Principles of tissue engineering Regulatory considerations for tissue engineering Conclusion Acknowledgment References Further reading One: The basis of growth and differentiation 4 Molecular biology of the cell The cell nucleus Control of gene expression Transcription factors Other controls of gene activity The cytoplasm The cytoskeleton Microtubules Microfilaments Small GTPases The cell surface Cell adhesion molecules Extracellular matrix Signal transduction Growth and death Culture media Cells in tissues and organs Cell types Tissues Organs Organ on a chip and body on a chip Integration of nanotechnology Current challenges Future directions Smart biomaterials Cell sources Embryonic stem cells Induced pluripotent stem cells Adult stem cells Whole organ engineering Biofabrication technologies Tissue neovasculatization Bioreactors Integration of nanotechnology Conclusions and future challenges References Further reading 2 From mathematical modeling and machine learning to clinical reality Introduction Modeling stem cell dynamics Positive feedback based molecular switches Front Cover Principles of Tissue Engineering Copyright Page Contents List of contributors Preface 1 Tissue engineering: current status and future perspectives Clinical need Current state of the field Smart biomaterials Cell sources Embryonic stem cells Induced pluripotent stem cells Adult stem cells Whole organ engineering Biofabrication technologies Electrospinning Inkjet three dimensional bioprinting Extrusion three dimensional bioprinting Spheroids and organoids Imaging technologies Tissue neovascularization Bioreactors Reference Further reading General Chromatin Signaling general Cytoskeleton adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix 5 Molecular organization of cells Introduction Molecules that organize cells Changes in cell cell adhesion Changes in celleextracellular matrix adhesion Changes in cell polarity and stimulation of cell motility Invasion of the basal lamina The epithelial mesenchymal transition transcriptional program Transcription factors that regulate epithelial mesenchymal transition Regulation at the promoter level Variability in stem cell populations Modeling tissue growth and development Monolayer tissue growth in vitro Tissue growth on complex surfaces in vitro Three dimensional tissue growth in vitro Pattern formation Machine learning in tissue engineering Supervised methods Unsupervised methods Machine learning of cellular dynamics Regulatory network inference From mathematical models to clinical reality References 3 Moving into the clinic Introduction Current state of tissue engineering Pathway for clinical translation