//  [c]
main (int    argc,
      char **argv)
{
  mode_t old_umask;
  const char *base_path = NULL;
  int clone_flags;
  char *old_cwd = NULL;
  pid_t pid;
  int event_fd = -1;
  int child_wait_fd = -1;
  int setup_finished_pipe[] = {-1, -1};
  const char *new_cwd;
  uid_t ns_uid;
  gid_t ns_gid;
  struct stat sbuf;
  uint64_t val;
  int res UNUSED;
  cleanup_free char *seccomp_data = NULL;
  size_t seccomp_len;
  struct sock_fprog seccomp_prog;
  cleanup_free char *args_data = NULL;

  /* Handle --version early on before we try to acquire/drop
   * any capabilities so it works in a build environment;
   * right now flatpak's build runs bubblewrap --version.
   * https://github.com/projectatomic/bubblewrap/issues/185
   */
  if (argc == 2 && (strcmp (argv[1], "--version") == 0))
    print_version_and_exit ();

  real_uid = getuid ();
  real_gid = getgid ();

  /* Get the (optional) privileges we need */
  acquire_privs ();

  /* Never gain any more privs during exec */
  if (prctl (PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0) < 0)
    die_with_error ("prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_CAPS) failed");

  /* The initial code is run with high permissions
     (i.e. CAP_SYS_ADMIN), so take lots of care. */

  read_overflowids ();

  argv0 = argv[0];

  if (isatty (1))
    host_tty_dev = ttyname (1);

  argv++;
  argc--;

  if (argc == 0)
    usage (EXIT_FAILURE, stderr);

  parse_args (&argc, (const char ***) &argv);

  /* suck the args into a cleanup_free variable to control their lifecycle */
  args_data = opt_args_data;
  opt_args_data = NULL;

  if ((requested_caps[0] || requested_caps[1]) && is_privileged)
    die ("--cap-add in setuid mode can be used only by root");

  if (opt_userns_block_fd != -1 && !opt_unshare_user)
    die ("--userns-block-fd requires --unshare-user");

  if (opt_userns_block_fd != -1 && opt_info_fd == -1)
    die ("--userns-block-fd requires --info-fd");

  /* We have to do this if we weren't installed setuid (and we're not
   * root), so let's just DWIM */
  if (!is_privileged && getuid () != 0)
    opt_unshare_user = TRUE;

#ifdef ENABLE_REQUIRE_USERNS
  /* In this build option, we require userns. */
  if (is_privileged && getuid () != 0)
    opt_unshare_user = TRUE;
#endif

  if (opt_unshare_user_try &&
      stat ("/proc/self/ns/user", &sbuf) == 0)
    {
      bool disabled = FALSE;

      /* RHEL7 has a kernel module parameter that lets you enable user namespaces */
      if (stat ("/sys/module/user_namespace/parameters/enable", &sbuf) == 0)
        {
          cleanup_free char *enable = NULL;
          enable = load_file_at (AT_FDCWD, "/sys/module/user_namespace/parameters/enable");
          if (enable != NULL && enable[0] == 'N')
            disabled = TRUE;
        }

      /* Check for max_user_namespaces */
      if (stat ("/proc/sys/user/max_user_namespaces", &sbuf) == 0)
        {
          cleanup_free char *max_user_ns = NULL;
          max_user_ns = load_file_at (AT_FDCWD, "/proc/sys/user/max_user_namespaces");
          if (max_user_ns != NULL && strcmp(max_user_ns, "0\n") == 0)
            disabled = TRUE;
        }

      /* Debian lets you disable *unprivileged* user namespaces. However this is not
         a problem if we're privileged, and if we're not opt_unshare_user is TRUE
         already, and there is not much we can do, its just a non-working setup. */

      if (!disabled)
        opt_unshare_user = TRUE;
    }

  if (argc == 0)
    usage (EXIT_FAILURE, stderr);

  __debug__ (("Creating root mount point\n"));

  if (opt_sandbox_uid == -1)
    opt_sandbox_uid = real_uid;
  if (opt_sandbox_gid == -1)
    opt_sandbox_gid = real_gid;

  if (!opt_unshare_user && opt_sandbox_uid != real_uid)
    die ("Specifying --uid requires --unshare-user");

  if (!opt_unshare_user && opt_sandbox_gid != real_gid)
    die ("Specifying --gid requires --unshare-user");

  if (!opt_unshare_uts && opt_sandbox_hostname != NULL)
    die ("Specifying --hostname requires --unshare-uts");

  if (opt_as_pid_1 && !opt_unshare_pid)
    die ("Specifying --as-pid-1 requires --unshare-pid");

  if (opt_as_pid_1 && lock_files != NULL)
    die ("Specifying --as-pid-1 and --lock-file is not permitted");

