Change:
2.2. <del> The basic function of the Authentication Service (AS) is to provide a trusted mapping from user identities (usernames, phone numbers, etc.), to long-term identity keys, which may either be one per Client or may be shared amongst the clients attached to a user. The Authentication Service (AS) is expected to play multiple roles in the architecture: A certification authority or similar service which signs some sort of portable credential binding an identity to a signature key. A directory server which provides the key for a given identity (presumably this connection is secured via some form of transport security such as TLS). The MLS protocol assumes a signature keypair for authentication of messages.  It is important to note that this signature keypair might be the identity keypair itself, or a different signature keypair for which the public key has been, for example, signed by the identity private key.  This flexibility allows for multiple infrastructure considerations and has the benefit of providing ways to use different signature keys across different groups by using hierarchical authentication keys.  This flexibility also comes at the price of a security tradeoff, described in the security considerations, between potential unlinkability of the signature keys across groups and the amount of time required to reinstate authentication and secrecy of messages after the compromise of a device. Ultimately, the only requirement is for the applications to be able to check the credential containing the protocol signing key and the identity against the Authentication Service at any time. By definition, the Authentication Service is invested with a large amount of trust.  A malicious AS can impersonate - or allow an attacker to impersonate - any user of the system.  As a corollary, by impersonating identities authorized to be members of a group, an AS can break confidentiality. This risk can be mitigated by publishing the binding between identities and keys in a public log such as Key Transparency (KT) KeyTransparency.  It is possible to build a functional MLS system without any kind of public key logging, but such a system will necessarily be somewhat vulnerable to attack by a malicious or untrusted AS. </del> <ins> The Authentication Service (AS) has to provide two functionalities: authenticate the Credentials (i.e. the identity/signature keypair) used in a group authenticate messages sent in groups given the signature over the message and the sending member's Credential The AS is considered an abstract layer by the MLS specification. Although the name suggests that it is a separate "service", part of this service could be running on the members' devices, while another part is a separate entity entirely. 2.2.1. In most cases, the first functionality will be provided by a distinct entity, which fulfills a role similar to that of an certification authority in the WebPKI: It provides a binding of an identity (e.g., a user name, phone number, email address, etc) to a signature key. The identity/signature key pair can then either be used directly in a group, or as an intermediate, which in turn authenticates the Credential used in the group. The flexibility afforded by the latter option allows for multiple infrastructure considerations and has the benefit of providing ways to use different signature keys across different groups by using hierarchical authentication keys.  This flexibility also comes at the price of a security tradeoff, described in the security considerations, between potential unlinkability of the signature keys across groups and the amount of time required to reinstate authentication and secrecy of messages after the compromise of a device. 2.2.2. MLS messages are authenticated by a signature conforming to the signature scheme of the group's ciphersuite.  To allow for deniability (see Section Non-Repudiation-vs-Deniability), messages do not necessarily have to be signed by the private key corresponding to a member's Credential, but can instead be signed by a different key, which is authenticated by the key in the Credential in some way. While Credential authentication can be performed by a separate entity, message authentication will likely be performed individually by each member.  As a consequence, the message authentication part of the AS would have to run on the members' devices. 2.2.3. By the nature of its roles in MLS authentication, the AS is invested with a large amount of trust and the compromise of one of its functionalities could allow an adversary to, among other things, impersonate group members. We will discuss security considerations regarding the compromise of the different AS functionalities in detail in Section as-compromise. </ins> 2.3.

Discussion:
In the current definition, the AS is portrayed as a distinct service that could, for example run on a server separate from other MLS participants. However, in the MLS spec, it's more of an abstract layer that fulfills certain functionalities, some of which are likely to run on client devices. For example, an identity key that signs individual group-level signature keys could live in the secure element of a device. From the standpoint of the spec, that key would be part of the AS. This PR changes the definition of the AS to reflect this, although there are of course multiple ways to tackle this. The MLS spec is not explicit about the fact that it's the AS that's potentially responsible for message authentication, i.e. to bridge a potential gap between the key used to sign a message and the key in a member's leaf. However, it makes sense that this would be part of an abstract AS layer. If not, I believe it would still make sense to address this in the architecture doc somewhere. The plan is to add more details on compromise of parts of the abstract AS to the security section in a future PR. Let us know what you think! This is joint work with NAME and NAME
Thanks !