Group 13 Chemistry II : Biological Aspects of Aluminum Aluminum bound almost exclusively to oxygen in various combinations is the most abundant metal in the earths crust and therefore of great commercial potential. Once methods were developed (in the 1880s) to free useable quantities of the element from oxygen applications for the element began developing rapidly. This growth has resulted in the ubiquity of the metal in todays world. Therefore it can be found intentionally introduced in many products in direct contact with human beings. It is commonly known that soluble forms of aluminum aretoxic to living organisms. However aluminum is not known to be bioavailable under everyday conditions. In fact the solubility product of common aluminum compounds such as AI(OH)3 is so low as to make it essentially unavailable. This volume of Structure and Bonding seeks to provide in one source a resource where the basic science related to aluminum toxicity may be obtained. It should be stressed that this volume is not intended to be a warning to avoid contact with aluminum. Living organisms have adequate defenses to prevent aluminum toxicity under normal conditions. Rather the volume was created to simply provide an understanding of the biological effects of aluminum. As such the present volume should be considered in the context of the companion volumes in this three part series of Structure and Bonding. The first volume was devoted to fundamental developments in group 13 chemistry. Acute Aluminum Intoxication A New Effect of Aluminum on Iron Metabolism in Mammalian Cells The Complexity of Aluminum DNA Interactions: Relevance to Alzheimer’s and Other Neurological Diseases Aluminum: Interaction with Nucleotides and Nucleotidases and Analytical Aspects of Its Determination Aluminofluoride Complexes in the Etiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Fluoroaluminate Chemistry.