Title: Mathematical Simulation of Driver and Restraint Systems in Racing Saloon Car Impacts
text: MADYMO 3D software was used to model a racing driver with helmet, racing harness and competition seat, and to evaluate injury parameters in a racing saloon car under European Type Approval impact conditions. Parametric changes in the safety systems were evaluated. The systems protected the driver well, although high neck torques were predicted in frontal impact. Loads on the head restraint were substantially higher than the strength required in regulations. In side impact the head passed through the open window. A window net prevented this, but the predicted loads exceeded the strength of a net tested in the laboratory.