List of former national capitals

Columns: Old capital city | Country | Today a part of | From | Until | Change , reason
Vienna | Austrian Empire | Austria | 1806 | 1867 | became capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire | Vienna | Austro-Hungarian Empire | Austria | 1867 | 1918 | became capital of the Republic of Austria after Empire collapsed | Tournai | Francia | Belgium | 431 | 486 | Under kings Childeric I and Clovis I , Tournai was the capital of the Frankish empire . In the year 486 , Clovis moved the centre of power to Paris , as a result , the Low Countries region ceased to be the political centre of the Frankish empire | Kelmis | Neutral Moresnet | Belgium | 1816 | 1919 | Moresnet annexed by Belgium | Vichy | France , State of | France | 1940 | 1944 | capital of Vichy France régime , defeated by Allies | Aachen | Carolingian Empire | Germany | 800 | 814 | became capital of Charlemagne as Imperator Augustus and Emperor of the Carolingian Empire | Karlsruhe | Baden , Grand Duchy of | Germany | 1771 | 1918 | Baden became part of the German Empire in 1871 , and lost sovereignty fully in 1918 . Karlsruhe remained the capital of the German state of Baden until 1945

Example questions:
What is the population of the city that was once the national capital of the Confederation of the Rhine from 1806 to 1815 ? | A border city that was former national capital in North Rine-Westphalia was in an empire that went over which mountain range ? | What pejorative connotation does the city that was the former national capital of France from 1940 to 1944 hold ? | Which mountains does the city that was a former national capital of Duchy of Brunswick from 1815 to 1918 lie north of ?

Answers:
2.3 million | Pyrenees | collaboration | Harz mountains