Change:
Some advice.
The spec currently says Assume now that the client does store a transport parameter it doesn't understand. At the time when it actually establishes a 0-RTT connection, the implementation was updated (or new extensions were activated), and now it understands the TP. This would lead to unintended consequences, especially if this was a TP that it was prohibited from saving in the first place. I think the sentence would be clearer if it said MUST NOT. Not sure if that is an editorial change though.
There is an unstated assumption here: that the client doesn't change its opinion about transport parameters between two connections. This applies to other transport parameters. For instance, a client might like a stream limit it is given when initially connecting, but might change its mind when trying 0-RTT (maybe the limit is too small to bother with 0-RTT). A MUST NOT in this case is worse than not answering the question. Let's say that the client initially doesn't support maxudppayload_size as it always sends 1200 byte datagrams. As it cannot process this when it first connects, it doesn't store the value. Later, when it attempts to connect it has been updated to understand this transport parameter. As it has been prohibited from storing the value, it can't read the value that it might have otherwise saved as an opaque value. So it attempts 0-RTT and assumes that it can send 1400 byte packets safely, when it should know that it can't. Generally, this doesn't happen because defaults for transport parameters are the least permissive value. New transport parameters generally have defaults that are safe to use in 0-RTT in case the original value was not remembered. However, we don't require that. (This is a bad example, as we explicitly don't worry about violating the datagram size limit in 0-RTT, but I didn't have a more evocative example.)
NAME with NAME explanation, does anything need to be done still in your opinion?
NAME example seems to be an argument for requiring clients to store unknown TPs, and checking their status (should have been saved for 0-RTT or shouldn't have been saved) when restoring them. Is that something we should require?
Or it is an argument for you to throw out resumption information if you have added new capabilities that might depend on stuff you previously threw out.
I think it's an argument for discarding resumption information when adding new capabilities. FWIW, Chrome doesn't persist resumption information to disk for security reasons, but this has the side benefit that this information does not persist across restarts, including binary updates. One exception I can imagine is a client which gets an experiment config push that doesn't require a restart, enabling or disabling a new extension feature. However, in that case, not saving unknown TPs still seems safest, since if the extension depended upon the unknown TP, then it's just not activated. I'm worried maxudppayload_size is a bad example because it's part of the core spec and it's not similar to extensions which add new frames or change the behavior of existing frames.
Either interpretation fixes the issue, but I would agree that resumption information shouldn't be used when the implementation changes behavior. But it could store all unknown TPs, and then reinterpret later. The current text allows both, which seems adequate. This isn't important enough to warrant a design change. I'm fine with the current text, but I'd be open to an editorial fix if someone sent a PR.
If the client stores the value, then gains the capability to interpret it, it also gains the capability to know it should be ignoring any cached value. I'm not too concerned about that variant. If the client doesn't store the value but the server is still enforcing it, that's handled by making the default the least permissive value. If we don't state that assumption, perhaps we should.
I'd be happy with an editorial PR here to clarify some of this, but I'm not feeling confident enough to write it.

Discussion:
described in transport-parameter-grease, some identifiers are reserved in order to exercise this requirement. <ins> A client that does not understand a transport parameter can discard it and attempt 0-RTT on subsequent connections.  However, if the client adds support for a discarded transport parameter, it risks violating the constraints that the transport parameter establishes if it attempts 0-RTT.  New transport parameters can avoid this problem by setting a default of the most conservative value. </ins> New transport parameters can be registered according to the rules in iana-transport-parameters.