A modern history of the Kurds In this narrative the first comprehensive account of recent Kurdish history David McDowall traces the roots of Kurdish nationalism from the collapse of the Kurdish emirates in the nineteenth century and the consequent crisis in tribal politics through the post 1918 peace settlement for which the Kurds were wholly unprepared to the slow emergence of an educated non tribal class during the middle years of this century. This new class faced two enemies. Externally it had to resist the recently established regimes in Iran Turkey and Iraq all of which equated modernization with state nationalism ethnic subordination and centralization. Internally it had to transform a society based primarily on the socio economic ethic of tribal patronage to one based on ethnic identity. McDowall shows how in each of these countries the struggle has taken on its own characteristics problems and prospects; why pan Kurdish unity still proves so elusive; and how governments have used the internal fault lines of Kurdish society to impede national progress. He also explains why the Kurdish question is unlikely to disappear and examines the likely prospects for the future Indhold: The Kurds in the age of tribe and empire ; Incorporating the Kurds ; Ethno nationalism in Iran ; Ethno nationalism in Iraq ; Ethno nationalism in Turkey Introduction: Kurdish identity and social formation The Kurds in the age of tribe and empire Incorporating the Kurds Ethno nationalism in Iran Ethno nationalism in Iraq Ethno nationalism in Turkey.