Kaisertum und Kalifat : der imperiale Monotheismus im Früh und Hochmittelalter The historical differences between Europe and the Near East in the Middle Ages have often been described with catchwords: separation of church and state in the West; merging of politics and religion in Byzantium and Islam. Höfert opposes this outdated idea and instead is concerned with the question of how the modern concept of religion can be applied to pre modern circumstances. Her central thesis is that the Roman Byzantine Empire the Umayyad and Abbasid Empires along with Carolingian and Ottonian rule and the papacy all contributed to the Late Antique conception of religion and politics as imperial monotheism but all developed this idea in different and contentious ways Das Königtum und die transkulturelle Perspektive Analytische Hauptkategorien und Vorgehensweise der Untersuchung Die Ausgangslage im römischen Kaiserreich bis zu Konstantin I Die christliche Universalmonarchie im römisch byzantinischen Reich Die muslimische Universalmonarchie im umaiyadischen und abbasidischen Reich Das lateinische Kaisertum Schlussfolgerung