Wireless communications Preface and Acknowledgements to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgments to the First Edition Abbreviations Symbols Part I INTRODUCTION 1 Applications and Requirements of Wireless Services 1.1 History 1.2 Types of Services 1.3 Requirements for the Services 1.4 Economic and Social Aspects 2 Technical Challenges of Wireless Communications 2.1 Multipath Propagation 2.2 Spectrum Limitations 2.3 Limited Energy 2.4 User Mobility 3 Noise and Interference Limited Systems 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Noise Limited Systems 3.3 Interference Limited Systems Part II WIRELESS PROPAGATION CHANNELS 4 Propagation Mechanisms 4.1 Free Space Attenuation 4.2 Reflection and Transmission 4.3 Diffraction 4.4 Scattering by Rough Surfaces 4.5 Waveguiding 4.6 Appendices: please see companion website (www.wiley.com go molisch) 5 Statistical Description of the Wireless Channel 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Time Invariant Two Path Model 5.3 The Time Variant Two Path Model 5.4 Small Scale Fading without a Dominant Component 5.5 Small Scale Fading with a Dominant Component 5.6 Doppler Spectra and Temporal Channel Variations 5.7 Temporal Dependence of Fading 5.8 Large Scale Fading 5.9 Appendices: please see companion website (www.wiley.com go molisch) 6 Wideband and Directional Channel Characterization 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Causes of Delay Dispersion 6.3 System Theoretic Description of Wireless Channels 6.4 The WSSUS Model 6.5 Condensed Parameters 6.6 Ultra Wideband Channels 6.7 Directional Description 6.8 Appendices: please see companion website (www.wiley.com go molisch) 7 Channel Models 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Narrowband Models 7.3 Wideband Models 7.4 Directional Models 7.5 Deterministic Channel Modeling Methods 7.6 Appendices: please see companion website (www.wiley.com go molisch) 8 Channel Sounding 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Time Domain Measurements 8.3 Frequency Domain Analysis 8.4 Modified Measurement Methods 8.5 Directionally Resolved Measurements 8.6 Appendix: please see companion website (www.wiley.com go molisch) 9 Antennas 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Antennas for Mobile Stations 9.3 Antennas for Base Stations Part III TRANSCEIVERS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING 10 Structure of a Wireless Communication Link 10.1 Transceiver Block Structure 10.2 Simplified Models 11 Modulation Formats 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Basics 11.3 Important Modulation Formats 11.4 Appendix: please see companion website (www.wiley.com go molisch) 12 Demodulation 12.1 Demodulator Structure and Error Probability in Additive White Gaussian Noise Channels 12.2 Error Probability in Flat Fading Channels 12.3 Error Probability in Delay and Frequency Dispersive Fading Channels 13 Diversity 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Microdiversity 13.3 Macrodiversity and Simulcast 13.4 Combination of Signals 13.5 Error Probability in Fading Channels with Diversity Reception 13.6 Transmit Diversity 13.7 Appendix: please see companion website (www.wiley.com go molisch) 14 Channel Coding and Information Theory 14.1 Fundamentals of Coding and Information Theory 14.2 Block Codes 14.3 Convolutional Codes 14.4 Trellis Coded Modulation 14.5 Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM) 14.6 Turbo Codes 14.7 Low Density Parity Check Codes 14.8 Coding for the Fading Channel 14.9 Information Theoretic Performance Limits of Fading Channels 14.10 Appendices: please see companion website (www.wiley.com go molisch) 15 Speech Coding (Gernot Kubin) 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Sound of Speech 15.3 Stochastic Models for Speech 15.4 Quantization and Coding 15.5 From Speech Transmission to Acoustic Telepresence 16 Equalizers 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Linear Equalizers 16.3 Decision Feedback Equalizers 16.4 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation Viterbi Detector 22.6 Applications 22.7 Network Coding 23 Video Coding (Anthony Vetro) 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Transform and Quantization 23.3 Prediction 23.4 Entropy Coding 23.5 Video Coding Standards 23.6 Layered Video Coding 23.7 Error Control 23.8 Video Streaming 24 GSM Global System for Mobile Communications 24.1 Historical Overview 24.2 System Overview 24.3 The Air Interface 24.4 Logical and Physical Channels 24.5 Synchronization 24.6 Coding 24.7 Equalizer 24.8 Circuit Switched Data Transmission 24.9 Establishing a Connection and Handover 24.10 Services and Billing 24.11 Glossary for GSM 24.12 Appendices: please see companion website (www.wiley.com go molisch) 25 IS 95 and CDMA 2000 25.1 Historical Overview 25.2 System Overview 25.3 Air Interface 25.4 Coding 25.5 Spreading and Modulation 25.6 Logical and Physical Channels 25.7 Handover 25.8 Appendices: please see companion website (www.wiley.com go molisch) 26 WCDMA UMTS 26.1 Historical Overview 26.2 System Overview 26.3 Air Interface 26.4 Physical and Logical Channels 26.5 Speech Coding Multiplexing and Channel Coding 26.6 Spreading and Modulation 26.7 Physical Layer Procedures 26.8 Glossary for WCDMA 27 3GPP Long Term Evolution 27.1 Introduction 27.2 System Overview 27.3 Physical Layer 27.4 Logical and Physical Channels 27.5 Physical Layer Procedures 27.6 Glossary for LTE 28 WiMAX IEEE 802.16 28.1 Introduction 28.2 System Overview 28.3 Modulation and Coding 28.4 Logical and Physical Channels 28.5 Multiple Antenna Techniques 28.6 Link Control 28.7 Glossary for