Routledge handbook of European politics Since the Treaty of the European Union was ratified in 1993 the European Union has become an important factor in an ever increasing number of regimes of pooled sovereignty. This Handbook seeks to present a valuable guide to this new and unique system in the 21st century allowing readers to obtain a better understanding of the emerging multilevel European governance system that links national polities to Europe and the global community. Adopting a pan European approach this handbook brings together the work of leading international academics to cover a wide range of topics such as: o the historical and theoretical background o the political systems and institutions of both the EU and its individual member nations o political parties and party systems o political elites o civil society and social movements in European politics o the political economy of Europe o public administration and policy making o external policies of the EU. This is an invaluable and comprehensive resource for students scholars researchers and practitioners of the European Union European Politics and Comparative Politics