  /* We need to read stuff from proc during the pivot_root dance, etc.
     Lets keep a fd to it open */
  proc_fd = open ("/proc", O_PATH);
  if (proc_fd == -1)
    die_with_error ("Can't open /proc");

  /* We need *some* mountpoint where we can mount the root tmpfs.
   * Because we use pivot_root, it won't appear to be mounted from
   * the perspective of the sandboxed process, so we can use anywhere
   * that is sure to exist, that is sure to not be a symlink controlled
   * by someone malicious, and that we won't immediately need to
   * access ourselves. */
  base_path = "/tmp";

  __debug__ (("creating new namespace\n"));

  if (opt_unshare_pid && !opt_as_pid_1)
    {
      event_fd = eventfd (0, EFD_CLOEXEC | EFD_NONBLOCK);
      if (event_fd == -1)
        die_with_error ("eventfd()");
    }

  /* We block sigchild here so that we can use signalfd in the monitor. */
  block_sigchild ();

  clone_flags = SIGCHLD | CLONE_NEWNS;
  if (opt_unshare_user)
    clone_flags |= CLONE_NEWUSER;
  if (opt_unshare_pid)
    clone_flags |= CLONE_NEWPID;
  if (opt_unshare_net)
    clone_flags |= CLONE_NEWNET;
  if (opt_unshare_ipc)
    clone_flags |= CLONE_NEWIPC;
  if (opt_unshare_uts)
    clone_flags |= CLONE_NEWUTS;
  if (opt_unshare_cgroup)
    {
      if (stat ("/proc/self/ns/cgroup", &sbuf))
        {
          if (errno == ENOENT)
            die ("Cannot create new cgroup namespace because the kernel does not support it");
          else
            die_with_error ("stat on /proc/self/ns/cgroup failed");
        }
      clone_flags |= CLONE_NEWCGROUP;
    }
  if (opt_unshare_cgroup_try)
    if (!stat ("/proc/self/ns/cgroup", &sbuf))
      clone_flags |= CLONE_NEWCGROUP;

  child_wait_fd = eventfd (0, EFD_CLOEXEC);
  if (child_wait_fd == -1)
    die_with_error ("eventfd()");

  /* Track whether pre-exec setup finished if we're reporting process exit */
  if (opt_json_status_fd != -1)
    {
      int ret;
      ret = pipe2 (setup_finished_pipe, O_CLOEXEC);
      if (ret == -1)
        die_with_error ("pipe2()");
    }

  pid = raw_clone (clone_flags, NULL);
  if (pid == -1)
    {
      if (opt_unshare_user)
        {
          if (errno == EINVAL)
            die ("Creating new namespace failed, likely because the kernel does not support user namespaces.  bwrap must be installed setuid on such systems.");
          else if (errno == EPERM && !is_privileged)
            die ("No permissions to creating new namespace, likely because the kernel does not allow non-privileged user namespaces. On e.g. debian this can be enabled with 'sysctl kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone=1'.");
        }

      die_with_error ("Creating new namespace failed");
    }

  ns_uid = opt_sandbox_uid;
  ns_gid = opt_sandbox_gid;

  if (pid != 0)
    {
      /* Parent, outside sandbox, privileged (initially) */

      if (is_privileged && opt_unshare_user && opt_userns_block_fd == -1)
        {
          /* We're running as euid 0, but the uid we want to map is
           * not 0. This means we're not allowed to write this from
           * the child user namespace, so we do it from the parent.
           *
           * Also, we map uid/gid 0 in the namespace (to overflowuid)
           * if opt_needs_devpts is true, because otherwise the mount
           * of devpts fails due to root not being mapped.
           */
          write_uid_gid_map (ns_uid, real_uid,
                             ns_gid, real_gid,
                             pid, TRUE, opt_needs_devpts);
        }

      /* Initial launched process, wait for exec:ed command to exit */

      /* We don't need any privileges in the launcher, drop them immediately. */
      drop_privs (FALSE);

