Essays on the Foundations of Mathematics by Moritz Pasch Translator’s Introduction Fundamental Questions of Geometry The Decidability Requirement The Origin of the Concept of Number Implicit Definition and the Proper Grounding of Mathematics Rigid Bodies in Geometry Prelude to Geometry: The Essential Ideas Physical and Mathematical Geometry Natural Geometry The Concept of the Differential Reflections on the Proper Grounding of Mathematics I Concepts and Proofs in Mathematics Dimension and Space in Mathematics Reflections on the Proper Grounding of Mathematics II The Axiomatic Method in Modern Mathematics Moritz Pasch (1843 1930) is justly celebrated as a key figure in the history of axiomatic geometry. Less well known are his contributions to other areas of foundational research. This volume features English translations of 14 papers Pasch published in the decade 1917 1926. In them Pasch argues that geometry and more surprisingly number theory are branches of empirical science; he provides axioms for the combinatorial reasoning essential to Hilbert’s program of consistency proofs; he explores implicit definition (a generalization of definition by abstraction) and indicates how this technique yields an empiricist reconstruction of set theory; he argues that we cannot fully understand the logical structure of mathematics without clearly distinguishing between decidable and undecidable properties; he offers a rare glimpse into the mind of a master of axiomatics surveying in detail the thought experiments he employed as he struggled to identify fundamental mathematical principles; and much more. This volume will: Give English speakers access to an important body of work from a turbulent and pivotal period in the history of mathematics. Help us look beyond the familiar triad of formalism intuitionism and logicism. Show how deeply we can see with the help of a guide determined to present fundamental mathematical ideas in ways that match our human capacities. The book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in logic and the foundations of mathematics