Social organizations and the authoritarian state in China For all of the attention that has been paid to social organizations and the research conducted on them our understanding has still been significantly limited by the persistent assumptions surrounding the effect of NGO emergence the internal orientation of the organizations and the relations they have with states. In the West we have been conditioned to see the rise of non governmental organizations (NGOs) in fairly stark axiomatic terms. The presence of NGOs is thought to be an important indicator of civil society development. And with a robust civil society political change is thought to soon follow. Part of the logic at work is that NGOs and civil society are frequently seen to hold governments accountable. In authoritarian contexts where the government is not accountable to its citizenry (at least in an electoral sense) we presume these accountability seeking organizations to be oppositional to the state. Any reasonable observer would then assume given their druthers an authoritarian government would not allow such oppositional groups to exist at all. Perhaps then it makes sense to first assume that NGOs would not exist in a place like China at all. And to the extent that they do appear in the country we might best assume these organizations to not be authentic real NGOs. This would of course be one way of explaining why the political change that many expect to come from the emergence of NGOs has not occurred in China. But it would not be a satisfying explanation Offers a groundbreaking comparative analysis of the emergence of NGOs across China in three different issue areas: environmental protection HIV AIDS prevention and gay and lesbian rights