Justice for earthlings : essays in political philosophy David Miller explores what justice means for real people and challenges philosophical theories that ignore the facts of human life. In the past few decades social changes have impacted how we understand justice as societies become both more multicultural and more interconnected globally. Much philosophical thought however seems to proceed in isolation from these developments. While philosophers from Plato onwards have portrayed justice as an abstract universal ideal Miller argues that principles of justice are always rooted in particular social contexts and connects these ideas to the changing conditions of human life. In this important contribution to political philosophy it is argued that philosophers need to pay more attention to the way that people actually think about whats fair and only defend principles that are feasible to apply in the real world. To understand equality of opportunity for example we must explore the cultural constraints that people face when presented with life choices. Justice for Earthlings also explains how national boundaries make justice at global level different from social justice.