WiMAX 29 Wireless Local Area Networks 29.1 Introduction 731 29.2 802.11a g Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Based Local Area Networks 734 29.3 IEEE 802.11n 739 29.4 Packet Transmission in 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks 745 29.5 Alternative Wireless Local Area Networks and Future Developments 749 29.6 Glossary for WLAN 749 30 Exercises (Peter Almers Ove Edfors Hao Feng Fredrik Floren Anders Johanson Johan Karedal Buon Kiong Lau Christian Mehlf uhrer Andreas F. Molisch Jan Plasberg Barbara Resch Jonas Samuelson Junyang Shen Andre Stranne Fredrik Tufvesson Anthony Vetro and Shurjeel Wyne) 30.1 Chapter 1: Applications and Requirements of Wireless Services 30.2 Chapter 2: Technical Challenges of Wireless Communications 30.3 Chapter 3: Noise and Interference Limited Systems 30.4 Chapter 4: Propagation Mechanisms 30.5 Chapter 5: Statistical Description of the Wireless Channel 30.6 Chapter 6: Wideband and Directional Channel Characterization 30.7 Chapter 7: Channel Models 30.8 Chapter 8: Channel Sounding 30.9 Chapter 9: Antennas 30.10 Chapter 10: Structure of a Wireless Communication Link 30.11 Chapter 11: Modulation Formats 30.12 Chapter 12: Demodulation 30.13 Chapter 13: Diversity 30.14 Chapter 14: Channel Coding 30.15 Chapter 15: Speech Coding 30.16 Chapter 16: Equalizers 30.17 Chapter 17: Multiple Access and the Cellular Principle 30.18 Chapter 18: Spread Spectrum Systems 30.19 Chapter 19: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 30.20 Chapter 20: Multiantenna Systems 30.21 Chapter 21: Cognitive Radio 30.22 Chapter 22: Relaying Multi Hop and Cooperative Communications 30.23 Chapter 23: Video Coding 30.24 Chapter 24: GSM Global System for Mobile Communications 30.25 Chapter 25: IS 95 and CDMA 2000 30.26 Chapter 26: WCDMA UMTS 30.27 Chapter 27: 3GPP Long Term Evolution 30.28 Chapter 28: WiMAX IEEE 802.16 30.29 Chapter 29: Wireless Local Area Networks References Index Professor Andreas F. Molisch renowned researcher and educator has put together a comprehensive clear and authoritative book on wireless communications. The Second Edition which includes a wealth of new material on important emerging topics ensures the book will continue to be a key resource for every student researcher and practitioner in the field. Professor Moe Win MIT USA Wireless communications has grown rapidly over the past decade from a niche market into one of the most important fast moving industries. Fully updated to incorporate the latest research and developments Wireless Communications Second Edition provides an authoritative overview of the principles and applications of mobile communication technology. The author provides an in depth analysis of current treatment of the area addressing both the traditional elements such as Rayleigh fading BER in flat fading channels and equalization and more recently emerging topics like multi user detection in CDMA systems MIMO systems and cognitive radio. The dominant wireless standards including cellular cordless and wireless LANs are discussed. • Topics featured include: wireless propagation channels transceivers and signal processing multiple access and advanced transceiver schemes and standardized wireless systems. • Combines mathematical descriptions with intuitive explanations of the physical facts enabling readers to acquire a deep understanding of the subject. • Includes new chapters on cognitive radio cooperative communications and relaying video coding 3GPP Long Term Evolution and WiMax; plus significant new sections on multi user MIMO 802.11n and information theory. • Companion website featuring: solutions manual and presentation slides for instructors appendices list of abbreviations and other useful resources 16.5 Comparison of Equalizer Structures 16.6 Fractionally Spaced Equalizers 16.7 Blind Equalizers 16.8 Appendices: please see companion website (www.wiley.com go molisch) Part IV MULTIPLE ACCESS AND ADVANCED TRANSCEIVER SCHEMES 17 Multiple Access and the Cellular Principle 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access 17.3 Time Division Multiple Access 17.4 Packet Radio 17.5 Duplexing 17.6 Principles of Cellular Networks 17.7 Appendix: please see companion website (www.wiley.com go molisch) 18 Spread Spectrum Systems 18.1 Frequency Hopping Multiple Access (FHMA) 18.2 Code Division Multiple Access 18.3 Cellular Code Division Multiple Access Systems 18.4 Multiuser Detection 18.5 Time Hopping Impulse Radio 19 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Principle of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 19.3 Implementation of Transceivers 19.4 Frequency Selective Channels 19.5 Channel Estimation 19.6 Peak to Average Power Ratio 19.7 Inter Carrier Interference 19.8 Adaptive Modulation and Capacity 19.9 Multiple Access OFDMA 19.10 Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access 19.11 Single Carrier Modulation with Frequency Domain Equalization 20 Multiantenna Systems 20.1 Smart Antennas 20.2 Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems Part V STANDARDIZED WIRELESS SYSTEMS 21 Cognitive Radio 21.1 Problem Description 21.2 Cognitive Transceiver Architecture 21.3 Principles of Interweaving 21.4 Spectrum Sensing 21.5 Spectrum Management 21.6 Spectrum Sharing 21.7 Overlay 21.8 Underlay Hierarchical Access Ultra Wide Bandwidth System Communications 22 Relaying Multi Hop and Cooperative Communications 22.1 Introduction and Motivation 22.2 Fundamentals of Relaying 22.3 Relaying with Multiple Parallel Relays 22.4 Routing and Resource Allocation in Multi Hop Networks 22.5 Routing and Resource Allocation in Collaborative Networks