Methods in molecular biophysics : structure dynamics function for biology and medicine Macromolecules in their environment Macromolecules as physical particles Understanding macromolecular structures Mass and charge Structure function studies Thermodynamic stability and interactions Differential scanning calorimetry Isothermal titration calorimetry Surface plasmon resonance and interferometry based biosensors Biological macromolecules as hydrodynamic particles Analytical ultracentrifugation Fluorescence depolarization Dynamic light scattering and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Visible and IR absorption spectroscopy Two dimensional IR spectroscopy Raman scattering spectroscopy Optical activity and circular dichronism Light microscopy Single molecule manipulation and atomic force microscopy Fluorescence microscopy The macromolecule as a radiation scattering particle Small angle scattering and reflectometry X ray and neutron macromolecular crystallography Electron microscopy Three dimensional reconstruction from two dimensional images Energy and time calculations Neutron spectroscopy Distances and angles from frequencies Experimental techniques Structure and dynamics studies Radiology and positron emission tomography Ultrasound imaging Magnetic resonance imaging