Defrosting ancient microbes : emerging genomes in a warmer world Cover Half Title Title Copyright Contents Preface Acknowledgments Authors List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviations Chapter 1 Reaching Backwards Reviving the Dead How Ice Affects Life Chapter 2 Questions and Answers Enigmas Frozen Knowledge Evolutionary Implications Applications Extraterrestrial Life Moving Forward Chapter 3 The Importance of Water and Ice Liquid and Solid Water What Is in That Water Why Are Water and Ice So Important for Life Ice as a Microbial Archive Preservation of Microbes in Glaciers Microbes and Aliens Chapter 4 The Diversity of Ice Snow and Ice Diversity Glaciers Ice Fields and Domes Lake and Sea Ice Surface and Subglacial Lake Ice Chapter 5 Permafrost Frozen Soils Life in Permafrost Release of Greenhouse Gases and Other Chemicals Chapter 6 What Is Life What Is Causing the Disease Microbes in Ice Classification of Life Chapter 7 Fossils: Marking Time Reading Fossils Fossils in Ice Living Fossils How Old Ancient Biomolecules Problems with Degradation Real or Imagined Chapter 8 Walking into the Past Obtaining the Core Sections Storage What to Look For Decontamination Most Effective Methods Chapter 9 Isolating and Characterizing Microbes from Ice How to Study Life Culture Methods Nucleic Acid Methods Metagenomics Metatranscriptomics and Genomics Other Methods Chapter 10 A Brief History of Research on Life in Ice Longevity A Brief History International Geophysical Year and Beyond Serendipity Strikes Chapter 11 Ice Core Discoveries All Ice Is Not the Same IGY 1950s and 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Future Chapter 12 Subglacial Lake Vostok Walking on Thick Ice.