.2 Photoluminescence 3.4.2 NDs for Long Term In vivo Imaging3.4.2.1 Long Term In vivo Imaging in C. elegans; 3.4.2.2 Long Term In vivo Imaging in Mice and Rats; 3.4.3 Background Free In vivo Imaging by ND Fluorescence Modulation; 3.5 Challenge and Perspectives; References; Chapter 4 Near Infrared Emitting Gold Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Synthesis Strategies; 4.2.1 Surface Ligand Effect; 4.2.2 Valence State Effect; 4.3 Renal Clearance and Pharmacokinetics; 4.3.1 Renal Clearance; 4.3.2 Pharmacokinetics; 4.4 In vivo Tumor Imaging; 4.5 Conclusion and Outlook; Acknowledgement In the last decade bioimaging and therapy based on near infrared (NIR) nanomaterials have played an important role in biotechnology due to their intrinsic advantages when compared with the traditional imaging probe and medicine. NIR nanomaterials allow deeper penetration depth low detection threshold concentration and better targeted performance.This book systematically summarises the recent progress in the fabrication and application of NIR nanomaterials for biomedical imaging and therapy and discusses the advantages challenges and opportunities available. Near infrared Nanomaterials contains achapter highlighting the outlook of these materials detailing novel ideas for the further application of NIR nanomaterials in bioimaging and medicine