Original text:
4. <del> To perform client authentication using this scheme, the client instance uses the following parameter values and encodings. </del>  <del> The value of the "client_assertion_type" parameter (as defined in RFC7521) set to "urn:ietf:params:oauth:client-assertion-type:jwt- client-attestation". </del>  <del> The value of the "client_assertion" parameter (as defined in RFC7521) set to a value containing two JWTs, separated by a '~' character.  It MUST NOT contain more or less than precisely two JWTs separated by the '~' character.  The first JWT MUST be the client attestation JWT defined in client-attestation-jwt, the second JWT MUST be the client attestation PoP defined in client-attestation-pop-jwt. </del>  <del> The following example demonstrates client authentication using this scheme during the presentation of an authorization code grant in an access token request (with extra line breaks for display purposes only): </del>  <del> 4.1. </del>  <del> In order to authenticate the client using this scheme, the authorization server MUST validate BOTH the JWTs present in the "client_assertion" parameter according to the criteria below. </del>  It is RECOMMENDED that the authorization server validate the Client Attestation JWT prior to validating the Client Attestation PoP. <del> 4.1.1. </del>  <del> The following rules apply to validating the client attestation JWT. </del>  Application of additional restrictions and policy are at the <del> discretion of the authorization server. </del>  The JWT MUST contain an "iss" (issuer) claim that contains a unique identifier for the entity that issued the JWT.  In the

Reviewer comments:
Based on the discussions had at IETF 119 in the OAuth WG, this PR attempts to make the following changes to the draft Move away from usage of the assertion framework defined in RFC 7521 and RFC 7523 for conveying the client attestation and client attestation pop. Instead use two newly defined HTTP headers OAuth-Client-Attestation and OAuth-Client-Attestation-PoP for conveyance in an HTTP request, akin to how DPoP works. Explicitly mention this mechanism could be used in a variety of places including with a resource server. Note, there are still many outstanding items I would like to add, however I felt this PR was already big enough as it is, these include Error responses for the token endpoint Optimisation for when this mechanism is used with DPoP to avoid having to send two PoP's Formalising whether this mechanism still constitutes a form of client authentication
For some reason it seems to not create an html version? This is the rendered text: URL
I think there were potential objections mentioned about moving to headers as to whether we'd run into size limits (I think 8 KB was mentioned as a common restriction) and people felt jwts with embedded x5c headers etc may get close to these limits?
NAME indeed. We may have a client attestation with an huge x509 certificate chain or an openid federation trust chain with several metadata, trust marks and jwks. I don't see the benefit of moving from what it is actually more efficient (wa~wa-pop) more over, technically we can have multiple client_assertions that embedes their pop (using ~), while having multiple http headers that divide attestation from pop forces the implementations to loop all the assertions and all the pop to find the matching ones
Added client instance definition and updated to use US based spelling of authorization instead of authorisation.
NAME NAME I can understand the desire to want to use X.509 certificates to validate the client assertion (e.g as an alternative key resolution mechanism to resolving a JWKS document from a domain), however I don't see how the certificate chain would be more then 1 certificate (maybe 2) in length (bearing in mind the root certificate(s) would be communicated to the issuer out of band and pre-trusted for the client). W.r.t other aspects of the client attestation or client attestation pop being too big for an HTTP header could you elaborate on what you see as the contents of your attestation NAME Because IIUC you perhaps want to use the client attestation to convey all client metadata? If that is the case IMO the client attestation isn't for this purpose, client metadata should continue to be communicated outside of these attestations with the pre-existing mechanisms we already have defined. Finally even if we did begin to encroach on header payload limits with a client attestation, we aren't talking about hard limits here, rather just the default maximums that common web server platforms have configured, which can always be adjusted.
there some point for clarification assertion weight: a client assertion may have a x5c or an openid federation trust chain within its JWT header. This is an issuer's choice, allowed by RFC 7515 that might be not supported by httpd maximum header body size, that's a deployment/configuration choice that might be different within different domains. chain length: it could be assumed that a chain may not exceed 2 or 3 certificate breaks. This depends on the number of intermediates, an aspect that falls outside the technical specification and is determined by the federation's topology and composition. client metadata: we have some required claims in the wallet attestations and the possibility to include any other custom claim or any other claims pertaining the wallet capabilities or anything else related to the trust framework. My comment is not related to assertion payload, but to the previous point 1 and 2. However, the payload also impacts in the assertion weight, as pointed out at point 1. The missing point concerns the processing of multiple DPoP tokens within the same request. Handling multiple DPoP tokens necessitates a loop to identify the one that matches a specific assertion. This introduces additional computational and development efforts not present in the current approach (WA~WA-POP), which directly associates an assertion with its proof of possession (PoP), facilitating a straightforward and efficient identification of matching pairs.
Ok great so do we agree that this isn't an issue because servers are freely able to re-configure the max header size based on their application? Because it isn't a hard limit.
Understood but based on the above point is this actually an issue if the limit on header size isn't a hard limit?
Right but to be clear, the current draft does not handle multiple wallet attestations either though so I think this a new requirement that we should discuss separately, would you mind opening a seperate issue?
