Chapter 30 The rural sector in transition economies Inefficiencies in agriculture in Eastern and Central Europe and the Soviet Union contributed to the financial collapse of the socialist system. Yet during the transition agricultural production has declined. Low profits high real interest rates slow progress in reforms in some countries and uncertainty have restricted producers ability to respond to reforms. When Chinas collectivized agriculture was dismantled after 1978 producers incentives improved and the economy remained stable fueling a large supply response. In several Central European countries where reforms are well advanced agricultural growth has resumed. The difficulties of ten years of rural transition offer lessons about the high costs of embedded distortions and inflexibility in institutional evolution.