Rare-earth element

Columns: Z | Symbol | Name | Etymology | Selected applications | Abundance ( ppm )
21 | Sc | Scandium | from Latin Scandia ( Scandinavia ) | Light aluminium-scandium alloys for aerospace components , additive in metal-halide lamps and mercury-vapor lamps , radioactive tracing agent in oil refineries | 22 | 39 | Y | Yttrium | after the village of Ytterby , Sweden , where the first rare earth ore was discovered | Yttrium aluminium garnet ( YAG ) laser , yttrium vanadate ( YVO 4 ) as host for europium in television red phosphor , YBCO high-temperature superconductors , yttria-stabilized zirconia ( YSZ ) , yttrium iron garnet ( YIG ) microwave filters , energy-efficient light bulbs ( part of triphosphor white phosphor coating in fluorescent tubes , CFLs and CCFLs , and yellow phosphor coating in white LEDs ) , spark plugs , gas mantles , additive to steel , cancer treatments | 33 | 57 | La | Lanthanum | from the Greek lanthanein , meaning to be hidden | High refractive index and alkali-resistant glass , flint , hydrogen storage , battery-electrodes , camera lenses , fluid catalytic cracking catalyst for oil refineries | 39 | 58 | Ce | Cerium | after the dwarf planet Ceres , named after the Roman goddess of agriculture | Chemical oxidizing agent , polishing powder , yellow colors in glass and ceramics , catalyst for self-cleaning ovens , fluid catalytic cracking catalyst for oil refineries , ferrocerium flints for lighters , robust intrinsically hydrophobic coatings for turbine blades | 66.5 | 59 | Pr | Praseodymium | from the Greek prasios , meaning leek-green , and didymos , meaning twin | Rare-earth magnets , lasers , core material for carbon arc lighting , colorant in glasses and enamels , additive in didymium glass used in welding goggles , ferrocerium firesteel ( flint ) products | 9.2 | 60 | Nd | Neodymium | from the Greek neos , meaning new , and didymos , meaning twin | Rare-earth magnets , lasers , violet colors in glass and ceramics , didymium glass , ceramic capacitors , electric motors of electric automobiles | 41.5 | 61 | Pm | Promethium | after the Titan Prometheus , who brought fire to mortals | Nuclear batteries , luminous paint | 1 × 10 | 62 | Sm | Samarium | after mine official , Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets | Rare-earth magnets , lasers , neutron capture , masers , control rods of nuclear reactors | 7.05 | 63 | Eu | Europium | after the continent of Europe | Red and blue phosphors , lasers , mercury-vapor lamps , fluorescent lamps , NMR relaxation agent | 2

Example questions:
The rare-earth element known as yttrium is named after a village on which island ? | What is the abundance in ppm of the rare-earth element that was found in 1879 using spectral analysis ? | What is the abundance in ppm of the rare-earth element that was discovered by Carl Gustav Mosander ? | What is the abundance in ppm of the most reactive lanthanide among the rare-earth elements ?

Answers:
Resarö | 22 | 39 | 2