Testing for EMC compliance : approaches and techniques Cover CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 1.1 The Need to Comply 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Nature of Interference 1.4 Overview on Product Testing 1.4.1 Test Environment 1.4.2 Self Compatibility 1.4.3 Validation of Measured Data 1.4.4 Problems during Emissions Testing 1.5 Time Domain versus Frequency Domain Analysis 1.6 EMC Testing Methodologies 1.6.1 Development Testing and Diagnostics 1.6.2 Compliance and Precompliance Testing References 2 Electric Magnetic and Static Fields 2.1 Relationship between Electric and Magnetic Fields 2.2 Methods of Noise Coupling 2.2.1 Common Impedance Coupling 2.2.2 Electromagnetic Field Coupling 2.2.3 Conductive Coupling 2.2.4 Radiated Coupling...Magnetic Field 2.2.5 Radiated Coupling...Electric Field 2.2.6 Radiated and Conducted Coupling Combined 2.3 Common Mode Currents versus Differential Mode Currents 2.3.1 Differential Mode Currents 2.3.2 Common Mode Currents 2.3.3 Example on Difference between Differential and Common Mode Currents 2.3.4 Radiation due to Differential Mode Currents 2.3.5 Common Mode Radiation 2.3.6 Conversion between Differential and Common Mode Energy 2.4 Static Fields 2.4.1 Electrostatic Discharge Waveforms 2.4.2 Triboelectric Series 2.4.3 Failure Modes From a Static Event References 3 Instrumentation 3.1 Time Domain Analyzer (Oscilloscope) 3.1.1 Oscilloscope Probes 3.2 Frequency Domain Analyzers 3.2.1 Spectrum Analyzers 3.2.2 Receivers 3.3 Precompliance versus Compliance Analyzers 3.4 Correlation Analyzer 3.4.1 Characteristics of Cancellation System 3.4.2 Coherence Factor References 4 Test Facilities 4.1 Open Area Test Sites 4.1.1 Requirements for an OATS 4.1.2 Test Configuration System Power and Cable Interconnects 4.1.3 Operating Conditions 4.1.4 Measurement Precautions 4.1.5 Alternate Test Sites 4.2 Chambers 4.2.1 Anechoic Chamber 4.2.2 Screen Shield Rooms 4.2.3 Reverberation Chamber 4.3 Cells 4.3.1 TEM Cell 4.3.2 GTEM Cell References 5 Probes Antennas and Support Equipment 5.1 Need for Probes Antennas and Support Equipment 5.2 Voltage Probes 5.3 Current Probes 5.3.1 Specifying a Current Probe 5.3.2 Limitations When Using Current Probes 5.4 LISN AMN (AC Mains) 5.5 CDNs (Data and Signal Lines) 5.6 Absorbing Clamp 5.6.1 Test Setup and Measurement Procedure 5.7 Bulk Current Injection Probe and Insertion Clamp 5.7.1 Choosing a BCI Probe 5.8 Basic Probe Types Near Field and Closed Field 5.9 Sniffer Probes 5.9.1 Near Field Probes 5.9.2 Commercial Probes 5.10 Differential Mode Probes 5.11 Home Made Probes 5.12 Alternate Troubleshooting Devices 5.13 Far Field Antennas 5.13.1 Common Antennas Used for EMC Testing References 6 Conducted Testing 6.1 Overview of Conducted Currents 6.1.1 Common and Differential Mode Currents on Wires