      /* Optionally bind our lifecycle to that of the parent */
      handle_die_with_parent ();

      if (opt_info_fd != -1)
        {
          cleanup_free char *output = xasprintf ("{\n    \"child-pid\": %i\n}\n", pid);
          dump_info (opt_info_fd, output, TRUE);
          close (opt_info_fd);
        }
      if (opt_json_status_fd != -1)
        {
          cleanup_free char *output = xasprintf ("{ \"child-pid\": %i }\n", pid);
          dump_info (opt_json_status_fd, output, TRUE);
        }

      if (opt_userns_block_fd != -1)
        {
          char b[1];
          (void) TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (opt_userns_block_fd, b, 1));
          close (opt_userns_block_fd);
        }

      /* Let child run now that the uid maps are set up */
      val = 1;
      res = write (child_wait_fd, &val, 8);
      /* Ignore res, if e.g. the child died and closed child_wait_fd we don't want to error out here */
      close (child_wait_fd);

      return monitor_child (event_fd, pid, setup_finished_pipe[0]);
    }

  /* Child, in sandbox, privileged in the parent or in the user namespace (if --unshare-user).
   *
   * Note that for user namespaces we run as euid 0 during clone(), so
   * the child user namespace is owned by euid 0., This means that the
   * regular user namespace parent (with uid != 0) doesn't have any
   * capabilities in it, which is nice as we can't exploit those. In
   * particular the parent user namespace doesn't have CAP_PTRACE
   * which would otherwise allow the parent to hijack of the child
   * after this point.
   *
   * Unfortunately this also means you can't ptrace the final
   * sandboxed process from outside the sandbox either.
   */

  if (opt_info_fd != -1)
    close (opt_info_fd);

  if (opt_json_status_fd != -1)
    close (opt_json_status_fd);

  /* Wait for the parent to init uid/gid maps and drop caps */
  res = read (child_wait_fd, &val, 8);
  close (child_wait_fd);

  /* At this point we can completely drop root uid, but retain the
   * required permitted caps. This allow us to do full setup as
   * the user uid, which makes e.g. fuse access work.
   */
  switch_to_user_with_privs ();

  if (opt_unshare_net)
    loopback_setup (); /* Will exit if unsuccessful */

  ns_uid = opt_sandbox_uid;
  ns_gid = opt_sandbox_gid;
  if (!is_privileged && opt_unshare_user && opt_userns_block_fd == -1)
    {
      /* In the unprivileged case we have to write the uid/gid maps in
       * the child, because we have no caps in the parent */

      if (opt_needs_devpts)
        {
          /* This is a bit hacky, but we need to first map the real uid/gid to
             0, otherwise we can't mount the devpts filesystem because root is
             not mapped. Later we will create another child user namespace and
             map back to the real uid */
          ns_uid = 0;
          ns_gid = 0;
        }

      write_uid_gid_map (ns_uid, real_uid,
                         ns_gid, real_gid,
                         -1, TRUE, FALSE);
    }

  old_umask = umask (0);

  /* Need to do this before the chroot, but after we're the real uid */
  resolve_symlinks_in_ops ();

  /* Mark everything as slave, so that we still
   * receive mounts from the real root, but don't
   * propagate mounts to the real root. */
  if (mount (NULL, "/", NULL, MS_SLAVE | MS_REC, NULL) < 0)
    die_with_error ("Failed to make / slave");

  /* Create a tmpfs which we will use as / in the namespace */
  if (mount ("tmpfs", base_path, "tmpfs", MS_NODEV | MS_NOSUID, NULL) != 0)
    die_with_error ("Failed to mount tmpfs");

  old_cwd = get_current_dir_name ();

  /* Chdir to the new root tmpfs mount. This will be the CWD during
     the entire setup. Access old or new root via "oldroot" and "newroot". */
  if (chdir (base_path) != 0)
    die_with_error ("chdir base_path");

