Chapter 72 Total Factor Productivity Growth in Agriculture : The Role of Technological Capital In this chapter we compute measures of total factor productivity (TFP) growth for developing countries and then contrast TFP growth with technological capital indexes. In developing these indexes we incorporate schooling capital to yield two new indexes: Invention Innovation Capital and Technology Mastery. We find that TFP performance is strongly related to technological capital and that technological capital is required for TFP and cost reduction growth. Investments in technological capital require long term (20 to 40 year) investments which are typically made by governments and aid agencies and are the only viable escape route from mass poverty.