Code change:
<ins> # `wasm32-unknown-unknown` **Tier: 2** The `wasm32-unknown-unknown` target is a WebAssembly compilation target which does not import any functions from the host for the standard library. This is the "minimal" WebAssembly in the sense of making the fewest assumptions about the host environment. This target is often used when compiling to the web or JavaScript environments as there is no standard for what functions can be imported on the web. This target can also be useful for creating minimal or bare-bones WebAssembly binaries. The `wasm32-unknown-unknown` target has support for the Rust standard library but many parts of the standard library do not work and return errors. For example `println!` does nothing, `std::fs` always return errors, and `std::thread::spawn` will panic. There is no means by which this can be overridden. For a WebAssembly target that more fully supports the standard library see the [`wasm32-wasip1`](./wasm32-wasip1.md) or [`wasm32-wasip2`](./wasm32-wasip2.md) targets. The `wasm32-unknown-unknown` target has full support for the `core` and `alloc` crates. It additionally supports the `HashMap` type in the `std` crate, although hash maps are not randomized like they are on other platforms. One existing user of this target (please feel free to edit and expand this list too) is the [`wasm-bindgen` project](https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen) which facilitates Rust code interoperating with JavaScript code. Note, though, that not all uses of `wasm32-unknown-unknown` are using JavaScript and the web. ## Target maintainers When this target was added to the compiler platform-specific documentation here was not maintained at that time. This means that the list below is not exhaustive and there are more interested parties in this target. That being said since when this document was last updated those interested in maintaining this target are: - Alex Crichton, https://github.com/alexcrichton ## Requirements This target is cross-compiled. The target includes support for `std` itself, but as mentioned above many pieces of functionality that require an operating system do not work and will return errors. This target currently has no equivalent in C/C++. There is no C/C++ toolchain for this target. While interop is theoretically possible it's recommended to instead use one of: * `wasm32-unknown-emscripten` - for web-based use cases the Emscripten toolchain is typically chosen for running C/C++. * [`wasm32-wasip1`](./wasm32-wasip1.md) - the wasi-sdk toolchain is used to compile C/C++ on this target and can interop with Rust code. WASI works on the web so far as there's no blocker, but an implementation of WASI APIs must be either chosen or reimplemented. This target has no build requirements beyond what's in-tree in the Rust repository. Linking binaries requires LLD to be enabled for the `wasm-ld` driver. This target uses the `dlmalloc` crate as the default global allocator. ## Building the target Building this target can be done by: * Configure the `wasm32-unknown-unknown` target to get built. * Configure LLD to be built. * Ensure the `WebAssembly` target backend is not disabled in LLVM. These are all controlled through `config.toml` options. It should be possible to build this target on any platform. ## Building Rust programs Rust programs can be compiled by adding this target via rustup: ```sh $ rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown ``` and then compiling with the target: ```sh $ rustc foo.rs --target wasm32-unknown-unknown $ file foo.wasm ``` ## Cross-compilation This target can be cross-compiled from any host. ## Testing This target is not tested in CI for the rust-lang/rust repository. Many tests must be disabled to run on this target and failures are non-obvious because `println!` doesn't work in the standard library. It's recommended to test the `wasm32-wasip1` target instead for WebAssembly compatibility. ## Conditionally compiling code It's recommended to conditionally compile code for this target with: ```text #[cfg(all(target_family = "wasm", target_os = "unknown"))] ``` Note that there is no way to tell via `#[cfg]` whether code will be running on the web or not. ## Enabled WebAssembly features WebAssembly is an evolving standard which adds new features such as new instructions over time. This target's default set of supported WebAssembly features will additionally change over time. The `wasm32-unknown-unknown` target inherits the default settings of LLVM which typically matches the default settings of Emscripten as well. Changes to WebAssembly go through a [proposals process][proposals] but reaching the final stage (stage 5) does not automatically mean that the feature will be enabled in LLVM and Rust by default. At this time the general guidance is that features must be present in most engines for a "good chunk of time" before they're enabled in LLVM by default. There is currently no exact number of months or engines that are required to enable features by default. [proposals]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/proposals As of the time of this writing the proposals that are enabled by default (the `generic` CPU