The issue extends beyond the realm of multiple wallet attestations, as there could also be multiple DPoP tokens involved. An additional consideration, which we have not yet fully addressed but may emerge as a future requirement, is the scenario where a wallet instance operates under more than one trust framework, necessitating specialized assertions for each. While we have consciously chosen to limit the scope to a single wallet attestation to simplify implementation, it's important to acknowledge that this decision does not preclude the possibility of requiring multiple assertions in the future. Implementers may need to adapt or extend the specification to accommodate such needs. However, to avoid digressing further, let's focus on the matter of handling multiple DPoP headers for now. The approach currently documented, which aims to streamline the process by limiting it to a single attestation, is designed to offer the same benefits while minimizing computational overhead.
While it is possible to reconfigure these options, it is important to keep default values of the wide-spread implementations in mind to allow an easy path for adoption. I took the time to look at some of the frameworks I would say are good indicators: nginx: --> 8KB for 1 header max envoy (used in istio): --> 60 KB for headers URL --> 16KB for headers traefik: --> re-uses go/http: 1MB for headers --> After looking at this, I would say we can go with headers
An OpenID Federation trust chain with two intermediates, the trust anchor entity configuration with a long list of trust mark issuers and the leaf entity configuration with a very verbose configuration, such as an AS + Openid4VCI + OpenID4VP (considering an EAA provider), with policies and a consistent number of trust mark might be 20KB. A serialized X.509 certificate chain, with 4 intermediates, custom extensions and QWACs ... Considering each certificate up to 2.2KB, might it be 8.8KB? (please, consider that openid federation brings policy languages, trust marks and multiple protocol specific metadata) I'm worried about these aspects: loop required for parse/matching the correct DPoP when multiple DPoP are present, while WIA~WIA-POP doesn't bring this problem. What's the benefit of having this breaking change that reduce the flexibility while increasing the complexity? size limitations: Do we have to imagine to standardize something upon the assumption that a federation topology should not have more than 2 or 4 or 8 intermediates, since this decision is out of scope on this specification.
A bit off-topic for the current discussion: We need to fix the examples - they are way too long which breaks the rendering/conversion and will cause problems with the datatracker. I do believe that this is also the reason why the html file was not created.
Note that rfc9449 does not allow for multiple DPoP headers. It could maybe have been stated more clearly but is kinda implied and was absolutely the intent of the RFC overall and specific text like URL
NAME as I implied with my earlier comment, the current draft text doesn't support multiple attestations so I don't view this proposal to shift to headers as removing functionality, it appears this is a new usecase and I think we should discuss it in a seperate issue. No I dont think we do, what was identified above is that there is no size limit on headers in HTTP rather defaults that servers apply which can be adjusted, in reality web servers also apply limits to the body of an HTTP request (although often much larger then what is allocated for headers).
Discussed with NAME I will add an implementation consideration around the default size limits for HTTP headers.
NAME what about using compressed values? unfortunately this sounds like giving a solution that may bring other problems, at the same time we can consider zlib (RFC 1950) for doing this.
Something broke with linking the html rendered versions properly Rendered html: URL
It just (re)occurred to me that specs defining new HTTP headers (which the cool kids call fields nowadays) are supposed to request their registration in the . I don't want to hold up this PR for this but will create an issue from this comment so as not to lose track of it.
I do believe there should be a discussion about terminology (attestation vs assertion) as it seems to create quite a bit of confusion, but I do think a different issue/PR is better suited for that. Minor nit: Client Attestation seems to be used in lower and upper case somewhat inconsistently. Should every usage be upper case (e.g., also client attestation mechanism)?

Revised text:
4.  <ins> This draft introduces the concept of client attestations to the OAuth 2 protocol, using two JWTs: a Client Attestation and a Client Attestation Proof of Possession (PoP).  These JWTs are transmitted via HTTP headers in an HTTP request from a Client Instance to an Authorization Server or Resource Server.  The primary purpose of these headers is to authenticate the Client Instance. </ins>  <ins> 4.1. </ins>  <ins> A Client Attestation JWT and Client Attestation PoP JWT is included in an HTTP request using the following request header fields. </ins>  <ins> The following is an example of the OAuth-Client-Attestation header. </ins>  <ins> The following is an example of the OAuth-Client-Attestation-PoP header. </ins>  <ins> Note that per RFC9110 header field names are case-insensitive; so OAUTH-CLIENT-ATTESTATION, oauth-client-attestation, etc., are all valid and equivalent header field names.  Case is significant in the header field value, however. The OAuth-Client-Attestation and OAuth-Client-Attestation-PoP HTTP header field values uses the token68 syntax defined in Section 11.2 of RFC9110 (repeated below for ease of reference). </ins> It is RECOMMENDED that the authorization server validate the Client Attestation JWT prior to validating the Client Attestation PoP.  <ins> 4.2. </ins>  <ins> The following rules apply to validating the Client Attestation JWT. </ins> Application of additional restrictions and policy are at the  <ins> discretion of the Authorization Server. </ins> The JWT MUST contain an "iss" (issuer) claim that contains a unique identifier for the entity that issued the JWT.  In the