Projecting spirits : speculation providence and early modern optical media The history of projected images at the turn of the seventeenth century reveals a changing perception of chance and order contingency and form. In Projecting Spirits Pasi Väliaho maps how the leading optical media of the period the camera obscura and the magic lantern developed in response to and framed the eras key intellectual dilemma of whether the world fell under Gods providential care or was subject to chance and open to speculating. As Väliaho shows camera obscuras and magic lanterns were variously employed to give the world an intelligible and manageable design. Jesuit scholars embraced devices of projection as part of their pursuit of divine government whilst the Royal Society fellows enlisted them in their quest for empirical knowledge as well as colonial expansion. Projections of light and shadow grew into critical metaphors in early responses to the turbulences of finance. In such instances Väliaho argues projection became an indispensable cognitive form to both assert providence and to make sense of an economic reality that was gradually escaping from divine guidance. Drawing on a range of materials philosophical scientific and religious literature visual arts correspondence poems pamphlets and illustrations this provocative and inventive work expands our concept of the early media of projection revealing how they spoke to early modern thinkers and shaped a new speculative concept of the world