City gates in the Roman West : forms and functions This book discusses various aspects of city gates in the Western Roman Empire: Italy Spain Gaul Germany and Britain. In these countries many Roman city gates are to be found sometimes still in a good condition like the Porta Nigra in Trier and the Porta Appia in Rome. Similarly to medieval or early modern city gates Roman city gates did not all have the same design but show an evolution over time and depending on the circumstances: sometimes they appear as simple narrow passages (which were easy to defend) sometimes as impressively monumental complexes (which were comfortable for increased traffic and were comparable in their function to triumphal arches: both served as symbols of urbanitas expressing Roman power). But city gates had more functions than being a part of the city defence system and the road infrastructure. In many cases they played a role in the supply of drinking water and the removal of waste water. Furthermore they were connected to social and magico religious aspects of city life. This book brings together all available material concerning those city gates in the Roman West that are preserved in a good enough condition to be described and discussed. It focusses on the forms and functions of the gates. In addition it comprises textual sources (both literary and epigraphic material) containing information on the uses of city gates