Distribution systems analysis and automation 3.7 Power System Analysis Tool 3.7.1 New Tendencies in PSAT Applications 3.7.2 Advanced Simulations in PSATs based on Load Flow Concept 3.8 Proposed Exercises Further Reading 4. Short Circuit Calculation 4.1 Nature of Short Circuit Currents 4.2 Calculation of Fault Duty Values 4.3 Fault Calculation for Symmetrical Faults 4.4 Symmetrical Components 4.4.1 Importance and Construction of Sequence Networks 4.4.2 Calculation of Asymmetrical Faults using Symmetrical Components 4.4.3 Equivalent Impedances for a Power System Distribution systems analysis uses techniques to simulate analyse and optimise power distribution systems. Together with automation these techniques underpin the smart grid. Distribution systems are facing growing challenges due to increasing demand as well as the rising shares of distributed and volatile renewable energy sources 3.2.2 Star Delta Transform 3.2.3 Superposition Theorem 3.3 Power AC Circuits 3.4 PU Normalization 3.5 Load Flow 3.5.1 Formulation of the Load Flow Problem 3.5.2 Newton Raphson Method 3.5.3 Type of Buses 3.5.4 Application of the Newton Raphson Method to Solve Load Flows 3.5.5 Decoupling method 3.6 Radial Load Flow Concepts 3.6.1 Theoretical Background 3.6.2 Distribution Network Models 3.6.3 Nodes and Branches Identification 3.6.4 Illustration of Nodes and Branches Identification 3.6.5 Algorithm to Develop Radial Load Flow 2.5 Outage Management Systems 2.6 Geographic Information Systems 2.6.1 AM FM Functions 2.6.2 Database Management 2.7 Communication Options 2.8 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition 2.8.1 SCADA Functions 2.8.2 System Architecture 2.9 Synchrophasors and its Application in Power Systems 2.9.1 Definition 2.9.2 Application of PMUs Further Reading 3. Fundamentals of Distribution System Analysis 3.1 Electrical Circuit Laws 3.1.1 Ohms law 3.1.2 Kirchhoffs Voltage Law 3.1.3 Kirchhoffs Current Law 3.2 Circuit Theorems 3.2.1 Thevenins Theorem 1.4.4 Development Process of an SGMM 1.4.5 Levels and Domains of the SGMM 1.4.6 Results and Analysis Obtained by SGMM 1.4.7 Example Case 1.5 Prioritization in Smart Grid projects 1.6 Cost benefit Analysis 1.6.1 Definition of Benefits 1.6.2 Cost benefit Analysis Methodologies Reference Further Reading 2. Distribution Automation Functions 2.1 Electrical System Automation 2.2 EMS Functional Scope 2.3 DMS Functional Scope 2.4 Functionality of DMS 2.4.1 Steady state Performance Improvement 2.4.2 Dynamic Performance Improvement Intro Contents List of figures List of tables About the Author Preface 1. Smart Grid overview 1.1 Smart Grid for Distribution Systems 1.2 Definitions of Smart Grid 1.3 Benefits of the Smart Grid on distribution systems 1.3.1 Enhancing Reliability 1.3.2 Improving System Efficiency 1.3.3 Distributed Energy Resources 1.3.4 Optimizing Asset Utilization and Efficient Operation 1.4 Maturity Models for Smart Grid Applications 1.4.1 Smart Grid Maturity Model 1.4.2 Benefits of using a Smart Grid Maturity Model 1.4.3 Genesis and Components of an SGMM