  /* We create a subdir "$base_path/newroot" for the new root, that
   * way we can pivot_root to base_path, and put the old root at
   * "$base_path/oldroot". This avoids problems accessing the oldroot
   * dir if the user requested to bind mount something over / (or
   * over /tmp, now that we use that for base_path). */

  if (mkdir ("newroot", 0755))
    die_with_error ("Creating newroot failed");

  if (mount ("newroot", "newroot", NULL, MS_MGC_VAL | MS_BIND | MS_REC, NULL) < 0)
    die_with_error ("setting up newroot bind");

  if (mkdir ("oldroot", 0755))
    die_with_error ("Creating oldroot failed");

  if (pivot_root (base_path, "oldroot"))
    die_with_error ("pivot_root");

  if (chdir ("/") != 0)
    die_with_error ("chdir / (base path)");

  if (is_privileged)
    {
      pid_t child;
      int privsep_sockets[2];

      if (socketpair (AF_UNIX, SOCK_SEQPACKET | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, privsep_sockets) != 0)
        die_with_error ("Can't create privsep socket");

      child = fork ();
      if (child == -1)
        die_with_error ("Can't fork unprivileged helper");

      if (child == 0)
        {
          /* Unprivileged setup process */
          drop_privs (FALSE);
          close (privsep_sockets[0]);
          setup_newroot (opt_unshare_pid, privsep_sockets[1]);
          exit (0);
        }
      else
        {
          int status;
          uint32_t buffer[2048];  /* 8k, but is int32 to guarantee nice alignment */
          uint32_t op, flags;
          const char *arg1, *arg2;
          cleanup_fd int unpriv_socket = -1;

          unpriv_socket = privsep_sockets[0];
          close (privsep_sockets[1]);

          do
            {
              op = read_priv_sec_op (unpriv_socket, buffer, sizeof (buffer),
                                     &flags, &arg1, &arg2);
              privileged_op (-1, op, flags, arg1, arg2);
              if (write (unpriv_socket, buffer, 1) != 1)
                die ("Can't write to op_socket");
            }
          while (op != PRIV_SEP_OP_DONE);

          waitpid (child, &status, 0);
          /* Continue post setup */
        }
    }
  else
    {
      setup_newroot (opt_unshare_pid, -1);
    }

  close_ops_fd ();

  /* The old root better be rprivate or we will send unmount events to the parent namespace */
  if (mount ("oldroot", "oldroot", NULL, MS_REC | MS_PRIVATE, NULL) != 0)
    die_with_error ("Failed to make old root rprivate");

  if (umount2 ("oldroot", MNT_DETACH))
    die_with_error ("unmount old root");

  /* This is our second pivot. It's like we're a Silicon Valley startup flush
   * with cash but short on ideas!
   *
   * We're aiming to make /newroot the real root, and get rid of /oldroot. To do
   * that we need a temporary place to store it before we can unmount it.
   */
  { cleanup_fd int oldrootfd = open ("/", O_DIRECTORY | O_RDONLY);
    if (oldrootfd < 0)
      die_with_error ("can't open /");
    if (chdir ("/newroot") != 0)
      die_with_error ("chdir /newroot");
    /* While the documentation claims that put_old must be underneath
     * new_root, it is perfectly fine to use the same directory as the
     * kernel checks only if old_root is accessible from new_root.
     *
     * Both runc and LXC are using this "alternative" method for
     * setting up the root of the container:
     *
     * https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/blob/master/libcontainer/rootfs_linux.go#L671
     * https://github.com/lxc/lxc/blob/master/src/lxc/conf.c#L1121
     */
    if (pivot_root (".", ".") != 0)
      die_with_error ("pivot_root(/newroot)");
    if (fchdir (oldrootfd) < 0)
      die_with_error ("fchdir to oldroot");
    if (umount2 (".", MNT_DETACH) < 0)
      die_with_error ("umount old root");
    if (chdir ("/") != 0)
      die_with_error ("chdir /");
  }

  if (opt_unshare_user &&
      (ns_uid != opt_sandbox_uid || ns_gid != opt_sandbox_gid) &&
      opt_userns_block_fd == -1)
    {
      /* Now that devpts is mounted and we've no need for mount
         permissions we can create a new userspace and map our uid
         1:1 */

      if (unshare (CLONE_NEWUSER))
        die_with_error ("unshare user ns");

      write_uid_gid_map (opt_sandbox_uid, ns_uid,
                         opt_sandbox_gid, ns_gid,
                         -1, FALSE, FALSE);
    }

