Driven to darkness : Jewish émigré directors and the rise of film noir Introduction Jews in Germany : torn between two worlds Jews and expressionism : performing high and low The father of film noir : Fritz Lang Fritz Lang in Hollywood The French connection : Robert Siodmak Viennese twins : Billy and Willy Wilder The ABZs of film noir : Otto Preminger and Edgar G. Ulmer Womans directors : Curtis Bernhardt and Max Ophuls Pathological noir populist noir and an act of violence : John Brahm Anatole Litvak Fred Zinnemann