//  [python]
def render_views_from_rays(
    render_rays: Callable[[AttrDict, AttrDict, AttrDict], AttrDict],
    batch: AttrDict,
    params: Optional[Dict] = None,
    options: Optional[Dict] = None,
    device: torch.device = torch.device("cuda"),
) -> AttrDict:
    camera, batch_size, inner_shape = get_camera_from_batch(batch)
    inner_batch_size = int(np.prod(inner_shape))

    coords = get_image_coords(camera.width, camera.height).to(device)
    coords = torch.broadcast_to(coords.unsqueeze(0), [batch_size * inner_batch_size, *coords.shape])
    rays = camera.camera_rays(coords)

    # mip-NeRF radii calculation from: https://github.com/google/mipnerf/blob/84c969e0a623edd183b75693aed72a7e7c22902d/internal/datasets.py#L193-L200
    directions = rays.view(batch_size, inner_batch_size, camera.height, camera.width, 2, 3)[
        ..., 1, :
    ]
    neighbor_dists = torch.linalg.norm(directions[:, :, :, 1:] - directions[:, :, :, :-1], dim=-1)
    neighbor_dists = torch.cat([neighbor_dists, neighbor_dists[:, :, :, -2:-1]], dim=3)
    radii = (neighbor_dists * 2 / np.sqrt(12)).view(batch_size, -1, 1)

    rays = rays.view(batch_size, inner_batch_size * camera.height * camera.width, 2, 3)

    if isinstance(camera, DifferentiableProjectiveCamera):
        # Compute the camera z direction corresponding to every ray's pixel.
        # Used for depth computations below.
        z_directions = (
            (camera.z / torch.linalg.norm(camera.z, dim=-1, keepdim=True))
            .reshape([batch_size, inner_batch_size, 1, 3])
            .repeat(1, 1, camera.width * camera.height, 1)
            .reshape(1, inner_batch_size * camera.height * camera.width, 3)
        )

    ray_batch_size = batch.get("ray_batch_size", batch.get("inner_batch_size", 4096))
    assert rays.shape[1] % ray_batch_size == 0
    n_batches = rays.shape[1] // ray_batch_size

    output_list = AttrDict(aux_losses=dict())

    for idx in range(n_batches):
        rays_batch = AttrDict(
            rays=rays[:, idx * ray_batch_size : (idx + 1) * ray_batch_size],
            radii=radii[:, idx * ray_batch_size : (idx + 1) * ray_batch_size],
        )
        output = render_rays(rays_batch, params=params, options=options)

        if isinstance(camera, DifferentiableProjectiveCamera):
            z_batch = z_directions[:, idx * ray_batch_size : (idx + 1) * ray_batch_size]
            ray_directions = rays_batch.rays[:, :, 1]
            z_dots = (ray_directions * z_batch).sum(-1, keepdim=True)
            output.depth = output.distances * z_dots

        output_list = output_list.combine(output, append_tensor)

    def _resize(val_list: List[torch.Tensor]):
        val = torch.cat(val_list, dim=1)
        assert val.shape[1] == inner_batch_size * camera.height * camera.width
        return val.view(batch_size, *inner_shape, camera.height, camera.width, -1)

    def _avg(_key: str, loss_list: List[torch.Tensor]):
        return sum(loss_list) / n_batches

    output = AttrDict(
        {name: _resize(val_list) for name, val_list in output_list.items() if name != "aux_losses"}
    )
    output.aux_losses = output_list.aux_losses.map(_avg)

    #Tiange modified
    #alpha = imgs[..., -1:]
    #mask = (alpha < 0.000001).expand_as(imgs)   
    #imgs[mask] = 222.0/255.0  #
    output['channels'] += (output['transmittance']==1).expand_as(output['channels'])*207

    return output