Less frequently used research methodologies in applied linguistics Research methodology plays a pivotal role in generating new knowledge in any academic discipline. Applied Linguistics (AL) researchers use a variety of research methodologies to address different research problems and research questions given its interdisciplinary nature. Notwithstanding the plethora of research methodologies used by AL researchers there are some methodologies that are used less frequently. The aim of this volume is to introduce and discuss these less frequently used methodologies. Each methodology is discussed in two chapters a theoretical and a practical chapter. In the theoretical chapters the theoretical foundations methodological orientation ethical issues and critiques and responses are discussed. In the practical chapters a showcase study is presented and discussed including why the methodology was used how it was implemented the challenges the researchers faced and the insights they gained. The volume contributes to the current methodological discussion in AL and provides early career and seasoned researchers with the necessary discussion about these methodological orientations. Future AL researchers may use these methodologies to investigate research questions in their areas of interest. In addition the volume can complement current methodological resources in postgraduate research methodology courses