How to propagate : techniques and tips for over 1 000 plants Materials and equipment Propagation techniques Sowing seed Sowing outdoors in the open ground Sowing under cover Spores Cuttings Softwood cuttings Semiripe cuttings Hardwood cuttings Leaf cuttings Leaf bud cuttings Root cuttings Runners suckers and stolons Irishmans cuttings Division Simple layering Serpentine layering Mound or stool layering Drop layering Air layering Grafting Whip and tongue grafting Bud grafting Saddle grafting Bulbs corms and tubers Aftercare Pests and diseases Troubleshooting Directory of plants