in LLVM terminology) are: * `multivalue` * `mutable-globals` * `reference-types` * `sign-ext` If you're compiling WebAssembly code for an engine that does not support a feature in LLVM's default feature set then the feature must be disabled at compile time. Note, though, that enabled features may be used in the standard library or precompiled libraries shipped via rustup. This means that not only does your own code need to be compiled with the correct set of flags but the Rust standard library additionally must be recompiled. Compiling all code for the initial release of WebAssembly looks like: ```sh $ export RUSTFLAGS=-Ctarget-cpu=mvp $ cargo +nightly build -Zbuild-std=panic_abort,std --target wasm32-unknown-unknown ``` Here the `mvp` "cpu" is a placeholder in LLVM for disabling all supported features by default. Cargo's `-Zbuild-std` feature, a Nightly Rust feature, is then used to recompile the standard library in addition to your own code. This will produce a binary that uses only the original WebAssembly features by default and no proposals since its inception. To enable individual features it can be done with `-Ctarget-feature=+foo`. Available features for Rust code itself are documented in the [reference] and can also be found through: ```sh $ rustc -Ctarget-feature=help --target wasm32-unknown-unknown ``` You'll need to consult your WebAssembly engine's documentation to learn more about the supported WebAssembly features the engine has. [reference]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/attributes/codegen.html#wasm32-or-wasm64 Note that it is still possible for Rust crates and libraries to enable WebAssembly features on a per-function level. This means that the build command above may not be sufficient to disable all WebAssembly features. If the final binary still has SIMD instructions, for example, the function in question will need to be found and the crate in question will likely contain something like: ```rust,ignore (not-always-compiled-to-wasm) #[target_feature(enable = "simd128")] fn foo() { // ... } ``` In this situation there is no compiler flag to disable emission of SIMD instructions and the crate must instead be modified to not include this function at compile time either by default or through a Cargo feature. For crate authors it's recommended to avoid `#[target_feature(enable = "...")]` except where necessary and instead use: ```rust,ignore (not-always-compiled-to-wasm) #[cfg(target_feature = "simd128")] fn foo() { // ... } ``` That is to say instead of enabling target features it's recommended to conditionally compile code instead. This is notably different to the way native platforms such as x86_64 work, and this is due to the fact that WebAssembly binaries must only contain code the engine understands. Native binaries work so long as the CPU doesn't execute unknown code dynamically at runtime. </ins>

Related discussion:
text: This can be replicated with a minimal : Compile it to WASM with Then, check if the generated WASM uses reference types: <!-- Provide the most recent version this worked on, for example: It most recently worked on: Rust 1.47 --It most recently worked on: (and previous stable rust versions) On those versions, compiling the above and then running with doesn't fail. <!-- Provide the version you are using that has the regression. --: <!-- If you know when this regression occurred, please add a line like below, replacing with one of stable, beta, or nightly. modify labels: +regression-from-stable-to-{channel} -regression-untriaged -- modify labels: +regression-from-stable-to-nightly -regression-untriaged This seems to have been caused by The compatibility note there says: However, the generated code seems to be indeed affected by default. Interestingly, reference types seem to be used unnecessarily, as using to turn the generated into wat and then to turn it back into wasm removes the reference types. As-is, this breaks compatibility with the WebAssembly 1.0 spec.
cc Looks like this causes issues in practice and we might want to do after all?
WG-prioritization assigning priority (). label -I-prioritize +P-high
I was unable to confirm the presence of any reference type instructions in the generated Wasm, even though I got the same error pointing towards a that looks perfectly valid to me. Interestingly enough, doing the back and forth conversion with and remove the issue, even though the output of both files is exactly the same, apart from the missing debug information. I'm assuming that this is another example of a tool making use of the , so this was already anticipated. Unfortunately (?) this isn't the first time LLVM has enabled features by default, in the past they even did affect code generation. From what I've read in the various WebAssembly specification groups, this was always intended. In conclusion, I agree this is a form of breakage, it seems to be intended, I believe if Rust wants to do anything about it the solution needs to a bit more comprehensive. E.g. actually disable all target features by default (I don't know if this is feasible with LLVM, would need research). See and .
I just spend some time digging into this error message that spits out.