Democrats and autocrats : pathways of subnational undemocratic regime continuity within democratic countries Introduction Explaining within country pathways of subnational undemocratic regime continuity Conceptualizing measuring and mapping subnational undemocratic regimes Presidential power in Argentina and Mexico: fiscal and partisan instruments of cooptation SUR reproduction from above in Argentina and Mexico: quantitative evidence Subnational undemocratic regime continuity in Argentina: La Rioja and San Luis Subnational undemocratic regime continuity in Mexico: Puebla and Oaxaca Conclusion