  /* All privileged ops are done now, so drop caps we don't need */
  drop_privs (!is_privileged);

  if (opt_block_fd != -1)
    {
      char b[1];
      (void) TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (opt_block_fd, b, 1));
      close (opt_block_fd);
    }

  if (opt_seccomp_fd != -1)
    {
      seccomp_data = load_file_data (opt_seccomp_fd, &seccomp_len);
      if (seccomp_data == NULL)
        die_with_error ("Can't read seccomp data");

      if (seccomp_len % 8 != 0)
        die ("Invalid seccomp data, must be multiple of 8");

      seccomp_prog.len = seccomp_len / 8;
      seccomp_prog.filter = (struct sock_filter *) seccomp_data;

      close (opt_seccomp_fd);
    }

  umask (old_umask);

  new_cwd = "/";
  if (opt_chdir_path)
    {
      if (chdir (opt_chdir_path))
        die_with_error ("Can't chdir to %s", opt_chdir_path);
      new_cwd = opt_chdir_path;
    }
  else if (chdir (old_cwd) == 0)
    {
      /* If the old cwd is mapped in the sandbox, go there */
      new_cwd = old_cwd;
    }
  else
    {
      /* If the old cwd is not mapped, go to home */
      const char *home = getenv ("HOME");
      if (home != NULL &&
          chdir (home) == 0)
        new_cwd = home;
    }
  xsetenv ("PWD", new_cwd, 1);
  free (old_cwd);

  if (opt_new_session &&
      setsid () == (pid_t) -1)
    die_with_error ("setsid");

  if (label_exec (opt_exec_label) == -1)
    die_with_error ("label_exec %s", argv[0]);

  __debug__ (("forking for child\n"));

  if (!opt_as_pid_1 && (opt_unshare_pid || lock_files != NULL || opt_sync_fd != -1))
    {
      /* We have to have a pid 1 in the pid namespace, because
       * otherwise we'll get a bunch of zombies as nothing reaps
       * them. Alternatively if we're using sync_fd or lock_files we
       * need some process to own these.
       */

      pid = fork ();
      if (pid == -1)
        die_with_error ("Can't fork for pid 1");

      if (pid != 0)
        {
          drop_all_caps (FALSE);

          /* Close fds in pid 1, except stdio and optionally event_fd
             (for syncing pid 2 lifetime with monitor_child) and
             opt_sync_fd (for syncing sandbox lifetime with outside
             process).
             Any other fds will been passed on to the child though. */
          {
            int dont_close[3];
            int j = 0;
            if (event_fd != -1)
              dont_close[j++] = event_fd;
            if (opt_sync_fd != -1)
              dont_close[j++] = opt_sync_fd;
            dont_close[j++] = -1;
            fdwalk (proc_fd, close_extra_fds, dont_close);
          }

          return do_init (event_fd, pid, seccomp_data != NULL ? &seccomp_prog : NULL);
        }
    }

  __debug__ (("launch executable %s\n", argv[0]));

  if (proc_fd != -1)
    close (proc_fd);

  /* If we are using --as-pid-1 leak the sync fd into the sandbox.
     --sync-fd will still work unless the container process doesn't close this file.  */
  if (!opt_as_pid_1)
    {
      if (opt_sync_fd != -1)
        close (opt_sync_fd);
    }

  /* We want sigchild in the child */
  unblock_sigchild ();

  /* Optionally bind our lifecycle */
  handle_die_with_parent ();

  if (!is_privileged)
    set_ambient_capabilities ();

  /* Should be the last thing before execve() so that filters don't
   * need to handle anything above */
  if (seccomp_data != NULL &&
      prctl (PR_SET_SECCOMP, SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER, &seccomp_prog) != 0)
    die_with_error ("prctl(PR_SET_SECCOMP)");

  if (setup_finished_pipe[1] != -1)
    {
      char data = 0;
      res = write_to_fd (setup_finished_pipe[1], &data, 1);
      /* Ignore res, if e.g. the parent died and closed setup_finished_pipe[0]
         we don't want to error out here */
    }

  if (execvp (argv[0], argv) == -1)
    {
      if (setup_finished_pipe[1] != -1)
        {
          int saved_errno = errno;
          char data = 0;
          res = write_to_fd (setup_finished_pipe[1], &data, 1);
          errno = saved_errno;
          /* Ignore res, if e.g. the parent died and closed setup_finished_pipe[0]
             we don't want to error out here */
        }
      die_with_error ("execvp %s", argv[0]);
    }

  return 0;
}