Gene editing in plants Chapter Seven: CRISPR Cas9 Enabled Multiplex Genome Editing and Its Application Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Strategies to Achieve CRISPR Cas9 Enabled Multiplex Genome Editing 3 Broad Applications of Multiplex Genome Editing in Plants 4 Conclusion Acknowledgments Chapter Eight: CRISPR Cas9 Based Genome Editing in Plants Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Mechanism of the CRISPR Cas9 Nuclease System 3 Analysis of Targeted Mutations Induced by CRISPR Cas9 in Plants 4 Applications of CRISPR Cas9 System for Plant Functional Studies and Crop Improvement 5 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives Chapter Nine: On Improving CRISPR for Editing Plant Genes: Ribozyme Mediated Guide RNA Production and Fluorescence Based Technology for Isolating Transgene Free Mutants Generated by CRISPR Abstract 1 Production of Cas9 Protein in Plant Cells 2 Production of sgRNA Molecules In Vivo 3 Production of sgRNAs From Ribozyme Flanked Artificial Gene 4 Efficient Identification of Cas9 Free Plants With the Desired Editing Events Acknowledgment Chapter Ten: Engineering Molecular Immunity Against Plant Viruses Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Use of SSNs for Genome Engineering 3 Viruses for Delivery of Genome Engineering Reagents 4 Using SSNs to Develop Virus Resistance 5 CRISPR Cas9 Mediated Virus Interference 6 Developing Resistance Against RNA Viruses 7 Outlook Chapter Eleven: Use of CRISPR Cas9 for Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Research in Legumes Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation 3 Creating Gene Mutations in Legumes 4 Applications of CRISPR Cas9 in Legumes 5 Perspectives and Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments Chapter Twelve: Safety Security and Policy Considerations for Plant Genome Editing Abstract 1 Introduction Title page Table of Contents Copyright Contributors Preface Chapter One: Genome Engineering and Agriculture: Opportunities and Challenges Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Genome Editing in Plants: Potential DNA Modifications 3 Agricultural Demands and Genome Editing Successes 4 Creating Healthier and More Nutritious Food 5 Challenges and Future Outlook 6 Concluding Thoughts Chapter Two: Use of CRISPR Cas9 for Crop Improvement in Maize and Soybean Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Examples of CRISPR Cas for Crop Improvement in Maize 3 Examples of CRISPR Cas for Crop Improvement in Soybean 4 Looking Forward Acknowledgments Chapter Three: Use of Zinc Finger Nucleases for Crop Improvement Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Why Use ZFNs 3 Plant Genome Editing Using ZFNs 4 Targeted Gene Editing 5 Enhancing the Efficiency of Genome Editing 6 Regulatory Framework 7 Concluding Statements Chapter Four: Gene Editing in Polyploid Crops: Wheat Camelina Canola Potato Cotton Peanut Sugar Cane and Citrus Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Gene Editing in Polyploid Crops Chapter Five: Gene Editing With TALEN and CRISPR Cas in Rice Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Creation of DNA Double Strand Breaks to Allow Genome Editing 3 Use of TALENs for Gene Editing in Rice 4 Use of CRISPR Cas9 for Gene Editing in Rice 5 Use of CRISPR Cpf1 for Gene Editing in Rice 6 Use of Base Editor in Rice 7 Concluding Remarks Chapter Six: Genome Editing to Improve Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Optimization of CRISPR Cas9 System to Generate Mutant Plants 3 Developing a New Allele of a Plant Abiotic Stress Responsive Gene 4 Development of New Gene Delivery Systems for CRISPR Cas9 Acknowledgments 2 Safety and Security Aspects of Genome Editing 3 Governance and Regulation of Plant Genome Editing 4 Summary and Conclusions Index