//  [c]
key_ref_t key_create_or_update(key_ref_t keyring_ref,
			       const char *type,
			       const char *description,
			       const void *payload,
			       size_t plen,
			       key_perm_t perm,
			       unsigned long flags)
{
	struct keyring_index_key index_key = {
		.description	= description,
	};
	struct key_preparsed_payload prep;
	struct assoc_array_edit *edit;
	const struct cred *cred = current_cred();
	struct key *keyring, *key = NULL;
	key_ref_t key_ref;
	int ret;

	/* look up the key type to see if it's one of the registered kernel
	 * types */
	index_key.type = key_type_lookup(type);
	if (IS_ERR(index_key.type)) {
		key_ref = ERR_PTR(-ENODEV);
		goto error;
	}

	key_ref = ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
	if (!index_key.type->match || !index_key.type->instantiate ||
	    (!index_key.description && !index_key.type->preparse))
		goto error_put_type;

	keyring = key_ref_to_ptr(keyring_ref);

	key_check(keyring);

	key_ref = ERR_PTR(-ENOTDIR);
	if (keyring->type != &key_type_keyring)
		goto error_put_type;

	memset(&prep, 0, sizeof(prep));
	prep.data = payload;
	prep.datalen = plen;
	prep.quotalen = index_key.type->def_datalen;
	prep.trusted = flags & KEY_ALLOC_TRUSTED;
	prep.expiry = TIME_T_MAX;
	if (index_key.type->preparse) {
		ret = index_key.type->preparse(&prep);
		if (ret < 0) {
			key_ref = ERR_PTR(ret);
			goto error_free_prep;
		}
		if (!index_key.description)
			index_key.description = prep.description;
		key_ref = ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
		if (!index_key.description)
			goto error_free_prep;
	}
	index_key.desc_len = strlen(index_key.description);

	key_ref = ERR_PTR(-EPERM);
	if (!prep.trusted && test_bit(KEY_FLAG_TRUSTED_ONLY, &keyring->flags))
		goto error_free_prep;
	flags |= prep.trusted ? KEY_ALLOC_TRUSTED : 0;

	ret = __key_link_begin(keyring, &index_key, &edit);
	if (ret < 0) {
		key_ref = ERR_PTR(ret);
		goto error_free_prep;
	}

	/* if we're going to allocate a new key, we're going to have
	 * to modify the keyring */
	ret = key_permission(keyring_ref, KEY_NEED_WRITE);
	if (ret < 0) {
		key_ref = ERR_PTR(ret);
		goto error_link_end;
	}

	/* if it's possible to update this type of key, search for an existing
	 * key of the same type and description in the destination keyring and
	 * update that instead if possible
	 */
	if (index_key.type->update) {
		key_ref = find_key_to_update(keyring_ref, &index_key);
		if (key_ref)
			goto found_matching_key;
	}

	/* if the client doesn't provide, decide on the permissions we want */
	if (perm == KEY_PERM_UNDEF) {
		perm = KEY_POS_VIEW | KEY_POS_SEARCH | KEY_POS_LINK | KEY_POS_SETATTR;
		perm |= KEY_USR_VIEW;

		if (index_key.type->read)
			perm |= KEY_POS_READ;

		if (index_key.type == &key_type_keyring ||
		    index_key.type->update)
			perm |= KEY_POS_WRITE;
	}

	/* allocate a new key */
	key = key_alloc(index_key.type, index_key.description,
			cred->fsuid, cred->fsgid, cred, perm, flags);
	if (IS_ERR(key)) {
		key_ref = ERR_CAST(key);
		goto error_link_end;
	}

	/* instantiate it and link it into the target keyring */
	ret = __key_instantiate_and_link(key, &prep, keyring, NULL, &edit);
	if (ret < 0) {
		key_put(key);
		key_ref = ERR_PTR(ret);
		goto error_link_end;
	}

	key_ref = make_key_ref(key, is_key_possessed(keyring_ref));

error_link_end:
	__key_link_end(keyring, &index_key, edit);
error_free_prep:
	if (index_key.type->preparse)
		index_key.type->free_preparse(&prep);
error_put_type:
	key_type_put(index_key.type);
error:
	return key_ref;

 found_matching_key:
	/* we found a matching key, so we're going to try to update it
	 * - we can drop the locks first as we have the key pinned
	 */
	__key_link_end(keyring, &index_key, edit);

	key_ref = __key_update(key_ref, &prep);
	goto error_free_prep;
}